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what version of google chrome is the latest
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Major version Release date Layout engine V8 engine Significant changes 0.2. 149 2008 - 09 - 02 WebKit 522 0.3 First release 0.3. 154 2008 - 10 - 29 Improved plugin performance and reliability Spell checking for input fields Improved web proxy performance and reliability Tab and window management updates 0.4. 154 2008 - 11 - 24 WebKit 525 Bookmark manager with import and export support Privacy section added to the application options New blocked popup notification 1.0. 154 2008 - 12 - 11 WebKit 528 First stable release 2.0. 172 2009 - 05 - 24 WebKit 530 0.4 35 % faster JavaScript on the SunSpider benchmark Mouse wheel support Full - screen mode Full - page zoom Form auto - fill Sort bookmarks by title Tab docking to browser and desktop edges Basic Greasemonkey support 3.0. 195 2009 - 10 - 12 WebKit 532 1.2 New `` new tab '' page for improved customization 25 % faster JavaScript HTML5 video and audio tag support Lightweight theming 4.0. 249 2010 - 01 - 25 WebKit 532.5 1.3 Extensions Bookmark synchronization Enhanced developer tools Improved HTML5 support Performance improvements Full ACID3 pass HTTP byte range support Experimental new anti-reflected - XSS feature called `` XSS Auditor '' 4.1. 249 2010 - 03 - 17 Translate infobar New privacy features Disabled XSS Auditor 5.0. 375 2010 - 05 - 21 WebKit 533 Browser preference synchronizing Increased HTML5 support ( Geolocation API , App Cache , web sockets , and file drag - and - drop ) Revamped bookmark manager Adobe Flash Player integrated First stable releases for macOS , 32 bit Linux , and 64 bit Linux 6.0. 472 2010 - 09 - 02 WebKit 534.3 Updated and more streamlined UI with simplified Omnibox New tab page Merged menu buttons Form auto - fill Expanded synchronization support to include extensions and auto - fill data Support for WebM videos Built - in PDF support ( disabled by default ) 7.0. 517 2010 - 10 - 21 WebKit 534.7 2.3. 11 Implemented HTML5 parsing algorithm File API Directory upload via input tag macOS version gained AppleScript support for UI automation Late binding enabled for SSL sockets : high priority SSL requests are now always sent to the server first . New options for managing cookies Updated New Tab page to enable featuring of web applications 8.0. 552 2010 - 12 - 02 WebKit 534.10 2.4. 9 Chrome Web Store Built - in PDF viewer that works inside Chrome 's sandbox for increased security Expanded synchronization support to include web applications Improved plug - in handling This release added `` about : flags '' to showcase experimental features such as Chrome Instant , side tabs on Windows , tabbed settings , Click to Play , background web applications , Remoting , disables outdated plug - ins , XSS Auditor , Cloud Print Proxy , GPU - accelerated compositing , WebGL support for the canvas element , and a `` tab overview '' mode ( like Exposé ) for macOS . 9.0. 597 2011 - 02 - 03 WebKit 534.13 2.5. 9 WebGL enabled by default Adobe Flash sandboxing on Windows and Chrome Instant ( a la Google Instant ) option WebP support New flags : print preview , GPU - accelerated compositing , GPU - accelerated Canvas 2D , Google Native Client , CRX-less Web Apps , Web page prerendering , experimental Extension APIs , disable hyperlink auditing 10.0. 648 2011 - 03 - 08 WebKit 534.16 3.0. 12 Google Cloud Print sign - in interface enabled by default Partially implemented sandboxing of the GPU process Faster JavaScript performance due to incorporation of Crankshaft , an improved compiler for V8 Settings pages that open in a tab , rather than a dialog box Malware reporting and disabling outdated plugins Password sync GPU accelerated video Background WebApps webNavigation extension API 11.0. 696 2011 - 04 - 27 WebKit 534.24 3.1. 8 HTML5 Speech Input API Updated icon 12.0. 742 2011 - 06 - 07 WebKit 534.30 3.2. 10 Hardware accelerated 3D CSS New Safe Browsing protection against downloading malicious files Ability to delete Flash cookies from inside Chrome Launch Apps by name from the Omnibox Integrated Sync into new settings pages Improved screen reader support New warning when hitting Command - Q on Mac New flags : P2P API Existing tab on foreground on open Experimental new tab page Add grouping to tab context menu Run PPAPI Flash in the renderer process Multiple profiles Removed Google Gears Print and Save buttons in the PDF viewer 13.0. 782 2011 - 08 - 02 WebKit 535.1 3.3. 10 Instant Pages ( pre-rendering of Web pages ) Native print interface and preview ( Linux and Windows only ) Experimental new tab page Experimental Restrict Instant To Search option 14.0. 835 2011 - 09 - 16 3.4. 14 Native Client ( NaCl ) enabled for apps in the Chrome Web Store Web Audio API Additional macOS Lion feature support Sync Encryption for all data Print preview on Mac Validation of HTTPS sites Experimental Web Request extension API Experimental Content Settings extension API 15.0. 874 2011 - 10 - 25 WebKit 535.2 3.5. 10 Faster print preview Redesigned new tab page on by default JavaScript fullscreen API enabled by default Inline installation of Chrome Web Store items by verified sites Omnibox History synchronization Switched to FFmpeg native VP8 decoder Extensions integrated into settings pages GPU Accelerated Canvas 2D disabled 16.0. 912 2011 - 12 - 13 WebKit 535.7 3.6. 6 Multiple profiles on by default Optional permissions in Chrome extensions , so the user can opt - in or opt - out of the optional permissions at installation time Experimental support for side tabs was removed . 17.0. 963 2012 - 02 - 08 WebKit 535.11 3.7. 12 Updated Omnibox prerendering of pages Download scanning protection New extensions APIs Improved History tab Removal of `` + '' symbol from the `` new tab '' button Limited support for changing user agent strings Adjustable margins in print preview Search engine synchronization Disabled GAIA profile info 18.0. 1025 2012 - 03 - 28 2012 - 06 - 27 ( Android ARM ) 2012 - 09 - 26 ( 18.0. 1026 , Android x86 ) WebKit 535.19 3.8. 9 Hardware - accelerated Canvas2D graphics WebGL without the need of 3D graphics hardware through the software rasterizer SwiftShader Brighter `` new tab '' button 19.0. 1084 2012 - 05 - 15 2012 - 06 - 28 ( iOS ) WebKit 536.5 3.9. 24 Access tabs between devices Reorganized and searchable settings interface Better spell check by using the Google search engine spell checker Web Store link to the bottom of New Tab page Experimental JavaScript Harmony ( ECMAScript 6 ) support Experimental Web Intents API 20.0. 1132 2012 - 06 - 26 WebKit 536.10 3.10. 6 Experimental touch friendly user interface adjustments . Context menus have extra vertical padding between items . New tab button is bigger and wider 21.0. 1180 2012 - 07 - 31 2012 - 08 - 22 ( iOS ) WebKit 537.1 3.11. 10 Media Stream API ( getUserMedia ) enabled by default . ( E.g. webcam access via JavaScript . ) Gamepad API prototype available by default . Support for ( pointer ) and ( hover ) CSS media queries so sites can optimize their user interface for touch when touch - screen support is available . HTML5 audio / video and WebAudio now support 24 - bit PCM wave files 22.0. 1229 2012 - 09 - 25 WebKit 537.4 3.12. 19 New - style packaged apps are enabled by default . New menu icon , replacing the wrench icon Support for TLS 1.1 Support for color management ICC v2 profiles by default 23.0. 1271 2012 - 11 - 06 2012 - 11 - 28 ( iOS ) WebKit 537.11 3.13. 7 Do Not Track preference Hardware video acceleration with 25 % more efficient power consumption in some scenarios Manager for site permission control New icon for Chrome Web Store when opening new tab PPAPI Flash Player ( or Pepper - based Flash Player ) replaced the NPAPI Flash Player on Mac also 24.0. 1312 2013 - 01 - 10 WebKit 537.17 3.14. 5 Support for MathML The HTML5 datalist element now supports suggesting a date and time Experimental support for CSS custom filters 25.0. 1364 2013 - 02 - 21 2013 - 02 - 27 ( Android ) 2013 - 03 - 04 ( iOS ) WebKit 537.22 3.15. 11 Support for Opus audio Support for VP9 video Silent installs of external extensions are now disabled by default . Web Speech API Encrypted omnibox search ( https ) Native Client on ARM Disabled MathML support for the time being Android version ( update from 18 ) : Newer V8 JavaScript engine Audio now continues to play while Chrome is in the background Support for pausing audio in Chrome when phone is in use 26.0. 1410 2013 - 03 - 26 2013 - 04 - 03 ( Android ) 2013 - 04 - 09 ( iOS ) WebKit 537.31 3.16. 14 Improved spell checker ( grammar and homonym checking ) Desktop shortcuts for multiple users ( profiles ) on Windows Asynchronous DNS resolver on Mac and Linux Android version : Autofill and password sync Performance and stability improvements 27.0. 1453 2013 - 05 - 21 2013 - 05 - 22 ( Android ) 2013 - 06 - 03 ( iOS ) WebKit 537.36 3.17. 6 Resource handling optimized for faster page loads Improved Omnibox predictions and spelling correction syncFileSystem API for Google Drive data synchronization Stop packaging Manifest version 1.0 extensions Android version : Fullscreen on phones ( scrolling down the page makes the toolbar disappear ) Simpler searching ( the query stays visible in the omnibox , making it easier to edit ) Client - side certificate support Tab history on tablets `` A ton of stability and performance fixes '' 28.0. 1500 2013 - 06 - 17 ( Linux ) 2013 - 07 - 09 ( macOS and Windows ) 2013 - 07 - 10 ( Android ) 2013 - 07 - 17 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 WebKit 537.36 ( on iOS ) 3.18. 5 Replaced layout engine with Blink , a fork of WebKit on all platforms besides iOS Faster page loads with the new Blink threaded HTML parser Rich Notifications and Notification Center ( HTML - based notifications deprecated ) Major improvements to the asm. js benchmark performances Support for the CSS : unresolved pseudoclass for Custom Elements Support for the CSS @ supports conditional blocks to test for property : value pairs Android version : Fullscreen API support ( fullscreen browsing on tablets ) Experimental WebGL , Web Audio , WebRTC support behind flags Built - in translation iOS version : Improved interoperability with many other Google Apps Voice Search enhancements Fullscreen for iPad Data usage savings ( rolling out over time ) Access to browser history 29.0. 1547 2013 - 08 - 20 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2013 - 08 - 21 ( Android ) 2013 - 09 - 12 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 3.19. 18 Support for VP9 final Support for TLS 1.2 Preliminary QUIC support Improved Omnibox suggestions based on the recency of visited sites Ability to reset user profile back to its original state New apps and extensions APIs ( such as Native Messaging API for connecting Chrome with native applications installed on the same computer - an alternative to NPAPI ) Android version : WebRTC support WebAudio support Improved scrolling responsiveness and visual indication when scrolling to the top or bottom of a page Startup performance and stability improvements New color picker user interface for web forms Support for Google 's experimental data compression service ( comparable to Opera Turbo ) that lets Google servers quickly read and optimize a Web page for mobile devices , then transmit it to the smartphone using Google 's SPDY network technology . Rudimentary tab groups implemented iOS version : Get back to Search Results faster Data cost savings enhancements ( rolled out incrementally ) Voice search pronoun support ( e.g. queries like : `` Who is the president of the United States ? '' followed by `` Who is his wife ? '' ) Improvements to Single Sign On with other Google Apps Support for WebP image format 30.0. 1599 2013 - 09 - 18 ( iOS ) 2013 - 10 - 01 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2013 - 10 - 02 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 3.20. 17 New image context menu item : `` Search Google for this image '' New Chrome Apps APIs : webview. request , media gallery write support and downloads New platform features ( both in desktop and mobile ) : support for the WebRTC Device Enumeration API , allowing users to change their microphones and / or camera on the fly without having to restart the WebRTC call ; DevTools now supports CSS source maps ; Chrome will now match the behavior of IE and not honor the Refresh header or tags when the URL to be refreshed to has a javascript : scheme ; Android version : New gesture : swipe horizontally across the top toolbar to quickly switch tabs New gesture : drag vertically down from the toolbar to enter into the tab switcher view New gesture : drag down from the menu to open the menu and select wanted item without having to lift finger WebGL is enabled by default on high - end devices DeviceMotion ( device acceleration and rotation rates ) events Media Source Extension is enabled on Android 4.1 + Two new experimental features behind a flag : Web Speech API ( recognition ) and the Vibration API iOS version : New look and feature enhancements for iOS7 Improvements to Fullscreen behavior especially on iPad ( iOS7 only ) New Settings UI Maps and email links launch the Google Maps and Gmail apps ( if installed ) automatically . You can change your preference in Settings Stability / security improvements and bug fixes 31.0. 1650 2013 - 11 - 12 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2013 - 11 - 14 ( Android ) 2013 - 11 - 20 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 3.21. 18 Payment requestAutocomplete ( ) on Chrome for Android , Windows , Chrome OS PNaCl on desktop versions of Chrome New Chrome Apps APIs : With URL handlers for apps , Chrome App developers can now specify URLs to be handled by a Chrome App . For example , a document link on a website could open a document editor Chrome App . This gives users more seamless entry points into their favorite Chrome Apps . Directory access for Apps allows Chrome Apps to access and write to user - approved folders . This feature can be used to share files between a Chrome App and a native app . For example , a Chrome App code editor could modify files managed by a native Git client . SCTP for WebRTC Data Channel allows P2P data transfers between browsers to be either best effort , reliable , or semi reliable , opening up use cases such as gaming . Alpha channel support for WebM video enables transparency masking ( a.k.a. green screen effects ) in WebM videos . Speech recognition with the JavaScript Web Speech API is now supported on Chrome for Android . window. devicePixelRatio now takes full - page zoom ( but not pinch zoom ) into account Support for ( alpha : false ) in getContext ( ' 2d ' ) lets you create an opaque canvas . This is similar to existing WebGL functionality and can improve the rendering performance of your app . The Media Source API has been unprefixed and is now supported on Chrome for Android . It allows JavaScript to generate media streams for playback , addressing use cases like adaptive streaming and time shifting live streams . 2D canvas now supports the `` ellipse '' method . Support for several Mutation Events has been removed . Consider using MutationObserver instead . iOS version : Fast form completion with Autofill Long press on an image to search for related images Stability / security improvements and bug fixes 32.0. 1700 2014 - 01 - 14 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2014 - 01 - 15 ( Android ) 2014 - 01 - 27 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 3.22. 24 Tab indicators for sound , webcam and casting A different look for Win8 Metro mode Automatically blocking malware files A number of new apps / extension APIs Various under - the - hood changes for stability and performance Android version : Add web page shortcuts right to your home screen more easily from the menu Reduce data usage in Chrome up to 50 % . Visit Settings > Bandwidth management > Reduce data usage to enable . iOS version : Translate When you come across a page written in a language that you do n't understand , just look for the translation bar . One tap and the page is quickly translated for you . Reduce Data Usage Reduce your data usage by up to 50 % . Enable this feature and view your savings : Settings > Bandwidth > Reduce Data Usage . New Tab Page update to make searching faster and easier This feature is being rolled out and will be available to all users over time , beginning on iPhone . 33.0. 1750 2014 - 02 - 18 ( iOS ) 2014 - 02 - 20 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2014 - 02 - 26 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 3.23. 17 Custom Elements Ogg Opus in MSE and Page Visibility API VTTCue Web Speech API ( synthesis ) Font - kerning requestAutocomplete ( ) Speech Synthesis Android version : Download progress notification for file downloads using the Chrome network stack Updated help and feedback UI Support for tag iOS version : Stability and security updates 34.0. 1847 2014 - 04 - 02 ( Android ) 2014 - 04 - 08 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2014 - 04 - 29 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 3.24. 35 Responsive Images and Unprefixed Web Audio Import supervised users onto new computers A different look for Windows 8 Metro mode A number of new apps / extension APIs New scroll bar look Ignores autocomplete = `` off '' on password input fields Android version : Battery usage optimizations iOS version : Updated tour when you start Chrome for the first time Support for autocomplete in the omnibox for right to left languages 35.0. 1916 2014 - 05 - 20 ( Android ) 2014 - 05 - 20 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2014 - 05 - 28 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 3.25. 28 More developer control over touch input New JavaScript features Unprefixed Shadow DOM v0 A number of new apps / extension APIs Opus updated to version v1. 1 Android version : Undo Tab Close Fullscreen video with Subtitles and HTML5 controls Support for some multi-window devices iOS version : Added right - to - left support to the omnibox for Arabic and Hebrew See your search term in the omnibox , instead of the long search query URL Easily refine your search queries and view more results on the search results page Stability improvements and bug fixes Linux version : Switched graphics interface backend from GTK+ to Aura 36.0. 1985 2014 - 07 - 15 ( iOS ) 2014 - 07 - 16 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2014 - 07 - 16 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 3.26. 31 Rich Notifications Improvements An Updated Incognito / Guest NTP design The addition of a Browser crash recovery bubble Multiple stability and performance improvements Android version : Improved text rendering on non-mobile optimized sites Doodles return to the new tab page iOS version : Allows mobile sites that have added Cast support to work with your Cast - enabled device Stability improvements and bug fixes Linux version : Chrome App Launcher 37.0. 2062 2014 - 08 - 26 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2014 - 09 - 03 ( Android ) 2014 - 09 - 22 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 3.27. 34 DirectWrite support on Windows for improved font rendering A number of new apps / extension APIs Multiple stability and performance improvements Removal of the showModalDialog API , breaking several enterprise web apps Android version : Signing into Chrome signs you into your favorite Google sites Updated look and feel with elements of Material Design Multiple performance improvements and bug fixes Windows version : 64 - bit Windows support 38.0. 2125 2014 - 10 - 07 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2014 - 10 - 07 ( iOS ) 2014 - 10 - 08 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 3.28. 71 A number of new apps / extension APIs Support for logging into sites using FIDO U2F Security Key ( a USB or smartcard security token ) as a factor in 2 - factor authentication Under - the - hood changes for stability and performance Android version : Support for Battery Status and Screen orientation APIs Additional Material Design updates Bug fixes and performance improvements iOS version : Better support for iPhone 6 and 6 + Download and open files in Google Drive Stability improvements and bug fixes Security fix 39.0. 2171 2014 - 11 - 12 ( Android ) 2014 - 11 - 18 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2014 - 11 - 24 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 3.29. 88 Removes SSL / TLS protocol version fallback to SSLv3 64 - bit support for Mac A number of new apps / extension APIs Under - the - hood changes for stability and performance Android version : Number of bug fixes and performance improvements Experimental Reader Mode can be enabled via chrome://flags , is not available for tablets in this version 40.0. 2214 2015 - 01 - 20 ( iOS ) 2015 - 01 - 21 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2015 - 01 - 21 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 3.30. 33 Disabled SSLv3 support by default The minimum SSL / TLS version can now be set through about : flags Updated info dialog for Chrome app on Windows and Linux A new clock behind / ahead error message Android version : Updated page info and content settings UI Number of bug fixes and performance improvements iOS version : New look with Material Design bringing bold graphics , fluid motion , and tactile surfaces iOS 8 optimizations and support for bigger phones Support handoff from Chrome to your default browser on macOS Stability improvements and bug fixes 41.0. 2272 2015 - 03 - 03 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2015 - 03 - 11 ( Android ) 2015 - 03 - 16 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 4.1. 0 A number of new apps / extension APIs Lots of under the hood changes for stability and performance Aero interface is disabled in Windows Vista Android version : The ability to pull to reload at the top of most pages A number of bug fixes and performance improvements 42.0. 2311 2015 - 04 - 14 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2015 - 04 - 15 ( Android ) 2015 - 04 - 16 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 4.2. 77 Support for NPAPI plugins disabled by default A number of new apps , extension and Web Platform APIs ( including the Push API ) Lots of under the hood changes for stability and performance Add Bookmark is now redesigned . Android version : Getting the latest updates from sites with notifications Adding your favorite sites to your homescreen is now even easier Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements 43.0. 2357 2015 - 05 - 19 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2015 - 05 - 27 ( Android ) 2015 - 06 - 01 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 4.3. 61 Numerous bug fixes and security fixes Android version : Faster Checkout -- Quickly and securely complete checkout forms with data from Google Wallet Touch to Search -- Learn more about words and phrases by touching them on your screen Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements No longer supports Android 4.0 ( Ice Cream Sandwich ) 44.0. 2403 2015 - 07 - 21 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2015 - 07 - 22 ( iOS ) 2015 - 07 - 29 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 4.4. 63 A number of new apps / extension APIs Change in the loading page circle on Chrome tabs Lots of under the hood changes for stability and performance Android version : Fixed a boatload of bugs and performance issues . iOS version : Swipe to navigate : swipe right or left to navigate backwards and forwards Support for accessing Physical Web content from the Today view Stability improvements and bug fixes 45.0. 2454 2015 - 09 - 01 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2015 - 09 - 01 ( Android ) 2015 - 09 - 02 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 4.5. 103 Support for NPAPI plugins permanently disabled A number of fixes and improvements Android version : A number of fixes for a whole bunch of performance / stability / other issues . 46.0. 2490 2015 - 10 - 13 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2015 - 10 - 14 ( Android ) 2015 - 10 - 22 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 4.6. 85 Change in taskbar logo design A number of fixes and improvements . Android version : Under the hood performance and stability tweaks . 47.0. 2526 2015 - 12 - 01 ( iOS ) 2015 - 12 - 01 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2015 - 12 - 02 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 4.7. 80 Change in appearance on closing tabs with red x 's New PDF viewer design Security fixes Android version : `` More than a barge load of performance and stability fixes '' . iOS version : Added support for more keyboard shortcuts . Bluetooth keyboards can open , close or change tabs or conduct a voice search . Support for 3D touch on iPhone 6s / + . Force touch the Chrome icon to quickly open a new tab , a new incognito * tab , or conduct a voice search . 48.0. 2564 2016 - 01 - 20 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2016 - 01 - 27 ( iOS ) 2016 - 01 - 27 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 4.8. 271 `` Tab discarding '' was enabled by default in chrome://flags Window change in right - clicking an embedded web link The key icon in `` Save your password '' turns black `` Clear browsing history '' has been improved A large number of fixes and improvements Android version : Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements . iOS version : This version uses WKWebView , the latest rendering engine from Apple . The crash rate was reduced by 70 % and JavaScript execution is now faster . Redesigned icons on the New Tab page : easier access to more of your frequently - visited sites . Spotlight integration : Drag down or right from the Home screen and search for your Chrome bookmarks . 49.0. 2623 2016 - 03 - 02 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2016 - 03 - 09 ( iOS ) 2016 - 03 - 09 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 4.9. 385 Extension icons now appear near search tab . Changes in bookmark bar appearances . Change in Incognito mode window . Change in scrollbar movement . Changed Downloads page appearance / design . A large number of fixes and improvements Removed Windows 8 Mode ( Metro mode ) Last version available for Windows XP and Vista , and Mac OS 10.6 - 10.8 . Android version : `` More than a barge full of performance and stability fixes . '' iOS version : Bookmarks has a new look : Easily find your favorites ! Bug and stability fixes . 50.0. 2661 2016 - 04 - 13 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2016 - 04 - 20 ( iOS ) 2016 - 04 - 26 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 5.0. 71 Auto - fill form letters are now highlighted in bold . A number of fixes and improvements . No longer supports Windows XP and Vista . Android version : Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements . iOS version : Bug and stability fixes . 51.0. 2704 2016 - 05 - 25 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2016 - 06 - 01 ( iOS ) 2016 - 06 - 01 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 5.1. 281 A number of fixes and improvements . Android version : Brought tab switching back into Chrome ( Android L+ ) Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements . iOS version : Bug and stability fixes . 52.0. 2743 2016 - 07 - 20 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2016 - 07 - 27 ( iOS ) 2016 - 07 - 27 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 5.2. 361 It is impossible to disable DirectWrite . Bar on the bottom now shows darker text when hovering your mouse over the link . `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' Android version : Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements iOS version : Accelerated Mobile Pages ( `` AMP '' ) -- news and articles from many of your favorite publishers will now load instantly . Lightning bolt and `` AMP '' next to articles in the `` Top Stories '' section of search results indicate faster web page loading . 53.0. 2785 2016 - 08 - 31 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2016 - 09 - 07 ( iOS ) 2016 - 09 - 07 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 5.3. 332 New browser 's inside look , including a new bookmark `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' ' Simplify page ' option removed from ' Save as PDF ' . Shadow DOM v1 Android version : Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements Muted autoplay for video iOS version : Chrome 's History has a new look and it 's now easier to review , find , and delete your browsing history . Voice Search has been updated with a fresh look . Voice Search can now answer contextual questions such as `` How tall is the Eiffel Tower ? '' followed by `` When was it built ? '' 54.0. 2840 2016 - 10 - 12 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2016 - 10 - 19 ( iOS ) 2016 - 10 - 19 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 5.4. 500 `` Other bookmarks '' tab has changed appearance The message `` Right - click to play Adobe Flash Player '' now appears while pages with Adobe Flash Player are loading . `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' Android version : Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements View article suggestions for you on the new tab page Play media in the background for sites that support it Update saved passwords when you change or reset your password iOS version : No internet connection ? Smile and tap the dinosaur Fixed bookmark icons not displaying correctly Fixed phone number detection issues in web pages Stability improvements and bug fixes 55.0. 2883 2016 - 12 - 01 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2016 - 12 - 05 ( iOS ) 2016 - 12 - 06 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 5.5. 372 The History page has changed and is no longer in `` Settings '' Flash Player is now off by default for most sites `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' It is not possible to disable top level Material Design iOS version : You can swipe down or right from the iOS Home screen to search . Searching for `` voice '' or `` incognito '' enables you to start Chrome in Voice Search mode or in a new Incognito Tab , respectively . The appearance of items in Spotlight Search will only work for devices that support Spotlight Actions . The folder named `` All Bookmarks '' has been removed from the Bookmarks view . You can access all your other devices ' Bookmarks by clicking on the other folders . Android version : Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements Easily download music , videos , and even full web pages for viewing offline View and share your downloads within Chrome See misspelled words highlighted in text fields Improvements to contextual search UI 56.0. 2924 2017 - 01 - 25 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2017 - 02 - 01 ( iOS ) 2017 - 02 - 01 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 5.6. 326 HTML5 enabled by default Adobe Flash Player is automatically blocked for most sites that require the plugin Labeling of unsecured HTTP sites `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' iOS version : Scan a QR code or barcode by using 3D Touch on the app logo or searching for `` QR '' in Spotlight . We 've redesigned the tab switcher layout on iPad to make it easier to access your open sites . Android version : Easily download music , videos , and even full web pages for viewing offline View and share your downloads within Chrome See misspelled words highlighted in text fields Improvements to contextual search UI Bug fixes and significant memory savings 57.0. 2987 2017 - 03 - 09 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2017 - 03 - 14 ( iOS ) 2017 - 03 - 16 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 5.7. 492 CSS grid layout Improved `` Add to Home '' screen Media Session API `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' WebAssembly Background tab policy changes iOS version : Chrome can add pages to your Reading List . Find in Page now works correctly in iOS 10.3 . Android version : Quickly use emails , addresses , and phone numbers in web pages by tapping on them Easily access downloaded files and web pages from the new tab page Long press article suggestions on the new tab page to download them Bug fixes and performance improvements 58.0. 3029 2017 - 04 - 19 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2017 - 04 - 20 ( Android ) 2017 - 04 - 25 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 5.8. 283 `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' IndexedDB 2.0 Workers and SharedWorkers in data - URLs . Android version : Useful actions like `` Find in page '' available in apps that open web pages using Chrome More frequently updated article suggestions on the New Tab page Use recently visited search engines as your default search engine See Physical Web suggestions , based on your surroundings , in the address bar Bug fixes and performance improvements iOS version : Stability improvements and bug fixes . 59.0. 3071 2017 - 06 - 05 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2017 - 06 - 06 ( iOS ) 2017 - 06 - 06 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 5.9. 211 `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' Revamped Settings and `` About Google Chrome '' page with Material Design Headless mode in Linux and macOS . iOS version : Fixed a user - reported issue that resulted in hangs and significant slowdowns when switching tabs . Fixed a crash involving dialogs presented while switching tabs . Stability improvements and bug fixes . Android version : View and manage in - progress downloads on the Downloads page View and clear your browsing data more easily on the redesigned History page Long - press a link to open it in a new Chrome tab ( from Chrome Custom Tabs ) Bug fixes and performance improvements 60.0. 3112 2017 - 07 - 25 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2017 - 07 - 25 ( iOS ) 2017 - 07 - 31 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 6.0. 286 MacBook Pro Touch Bar support . `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' iOS version : `` Request Mobile Site '' button can switch from a website 's desktop version back to its mobile version Android version Load pages faster and use less memory with an updated JavaScript engine Bug fixes and performance improvements Clear browsing data more easily 61.0. 3163 2017 - 09 - 05 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2017 - 09 - 05 ( iOS ) 2017 - 09 - 05 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 6.1. 534 Native support for JavaScript modules `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' iOS version : Added a new button for scanning QR codes above the virtual keyboard Android version Addition of Web Share API Bug fixes and performance improvements Translate pages with a more compact and intuitive toolbar Pick images to post online with an improved image picker 62.0. 3202 2017 - 10 - 17 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2017 - 10 - 18 ( iOS ) 2017 - 10 - 19 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 6.2. 414 The `` Save Your Password '' icon gets a new appearance `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' Support for OpenType Variable Fonts Network Information API updated to report users actual Internet speed , not just connection type , to websites HTTP sites that request user data will now be flagged as `` non-secure '' ( red ) in the Chrome Omnibox iOS version Two new Today widgets are added by tapping the Edit button at the bottom of the iOS Search screen Ability to drag a URL from another app and drop it into Chrome 's omnibox or the tab strip , or from Chrome 's content area to another app on iOS 11 iPads The Payment Request API has been introduced Android version Download files faster with accelerated downloads View and copy passwords saved with Chrome if device lock is enabled Quickly see your data savings in the Chrome menu when Data Saver is on 63.0. 3239 2017 - 10 - 26 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) Blink 537.36 6.3 Current Beta channel 64.0 2017 - 10 - 27 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) Blink 537.36 6.4 Current Dev channel 64.0 2017 - 10 - 14 ( macOS and Windows ) 2017 - 10 - 16 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 6.4 Current Canary channel Major version Release date Layout engine V8 engine Significant changes
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64.0
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Google Chrome version history
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google chrome version history
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The following table summarizes the release history for the Google Chrome web browser .
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Discontinued Stable channel Beta channel Dev channel Canary channel Major version Release date Layout engine V8 engine Significant changes 0.2. 149 2008 - 09 - 02 WebKit 522 0.3 First release 0.3. 154 2008 - 10 - 29 Improved plugin performance and reliability Spell checking for input fields Improved web proxy performance and reliability Tab and window management updates 0.4. 154 2008 - 11 - 24 WebKit 525 Bookmark manager with import and export support Privacy section added to the application options New blocked popup notification 1.0. 154 2008 - 12 - 11 WebKit 528 First stable release 2.0. 172 2009 - 05 - 24 WebKit 530 0.4 35 % faster JavaScript on the SunSpider benchmark Mouse wheel support Full - screen mode Full - page zoom Form auto - fill Sort bookmarks by title Tab docking to browser and desktop edges Basic Greasemonkey support 3.0. 195 2009 - 10 - 12 WebKit 532 1.2 New `` new tab '' page for improved customization 25 % faster JavaScript HTML5 video and audio tag support Lightweight theming 4.0. 249 2010 - 01 - 25 WebKit 532.5 1.3 Extensions Bookmark synchronization Enhanced developer tools Improved HTML5 support Performance improvements Full ACID3 pass HTTP byte range support Experimental new anti-reflected - XSS feature called `` XSS Auditor '' 4.1. 249 2010 - 03 - 17 Translate infobar New privacy features Disabled XSS Auditor 5.0. 375 2010 - 05 - 21 WebKit 533 Browser preference synchronizing Increased HTML5 support ( Geolocation API , App Cache , web sockets , and file drag - and - drop ) Revamped bookmark manager Adobe Flash Player integrated First stable releases for macOS , 32 bit Linux , and 64 bit Linux 6.0. 472 2010 - 09 - 02 WebKit 534.3 Updated and more streamlined UI with simplified Omnibox New tab page Merged menu buttons Form auto - fill Expanded synchronization support to include extensions and auto - fill data Support for WebM videos Built - in PDF support ( disabled by default ) 7.0. 517 2010 - 10 - 21 WebKit 534.7 2.3. 11 Implemented HTML5 parsing algorithm File API Directory upload via input tag macOS version gained AppleScript support for UI automation Late binding enabled for SSL sockets : high priority SSL requests are now always sent to the server first . New options for managing cookies Updated New Tab page to enable featuring of web applications 8.0. 552 2010 - 12 - 02 WebKit 534.10 2.4. 9 Chrome Web Store Built - in PDF viewer that works inside Chrome 's sandbox for increased security Expanded synchronization support to include web applications Improved plug - in handling This release added `` about : flags '' to showcase experimental features such as Chrome Instant , side tabs on Windows , tabbed settings , Click to Play , background web applications , Remoting , disables outdated plug - ins , XSS Auditor , Cloud Print Proxy , GPU - accelerated compositing , WebGL support for the canvas element , and a `` tab overview '' mode ( like Exposé ) for macOS . 9.0. 597 2011 - 02 - 03 WebKit 534.13 2.5. 9 WebGL enabled by default Adobe Flash sandboxing on Windows and Chrome Instant ( a la Google Instant ) option WebP support New flags : print preview , GPU - accelerated compositing , GPU - accelerated Canvas 2D , Google Native Client , CRX-less Web Apps , Web page prerendering , experimental Extension APIs , disable hyperlink auditing 10.0. 648 2011 - 03 - 08 WebKit 534.16 3.0. 12 Google Cloud Print sign - in interface enabled by default Partially implemented sandboxing of the GPU process Faster JavaScript performance due to incorporation of Crankshaft , an improved compiler for V8 Settings pages that open in a tab , rather than a dialog box Malware reporting and disabling outdated plugins Password sync GPU accelerated video Background WebApps webNavigation extension API 11.0. 696 2011 - 04 - 27 WebKit 534.24 3.1. 8 HTML5 Speech Input API Updated icon 12.0. 742 2011 - 06 - 07 WebKit 534.30 3.2. 10 Hardware accelerated 3D CSS New Safe Browsing protection against downloading malicious files Ability to delete Flash cookies from inside Chrome Launch Apps by name from the Omnibox Integrated Sync into new settings pages Improved screen reader support New warning when hitting Command - Q on Mac New flags : P2P API Existing tab on foreground on open Experimental new tab page Add grouping to tab context menu Run PPAPI Flash in the renderer process Multiple profiles Removed Google Gears Print and Save buttons in the PDF viewer 13.0. 782 2011 - 08 - 02 WebKit 535.1 3.3. 10 Instant Pages ( pre-rendering of Web pages ) Native print interface and preview ( Linux and Windows only ) Experimental new tab page Experimental Restrict Instant To Search option 14.0. 835 2011 - 09 - 16 3.4. 14 Native Client ( NaCl ) enabled for apps in the Chrome Web Store Web Audio API Additional macOS Lion feature support Sync Encryption for all data Print preview on Mac Validation of HTTPS sites Experimental Web Request extension API Experimental Content Settings extension API 15.0. 874 2011 - 10 - 25 WebKit 535.2 3.5. 10 Faster print preview Redesigned new tab page on by default JavaScript fullscreen API enabled by default Inline installation of Chrome Web Store items by verified sites Omnibox History synchronization Switched to FFmpeg native VP8 decoder Extensions integrated into settings pages GPU Accelerated Canvas 2D disabled 16.0. 912 2011 - 12 - 13 WebKit 535.7 3.6. 6 Multiple profiles on by default Optional permissions in Chrome extensions , so the user can opt - in or opt - out of the optional permissions at installation time Experimental support for side tabs was removed . 17.0. 963 2012 - 02 - 08 WebKit 535.11 3.7. 12 Updated Omnibox prerendering of pages Download scanning protection New extensions APIs Improved History tab Removal of `` + '' symbol from the `` new tab '' button Limited support for changing user agent strings Adjustable margins in print preview Search engine synchronization Disabled GAIA profile info 18.0. 1025 2012 - 03 - 28 2012 - 06 - 27 ( Android ARM ) 2012 - 09 - 26 ( 18.0. 1026 , Android x86 ) WebKit 535.19 3.8. 9 Hardware - accelerated Canvas2D graphics WebGL without the need of 3D graphics hardware through the software rasterizer SwiftShader Brighter `` new tab '' button 19.0. 1084 2012 - 05 - 15 2012 - 06 - 28 ( iOS ) WebKit 536.5 3.9. 24 Access tabs between devices Reorganized and searchable settings interface Better spell check by using the Google search engine spell checker Web Store link to the bottom of New Tab page Experimental JavaScript Harmony ( ECMAScript 6 ) support Experimental Web Intents API 20.0. 1132 2012 - 06 - 26 WebKit 536.10 3.10. 6 Experimental touch friendly user interface adjustments . Context menus have extra vertical padding between items . New tab button is bigger and wider 21.0. 1180 2012 - 07 - 31 2012 - 08 - 22 ( iOS ) WebKit 537.1 3.11. 10 Media Stream API ( getUserMedia ) enabled by default . ( E.g. webcam access via JavaScript . ) Gamepad API prototype available by default . Support for ( pointer ) and ( hover ) CSS media queries so sites can optimize their user interface for touch when touch - screen support is available . HTML5 audio / video and WebAudio now support 24 - bit PCM wave files 22.0. 1229 2012 - 09 - 25 WebKit 537.4 3.12. 19 New - style packaged apps are enabled by default . New menu icon , replacing the wrench icon Support for TLS 1.1 Support for color management ICC v2 profiles by default 23.0. 1271 2012 - 11 - 06 2012 - 11 - 28 ( iOS ) WebKit 537.11 3.13. 7 Do Not Track preference Hardware video acceleration with 25 % more efficient power consumption in some scenarios Manager for site permission control New icon for Chrome Web Store when opening new tab PPAPI Flash Player ( or Pepper - based Flash Player ) replaced the NPAPI Flash Player on Mac also 24.0. 1312 2013 - 01 - 10 WebKit 537.17 3.14. 5 Support for MathML The HTML5 datalist element now supports suggesting a date and time Experimental support for CSS custom filters 25.0. 1364 2013 - 02 - 21 2013 - 02 - 27 ( Android ) 2013 - 03 - 04 ( iOS ) WebKit 537.22 3.15. 11 Support for Opus audio Support for VP9 video Silent installs of external extensions are now disabled by default . Web Speech API Encrypted omnibox search ( https ) Native Client on ARM Disabled MathML support for the time being Android version ( update from 18 ) : Newer V8 JavaScript engine Audio now continues to play while Chrome is in the background Support for pausing audio in Chrome when phone is in use 26.0. 1410 2013 - 03 - 26 2013 - 04 - 03 ( Android ) 2013 - 04 - 09 ( iOS ) WebKit 537.31 3.16. 14 Improved spell checker ( grammar and homonym checking ) Desktop shortcuts for multiple users ( profiles ) on Windows Asynchronous DNS resolver on Mac and Linux Android version : Autofill and password sync Performance and stability improvements 27.0. 1453 2013 - 05 - 21 2013 - 05 - 22 ( Android ) 2013 - 06 - 03 ( iOS ) WebKit 537.36 3.17. 6 Resource handling optimized for faster page loads Improved Omnibox predictions and spelling correction syncFileSystem API for Google Drive data synchronization Stop packaging Manifest version 1.0 extensions Android version : Fullscreen on phones ( scrolling down the page makes the toolbar disappear ) Simpler searching ( the query stays visible in the omnibox , making it easier to edit ) Client - side certificate support Tab history on tablets `` A ton of stability and performance fixes '' 28.0. 1500 2013 - 06 - 17 ( Linux ) 2013 - 07 - 09 ( macOS and Windows ) 2013 - 07 - 10 ( Android ) 2013 - 07 - 17 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 WebKit 537.36 ( on iOS ) 3.18. 5 Replaced layout engine with Blink , a fork of WebKit on all platforms besides iOS Faster page loads with the new Blink threaded HTML parser Rich Notifications and Notification Center ( HTML - based notifications deprecated ) Major improvements to the asm. js benchmark performances Support for the CSS : unresolved pseudoclass for Custom Elements Support for the CSS @ supports conditional blocks to test for property : value pairs Android version : Fullscreen API support ( fullscreen browsing on tablets ) Experimental WebGL , Web Audio , WebRTC support behind flags Built - in translation iOS version : Improved interoperability with many other Google Apps Voice Search enhancements Fullscreen for iPad Data usage savings ( rolling out over time ) Access to browser history 29.0. 1547 2013 - 08 - 20 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2013 - 08 - 21 ( Android ) 2013 - 09 - 12 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 3.19. 18 Support for VP9 final Support for TLS 1.2 Preliminary QUIC support Improved Omnibox suggestions based on the recency of visited sites Ability to reset user profile back to its original state New apps and extensions APIs ( such as Native Messaging API for connecting Chrome with native applications installed on the same computer - an alternative to NPAPI ) Android version : WebRTC support WebAudio support Improved scrolling responsiveness and visual indication when scrolling to the top or bottom of a page Startup performance and stability improvements New color picker user interface for web forms Support for Google 's experimental data compression service ( comparable to Opera Turbo ) that lets Google servers quickly read and optimize a Web page for mobile devices , then transmit it to the smartphone using Google 's SPDY network technology . Rudimentary tab groups implemented iOS version : Get back to Search Results faster Data cost savings enhancements ( rolled out incrementally ) Voice search pronoun support ( e.g. queries like : `` Who is the president of the United States ? '' followed by `` Who is his wife ? '' ) Improvements to Single Sign On with other Google Apps Support for WebP image format 30.0. 1599 2013 - 09 - 18 ( iOS ) 2013 - 10 - 01 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2013 - 10 - 02 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 3.20. 17 New image context menu item : `` Search Google for this image '' New Chrome Apps APIs : webview. request , media gallery write support and downloads New platform features ( both in desktop and mobile ) : support for the WebRTC Device Enumeration API , allowing users to change their microphones and / or camera on the fly without having to restart the WebRTC call ; DevTools now supports CSS source maps ; Chrome will now match the behavior of IE and not honor the Refresh header or tags when the URL to be refreshed to has a javascript : scheme ; Android version : New gesture : swipe horizontally across the top toolbar to quickly switch tabs New gesture : drag vertically down from the toolbar to enter into the tab switcher view New gesture : drag down from the menu to open the menu and select wanted item without having to lift finger WebGL is enabled by default on high - end devices DeviceMotion ( device acceleration and rotation rates ) events Media Source Extension is enabled on Android 4.1 + Two new experimental features behind a flag : Web Speech API ( recognition ) and the Vibration API iOS version : New look and feature enhancements for iOS7 Improvements to Fullscreen behavior especially on iPad ( iOS7 only ) New Settings UI Maps and email links launch the Google Maps and Gmail apps ( if installed ) automatically . You can change your preference in Settings Stability / security improvements and bug fixes 31.0. 1650 2013 - 11 - 12 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2013 - 11 - 14 ( Android ) 2013 - 11 - 20 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 3.21. 18 Payment requestAutocomplete ( ) on Chrome for Android , Windows , Chrome OS PNaCl on desktop versions of Chrome New Chrome Apps APIs : With URL handlers for apps , Chrome App developers can now specify URLs to be handled by a Chrome App . For example , a document link on a website could open a document editor Chrome App . This gives users more seamless entry points into their favorite Chrome Apps . Directory access for Apps allows Chrome Apps to access and write to user - approved folders . This feature can be used to share files between a Chrome App and a native app . For example , a Chrome App code editor could modify files managed by a native Git client . SCTP for WebRTC Data Channel allows P2P data transfers between browsers to be either best effort , reliable , or semi reliable , opening up use cases such as gaming . Alpha channel support for WebM video enables transparency masking ( a.k.a. green screen effects ) in WebM videos . Speech recognition with the JavaScript Web Speech API is now supported on Chrome for Android . window. devicePixelRatio now takes full - page zoom ( but not pinch zoom ) into account Support for ( alpha : false ) in getContext ( ' 2d ' ) lets you create an opaque canvas . This is similar to existing WebGL functionality and can improve the rendering performance of your app . The Media Source API has been unprefixed and is now supported on Chrome for Android . It allows JavaScript to generate media streams for playback , addressing use cases like adaptive streaming and time shifting live streams . 2D canvas now supports the `` ellipse '' method . Support for several Mutation Events has been removed . Consider using MutationObserver instead . iOS version : Fast form completion with Autofill Long press on an image to search for related images Stability / security improvements and bug fixes 32.0. 1700 2014 - 01 - 14 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2014 - 01 - 15 ( Android ) 2014 - 01 - 27 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 3.22. 24 Tab indicators for sound , webcam and casting A different look for Win8 Metro mode Automatically blocking malware files A number of new apps / extension APIs Various under - the - hood changes for stability and performance Android version : Add web page shortcuts right to your home screen more easily from the menu Reduce data usage in Chrome up to 50 % . Visit Settings > Bandwidth management > Reduce data usage to enable . iOS version : Translate When you come across a page written in a language that you do n't understand , just look for the translation bar . One tap and the page is quickly translated for you . Reduce Data Usage Reduce your data usage by up to 50 % . Enable this feature and view your savings : Settings > Bandwidth > Reduce Data Usage . New Tab Page update to make searching faster and easier This feature is being rolled out and will be available to all users over time , beginning on iPhone . 33.0. 1750 2014 - 02 - 18 ( iOS ) 2014 - 02 - 20 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2014 - 02 - 26 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 3.23. 17 Custom Elements Ogg Opus in MSE and Page Visibility API VTTCue Web Speech API ( synthesis ) Font - kerning requestAutocomplete ( ) Speech Synthesis Android version : Download progress notification for file downloads using the Chrome network stack Updated help and feedback UI Support for tag iOS version : Stability and security updates 34.0. 1847 2014 - 04 - 02 ( Android ) 2014 - 04 - 08 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2014 - 04 - 29 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 3.24. 35 Responsive Images and Unprefixed Web Audio Import supervised users onto new computers A different look for Windows 8 Metro mode A number of new apps / extension APIs New scroll bar look Ignores autocomplete = `` off '' on password input fields Android version : Battery usage optimizations iOS version : Updated tour when you start Chrome for the first time Support for autocomplete in the omnibox for right to left languages 35.0. 1916 2014 - 05 - 20 ( Android ) 2014 - 05 - 20 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2014 - 05 - 28 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 3.25. 28 More developer control over touch input New JavaScript features Unprefixed Shadow DOM v0 A number of new apps / extension APIs Opus updated to version v1. 1 Android version : Undo Tab Close Fullscreen video with Subtitles and HTML5 controls Support for some multi-window devices iOS version : Added right - to - left support to the omnibox for Arabic and Hebrew See your search term in the omnibox , instead of the long search query URL Easily refine your search queries and view more results on the search results page Stability improvements and bug fixes Linux version : Switched graphics interface backend from GTK+ to Aura 36.0. 1985 2014 - 07 - 15 ( iOS ) 2014 - 07 - 16 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2014 - 07 - 16 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 3.26. 31 Rich Notifications Improvements An Updated Incognito / Guest NTP design The addition of a Browser crash recovery bubble Multiple stability and performance improvements Android version : Improved text rendering on non-mobile optimized sites Doodles return to the new tab page iOS version : Allows mobile sites that have added Cast support to work with your Cast - enabled device Stability improvements and bug fixes Linux version : Chrome App Launcher 37.0. 2062 2014 - 08 - 26 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2014 - 09 - 03 ( Android ) 2014 - 09 - 22 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 3.27. 34 DirectWrite support on Windows for improved font rendering A number of new apps / extension APIs Multiple stability and performance improvements Removal of the showModalDialog API , breaking several enterprise web apps Android version : Signing into Chrome signs you into your favorite Google sites Updated look and feel with elements of Material Design Multiple performance improvements and bug fixes Windows version : 64 - bit Windows support 38.0. 2125 2014 - 10 - 07 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2014 - 10 - 07 ( iOS ) 2014 - 10 - 08 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 3.28. 71 A number of new apps / extension APIs Support for logging into sites using FIDO U2F Security Key ( a USB or smartcard security token ) as a factor in 2 - factor authentication Under - the - hood changes for stability and performance Android version : Support for Battery Status and Screen orientation APIs Additional Material Design updates Bug fixes and performance improvements iOS version : Better support for iPhone 6 and 6 + Download and open files in Google Drive Stability improvements and bug fixes Security fix 39.0. 2171 2014 - 11 - 12 ( Android ) 2014 - 11 - 18 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2014 - 11 - 24 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 3.29. 88 Removes SSL / TLS protocol version fallback to SSLv3 64 - bit support for Mac A number of new apps / extension APIs Under - the - hood changes for stability and performance Android version : Number of bug fixes and performance improvements Experimental Reader Mode can be enabled via chrome://flags , is not available for tablets in this version 40.0. 2214 2015 - 01 - 20 ( iOS ) 2015 - 01 - 21 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2015 - 01 - 21 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 3.30. 33 Disabled SSLv3 support by default The minimum SSL / TLS version can now be set through about : flags Updated info dialog for Chrome app on Windows and Linux A new clock behind / ahead error message Android version : Updated page info and content settings UI Number of bug fixes and performance improvements iOS version : New look with Material Design bringing bold graphics , fluid motion , and tactile surfaces iOS 8 optimizations and support for bigger phones Support handoff from Chrome to your default browser on macOS Stability improvements and bug fixes 41.0. 2272 2015 - 03 - 03 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2015 - 03 - 11 ( Android ) 2015 - 03 - 16 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 4.1. 0 A number of new apps / extension APIs Lots of under the hood changes for stability and performance Aero interface is disabled in Windows Vista Android version : The ability to pull to reload at the top of most pages A number of bug fixes and performance improvements 42.0. 2311 2015 - 04 - 14 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2015 - 04 - 15 ( Android ) 2015 - 04 - 16 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 4.2. 77 Support for NPAPI plugins disabled by default A number of new apps , extension and Web Platform APIs ( including the Push API ) Lots of under the hood changes for stability and performance Add Bookmark is now redesigned . Android version : Getting the latest updates from sites with notifications Adding your favorite sites to your homescreen is now even easier Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements 43.0. 2357 2015 - 05 - 19 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2015 - 05 - 27 ( Android ) 2015 - 06 - 01 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 4.3. 61 Numerous bug fixes and security fixes Android version : Faster Checkout -- Quickly and securely complete checkout forms with data from Google Wallet Touch to Search -- Learn more about words and phrases by touching them on your screen Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements No longer supports Android 4.0 ( Ice Cream Sandwich ) 44.0. 2403 2015 - 07 - 21 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2015 - 07 - 22 ( iOS ) 2015 - 07 - 29 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 4.4. 63 A number of new apps / extension APIs Change in the loading page circle on Chrome tabs Lots of under the hood changes for stability and performance Android version : Fixed a boatload of bugs and performance issues . iOS version : Swipe to navigate : swipe right or left to navigate backwards and forwards Support for accessing Physical Web content from the Today view Stability improvements and bug fixes 45.0. 2454 2015 - 09 - 01 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2015 - 09 - 01 ( Android ) 2015 - 09 - 02 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 4.5. 103 Support for NPAPI plugins permanently disabled A number of fixes and improvements Android version : A number of fixes for a whole bunch of performance / stability / other issues . 46.0. 2490 2015 - 10 - 13 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2015 - 10 - 14 ( Android ) 2015 - 10 - 22 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 4.6. 85 Change in taskbar logo design A number of fixes and improvements . Android version : Under the hood performance and stability tweaks . 47.0. 2526 2015 - 12 - 01 ( iOS ) 2015 - 12 - 01 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2015 - 12 - 02 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 4.7. 80 Change in appearance on closing tabs with red x 's New PDF viewer design Security fixes Android version : `` More than a barge load of performance and stability fixes '' . iOS version : Added support for more keyboard shortcuts . Bluetooth keyboards can open , close or change tabs or conduct a voice search . Support for 3D touch on iPhone 6s / + . Force touch the Chrome icon to quickly open a new tab , a new incognito * tab , or conduct a voice search . 48.0. 2564 2016 - 01 - 20 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2016 - 01 - 27 ( iOS ) 2016 - 01 - 27 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 4.8. 271 `` Tab discarding '' was enabled by default in chrome://flags Window change in right - clicking an embedded web link The key icon in `` Save your password '' turns black `` Clear browsing history '' has been improved A large number of fixes and improvements Android version : Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements . iOS version : This version uses WKWebView , the latest rendering engine from Apple . The crash rate was reduced by 70 % and JavaScript execution is now faster . Redesigned icons on the New Tab page : easier access to more of your frequently - visited sites . Spotlight integration : Drag down or right from the Home screen and search for your Chrome bookmarks . 49.0. 2623 2016 - 03 - 02 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2016 - 03 - 09 ( iOS ) 2016 - 03 - 09 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 4.9. 385 Extension icons now appear near search tab . Changes in bookmark bar appearances . Change in Incognito mode window . Change in scrollbar movement . Changed Downloads page appearance / design . A large number of fixes and improvements Removed Windows 8 Mode ( Metro mode ) Last version available for Windows XP and Vista , and Mac OS 10.6 - 10.8 . Android version : `` More than a barge full of performance and stability fixes . '' iOS version : Bookmarks has a new look : Easily find your favorites ! Bug and stability fixes . 50.0. 2661 2016 - 04 - 13 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2016 - 04 - 20 ( iOS ) 2016 - 04 - 26 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 5.0. 71 Auto - fill form letters are now highlighted in bold . A number of fixes and improvements . No longer supports Windows XP and Vista . Android version : Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements . iOS version : Bug and stability fixes . 51.0. 2704 2016 - 05 - 25 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2016 - 06 - 01 ( iOS ) 2016 - 06 - 01 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 5.1. 281 A number of fixes and improvements . Android version : Brought tab switching back into Chrome ( Android L+ ) Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements . iOS version : Bug and stability fixes . 52.0. 2743 2016 - 07 - 20 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2016 - 07 - 27 ( iOS ) 2016 - 07 - 27 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 5.2. 361 It is impossible to disable DirectWrite . Bar on the bottom now shows darker text when hovering your mouse over the link . `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' Android version : Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements iOS version : Accelerated Mobile Pages ( `` AMP '' ) -- news and articles from many of your favorite publishers will now load instantly . Lightning bolt and `` AMP '' next to articles in the `` Top Stories '' section of search results indicate faster web page loading . 53.0. 2785 2016 - 08 - 31 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2016 - 09 - 07 ( iOS ) 2016 - 09 - 07 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 5.3. 332 New browser 's inside look , including a new bookmark `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' ' Simplify page ' option removed from ' Save as PDF ' . Shadow DOM v1 Android version : Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements Muted autoplay for video iOS version : Chrome 's History has a new look and it 's now easier to review , find , and delete your browsing history . Voice Search has been updated with a fresh look . Voice Search can now answer contextual questions such as `` How tall is the Eiffel Tower ? '' followed by `` When was it built ? '' 54.0. 2840 2016 - 10 - 12 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2016 - 10 - 19 ( iOS ) 2016 - 10 - 19 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 5.4. 500 `` Other bookmarks '' tab has changed appearance The message `` Right - click to play Adobe Flash Player '' now appears while pages with Adobe Flash Player are loading . `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' Android version : Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements View article suggestions for you on the new tab page Play media in the background for sites that support it Update saved passwords when you change or reset your password iOS version : No internet connection ? Smile and tap the dinosaur Fixed bookmark icons not displaying correctly Fixed phone number detection issues in web pages Stability improvements and bug fixes 55.0. 2883 2016 - 12 - 01 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2016 - 12 - 05 ( iOS ) 2016 - 12 - 06 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 5.5. 372 The History page has changed and is no longer in `` Settings '' Flash Player is now off by default for most sites `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' It is not possible to disable top level Material Design iOS version : You can swipe down or right from the iOS Home screen to search . Searching for `` voice '' or `` incognito '' enables you to start Chrome in Voice Search mode or in a new Incognito Tab , respectively . The appearance of items in Spotlight Search will only work for devices that support Spotlight Actions . The folder named `` All Bookmarks '' has been removed from the Bookmarks view . You can access all your other devices ' Bookmarks by clicking on the other folders . Android version : Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements Easily download music , videos , and even full web pages for viewing offline View and share your downloads within Chrome See misspelled words highlighted in text fields Improvements to contextual search UI 56.0. 2924 2017 - 01 - 25 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2017 - 02 - 01 ( iOS ) 2017 - 02 - 01 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 5.6. 326 HTML5 enabled by default Adobe Flash Player is automatically blocked for most sites that require the plugin Labeling of unsecured HTTP sites `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' iOS version : Scan a QR code or barcode by using 3D Touch on the app logo or searching for `` QR '' in Spotlight . We 've redesigned the tab switcher layout on iPad to make it easier to access your open sites . Android version : Easily download music , videos , and even full web pages for viewing offline View and share your downloads within Chrome See misspelled words highlighted in text fields Improvements to contextual search UI Bug fixes and significant memory savings 57.0. 2987 2017 - 03 - 09 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2017 - 03 - 14 ( iOS ) 2017 - 03 - 16 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 5.7. 492 CSS grid layout Improved `` Add to Home '' screen Media Session API `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' WebAssembly Background tab policy changes iOS version : Chrome can add pages to your Reading List . Find in Page now works correctly in iOS 10.3 . Android version : Quickly use emails , addresses , and phone numbers in web pages by tapping on them Easily access downloaded files and web pages from the new tab page Long press article suggestions on the new tab page to download them Bug fixes and performance improvements 58.0. 3029 2017 - 04 - 19 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2017 - 04 - 20 ( Android ) 2017 - 04 - 25 ( iOS ) Blink 537.36 5.8. 283 `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' IndexedDB 2.0 Workers and SharedWorkers in data - URLs . Android version : Useful actions like `` Find in page '' available in apps that open web pages using Chrome More frequently updated article suggestions on the New Tab page Use recently visited search engines as your default search engine See Physical Web suggestions , based on your surroundings , in the address bar Bug fixes and performance improvements iOS version : Stability improvements and bug fixes . 59.0. 3071 2017 - 06 - 05 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2017 - 06 - 06 ( iOS ) 2017 - 06 - 06 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 5.9. 211 `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' Revamped Settings and `` About Google Chrome '' page with Material Design Headless mode in Linux and macOS . iOS version : Fixed a user - reported issue that resulted in hangs and significant slowdowns when switching tabs . Fixed a crash involving dialogs presented while switching tabs . Stability improvements and bug fixes . Android version : View and manage in - progress downloads on the Downloads page View and clear your browsing data more easily on the redesigned History page Long - press a link to open it in a new Chrome tab ( from Chrome Custom Tabs ) Bug fixes and performance improvements 60.0. 3112 2017 - 07 - 25 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2017 - 07 - 25 ( iOS ) 2017 - 07 - 31 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 6.0. 286 MacBook Pro Touch Bar support . `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' iOS version : `` Request Mobile Site '' button can switch from a website 's desktop version back to its mobile version Android version Load pages faster and use less memory with an updated JavaScript engine Bug fixes and performance improvements Clear browsing data more easily 61.0. 3163 2017 - 09 - 05 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2017 - 09 - 05 ( iOS ) 2017 - 09 - 05 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 6.1. 534 Native support for JavaScript modules `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' iOS version : Added a new button for scanning QR codes above the virtual keyboard Android version Addition of Web Share API Bug fixes and performance improvements Translate pages with a more compact and intuitive toolbar Pick images to post online with an improved image picker 62.0. 3202 2017 - 10 - 17 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) 2017 - 10 - 18 ( iOS ) 2017 - 10 - 19 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 6.2. 414 The `` Save Your Password '' icon gets a new appearance `` A number of fixes and improvements . '' Support for OpenType Variable Fonts Network Information API updated to report users actual Internet speed , not just connection type , to websites HTTP sites that request user data will now be flagged as `` non-secure '' ( red ) in the Chrome Omnibox iOS version Two new Today widgets are added by tapping the Edit button at the bottom of the iOS Search screen Ability to drag a URL from another app and drop it into Chrome 's omnibox or the tab strip , or from Chrome 's content area to another app on iOS 11 iPads The Payment Request API has been introduced Android version Download files faster with accelerated downloads View and copy passwords saved with Chrome if device lock is enabled Quickly see your data savings in the Chrome menu when Data Saver is on 63.0. 3239 2017 - 10 - 26 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) Blink 537.36 6.3 Current Beta channel 64.0 2017 - 10 - 27 ( Linux , macOS and Windows ) Blink 537.36 6.4 Current Dev channel 64.0 2017 - 10 - 14 ( macOS and Windows ) 2017 - 10 - 16 ( Android ) Blink 537.36 6.4 Current Canary channel Major version Release date Layout engine V8 engine Significant changes Notes ( edit ) Release date is the date of first release . All channels have subsequent updates which are not shown . For release update history see Google Chrome Releases . The first stable release in Windows , macOS and Linux was Google Chrome 5.0. 375 . The first stable release on Android was Chrome 18.0. 1025123 ( Chrome for Android ) . Old development and beta builds are not shown after they become stable releases . As of Chrome 26 , Linux installations of the browser may be updated only on systems that support GCC v4. 6 and GTK v2. 24 or later . Thus systems such as Ubuntu Lucid 10.04 LTS , Debian 6 's 2.20 , and RHEL 6 's 2.18 are now among those marked as deprecated . As of Chrome 59 , Linux Chrome defaults to GTK + 3 . Older versions of Linux , e.g. RHEL 6 or Centros 6 , with only GTK + 2 support , are not able to run this version of Chrome . Red Hat 's GTK + 2 build of Firefox ESR is probably the last remaining regularly updated browser on RHEL 6 / CentOS 6 . 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October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stable Channel Release '' . November 18 , 2014 . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for Android Update '' . November 12 , 2014 . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Google Chrome Beta Updated To v39 With Reader Mode And Tweaked Tab Closing Animation '' . October 14 , 2014 . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stable Channel Release '' . January 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for Android Update '' . January 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for iOS Update '' . January 20 , 2015 . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stable Channel Update '' . March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for Android Update '' . March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stable Channel Update '' . April 14 , 2015 . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for Android Update '' . April 15 , 2015 . 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January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for Android Update '' . February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stable Channel Update for Desktop '' . March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome 57 Beta : CSS Grid Layout , Improved Add to Home screen , Media Session API '' . February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for Android Update '' . March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stable Channel Update for Desktop '' . April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for Android Update '' . April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stable Channel Update for Desktop '' . June 5 , 2017 . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaPage , Pete ( May 2017 ) . `` New in Chrome 59 '' . Google Developers . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chrome for Android Update '' . June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stable Channel Update for Desktop '' . July 25 , 2017 . 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Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Google_Chrome_version_history&oldid=809068069 '' Categories : Google Chrome Software version histories Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Accuracy disputes from April 2014 Use mdy dates from February 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from February 2017 Talk About Wikipedia Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 23 : 04 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%20Chrome%20version%20history
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who invented the world's first fountain pen
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An early historical mention of what appears to be a reservoir pen dates back to the 10th century . According to Al - Qadi al - Nu'man ( d . 974 ) in his Kitab al - Majalis wa ' l - musayarat , the Fatimid caliph Al - Mu'izz li - Din Allah demanded a pen that would not stain his hands or clothes , and was provided with a pen that held ink in a reservoir , allowing it to be held upside - down without leaking .
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Fountain pen
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fountain pen
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A fountain pen is a nib pen that , unlike its predecessor , the dip pen , contains an internal reservoir of liquid ink . The pen draws ink from the reservoir through a feed to the nib and deposits it on paper via a combination of gravity and capillary action . Filling the reservoir with ink may be achieved manually , via the use of a Pasteur pipette ( eyedropper ) or syringe , or via an internal filling mechanism which creates suction ( for example , through a piston mechanism ) to transfer ink directly through the nib into the reservoir . Some pens employ removable reservoirs in the form of pre-filled ink cartridges .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early prototypes of reservoir pens 1.2 European reservoir models 1.3 First patent 1.4 Mass - manufactured nibs 1.5 New patents and inventions 1.6 Pen leakage 1.7 Further innovation 1.8 Popular usage 2 Feed 3 Nibs 3.1 Nib plating 3.2 Nib tipping 3.3 Capillary action 3.4 Types of nibs 3.5 Nib flexibility 3.6 Different nib styles 4 Filling mechanisms 4.1 Eyedropper filler 4.2 Self - filling designs 4.3 Piston filling innovation 4.4 Modern filling mechanisms 5 Cartridges 5.1 Standard international 5.2 Proprietary offerings 5.3 Concerns and alternatives 6 Inks 7 Today 8 See also 9 Notes and references 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Early prototypes of reservoir pens ( edit ) An early historical mention of what appears to be a reservoir pen dates back to the 10th century . According to Al - Qadi al - Nu'man ( d . 974 ) in his Kitab al - Majalis wa ' l - musayarat , the Fatimid caliph Al - Mu'izz li - Din Allah demanded a pen that would not stain his hands or clothes , and was provided with a pen that held ink in a reservoir , allowing it to be held upside - down without leaking . There is compelling evidence that a working fountain pen was constructed and used during the Renaissance by artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci . Leonardo 's journals contain drawings with cross-sections of what appears to be a reservoir pen that works by both gravity and capillary action . Historians also took note of the fact that the handwriting in the inventor 's surviving journals is of a consistent contrast throughout , rather than the characteristic fading pattern typical of a quill pen caused by expending and re-dipping . While no physical item survives , several working models were reconstructed in 2011 by artist Amerigo Bombara that have since been put on display in museums dedicated to Leonardo . The world 's first patent on the fountain pen awarded by the French Government to the Romanian inventor Petrache Poenaru on 25 May 1827 M. Klein and Henry W. Wynne received US patent # 68445 in 1867 for an ink chamber and delivery system in the handle of the fountain pen European reservoir models ( edit ) Deliciae physico - mathematicae , 1636 The fountain pen was available in Europe in the 17th century , and is shown by contemporary references . In Deliciae Physico - Mathematicae ( a 1636 magazine ) , German inventor Daniel Schwenter described a pen made from two quills . One quill served as a reservoir for ink inside the other quill . The ink was sealed inside the quill with cork . Ink was squeezed through a small hole to the writing point . In 1663 Samuel Pepys referred to a metal pen `` to carry ink '' . Noted Maryland historian Hester Dorsey Richardson ( 1862 -- 1933 ) documented a reference to `` three silver fountain pens , worth 15 shillings '' in England during the reign of Charles II , c. 1649 -- 1685 . By the early 18th century such pens were already commonly known as `` fountain pens '' . Hester Dorsey Richardson also found a 1734 notation made by Robert Morris the elder in the ledger of the expenses of Robert Morris the younger , who was at the time in Philadelphia , for `` one fountain pen '' . First patent ( edit ) Progress in developing a reliable pen was slow until the mid-19th century because of an imperfect understanding of the role that air pressure plays in the operation of pens . Furthermore , most inks were highly corrosive and full of sedimentary inclusions . The Romanian inventor Petrache Poenaru received a French patent on May 25 , 1827 , for the invention of the first fountain pen with a barrel made from a large swan quill . Mass - manufactured nibs ( edit ) In 1828 , Josiah Mason improved a cheap and efficient slip - in nib in Birmingham , England , which could be added to a fountain pen and in 1830 , with the invention of a new machine , William Joseph Gillott , William Mitchell , and James Stephen Perry devised a way to mass manufacture robust , cheap steel pen nibs ( Perry & Co ) . This boosted the Birmingham pen trade and by the 1850s , more than half the steel - nib pens manufactured in the world were made in Birmingham . Thousands of skilled craftsmen were employed in the industry . Many new manufacturing techniques were perfected , enabling the city 's factories to mass - produce their pens cheaply and efficiently . These were sold worldwide to many who previously could not afford to write , thus encouraging the development of education and literacy . New patents and inventions ( edit ) In 1848 , American inventor Azel Storrs Lyman patented a pen with `` a combined holder and nib '' . From the 1850s , there was a steadily accelerating stream of fountain pen patents and pens in production . However , it was only after three key inventions were in place that the fountain pen became a widely popular writing instrument . Those were the iridium - tipped gold nib , hard rubber , and free - flowing ink . Waterman 42 Safety Pen , with variation in materials ( both red and black hard vulcanized rubbers or ebonite ) and retracting nibs Parker Duofold , c. 1924 The first fountain pens making use of all these key ingredients appeared in the 1850s . In the 1870s Duncan MacKinnon , a Canadian living in New York City , and Alonzo T. Cross of Providence , Rhode Island , created stylographic pens with a hollow , tubular nib and a wire acting as a valve . Stylographic pens are now used mostly for drafting and technical drawing but were very popular in the decade beginning in 1875 . In the 1880s the era of the mass - produced fountain pen finally began . The dominant American producers in this pioneer era were Waterman , of New York City , and Wirt , based in Bloomsburg , Pennsylvania . Waterman soon outstripped Wirt , along with many companies that sprang up to fill the new and growing fountain pen market . Waterman remained the market leader until the early 1920s . At this time , fountain pens were almost all filled by unscrewing a portion of the hollow barrel or holder and inserting the ink by means of an eyedropper -- a slow and messy procedure . Pens also tended to leak inside their caps and at the joint where the barrel opened for filling . Now that the materials ' problems had been overcome and the flow of ink while writing had been regulated , the next problems to be solved were the creation of a simple , convenient self - filler and the problem of leakage . In 1890 , W.B. Purvis , an African - American , patented a self - filler . Self - fillers began to arrive around the turn of the century ; the most successful of these was probably the Conklin crescent - filler , followed by A.A. Waterman 's twist - filler . The tipping point , however , was the runaway success of Walter A. Sheaffer 's lever - filler , introduced in 1912 , paralleled by Parker 's roughly contemporary button - filler . Pen leakage ( edit ) Meanwhile , many inventors turned their attention to the problem of leakage . Some of the earliest solutions to this problem came in the form of a `` safety '' pen with a retractable point that allowed the ink reservoir to be corked like a bottle . The most successful of these came from Francis C. Brown of the Caw 's Pen and Ink Co. and from Morris W. Moore of Boston . In 1898 , George Safford Parker released the Parker Jointless , named so because its barrel was single - piece to prevent leakage . The section assembly fit into the pen 's end like a cork stopper ; any leaked ink was kept inside the nib . In 1908 , Waterman began marketing a popular safety pen of its own . For pens with non-retractable nibs , the adoption of screw - on caps with inner caps that sealed around the nib by bearing against the front of the section effectively solved the leakage problem ( such pens were also marketed as `` safety pens '' , as with the Parker Jack Knife Safety and the Swan Safety Screw - Cap ) . Further innovation ( edit ) Lever filler pen made of celluloid by Mabie Todd & Co . New York ( 1927 ) In Europe , the German supplies company which came to be known as Pelikan was started in 1838 , and first introduced their pen in 1929 . This was based upon the acquisition of patents for solid - ink fountain pens from the factory of Slavoljub Penkala from Croatia ( patented 1907 , in mass production since 1911 ) , and the patent of the Hungarian Theodor Kovacs for the modern piston filler by 1925 . The decades that followed saw many technological innovations in the manufacture of fountain pens . Celluloid gradually replaced hard rubber , which enabled production in a much wider range of colors and designs . At the same time , manufacturers experimented with new filling systems . The inter-war period saw the introduction of some of the most notable models , such as the Parker Duofold and Vacumatic , Sheaffer 's Lifetime Balance series , and the Pelikan 100 . During the 1940s and 1950s , fountain pens retained their dominance : early ballpoint pens were expensive , were prone to leaks and had irregular inkflow , while the fountain pen continued to benefit from the combination of mass production and craftsmanship. ( Bíró 's patent , and other early patents on ball - point pens often used the term `` ball - point fountain pen , '' because at the time the ball - point pen was considered a type of fountain pen ; that is , a pen that held ink in an enclosed reservoir . ) This period saw the launch of innovative models such as the Parker 51 , the Aurora 88 , the Sheaffer Snorkel , and the Eversharp Skyline and ( later ) Skyliner , while the Esterbrook J series of lever - fill models with interchangeable steel nibs offered inexpensive reliability to the masses . Popular usage ( edit ) Lamy 2000 piston filler made of polycarbonate and stainless steel , designed in 1966 and still in production By the 1960s , refinements in ballpoint pen production gradually ensured its dominance over the fountain pen for casual use . Although cartridge - filler fountain pens are still in common use in France , Italy , Germany , Austria , India , and the United Kingdom , and are widely used by young students in most private schools in England and at least one private school in Scotland , a few modern manufacturers ( especially Montblanc , Graf von Faber - Castell and Visconti ) now depict the fountain pen as a collectible item or a status symbol , rather than an everyday writing tool . However , fountain pens continue to have a growing following among many who view them as superior writing instruments due to their relative smoothness and versatility . Retailers continue to sell fountain pens and inks for casual and calligraphic use . Recently , Fountain Pens have made a resurgence , with many manufacturers of fountain pens saying sales are climbing . This has led to a new wave of casual use fountain pens and custom ink manufacturers , who utilize online stores to easily and cheaply sell fountain pens . Feed ( edit ) Diagram of the operation of a modern fountain pen The feed of a fountain pen is the component that connects the nib of the pen with its ink reservoir . It not only allows the ink to flow to the nib ( in what is often described as a `` controlled leak '' ) but also regulates the amount of air flowing backwards up to the reservoir to replace this lost ink . It does this through the use of a series of narrow channels or `` fissures '' that run down its lower edge . As ink flows down these fissures , air is simultaneously allowed to flow upwards into the reservoir in an even exchange of volumes . The feed allows ink to flow when the pen is being put to paper but ensures ink does not flow when the pen is not in use . The feed makes use of capillary action ; this is noticeable when a pen is refilled with a brightly coloured ink . The ink is taken up and into the feed by way of capillary action ( and is often visible in clear demonstrator pens ) , but is not dispensed onto the paper until the nib makes contact . How the feed is shaped may determine the wetness and flow of a particular pen . For this reason , feed material alone and its surface roughness may have a significant effect on the way two pens of the same nib size write . Pen feeds are crucial to preventing ink from dripping or leaking . Feeds often feature finned structures intended for buffering fountain pen ink . Buffering is the capacity to catch and temporary hold an overflow of ink caused by other conditions than writing towards the nib . When a fountain pen nib receives such an overflow it will result in ink blobbing or dripping also known as burping . A pen with a misconfigured feed might fail to deposit any ink whatsoever . Nibs ( edit ) Detail of a Visconti stainless steel nib and feed with a finned ink buffering structure at its rear half Tip of a fountain pen nib According to Mathur et al. , `` the modern fountain pen nib may be traced back to the original gold nib which had a tiny fragment of ruby attached to form the wear - point . '' Following the discovery of the platinum group of metals which include ruthenium , osmium and iridium , `` a small quantity of iridium was isolated and used on the iridium - tipped gold dip pen nibs of the 1830s . '' Today , nibs are usually made of stainless steel or gold alloys , with the most popular gold content being 14 carat ( 581⁄3 % ) and 18 carat ( 75 % ) . Titanium is a less common metal used for making nibs . Gold is considered the optimum metal for its flexibility and its resistance to corrosion , although gold 's corrosion resistance is less of an issue than in the past because of better stainless steel alloys and less corrosive inks . Visconti uses a nib made out of palladium as it is more flexible and corrosion resistant than gold . Nib plating ( edit ) Further gold plating provides favorable wettability , which is the ability of a solid surface to reduce the surface tension of a liquid in contact with it such that it spreads over the surface . Nib tipping ( edit ) An example of a type of an italic nib used in fountain pens . Often used to make art . Gold and most steel and titanium nibs are tipped with a hard , wear - resistant alloy that typically includes metals from the platinum group . These metals share qualities of extreme hardness and corrosion resistance . The tipping material is often called `` iridium '' , but there are few , if any , nib or pen manufacturers that used tipping alloys containing iridium metal since the mid-1950s . The metals osmium , rhenium , ruthenium and tungsten are used instead , generally as an alloy , with a little bit of osmium , rhenium , ruthenium and tungsten in a mix of other materials , produced as tiny pellets which are soldered or welded onto a nib tip prior to cutting the nib slit and grinding the tip into its final shape . Untipped steel and titanium points will wear more rapidly due to abrasion by the paper . Capillary action ( edit ) The nib usually has a tapering or parallel slit cut down its centre , to convey the ink down the nib by capillary action , as well as a `` breather hole '' of varying shape . The breather hole has no actual function regarding controlling the ink or air flow . Its main function is to provide an endpoint to the nib slit and forestall inaccuracies during nib slit cutting . Adding distance between the breather hole and the nib tip adds elasticity or flexibility to the nib . The breather hole also acts as a stress relieving point , preventing the nib from cracking longitudinally from the end of the slit as a result of repeated flexing during use . The whole nib narrows to a point where the ink is transferred to the paper . Broad calligraphy pens may have several slits in the nib to increase ink flow and help distribute it evenly across the broad point . Nibs divided into three ' tines ' are commonly known as music nibs . This is because their line , which can be varied from broad to fine , is suited for writing musical scores . Types of nibs ( edit ) Although the most common nibs end in a round point of various sizes ( extra fine , fine , medium , broad ) , various other nib shapes are available . Examples of this are oblique , reverse oblique , stub , italic and 360 - degree nibs . Broader nibs are used for less precise emphasis , with the benefit of a greater level of ink shading and / or sheen on less absorbent paper . Finer nibs ( e.g. EF and F ) may be used for intricate corrections and alterations , at the expense of shading and sheen . Oblique , reverse oblique , stub and italic nibs may be used for calligraphic purposes or for general handwritten compositions. The line width of a particular nib may vary based on its country of origin ; Japanese nibs are often thinner in general . Nib flexibility ( edit ) Flexibility is given to nibs in several ways . First , the thickness of the nib metal changes flex . When the nib alloy has been pressed thick it will result in a hard nib , while thinly pressed nibs are more flexible . Nibs can be pressed so that they are thinner at the tip and thicker at the feed to mitigate stiffness or to give a more controlled flex . Second , the curve of the nib determines in part how stiff the nib will be . Nibs pressed into more deeply convex curves , or into three or five faceted curves , will be stiffer than flatter nibs . Third , the `` breather hole '' size , shape , and position alter the stiffness . Heart shaped holes will improve flex as they widen , while round , small holes stiffen the pen . Fourth , the length of the tines determines how far they can spread under pressure , shorter tines make a stiffer nib . Fifth , the alloy used can affect stiffness : as mentioned before , gold is considered superior for its flex compared to steel . Moreover , purer gold ( 18k and 21k ) is softer than most lower gold concentration ( 14k ) alloys . Mabie Todd Swan flexible 14k nib . Fountain pens dating from the first half of the 20th century are more likely to have flexible nibs , suited to the favored handwriting styles of the period ( e.g. Copperplate script and Spencerian script ) . By the 1940s , writing preferences had shifted towards stiffer nibs that could withstand the greater pressure required for writing through carbon paper to create duplicate documents . Furthermore , competition between the major pen brands such as Parker and Waterman , and the introduction of lifetime guarantees , meant that flexible nibs could no longer be supported profitably . In countries where this rivalry was not present to the same degree , for example the UK and Germany , flexible nibs are more common . Nowadays , stiff nibs are the norm as people exchange between fountain pens and other writing modes . These more closely emulate the ballpoint pens modern users are experienced with . Despite being rigid and firm , the idea that steel nibs write `` horribly '' is a misconception . More flexible nibs can be easily damaged by ballpoint users who write with excessive pressure . Ideally , a fountain pen 's nib glides across the paper using the ink as a lubricant , and requires no pressure . Good quality nibs that have been used appropriately are long lasting , often lasting longer than the lifetime of the original owner . Many vintage pens with decades - old nibs can still be used today . Hooded nib of a Hero Pen The Integral Nib of a Parker 50 ( Falcon ) Different nib styles ( edit ) Other styles of fountain pen nibs include hooded ( e.g. Parker 51 , Parker 61 , 2007 Parker 100 and Hero 329 ) , inlaid ( e.g. Sheaffer Targa or Sheaffer P.F.M ) or integral Nib ( Parker T - 1 and Falcon , Pilot Myu 701 ) , which may also be ground to have different writing characteristics . Users are often cautioned not to lend or borrow fountain pens as the nib `` wears in '' at an angle unique to each individual person . A different user is likely to find that a worn - in nib does not write satisfactorily in their hand and , furthermore , creates a second wear surface , ruining the nib for the original user . This , however , is not a point of concern in pens with modern , durable tipping material , as these pens take many years to develop any significant wear . Filling mechanisms ( edit ) Left to Right : Gama Supreme eyedropper , Jinhao 159 and X750 using international standard converters or ink cartridges and Lamy Studio stainless and Nexx M using proprietary Lamy converters or ink cartridges . A squeeze filler by Hero Eyedropper filler ( edit ) The reservoirs of the earliest fountain pens were mostly filled by eyedropper . This was a cumbersome and potentially messy process , which led to the commercial development of alternative methods that quickly dominated the industry . However , newer , more convenient filling mechanisms have never entirely displaced `` eyedropper - filling '' pens in the marketplace , and they remain widely manufactured today . For some the simplicity of the mechanism , coupled with the large volume of ink it can encapsulate , compensates for the inconvenience of ink transfer . After the eyedropper - filler era came the first generation of mass - produced self - fillers , almost all using a rubber sac to hold the ink . The sac was compressed and then released by various mechanisms to fill the pen . Self - filling designs ( edit ) The Conklin crescent filler , introduced c. 1901 , was one of the first mass - produced self - filling pen designs . The crescent filling system employs an arch - shaped crescent attached to a rigid metal pressure bar , with the crescent portion protruding from the pen through a slot and the pressure bar inside the barrel . A second component , a C - shaped hard rubber ring , is located between the crescent and the barrel . Ordinarily , the ring blocks the crescent from pushing down . To fill the pen , one simply turns the ring around the barrel until the crescent matches up to the hole in the ring , allowing one to push down the crescent and squeeze the internal sac . Several other filling mechanisms were introduced to compete , such as the coin - filler ( where a coin or ' medallion ' was supplied along with the pen ) , match - filler ( using a matchstick ) and a ' blow - filler ' which unsurprisingly required the pen owner to blow into the barrel to depress the internal sac . Piston filling innovation ( edit ) In 1907 , Walter A. Sheaffer patented the Lever filler , using a hinged lever set into the pen barrel which pressed down onto a bar which in turn compressed the rubber sac inside , creating a vacuum to force ink into the pen . Introduced in 1912 , this innovation was rapidly imitated by the other major pen makers . Parker introduced the button filler , which had a button hidden beneath a blind cap on the end of the barrel ; when pressed , it acted on a pressure bar inside to depress the ink sac . Following the crescent filler came a series of systems of increasing complexity , reaching their apogee in the Sheaffer Snorkel , introduced in 1952 . The Sheaffer `` Snorkel '' system filled the ink sac through a retractable tube above and behind the pen point . This eliminated the need to dunk the point in ink , and the subsequent need to wipe it . With the advent of the modern plastic ink cartridge in the early 1950s , though , most of these systems were phased out in favour of convenience ( but reduced capacity ) . Screw - mechanism piston - fillers were made as early as the 1820s , but the mechanism 's modern popularity begins with the original Pelikan of 1929 , based upon a Croatian patent . The basic idea is simple : turn a knob at the end of the pen , and a screw mechanism draws a piston up the barrel , sucking in ink . Thus they were easier to fill . This is also why this filling mechanism is very popular in today 's fountain pens . Some of the earlier models had to dedicate as much as half of the pen length to the mechanism . The advent of telescoping pistons has improved this ; the Touchdown Filler was introduced by Sheaffer in 1949 . It was advertised as an `` Exclusive Pneumatic Down - stroke Filler . '' To fill it , a knob at the end of the barrel is unscrewed and the attached plunger is drawn out to its full length . The nib is immersed in ink , the plunger is pushed in , compressing and then releasing the ink sac by means of air pressure . The nib is kept in the ink for approximately 10 seconds to allow the reservoir to fill . This mechanism is very closely modeled after a similar pneumatic filler introduced by Chilton over a decade earlier . Modern filling mechanisms ( edit ) Schmidt K5 piston - style standard international size fountain pen converter , containing a user inserted 2.5 mm diameter Marine grade 316 stainless steel bearing ball A capillary filling system was introduced by Parker in the Parker 61 in 1956 . There were no moving parts : the ink reservoir within the barrel was open at the upper end , but contained a tightly rolled length of slotted , flexible plastic . To fill , the barrel was unscrewed , the exposed open end of the reservoir was placed in ink and the interstices of the plastic sheet and slots initiated capillary action , drawing up and retaining the ink . The outside of the reservoir was coated with Teflon , a repellent compound that released excess ink as it was withdrawn . Ink was transferred through a further capillary tube to the nib . No method of flushing the device was offered , and because of problems from clogging with dried and hardened ink , production was eventually stopped . Around the year 2000 , Pelikan introduced a filling system involving a valve in the blind end of the pen , which mates with a specially designed ink bottle . Thus docked , ink is then squeezed into the pen barrel ( which , lacking any mechanism other than the valve itself , has nearly the capacity of an eyedropper - fill pen of the same size ) . This system had been implemented only in their `` Level '' line , which was discontinued in 2006 . Most pens today use either a piston filler , squeeze - bar filler or cartridge . Many pens are also compatible with a converter , which has the same fitting as the pen 's cartridge and has a filling mechanism and a reservoir attached to it . This enables a pen to either fill from cartridges , or from a bottle of ink . The most common type of converters are piston - style , but many other varieties may be found today . Piston - style converters generally have a transparent round tubular ink reservoir . Fountain pen inks feature differing surface tensions that can cause an ink to adhere or `` stick '' against the inside of the reservoir . Common solutions for this problem are adding a small ( rust - proof ) ink agitating object like a 316 or 904L stainless steel or zirconium dioxide bearing ball , spring or hollow tube in the tubular reservoir to mechanically promote free movement of the contained ink and ink / air exchange during writing . Adding a very small amount of surfactant like Triton X-100 used in Kodak Photo - Flo 200 wetting agent to the ink will chemically promote free movement of the contained ink and ink / air exchange during writing . However ink might react adversely to adding a surfactant . Cartridges ( edit ) A patent for an ink cartridge system for fountain pens was filed in 1890 . In the early 20th century , cartridges made from glass and thin copper tubing were made . However , the concept only became successful and popular after the introduction of moulded plastic cartridges , firstly by Waterman in 1953 . Modern plastic cartridges can contain small ridges on the inside to promote free movement of the contained ink and ink / air exchange during writing . Often cartridges are closed with a small ball that gets pressed into the cartridge during insertion into the pen . This ball also aids free movement of the contained ink . Standard international ( edit ) Most European fountain pen brands ( for example Caran d'Ache , Faber - Castell , Michel Perchin , DuPont , Montegrappa , Stipula , Pelikan , Montblanc , Europen , Monteverde , Sigma , Delta , Italix and Rotring ) and some pen brands of other continents ( for example Acura , Bexley , Retro51 , Tombow and Platinum ( with adaptor ) ) use so called `` international cartridges '' ( AKA `` European cartridges '' or `` standard cartridges '' or `` universal cartridges '' ) , in short ( 38 mm in length , about 0.75 ml of capacity ) or long ( 72 mm , 1.50 ml ) sizes , or both . It is to some extent a standard , so the international cartridges of any manufacturer can be used in most fountain pens that accept international cartridges . Also , converters that are meant to replace international cartridges can be used in most fountain pens that accept international cartridges . Some very compact fountain pens ( for example Waterman Ici et La and Monteverde Diva ) accept only short international cartridges . Converters can not be used in them ( except for so - called mini-converters by Monteverde ) . Some pens ( such as the modern Waterman models ) have intentional fittings which prevent the usage of short cartridges . Such pens can only take a proprietary cartridge from the same manufacturer , in this case the long Waterman cartridges . Parker Vector stainless steel with proprietary Quink cartridges containing 1.4 ml ink Proprietary offerings ( edit ) Many fountain pen manufacturers have developed their own proprietary cartridges , for example Parker , Lamy , Sheaffer , Cross , Sailor , Platinum , Platignum , Waterman and Namiki . Fountain pens from Aurora , Hero , Duke and Uranus accept the same cartridges and converters that Parker uses and vice versa ( Lamy cartridges , though not officially , are known to interchange with Parker cartridges also ) . Cartridges of Aurora are slightly different from cartridges by Parker . Corresponding converters to be used instead of such proprietary cartridges are usually made by the same company that made the fountain pen itself . Some very compact fountain pens accept only proprietary cartridges made by the same company that made that pen , for example Sheaffer Agio Compact and Sheaffer Prelude Compact . It is not possible to use a converter in them at all . In such pens the only practical way to use another brand of ink is to fill empty cartridges with bottled ink using a syringe . Standard international cartridges are closed by a small ball , held inside the ink exit hole by glue or by a very thin layer of plastic . When the cartridge is pressed into the pen , a small pin pushes in the ball , which falls inside the cartridge . The Parker and Lamy cartridges do not have such a ball . They are closed by a piece of plastic , which is broken by a sharp pin when inserted in the pen . Concerns and alternatives ( edit ) Pen manufacturers using a proprietary cartridge ( which in almost all cases are the more expensive ones like the ones mentioned above ) tend to discourage the use of cheaper internationally standardised short / long cartridges or adaptations thereof due to their variance in ink quality in the cartridges which may not offer as much performance , or be of lesser quality than the manufacturer of the pen ; ink that has been designed specifically for the pen . In addition , cheaper ink tends to take longer to dry on paper , may skip or produce uneven colour on the page and less `` tolerant '' on lower , thinner grades of paper ( e.g. 75gs / m ) . While cartridges are mess - free and more convenient to refill than bottle filling , converter and bottle filling systems are still sold . Non-cartridge filling systems tend to be slightly more economical in the long run since ink is generally less expensive in bottles than in cartridges . Advocates of bottle - based filling systems also cite less waste of plastic for the environment , a wider selection of inks , easier cleaning of pens ( as drawing the ink in through the nib helps dissolve old ink ) , and the ability to check and refill inks at any time . Inks ( edit ) A bottle of green ink Main article : Fountain pen ink Inks intended for use with fountain pens are water - based . These inks are commonly available in bottles . Plastic cartridges came into use in the 1960s , but bottled inks are still the mainstay for most fountain pen enthusiasts . Bottled inks usually cost less than an equivalent amount in cartridges and afford a wider variety of colors and properties . Fountain pens are not as tightly coupled with their inks as ballpoints or gel pens are , yet some care must be taken when selecting their inks . Contemporary fountain pen inks are almost exclusively dye - based because pigment particles usually clog the narrow passages . Traditional iron gall inks intended for dip pens are not suitable for fountain pens as they will corrode the pen ( a phenomenon known as flash corrosion ) and destroy the functionality of the fountain pen . Instead , modern surrogate iron gall formulas are offered for fountain pens . These modern iron gall inks contain a small amount of ferro gallic compounds , but are gentler for the inside of a fountain pen , but can still be corrosive if left in the pen for a long period . To avoid corrosion on delicate metal parts and ink clogging a more thorough than usual cleaning regime -- which requires the ink to be flushed out regularly with water -- is sometimes advised by manufacturers or resellers . Some pigmented inks do exist for fountain pens , but these are uncommon . Normal India ink can not be used in fountain pens because it contains shellac as a binder which would very quickly clog such pens . Inks ideally should be fairly free - flowing , free of sediment , and non-corrosive , though this generally excludes permanence and prevents large - scale commercial use of some colored dyes . Proper care and selection of ink will prevent most problems . Today ( edit ) A 1970s model metal and plastic fountain pen The Pilot Varsity , an inexpensive disposable fountain pen . A modern resin fountain pen fitted with a vintage nib While no longer the primary writing instrument in modern times , fountain pens are still used for important official works such as signing valuable documents . Today , fountain pens are often treated as luxury goods and sometimes as status symbols . Fountain pens may serve as an everyday writing instrument , much like the common ballpoint pen . Good quality steel and gold pens are available inexpensively today , particularly in Europe and China , where there are `` disposable '' fountain pens such as the Pilot Varsity . In France , in particular , the use of fountain pens is well spread . To avoid mistakes , special ink can be used that can be made invisible by applying an ink eraser . Fountain pens can serve various artistic purposes such as expressive penmanship and calligraphy , pen and ink artwork , and professional art and design . Many users also favor the air of timeless elegance , personalization and sentimentality associated with fountain pens , which computers and ballpoint pens seem to lack , and often state that once they start using fountain pens , ballpoints become awkward to use due to the extra motor effort needed and lack of expressiveness . For ergonomics , fountain pens may relieve physiological stress from writing ; alternatives such as the ballpoint pen can induce more pain and damage to those with arthritis . Some also believe they could improve academic performance . In some countries , fountain pens are usual in lower school grades , believed to teach children better control over writing as many common mistakes of people not used to handwriting ( like too much pressure or incorrect hold ) feel unnatural or are almost impossible when using traditional pen tips . A modern fountain pen , writing in cursive script Some fountain pens are prized as works of art . Ornate pens may be made of precious metals and jewels with cloisonné designs . Some are inlaid with lacquer designs in a process known as maki - e . Avid communities of pen enthusiasts collect and use antique and modern pens and also collect and exchange information about old and modern inks , ink bottles , and inkwells . Collectors may decide to use the antiques in addition to showcasing them in closed spaces such as glass displays . In 2007 , collectors got `` seriously hooked '' when a set of Montblancs went for $290,000 each in a fundraiser event for the Princess Grace Foundation in Monaco . Each of these Montblanc pens came with 996 diamonds and 92 rubies . It has been speculated that most collectors hail from the United States of America and China , though pen dealers in England say the trend is likely to sweep England imminently . News outlets report that , rather than declining , fountain pen sales have been steadily rising over the last decade . There is a clear resurgence in the appeal and culture of the fountain pen , whether for purposes of collection , enjoyment or as a `` lifestyle item '' . Many agree that the `` personal touch '' of a fountain pen has led to such a resurgence with modern consumers looking for an alternative in a world of digital products and services . Amazon reported `` sales so far this year ( 2012 ) have doubled compared with the same period in 2011 . They are four times higher than 2010 . '' See also ( edit ) Demonstrator pen Fountain pen inks Inkwell IAMPETH Category : Fountain pen and ink manufacturers List of pen types , brands and companies List of terms about pen and ink Notes and references ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Binder , Richard . `` Filling Systems : Overview of How They Work and How to Fill Them '' . Richard Binder 's Pens . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Bosworth , C.E. ( 1981 ) . `` A Mediaeval Islamic Prototype of the Fountain Pen ? '' . Journal of Semitic Studies . 26 ( 1 ) : 229 -- 234 . doi : 10.1093 / jss / 26.2. 229 . We wish to construct a pen which can be used for writing without having recourse to an ink - holder and whose ink will be contained inside it . A person can fill it with ink and write whatever he likes . The writer can put it in his sleeve or anywhere he wishes and it will not stain nor will any drop of ink leak out of it . The ink will flow only when there is an intention to write . We are unaware of anyone previously ever constructing ( a pen such as this ) and an indication of ' penetrating wisdom ' to whoever contemplates it and realises its exact significance and purpose . I exclaimed , ' Is this possible ? ' He replied , ' It is possible if God so wills ' . Jump up ^ `` La penna di Leonardo alla sala regia '' . Tusciaweb.eu ( in Italian ) . September 7 , 2011 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Schwenter , Daniel , Deliciae physico - mathematicae ... ( Nürnberg , ( Germany ) : Jeremias Dümler , 1636 ) , vol. 1 , pp. 519 -- 520 : `` Die III Auffgab . Ein schön Secret , eine Feder zu zurichten , welche Dinten hält , und so viel lässet als man bedürfftig . '' ( The third exercise . A nice secret : to prepare a pen which holds ink and lets ( flow ) as much as one requires . ( with illustration ) ) Jump up ^ Pepys , Samuel ( August 1663 ) . Diary entries from August 1663 ( Pepys ' Diary ) . Samuel Pepys . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Richardson , Hester Dorsey ( 1913 ) . `` Chapter XLVII : The Fountain Pen in the Time of Charles II '' . Side - lights on Maryland History , with Sketches of Early Maryland Families . Baltimore , Md. : Williams & Wilkins Co. pp. 216 -- 17 . ISBN 0 - 8063 - 1468 - 0 . Jump up ^ Matthew Henry , Commentary on the Whole Bible , Zechariah iv. 2 ( 1710 ) , describing a type of self - replenishing oil lamp : `` Without any further Care they ( i.e. the lamps ) received Oil as fast as they wasted it , ( ' as in those which we call Fountain Inkhorns , or Fountain Pens ' ) '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Invented The Fountain Pen ? '' . Best Fountain Pen . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Perry and Co '' . Grace 's Guide . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham Heritage '' . www.birminghamheritage.org.uk . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Manufacture of Steel Pens in Birmingham '' . The Illustrated London News . 18 ( 471 ) . 22 February 1851 . Jump up ^ The Times ( London , England ) , 15 September 1885 , p. 6 : Obituary Jump up ^ `` Stylographic Pens '' . Vintage Pens . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Binder , Richard . `` Significant Pens of the Twentieth Century '' . Richard Binder 's Pens . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Binder , Richard . `` Filling System Histories : Here 's Mud in Your Eye ( dropper ) '' . Richard Binder 's Pens . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Filling Instructions : Twist - Fillers '' . Vintage Pens . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crescent Filler '' . His Nibs . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Binder , Richard . `` Filling System Histories : Lever Look Back '' . Richard Binder 's Pens . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Binder , Richard . `` Fillers : Wring It Out ! '' . Richard Binder 's Pens . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Safety Pens '' . Vintage Pens . Jump up ^ `` Middle - Joint , End - Joint & ' Jointless ' Eyedroppers '' . www.vintagepens.com . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Waterman Safeties '' . Vintage Pens . Jump up ^ Binder , Richard . `` Design Features : Safety Pens '' . Richard Binder 's Pens . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Mabie Todd Swan Safety Screw Cap Eyedropper Filler '' . Good Writers ' Pens. 7 May 2011 . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Propas , Rick . `` The PENguin -- Pelikan , Parker and Other High Quality Fountain Pens '' . The PENguin . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1929 -- 1950 -- The piston filling mechanism -- Pelikan '' . Pelikan . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Nishimura , David . `` What is celluloid , and why is it not the same as cellulose nitrate / nitrocellulose ? '' . Vintage Pens . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Parker Pens Penography : DUOFOLD '' . Parker Pens . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Binder , Richard . `` The Parker Vacumatic '' . Richard Binder 's Pens . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Binder , Richard . `` Sheaffer 's Balance '' . Richard Binder 's Pens . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dating a Pelikan '' . The Pelikan 's Perch. 25 August 2014 . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History of the pen '' . Rick Conner . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sheaffer Snorkel 1952 -- 1959 '' . Pen Hero . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` J Series Pens '' . Esterbrook . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pens -- Overview '' . Collectors Weekly . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fountain pens boost ' self - esteem ' '' . BBC News . November 13 , 2006 . Retrieved November 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` When Buying Fountain Pens , Splurging ( a Little ) Is Totally Worth It '' . Wired . Condé Nast . September 2014 . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Brocklehurst , Steven ( 2012 - 05 - 22 ) . `` Why are fountain pen sales rising ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Fountain Pens Work '' . Explain That Stuff . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Binder , Richard . `` Feeds : Revolution , Evolution , and Devolution '' . Richard Binder 's Pens . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Gilmour , Jono ( 25 August 2012 ) . `` Fountain Pen Guide Series , Session 1 : Nibs , Feeds , and How They Come Together '' . Pentorium . Jump up ^ Feeds made of Plastic ... and not hard rubber Jump up ^ Conner , Rick . `` Construction of a fountain pen '' . Rick Conner . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mathur , P. ; Mathur , K. ; Mathur , S. Developments and Changes in Science Based Technologies . ISBN 1 - 4828 - 1398 - X . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Binder , Richard . `` To the Point : Nib Materials '' . Richard Binder 's Pens . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Steel vs. Gold Fountain Pen Nibs '' . Pen Heaven . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Where 's the Iridium ? '' . The Nibster . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Mottishaw , J. ( 1999 ) . `` How can we talk about Iridium ? '' . The PENnant . XIII ( 2 ) . ^ Jump up to : Binder , Richard . `` Nibs I : The Basics '' . Richard Binder 's Pens . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Binder , Richard . `` To the Point : Making Music with a Pen '' . Richard Binder 's Pens . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Binder , Richard . `` Nibs II : Beyond the Basics with Specialty Nibs '' . Richard Binder 's Pens . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grading Flex Nibs '' . VintagePen . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Binder , Richard . `` Rethinking The Value of Steel Nibs '' . Richard Binder 's Pens . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fountain Pen Guide '' . Gentleman 's Gazette . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Binder , Richard . `` To the Point : Steal the Steel '' . Richard Binder 's Pens . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How to Collect and Buy Vintage Fountain Pens '' . The Art of Manliness. 19 November 2015 . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Binder , Richard . `` To the Point : Nibz ' n the Hood '' . Richard Binder 's Pens . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Binder , Richard . `` Design Features : Integral Nibs '' . Richard Binder 's Pens . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Binder , Richard . `` Filling System Histories : Capillary Pens -- the Perfect Filler ? '' . Richard Binder 's Pens . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Conklin Crescent Fillers '' . Vintage Pens . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Conklin -- Crescent Filler Collection '' . Conklin Pens . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sheaffer Snorkel 1952 -- 1959 '' . Pen Hero . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1929 -- 1950 -- The piston filling mechanism '' . Pelikan . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PenHero.com -- PenGallery -- Sheaffer Touchdown Filling System '' . Pen Hero . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Binder , Richard . `` How to Restore the Touchdown Filling System '' . Richard Binder 's Pens . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Match , Richard ( September 1956 ) . `` Things you never knew about your pen '' . Popular Science Monthly . New York . 169 ( 3 ) : 278 . it drinks its fill automatically , by a reverse application of our old friend capillary action Jump up ^ Conner , Rick ( 2005 - 01 - 20 ) . `` Parker 61 '' . PRick Conner . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Binder , Richard . `` Design Features : What Were They Thinking ? '' . Richard Binder 's Pens . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Nishimura , David . `` Early Cartridge Pens '' . Vintage Pens . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Goulet , Brian ( 30 June 2016 ) . `` Who Invented Standard International Cartridges ? -- Q&A Slices '' . YouTube ( Goulet Pens ) . Goulet Pens . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fountain Pen Converters '' . Nibs . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Which Ink Cartridges Can Be Used With Which Fountain Pens ? '' . Nibs . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fountain Pen Ink Cartridges '' . Nibs . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Binder , Richard . `` Inks : The Good , the Bad , and the Ugly '' . Richard Binder 's Pens . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cartridge vs. converter '' . Goldspot Pens. 2010 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fountain pen inks are n't all the same '' . Penfountain. 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Pen maintenance '' . Nibs . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ Covington , Michael A . `` A Few Notes About Fountain Pens '' . A Few Notes About Fountain Pens . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Seal the Deal : The Mightest Fountain Pens '' . Forbes . 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Yoko Hani ( 24 December 2006 ) . `` Find out why a fountain pen ' personalizes ' your prose '' . Japan Times . the key word I was left with was ' personal ' -- not only because a fountain pen will over time change to suit your writing style , but because -- unlike a typewriter or a keyboard -- it will reflect your moods and feelings in the actual form of your writing Jump up ^ Yoko Hani ( 24 December 2006 ) . `` Find out why a fountain pen ' personalizes ' your prose '' . Japan Times . the unique feature of fountain pens that differentiates them from workaday ballpoints -- let alone pencils . Also , ballpoints are in their best condition when they are brand new , whereas fountain pens get better the more you use them , Toshifumi Iijima , another of the museum 's staff explained . Jump up ^ Mcginty , Stephen ( November 13 , 2006 ) . `` School brings back pens so pupils get write stuff '' . Edinburgh : news.scotsman.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2006 . The school believes that mastering stylish handwriting with a fountain pen raises academic performance and boosts self - esteem . Jump up ^ `` Goulet Pens Blog : The 7 Biggest Fountain Pen Mistakes '' . blog.gouletpens.com . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Beginner 's Guide to Fountain Pens ( By a True Beginner ) '' . PenAddict . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Penna Magazine -- Namiki Maki - e Guide '' . Pen Magazine . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Lennox . `` The fascination with fountain pens '' . BBC . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Think Ink : Why Pen Prices Are Soaring. 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Brocklehurst , Steven ( 22 May 2012 ) . `` Why are fountain pen sales rising ? '' . BBC News Magazine . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Canham , Jacqui ( 20 July 2007 ) . `` Write way to earn a profit : Fountain pens are gaining popularity as '' . The Independent . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , James ( 23 May 2012 ) . `` Fountain pen sales double '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Bibliography ( edit ) Finlay , Michael ( 1990 ) . Western Writing Implements in the Age of the Quill Pen . Wheteral : Plains Books . ISBN 1 - 872477 - 00 - 3 . Fischler , George ; Schneider , Stuart ( 1992 ) . Fountain Pens and Pencils . New York : Shiffer Publishing . ISBN 0 - 88740 - 346 - 8 . Lambrou , Andreas ( 2003 ) . Fountain Pens of the World . New York : Philip Wilson Publisher . ISBN 0 - 302 - 00668 - 0 . Park , JongJin ( 2013 ) . Fountain Pens . Seoul : LBIG Media Publishing . ISBN 978 - 89 - 94819 - 09 - 9 . Further reading ( edit ) Lambrou , Andreas ( 2005 ) . Fountain Pens of the World . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85667 - 615 - 4 . Erano , Paul ( 2004 ) . Fountain Pens Past and Present . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57432 - 385 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Reddit Fountain Pens The Fountain Pen Network Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fountain pens . Fountain pen manufacturers by country Australia Curtis Australia Brazil Crown Canada André Juillet China Baoer Beifa Deli Hero Jinhao Croatia TOZ Penkala Czech Republic Koh - i - Noor Hardtmuth France BIC Cartier Guy Laroche Hermès J. Herbin Jean Pierre Lépine Maped Pierre Cardin Récife ST Dupont Yves Saint Laurent Germany Diplomat Faber - Castell Garant Graf von Faber - Castell Kaweco Lamy Montblanc Online Pelikan Rotring Schneider Schwan - Stabilo Senator Staedtler India Camlin Chelpark Luxor Italy Aurora Columbus Delta Marlen Montegrappa OMAS Stipula Visconti Japan Nakaya Namiki Ohto Pentel Pilot Platinum Sailor Tombow Uni-ball Zebra Poland Zenith Portugal MAB Viarco Russia Krasin STAMM Spain Inoxcrom Sweden Ballograf Switzerland Caran d'Ache Turkey Adel Scrikss United Kingdom Ajoto Conway Stewart Dunhill Onoto Worcester Pen Company Yard - O - Led United States Bexley Broadwell Sudios Cross Esterbrook Eversharp Krone Paper Mate Parker Sheaffer Waterman Wearever Pens Types Active pen Ballpoint / biro Demonstrator Digital Dip Fountain Fudepen Gel Ink brush Light Qalam Quill Rastrum Reed Rollerball Ruling Skin Stylus Technical ( rapidograph ) Markers Dry erase Highlighter Paint Permanent UV Parts and tools Blotting paper Ink blotter Inkwell Nib ( Flex nibs ) Penknife Pounce Pen inks Alizarine Fountain pen India / Indian Iron gall Stark 's Other Ballpoint pen drawing Ballpoint pen knife Counterfeit banknote detection pen Birmingham pen trade Birmingham Pen Trade Heritage Association Pen Museum Kalamos Pen computing Penmanship Pen painting Pen spinning Retipping Related Calligraphy Cartooning Pencil Mechanical pencil Narayam List of pen types , brands and companies GND : 4226401 - 7 NDL : 00567454 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fountain_pen&oldid=834302245 '' Categories : Writing implements Pens Fountain pen and ink manufacturers Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kurdî Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский سنڌي Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська Vahcuengh Tiếng Việt 文言 粵語 中文 42 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 00 : 00 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain%20pen
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is there a word that uses all the letters of the alphabet
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NATO phonetic alphabet
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nato phonetic alphabet
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The International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet , commonly known as the ICAO phonetic alphabet , sometimes called the NATO phonetic alphabet or spelling alphabet and the ITU radiotelephonic or phonetic alphabet , is the most widely used radiotelephonic spelling alphabet . Although often called `` phonetic alphabets '' , spelling alphabets are unrelated to phonetic transcription systems such as the International Phonetic Alphabet . Instead , the International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) alphabet assigned codewords acrophonically to the letters of the English alphabet , so that critical combinations of letters and numbers are most likely to be pronounced and understood by those who exchange voice messages by radio or telephone , regardless of language differences or the quality of the communication channel .
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The 26 code words in the International phonetic alphabet are assigned to the 26 letters of the English alphabet in alphabetical order as follows : Alfa , Bravo , Charlie , Delta , Echo , Foxtrot , Golf , Hotel , India , Juliett , Kilo , Lima , Mike , November , Oscar , Papa , Quebec , Romeo , Sierra , Tango , Uniform , Victor , Whiskey , X-ray , Yankee , Zulu . Contents ( hide ) 1 International adoption 1.1 History 1.1. 1 ITU Phonetic Alphabet and Figure Code 1.1. 2 International aviation 2 Code words 2.1 Letter and Figure Spelling Alphabets 2.2 Pronunciation 3 Prior alphabets 4 Usage 5 Variants 5.1 Aviation 5.2 Telegrams 5.3 Other 6 Additions in other languages 6.1 Spanish 6.2 German and Swedish 6.3 Danish and Norwegian 6.4 Czech 6.5 Finnish 6.6 Estonian 6.7 Malay 7 See also 8 References 9 External links International adoption ( edit ) After the phonetic alphabet was developed by the International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) ( see history below ) it was adopted by many other international and national organizations , including the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) , the International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ) , the International Maritime Organization ( IMO ) , the American Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) , and the International Amateur Radio Union ( IARU ) . It is a subset of the much older International Code of Signals ( INTERCO ) , which originally included visual signals by flags or flashing light , sound signals by whistle , siren , foghorn , or bell , as well as one , two , or three letter codes for many phrases . The same alphabetic code words are used by all agencies , but each agency chooses one of two different sets of numeric code words . NATO uses the regular English numeric words ( Zero , One , with some alternative pronunciations ) , whereas the IMO provides for compound numeric words ( Nadazero , Unaone , Bissotwo ... ) . In practice these are used very rarely , as they frequently result in confusion between speakers of different languages . History ( edit ) Throughout World War I and World War II , many nations used their own versions of a spelling alphabet . The United States of America 's most well - known military spelling alphabet ( the Joint Army / Navy Phonetic Alphabet ) started with Able and Baker . The Royal Air Force adopted one similar to the United States one during World War II as well . All the way through to the end of the Korean War there was not an official worldwide version of a phonetic alphabet , with the closest thing to a global standard being the Joint Army / Navy alphabet , also used by the British . In the 1950s ICAO developed an official phonetic alphabet in order to account for discrepancies that might arise in communications as a result of multiple alphabet naming systems coexisting in different places and organizations . Much of the work was done by professor Jean - Paul Vinay , of the University of Montreal , who was a noted expert in linguistics . In the official version of the alphabet , the non-English spellings Alfa and Juliett are used . Alfa is spelled with an f as it is in most European languages because the English and French spelling alpha would not be pronounced properly by native speakers of some other languages -- who may not know that ph should be pronounced as f . Juliett is spelled with a tt for French speakers , because they may otherwise treat a single final t as silent . In some English versions of the alphabet , one or both of these may have their standard English spelling . ITU phonetic alphabet and Figure code ( edit ) Defined by various international conventions on radio , including : Universal Electrical Communications Union , Washington , D.C. , December 1920 International Radiotelegraph Convention , Washington , 1927 ( which created the CCIR ) General Radiocommunication and Additional Regulations ( Madrid , 1932 ) Instructions for the International Telephone Service , 1932 ( ITU - T E. 141 ; withdrawn in 1993 ) The ~ 1936 ARRL and Western Union alphabets likely originated earlier . General Radiocommunication Regulations and Additional Radiocommunication Regulations ( Cairo , 1938 ) Radio Regulations and Additional Radio Regulations ( Atlantic City , 1947 ) , where `` it was decided that the International Civil Aviation Organization and other international aeronautical organizations would assume the responsibility for procedures and regulations related to aeronautical communication . However , ITU would continue to maintain general procedures regarding distress signals . '' 1959 Administrative Radio Conference ( Geneva , 1959 ) Final Acts of WARC - 79 ( Geneva , 1979 ) . Here the alphabet was formally named `` Phonetic Alphabet and Figure Code '' . International Code of Signals for Visual , Sound , and Radio Communications , United States Edition , 1969 ( Revised 2003 ) NATO phonetic alphabet history International Telecommunications Union , Radio Letter 1920 UECU 1927 International Radiotelegraph Convention ( CCIR ) 1932 General Radiocommunication and Additional Regulations ( CCIR / ICAN ) ( IITS Article 40 Code A ; French ) 1932 IITS Article 40 ( Code B ; English ) 1933 Western Union ~ 1936 ARRL 1938 Phonetic 1947 International Telecommunications Convention 1958 International Telecommunications Convention 1959 Phonetic 1969 -- Present Phonetic 1969 -- Present Pronunciation Argentine Amsterdam Amsterdam Andrew Adams Able Amsterdam Amsterdam Amsterdam Alpha Alpha AL FAH Brussels Baltimore Baltimore Benjamin Boston Boy Baltimore Baltimore Baltimore Bravo Bravo BRAH VOH Canada Canada Casablanca Charles Chicago Cast Casablanca Casablanca Casablanca Charlie Charlie CHAR LEE Damascus Denmark Danemark David Denver Dog Danemark Danemark Danemark Delta Delta DELL TAH Ecuador Eddystone Edison Edward Edward Easy Edison Edison Edison Echo Echo ECK OH France Francisco Florida Frederick Frank Fox Florida Florida Florida Foxtrot Foxtrot FOKS TROT Greece Gibraltar Gallipoli George George George Gallipoli Gallipoli Gallipoli Golf Golf GOLF Hanover Hanover Havana Harry Henry Have Havana Havana Havana Hotel Hotel HOH TELL Italy Italy Italia Isaac Ida Item Italia Italia Italia India India IN DEE AH J Japan Jerusalem Jérusalem Jack Jig Jérusalem Jude Jude Juliett Juliett JEW LEE ETT Khartoum Kimberley Kilogramme King King King Kilogramme Kilogramme Kilogramme Kilo Kilo KEY LOH Lima Liverpool Liverpool Lucy Lincoln Love Liverpool Liverpool Liverpool Lima Lima LEE MAH Madrid Madagascar Madagascar Mary Mary Mike Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Mike Mike MIKE Nancy Neufchatel New York Nellie New York Nan New - York New York New York November November NO VEM BER O Ostend Ontario Oslo Oliver Ocean Oboe Oslo Oslo Oslo Oscar Oscar OSS CUR Paris Portugal Paris Peter Peter Pup Paris Paris Paris Papa Papa PAH PAH Q Quebec Quebec Québec Queen Queen Quack Québec Quebec Quebec Quebec Quebec KEH BECK Rome Rivoli Roma Robert Robert Rot Roma Roma Roma Romeo Romeo ROW ME OH Sardinia Santiago Santiago Samuel Sugar Sail Santiago Santiago Santiago Sierra Sierra SEE AIR RAH Tokio Tokio Tripoli Tommy Thomas Tare Tripoli Tripoli Tripoli Tango Tango TANG OH U Uruguay Uruguay Upsala Uncle Union Unit Upsala Upsala Upsala Uniform Uniform YOU NEE FORM or OO NEE FORM V Victoria Victoria Valencia Victor Victor Vice Valencia Valencia Valencia Victor Victor VIK TAH Washington Washington Washington William William Watch Washington Washington Washington Whiskey Whiskey WISS KEY X Xaintrie Xantippe Xanthippe Xray X-ray X-ray Xanthippe Xanthippe Xanthippe X-ray X-ray ECKS RAY Y Yokohama Yokohama Yokohama Yellow Young Yoke Yokohama Yokohama Yokohama Yankee Yankee YANG KEY Z Zanzibar Zululand Zürich Zebra Zero Zed Zurich Zurich Zurich Zulu Zulu ZOO LOO 0 Zero Zero Zero Zero Nadazero NAH - DAH - ZAY - ROH One One One One Unaone OO - NAH - WUN Two Two Two Two Bissotwo BEES - SOH - TOO Three Three Three Three Terrathree TAY - RAH - TREE Four Four Four Four Kartefour KAR - TAY - FOWER 5 Five Five Five Five Pantafive PAN-TAH - FIVE 6 Six Six Six Six Soxisix SOK - SEE - SIX 7 Seven Seven Seven Seven Setteseven SAY - TAY - SEVEN 8 Eight Eight Eight Eight Oktoeight OK - TOH - AIT 9 Nine Nine Nine Nine Novenine NO - VAY - NINER , Comma Comma Comma / Fraction bar Fraction bar Fraction bar Forward slash Break signal Break signal Break signal . Full stop Full stop ( period ) Full stop ( period ) Stop STOP . Decimal DAY - SEE - MAL For the 1938 and 1947 phonetics , each transmission of figures is preceded and followed by the words `` as a number '' spoken twice . The ITU adopted the International Maritime Organization 's phonetic spelling alphabet in 1959 , and in 1969 specified that it be `` for application in the maritime mobile service only '' . Pronunciation was not defined prior to 1959 . For the 1959 -- Present phonetics , the underlined syllable of each letter word should be emphasized , and each syllable of the code words for the figures ( 1969 -- Present ) should be equally emphasized . International Aviation ( edit ) The ICAO Radiotelephony Alphabet is defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization for international aircraft communications . Letter 1932 ITU / ICAN Phonetic 1951 IATA Phonetic 1956 -- Present ICAO Phonetic Amsterdam Alpha Alpha Baltimore Bravo Bravo Casablanca Coca Charlie Denmark Delta Delta Edison Echo Echo Florida Foxtrot Foxtrot Gallipoli Golf Golf Havana Hotel Hotel Italia India India J Jerusalem Juliett Juliett Kilogramme Kilo Kilo Liverpool Lima Lima Madagascar Mike Mike New York November November O Oslo Oscar Oscar Paris Papa Papa Q Quebec Quebec Quebec Roma Romeo Romeo Santiago Sierra Sierra Tripoli Tango Tango U Upsala Uniform Uniform V Valencia Victor Victor Washington Whiskey Whisky X Xanthippe X-ray X-ray Y Yokohama Yankee Yankee Z Zurich Zulu Zulu One Two Three Four 5 Five 6 Six 7 Seven 8 Eight 9 Niner 0 Zero . Decimal Hundred Thousand Code words ( edit ) This article contains IPA phonetic symbols . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Unicode characters . For an introductory guide on IPA symbols , see Help : IPA . The final choice of code words for the letters of the alphabet and for the digits was made after hundreds of thousands of comprehension tests involving 31 nationalities . The qualifying feature was the likelihood of a code word being understood in the context of others . For example , football has a higher chance of being understood than foxtrot in isolation , but foxtrot is superior in extended communication . The pronunciation of the code words varies according to the language habits of the speaker . To eliminate wide variations in pronunciation , recordings and posters illustrating the pronunciation desired by the ICAO are available . However , there are still differences in pronunciation between the ICAO and other agencies , and the ICAO has conflicting Roman - alphabet and IPA transcriptions . Also , although all codes for the letters of the alphabet are English words , they are not in general given English pronunciations . Assuming that the transcriptions are not intended to be precise , only 11 of the 26 -- Bravo , Echo , Hotel , Juliet ( t ) , Kilo , Mike , Papa , Quebec , Romeo , Whiskey , and Zulu -- are given English pronunciations by all these agencies , though not always the same English pronunciations . Letter and Figure Spelling Alphabets ( edit ) Character Code word Conflicting accounts of the pronunciation NATO & U.S. Army standard ICAO IMO ITU - R WRC - 07 FAA standards ICAO IPA standard SIO ( France ) ICAO recording ( 1955 ) Consolidated transcription Alfa ATIS : Alpha AL fah AL FAH AL FAH AL FAH ALFAH or AL - FAH ˈælfɑ al fah ( ˈælfʌ ) / ˈælfɑː / AL - fah Bravo BRAH voh BRAH VOH ( 1955 : BRAH VOH ) BRAH VOH ( 1955 : BRAH VOH ) BRAH VOH ( 1955 : BRAH VOH ) BRAHVOH or BRAH - VO ˈbrɑːˈvo bra vo ( brɑˈvoʊ ) / ˌbrɑːˈvoʊ / BRAH - VOH Charlie CHAR lee CHAR LEE CHAR LEE CHAR LEE CHARLEE or CHAR - LEE ˈtʃɑːli or ˈʃɑːli tchah li , char li ( ˈtʃɑ ˞ li ) , ( ˈʃɑ ˞ li ) / ˈtʃɑːrliː / CHAR - lee or / ˈʃɑːrliː / SHAR - lee Delta DEL tah DELL TAH DELL TAH DELL TAH DELLTAH or DELL - TAH ˈdeltɑ del tah ( ˈdɛltʌ ) / ˈdɛltɑː / DEL - tah Echo EKK oh ECK OH ECK OH ECK OH ECKOH or ECK - OH ˈeko èk o ( ˈɛkoʊ ) / ˈɛkoʊ / Foxtrot FOKS trot FOKS TROT FOKS TROT FOKS TROT FOKSTROT or FOKS - TROT ˈfɔkstrɔt fox trott ( ˈfɑkstrɑt ) / ˈfɒkstrɒt / FOKS - trot Golf Golf GOLF GOLF GOLF GOLF ɡʌlf ( sic ) golf ( ˈɡʌl ( f ) ) / ˈɡɒlf / GOLF Hotel HO tell HOH TELL HOH TELL HOH TELL HOHTELL or HOH - TELL hoːˈtel ho tèll ( hoʊˈtɛl ) / hoʊˈtɛl / hoh - TEL India IN dee ah IN DEE AH IN DEE AH IN DEE AH INDEE AH or IN - DEE - AH ˈindiˑɑ in di ah ( ˈɪndi. ʌ ) / ˈɪndiːɑː / IN - dee - ah J Juliett ATIS : Juliet JEW lee ett JEW LEE ETT JEW LEE ETT JEW LEE ETT JEWLEE ETT or JEW - LEE - ETT ˈdʒuːliˑˈet djou li ètt ( ˌdʒuliˈɛt ) / ˈdʒuːliːɛt / JEW - lee - et or / ˌdʒuːliːˈɛt / JEW - lee - ET Kilo KEY loh KEY LOH KEY LOH KEY LOH KEYLOH or KEY - LOH ˈkiːlo ki lo ( ˈkiloʊ ) / ˈkiːloʊ / KEE - loh Lima LEE mah LEE MAH LEE MAH LEE MAH LEEMAH or LEE - MAH ˈliːmɑ li mah ( ˈlimʌ ) / ˈliːmɑː / LEE - mah Mike Mike MIKE MIKE MIKE MIKE mɑik maïk ( ˈmʌɪk ) / ˈmaɪk / MYK November NOH vem ber NO VEM BER NO VEM BER NO VEM BER NOVEMBER or NO - VEM - BER noˈvembə no vèmm ber ( noʊˈvɛmbɹ̩ ) / noʊˈvɛmbər / noh - VEM - bər O Oscar OSS car OSS CAH OSS CAH OSS CAH OSS - SCAR or OSS - CAR ˈɔskɑ oss kar ( ˈɑskɹ̩ ) / ˈɒskɑː / OS - kah Papa PAH pah PAH PAH PAH PAH PAH PAH PAHPAH or PAH - PAH pəˈpɑ pah pah ( pəˈpɑ ) / pɑːˈpɑː / pah - PAH Q Quebec keh BECK KEH BECK KEH BECK KEH BECK KEHBECK or KWUH - BECK keˈbek ké bèk ( kɛˈbɛk ) / kɛˈbɛk / ke - BEK Romeo ROW me oh ROW ME OH ROW ME OH ROW ME OH ROWME OH or ROW - ME - OH ˈroːmiˑo ro mi o ( ˈɹoʊmi. oʊ ) / ˈroʊmiːoʊ / ROH - mee - oh Sierra see AIR ah SEE AIR RAH SEE AIR RAH SEE AIR RAH SEEAIRAH or SEE - AIR - AH siˈerɑ si èr rah ( siˈɛɾʌ ) / siːˈɛrɑː / see - ERR - ah Tango TANG go TANG GO TANG GO TANG GO TANGGO or TANG - GO ˈtænɡo tang go ( ˈtæŋɡoʊ ) / ˈtæŋɡoʊ / TANG - goh U Uniform YOU nee form YOU NEE FORM or OO NEE FORM YOU NEE FORM or OO NEE FORM YOU NEE FORM or OO NEE FORM YOUNEE FORM or YOU - NEE - FORM or OO - NEE - FORM ˈjuːnifɔːm or ˈuːnifɔrm you ni form , ou ni form ( ˈjunɪ̈fɔ ˞ m ) , ( ˈunɪ̈fɔ ˞ m ) / ˈjuːniːfɔːrm / EW - nee - form or / ˈuːniːfɔːrm / OO - nee - form V Victor VIK ter VIK TAH VIK TAH VIK TAH VIKTAH or VIK - TAR ˈviktɑ vik tar ( ˈvɪktəɹ ) / ˈvɪktɑː / VIK - tah Whiskey WISS key WISS KEY WISS KEY WISS KEY WISSKEY or WISS - KEY ˈwiski ouiss ki ( ˈwɪski ) / ˈwɪskiː / WIS - kee X X-ray or Xray EKS ray ECKS RAY ECKS RAY ECKS RAY ECKSRAY ( sic ) or ECKS - RAY ˈeksˈrei èkss ré ( ˈɛksɹeɪ ) / ˈɛksreɪ / EKS - ray or / ˌɛksˈreɪ / EKS - RAY Y Yankee YANG kee YANG KEY YANG KEY YANG KEY YANGKEY ( sic ) or YANG - KEY ˈjænki yang ki ( ˈjæŋki ) / ˈjæŋkiː / YANG - kee Z Zulu ZOO luu ZOO LOO ZOO LOO ZOO LOO ZOOLOO or ZOO - LOO ˈzuːluː zou lou ( ˈzulu ) / ˈzuːluː / ZOO - loo - ( hyphen ) Dash imo faa / ˈdæʃ / DASH 0 Zero ZE - RO ZE - RO NADAZERO NADAZERO Zero zi ro / ˈziːroʊ / ZEE - roh / ˌnɑːˌdɑːˌzeɪˈroʊ / NAH - DAH - ZAY - ROH O WUN ; Won ( USMC ) WUN UNAONE UNAONE One ouann / ˈwʌn / WUN / ˌuːˌnɑːˈwʌn / OO - NAH - WUN TOO TOO BISSOTWO BISSOTWO Two tou / ˈtuː / TOO / ˌbiːˌsoʊˈtuː / BEE - SOH - TOO TREE TREE TERRATHREE TERRATHREE Three tri / ˈtriː / TREE / ˌteɪˌrɑːˈtriː / TAY - RAH - TREE Four FOW - ER FOW - ER KARTEFOUR KARTEFOUR Four fo eur / ˈfoʊ. ər / FOH - ər / ˌkɑːrˌteɪˈfoʊ. ər / KAR - TAY - FOH - ər 5 Five FIFE FIFE PANTAFIVE PANTAFIVE Five fa ïf / ˈfaɪf / FYF / ˌpænˌtɑːˈfaɪv / PAN-TAH - FYV 6 Six SIX SIX SOXISIX SOXISIX Six siks / ˈsɪks / SIKS / ˌsɔːkˌsiːˈsɪks / SOK - SEE - SIKS 7 Seven SEV - EN SEV - EN SETTESEVEN SETTESEVEN Seven sèv n / ˈsɛvɛn / SEV - en / ˌseɪˌteɪˈsɛvɛn / SAY - TAY - SEV - en 8 Eight AIT AIT OKTOEIGHT OKTOEIGHT Eight eït / ˈeɪt / AYT / ˌɔːkˌtoʊˈeɪt / OK - TOH - AYT 9 Nine NIN - ER NIN - ER NOVENINE NOVENINE Niner naï neu / ˈnaɪnər / NY - nər / ˌnɔːvˌeɪˈnaɪnər / NOV - AY - NY - nər 100 Hundred HUN - dred hun - dred / ˈhʌndrɛd / HUN - dred 1000 Thousand TOU - SAND TOU - SAND taou zend / ˌtaʊˈsænd / TOW - ZEND . ( decimal point ) Decimal point DAY - SEE - MAL ( ITU ) DAY - SEE - MAL POINT dè si mal / ˌdeɪˌsiːˈmæl / DAY - SEE - MAL . ( full stop ) Period STOP ( ITU ) / ˈstɒp / STOP Pronunciation ( edit ) Pronunciations are somewhat uncertain because the agencies , while ostensibly using the same pronunciations , give different transcriptions , which are often inconsistent from letter to letter . The ICAO gives a different pronunciation for IPA transcription and for respelling , and the FAA also gives different pronunciations depending on the publication consulted , the FAA Aeronautical Information Manual ( § 4 - 2 - 7 ) , the FAA Flight Services manual ( § 14.1. 5 ) , or the ATC manual ( § 2 - 4 - 16 ) . ATIS gives English spellings , but does not give pronunciations or numbers . The ICAO , NATO , and FAA use modifications of English numerals , with stress on one syllable , while the ITU and IMO compound pseudo-Latinate numerals with a slightly different set of modified English numerals , and with stress on each syllable . Numbers 10 -- 99 are spelled out ( that is , 17 is `` 1 -- 7 '' and 60 is `` 6 -- 0 '' ) , while for hundreds and thousands the English words hundred and thousand are used . The pronunciation of the digits 3 , 4 , 5 , and 9 differs from standard English -- being pronounced tree , fower , fife , and niner . The digit 3 is specified as tree so that it is not pronounced sri ; the long pronunciation of 4 ( still found in some English dialects ) keeps it somewhat distinct from for ; 5 is pronounced with a second `` f '' because the normal pronunciation with a `` v '' is easily confused with `` fire '' ( a command to shoot ) ; and 9 has an extra syllable to keep it distinct from German nein ' no ' . Only the ICAO prescribes pronunciation with the IPA , and then only for letters . Several of the pronunciations indicated are slightly modified from their normal English pronunciations : / ˈælfɑ , ˈbrɑːˈvo , ˈʃɑːli , ˈdeltɑ , ˈfɔkstrɔt , ɡʌlf , ˈliːmɑ , ˈɔskɑ , siˈerɑ , ˈtænɡo , ˈuːnifɔrm , ˈviktɑ , ˈjænki / , partially due to the substitution of final schwas with the ah vowel ; in addition , the intended distinction between the short vowels / o ɑ ɔ / and the long vowels / oː ɑː ɔː / is obscure , and has been ignored in the consolidated transcription above . Both the IPA and respelled pronunciations were developed by the ICAO before 1956 with advice from the governments of both the United States and United Kingdom , so the pronunciations of both General American English and British Received Pronunciation are evident , especially in the rhotic and non-rhotic accents . The respelled version is usually at least consistent with a rhotic accent ( ' r ' pronounced ) , as in CHAR LEE , SHAR LEE , NO VEM BER , YOU NEE FORM , and OO NEE FORM , whereas the IPA version usually specifies a non-rhotic accent ( ' r ' pronounced only before a vowel ) , as in ˈtʃɑːli , ˈʃɑːli , noˈvembə , and ˈjuːnifɔːm . Exceptions are OSS CAH , VIK TAH and ˈuːnifɔrm . The IPA form of Golf implies it is pronounced gulf , which is not either General American English or British Received Pronunciation . Different agencies assign different stress patterns to Bravo , Hotel , Juliett , November , Papa , X-ray ; the ICAO has different stresses for Bravo , Juliett , X-ray in its respelled and IPA transcriptions . The mid back ( ɔ ) vowel transcribed in Oscar and Foxtrot is actually a low vowel in both Received British and General American , and has been interpreted as such above . Furthermore , the pronunciation prescribed for `` whiskey '' has no initial ( h ) , although some speakers in both General American and RP pronounce an ( h ) ( or ( ʍ ) ) here , and an initial ( h ) ( or ( ʍ ) ) is categorical in Scotland and Ireland . Prior alphabets ( edit ) The first internationally recognized spelling alphabet was adopted by the ITU during 1927 . The experience gained with that alphabet resulted in several changes being made during 1932 by the ITU . The resulting alphabet was adopted by the International Commission for Air Navigation , the predecessor of the ICAO , and was used for civil aviation until World War II . It continued to be used by the IMO until 1965 : Amsterdam , Baltimore , Casablanca , Denmark , Edison , Florida , Gallipoli , Havana , Italia , Jerusalem , Kilogramme , Liverpool , Madagascar , New York , Oslo , Paris , Quebec , Roma , Santiago , Tripoli , Upsala , Valencia , Washington , Xanthippe , Yokohama , Zurich British and American armed forces had each developed their spelling alphabets before both forces adopted the ICAO alphabet during 1956 . British forces adopted the RAF radio alphabet , which is similar to the phonetic alphabet used by the Royal Navy during World War I . At least two of the terms are sometimes still used by UK civilians to spell words over the phone , namely F for Freddie and S for Sugar . The U.S. adopted the Joint Army / Navy radiotelephony alphabet during 1941 to standardize systems among all branches of its armed forces . The U.S. alphabet became known as Able Baker after the words for A and B . The United Kingdom adapted its RAF alphabet during 1943 to be almost identical to the American Joint - Army - Navy ( JAN ) one . After World War II , with many aircraft and ground personnel from the allied armed forces , `` Able Baker '' continued to be used for civil aviation . But many sounds were unique to English , so an alternative `` Ana Brazil '' alphabet was used in Latin America . But the International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) , recognizing the need for a single universal alphabet , presented a draft alphabet to the ICAO during 1947 that had sounds common to English , French , Spanish and Portuguese . After further study and modification by each approving body , the revised alphabet was implemented on 1 November 1951 for civil aviation ( but it may not have been adopted by any military ) : Alfa , Bravo , Coca , Delta , Echo , Foxtrot , Golf , Hotel , India , Juliett , Kilo , Lima , Metro , Nectar , Oscar , Papa , Quebec , Romeo , Sierra , Tango , Union , Victor , Whisky , Extra , Yankee , Zulu Problems were soon found with this list . Some users believed that they were so severe that they reverted to the old `` Able Baker '' alphabet . To identify the deficiencies of the new alphabet , testing was conducted among speakers from 31 nations , principally by the governments of the United Kingdom and the United States . Confusion among words like Delta , Nectar , Victor , and Extra , or the unintelligibility of other words during poor receiving conditions were the main problems . After much study , only the five words representing the letters C , M , N , U , and X were replaced . The ICAO sent a recording of the new Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet to all member states in November 1955 . The final version given in the table above was implemented by the ICAO on 1 March 1956 , and the ITU adopted it no later than 1959 when they mandated its usage via their official publication , Radio Regulations . Because the ITU governs all international radio communications , it was also adopted by all radio operators , whether military , civilian , or amateur . It was finally adopted by the IMO in 1965 . During 1947 the ITU adopted the compound number words ( Nadazero , Unaone , etc . ) , later adopted by the IMO during 1965 . Usage ( edit ) A spelling alphabet is used to spell parts of a message containing letters and numbers to avoid confusion , because many letters sound similar , for instance `` n '' and `` m '' or `` f '' and `` s '' ; the potential for confusion increases if static or other interference is present . For instance the message `` proceed to map grid DH98 '' could be transmitted as `` proceed to map grid Delta - Hotel - Niner - Ait '' . Using `` Delta '' instead of `` D '' avoids confusion between `` DH98 '' and `` BH98 '' or `` TH98 '' . The unusual pronunciation of certain numbers was designed to reduce confusion . In addition to the traditional military usage , civilian industry uses the alphabet to avoid similar problems in the transmission of messages by telephone systems . For example , it is often used in the retail industry where customer or site details are spoken by telephone ( to authorize a credit agreement or confirm stock codes ) , although ad hoc coding is often used in that instance . It has been used often by information technology workers to communicate serial / reference codes ( which are often very long ) or other specialised information by voice . Most major airlines use the alphabet to communicate Passenger Name Records ( PNRs ) internally , and in some cases , with customers . It is often used in a medical context as well , to avoid confusion when transmitting information . Several letter codes and abbreviations using the spelling alphabet have become well - known , such as Bravo Zulu ( letter code BZ ) for `` well done '' , Checkpoint Charlie ( Checkpoint C ) in Berlin , and Zulu Time for Greenwich Mean Time or Coordinated Universal Time . During the Vietnam War , the U.S. government referred to the Viet Cong guerrillas and the group itself as VC , or Victor Charlie ; the name `` Charlie '' became synonymous with this force . Variants ( edit ) Aviation ( edit ) `` Delta '' is replaced by `` Data '' , `` Dixie '' or `` David '' at airports that have a majority of Delta Air Lines flights , such as Hartsfield - Jackson Atlanta International Airport , in order to avoid confusion because `` Delta '' is also Delta 's callsign . Telegrams ( edit ) As early as 1928 , the U.S. public was taught to use the following list when composing telegrams : Adam , Boston , Chicago , Denver , Edward , Frank , George , Henry , Ida , John , King , Lincoln , Mary , New York , Ocean , Peter , Queen , Roger , Sugar , Thomas , Union ( no codeword for V ) , William , X-Ray , Young , Zero Other ( edit ) Many unofficial spelling alphabets are in use that are not based on a standard , but are based on words the transmitter can remember easily , including first names , states , or cities . The LAPD phonetic alphabet has many first names . The German spelling alphabet ( `` Deutsches Funkalphabet '' ( literally `` German Radio Alphabet '' ) ) also uses first names . Also , during the Vietnam war , soldiers used ' Cain ' instead of ' Charlie ' because ' Charlie ' meant Viet Cong ( Charlie being short for Victor Charlie , the International alphabet spelling of the initials VC ) . Additions in other languages ( edit ) Certain languages ' standard alphabets have letters , or letters with diacritics ( e.g. , umlauts , rings , tildes ) , that do not exist in the English alphabet . If these letters have two - letter ASCII substitutes , the ICAO / ITU code words for the two letters are used . Spanish ( edit ) In Spanish the word `` Ñoño '' ( dull ) is used for ñ . German and Swedish ( edit ) In German , Alfa - Echo ( ae ) may be used for `` ä '' , Oscar - Echo ( oe ) for `` ö '' , Sierra - Sierra ( ss ) for `` ß '' , and Uniform - Echo ( ue ) for `` ü '' . The same applies to `` ä '' and `` ö '' in Swedish , though Ärlig and Östen , from the Swedish spelling alphabet , are also used ; similarly , Åke may be used for `` å '' . Danish and Norwegian ( edit ) In Danish and Norwegian the letters `` æ '' , `` ø '' and `` å '' have their own code words . In Danish Ægir , Ødis and Åse represent the three letters , while in Norwegian the three code words are Ægir , Ørnulf and Ågot for civilians and Ærlig , Østen and Åse for military personnel . Czech ( edit ) Czech `` ů '' , historically uo , is Uniform - Oscar ( uo ) . Finnish ( edit ) In Finnish there are special code words for the letters å , ä and ö . Åke is used to represent å , Äiti is used for ä and Öljy for ö . These code words are used only in national operations , the last remnants of the Finnish radio alphabet . Estonian ( edit ) Estonian has 4 special letters , õ , ä , ö and ü . Õnne represents õ , Ärni for ä , Ööbik for ö and Ülle for ü . Malay ( edit ) Malay replaces letter `` L '' with `` London '' , since the word `` Lima '' in Malay means number 5 ( five ) . See also ( edit ) International Code of Signals Spelling alphabet Allied Military Phonetic Spelling Alphabet LAPD phonetic alphabet Language - specific spelling alphabets Greek spelling alphabet German spelling alphabet Russian spelling alphabet Voice procedure Procedure word Brevity code Ten - code Q code List of military time zones PGP word list References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 20 March 2015 . Retrieved 27 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Spelling out words Archived 17 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 20 July 2015 Jump up ^ International Code of Signals , United States Edition , 1969 Edition ( Revised 2003 ) , Chapter 1 , pages 18 -- 19 , 148 . Jump up ^ `` History of the NATO phonetic alphabet PrivateFly Blog '' . blog.privatefly.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The postal History of the ICAO '' . ICAO . Archived from the original on 28 July 2016 . Retrieved 2 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alpha , Bravo , Charlie : how was Nato 's phonetic alphabet chosen ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Alphabet -- Radiotelephony '' . ICAO . Archived from the original on 17 July 2012 . Retrieved 29 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions ATIS - 0100523.2011 , ATIS Telecom Glossary 2011 '' . Atis.org . Archived from the original on 24 June 2009 . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Draft of Convention and Regulations , Washington , D.C. , December , 1920 '' . Jump up ^ `` International Radiotelegraph Convention of Washington , 1927 '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` General Radiocommunication and Additional Regulations ( Madrid , 1932 ) '' . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Radio Amateur 's Handbook '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 4 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` General Radiocommunication Regulations and Additional Radiocommunication Regulations ( Cairo , 1938 ) '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Regulations and Additional Radio Regulations ( Atlantic City , 1947 ) '' . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Administrative Radio Conference ( Geneva , 1959 ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Final Acts of WARC - 79 ( Geneva , 1979 ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ International Code of Signals for Visual , Sound , and Radio Communications , United States Edition , 1969 ( Revised 2003 ) ( PDF ) , 1969 Jump up ^ `` NATO phonetic alphabet '' . Archived from the original on 17 January 2016 . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ( Do n't Get ) Lost in Translation '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Alcorn , John . `` Radiotelegraph and Radiotelephone Codes , Prowords And Abbreviations '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` E. 141 : Instructions for operators on the operator - assisted international telephone service '' . Jump up ^ `` Documents of the World Administrative Radio Conference to deal with matters relating to the maritime mobile service ( WARC Mar ) ( Geneva , 1967 ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Report on the Activities of The International Telecommunication Union in 1967 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alphabet - Radiotelephony '' . Retrieved 27 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Annex 10 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation , Aeronautical Telecommunications , Volume II Communication Procedures including those with PANS Status '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 27 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pamphlet included in the 1955 ICAO phonograph recording , viewable at The Postal History of ICAO , Annex 10 -- Aeronautical Telecommunications Archived 1 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : International Civil Aviation Organization , Aeronautical Telecommunications : Annex 10 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation , Volume II ( Fifth edition , 1995 ) , Chapter 5 , 38 -- 40 . Jump up ^ `` Military phonetic alphabet by US Army '' . Army.com. 14 March 2014 . Archived from the original on 2 August 2014 . Retrieved 11 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ITU Phonetic Alphabet and Figure Code '' ( PDF ) . ITU - R. Retrieved 31 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ICAO Phonetics in the FAA ATC Manual , § 2 - 4 - 16 '' . Federal Aviation Administration . 11 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 12 October 2009 . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Phonetic alphabet in the ' ' FAA Aeronautical Information Manual ' ' , § 4 - 2 - 7 '' . Faa.gov . Archived from the original on 22 August 2014 . Retrieved 11 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Service de l'Information Aéronautique , Radiotéléphonie Archived 2 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , 2nd edition , 2006 ^ Jump up to : The audio recording , available on airwaysmuseum.com Archived 30 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine . does not follow the details of the ICAO transcription . Apart from the dual pronunciations of Charlie and Uniform , the speaker uses the normal English pronunciations of the code words . Jump up ^ The ITU and ICAO ( romanized ) transcribe this as / nɔːˈvɛmbər / naw - VEM - bər , presumably an error . Jump up ^ `` RP 0506 -- Field Communication '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 August 2014 . Jump up ^ The pronunciation `` fife '' is required . Failure to use this pronunciation has resulted in ' 5 ' being misheard as ' 9 ' . ( McMillan , 1998 , `` Miscommunications in Air Traffic Control Archived 15 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine . '' ) Jump up ^ Transcribed as if it were / ˈnɪnər / NIN - ər , but this pronunciation is never used . Jump up ^ Transcribed as if it rhymed with sand , but this pronunciation is never used . Jump up ^ `` ICAO phonetic alphabet by Canada '' . Tc.gc.ca. 20 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : L.J. Rose , `` Aviation 's ABC : The development of the ICAO spelling alphabet '' , ICAO Bulletin 11 / 2 ( 1956 ) 12 -- 14 . Jump up ^ International Telecommunication Union , `` Appendix 16 : Phonetic Alphabet and Figure Code '' , Radio Regulations ( Geneva , 1959 ) 430 -- 431 . Jump up ^ `` Where does the term `` Bravo Zulu '' originate ? `` . 6 March 2005 . Archived from the original on 6 March 2005 . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Civil Aviation Authority , `` Aircraft Call Sign Confusion Evaluation Safety Study '' Archived 24 December 2004 at the Wayback Machine. , April 2000 Jump up ^ `` How to Write Telegrams Properly '' . Archived from the original on 31 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sambandsregelmente för Försvarsmakten , Telefoni -- HKV 12800 : 70799 '' dated 26 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Svenska bokstaveringsalfabetet '' ( in Swedish ) . Archived from the original on 31 December 2016 . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Det fonetiske alfabet '' . Glemsom.dk . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 11 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Internasjonalt alfabet for radiokommunikasjon '' . Aktivioslo.no. 24 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 2 December 2013 . Retrieved 11 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Sotilaan käsikirja 2013 ( PDF ) . Puolustusvoimat. 2013 . p. 205 . ISBN 978 - 951 - 25 - 2463 - 1 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 4 September 2014 . External links ( edit ) Look up ICAO spelling alphabet in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Public ICAO site `` NATO Declassified - The NATO Phonetic Alphabet '' . North Atlantic Treaty Organization . The Military Alphabet ( Phonetic from Alpha Bravo Charlie Delta to Zulu ) Cite error : There are tags on this page , but the references will not show without a ( ( reflist group = Note ) ) template ( see the help page ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NATO_phonetic_alphabet&oldid=808109099 '' Categories : Amateur radio International Civil Aviation Organization General aviation Latin - script representations Military communications NATO Spelling alphabets Telecommunications - related introductions in 1956 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Use dmy dates from March 2012 Pages with reference errors Pages with missing references list Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Cymraeg Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda தமிழ் ไทย Українська West - Vlams 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 22 : 52 . 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how many championships does the pac 12 have
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The following is a list of current Pac - 12 Conference members ' NCAA and AIAW championships . Current Pac - 12 members have won 500 NCAA national championships ( As of May 31 , 2017 ) becoming the first conference to win 500 team titles , which is 193 more than the next closest confernce , The Big Ten . Since the 1999 - 2000 academic year , the Pac - 12 claims a total of 150 NCAA team titles , including 10 in 2013 - 2014 . They have also led or tied the nation in NCAA Championships in 48 of the last 54 years , the only exceptions being in 1980 - 81 , 1988 - 89 , 1990 - 91 and 1995 - 96 when the conference finished second , and finished third in 1998 - 99 and 2004 - 2005 .
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500
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List of Pac - 12 Conference national championships
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list of pac - 12 conference national championships
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The following is a list of current Pac - 12 Conference members ' NCAA and AIAW championships . Current Pac - 12 members have won 500 NCAA national championships ( As of May 31 , 2017 ) becoming the first conference to win 500 team titles , which is 193 more than the next closest confernce , The Big Ten . Since the 1999 - 2000 academic year , the Pac - 12 claims a total of 150 NCAA team titles , including 10 in 2013 - 2014 . They have also led or tied the nation in NCAA Championships in 48 of the last 54 years , the only exceptions being in 1980 - 81 , 1988 - 89 , 1990 - 91 and 1995 - 96 when the conference finished second , and finished third in 1998 - 99 and 2004 - 2005 .
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This list also includes championships won by current Pac - 12 schools while members of the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) , a closely related league that was formed in 1916 and disbanded in 1959 . Although the current charter of what is now known as the Pac - 12 dates only to the formation of the Athletic Association of Western Universities immediately after the demise of the PCC , the Pac - 12 claims the PCC 's history as its own . There is considerable continuity between the PCC and Pac - 12 -- eight of the nine final members of the PCC ( all except Idaho ) are now Pac - 12 members ; five of these schools had founded the AAWU , and all eight had joined the AAWU by the 1964 -- 65 school year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current members 2 Fall Sports 2.1 Men 's Sports 2.2 Women 's Sports 3 Winter Sports 3.1 Men 's Sports 3.2 Women 's Sports 4 Spring Sports 4.1 Men 's Sports 4.2 Women 's Sports 5 Other NCAA championships 5.1 Men 's Sports 5.2 Women 's Sports 5.3 Combined Sports 6 AIAW national championships 7 See also 8 References Current members ( edit ) Institution Location Nickname NCAA Team Championships ( through May 31 , 2017 ) Arizona ! University of Arizona Tucson , Arizona Wildcats 18 Arizona State University Tempe , Arizona Sun Devils 24 California ! University of California , Berkeley Berkeley , California Golden Bears 34 California , Los Angeles ! University of California , Los Angeles Los Angeles , California Bruins 113 Colorado ! University of Colorado Boulder Boulder , Colorado Buffaloes 28 Oregon ! University of Oregon Eugene , Oregon Ducks 30 Oregon State University Corvallis , Oregon Beavers Southern California ! University of Southern California Los Angeles , California Trojans 104 Stanford University Stanford , California Cardinal 113 Utah ! University of Utah Salt Lake City , Utah Utes 21 Washington ! University of Washington Seattle , Washington Huskies 8 Washington State University Pullman , Washington Cougars Fall sports ( edit ) Men 's sports ( edit ) Cross Country ( 16 ) Year School 1961 Oregon State * 1971 Oregon 1973 Oregon Oregon 1977 Oregon Stanford 1997 Stanford 2001 Colorado * 2002 Stanford 2003 Stanford Colorado * 2006 Colorado * 2007 Oregon 2008 Oregon 2013 Colorado 2014 Colorado Soccer ( 6 ) Year School 1985 UCLA 1990 UCLA 1997 UCLA 2002 UCLA 2015 Stanford 2016 Stanford This section needs additional citations for verification . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Football † Year School Selector ( s ) 1920 California CFRA , HAF , HS , NCF , SR 1921 California BR , BS , CFRA , SR 1922 California BR , HS , NCF , SR 1923 California HS 1926 Stanford DiS , HAF , NCF , SR 1928 USC DiS , SR 1929 USC HS , SR , B ( QPRS ) 1931 USC BR , BS , CFRA , DiS , DuS , HAF , HS , NCF , PS , SR , WS , B ( QPRS ) 1932 USC BR , BS , CFRA , DuS , HAF , HS , NCF , PS , SR , WS , B ( QPRS ) 1933 USC WS 1937 California DuS , HAF 1939 USC DiS 1940 Stanford BR , HAF , PS 1954 UCLA FWAA , UPI 1960 Washington HAF 1962 USC AP , FWAA , NFF , UPI 1967 USC AP , FWAA , NFF , UPI 1970 Arizona State PS 1972 USC AP , FWAA , NFF , UPI USC FWAA , NFF , UPI Arizona State NCF , SN 1976 USC B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , MGR 1978 USC UPI 1979 USC CFRA 1984 Washington B ( QPRS ) , FN , NCF 1990 Washington R ( FACT ) 1990 Colorado * AP , FWAA , NFF , USAT / CNN 1991 Washington FWAA , UPI / NFF , USAT / CNN 2002 USC DuS , MGR , SR 2003 USC AP , FWAA USC AP , NFF * Won while a member of another conference , or an independent . Oregon State was not initially invited to join the AAWU upon its 1959 formation . It played as an independent until joining the AAWU in 1964 . Colorado won its pre-2013 men 's cross country titles as a member of the Big 12 Conference . Colorado won its 1990 football title ( AP ) as a member of the Big Eight Conference . † The NCAA does not officially declare football national championships . Various polls , formulas , and other third - party systems have been used to determine national championships , not all of which are universally accepted . The various polls were often not unanimous , resulting in more than one team sharing a title , and mathematical systems were sometimes applied retroactively to determine championships . Furthermore , schools determined by one or more selectors as champions , do not necessarily claim the title . Italics indicate retroactive or minor selector . USC claims 11 national football championships , California claims 5 , Arizona State , Stanford and Washington each claim 2 , and Colorado and UCLA each claim 1 championship . Women 's sports ( edit ) Cross Country ( 12 ) Year School Oregon * Oregon Stanford 2000 Colorado * 2003 Stanford Colorado * 2005 Stanford 2006 Stanford 2007 Stanford 2008 Washington 2012 Oregon 2016 Oregon Soccer ( 4 ) Year School 2007 USC 2011 Stanford 2013 UCLA 2016 USC Volleyball ( 15 ) Year School 1981 USC * 1984 UCLA * 1990 UCLA 1991 UCLA 1992 Stanford 1994 Stanford Stanford 1997 Stanford 2001 Stanford 2002 USC 2003 USC Stanford 2005 Washington 2011 UCLA 2016 Stanford * Won while a member of another conference . The conference now known as the Pac - 12 did not sponsor women 's sports until the 1986 -- 87 school year , when it was known as the Pacific - 10 Conference . Oregon won its 1983 women 's cross country title as a member of the Northern Pacific Conference , while USC in 1981 and UCLA in 1984 won women 's volleyball titles as members of the Western Collegiate Athletic Association . Colorado won both of its women 's cross country championships as a member of the Big 12 Conference . Winter sports ( edit ) Men 's sports ( edit ) Basketball ( 16 ) Year School 1939 Oregon 1942 Stanford 1944 Utah * 1959 California 1964 UCLA 1965 UCLA 1967 UCLA 1968 UCLA 1969 UCLA 1970 UCLA 1971 UCLA 1972 UCLA 1973 UCLA UCLA 1995 UCLA 1997 Arizona Swimming & Diving ( 24 ) Year School 1960 USC 1963 USC 1964 USC 1965 USC 1966 USC 1967 Stanford USC USC 1976 USC 1977 USC 1979 California 1980 California 1982 UCLA 1985 Stanford 1986 Stanford Stanford 1992 Stanford 1993 Stanford 1994 Stanford 1998 Stanford 2008 Arizona 2011 California 2012 California 2014 California Indoor Track & Field ( 8 ) Year School 1967 USC 1972 USC 1977 Washington State 2008 Arizona State 2009 Oregon 2014 Oregon 2015 Oregon 2016 Oregon Wrestling ( 2 ) Year School 1985 UCLA 1988 Arizona State * Won while a member of another conference . Utah won its 1944 men 's basketball title as a member of the Mountain States Conference . Women 's sports ( edit ) Basketball ( 4 ) Year School USC 1984 USC 1990 Stanford 1992 Stanford Gymnastics ( 15 ) Year School 1982 Utah * Utah * 1984 Utah * 1985 Utah * 1986 Utah * 1990 Utah * 1992 Utah * 1994 Utah * 1995 Utah * 1997 UCLA 2000 UCLA 2001 UCLA 2003 UCLA UCLA UCLA Swimming & Diving ( 15 ) Year School Stanford * 1989 Stanford 1992 Stanford 1993 Stanford 1994 Stanford 1995 Stanford Stanford 1997 USC 1998 Stanford 2008 Arizona 2009 California 2011 California 2012 California 2015 California 2017 Stanford Indoor Track & Field ( 10 ) Year School 2000 UCLA 2001 UCLA 2007 Arizona State 2008 Arizona State Oregon 2011 Oregon 2012 Oregon 2013 Oregon 2014 Oregon 2016 Oregon * Won while a member of another conference . As noted above , the then - Pac - 10 did not sponsor women 's sports until 1986 -- 87 . Stanford won its 1983 women 's swimming and diving championship as a member of the Western Collegiate Athletic Association . Utah won all of its women 's gymnastics championships as a member of the Western Athletic Conference . Spring sports ( edit ) Men 's sports ( edit ) Baseball ( 28 ) Year School 1947 California 1948 USC 1957 California 1958 USC 1961 USC 1963 USC 1965 Arizona State * 1967 Arizona State * 1968 USC 1969 Arizona State * 1970 USC 1971 USC 1972 USC 1973 USC USC 1976 Arizona * 1977 Arizona State * 1978 USC 1980 Arizona 1981 Arizona State 1986 Arizona Stanford 1988 Stanford 1998 USC 2006 Oregon State 2007 Oregon State 2012 Arizona 2013 UCLA Golf ( 15 ) Year School 1938 Stanford 1939 Stanford 1941 Stanford 1942 Stanford ( co ) 1946 Stanford 1953 Stanford 1988 UCLA 1990 Arizona State 1992 Arizona 1994 Stanford Arizona State California 2007 Stanford 2008 UCLA 2016 Oregon Tennis ( 53 ) Year School 1950 UCLA 1951 USC 1952 UCLA 1953 UCLA 1954 UCLA 1955 USC 1956 UCLA 1958 USC 1960 UCLA 1961 UCLA 1962 USC 1963 USC 1964 USC 1965 UCLA 1966 USC 1967 USC 1968 USC 1969 USC 1970 UCLA 1971 UCLA 1973 Stanford Stanford UCLA 1976 UCLA & USC 1977 Stanford 1978 Stanford 1979 UCLA 1980 Stanford 1981 Stanford 1982 UCLA Stanford 1984 UCLA 1986 Stanford 1988 Stanford 1989 Stanford 1990 Stanford 1991 USC 1992 Stanford 1993 USC 1994 USC 1995 Stanford Stanford 1997 Stanford 1998 Stanford 2000 Stanford 2002 USC 2005 UCLA 2009 USC USC 2011 USC 2012 USC 2014 USC Outdoor Track & Field ( 48 ) Year School 1922 California 1925 Stanford 1926 USC 1928 Stanford 1930 USC 1931 USC 1934 Stanford 1935 USC 1936 USC 1937 USC 1938 USC 1939 USC 1940 USC 1941 USC 1942 USC 1943 USC 1949 USC 1950 USC 1951 USC 1952 USC 1953 USC 1954 USC 1955 USC 1956 UCLA 1958 USC 1961 USC 1962 Oregon * 1963 USC 1964 Oregon * 1965 USC & Oregon 1966 UCLA 1967 USC 1968 USC 1970 Oregon & California 1971 UCLA 1972 UCLA 1973 UCLA 1976 USC 1977 Arizona State * 1978 UCLA ( co ) 1984 Oregon UCLA 1988 UCLA 2000 Stanford 2014 Oregon 2015 Oregon * Won while a member of another conference . Oregon was not initially invited to join the AAWU on its formation in 1959 . It won its 1962 and 1964 men 's outdoor track and field titles as an independent ; it did not join the AAWU until the 1964 -- 65 school year . All national titles in baseball and men 's outdoor track and field won by Arizona and Arizona State prior to the 1978 -- 79 school year were won while the two schools were in the Western Athletic Conference . Women 's sports ( edit ) Golf ( 18 ) Year School 1990 Arizona State 1991 UCLA 1993 Arizona State 1994 Arizona State 1995 Arizona State Arizona 1997 Arizona State 1998 Arizona State 2000 Arizona 2003 USC UCLA 2008 USC 2009 Arizona State 2011 UCLA 2013 USC 2015 Stanford 2016 Washington 2017 Arizona State Rowing ( 8 ) Year School 1997 Washington 1998 Washington 2001 Washington 2005 California 2006 California ( co ) 2009 Stanford 2016 California 2017 Washington Softball ( 23 ) Year School 1982 UCLA * 1984 UCLA * 1985 UCLA * 1988 UCLA 1989 UCLA 1990 UCLA 1991 Arizona 1992 UCLA 1993 Arizona 1994 Arizona Arizona 1997 Arizona 1999 UCLA 2001 Arizona 2002 California 2003 UCLA UCLA 2006 Arizona 2007 Arizona 2008 Arizona State 2009 Washington UCLA 2011 Arizona State Tennis ( 22 ) Year School 1982 Stanford * USC * 1984 Stanford * 1985 USC * 1986 Stanford * Stanford 1988 Stanford 1989 Stanford 1990 Stanford 1991 Stanford 1997 Stanford 1999 Stanford 2001 Stanford 2002 Stanford Stanford 2005 Stanford 2006 Stanford 2008 UCLA Stanford 2013 Stanford 2014 UCLA 2016 Stanford Outdoor Track & Field ( 7 ) Year School 1982 UCLA * UCLA * 1985 Oregon * 2001 USC UCLA 2007 Arizona State 2015 Oregon Beach Volleyball ( 2 ) Year School 2016 USC 2017 USC * Won while a member of another conference . As noted previously , the then - Pac - 10 did not sponsor women 's sports until 1986 -- 87 . UCLA : Three national championships in softball ( 1982 , 1984 , 1985 ) and two in women 's outdoor track and field ( 1982 , 1983 ) were won as a member of the Western Collegiate Athletic Association ( WCAA ) . Stanford : Three national championships in women 's tennis ( 1982 , 1984 , 1986 ) were won as a member of the WCAA ( known as the Pacific West Conference in the 1985 -- 86 school year ) . USC : Two national championships in women 's tennis ( 1983 , 1985 ) were won as a member of the WCAA . Oregon : One national championship in women 's track and field ( 1985 ) was won as a member of the Northern Pacific Conference . Other NCAA championships ( edit ) The following are NCAA championships won by Pac - 12 members but in sports not sponsored by the Pac - 12 Men 's sports ( edit ) Boxing ( 1 ) Year School 1937 Washington State Gymnastics ( 13 ) Year School 1962 USC 1968 California California 1986 Arizona State UCLA 1992 Stanford 1993 Stanford 1995 Stanford 1997 California 1998 California 2009 Stanford 2011 Stanford Water Polo ( 43 ) Year School 1969 UCLA 1971 UCLA 1972 UCLA 1973 California California California 1976 Stanford 1977 California 1978 Stanford 1980 Stanford 1981 Stanford California 1984 California 1985 Stanford 1986 Stanford California 1988 California 1990 California 1991 California 1992 California 1993 Stanford 1994 Stanford 1995 UCLA UCLA 1998 USC 1999 UCLA 2000 UCLA 2001 Stanford 2002 Stanford 2003 USC UCLA 2005 USC 2006 California 2007 California 2008 USC 2009 USC USC 2011 USC 2012 USC 2013 USC 2014 UCLA 2015 UCLA 2016 California Volleyball ( 25 ) Year School 1970 UCLA 1971 UCLA 1972 UCLA UCLA UCLA 1976 UCLA 1977 USC 1979 UCLA 1980 USC 1981 UCLA 1982 UCLA UCLA 1984 UCLA UCLA 1988 USC 1989 UCLA 1990 USC 1993 UCLA 1995 UCLA UCLA 1997 Stanford 1998 UCLA 2000 UCLA 2006 UCLA Stanford Skiing ( 12 ) Year School 1959 Colorado * 1960 Colorado * 1972 Colorado * 1973 Colorado * Colorado * Colorado * 1976 Colorado * 1977 Colorado * 1978 Colorado * 1979 Colorado * 1981 Utah * 1982 Colorado * * Won while a member of another conference . All of Colorado 's championships in men 's skiing between 1959 and 1982 were won as a full member of the Big Eight Conference , which never sponsored skiing in its history . Utah 's 1981 men 's skiing title was won as a full member of the Western Athletic Conference , which like the Pac - 12 has never sponsored skiing . Women 's Sports ( edit ) Water Polo ( 16 ) Year School 2001 UCLA 2002 Stanford 2003 UCLA USC 2005 UCLA 2006 UCLA 2007 UCLA 2008 UCLA 2009 UCLA USC 2011 Stanford 2012 Stanford 2013 USC 2014 Stanford 2015 Stanford 2016 USC 2017 Stanford Combined sports ( edit ) Skiing ( 16 ) Year School Utah * 1984 Utah * 1986 Utah * Utah * 1988 Utah * 1991 Colorado * 1993 Utah * 1995 Colorado * Utah * 1997 Utah * 1998 Colorado * 1999 Colorado * 2003 Utah * 2006 Colorado * 2011 Colorado * 2013 Colorado 2015 Colorado 2017 Utah * Won while a member of another conference . Utah : Championships between 1983 and 1997 won as a full member of the Western Athletic Conference , and 2003 championship won as a full member of the Mountain West Conference . Neither conference has ever sponsored skiing . Colorado : Championships in 1991 and 1995 won as a full member of the Big Eight Conference , and championships between 1998 and 2011 won as a full member of the Big 12 Conference . The Big Eight never sponsored skiing before its demise in 1996 , and the Big 12 has never sponsored the sport . AIAW national championships ( edit ) Institution Nickname Total AIAW titles Arizona State University Sun Devils 12 University of California , Los Angeles Bruins 8 University of Southern California Trojans 6 University of Utah Utes University of Arizona Wildcats Stanford University Cardinal University of Colorado Buffaloes University of Washington Huskies Mary Budke of Oregon State won the 1974 AIAW individual collegiate golf national championship . Jump up ^ Includes Utah 's one cross-country national championship , which was won at the AIAW Division II level . See also ( edit ) List of NCAA schools with the most NCAA Division I championships List of NCAA schools with the most Division I national championships List of NCAA schools with the most AIAW Division I national championships List of college athletics championship game outcomes Mythical national championship References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Championships History '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ USC Sports Information Office ( 2008 ) . 2008 USC Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . University of Southern California . pp. 119 -- 124 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` CalBears.com -- Traditions : Cal National Team Champions '' . University of California Department of Athletics . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Benenson , Herb , ed. ( 2008 ) . 2008 California Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . Cal Media Relations Office . p. 36 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Kilwien , Richard ; Bechthold , Jeff ; Morry , Nicole ; Soriano , Jonathan ; McLeod , Brianna ( 2010 ) . Washington Huskies 2010 Football Record Book ( PDF ) . University of Washington Athletic Communications Office . p. 1 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Official 2009 NCAA Division I Football Records Book ( PDF ) . Indianapolis , IN : National Collegiate Athletic Association . August 2009 . pp. 76 -- 77 , 81 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Stanford Official Athletic Site -- Traditions : Stanford Cardinal Championships '' . Stanford University Department of Athletics . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Young , Jim , ed. ( 2009 ) . 2009 Stanford Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . Stanford University Athletic Communications and Media Relations Department . pp. 141 , 144 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Dellins , Marc , ed. ( 2009 ) . 2009 UCLA Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . UCLA Sports Information Office . pp. 147 , 154 , 164 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ COLORADO FOOTBALL 1990 NATIONAL CHAMPIONS , University of Colorado Athletic Department , 2011 , retrieved 2011 - 07 - 03 ( hide ) Pac - 12 Conference Teams Arizona Wildcats Arizona State Sun Devils California Golden Bears Colorado Buffaloes Oregon Ducks Oregon State Beavers Stanford Cardinal UCLA Bruins USC Trojans Utah Utes Washington Huskies Washington State Cougars Champions National Conference Athletics Basketball ( Men ) Football Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Pac-12_Conference_national_championships&oldid=796024785 '' Categories : Pac - 12 Conference Lists of NCAA national championships by conference Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 August 2017 , at 00 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Pac-12%20Conference%20national%20championships
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who has been chosen as the best actor in the 65th national film award
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65th National Film awards
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65th national film awards
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65th National Film Awards Awarded for Best of Indian cinema in 2017 Awarded by Directorate of Film Festivals Presented by Directorate of Film Festivals Announced on 13 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) Presented on 3 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) Official website dff.nic.in Highlights Best Feature Film Village Rockstars Best Non-Feature Film Not awarded Best Book Matamgi Manipur : The first Manipuri Feature Film Best Film Critic Giridhar Jha Dadasaheb Phalke Award Vinod Khanna Most awards Nagarkirtan Village Rockstars ( 4 ) ← 64th National Film Awards The 65th National Film Awards ceremony is an event during which the Directorate of Film Festivals presented its annual National Film Awards by The President of Republic Of India to honour the best films of 2017 in Indian cinema . The awards were announced on 13 April 2018 . The awards ceremony was held on 3 May 2018 . Contents 1 Selection process 2 Dadasaheb Phalke Award 3 Feature Film 3.1 Golden Lotus Awards 3.1. 1 Golden Lotus Award 3.1. 2 Silver Lotus Award 3.2 Regional Awards 4 Non-Feature Films 4.1 Golden Lotus Award 4.2 Silver Lotus Award 5 Best Writing on Cinema 5.1 Golden Lotus Award 6 References 7 External links Selection process ( edit ) The Directorate of Film Festivals invited online entries and the acceptable last date for entries was until 2 March 2018 . Feature and Non-Feature Films certified by Central Board of Film Certification between 1 January 2017 , and 31 December 2017 , were eligible for the film award categories . Books , critical studies , reviews or articles on cinema published in Indian newspapers , magazines , and journals between 1 January 2017 , and 31 December 2017 , were eligible for the best writing on cinema section . Entries of dubbed , revised or copied versions of a film or translation , abridgements , edited or annotated works and reprints were ineligible for the awards . For the Feature and Non-Feature Films sections , films in any Indian language , shot on 16 mm , 35 mm , a wider film gauge or a digital format , and released in cinemas , on video or digital formats for home viewing were eligible . Films were required to be certified as a feature film , a featurette or a Documentary / Newsreel / Non-Fiction by the Central Board of Film Certification . Dadasaheb Phalke Award ( edit ) Introduced in 1969 , the Dadasaheb Phalke Award is the highest award given to recognise the contributions of film personalities towards the development of Indian cinema and for distinguished contributions to the medium , its growth and promotion . '' A committee consisting five eminent personalities from Indian film industry was appointed to evaluate the lifetime achievement award , Dadasaheb Phalke Award . Name of Award Awardee ( s ) Awarded As Awards Dadasaheb Phalke Award Vinod Khanna ( Posthumous ) Actor Swarna Kamal , ₹ 1 million ( US $15,000 ) and a shawl Feature Film ( edit ) Golden Lotus awards ( edit ) Golden Lotus Award ( edit ) Official Name : Swarna Kamal All the awardees are awarded with ' Golden Lotus Award ( Swarna Kamal ) ' , a certificate and cash prize . Name of Award Name of Film Language Awardee ( s ) Cash Prize Best Feature Film Village Rockstars Assamese Producer : Rima Das Director : Rima Das ₹ 250,000 / - Each Best Debut Film of a Director Sinjar Jasari Producer : Shibu G. Suseelan Director : Sandeep Pampally ₹ 125,000 / - Each Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion Telugu Producer : Arka Media Works Director : S.S. Rajamouli ₹ 200,000 / - Each Best Children 's Film Mhorkya Marathi Producer : Kalyan Rajmogli Padal Director : Amar Bharat Deokar ₹ 150,000 / - Each Best Direction Bhayanakam Malayalam Jayaraj ₹ 250,000 / - Silver Lotus Award ( edit ) Official Name : Rajat Kamal All the awardees are awarded with ' Silver Lotus Award ( Rajat Kamal ) ' , a certificate and cash prize . Name of Award Name of Film Language Awardee ( s ) Cash Prize Best Feature Film on National Integration Dhappa Marathi Producer : Sumatilal Popatlal Shah Director : Nipun Dharmadhikari ₹ 150,000 / - Each Best Film on Other Social Issues Aalorukkam Malayalam Producer : Jolly Lonappan Director : V.C. Abhilash ₹ 150,000 / - Each Best Film on Environment / Conservation / Preservation Irada Hindi Producer : Irada Entertainment Director : Aparnaa Singh ₹ 150,000 / - Each Best Actor Nagarkirtan Bengali Riddhi Sen ₹ 50,000 / - Best Actress Mom Hindi Sridevi ₹ 50,000 / - Best Supporting Actor Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum Malayalam Fahadh Faasil ₹ 50,000 / - Best Supporting Actress Irada Hindi Divya Dutta ₹ 50,000 / - Best Child Artist Village Rockstars Assamese Bhanita Das ₹ 50,000 / - Best Male Playback Singer Viswasapoorvam Mansoor ( For the song `` Poy Maranja Kalam '' ) Malayalam K.J. Yesudas ₹ 50,000 / - Best Female Playback Singer Kaatru Veliyidai ( For the song `` Vaan Varuvaan '' ) Tamil Shashaa Tirupati ₹ 50,000 / - Best Cinematography Bhayanakam Malayalam Nikhil S Praveen ₹ 50,000 / - Best Screenplay Screenplay Writer ( Original ) Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum Malayalam Sajeev Pazhoor ₹ 50,000 / - Best Screenplay Screenplay Writer ( Adapted ) Bhayanakam Malayalam Jayaraj ₹ 50,000 / - Best Screenplay Dialogues Hello Arsi Odia Sambit Mohanty ₹ 50,000 / - Best Audiography Location Sound Recordist Village Rockstars Assamese Mallika Das ₹ 50,000 / - Best Audiography Sound Designer Walking With The Wind Ladakhi Sanal George ₹ 50,000 / - Best Audiography Re-recordist of the Final Mixed Track Walking With The Wind Ladakhi Justin Jose ₹ 50,000 / - Best Editing Village Rockstars Assamese Rima Das ₹ 50,000 / - Best Production Design Take Off Malayalam Santhosh Raman ₹ 50,000 / - Best Costume Design Nagarkirtan Bengali Gobinda Mandal ₹ 50,000 / - Best Make - up Artist Nagarkirtan Bengali Ram Rajjak ₹ 50,000 / - Best Music Direction Songs Kaatru Veliyidai Tamil A.R. Rahman ₹ 50,000 / - Best Music Direction Background Score Mom Hindi A.R. Rahman ₹ 50,000 / - Best Lyrics March 22 ( For the song `` Mutthu Ratna '' ) Kannada J.M. Prahlad ₹ 50,000 / - Best Special Effects Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion Telugu R.C. Kamal Kannan ₹ 50,000 / - Best Choreography Toilet Ek Prem Katha ( For the song `` Gori Tu Latth Maar '' ) Hindi Ganesh Acharya ₹ 50,000 / - Best Stunt Choreographer Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion Telugu King Solomon Lee Whittaker Kecha Khamphakdee ₹ 50,000 / - Special Jury Award Nagarkirtan Bengali Producer : Sani Ghose Ray Director : Kaushik Ganguly ₹ 2 , 00,000 / - Special Mention Newton Hindi Pankaj Tripathi ( Actor ) Certificate only Take Off Malayalam Parvathy ( Actress ) Hello Arsi Odia Prakruti Mishra ( Actress ) Mhorkya Marathi Yasharaj Karhade ( Child artist ) Regional awards ( edit ) National Film Awards are also given to the best films in the regional languages of India . Awards for the regional languages are categorised as per their mention in the Eighth schedule of the Constitution of India . Awardees included producers and directors of the film . No films in languages other than those specified in the Schedule VIII of the Constitution were eligible . Name of Award Name of Film Awardee ( s ) Cash Prize Best Feature Film in Assamese Ishu Producer : Children 's Film Society Director : Utpal Borpujari ₹ 1 , 00,000 / - each Best Feature Film in Bengali Mayurakshi Producer : Firdausul Hasan , Prabal Halder Director : Atanu Ghosh ₹ 1 , 00,000 / - each Best Feature Film in Gujarati Dhh Producer : Amruta Parande Director : Manish Saini ₹ 1 , 00,000 / - each Best Feature Film in Hindi Newton Producer : Drishyam Films Director : Amit V Masurkar ₹ 1 , 00,000 / - each Best Feature Film in Kannada Hebbet Ramakka Producer : S.A. Puttaraju Director : N.R. Nanjunde Gowda ₹ 1 , 00,000 / - each Best Feature Film in Malayalam Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum Producer : Urvasi Theatres Director : Dileesh Pothan ₹ 1 , 00,000 / - each Best Feature Film in Marathi Kachcha Limboo Producer : Mandar Devasthali Director : Prasad Oak ₹ 1 , 00,000 / - each Best Feature Film in Odia Hello Arsi Producer : Ajaya Routray Director : Sambit Mohanty ₹ 1 , 00,000 / - each Best Feature Film in Tamil To Let Producer : Prema Chezhian Director : Chezhiyan ₹ 1 , 00,000 / - each Best Feature Film in Telugu The Ghazi Attack Producer : Prasad V. Potluri Director : Sankalp Reddy ₹ 1 , 00,000 / - each Best Feature Film in Each of the Language Other Than Those Specified In the Schedule VIII of the Constitution Name of Award Name of Film Awardee ( s ) Cash Prize Best Feature Film in Jasari Sinjar Producer : Shibu G. Suseelan Director : Sandeep Pampally ₹ 1 , 00,000 / - each Best Feature Film in Ladakhi Walking With The Wind Producer : Mahesh Mohan Director : Praveen Morchhale ₹ 1 , 00,000 / - each Best Feature Film in Tulu Paddayi Producer : Nithyananda Pai Director : Abhaya Simha ₹ 1 , 00,000 / - each Non-Feature films ( edit ) Short Films made in any Indian language and certified by the Central Board of Film Certification as a documentary / newsreel / fiction are eligible for non-feature film section . Golden Lotus Award ( edit ) Official Name : Swarna Kamal All the awardees are awarded with ' Golden Lotus Award ( Swarna Kamal ) ' , a certificate and cash prize . Name of Award Name of Film Language Awardee ( s ) Cash Prize Best Director in Non-Feature Film Pavasacha Nibandha Marathi Nagraj Manjule ₹ 150,000 / - Silver Lotus Award ( edit ) Official Name : Rajat Kamal All the Awardees are awarded with ' Silver Lotus Award ( Rajat Kamal ) ' and cash prize . Name of Award Name of Film Language Awardee ( s ) Cash Prize Best First Non-Feature Film Water Baby Producer : Varun Shah Director : Pia Shah ₹ 75,000 / - Each Best Biographical Film / Best Historical Reconstruction / Compilation Film Naachi se Baanchi Producer : Films Division of India Director : Biju Toppo ₹ 50,000 / - Each ( Cash Component to be shared ) Sword of Liberty Producer : R.C. Suresh Director : Shiny Jacob Benjamin Best Arts / Cultural Film Girija Producer : Madhu Chandra , Sudha Datta Director : Debapriya Adhikary , Samanwaya Sarkar ₹ 50,000 / - Each Best Environment Film including Best Agricultural Film The Pangti Story Producer : Rajiv Mehrotra Director : Sesino Yhoshu ₹ 50,000 / - Each Best Promotional Film Poetry on Fabric : Chanderinama Producer : Sanjay Gupta for Pro Art India Director : Rajendra Junglay ₹ 50,000 / - Each Best Film on Social Issues I am Bonnie Producer : Films Division of India Director : Satarupa Santra ₹ 50,000 / - Each ( Cash Component to be shared ) Veil Done Producer : Juhi Bhatt Director : Rajiv Mehrotra Best Educational / Motivational / Instructional Film The Little Girl We Were and the Women We Are Producer : Rahi Foundation Director : Vaishali Sood ₹ 50,000 / - Each Best Anthropological / Ethnographic Film Name , Place , Animal , Thing Producer and Director : Nithin R . ₹ 50,000 / - Each ( Cash Component to be shared ) Slave Genesis Producer and Director : Aneez K.M. Best Exploration / Adventure Film ( including sports ) Ladakh Chale Richawala Producer : Films Division of India Director : Indrani Chakrabarti ₹ 50,000 / - Each Best Investigative Film 1984 , When the Sun Did n't Rise Producer and Director : Teenaa Kaur ₹ 50,000 / - Each Best Animation Film Tokri - The Basket Producer : Nilima Eriyat Director : Suresh Eriyat Animator : Studio Eeksaurus ₹ 50,000 / - Each ( Cash Component to be shared ) The Fish Curry Hindi English Producer : Munish Tewari Director and Animator : Abhishek Verma Best Short Fiction Film Mayat Marathi Producer and Director : Suyash Shinde ₹ 50,000 / - Each Best Film on Family Welfare Happy Birthday Producer : FTII Director : Medhpranav Babasaheb Powar ₹ 50,000 / - Each Best Cinematography Eye Test Cameraman : Appu Prabhakar ₹ 50,000 / - Each ( Cash Component to be shared ) Dawn Cameraman : Arnold Fernandes Best Audiography Pavasacha Nibandha Marathi Avinash Sonawane ₹ 50,000 / - Best Audiography Location Sound Recordist The Unreserved Samarth Mahajan ₹ 50,000 / - Best Editing Mrityubhoj The Death Feast Marathi Sanjiv Monga Tenzin Kunchok ₹ 50,000 / - ( Cash Component to be shared ) Best Music Direction Sword of Liberty Ramesh Narayanan ₹ 50,000 / - Best Narration / Voice Over The Lion of Laddak Francois Castellino ₹ 50,000 / - Special Jury Award A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings Producer : Films Division of India Director : Prateek Vats ₹ 50,000 / - Each ( Cash Component to be shared ) Monday Producer : FTII Director : Arun K Special Mention Rebirth Jayaraj ( Director ) Certificate only Cake Story Rukshana Tabassum ( Director ) Afternoon Swapnil Vasant Kapure ( Director ) Best writing on cinema ( edit ) The awards aim at encouraging study and appreciation of cinema as an art form and dissemination of information and critical appreciation of this art - form through publication of books , articles , reviews etc . Golden Lotus Award ( edit ) Official Name : Swarna Kamal All the awardees are awarded with the Golden Lotus Award ( Swarna Kamal ) accompanied with a cash prize . Name of Award Name of Book Language Awardee ( s ) Cash Prize Best Book on Cinema Matamgi Manipur : The first Manipuri Feature Film Author : Bobby Wahengbam Publisher : Angomningthou Preservation and Documentation ₹ 75,000 / - Each Best Film Critic NA English Giridhar Jha ₹ 75,000 / - Special Mention ( Film Critic ) NA Hindi Sunil Mishra Certificate Only References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 65th National Film Awards LIVE : Sridevi Posthumously Awarded Best Actress ; Vinod Khanna Honoured With Dada Saheb Phalke Award '' . News 18date = 13 April 2018 . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Press Trust of India ( 3 May 2012 ) . `` Nat Film Awards ceremony to be held on May 3 every year : Soni '' . Business Standard . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Call for entries ; 65th National Film Awards for 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . `` Call for entries ; 65th National Film Awards for 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Advertising and Visual Publicity . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 17th National Film Awards '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 38 . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official Page of the 65th National Film Awards , Directorate of Film Festivals , India National Film Awards Archives 65th National Film Awards PDF at filmyfocus National Film Awards Directorate of Film Festivals Ministry of Information and Broadcasting Cinema of India Lifetime Achievement Dadasaheb Phalke Award Feature Films Golden Lotus Awards Best Feature Film Best Director Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment Best Children 's Film Best Debut Film of a Director Best Animated Film Silver Lotus Awards Best Actor Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Best Supporting Actress Best Child Artist Best Music Direction Best Male Playback Singer Best Female Playback Singer Best Lyrics Best Production Design Best Audiography Best Choreography Best Cinematography Best Costume Design Best Editing Best Make - up Best Screenplay Best Special Effects Best Film on Environment Conservation / Preservation Best Film on Family Welfare Best Film on National Integration Best Film on Other Social Issues Special Jury Award Special Mention Silver Lotus Awards ( Regional ) Languages specified in the Eighth schedule of the Constitution of India : Assamese Bodo Bengali English Dogri Gujarati Hindi Kannada Kashmiri Konkani Maithili Malayalam Meitei Marathi Odia Punjabi Sanskrit Tamil Telugu Urdu Languages other than those specified in the Eighth schedule of the Constitution : Bhojpuri Haryanvi Jasari Khasi Kodava Kokborok Ladakhi Mishing Mizo Monpa Rabha Sherdukpen Tulu Wancho Discontinued Awards Second Best Feature Film Third Best Feature Film Best Story Best Film Based on High Literary Work Non-Feature Films Golden Lotus Awards Best Non-Feature Film Best Director Silver Lotus Awards Best First Film of a Director Best Audiography Best Cinematography Best Editing Best Music Direction Best Narration / Voice Over Best Agriculture Film Best Animation Film Best Anthropological / Ethnographic Film Best Arts / Cultural Film Best Biographical Film Best Educational / Motivational / Instructional Film Best Environment / Conservation / Preservation Film Best Exploration / Adventure Film Best Film on Family Welfare Best Historical Reconstruction / Compilation Film Best Investigative Film Best Promotional Film Best Scientific Film Best Short Fiction Film Best Film on Social Issues Special Jury Award Special Mention Discontinued Awards Best Experimental Film Best Filmstrip Best Industrial Film Best News Review Best Newsreel Cameraman Writing on Cinema Golden Lotus Awards Best Book on Cinema Best Film Critic Special Awards Special Jury Award / Special Mention ( Book on Cinema ) Special Jury Award / Special Mention ( Film Critic ) Awards by year 1953 -- 1960 1953 ( 1st ) 1954 ( 2nd ) 1955 ( 3rd ) 1956 ( 4th ) 1957 ( 5th ) 1958 ( 6th ) 1959 ( 7th ) 1960 ( 8th ) 1961 -- 1980 1961 ( 9th ) 1962 ( 10th ) 1963 ( 11th ) 1964 ( 12th ) 1965 ( 13th ) 1966 ( 14th ) 1967 ( 15th ) 1968 ( 16th ) 1969 ( 17th ) 1970 ( 18th ) 1971 ( 19th ) 1972 ( 20th ) 1973 ( 21st ) 1974 ( 22nd ) 1975 ( 23rd ) 1976 ( 24th ) 1977 ( 25th ) 1978 ( 26th ) 1979 ( 27th ) 1980 ( 28th ) 1981 -- 2000 1981 ( 29th ) 1982 ( 30th ) 1983 ( 31st ) 1984 ( 32nd ) 1985 ( 33rd ) 1986 ( 34th ) 1987 ( 35th ) 1988 ( 36th ) 1989 ( 37th ) 1990 ( 38th ) 1991 ( 39th ) 1992 ( 40th ) 1993 ( 41st ) 1994 ( 42nd ) 1995 ( 43rd ) 1996 ( 44th ) 1997 ( 45th ) 1998 ( 46th ) 1999 ( 47th ) 2000 ( 48th ) 2001 -- present 2001 ( 49th ) 2002 ( 50th ) 2003 ( 51st ) 2004 ( 52nd ) 2005 ( 53rd ) 2006 ( 54th ) 2007 ( 55th ) 2008 ( 56th ) 2009 ( 57th ) 2010 ( 58th ) 2011 ( 59th ) 2012 ( 60th ) 2013 ( 61st ) 2014 ( 62nd ) 2015 ( 63rd ) 2016 ( 64th ) 2017 ( 65th ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=65th_National_Film_Awards&oldid=855996410 '' Categories : National Film Awards ceremonies 2018 Indian film awards Hidden categories : Use Indian English from February 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from February 2018 Pages using infobox film awards with the award org parameter Pages using infobox film awards with the presenting org parameter Pages using infobox film awards with the best book parameter Pages using infobox film awards with the best critic parameter Pages using infobox film awards with the lifetime achievement parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी മലയാളം తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2018 , at 06 : 15 ( UTC ) . 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the most significant artistic works of the early medieval west were
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Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England
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architecture of the medieval cathedrals of england
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The medieval cathedrals of England , which date from between approximately 1040 and 1540 , are a group of twenty - six buildings that constitute a major aspect of the country 's artistic heritage and are among the most significant material symbols of Christianity . Though diversified in style , they are united by a common function . As cathedrals , each of these buildings serves as central church for an administrative region ( or diocese ) and houses the throne of a bishop ( Late Latin ecclēsia cathedrālis , from the Greek , καθέδρα ) . Each cathedral also serves as a regional centre and a focus of regional pride and affection .
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Only sixteen of these buildings had been cathedrals at the time of the Reformation : eight that were served by secular canons , and eight that were monastic . A further five cathedrals are former abbey churches which were reconstituted with secular canons as cathedrals of new dioceses by Henry VIII following the dissolution of the monasteries and which comprise , together with the former monastic cathedrals , the `` Cathedrals of the New Foundation '' . Two further pre-Reformation monastic churches , which had survived as ordinary parish churches for 350 years , became cathedrals in the 19th and 20th centuries , as did the three medieval collegiate churches that retained their foundations for choral worship . While there are characteristics of each building that are distinctly English , these cathedrals are marked by their architectural diversity , both from one to another and also within each individual building . This is much more the case than in the medieval cathedrals of Northern France , for example , where the cathedrals and large abbeys form a relatively homogenous group and the architectural development can easily be traced from building to building . One of the points of interest of the English cathedrals is the way in which much of the history of medieval architecture can be demonstrated within a single building , which typically has important parts constructed in several different centuries with no attempt whatever to make the later work match or follow through on an earlier plan . For this reason a comprehensive architectural chronology must jump backwards and forwards from one building to another . Only at one building , Salisbury Cathedral , is stylistic unity demonstrated . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Historical 1.2 Scope 1.3 Liturgical and organisational 2 General characteristics of English cathedrals 2.1 Plan and section 2.2 Length 2.3 Height 2.4 Towers 2.5 Facades 2.6 Eastern end 2.7 External appearance 2.8 Internal appearance 2.8. 1 Horizontal emphasis 2.8. 2 Complex vaulting 3 Architectural styles 3.1 Saxon 3.2 Norman 3.3 Lancet Gothic 3.4 Decorated Gothic 3.5 Perpendicular Gothic 4 Architectural diversity 4.1 The building of Salisbury Cathedral 4.2 The building of Worcester Cathedral 5 Famous features of the cathedrals 5.1 Bristol Cathedral 5.2 Canterbury Cathedral 5.3 Carlisle Cathedral 5.4 Chester Cathedral 5.5 Chichester Cathedral 5.6 Durham Cathedral 5.7 Ely Cathedral 5.8 Exeter Cathedral 5.9 Gloucester Cathedral 5.10 Hereford Cathedral 5.11 Lichfield Cathedral 5.12 Lincoln Cathedral 5.13 Manchester Cathedral 5.14 Norwich Cathedral 5.15 Oxford Cathedral 5.16 Peterborough Cathedral 5.17 Ripon Cathedral 5.18 Rochester Cathedral 5.19 St Albans Cathedral 5.20 Salisbury Cathedral 5.21 Southwark Cathedral 5.22 Southwell Minster 5.23 Wells Cathedral 5.24 Winchester Cathedral 5.25 Worcester Cathedral 5.26 York Minster 6 Architects 7 See also 8 Notes and references 9 Further reading 10 External links to cathedral websites 11 External links Background ( edit ) Historical ( edit ) The See of Canterbury was founded in 597 by St. Augustine . Christianity was carried to England by the Romans and spread throughout Britain , until the 5th century , when it waned through the departure of the Romans and the invasion by Saxons . In 597 Pope Gregory sent Augustine as a missionary from Rome to Canterbury where a church was established and run initially by secular canons , then Benedictine monks from the late Saxon period until 1540 . The present cathedral church at Canterbury is the seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury , Primate of All England . As begun by Alfred the Great in 871 and consolidated under William the Conqueror in 1066 , England became a politically unified entity at an earlier date than other European countries . One of the effects was that the units of government , both of church and state , were comparatively large . England was divided into the See of Canterbury and the See of York under two archbishops . During the Medieval period there were no more than 17 bishops , far fewer than the numbers in France and Italy . Rochester Cathedral was a foundation of secular canons from 604 - 1076 , then Benedictine until 1540 when it reverted to a secular chapter . Benedictine monasticism , present in England from the 6th century , was greatly extended after the Norman Invasion in 1066 . There were also a number of Cistercian abbeys , but these were often in remote areas and not destined to become cathedrals . The Romanesque architecture of Normandy replaced that of Saxon England , the buildings being generally larger and more spacious , the general arrangement of monastic buildings following those of the great Abbey of Cluny . The Romanesque style , of which the English form is often known as Norman architecture , developed local characteristics . At the Norman conquest , most English cathedrals were already richly endowed , and as major centres of Norman power they were then able to acquire further lands formerly held by dispossessed English landowners . Furthermore , the development of tithe as a compulsory tax on agricultural production resulted in greatly increased incomes for incumbent clergy . Although all cathedrals gathered donations from worshippers and pilgrims ; in practice major building campaigns were largely , or entirely , funded from the accumulated wealth of the bishop and the chapter clergy . The availability of finance largely determined the speed of construction for major projects . When money was readily available , cathedral works could proceed with great speed . At Winchester , during the Norman period , an entire cathedral of unprecedented size was built from scratch in less than 20 years . An important aspect in the practice of medieval Christianity was the veneration of saints , and the associated pilgrimages to places where particular saint 's relics were interred and their tradition honoured . The possession of the relics of a popular saint was a source of funds to the individual church as the faithful made donations and benefices in the hope that they might receive spiritual aid , a blessing or a healing from the presence of the physical remains of the holy person . Among those churches to benefit in particular were St. Alban 's Abbey , which contained the relics of England 's first Christian martyr , Ripon with the shrine of it founder St. Wilfrid ; Durham , which was built to house the body of Saints Cuthbert of Lindisfarne ; and Aidan , Ely with the shrine of St. Ethelreda , Westminster Abbey with the magnificent shrine of its founder St. Edward the Confessor and at Chichester , the remains of St. Richard . The relics of the murdered archbishop , Thomas Becket , brought great wealth to Canterbury Cathedral . All these saints brought pilgrims to their churches , but among them the most renowned was Thomas Becket , the late Archbishop of Canterbury , assassinated by henchmen of King Henry II in 1170 . As a place of pilgrimage Canterbury was , in the 13th century , second only to Santiago de Compostela . In the 1170s Gothic architecture was introduced from France at Canterbury and Westminster Abbey . Over the next 400 years it developed in England , sometimes in parallel with and influenced by Continental forms , but generally with great local diversity and originality . In the 16th century the Reformation brought about changes in the governance of the cathedrals as discussed below . Some existent buildings became cathedrals at this time . Several of the buildings were structurally damaged or left incomplete because of the Dissolution of the Monasteries , 1537 -- 40 . Many of the large abbey churches , particularly those outside the towns , were robbed , burnt out and abandoned . The late 16th and early 17th centuries saw repairs to the fabric of many cathedrals and some new building and stained glass as well as many new fittings . The reredos in St. Alban 's Cathedral was severely damaged in the Dissolution of the Monasteries . It was reconstructed with new statues in 1888 . During the period of the Commonwealth , 1649 -- 60 , wholesale iconoclasm was wrought on all the pictorial elements of Christian buildings . Most of England 's medieval stained glass was smashed . The majority of England 's medieval statues were smashed or defaced leaving only a few isolated examples intact . Medieval paintings almost disappeared . Vestments embroidered in the famous style known as Opus Anglicanum were burnt . Those medieval Communion vessels that had escaped the Dissolution were melted down so that only about 50 items of pre-Reformation church plate remain . The Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660 also brought about some restoration of churches and cathedrals such as that at Lichfield by Sir William Wilson , and their enrichment with new fittings , new church plate and many elaborate memorials . The loss of the ancient St. Paul 's Cathedral in the Great Fire of London in 1666 meant that an entirely new cathedral , the present St Paul 's , was built on its site to a design in the Baroque style by Sir Christopher Wren . In general , from the time of the Reformation onwards , apart from necessary repairs so that buildings might remain in use , and the internal adornments of successive generations who wished to be commemorated , there was little building work and only piecemeal restoration . This situation lasted for about 250 years with the fabric of many major cathedrals suffering from neglect . The severity of the problem was demonstrated by the spectacular collapse of the spire of Chichester Cathedral , which suddenly telescoped in on itself in 1861 . The nave of Southwark Cathedral was built by Arthur Blomfield in the 1890s . By this date medieval architecture was back in fashion . A growing awareness of the value of England 's medieval heritage had begun in the late 18th century , leading to some work on a number of the cathedrals by the architect James Wyatt . The consciousness accelerated until in the 1840s two academic groups , the Oxford Society and the Cambridge Camden Society both pronounced that the only suitable style in which to design a church was Gothic . The critic John Ruskin was an ardent advocate of all things medieval and popularised these ideas . The architect Augustus Welby Pugin , who designed mainly for the growing Roman Catholic Church , set himself to recreate not only the structural appearance of medieval churches , but also the richly decorated and colourful interiors that had been almost entirely lost , existing only as a painted screen here and there , a few tiled floors such as those at Winchester and Canterbury and the intricate painted wooden ceiling of Peterborough Cathedral . The Victorian era saw the restoration of all of England 's cathedrals and remaining major abbey churches . Some buildings left incomplete were completed at this time and the greater part of existent church furniture , fittings and stained glass dates from this period . The architects included George Gilbert Scott , John Loughborough Pearson , George Frederick Bodley , Arthur Blomfield and George Edmund Street . Scope ( edit ) Main article : Historical development of Church of England dioceses Lincoln Cathedral had a chapter of secular canons , for whom the earliest polygonal chapter house was built . The 26 cathedrals described in this article are those of Bristol , Canterbury , Carlisle , Chester , Chichester , Durham , Ely , Exeter , Gloucester , Hereford , Lichfield , Lincoln , Manchester Norwich , Oxford , Peterborough , Ripon , Rochester , St. Alban 's , Salisbury , Southwark , Southwell , Wells , Winchester , Worcester and York with reference also to Westminster Abbey and the ancient cathedral of London generally known as Old St. Paul 's . All the medieval buildings that are now cathedrals of England were Roman Catholic in origin , as they predate the Reformation . All these buildings now serve the Church of England as a result of the change to the official religion of the country , which occurred in 1534 during the reign of Henry VIII . The cathedrals fall into three distinct groups , depending on their earlier organisational structure . Firstly , there are those that , during the Medieval period as now , were governed by a body of secular clergy or chapter , presided over by a dean . These cathedrals are Chichester , Exeter , Hereford , Lichfield , Lincoln , London , Salisbury , Wells , and York , all of which built specifically to serve as cathedral churches . The fan - vaulted south range of the cloister at Gloucester Cathedral , which was a Benedictine Abbey from 1022 to 1539 . Secondly , there was a group of monastic cathedrals in which the bishop was titular abbot . These cathedrals are Canterbury , Carlisle , Durham , Ely , Norwich , Rochester , Winchester and Worcester . These monasteries were Benedictine except in the case of Carlisle , which was Augustinian . Six of these churches were built from the start as cathedrals . Carlisle and Ely are purely monastic churches , which then became the seat of a bishop during the course of construction . At the Dissolution of the Monasteries under Henry VIII , all the previously monastic cathedrals became governed by secular canons like the first group . The third group are those churches established as new cathedrals since the Reformation . They include five great medieval abbey churches established as new cathedrals under Henry VIII : Bristol , Chester , Gloucester , Oxford , and Peterborough . Five further large churches later became cathedrals : St Albans and Southwark , which were of monastic foundation , and Manchester , Ripon , and Southwell , which were collegiate churches ( and all of which consequently combine the functions of cathedral and parish church ) . Westminster Abbey was a Benedictine monastery that became a cathedral after the Dissolution of the Monasteries , but only for ten years . Four other churches are associated with this tradition : St John the Baptist 's Church , Chester , Old St. Paul 's Cathedral , London , Bath Abbey and the destroyed Benedictine Abbey of Coventry . The collegiate church of St John in Chester was raised to cathedral status in 1075 , but became a co-cathedral in 1102 , when the see was removed to Coventry . The current building was probably begun around the time of the see 's removal . St. Paul 's , a cathedral with a secular chapter , was destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666 and was replaced by the present cathedral in the Baroque style designed by Christopher Wren . Bath Abbey was co-cathedral of the Diocese of Bath and Wells , along with Wells Cathedral . Although a large church , architecturally it does not fit the cathedral tradition , but has much in common with King 's College Chapel , Cambridge and St. George 's Chapel , Windsor . The abbey church at Coventry , was co-cathedral with Lichfield and St John Chester in the Diocese of Lichfield , but was destroyed at the Dissolution . The large parish church of St. Michael 's , Coventry , became Coventry Cathedral in 1918 . It was bombed during World War II , leaving intact only its spire , regarded as one of the finest in England . The new Coventry Cathedral designed by Sir Basil Spence was consecrated in 1962 and adjoins the shell of the ancient church . Liturgical and organisational ( edit ) Main article : Cathedral Choir practice at York Minster . Cathedrals are places where the Christian rituals particular to a bishop , especially ordination and enthronement , can be performed , and are structured and furnished for these purposes . Each cathedral contains the seat of the local bishop , often literally a large throne . The bishop 's throne is located towards the eastern end of the cathedral , near the high altar , which is main focus of worship . On the altar is served the Eucharist , a symbolic meal of bread and wine in memory of Jesus ' last supper with his disciples . In the early Medieval period , the altar always contained , or was associated with , the relics of a saint . Sometimes the relics were held in a separate shrine , near the high altar . In this part of the church are often located the tombs of former bishops , typically arranged either side of the major shrine , so the worshipping congregation symbolically comprised the whole body of clergy of the diocese , both living and dead , in communion with their patron saint . Seats are provided for the other significant clergy of the cathedral : the dean who is the foremost priest at the cathedral , the precentor , sacristan , archdeacon and canons . Each of these priests , either as secular clergy , or as previously , members of a religious order , is obligated to say the `` Holy Office '' every day . To this end , cathedrals normally have a number of small chapels used for private devotion or for small groups . In England there is a strong tradition that each chapel should face the east . For this reason the transepts of English cathedrals are longer than those in most other countries , and there is often a second transept , as at Salisbury . This arrangement permits a greater number of eastward - facing chapels . That part of the main interior which is furthest to the east and reserved for the prayers of the clergy is the presbytery . The nave of Lincoln Cathedral English cathedrals maintain a traditional form of church service , of which canticles , the set psalm of the day , responses , and an anthem are sung by a choir traditionally composed of about thirty men and boys . ( Many cathedrals now also have a girls choir , and a lay choir ) . Because of this tradition , that part of the building that contains the stalls , usually to the east of the central tower but sometimes extending under it , is called the choir or quire . The choir is sometimes divided from the nave of the cathedral by a wide medieval screen constructed of stone and in some instances carrying a large pipe organ . This screen traditionally separated the quire from the nave and the clergy from the laity , who were expected to worship at parish churches , rather than at the cathedral . The nave of the cathedral , in medieval times , was used primarily for processions . At its western end it contains the font for the ritual washing service of Baptism , at which a person , most often an infant , is symbolically accepted into the church . The font is usually made of stone and is usually the oldest fitting in the cathedral , many of them being Norman . Since the Reformation , the nave is that part of the building which is usually open to and most used by the congregation and general public . There is also , usually in the nave , a raised pulpit from which the dean or other clergy can expound the scriptures . In the late 20th century it became customary in some cathedrals for an hourly prayer to be said , for the benefit of visitors , and this is often presented from the nave pulpit . In a large cathedral , particularly in those where the building is divided by a screen as at Canterbury , an altar may be set at the eastern end of the nave so that services might be held there for large congregations . At each place where services are held there is a lectern on which rests a Bible . General characteristics of English cathedrals ( edit ) Note : all the dimensions are those given by John Harvey unless otherwise cited . The periods and style names are those used by Banister Fletcher and others , based on Rickman and Sharpe . Plan and section ( edit ) The plan of Salisbury Cathedral shows many features that are typically English . Main article : Cathedral diagram Like the majority of medieval cathedrals , those of England are cruciform . While most are of the Latin Cross shape with a single transept , several including Salisbury , Lincoln , Wells and Canterbury have two transepts , which is a distinctly English characteristic . The transepts , unlike those of many French cathedrals , always project strongly . The cathedral , whether of monastic or secular foundation , often has several clearly defined subsidiary buildings , in particular the chapter house and cloister . With two exceptions , the naves and eastern arms of the cathedrals have single lower aisles on either side with a clerestory that illuminates the central space . At Bristol the aisles are at the same height as the medieval choir like some German cathedrals , and at Chichester there are two aisles on either side of the nave like some French cathedrals . At a number of the cathedrals where the transepts are large they also have aisles , either on the eastern side as at Peterborough , Durham , Lincoln and Salisbury or both , as at Winchester , Wells , Ely and York . Winchester Cathedral is the longest medieval church in the world , 169 metres ( 554 ft ) . Length ( edit ) The nave and sometimes the eastern arm are often of great length by comparison with the medieval cathedrals of other countries , seven of the twenty - five English cathedrals , Canterbury , Durham , Ely , Lincoln , St Albans , Winchester and York , exceeding 150 metres ( being between 509 and 554 feet ( 155 and 169 m ) ) , only equalled by the cathedrals of Milan and Florence . Another nine of the cathedrals , Norwich , Peterborough , Salisbury , Worcester , Gloucester , Wells , Exeter , Chichester and Lichfield , are between 397 and 481 feet ( 121 and 147 m ) long . By comparison , the largest cathedrals of Northern France , Notre Dame de Paris , Amiens , Rouen , Reims and Chartres , are all about 135 -- 140 metres in length , as is Cologne in Germany . The longest cathedrals of Spain , including Seville , which has the largest floor area of any medieval church , are about 120 metres . Five English cathedrals : Chester , Hereford , Rochester , Southwell , and Ripon are between 318 and 371 feet ( 97 and 113 m ) in length . The last four cathedrals all , for various reasons , either have no medieval nave or only a few remaining bays . At Bristol and Southwark the naves were built in the Victorian era , leaving Carlisle and Oxford , with naves of only two and four bays respectively , as the smallest of England 's ancient cathedrals at 73 metres ( 240 ft ) and 57 metres ( 187 ft ) The nave of Winchester , gives an impression of height as well as length , but at 24 metres ( 78 ft ) it is half the height of Beauvais . Height ( edit ) By contrast with their tendency towards extreme length , the vaults of English cathedrals are low compared with many of those found in other countries . The highest medieval stone vault in England is at Westminster Abbey at 102 feet ( 31 m ) , that at York Minster being of the same height but despite its appearance , not actually of stone , but wood . The majority of English cathedrals have vaults ranging in height from 20 to 26 metres ( 66 to 85 ft ) . These contrast with cathedrals such as Beauvais , Amiens and Cologne with internal heights of over 42 metres ( 138 ft ) . Towers ( edit ) An important feature of English cathedrals , uncommon elsewhere except in Normandy , is the large and often elaborate square central tower over the crossing . The larger of these towers range from 55 metres ( 180 ft ) at Wells to 83 metres ( 271 ft ) at Lincoln . The central tower may exist as a single feature as at Salisbury , Gloucester , Worcester , Norwich and Chichester or in combination with paired towers at the west front as at York , Lincoln , Canterbury , Durham and Wells . Among the cathedrals that have three towers , the central tower is usually much the tallest . At Southwell the two western towers are capped by pyramidal spires sheathed in lead . The central tower of Canterbury Cathedral is 72 metres ( 235 ft ) . Tall Gothic central spires remain at Salisbury and Norwich , that at Chichester having been rebuilt in the 19th century after its collapse . The spire of Salisbury at 404 feet ( 123 m ) is the tallest in Britain . It is also the tallest 14th - century spire , the tallest ashlar masonry spire ( as against the openwork spires of Germany and France ) , and tallest spire in the world that remains from the Medieval period that has not been entirely rebuilt . However , it was greatly surpassed in height by the spires of Lincoln and Old St. Paul 's . At Lincoln , between the early 14th century and 1548 , the central tower was surmounted by the tallest spire in the world at about 170 metres ( 557 ft ) but this fell in a storm . Lichfield Cathedral , uniquely in England , has three medieval masonry spires . Although single western towers are common in English parish churches , only one medieval cathedral , Ely , retains a centrally placed western tower , and in that case , it was framed by two lower lateral towers , one of which has since fallen down . Ely , alone among England 's cathedrals , has a central feature over the crossing that somewhat resembles the polygonal vaulted lantern towers of Spain . This elaborate lantern - like structure known as `` The Octagon '' spans both the nave and aisles , and is thus said to have inspired Christopher Wren 's design for the dome of St. Paul 's Cathedral . Its upper parts are supported by hidden wooden hammer - beams , an architectural device unique to English Gothic . Facades ( edit ) Exeter Cathedral has a screen with much original sculpture . The facades of English cathedrals show a considerable diversity , rather than a consistent progression , as is the case in Northern France and other cathedrals influenced by the French Gothic style . In many cases , regardless of the architectural form , the English façade was treated as a decorative screen with many niches occupied by statues . A great number of these were toppled or defaced during the 17th century , however a `` Gallery of Kings '' remains high on the façade of Lincoln , and many of the original weather - worn figures remain at Exeter . Most English cathedral facades fall into two basic types , with several variations . The most typical cathedrals are those that have large paired towers at their western end , as at Canterbury , Durham , Southwell , Wells , Ripon and York . Wells Cathedral has towers , a sculpture gallery and lancet windows . Between the towers is either a single large traceried window , as at York and Canterbury , or an arrangement of untraceried lancets , as at Ripon and Wells , rather than the rose windows typical of French facades . There are usually three doors but unlike those of French cathedrals , they are rarely highly elaborate and far more emphasis is placed on the central door than those to either side . The entrance in most common use is sometimes located in a porch at one side of the nave . Where there are not two large towers at the west front , there are generally two pinnacled turrets that frame the façade or the central nave much in the nature of very large buttresses . This arrangement may be seen at Salisbury , Winchester and Rochester . The Early English facade of Peterborough Cathedral is unique . At Lincoln a vast Gothic screen with similar buttress - like terminals was built across the front of the cathedral , incorporating the Norman portals , but hiding the Norman towers . The towers were then greatly heightened to be visible above the screen . A Gothic screen was also added to the Norman nave at Peterborough , but this is an architectural oddity with no precedent or successor . The screen is composed of three enormous open arches , the two outer ones being much wider than that which frames the central door . The overwhelming composition is somewhat spoilt by the later porch and the fact that two towers of very different height pop up from behind the screen . Despite this , it is regarded as one of the supreme masterpieces of Gothic , revealing the enormous diversity and imagination of English medieval architects . Ripon Cathedral has a `` cliff - like '' east end typical of English Gothic . Eastern end ( edit ) Main article : Architectural development of the eastern end of cathedrals in England and France The eastern ends of English cathedrals show a greater diversity than those of any other country . Those built in the Norman era had high apsidal ends surrounded by a lower ambulatory , as is typical of Northern France . This arrangement still exists at Norwich and in part at Peterborough and also , with variation , in the Early English Gothic east end at Canterbury , but in every other case has been modified . The typical arrangement for an English Gothic east end is square , and may be an unbroken cliff - like design as at York , Lincoln , Ripon , Ely and Carlisle or may have a projecting Lady Chapel of which there is a great diversity as at Salisbury , Lichfield , Hereford , Exeter and Chichester . The ends of Norwich and Canterbury also have projecting chapels , that at Norwich being a Gothic addition to the Norman east end , while that at Canterbury , known as the Corona , being designed as part of the Early English plan , specifically to enshrine the relic of the crown of Thomas Becket 's skull , sliced off at the time of his assassination . The east ends of a number of other cathedrals , such as Durham , Peterborough and Gloucester , have been modified in various ways and do not fit any particular model . Lichfield Cathedral , postcard , 1888 . External appearance ( edit ) As English cathedrals are often surrounded by an expanse of green lawn , the plan is usually clearly visible at ground level , which is not the case with the many European cathedrals that are closely surrounded by town or monastic buildings . The general impression is that the English cathedral sprawls across its site with many projecting limbs . These horizontal projections are visibly balanced by the strong verticals of the massive towers , which may be one , two or three in number . Many of the cathedrals , particularly those like Winchester , St. Albans and Peterborough where the towers are not particularly high , give an impression of tremendous length and have been described as resembling `` aircraft carriers '' . Salisbury Cathedral , oil painting , John Constable , 1820s . While all the cathedrals are impressive , some , because of their location , are highly significant landmarks and landscape elements . Among these is Chichester , which can be seen for many miles across a landscape of open fields and is the only one of England 's cathedrals that is visible from the sea . The grey spire of Norwich rises serenely from its surrounding city , to be a focus of the Norwich School of landscape painters . Ely , on a small hill , dominates the rural countryside and its appearance in times of flood causes it to be known as The Ship of the Fens . The three spires of Lichfield are known as The Ladies of the Vale . The `` exquisite tower '' of Worcester is seen best across the River Severn . Lincoln with its vast façade and three towers , the tallest being over 80 metres ( 270 ft ) , rises majestically from a steep hill above the town . Salisbury Cathedral with its `` faultless spire '' constitutes one of the iconic views of England , made famous by the landscape painter John Constable . In the north of England , Durham makes a `` spectacular '' view as it sits dramatically on its steep rocky peninsula above the River Wear , `` half Church of God , half castle ' gainst the Scots '' . Internal appearance ( edit ) In Wells Cathedral the horizontal is emphasised , rather than the vertical . Horizontal emphasis ( edit ) Because the architecture of English cathedrals is so diverse and inventive , the internal appearances differ a great deal . However , in general , English cathedral interiors tend to give an impression of length . This is in part because many of the buildings are actually very long , but also because more than in the medieval architecture of any other country , the horizontal direction is given as much visual emphasis as the vertical . This is particularly the case at Wells where , unlike most Gothic buildings , there are no vertical shafts that continue from the arcade to the vault and there is a very strong emphasis on the triforium gallery with its seemingly endless and undifferentiated row of narrow arches . Salisbury has a similar lack of verticals while the course below the triforium and the undecorated capitals of Purbeck stone create strong visual horizontals . In the cases of Winchester , Norwich and Exeter the horizontal effect is created by the emphasis on the ridge rib of the elaborate vaults . Lierne vaulting at Winchester Complex vaulting ( edit ) The complexity of the vault is another significant feature of English cathedrals . The vaults range from the simple quadripartite vault in the French manner at Chichester through increasingly elaborate forms including the multi-ribbed ( `` tierceron '' ) vault at Exeter , the similar vault with inter-connecting ( `` lierne '' ) ribs at Norwich , the still more elaborate variation at Winchester , the array of unique lierne vaults at Bristol , the net - like stellar vaulting of the choirs at Gloucester and York , the fan vaulting of the retro - choir at Peterborough , and the pendant vaulting of the choir at Oxford , where elaborate long stone bosses are suspended from the ceiling like lanterns . Many of the more elaborate forms are unique to England , with stellar vaulting also occurring in Spain and Germany . Architectural styles ( edit ) The Norman interior of Peterborough Cathedral . Main article : Romanesque architecture Main article : English Gothic architecture Saxon ( edit ) While in most cases a Norman church entirely replaced a Saxon one , at Ripon the cathedral uniquely retains its early Saxon crypt , while a similar crypt also survives below the former cathedral of Hexham . At Winchester the excavated foundations of the 10th - century cathedral -- when built , the largest church in northern Europe -- are marked on grass of the cathedral close . At Worcester , a new cathedral was built in the Norman style from 1084 , but the crypt contains re-used stonework and columns from its two Saxon predecessor churches . Elsewhere , the abbey church of Sherborne preserves much masonry from the former Saxon cathedral , in the west front , transepts and crossing , so that the nave and crossing of present late medieval abbey retains the proportions of the previous Saxon structure . Norman ( edit ) The comprehensive reconstruction of the Saxon cathedral churches of England by the Normans represented the single largest ecclesiastical building programme of medieval Europe and when built , these were the biggest structures to have been erected in Christian Europe since the end of the Roman Empire . All the medieval cathedrals of England , with the exception of Salisbury , Lichfield and Wells have evidence of Norman architecture . Peterborough , Durham and Norwich remain for the greater part Norman buildings , while at many others there are substantial parts of the building in the Norman style , such as the naves of Ely , Gloucester and Southwell , and the transepts at Winchester . The Norman architecture is distinguished by its round - headed arches , and bold tiers of arcades on piers , which originally supported flat wooden roofs of which two survive , at Peterborough and Ely . Columns , where used , are massive , as in the nave at Gloucester , and are alternated with piers at Durham . Mouldings were cut with geometric designs and arcading was a major decorative form , particularly externally . Little figurative sculpture has survived , notably the `` barbaric '' ornament around the west doors at Lincoln , the bestial capitals of the crypt at Canterbury and the tympanum of the west door at Rochester . Lancet Gothic at Salisbury Cathedral . Lancet Gothic ( edit ) Many of the cathedrals have major parts in the late - 12th - to - early - 13th - century style known as Lancet Gothic or Early English Gothic , and defined by its simple , untraceried lancet - like openings . Salisbury Cathedral is the major example of this style , which is also seen at Wells and Worcester , at the eastern arms of Canterbury , Hereford and Southwark , and at the transepts of York . Also of this period is the spectacular façade of Peterborough , and the less grand but harmonious façade of Ripon . Decorated Gothic ( edit ) The Decorated Gothic style , with traceried windows , is further subdivided dependent upon whether the tracery is Geometric or Curvilinear . Many cathedrals have important parts in the Geometric style of the mid 13th to early 14th centuries , including much of Lincoln , Lichfield , the choir of Ely and the chapter houses of Salisbury and Southwell . By the late 13th century the style of tracery evolved to include a greater number of narrow shapes that adapted easily to Gothic openings in combination with circular shapes as can be seen in the windows of the chapter house of York , the Octagon of Ely and the west window of Exeter . Decorated Gothic at Exeter Cathedral . Further development included the repetition of Curvilinear or flame - like forms that occur in a great number of windows of around 1320 , notably in the retro - choir at Wells and the nave of Exeter Cathedral . This type of tracery is often seen in combination with vaulting ribs of extreme projection and very rich moulding , as is seen in the chapter house at Wells , and the vault at Exeter , which stretches , uninterrupted by a central tower , for 91 metres ( 300 ft ) and is the longest medieval vault in the world . The last stage of Curvilinear or Flowing Decorated Gothic , is expressed in tracery of very varied and highly complex forms . Many of the largest and most famous windows of England date from 1320 -- 30 and are in this style . They include the south transept rose window known as the `` Bishop 's Eye '' at Lincoln , the `` Heart of Yorkshire '' window in the west end of York and the famous nine - light east window of Carlisle . There are many smaller architectural works within cathedrals which have the curvilinear tracery . These include the arcading in the Lady Chapel at Ely , which also has the widest vault in England , the pulpitum screen at Lincoln and richly decorated doorways at Ely and Rochester . Characteristic of this period of Gothic is elaborate lierne vaulting in which the main ribs are connected by intermediate ribs which do not spring from the wall and so are not major structural members . The vaults of Bristol are the most famous examples of this style , which can also be seen at York . The Perpendicular choir of York Minster . Perpendicular Gothic ( edit ) In the 1330s , when the architects of Europe were embracing the Flamboyant style , English architecture moved away from the Flowing Decorated in an entirely different and much more sober direction with the reconstruction , in highly modular form , of the choir of the Norman abbey , now cathedral , at Gloucester . The Perpendicular style , which relies on a network of intersecting mullions and transoms rather than on a diversity of richly carved forms for effect , gives an overall impression of great unity , in which the structure of the vast windows of both clerestory and east end are integrated with the arcades below and the vault above . The style proved very adaptable and continued with variations in the naves of Canterbury and Winchester , and in the choir of York . During the 15th century , many of England 's finest towers were either built or extended in the Perpendicular style including those of the cathedrals of Gloucester , Worcester , Wells , York , Durham and Canterbury , and the spires of Chichester and Norwich . The design of church interiors went through a final stage that lasted into the 16th century . This was the development of fan vaulting , first used in about 1370 in the cloisters at Gloucester , then in the retrochoir at Peterborough in the early 15th century . In a still more elaborate form with stone pendants it was used to roof the Norman choir at Oxford and in the great funerary chapel of Henry VII at Westminster Abbey , at a time when Italy had embraced the Renaissance . This view of Chichester Cathedral shows four distinct architectural styles . Architectural diversity ( edit ) The plan of Salisbury Cathedral is that most often reproduced in architectural histories for the purpose of comparing English Gothic architecture with that of France , Italy and other countries . It has many features that , on paper at least , are typical . The plan of Worcester Cathedral , for example , closely resembles that of Salisbury . Both have two transepts , a large central tower , a large porch to the north side of the nave , a cloister to the south , off which opens a polygonal chapter house . Internally , there are also strong visual similarities in the simple lancet windows of the east end and the contrasting profusion of Purbeck marble shafts . But the histories of the two buildings are very different . Salisbury Cathedral took 160 years to complete , from its foundations in 1220 to the top of its massive spire in 1380 . Worcester took 420 years from its Norman crypt of 1084 to its chapel in memory of Prince Arthur in 1504 . The history of Worcester is much more representative of the history of most of England 's medieval cathedrals than is that of Salisbury . Salisbury Cathedral , 1220 -- 1380 . The building of Salisbury Cathedral ( edit ) An earlier cathedral was located , between 1075 and 1228 , on the hill top near the ancient fort at Old Sarum . In the early 13th century it was decided to move the location of the cathedral to the plain . The new building was designed in the Lancet Gothic style ( otherwise known as Early English Gothic ) by Elias of Dereham and Nicholas of Ely and begun in 1220 , starting at the eastern end , and rising westward until by 1258 it was complete , except for the façade and central tower . The façade , huge cloister and polygonal chapter house were then constructed by Richard Mason and were completed by about 1280 , the later work employing Geometric Decorated tracery in the openings of windows and arcades . It was about fifty years before the major undertaking of the tower and spire was commenced , the architect being Richard Farleigh and the details being rather more intricate and elaborate than the earlier work . The entire cathedral was complete by 1380 , and the only subsequent inclusion of note has been the reinforcement of the arches of the tower when one of the piers developed a bend . This three - part building program spanning 160 years with a fifty - year gap in the middle is the shortest and least diverse and makes Salisbury by far the most homogenous of all the cathedrals . Worcester Cathedral , 1084 -- 1504 . The building of Worcester Cathedral ( edit ) Worcester Cathedral , unlike Salisbury , has important parts of the building dating from every century from the 11th to the 16th . The earliest part of the building at Worcester is the multi-columned Norman crypt with cushion capitals remaining from the original monastic church begun by St Wulfstan in 1084 . Also from the Norman period is the circular chapter house of 1120 , made octagonal on the outside when the walls were reinforced in the 14th century . The nave was built and rebuilt piecemeal and in different styles by several different architects over a period of 200 years , some bays being a unique and decorative transition between Norman and Gothic . It dates from 1170 to 1374 . The east end was rebuilt over the Norman crypt by Alexander Mason between 1224 and 1269 , coinciding with , and in a very similar Early English style to the greater part of Salisbury . From 1360 John Clyve finished off the nave , built its vault , the west front , the north porch and the eastern range of the cloister . He also strengthened the Norman chapter house , added buttresses and changed its vault . His masterpiece is the central tower of 1374 , originally supporting a timber , lead - covered spire , now gone . Between 1404 and 1432 an unknown architect added the north and south ranges to the cloister , which was eventually closed by the western range by John Chapman , 1435 -- 38 . The last important addition is the Prince Arthur 's Chantry Chapel to the right of the south choir aisle , 1502 -- 04 . Famous features of the cathedrals ( edit ) The lierne vault of the chancel at Bristol . Bristol Cathedral ( edit ) Begun in 1140 and completed in 1888 , Bristol Cathedral 's fame lies in the unique 14th - century lierne vaults of the choir and choir aisles , which are of three different designs and , according to Nikolaus Pevsner , `` ... from a point of view of spatial imagination are superior to anything else in England . '' Canterbury Cathedral ( edit ) Founded as a cathedral in 597 , the earliest parts are from 1070 , completed 1505 , except the north west tower of 1834 . Canterbury is one of the biggest cathedrals in England , and seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury . It is famous for the Norman crypt with sculptured capitals , the east end of 1175 -- 84 by William of Sens , the 12th - and 13th - century stained glass , the `` supremely beautiful '' Perpendicular nave of 1379 -- 1405 by Henry Yevele , the fan vault of the tower of 1505 by John Wastell , the tomb of the Black Prince and the site of the murder of St. Thomas Becket . Canterbury Cathedral , The Poor Man 's Bible window . Carlisle Cathedral ( edit ) Founded in 1092 and completed in the early 15th century , Carlisle Cathedral is one of England 's smallest cathedrals since the demolition of its nave by the Scottish Presbyterian Army in 1649 . Its most significant feature is its nine - light Flowing Decorated east window of 1322 , still containing medieval glass in its upper sections , forming a `` glorious termination to the choir '' and regarded by many as having the finest tracery in England . Chester Cathedral ( edit ) Built between 1093 and 1537 , Chester Cathedral includes a set of medieval choir stalls dating from 1380 , with exquisite figurative carving . An unusual feature is the very large south transept . The Early English Lady Chapel is a harmonious composition in Lancet Gothic . It retains substantial monastic buildings including a large refectory . Chichester Cathedral ( edit ) Built between 1088 and the early 15th century , the unusual features of Chichester Cathedral are a Transitional retro choir , a pair of early Norman relief carvings and its freestanding belfry of the 15th century . The spire , rebuilt after its collapse in 1860 , can be seen from the English Channel . `` The Octagon '' at Ely . Durham Cathedral ( edit ) Built between 1093 and 1490 , Durham Cathedral , with the exception of the upper parts of its towers , the eastern extension known as the Chapel of Nine Altars , and the large west window of 1341 , is entirely Norman and is regarded by Alec Clifton - Taylor as `` the incomparable masterpiece of Romanesque architecture '' . The interior is `` overwhelmingly impressive '' . The western Lady Chapel known as the Galilee Chapel is a unique Norman building different in style to the cathedral itself . The view of the cathedral from the south west is particularly famous because of its `` incomparable setting '' on a steep promontory above the River Wear . The Venerable C.J. Stranks wrote `` It stands today vast and impressive in its massive strength , and yet so well proportioned that there is nothing about it which seems ponderous . '' Ely Cathedral ( edit ) With the present building dating between 1090 and 1536 , Ely Cathedral has a significant Norman nave and Decorated Gothic choir , but its most important features are its unique western tower of 1174 and central octagon of 1322 , which Clifton - Taylor describes as `` one of the wonders of English cathedral architecture '' . It also has a unique , very large , free - standing Lady Chapel with a very wide vault and intricately carved stone arcades around the sedilia . The 11th - century south transept at Hereford . Exeter Cathedral ( edit ) Dating from 1112 to 1519 , Exeter Cathedral is the major example of a cathedral built mainly in the later Decorated Gothic style of the 14th century . It has an impressive vault , the longest medieval vault in the world , which runs between two Norman towers placed , uniquely among the cathedrals , over the transepts . Exeter has many sculptural details , including the figures of its west front . Gloucester Cathedral ( edit ) Dating from 1098 to 1493 , Gloucester Cathedral has a Norman nave with massive masonry piers , and a fine 15th - century Perpendicular tower , but its main feature is the eastern end , reconstructed in the 14th century as an early example of Perpendicular Gothic and with the largest medieval window in the world , the area of a tennis court . The cloisters have the earliest example of fan - vaulting . `` The Bishop 's Eye '' at Lincoln Hereford Cathedral ( edit ) Built between 1079 and 1530 , with a 19th - century west front , Hereford Cathedral has a Norman nave and large central tower . Other important features being the unusual style of the north transept and the north porch , also of the 13th century , but greatly extended in the 16th . Its Early English Lady Chapel is considered `` one of the most beautiful of the thirteenth century '' . Lichfield Cathedral ( edit ) Although dating from 1195 to about 1400 , Lichfield Cathedral has an interior which presents a harmonious appearance , much of which is due to its having undergone extensive restoration and refurnishing in the 19th century . The nave is very fine and the Lady Chapel is apsidal with very tall windows , giving a rather French impression . Lichfield is the only one of the cathedrals to have retained three spires . Lincoln Cathedral ( edit ) Dating from 1074 to 1548 , Lincoln Cathedral is one of the largest of England 's cathedrals and it has been claimed by John Ruskin that , architecturally , it is worth any two of the others put together . Edward Freeman described it as `` one of the loveliest of human works . '' It retains portions of the three massive arches of the Norman west front and much heavily restored sculpture around the central portal . The central tower is the tallest in England and is visible for many miles as it rises in spectacular fashion from a high hill . The decagonal Chapter House with its huge flying buttresses is the first polygonal chapter house in England . Of the interior , the finest part is considered to be the late - 13th - century `` Angel Choir '' with `` gorgeous layers of tracery '' and enriched with carved angels . The transepts have two rose windows , the `` Dean 's Eye '' on the north dating from c. 1200 and retaining its original glass , while the Flowing Decorated `` Bishop 's Eye '' on the south is filled with salvaged medieval fragments . The Norman tower and 15th - century spire of Norwich Manchester Cathedral ( edit ) Manchester Cathedral began as a parish church and was re-founded as a religious college in 1422 , much of its structure being designed by John Wastell ( 1485 to 1506 ) . It is very different in style from the earlier great churches , sometimes being listed with the 13 Anglican ' parish - church cathedrals ' . Double aisles give it the widest nave of any English cathedral ( 115 feet ) ; and it also has the richest set of late medieval choir stalls and misericords in the country . Norwich Cathedral ( edit ) Built between 1096 and 1536 , Norwich Cathedral has a Norman form , retaining the greater part of its original stone structure , which was then vaulted between 1416 and 1472 in a spectacular manner with hundreds of ornately carved , painted , and gilded bosses . It also has the finest Norman tower in England , surmounted by a 15th - century spire , and a large cloister with many more bosses . The pendant vaulting at Oxford Oxford Cathedral ( edit ) Dating from 1158 to the early 16th century , Oxford Cathedral was always a small cathedral and was made smaller by the destruction of much of the nave in the 16th century . The stone spire , from 1230 , is one of the oldest in England and contributes to Oxford 's tradition as `` the city of dreaming spires '' . Its most unusual feature is the late - 15th - century pendant vault over the Norman chancel . Peterborough Cathedral ( edit ) Built between 1117 and 1508 , Peterborough Cathedral is remarkable as the least altered of the Norman cathedrals with only its famous Early English west front , with its later porch and the Perpendicular rebuilding of the eastern ambulatory by John Wastell being in different styles . J.L. Cartwright wrote of the west front that it is `` as magnificent an entrance to a sacred building as could well be imagined . '' The long wooden roof of the nave is original and has retained its painting from 1220 . The painted ceiling at Peterborough Ripon Cathedral ( edit ) Dating from the 7th century to 1522 , Ripon Cathedral preserves the crypt of the original church built by Saint Wilfred . The west front is an unaltered and harmonious composition in Early English Gothic . The choir has retained richly carved 14th - century stalls , famous for the many lively figures among the carvings . Rochester Cathedral ( edit ) Dating from 1177 to 1512 , Rochester Cathedral has a Norman nave and crypt , and Early English choir . Its most remarkable feature is the rare , exuberantly carved Norman portal , which has , unfortunately , suffered much damage . The Norman west door at Rochester St. Albans Cathedral ( edit ) Built between 1077 and 1521 , St Albans Cathedral is unique among the cathedrals in that much of it , including the large Norman tower , is built of bricks salvaged from the Roman town of Verulamium . Both internally and externally , the tower is the most significant feature . St Albans also retains some medieval wall paintings , as well as a painted wooden roof of the late 13th century . Salisbury Cathedral ( edit ) Built between 1220 and 1380 with additional structural reinforcement in the next century , Salisbury Cathedral epitomises the ideal English Cathedral , even though its stylistic unity makes it far from typical . Its fame lies in its harmonious proportions , particularly from the exterior where the massing of the various horizontal parts in contrast to the vertical of the spire make it one of the most famous architectural compositions of the Medieval period . Canon Smethurst wrote `` It symbolises the peaceful loveliness of the English countryside ... , the eternal truths of the Christian faith expressed in stone ... '' The west front of Southwell Cathedral . Southwark Cathedral ( edit ) Built between 1220 and 1420 , Southwark Cathedral had its nave demolished and rebuilt in the late 19th century by Arthur Blomfield . It has a fine Early English tower and choir which retains an elaborate 16th - century reredos , fitted with statues replacing those destroyed in the 17th century . Southwell Minster ( edit ) Built between 1208 and 1520 , Southwell Minster has its Norman façade intact , except for the insertion of a large window in the Perpendicular Style to give light to the Norman nave . The particular fame of Southwell is its late - 13th - century chapter house , which contains the most famous medieval floral carvings in England , described by Nikolaus Pevsner as `` throbbing with life '' . The north transept at Winchester Wells Cathedral ( edit ) Built between 1175 and 1490 , Wells Cathedral has been described as `` the most poetic of the English Cathedrals '' . Much of the structure is in the Early English style and is greatly enriched by the deeply sculptural nature of the mouldings and the vitality of the carved capitals in a foliate style known as `` stiff leaf '' . The eastern end has retained much original glass , which is rare in England . The exterior has the finest Early English façade and a large central tower . Winchester Cathedral ( edit ) Built between 1079 and 1532 , Winchester Cathedral has had an unusual architectural history . The exterior , apart from the modified windows , gives the impression of a massive Norman building and indeed , it is the longest medieval church in the world . However , the west front is now Perpendicular , with its huge window filled with fragments of medieval glass . Inside , only the crypt and the transepts have retained their Norman appearance . The spectacular Perpendicular nave with its tall arcade arches and strong vertical emphasis has been literally carved out of the original Norman interior . The Very Rev. Sykes wrote of it `` Well might the visitor who enters ... by the west door gasp with amazement . '' Winchester is also famous for its carved wooden fittings of many different periods . The west window of York Minster . Worcester Cathedral ( edit ) Built between 1084 and 1504 , Worcester Cathedral represents every medieval style from Norman to Perpendicular . It is famous for its Norman crypt , and for its circular chapter house , which became the model from which derives the series of uniquely British polygonal chapter houses . Also notable are a series of unusual Transitional Gothic bays , fine woodwork and the central tower , which , though not large , is nevertheless of particularly fine proportions . York Minster ( edit ) Built between 1154 and 1500 , York Minster is one of the biggest Gothic churches in the world . The deceptively simple plan with square eastern and western ends and a single transept dividing the building into equal parts belies the architectural richness of this building . The remains of the Norman crypt indicate that the older building must have been as massive and ornamental in its architecture as Durham . The Early English transepts are both famous , that of the south having a complex arrangements of lancets and a rose window making up an entrance façade . On the north side are lancet windows called the `` Five Sisters '' each only 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) wide , but 57 feet ( 17 m ) tall . The interior of York is very spacious . The West front with its paired towers is a harmonious arrangement of the late Decorated period and the large central window has fine Flowing Decorated tracery called the `` Heart of Yorkshire '' , while the large eastern window is Perpendicular in style . A rare feature of York Minster is that these important windows have all retained their medieval glass , from c. 1270 , 1335 and 1405 , respectively . Architects ( edit ) The researches of John Harvey have uncovered the names of many English medieval architects , and by tracing stylistic characteristics , it has sometimes proved possible to track their careers from one building to another . Leading architects were highly paid - especially those employed in the King 's works - and they can often be identified from regular payments in cathedral accounts . No architectural drawings survive for any English cathedral earlier than 1525 ( although an engineer 's design for a proposed new water supply at Canterbury cathedral priory exists in a 12th - century plan ) . Architectural details , such as window tracery designs , were not executed as scale drawings , but were incised full - size onto a large flat gypsum tracing - floor , examples of which survive at York and Wells . Medieval construction was seasonal , work on site being undertaken only in the spring and summer , when the light was good and the weather more reliable . Each autumn , all exposed surfaces were covered and lagged against frost damage . The architects worked over winter in the tracing house ( that of York has both a fireplace and a privy ) to prepare designs for the next season 's campaign . They translated the designs into sets of planed oak cross-sectional templates , which were given to the stone - cutters . Construction of cathedrals and major churches almost invariably started at the eastern arm , and then proceeded westwards , with towers erected last . Robert the Mason , c 1100 , St Albans abbey William of Sens , d 1184 , Canterbury choir William the Englishman d 1214 , Canterbury choir Elias of Dereham d 1246 , Salisbury Michael of Canterbury d 1321 , Canterbury Henry Wy c 1324 , St Albans nave William Ramsey ( architect ) d 1349 , Norwich , Ely , Old St Paul 's chapter house , Lichfield presbytry William Hurley d 1354 , Ely lantern Richard of Farleigh d 1364 , Salisbury tower and spire , Exeter Alan of Walsingham d 1364 , Ely octagon John Clyve d 1374 , Worcester nave , tower , west front Henry Yevele d 1400 , Canterbury nave , Durham Neville screen William Wynford d 1405 , Winchester nave Thomas Mapilton d 1438 , Canterbury SW tower William Smyth d 1490 , Wells vaults William Orchard ( architect ) d 1504 , Oxford vaults John Wastell d 1515 , Canterbury tower , Peterborough retrochoir , Manchester See also ( edit ) Architecture of cathedrals and great churches British and Irish stained glass ( 1811 -- 1918 ) List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom List of regional characteristics of European cathedral architecture Notes and references ( edit ) The pinnacled western towers of York Minster rise above the townscape Jump up ^ Hereford Cathedral also had a single western tower , as well as its central tower . The western tower fell in 1786 . Jump up ^ All the dates are those given by Harvey , 1961 Jump up ^ The towers also occupied this position at Old Sarum and Ottery St Mary . Jump up ^ cathedral ^ Jump up to : Harvey , John ( 1961 ) . English Cathedrals . Batsford . Jump up ^ Pevsner , Nikolaus ; Metcalf , Priscilla ( 1985 ) . The Cathedrals of England . Viking . p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Clifton - Taylor , Alec ( 1986 ) . The Cathedrals of England . Thames and Hudson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 20062 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Fletcher , Banister ; Fletcher , Banister ( 1905 ) . A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method for the Student , Craftsman , and Amateur . London : Batsford . ^ Jump up to : Pevsner , Nikolaus ( 1948 ) . An outline of European architecture . London : John Murray . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 020109 - 3 . Jump up ^ Crossley , Frederick Herbert ( 1935 ) . The English Abbey , Its Life and Work in the Middle Ages . London : B.T. Batsford . Jump up ^ Cox , John Charles ( 1946 ) . Ford , C.B. , ed . The Parish Churches of England . Batsford . Jump up ^ Stanton , Phoebe B. ( 1972 ) . Pugin . Viking . ^ Jump up to : Tatton - Brown , Tim ; Crook , John ( 2002 ) . The English cathedral . New Holland . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84330 - 120 - 2 . Jump up ^ Shirley , John ( 1972 ) . A Pictorial History of Canterbury Cathedral . Pitkin . ASIN B0007JGEHM . Jump up ^ Stranks , C.J. A Pictorial History of Durham Cathedral . Pitkin . ASIN B0007JHM4G . Jump up ^ Burrows , H.R. A Pictorial History of Hereford Cathedral . Pitkin . ASIN B00OUKPCEA . Jump up ^ Dunlop , D.C. A Pictorial History of Lincoln Cathedral . Pitkin . ASIN B000T3RS76 . Jump up ^ Cartwright , J.L. A Pictorial History of Peterborough Cathedral . Pitkin . ASIN B00KAC2984 . Jump up ^ Smethurst , A.F. A Pictorial History of Salisbury Cathedral . Pitkin . ASIN B00GOZCECW . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Lawrence ; Seddon , George ; Stephens , Francis ( 1976 ) . Stained Glass . Crown Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 52728 - 3 . Jump up ^ Sykes , N. ( 1976 ) . A Pictorial History of Winchester Cathedral . Pitkin . ASIN B00166JQLQ . Jump up ^ Cannon , Jon ( 2007 ) . Cathedral : The Great English Cathedrals and World that Made Them , 600 - 1540 . Constable . p. 227 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84119 - 841 - 5 . Further reading ( edit ) Carlisle Cathedral showing the east window tracery acclaimed as the finest in England The windows of Chester Cathedral have Curvilinear drip - mouldings . Draper , Peter ( 2006 ) . The Formation of English Gothic ; Architecture and Identity , 1150 -- 1250 . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 12036 - 3 . Fox , Adam ( 1967 ) . A Pictorial History of Westminster Abbey . Pitkin . Gardner , Helen ; Fred S. Kleiner ; Christin J. Mamiya ( 2004 ) . Gardner 's Art through the Ages . Thomson Wadsworth . ISBN 0 - 15 - 505090 - 7 . Harvey , John ( 1950 ) . The Gothic World , 1100 -- 1600 . Batsford . Huyghe , Rene , ed. ( 1963 ) . Larousse Encyclopedia of Byzantine and Medieval Art . Paul Hamlyn . Icher , Francois ( 1998 ) . Building the Great Cathedrals . Harry N. Abrams . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4017 - 5 . Milburn , R.L.P. ( 1972 ) . A Pictorial History of Worcester Cathedral . Pitkin . ASIN B0028BVHXI . Morris , Richard ( 1979 ) . Cathedrals and abbeys of England and Wales : the building church , 600 - 1540 . Dent . Swaan , Wim ( 1988 ) . The Gothic Cathedral . Omega Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 907853 - 48 - 0 . Swaan , Wim ( 1988 ) . Art and Architecture of the Late Middle Ages . Omega Books . ISBN 9780907853350 . Underhill , Francis ( 1977 ) . Rochester Cathedral . British Publishing Company , Gloucester . Willis , Robert ( 1972 ) . Architectural history of some English cathedrals : a collection in two parts of papers delivered during the years 1842 - 1863 . Vol. 2 . Minet Reprint . ISBN 0 - 85609 - 011 - 5 . External links to cathedral websites ( edit ) Bristol Cathedral , official website Canterbury Cathedral , official website Carlisle Cathedral , official website Chester Cathedral , official website Chichester Cathedral , official website Durham Cathedral , official website Ely Cathedral , official website Exeter Cathedral , official website Gloucester Cathedral , official website Hereford Cathedral , official website Lichfield Cathedral , official site Lincoln Cathedral , official site Norwich Cathedral , official website Christ Church Cathedral , Oxford , official website Peterborough Cathedral , official website Ripon Cathedral , official website Rochester Cathedral , official website St Albans Cathedral , official website Salisbury Cathedral , official website Southwark Cathedral , official website Southwell Cathedral , official website Wells Cathedral , official website Winchester Cathedral , official website Worcester Cathedral , official website York Minster , official website External links ( edit ) PastScape - England 's architectural records held by the National Monuments Record Paradoxplace : Dozens of photos and commentaries about most of England 's medieval cathedrals Architecture of England Styles Anglo - Saxon Saxo - Norman Norman Gothic Tudor Elizabethan Jacobean Baroque Queen Anne Georgian Strawberry Hill Gothic Victorian Jacobethan Edwardian Bristol Byzantine Brutalist Buildings and structures Castles Abbeys and priories Medieval cathedrals Former cathedrals Roman villas Historic houses Hall houses Renaissance theatres Listed buildings Museums Church monuments National Trust properties Windmills Hindu temples Stadiums Lighthouses Other London Birmingham Liverpool Manchester Bath Bristol Brighton and Hove Hammerbeam roof Fan vault Almshouse Bastle house Country house Oast house ( cowl ) Wealden hall house Dartmoor longhouse Somerset towers Bath stone Portland stone Flushwork English landscape garden Cruck framing Anglicanism portal Architecture portal Christianity portal England portal History portal Middle Ages portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_the_medieval_cathedrals_of_England&oldid=813990203 '' Categories : Cathedrals in England Cathedral architecture Christianity in medieval England English architecture English Gothic architecture Gothic architecture in England Gothic architecture in the United Kingdom Medieval churches Norman architecture in England Hidden categories : Use British English from June 2016 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Русский ไทย Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 08 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture%20of%20the%20medieval%20cathedrals%20of%20England
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when does the indian budget come into effect
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The Union Budget of India , also referred to as the Annual Financial Statement in the Article 112 of the Constitution of India , is the annual budget of the Republic of India . The Government presents it on the first day of February so that it could be materialized before the commencement of new financial year in April . Till 2016 it was presented on the last working day of February by the Finance Minister of India in Parliament . The budget , which is presented by means of the Finance bill and the Appropriation bill has to be passed by both the Houses before it can come into effect from April 1 , the start of India 's financial year .
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April 1
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Union Budget of India
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union budget of india
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The Union Budget of India , also referred to as the Annual Financial Statement in the Article 112 of the Constitution of India , is the annual budget of the Republic of India . The Government presents it on the first day of February so that it could be materialized before the commencement of new financial year in April . Till 2016 it was presented on the last working day of February by the Finance Minister of India in Parliament . The budget , which is presented by means of the Finance bill and the Appropriation bill has to be passed by both the Houses before it can come into effect from April 1 , the start of India 's financial year .
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An Interim Budget is not the same as a ' Vote on Account ' . While a ' Vote on Account ' deals only with the expenditure side of the government 's budget , an Interim Budget is a complete set of accounts , including both expenditure and receipts . An Interim Budget gives the complete financial statement , very similar to a full Budget . While the law does not debar the Union government from introducing tax changes , normally during an election year , successive governments have avoided making any major changes in income tax laws during an Interim Budget . As of September 2017 , Morarji Desai has presented 10 budgets which is the highest followed by P Chidambaram 's 9 and Pranab Mukherjee 's 8 . Yashwant Sinha , Yashwantrao Chavan and C.D. Deshmukh have presented 7 budgets each while Manmohan Singh and T.T. Krishnamachari have presented 6 budgets . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chronology 1.1 Pre-liberalisation 1.2 Post-liberalisation 2 Traditions 2.1 Time of Budget announcement 2.2 Date of Budget announcement 2.3 Halwa Ceremony 3 References 4 External links Chronology ( edit ) Pre-liberalisation ( edit ) The first Union budget of independent India was presented by R.K. Shanmukham Chetty on November 26 , 1947 . The Union budgets for the fiscal years 1959 - 61 to 1963 - 64 , inclusive of the interim budget for 1962 - 63 , were presented by Morarji Desai. On February 29 in 1964 and 1968 , he became the only finance minister to present the Union budget on his birthday . Desai presented budgets that included five annual budgets and an interim budget during his first stint and three final budgets and one interim budget in his second tenure when he was both the Finance Minister and the Deputy Prime Minister of India . After Desai 's resignation , Indira Gandhi , the then Prime Minister of India , took over the Ministry of Finance to become the only woman to hold the post of the Finance Minister . Pranab Mukherjee , the first Rajya Sabha member to hold the Finance portfolio , presented the annual budgets for the financial years 1982 - 83 , 1983 -- 84 and 1984 - 85 . Rajiv Gandhi presented the budget for 1987 - 89 , after V.P. Singh quit his government , and in the process became the third Prime Minister to present a budget after his mother and grandfather . N.D. Tiwari presented the budget for 1988 - 89 , S.B. Chavan for 1989 - 90 , while Madhu Dandawate presented the Union budget for 1990 - 91 . Dr. Manmohan Singh became the Finance Minister and presented the interim budget for 1991 - 92 as elections were forced . Due to political developments , early elections were held in May 1991 following which the Indian National Congress returned to political power and Manmohan Singh , the Finance Minister , presented the budget for 1991 - 92 . Post-liberalisation ( edit ) Manmohan Singh under P.V. Narasimha Rao , in his next annual budgets from 1992 -- 93 , opened the economy , encouraged foreign investments and reduced peak import duty from 300 plus percent to 50 percent . After elections in 1996 , a non-Congress ministry assumed office . Hence the financial budget for 1996 - 97 was presented by P. Chidambaram , who then belonged to Tamil Maanila Congress . Following a constitutional crisis when the I.K. Gujral Ministry was on its way out , a special session of Parliament was convened just to pass Chidambaram 's 1997 - 98 budget . This budget was passed without a debate . After the general elections in March 1998 that led to the Bharatiya Janata Party forming the Central Government , Yashwant Sinha , the then Finance Minister in this government , presented the interim and final budgets for 1998 - 99 . After general elections in 1999 , Sinha again became the Finance Minister and presented four annual budgets from 1999 - 2000 to 2002 - 2003 . Due to elections in May 2004 , an interim budget was presented by Jaswant Singh . Former Finance Minister Morarji Desai presented the budget ten times , the most by any . The Union Budget of India for 2012 -- 2013 was presented by Pranab Mukherjee , the Finance Minister of India on 16 March 2012 , which was the 7th budget of his career . These budgetary proposals would be applicable for financial year 1 April 2012 to 31 March 2013 . The Union Budget of India for 2013 -- 2014 was presented by P. Chidambaram on 28 February 2013 . The Interim Union Budget for 2014 -- 2015 was presented on February 17 , 2014 . The Union Budget of India for 2014 -- 2015 was presented by Arun Jaitley on 10 July 2014 . The Union Budget of India for 2015 -- 2016 was presented by Arun Jaitley on 28 February 2015 . The Union Budget of India for 2016 -- 2017 was presented by Arun Jaitley on 29 February 2016 . The Union Budget of India for 2017 -- 2018 was presented by Arun Jaitley on 1 February 2017 . The Union Budget of India for 2018 -- 2019 was presented by Arun Jaitley on 1 February 2018 . Traditions ( edit ) Time of Budget announcement ( edit ) Until the year 1999 , the Union Budget was announced at 6 : 00 pm on the last working day of the month of February . This practice was inherited from the Colonial Era , Another reason was that until the 1990s , all that budgets seem to do was to raise taxes , a presentation in the evening gave producers and the tax collecting agencies the night to work out the change in prices . It was Mr. Yashwant Sinha , the then Finance Minister of India in the NDA government ( led by Bharatiya Janata Party ) of Atal Bihari Vajpayee , who changed the ritual by announcing the 1999 Union Budget at 11 am . Date of Budget announcement ( edit ) Also again in 2017 , departing from the colonial - era tradition of presenting the Union Budget on the last working day of February , Minister of Finance ( India ) Arun Jaitley , in the NDA government ( led by Bharatiya Janata Party ) of Narendra Modi government announced that it will now be presented on 1 February . Additionally Rail Budget , presented separately for 92 Years , merged with union budget . Halwa ceremony ( edit ) The printing of budget documents starts roughly a week ahead of presenting in the Parliament with a customary ' Halwa ceremony ' in which halwa ( a sweet dish ) is prepared in large quantities and served to the officers and support staff involved . They remain isolated and stay in the North Block office until the Budget is presented . Halwa is also served by the Finance Minister . This ceremony is performed as a part of the Indian tradition of having something sweet before starting an important work . 1947 Union budget of India 2009 Union budget of India 2010 Union budget of India 2011 Union budget of India 2012 Union budget of India 2013 Union budget of India 2014 Interim - Union budget of India 2014 Union budget of India 2015 Union budget of India 2016 Union budget of India 2017 Union budget of India 2018 Union budget of India Railway Budget of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Procedure in Financial Matters '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Law and Justice ( India ) . p. 24 . Retrieved 1 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chidambaram is second only to Morarji Desai in presenting Budget '' . www.businesstoday.in . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Central Budgets in retrospect '' . pib.nic.in . Jump up ^ `` Meet Manmohan Singh , the economist '' . 2004 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Salient Features of Interim Union Budget of India for 2014 - 15 '' . IANS . news.biharprabha.com . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Expectation from union budget 2014 - 15 '' . Patrika Group . 10 July 2014 . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Highlights of union budget 2015 - 16 '' . The Hindu . 28 February 2015 . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Live : Jaitley presents Union Budget 2016 - 17 : ' Govt . will pay EPF contribution of 8.33 % to all new employees for first three years ' '' . The Hindu . 29 February 2016 . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Union Budget 2017 '' . 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Desk , Internet . `` Highlights of Union Budget 2017 - 18 '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Union Budget 2018 Highlights : Key takeaways from Arun Jaitley 's fifth Budget '' . Moneycontrol . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Budget with a difference '' . 2001 - 03 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Union Budget 2017 on 1 Feb : End of a colonial hangover for speedy implementation of schemes '' . Firstpost.com . Firstpost. 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Railway Budget , Presented For 92 Years , Merged With Union Budget '' . NDTV.com . NDTV . Jump up ^ `` Printing Of Union Budget Document Begins With ' Halwa ' Ceremony '' . NDTV . Press Trust of India . February 19 , 2016 . Retrieved 19 February 2016 . External links ( edit ) Government of India : Union Budget and Economic Survey Economic Survey and Union Budget List of Budget Speeches ( since 1947 ) Live financial minister Mr arun jaitley Budgets of India Union 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Railway 2014 2015 2016 National government budgets Australia Canada France Germany India Malaysia Norway Russia Switzerland United Kingdom Scotland United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_budget_of_India&oldid=829760187 '' Categories : Union budgets of India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2016 Use Indian English from January 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी മലയാളം Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 10 March 2018 , at 17 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when were dancing the night begins to shine
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The Night Begins to Shine
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the night begins to shine
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`` The Night Begins to Shine '' is a song by the band B.E.R. from the Teen Titans Go ! TV series The song was originally written and produced in 2005 as an `` ' 80s - style song '' for a music library . The song was first featured in the Teen Titans Go ! episode , `` Slumber Party '' as a throwaway joke . The song became popular with fans of the show . The song was subsequently featured in the episode , `` 40 % , 40 % , 20 % '' , and was prominently featured in the four - part special , `` The Day the Night Stopped Beginning to Shine and Became Dark Even Though It Was the Day '' . The special also featured two other songs by B.E.R. , `` Forever Mine '' and `` Rise Up '' , as well as three covers of the song from Fall Out Boy , CeeLo Green , and Puffy AmiYumi .
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Commercial performance ( edit ) Upon its official release , `` The Night Begins To Shine '' peaked at # 23 on the Billboard Hot Rock Songs chart and # 7 on the Billboard Rock Digital Songs chart . The song also peaked at # 66 on the iTunes music charts and # 1 on the iTunes rock music charts . The song was covered by Fall Out Boy , CeeLo Green , and Puffy AmiYumi for a four - part Teen Titans Go ! storyline . Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 23 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` B.E.R. Band Official Website , Home Page , The Night Begins To Shine '' . B.E.R. Band Official Website , Home Page , The Night Begins To Shine . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Teen Titans Go ! ' Anthem ' The Night Begins to Shine ' Debuts on Rock Charts '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Limbong , Andrew ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` An Accidental Hit ' Begins To Shine ' -- And Only Because Of ' Teen Titans Go ! ' '' . NPR.org . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Lucas ( July 29 , 2017 ) . `` Soundtrack to Teen Titans Go ! `` The Night Begins to Shine '' event released `` . Syfy . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( July 29 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Titans Go ! 's Four - Night `` The Night Begins To Shine '' Event Gets a Soundtrack Featuring Cee - Lo Green `` . Comic Book . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Listen : CeeLo Green covers hit song from Warner Bros . ' ' Teen Titans Go ! ' '' . axs.com . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ber '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iTunesCharts.net : US Songs Saturday , 5th August 2017 '' . www.itunescharts.net . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BER Chart History ( Hot Rock Songs ) '' . Billboard . Teen Titans Bob Haney Bruno Premiani Founding members Aqualad ( Garth ) Kid Flash ( Wally West ) Robin ( Dick Grayson ) Wonder Girl ( Donna Troy ) Current members Teen Titans Robin ( Damian Wayne ) Kid Flash ( Wallace West ) Red Arrow ( Emiko Queen ) Titans Nightwing ( Dick Grayson ) Donna Troy Beast Boy ( Garfield Logan ) Raven ( Rachel Roth ) Steel ( Natasha Irons ) Miss Martian ( M'gann M'orzz ) Notable members Aqualad ( Jackson Hyde ) Arsenal Atom ( Ray Palmer ) Argent Baby Wildebeest Blue Beetle ( Jaime Reyes ) Bombshell Bumblebee Bunker Bushido Captain Marvel Jr . Cyborg Duela Dent Mal Duncan Gnarrk Hawk and Dove Green Lantern ( Kyle Rayner ) Impulse / Kid Flash ( Bart Allen ) Hot Spot Jericho Kid Devil / Red Devil Kole Minion Omen Osiris Pantha Phantasm Prysm Ravager ( Rose Wilson ) Red Star Risk Robin / Red Robin ( Tim Drake ) Speedy ( Mia Dearden ) Solstice Starfire ( Koriand'r ) Static Superboy ( Jonathan Samuel Kent ) Superboy ( Kon - El ) Supergirl ( Linda Danvers ) Tempest Terra Wonder Girl ( Cassie Sandsmark ) Supporting characters Batman Dubbilex Justice League Mento Sarge Steel Silas Stone Superman Thunder and Lightning Wendy and Marvin Wonder Dog Antagonists Blackfire Brother Blood Brotherhood of Evil Brain Monsieur Mallah General Immortus Madame Rouge Phobia Plasmus Warp Cheshire Cinderblock Dark Nemesis Deathstroke the Terminator Ding Dong Daddy Disruptor Fearsome Five Doctor Light Gizmo Jinx Mammoth Psimon Shimmer Hangmen H.I.V.E. Hybrid Jericho Mad Mod Mister Twister Ravager The Reach Red Panzer Red X Superboy - Prime Tartarus Terra Terror Titans Clock King Copperhead Dreadbolt Disruptor II Persuader Trident Trigon Wildebeest Society Wintergreen Zookeeper Locations Azarath S.T.A.R. Labs Tamaran Titans Tower Publications and storylines `` Superboy and the Legion '' Team Titans Teen Titans Go ! Teen Titans : The Lost Annual Tiny Titans Titans Tomorrow Titans / Young Justice : Graduation Day The Uncanny X-Men and The New Teen Titans Affiliated teams Doom Patrol Legion of Super-Heroes Titans East Young Justice In other media Films Trouble in Tokyo Justice League vs. Teen Titans The Judas Contract Go ! To the Movies Television Teen Titans episodes characters Teen Titans Go ! episodes characters `` The Night Begins to Shine '' Titans Related articles X-Men This 2010s song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Night_Begins_to_Shine&oldid=847631649 '' Categories : 2014 songs Songs from animated series Teen Titans in other media 2010s song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs Singlechart called without song All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia বাংলা Edit links This page was last edited on 26 June 2018 , at 18 : 27 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Night%20Begins%20to%20Shine
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when did dont look back in anger come out
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`` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' is a song by the English rock band Oasis . It was released on 19 February 1996 as the fifth single from their second studio album , ( What 's the Story ) Morning Glory ? ( 1995 ) . The song was written by the band 's guitarist and main songwriter , Noel Gallagher . It became the band 's second single to reach number one on the UK Singles Chart , where it also went platinum . `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' was also the first Oasis single with lead vocals by Noel ( who had previously only sung lead on B - sides ) instead of his brother , Liam .
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19 February 1996
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Do n't Look Back in Anger
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don't look back in anger
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`` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' is a song by the English rock band Oasis . It was released on 19 February 1996 as the fifth single from their second studio album , ( What 's the Story ) Morning Glory ? ( 1995 ) . The song was written by the band 's guitarist and main songwriter , Noel Gallagher . It became the band 's second single to reach number one on the UK Singles Chart , where it also went platinum . `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' was also the first Oasis single with lead vocals by Noel ( who had previously only sung lead on B - sides ) instead of his brother , Liam .
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It is one of the band 's signature songs , and was played at almost every single live show from its release to the dissolution of the band . It was ranked number one on a list of the ' 50 Most Explosive Choruses ' by the NME , and was voted as the fourth most popular number - one single of the last 60 years in the UK by the public in conjunction with the Official Charts Company 's 60th anniversary . On 29 May 2017 , Absolute Radio 90s broadcast a programme counting down the top 50 songs written by Noel Gallagher to mark his 50th birthday with `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' being voted as number one . Contents ( hide ) 1 Writing and recording 2 Live performances 3 Release 4 Critical reception 5 Chart performance 6 Music video 7 In popular culture 7.1 Media 7.2 Manchester Arena bombing 7.3 Covers 7.4 Spoofs 8 Personnel 9 Track listing 10 Charts and certifications 10.1 Charts 10.2 Certifications 11 References 12 External links Writing and recording ( edit ) Noel was so excited about the potential of the song when he first wrote it that he used an acoustic set to perform a work - in - progress version , without the second verse and a few other slight lyrical differences , at an Oasis concert at the Sheffield Arena on 22 April 1995 . He said before playing that he 'd only written it the previous Tuesday ( 18 April 1995 ) and that he did n't even have a title for it yet . The title was picked as a reference to the 1979 David Bowie song `` Look Back in Anger '' from the seminal art rock album Lodger , with Bowie 's work being a massive Oasis influence . Noel said of the song , `` ( It ) reminds me of a cross between `` All the Young Dudes '' and ( something ) the Beatles might have done . '' Of the character `` Sally '' referred to in the song he commented , `` I do n't actually know anybody called Sally . It 's just a word that fit , y'know , might as well throw a girl 's name in there . It 's got ta guarantee somebody a shag off a bird called Sally , has n't it ? '' Noel Gallagher ( from Uncut magazine August 2007 ) : `` We were in Paris playing with the Verve , and I had the chords for that song and started writing it . We were due to play 2 days later . Our first - ever big arena gig , it 's called Sheffield Arena now . At the sound check , I was strumming away on the acoustic guitar , and our kid ( Liam Gallagher ) said , ' What 's that you 're singin ' ? ' I was n't singing anyway , I was just making it up . And our kid said , ' Are you singing ' So Sally can wait ' . ' And I was like -- that 's genius ! So I started singing , ' So Sally can wait . ' I remember going back to the dressing room and writing it out . It all came really quickly after that . '' Noel claims that the character `` Lyla '' , from Oasis ' 2005 single is the sister of Sally . In the interview on the DVD released with the special edition of Stop the Clocks , Noel also revealed that a girl approached him and asked him if Sally was the same girl as in the Stone Roses ' track `` Sally Cinnamon '' . Noel replied that he 'd never thought of that but thought it was good anyway . Noel admits that certain lines from the song are lifted from John Lennon : `` I got this tape in the United States that had apparently been burgled from the Dakota Hotel and someone had found these cassettes . Lennon was starting to record his memoirs on tape . He 's going on about ' trying to start a revolution from me bed , because they said the brains I had went to my head . ' I thought ' Thank you , I 'll take that ' ! '' `` Revolution from me bed '' most likely refers to Lennon 's notorious bed - ins in 1969 . The piano in the introduction of the song strongly resembles Lennon 's `` Imagine '' , as well as `` Watching the Wheels '' . As Oasis are often criticised for borrowing parts of other artists ' songs for their own , Noel Gallagher commented on the intro 's similarity to `` Imagine '' saying , `` In the case of Do n't Look Back in Anger -- I mean , the opening piano riff 's Imagine . 50 % of it 's put in there to wind people up , and the other 50 % is saying ' look , this is how songs like Do n't Look Back in Anger come about -- because they 're inspired by songs like Imagine ' . And no matter what people might think , there will be some 13 year old kid out there who 'll read an interview and think ' Imagine ? I 've never heard that song ' and he might go and buy the album , you know what I mean ? '' Gallagher also admits that he was under the influence of illegal substances when he wrote the song and to this day he claims he does not know what it means . Live performances ( edit ) The song became a favourite at Oasis 's live performances . Noel encouraged the crowd to sing along and often kept quiet during the first chorus , allowing the fans instead to sing along while he played the song 's guitar part . During the Dig Out Your Soul Tour , Noel Gallagher abandoned the song 's previous , full - band live arrangement in favour of a much slower , primarily acoustic arrangement in a lower key ( B major ) . From 2008 through Oasis 's breakup , the song was performed by Gallagher on his Gibson J - 200 acoustic guitar backed up by Gem Archer on electric guitar , and Chris Sharrock playing tambourine . On 11 and 12 July 2009 , during performances of the song at London 's Wembley Stadium , Gallagher did n't sing a word ; instead , he stood back , played guitar , and allowed the crowd to sing the entire song . Since 2011 , he has alternated between the acoustic version and the original arrangement when playing the song with his solo project , Noel Gallagher 's High Flying Birds . Oasis became the first act since the Jam to perform two songs on the same showing of Top of the Pops , performing `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' , followed by their cover of Slade 's `` Cum On Feel the Noize '' , also on the single . In June 2017 , Liam performed an a capella version of the song at Glastonbury , making it the first time he has performed the song rather than Noel . Release ( edit ) The single cover is a homage to the incident where Ringo Starr briefly left the Beatles during the recording of The White Album ; after the other three Beatles members successfully persuaded him to return , George Harrison decorated Ringo 's drum kit in red , white , and blue flowers to show their appreciation . The B - side `` Step Out '' was originally intended for the ( What 's the Story ) Morning Glory ? album but was taken off after Stevie Wonder requested 10 % of the royalties as the chorus bore a similarity to his hit `` Uptight ( Everything 's Alright ) '' . Also , because of this , Wonder , Henry Cosby and Sylvia Moy received credit for writing the song , along with Noel . Its charting coincided with its usage at the end of the final episode of the BBC television drama Our Friends in the North , which , upon production , used the track without knowledge it was going to be released as a single . Critical reception ( edit ) `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' was met with high critical praise and it became a commercial hit . Billboard said of the tune , `` Noel Gallagher reveals a deft sense of timing and craft that turn his improprieties into masterful pop gems . '' In a 2006 readers ' poll conducted by Q magazine , `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' was voted the 20th best song of all time . In May 2007 , NME magazine placed `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' at number 14 in its list of the `` 50 Greatest Indie Anthems Ever '' . Chart performance ( edit ) The song reached No. 1 in the singles charts of Ireland and the United Kingdom , and it was a moderate success by reaching the top 60 in various countries . The song was the 10th - biggest - selling single of 1996 in the UK . It is Oasis 's second biggest selling single in the UK , with sales of 970,000 , going platinum in the process . The song returned to the UK charts in 2017 following Chris Martin and Jonny Buckland 's cover version at the One Love Manchester concert , reaching number 25 . `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' is also Oasis 's sixth biggest Billboard hit in the US , reaching the number 10 spot on the Modern Rock Tracks for the week of 22 June 1996 . Music video ( edit ) The video for the song was directed by Nigel Dick and features Patrick Macnee , the actor who played John Steed in the 1960s television series The Avengers , apparently a favourite of Oasis . It features the band being driven to a mansion similar to the Playboy Mansion and performing the song there ; a group of women dressed in white also occasionally lip sync to the lyrics . While filming the video , drummer Alan White met future wife Liz Atkins . They married on 13 August 1997 at Studley Priory Hotel in Oxfordshire , but later divorced . There are two versions of the music video . One being posted by Vevo which got 36.7 million views and the other one posted by the band themselves which generated over 76.6 million views . In popular culture ( edit ) Media ( edit ) The song was included as the closing track on Oasis 's compilation album , Stop the Clocks . It is available for the music video game series Rock Band as a downloadable track . On the Wii version of the original Rock Band game , this song is included . It can also be found on - disc in the 2014 edition of Rocksmith . The song has been used in a multiple television programmes since its original release : 11 March 1996 : it played over the end credits of the final episode of the BBC Two drama serial Our Friends in the North the very week it was at the top of the UK charts . 11 January 2004 : the song was in episode 11 of the show Cold Case titled `` Hubris '' . 5 November 2007 : portions of this song appear as a motif in episode 7 of Chuck titled `` Chuck Versus the Alma Mater '' . 3 September 2009 : the song was used in episode six of We Are Klang during the 1990s flashback scene . 4 September 2010 : the song was used as the ending theme for the live - action film adaptation of the Japanese manga series BECK . 11 April 2011 : the song was used in the closing scene of the North American Being Human season 1 finale titled `` A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Me Killing You '' . It is played during a flashback showing the body of Sally Malik being taken away as Aidan Waite and Josh Levinson walk past her house , not having met her ghost yet , which watches the ambulance pull away . This resembles the lyrics in the song `` as we 're walking on by , her soul slides away '' . Manchester Arena bombing ( edit ) Oasis had formed in Manchester , England , in 1991 , and following the Manchester Arena bombing after a concert by US singer Ariana Grande on May 22 , 2017 -- a terrorist attack that killed 22 people -- the song was used by the people of Manchester in remembrance of the victims and to show the city 's spirit . The song was sung by students of Manchester 's Chetham 's music school on May 23 , and on May 25 it was spontaneously sung by the crowd gathered for a minute of silence in the city centre . The woman who started the singing told The Guardian , `` I love Manchester , and Oasis is part of my childhood . Do n't Look Back in Anger -- that 's what this is about : we ca n't be looking backwards to what happened , we have to look forwards to the future . '' This shot the anthem straight back into the charts , along with Ariana Grande 's `` One Last Time , '' which was number one in the iTunes single charts as of May 26 . On May 27 , the song was performed as a tribute by 50,000 audience members of a performance by The Courteeners in Manchester . Liam Gallagher of Oasis responded to the bombing on Twitter : `` In total shock and absolutely devastated about what 's gone down in Manchester ... Sending Love and Light to all the families involved . '' It was performed by Coldplay 's Chris Martin and Jonny Buckland on either side of Ariana Grande at the One Love Manchester concert on 4 June 2017 . Martin introduced the song by saying `` Ariana , you 've been singing a lot for us , so I think we in Britain want to sing for you . This is called Do n't Look Back in Anger , and this is from us to you '' . It was also performed by the military band of the French Republican Guard on 13 June 2017 , at the France versus England football match at the Stade de France , as a tribute to the victims of the attacks in Manchester and , more recently , London . Covers ( edit ) The song was covered by the Wurzels among others for an album of covers of songs seemingly inappropriate to their West Country image and style , and has become one of their more frequently performed numbers . Opera group G4 covered the song during series one of The X Factor . The song was covered by Tori Amos on 6 June 2005 in Manchester at her Beekeeper tour . A soundboard quality solo piano version of the song was officially released on the live recording 2005 - 06 - 05 : Manchester Apollo , Manchester , UK An Electronic / Lounge / Jazz version by Styles Project - 90s Lounge Essentials ( 2007 ) containing covers by various artist of songs from the 90s . Amy Winehouse did a live rendition of the song at Fred Perry 's party . Glay covered the song for their 2011 album Rare Collectives Vol. 4 . The Killers covered this song at V Festival 2012 . It has also been covered by Devendra Banhart . Shane Watson released a video of himself covering this song in 2013 . MP4 ( band ) , a band made up of four UK politicians covered the song on their album , ' Cross Party ' . Portugal . The Man also did a cover of the song , which was performed at Bonnaroo in 2017 . Spoofs ( edit ) The UK comedy duo Hale and Pace did an Oasis skit as ' Oaday ' where the song featured as ' Do n't Talk Back You W * nker ' . Personnel ( edit ) Noel Gallagher -- lead vocals , lead guitar Liam Gallagher - backing vocals , tambourine Paul `` Bonehead '' Arthurs -- rhythm guitar , piano , mellotron Paul `` Guigsy '' McGuigan -- bass Alan White -- drums Track listing ( edit ) All songs were written by Noel Gallagher , except where noted . CD CRESCD 221 ( re-issued as RKISCD 018 ) `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' -- 4 : 47 `` Step Out '' ( Gallagher / Wonder / Cosby / Moy ) -- 3 : 40 `` Underneath the Sky '' -- 3 : 20 `` Cum On Feel the Noize '' ( Holder / Lea ) -- 5 : 09 7 '' CRE 221 `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' -- 4 : 47 `` Step Out '' ( Gallagher / Wonder / Cosby / Moy ) -- 3 : 40 12 '' CRE 221T `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' -- 4 : 47 `` Step Out '' ( Gallagher / Wonder / Cosby / Moy ) -- 3 : 40 `` Underneath the Sky '' -- 3 : 20 Cassette CRECS 221 `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' -- 4 : 47 `` Step Out '' ( Gallagher / Wonder / Cosby / Moy ) -- 3 : 40 CD re-issue ( US ) 34K78356 `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' -- 4 : 47 `` Cum on Feel the Noize '' ( Holder / Lea ) -- 5 : 09 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 19 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 35 Canada ( RPM ) 24 Canadian Alternative 30 ( RPM ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 24 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 57 Iceland ( Tonlist ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 19 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 30 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 20 Norway ( VG - lista ) 19 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 27 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 55 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 10 Zimbabwe ( ZIMA ) 8 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Platinum 100,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ BPI website , Search `` Oasis '' Archived 11 January 2013 at WebCite . Bpi.co.uk . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` ' Do n't Look Back in Anger ' by Oasis tops NME 's 50 Most Explosive Choruses list '' . NME. 28 February 2012 . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Queen 's ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' named as ' UK 's Favourite Number One single ' News '' . NME. 16 July 2012 . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Oasis : Mad For It ( 1996 , 2 / 4 ) on YouTube ( 2008 - 07 - 22 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Paul ( 2003 ) . The Rough Guide to Cult Pop : The Songs , the Artists , the Genres , the Dubious Fashions . Rough Guides . p. 107 . ISBN 1 - 84353 - 229 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hurry , Pam ( 2001 ) . Heinemann Advanced Music . Heinemann . p. 170 . ISBN 0 - 435 - 81258 - 0 . Jump up ^ Davina Earl ( 13 August 2005 ) . `` Noel Gallagher 's Plea For Help '' . Gigwise . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ OASIS - Do n't Look Back In Anger - Wembley Stadium 11 / 07 / 2009 on YouTube . Retrieved on 2012 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ http://metro.co.uk/2017/06/24/liam-gallagher-makes-history-as-he-performs-dont-look-back-in-anger-at-glastonbury-6732496/ Jump up ^ Flick , Larry ( 1996 - 06 - 15 ) , `` Singles : Pop '' . Billboard. 108 ( 24 ) : 74 Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Songs Ever '' . Q. 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Greatest Indie Anthems Ever '' . NME. 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Sexton , Paul ( 2005 - 08 - 27 ) , `` OASIS '' . Billboard. 117 ( 35 ) : 36 Jump up ^ Oasis -- Do n't Look Back In Anger . YouTube . 17 January 2014 . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Oasis -- Do n't Look Back In Anger ( Official Video ) . YouTube . 18 February 2008 . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Steve ( 2004 ) . The A to X of Alternative Music . Continuum International Publishing Group , p. 170 . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 8217 - 1 Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chili Peppers , Oasis to Do Beck Film 's Themes '' . Anime News Network . 30 March 2010 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Perraudin , Frances ; Halliday , Josh ( 2017 - 05 - 25 ) . `` Do n't Look Back in Anger becomes symbol of Manchester 's spirit '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Oasis classic re-enters the charts after crowds sing it at Manchester memorial - NME '' . NME. 2017 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 50,000 Fans Sing Oasis At First Manchester Concert Since Attacks '' . 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Manchester Crowd Sing Oasis Song For Bombing Victims '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Kim , Michelle ( 4 June 2017 ) . `` Coldplay Sing Oasis ' `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' to Ariana Grande in Manchester : Watch `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` France v England : French fans sing God Save The Queen '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 13 June 2017 . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GLAY to cover Oasis song `` Do n't Look Back In Anger '' over the radio `` . Tokyohive.com. 24 February 2011 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Watch the Killers Cover Oasis ' ' Do n't Look Back in Anger ' '' . Spin . Jump up ^ shakermaker11 ( 4 September 2008 ) . `` Oaday '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Oasis : Do n't Look Back in Anger '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Tonlist Top 40 '' . DV . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard '' . google.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia - Indice per Interprete : O '' . hitparadeitalia.it . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Oasis : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Oasis -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Oasis . Jump up ^ `` Oasis -- Chart history '' Billboard Alternative Songs for Oasis . Jump up ^ * Zimbabwe . Kimberley , C. Zimbabwe : singles chart book . Harare : C. Kimberley , 2000 Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese single certifications -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Select 2017 年 月 on the drop - down menu Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Oasis -- Do n't Look Back in Anger '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Enter Do n't Look Back in Anger in the search field and then press Enter . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Spaceman '' by Babylon Zoo UK Singles Chart number - one single 2 March 1996 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` How Deep Is Your Love '' by Take That ( hide ) Oasis Liam Gallagher Noel Gallagher Paul `` Guigsy '' McGuigan Paul `` Bonehead '' Arthurs Tony McCarroll Alan White Gem Archer Andy Bell Zak Starkey Chris Sharrock Studio albums Definitely Maybe ( What 's the Story ) Morning Glory ? Be Here Now Standing on the Shoulder of Giants Heathen Chemistry Do n't Believe the Truth Dig Out Your Soul Live albums Familiar to Millions Live from The Roundhouse Compilations Definitely Maybe ( singles box ) Morning Glory ( singles box ) The Masterplan Stop the Clocks Time Flies ... 1994 -- 2009 Be Here Now Acoustic Collection Extended plays Live Demonstration Boy with the Blues Singles `` Supersonic '' `` Shakermaker '' `` Live Forever '' `` Cigarettes & Alcohol '' `` Rock ' n ' Roll Star '' `` Whatever '' `` Some Might Say '' `` Roll with It '' `` Morning Glory '' `` Wonderwall '' `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' `` Champagne Supernova '' `` D'You Know What I Mean ? '' `` Stand by Me '' `` All Around the World '' `` Do n't Go Away '' `` Acquiesce '' `` Go Let It Out '' `` Who Feels Love ? '' `` Sunday Morning Call '' `` Where Did It All Go Wrong ? '' `` The Hindu Times '' `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' `` Little by Little '' / `` She Is Love '' `` Songbird '' `` Lyla '' `` The Importance of Being Idle '' `` Let There Be Love '' `` Lord Do n't Slow Me Down '' `` The Shock of the Lightning '' `` I 'm Outta Time '' `` Falling Down '' Other songs `` Slide Away '' `` Half the World Away '' `` Talk Tonight '' `` Acquiesce '' `` The Masterplan '' `` Stop the Clocks '' `` Boy with the Blues '' Video albums Live by the Sea ... There and Then Familiar to Millions Definitely Maybe Lord Do n't Slow Me Down Time Flies ... 1994 -- 2009 Tours Definitely Maybe Tour ( What 's the Story ) Morning Glory ? Tour Be Here Now Tour Standing on the Shoulder of Giants Tour The Tour of Brotherly Love Heathen Chemistry Tour Do n't Believe the Truth Tour Dig Out Your Soul Tour Related Articles Discography Awards Band members Songs Big Brother Recordings Bands Beady Eye Heavy Stereo Hurricane # 1 Noel Gallagher 's High Flying Birds Ride The Rain No Way Sis People Jay Darlington Tony Griffiths Terry Kirkbride Alan McGee Scott McLeod Owen Morris Dave Sardy Paul Stacey Steve White Albums and Songs The Dreams We Have as Children Standing on the Edge of the Noise `` Wibbling Rivalry '' `` Stop the Clocks '' Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Look_Back_in_Anger&oldid=804443228 '' Categories : Oasis ( band ) songs 1996 singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Creation Records singles Music videos directed by Nigel Dick Rock ballads 1995 songs Songs written by Noel Gallagher Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use dmy dates from May 2012 Use British English from May 2012 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 01 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%2527t%20Look%20Back%20in%20Anger
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the black cotton soil is the chief soil type in which geographical region of india
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Jute cultivation
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jute cultivation
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Jute is one of the most important natural fibers after cotton in terms of cultivation and usage . Cultivation is dependent on the climate , season , and soil . Almost 85 % of the world 's jute cultivation is concentrated in the Ganges Delta .
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This fertile geographic region is shared by both Bangladesh and India ( mainly West Bengal ) . China also has a dominating place in jute cultivation . On a smaller scale , Thailand , Myanmar ( Burma ) , Pakistan , Nepal , and Bhutan also cultivate jute . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cultivation 2 Retting 3 Major producers 3.1 Strengths of major jute producing countries 4 History 5 References 6 External links Cultivation ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) To grow jute , farmers scatter the seeds on cultivated soil . When the plants are about 15 -- 20 cm tall , they are thinned out . About four months after planting , harvesting begins . The plants are usually harvested after they flower , before the flowers go to seed . The stalks are cut off close to the ground . The stalks are tied into bundles and soaked in water for about 20 days . This process softens the tissues and breaks the hard pectin bond between the bast and Jute hurd ( inner woody fiber stick ) and the process permits the fibres to be separated . The fibres are then stripped from the stalks in long strands and washed in clear , running water . Then they are hung up or spread on thatched roofs to dry . After 2 -- 3 days of drying , the fibres are tied into bundles . The suitable climate for growing jute is a warm and wet climate , which is offered by the monsoon climate during the fall season , immediately followed by summer . Temperatures ranging from 70 -- 100 ° F and relative humidity of 70 % -- 90 % are favorable for successful cultivation . Jute requires 2 -- 3 inches of rainfall weekly with extra needed during the sowing period . Retting ( edit ) Main article : Retting Jute fiber is being dehydrated in sunlight after natural or microbial retting Retting is the process of extracting fibers from the long lasting life stem or bast of the bast fiber plants . The available retting processes are : mechanical retting ( hammering ) , chemical retting ( boiling & applying chemicals ) , steam / vapor / dew retting , and water or microbial retting . Among them , the water or microbial retting is a century old but the most popular process in extracting fine bast fibers . However , selection of these retting processes depends on the availability of water and the cost of retting process . To extract fine fibers from jute plant , a small stalk is harvested for pre-retting . Usually , this small stalk is brought before 2 weeks of harvesting time . If the fiber can easily be removed from the Jute hurd or core , then the crop is ready for harvesting . After harvesting , the jute stalks are tied into bundles and submerged in soft running water . The stalk stays submerged in water for 20 days . However , the retting process may require less time if the quality of the jute is better . In most cases , the fiber extraction process of bast fibers in water retting is done by the farmers while standing under water . When the jute stalk is well retted , the stalk is grabbed in bundles and hit with a long wooden hammer to make the fiber loose from the jute hurd or core . After loosing the fiber , the fiber is washed with water and squeezed for dehydration . The extracted fibers is further washed with fresh water and allowed to dry on bamboo poles . Finally , they are tied into small bundles to be sold into the primary market . Major producers ( edit ) The Ganges delta contributes more than 80 % of the jute production in the world . The Ganges delta can be sub-divided into the following geo - graphical regions in terms of jute cultivation : Jat Area ( Brahmaputra Alluvium ) : This comprises part of the districts of Dhaka , Mymensingh , Tangail , and Comilla of Bangladesh . The area annually receives fresh deposit of silts carried down by the flood water . Soils are acidic in , the texture varies from sand loam to clay loam . According to commercial quality , the best quality Jute , the Jat type , grows in this area . District Area ( Ganges Alluvium ) : This comprises part of the districts of Kushtia , Jessore , Khulna , Rajshahi , Pabna , and Dhaka of Bangladesh and major portion of West Bengal of India . This area has soil of slight alkaline clay loam to light loam in gray to dark gray color . The type of Jute grown in this area is known as District Jute , which is next to Jat Jute in order of quality . The jute fibre grown in this region is further divided into two major varieties , such as : Hard District Jute and Soft District Jute . Northern Area ( Teesta Silt ) : This comprises part of Dinajpur , Rangpur districts , East Bogra , and Sirajganj of Bangladesh and some parts of North Bihar Purnea and West Bengal of India . The region has sandy soil with low moisture retention capacity . Soil retention is slightly acidic . Northern type of Jute is inferior quality of the three commercial types . Strengths of major jute producing countries ( edit ) India , China , and Bangladesh are the three major producers in the cultivation or production of jute fiber . India has taken advantage of recent improvements in the cultivation of jute to become the largest producer or cultivator of jute in the world . Using advanced production techniques , India also has dominance over the worldwide jute products market . Due to national law to use jute as packaging materials , India is the largest consumer of jute in the world . Bangladesh is currently the second largest producer of jute fiber , now over taken by India . The Jat Area , popular for highest quality of jute fiber is located in Bangladesh . Therefore , Bangladesh is able to supply the highest quality of jute fiber in the world . However , Bangladesh falls behind its other competitors in applying recent technological advancements . In terms of world export of jute fiber , Bangladesh 's share is more than 70 % , which makes Bangladesh the largest exporter of jute fiber in the world . China is the third largest in terms of jute cultivation . Due to China 's huge population , the Chinese are not emphasizing the cultivation of jute , as it competes with other necessary crops . Due to modern effective agriculture , they have the highest yield of jute fiber in the world . History ( edit ) For centuries , jute has been an integral part of the culture of East Bengal and some parts of West Bengal , precisely in the southwest of Bangladesh . Since the seventeenth century , the British started trading in jute . During the reign of the British Empire jute was also used in the military . British jute barons grew rich processing jute and selling manufactured products made from jute . Dundee Jute Barons and the British East India Company set up many jute mills in Bengal and by 1895 jute industries in Bengal overtook the Scottish jute trade . Many Scots emigrated to Bengal to set up jute factories . More than a billion jute sandbags were exported from Bengal to the trenches during World War I and also exported to the southern United States region to bag cotton . It was used in the fishing , construction , art and the arms industry . Initially , due to its texture , it could only be processed by hand until it was discovered in Dundee that by treating it with whale oil , it could be treated by machine . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BBC Two - Brian Cox 's Jute Journey '' . BBC . 2010 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jute . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jute_cultivation&oldid=800696114 '' Categories : Jute Bangladeshi inventions Indian inventions Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from September 2016 Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 03 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jute%20cultivation
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who appoints the chairman of the federal reserve
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The chair is chosen by the President of the United States from among the members of the Board of Governors ; and serves for four - year - terms after appointment . A chair may be appointed for several consecutive terms . William Martin was the longest serving chair , holding the position from 1951 to 1970 .
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President of the United States
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Chair of the Federal Reserve
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chair of the federal reserve
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Chair of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Seal of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors Flag of the Federal Reserve System Incumbent Jerome Powell since February 5 , 2018 Appointer the President of the United States ( with Senate advice and consent ) Formation August 10 , 1914 ; 104 years ago ( 1914 - 08 - 10 ) First holder Charles Sumner Hamlin Salary $201,700 ( 2017 ) Website Official bio The Chair of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System is the head of the Federal Reserve , which is the central banking system of the United States . The position is known colloquially as `` Chair of the Fed '' or `` Fed Chair '' . The chair is the `` active executive officer '' of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . The chair is chosen by the President of the United States from among the members of the Board of Governors ; and serves for four - year - terms after appointment . A chair may be appointed for several consecutive terms . William Martin was the longest serving chair , holding the position from 1951 to 1970 . The current Chairman is Jerome Powell , who was sworn in on February 5 , 2018 . He was nominated to the position by President Donald Trump on November 2 , 2017 , and was later confirmed by the United States Senate . Contents 1 1935 reorganization 2 Appointment process 3 Conflict of interest law 4 List of Fed Chairs 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links 1935 reorganization ( edit ) Section 203 of the Banking Act of 1935 changed the name of the `` Federal Reserve Board '' to the `` Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . '' The directors ' salaries were significantly lower ( at $12,000 when first appointed in 1914 ) and their terms of office were much shorter prior to 1935 . In effect , the Federal Reserve Board members in Washington , D.C. , were significantly less powerful than the presidents of the regional Federal Reserve Banks prior to 1935 . In the 1935 Act , the district heads had their titles changed to `` President '' ( e.g. , `` President of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis '' ) . Appointment process ( edit ) Fed chairs 1979 - 2018 As stipulated by the Banking Act of 1935 , the President of the United States appoints the seven members of the Board of Governors ; they must then be confirmed by the Senate and serve fourteen year terms . The nominees for chair and vice-chair may be chosen by the President from among the sitting Governors for four - year terms ; these appointments are also subject to Senate confirmation . The Senate Committee responsible for vetting a Fed Reserve Chair nominee is the Senate Committee on Finance . By law , the chair reports twice a year to Congress on the Federal Reserve 's monetary policy objectives . He or she also testifies before Congress on numerous other issues and meets periodically with the Treasury Secretary . Conflict of interest law ( edit ) The law applicable to the Chair and all other members of the Board provides ( in part ) : No member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System shall be an officer or director of any bank , banking institution , trust company , or Federal Reserve bank or hold stock in any bank , banking institution , or trust company ; and before entering upon his duties as a member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System he shall certify under oath that he has complied with this requirement , and such certification shall be filed with the secretary of the Board . List of Fed Chairs ( edit ) The following is a list of past and present Chairs of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . A chair serves for a four - year term after appointment , but may be reappointed for several consecutive four - year terms . As of 2018 , there have been a total of sixteen Fed Chairs . # Photo Name ( chair ) ( Birth -- Death ) Term of office First Appointed by ( Term ) Start of term End of term Charles Sumner Hamlin ( 1861 -- 1938 ) August 10 , 1914 August 10 , 1916 Woodrow Wilson ( 1913 -- 1921 ) William P.G. Harding ( 1864 -- 1930 ) August 10 , 1916 August 9 , 1922 Daniel R. Crissinger ( 1860 -- 1942 ) May 1 , 1923 September 15 , 1927 Warren G. Harding ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Roy A. Young ( 1882 -- 1960 ) October 4 , 1927 August 31 , 1930 Calvin Coolidge ( 1923 -- 1929 ) 5 Eugene Meyer ( 1875 -- 1959 ) September 16 , 1930 May 10 , 1933 Herbert Hoover ( 1929 -- 1933 ) 6 Eugene Robert Black ( 1873 -- 1934 ) May 19 , 1933 August 15 , 1934 Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 -- 1945 ) 7 Marriner S. Eccles ( 1890 -- 1977 ) November 15 , 1934 February 3 , 1948 8 Thomas B. McCabe ( 1893 -- 1982 ) April 15 , 1948 April 2 , 1951 Harry S. Truman ( 1945 -- 1953 ) 9 William M. Martin ( 1906 -- 1998 ) April 2 , 1951 February 1 , 1970 10 Arthur F. Burns ( 1904 -- 1987 ) February 1 , 1970 January 31 , 1978 Richard Nixon ( 1969 -- 1974 ) 11 G. William Miller ( 1925 -- 2006 ) March 8 , 1978 August 6 , 1979 Jimmy Carter ( 1977 -- 1981 ) 12 Paul Volcker ( 1927 -- ) August 6 , 1979 August 11 , 1987 13 Alan Greenspan ( 1926 -- ) August 11 , 1987 January 31 , 2006 Ronald Reagan ( 1981 -- 1989 ) 14 Ben Bernanke ( 1953 -- ) February 1 , 2006 January 31 , 2014 George W. Bush ( 2001 -- 2009 ) 15 Janet Yellen ( 1946 -- ) February 3 , 2014 February 3 , 2018 Barack Obama ( 2009 -- 2017 ) 16 Jerome Powell ( 1953 -- ) February 5 , 2018 Incumbent Donald Trump ( 2017 -- ) See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal History of central banking in the United States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Johnston , Kevin ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` What Is the Salary of the Federal Reserve Chairman ? '' . Investopedia . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ see 12 U.S.C. § 242 Jump up ^ `` Jerome H. Powell sworn in as Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System '' . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Appelbaum , Binyamin ( 2018 - 02 - 04 ) . `` Powell Takes Over as Fed Chief as Economy Starts to Show Strain '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ NPR . `` Senate Confirms Jerome Powell As New Federal Reserve Chair '' . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cox , Jeff ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Yellen leaving Fed Saturday , Powell to be sworn in Monday '' . CNBC . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gensler , Lauren ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Trump Taps Jerome Powell As Next Fed Chair In Call For Continuity '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Sec. 203 , Banking Act of 1935 , Public Law no . 305 , 49 Stat. 684 , 704 ( Aug. 23 , 1935 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Reserve Board Nominations '' . The Independent . July 20 , 1914 . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Meltzer , Allan H. ( 2003 ) . A history of the Federal Reserve : Volume 1 , 1913 - 1951 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Jump up ^ `` The Fed - Board Members '' . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Structure of the Federal Reserve System '' . Federalreserve.gov . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` Board of Governors FAQ '' . Federal Reserve . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2009 . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 12 U.S.C. § 244 Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Bank Presidents '' . The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . Retrieved December 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chairs '' . Membership of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System , 1914 -- present . The Federal Reserve Board . February 3 , 2014 . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chairs were designated Governors before August 23 , 1935 , and were then designated Chairmen until approximately 2014 , when Yellen became the first female chair . Jump up ^ Served as Chair pro tempore from February 3 , 1948 to April 15 , 1948 . Jump up ^ Served as Chair pro tempore from March 3 , 1996 to June 20 , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Janet L. Yellen , Chair '' . federalreserve.gov . October 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . References ( edit ) Beckhart , Benjamin Haggott. 1972 . Federal Reserve System . ( New York ) : American Institute of Banking . Shull , Bernard . 2005 . The fourth branch : the Federal Reserve 's unlikely rise to power and influence . Westport , Conn. : Praeger . Andrews , Edmund L. ( November 5 , 2005 ) . `` All for a more open Fed '' . New Straits Times . p. 21 . `` Executive Order 11110 - Amendment of Executive Order No. 10289 as Amended , Relating to the Performance of Certain Functions Affecting the Department of the Treasury '' . The American Presidency Project . , via UCSB.edu External links ( edit ) Official website Public Statements of the Chairs of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System , via the St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank Nomination hearings , conducted in the Senate , for Chairs and Members of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Timeline of Federal Reserve Chairs with related resources Federal Reserve System Federal Open Market Committee Chair Governors Federal Reserve Bank Banknotes Federal Reserve Note Federal Reserve Bank Note Reports Beige Book Federal Reserve Statistical Release Monetary Policy Report to the Congress Fedspeak Federal funds Discount window Federal funds Federal funds rate Primary dealer History Antecedents Bank of England ( 1694 -- 1776 ) Currency Acts ( 1751 ; 1764 ) Bank of North America ( 1781 -- 1791 ) First Bank of the United States ( 1791 -- 1811 ) Coinage Act of 1792 Second Bank of the United States ( 1816 -- 1836 ) Suffolk Bank ( 1818 -- 1858 ) Suffolk System ( 1824 -- 1858 ) Bank War ( 1832 -- 1836 ) Coinage Act of 1834 Coinage Act of 1849 Coinage Act of 1853 New York Clearing House ( 1853 -- 1913 ) Coinage Act of 1857 National Bank Acts ( 1863 ; 1864 ) Coinage Act of 1864 Contraction Act of 1866 Public Credit Act of 1869 Currency Act of 1870 Coinage Act of 1873 Specie Payment Resumption Act ( 1875 ) Bland -- Allison Act ( 1878 ) Sherman Silver Purchase Act ( 1890 ) Gold Standard Act ( 1900 ) Aldrich -- Vreeland Act ( 1908 ) Official Federal Reserve Act ( 1913 ) Pittman Act ( 1918 ) Post -- World War I recession ( 1918 -- 1919 ) Depression of 1920 -- 21 Wall Street Crash of 1929 Great Depression ( 1929 -- 1933 ) Gold Reserve Act ( 1934 ) Recession of 1937 -- 38 Employment Act of 1946 Late 1940s recession ( 1948 -- 1949 ) U.S. Treasury Department Accord ( 1951 ) Early 1950s recession ( 1953 -- 1954 ) Bank Holding Company Act ( 1956 ) Late 1950s recession ( 1957 -- 1958 ) Recession of 1960 -- 61 Federal Open Market Committee actions ( 1961 -- 2015 ) Recession of 1969 -- 70 1970s recession ( 1973 -- 1975 ) Federal Reserve Reform Act ( 1977 ) Humphrey -- Hawkins Full Employment Act ( 1978 ) Early 1980s recession ( 1980 ; 1981 -- 1982 ) Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act ( 1980 ) Board of Governors , FRS v. Investment Co . Institute ( 1981 ) Black Monday ( 1987 ) Financial Institutions Reform , Recovery , and Enforcement Act ( 1989 ) Friday the 13th mini-crash ( 1989 ) Early 1990s recession ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act ( 1991 ) 1997 mini-crash Gramm -- Leach -- Bliley Act ( 1999 ) Dot - com bubble bursting ( 2000 -- 2002 ) 9 / 11 economic effects ( 2001 ) Stock market downturn of 2002 Early 2000s recession ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 Great Recession ( 2007 -- 2009 ) 2007 -- 2009 U.S. bear market Federal Reserve responses to the subprime crisis ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Bloomberg v. Federal Reserve ( 2009 ) Flash Crash ( 2010 ) August 2011 stock markets fall 2015 -- 16 stock market selloff Chairs Charles S. Hamlin ( 1914 -- 1916 ) William P.G. Harding ( 1916 -- 1922 ) Daniel R. Crissinger ( 1923 -- 1927 ) Roy A. Young ( 1927 -- 1930 ) Eugene Meyer ( 1930 -- 1933 ) Eugene R. Black ( 1933 -- 1934 ) Marriner S. Eccles ( 1934 -- 1948 ) Thomas B. McCabe ( 1948 -- 1951 ) William M. Martin ( 1951 -- 1970 ) Arthur F. Burns ( 1970 -- 1978 ) G. William Miller ( 1978 -- 1979 ) Paul Volcker ( 1979 -- 1987 ) Alan Greenspan ( 1987 -- 2006 ) Ben Bernanke ( 2006 -- 2014 ) Janet Yellen ( 2014 -- 2018 ) Jerome Powell ( 2018 -- ) Current governors Jerome Powell ( Chairman ) Richard Clarida ( Vice Chairman ) Randal Quarles ( Vice Chairman for Supervision ) Lael Brainard 3 seats vacant Current presidents Eric S. Rosengren ( Boston ) John C. Williams ( New York ) Patrick T. Harker ( Philadelphia ) Loretta J. Mester ( Cleveland ) Jeffrey M. Lacker ( Richmond ) Raphael Bostic ( Atlanta ) Charles L. Evans ( Chicago ) James B. Bullard ( St. Louis ) Neel Kashkari ( Minneapolis ) Esther George ( Kansas City ) Robert Steven Kaplan ( Dallas ) Mark A. Gould ( Acting - San Francisco ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve&oldid=865540990 '' Categories : Chairs of the Federal Reserve Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from July 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Galego 한국어 Nederlands नेपाली Polski Português Русский Simple English Українська Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 15 : 20 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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when and where was the imperial forest institute set up in india
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Forest Research Institute वन अनुसन्धान संस्थान देहरादून Forest Research Institute , Dehradun , distant view Established 1906 Location FRI and College Area , Dehradun Website www.fri.res.in
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Forest Research Institute ( India )
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forest research institute ( india )
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The Forest Research Institute ( FRI ) वन अनुसन्धान संस्थान देहरादून is an institute of the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education and is a premier institution in the field of forestry research in India . It is located at Dehradun in Uttarakhand , and is one of the oldest institutions of its kind . In 1991 , it was declared a deemed university by the University Grants Commission .
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The Forest Research Institute campus hosts the Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy ( IGNFA ) , the staff college that trains officers selected for the Indian Forest Service ( IFS ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Architecture 3 Location 4 Training facility 5 Museum 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) It was founded in 1878 as the British Imperial Forest School . by Dietrich Brandis . In 1906 , it was reestablished as the Imperial Forest Research Institute , under the British Imperial Forestry Service . The Indian Forest College was established in 1938 ; officers recruited to the Superior Forest Service by the states and provinces were trained there. Great revolutionary Rashbehari Bose worked here Architecture ( edit ) Forest Research Institute front view Established as Imperial Forest Research Institute in 1906 , the Forest Research Institute ( FRI ) Dehradun , was first located at Chandhbagh ( the present location of the Doon School ) on the Mall Road . A much larger campus at the present location was acquired ca 1923 . Construction of the present buildings commenced thereafter . Styled in Greeko Roman Architecture by C.G. Blomfield , the main building was inaugurated in 1929 by then Viceroy Freeman Freeman - Thomas , 1st Marquess of Willingdon . It is now a National Heritage site . FRI Dehradun is one of the oldest institutions of its kind and acclaimed the world over . The institute 's history is virtually synonymous with the evolution and development of scientific forestry , not only in India , but over the entire sub-continent . Built over a lush green estate spread over 450 hectares , with the outer Himalaya forming its back drop , the institute 's main building is an impressive edifice , marrying Greco - Roman and Colonial styles of architecture , with a plinth area of 2.5 hectares . The building was listed for a time , in the Guinness Book of Records , as the largest purely brick structure in the world . The institute has a developed infrastructure of all equipped laboratories , library , herbarium , arboreta , printing press and experimental field areas for conducting forestry research , quite in keeping with the best of its kind anywhere in the world . It is 7 km from Clock Tower , on the Dehradun - Chakrata motorable road and is of the biggest forest based training institute in India . Most of the forest officers are a part of this institute . The FRI 's building also houses a Botanical Museum . Location ( edit ) FRI and College Area campus is a census town , between Kaulagarh in the north and the Indian Military Academy to the south . The Tons River forms its Western Boundary . Lawn at FRI in Evening Training facility ( edit ) Within its campus it hosts Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy ( IGNFA ) , which is a separate organisation of the Indian Ministry of Environment and Forests ( MoEF ) . It also hosts the Central Academy for State Forest Services ( CASFOS ) . The Wildlife Institute of India was on campus but now has moved to Chandrabani , and is an independent organisation under MoEF . IIFM is an independent autonomous organisation of MoEF and has good liaisoning with FRI for forestry research and related activities . The deemed university of FRI runs four MSc courses viz . Cellulose & Paper Technology , Environment Management , Forestry Management , Wood Science Technology and two P.G. Diploma courses in Natural Resource Management and Aroma Technology . It also enrolls large number of research scholars every year for PhD . The Front view of the Main FRI building . Museum ( edit ) FRI also contains a museum on forestry . It is open from 9 : 30am to 5 : 00pm daily , which an entry fee of Rs 40 per person and a nominal entry fee for vehicles . There are six sections in the museum : Pathology Museum Social Forestry Museum Silviculture Museum Timber Museum Non-Wood Forest Products Museum Entomology Museum In popular culture ( edit ) More than half a dozen movies Dulhan Ek Raat Ki , Krishna Cottage , Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein , 404 , Paan Singh Tomar , Nanban , Student of the Year , Student of the year 2 , Dilli Khabar , Yaara and Dear Daddy were majorly shot in this campus . Television commercial ad of Bournvita was also shot here . Punjabi song Pyaar tere naal he and Sajjan Raji by Satinder Sartaj also shot here . Rash Behari Bose worked here as a head clerk , before becoming a full - time participant in the Independence movement . See also ( edit ) Indian Institute of Forest Management ( IIFM ) Arid Forest Research Institute ( AFRI ) Jodhpur Indian Forest Service ( IFS ) Forest Survey of India ( FSI ) Van Vigyan Kendra ( VVK ) Forest Science Centres List of forest research institutes in India List of historic schools of forestry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemeduniv.html '' . Archived from the original on 29 November 2010 . External link in title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Forest Research Institute Dehradun '' . Jump up ^ Bauuuoiley , F. ( 1885 ) . `` The Indian Forest School '' . Transactions of the Scottish Arboricultural Society . 11 , part 2 : 155 -- 161 . Jump up ^ `` FRI Dehradun - Forest Research Institute in Dehradun Uttarakhand '' . Jump up ^ `` Dehradun Shines in First Look of Karan Johar 's Student of the Year '' . DehradunBuzz . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Forest Research Institute . Official website International Union of Forest Research Organizations ( IUFRO ) Coordinates : 30 ° 20 ′ 38 '' N 77 ° 59 ′ 58 '' E / 30.3439 ° N 77.9994 ° E / 30.3439 ; 77.9994 Dehradun , Uttarakhand Education Academies Doon Sarla Academy Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy Boarding Schools The Aryan School Colonel Brown Cambridge School The Doon School Ecole Globale International Girls ' School Marshall School The Royal College SelaQui International School St Joseph 's Academy , Dehradun Tula 's International School Unison World School Welham Boys ' School Welham Girls ' School Military Schools Indian Military Academy Rashtriya Indian Military College Private Schools Brightlands School Cambrian Hall St. Thomas ' College Universities DIT University Dev Bhoomi Group of Institutions Doon University Forest Research Institute FRI and College Area Himgiri Zee University ICFAI University IMS Unison University Indian Institute of Aeronautical Engineering Indian Institute of Petroleum Indian Institute of Remote Sensing Kelvin Institute of Technology Quantum University SYNTELations Tula 's Institute University of Petroleum and Energy Studies Uttarakhand Technical University Uttaranchal Dental & Medical Research Institute Uttaranchal University Wildlife Institute of India Religious Universities Luther W. New Jr . Theological College Buildings Asan Barrage Mahasu Devta Temple Mindrolling Monastery Parmarth Niketan Raj Bhavan ( Governor 's House ) Tapkeshwar Temple Stadiums Abhimanyu Cricket Academy Doon 's School Ground Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium Transportation Airports Dehradun Airport Railway Stations Dehradun Raiwala Rishikesh Cities and Towns Chakrata Clement Town Dehradun Cantonment Doiwala Gayatri Vihar Herbertpur Landour Mussoorie Pratitnagar Raipur Rishikesh Vikasnagar Virbhadra Locations Happy Valley Nag Tibba Song river Robber 's Cave Universities in Uttarakhand State universities Doon University G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Uttarakhand Medical Education University Kumaun University Sri Dev Suman Uttarakhand University Uttarakhand Ayurved University Uttarakhand Open University Uttarakhand Residential University Uttarakhand Sanskrit University Uttarakhand Technical University Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Uttarakhand University of Horticulture & Forestry Central Universities Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University Autonomous Institutes All India Institute of Medical Sciences , Rishikesh Indian Institute of Management Kashipur Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee National Institute of Technology Uttarakhand Deemed universities Forest Research Institute Graphic Era Gurukul Kangri Vishwavidyalaya Private universities Bhagwant Global University Dev Sanskriti Vishwavidyalaya DIT University Graphic Era Hill University Himalayan Garhwal University Himgiri Zee University ICFAI University , Dehradun IMS Unison University Motherhood University Ras Bihari Bose Subharti University Quantum University Shri Guru Ram Rai University Swami Rama Himalayan University University of Patanjali University of Petroleum and Energy Studies Uttaranchal University Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forest_Research_Institute_(India)&oldid=843288539 '' Categories : 1906 establishments in India Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education Buildings and structures in Dehradun Science and technology in Dehradun Deemed universities in India Indian forest research institutes Forestry education in India Forestry museums in India History of forestry education Ministry of Environment and Forests ( India ) Museums in Uttarakhand Research institutes established in 1906 Tourist attractions in Dehradun Research institutes in Dehradun Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Use dmy dates from July 2017 Use Indian English from July 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Pages using infobox institute with unknown parameters Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी മലയാളം Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 04 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when do you say a problem is np - hard give examples
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NP - hardness
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np - hardness
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NP - hardness ( non-deterministic polynomial - time hardness ) , in computational complexity theory , is the defining property of a class of problems that are , informally , `` at least as hard as the hardest problems in NP '' . More precisely , a problem H is NP - hard when every problem L in NP can be reduced in polynomial time to H ; that is , assuming a solution for H takes 1 unit time , we can use H 's solution to solve L in polynomial time . As a consequence , finding a polynomial algorithm to solve any NP - hard problem would give polynomial algorithms for all the problems in NP , which is unlikely as many of them are considered hard .
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A common misconception is that the NP in `` NP - hard '' stands for `` non-polynomial '' when in fact it stands for `` Non-deterministic Polynomial acceptable problems '' . Although it is suspected that there are no polynomial - time algorithms for NP - hard problems , this has not been proven . Moreover , the class P in which all problems can be solved in polynomial time , is contained in the NP class . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Consequences 3 Examples 4 NP - naming convention 5 Application areas 6 References Definition ( edit ) A decision problem H is NP - hard when for every problem L in NP , there is a polynomial - time reduction from L to H. An equivalent definition is to require that every problem L in NP can be solved in polynomial time by an oracle machine with an oracle for H. Informally , we can think of an algorithm that can call such an oracle machine as a subroutine for solving H , and solves L in polynomial time , if the subroutine call takes only one step to compute . Another definition is to require that there is a polynomial - time reduction from an NP - complete problem G to H. As any problem L in NP reduces in polynomial time to G , L reduces in turn to H in polynomial time so this new definition implies the previous one . Awkwardly , it does not restrict the class NP - hard to decision problems , for instance it also includes search problems , or optimization problems . Consequences ( edit ) If P ≠ NP , then NP - hard problems can not be solved in polynomial time . Note that some NP - hard optimization problems can be polynomial - time approximated up to some constant approximation ratio ( in particular , those in APX ) or even up to any approximation ratio ( those in PTAS or FPTAS ) . Examples ( edit ) An example of an NP - hard problem is the decision subset sum problem , which is this : given a set of integers , does any non-empty subset of them add up to zero ? That is a decision problem , and happens to be NP - complete . Another example of an NP - hard problem is the optimization problem of finding the least - cost cyclic route through all nodes of a weighted graph . This is commonly known as the traveling salesman problem . There are decision problems that are NP - hard but not NP - complete , for example the halting problem . This is the problem which asks `` given a program and its input , will it run forever ? '' That is a yes / no question , so this is a decision problem . It is easy to prove that the halting problem is NP - hard but not NP - complete . For example , the Boolean satisfiability problem can be reduced to the halting problem by transforming it to the description of a Turing machine that tries all truth value assignments and when it finds one that satisfies the formula it halts and otherwise it goes into an infinite loop . It is also easy to see that the halting problem is not in NP since all problems in NP are decidable in a finite number of operations , while the halting problem , in general , is undecidable . There are also NP - hard problems that are neither NP - complete nor undecidable . For instance , the language of True quantified Boolean formulas is decidable in polynomial space , but not non-deterministic polynomial time ( unless NP = PSPACE ) . NP - naming convention ( edit ) NP - hard problems do not have to be elements of the complexity class NP . As NP plays a central role in computational complexity , it is used as the basis of several classes : NP Class of computational decision problems for which a given solution can be verified as a solution in polynomial time by a deterministic Turing machine ( or solvable by a non-deterministic Turing machine in polynomial time ) . NP - hard Class of decision problems which are at least as hard as the hardest problems in NP . Problems that are NP - hard do not have to be elements of NP ; indeed , they may not even be decidable . NP - complete Class of decision problems which contains the hardest problems in NP . Each NP - complete problem has to be in NP . NP - easy At most as hard as NP , but not necessarily in NP . NP - equivalent Decision problems that are both NP - hard and NP - easy , but not necessarily in NP . NP - intermediate If P and NP are different , then there exist decision problems in the region of NP that fall between P and the NP - complete problems . ( If P and NP are the same class , then NP - intermediate problems do not exist because in this case every NP - complete problem would fall in P , and by definition , every problem in NP can be reduced to an NP - complete problem . ) Application areas ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2015 ) NP - hard problems are often tackled with rules - based languages in areas including : Approximate computing Configuration Cryptography Data mining Decision support Phylogenetics Planning Process monitoring and control Rosters or schedules Routing / vehicle routing Scheduling Selection Tutoring systems References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Leeuwen , Jan van , ed. ( 1998 ) . Handbook of Theoretical Computer Science . Vol . A , Algorithms and complexity . Amsterdam : Elsevier . ISBN 0262720140 . OCLC 247934368 . Jump up ^ Knuth , Donald ( 1974 ) . `` Postscript about NP - hard problems '' . ACM SIGACT News . 6 ( 2 ) : 15 -- 16 . doi : 10.1145 / 1008304.1008305 . Retrieved 30 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Daniel Pierre Bovet ; Pierluigi Crescenzi . Introduction to the Theory of Complexity . Prentice Hall . p. 69 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 915380 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` P and NP '' . www.cs.uky.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Shtetl - Optimized '' Blog Archive '' The Scientific Case for P ≠ NP `` . www.scottaaronson.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` PHYS771 Lecture 6 : P , NP , and Friends '' . www.scottaaronson.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ V.J. Rayward - Smith ( 1986 ) . A First Course in Computability . Blackwell . p. 159 . ISBN 0 - 632 - 01307 - 9 . Jump up ^ Lawler , E.L. ; Lenstra , J.K. ; Rinnooy Kan , A.H.G. ; Shmoys , D.B. ( 1985 ) , The Traveling Salesman Problem : A Guided Tour of Combinatorial Optimization , John Wiley & Sons , ISBN 0 - 471 - 90413 - 9 . Jump up ^ More precisely , this language is PSPACE - complete ; see e.g. Wegener , Ingo ( 2005 ) , Complexity Theory : Exploring the Limits of Efficient Algorithms , Springer , p. 189 , ISBN 9783540210450 . Michael R. Garey and David S. Johnson ( 1979 ) . Computers and Intractability : A Guide to the Theory of NP - Completeness . W.H. Freeman . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 1045 - 5 . ( hide ) Important complexity classes ( more ) Considered feasible DLOGTIME AC ACC TC SL RL NL NC SC CC P - complete ZPP RP BPP BQP APX Suspected infeasible UP NP NP - complete NP - hard co-NP co-NP - complete AM QMA PH ⊕ P PP # P # P - complete IP PSPACE PSPACE - complete Considered infeasible EXPTIME NEXPTIME EXPSPACE ELEMENTARY PR RE ALL Class hierarchies Polynomial hierarchy Exponential hierarchy Grzegorczyk hierarchy Arithmetical hierarchy Boolean hierarchy Families of classes DTIME NTIME DSPACE NSPACE Probabilistically checkable proof Interactive proof system Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NP-hardness&oldid=817720171 '' Categories : NP - hard problems Complexity classes Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from January 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Simple English Српски / srpski Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 04 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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the process of imprinting involves the formation of a
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Genomic imprinting
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genomic imprinting
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Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic phenomenon that causes genes to be expressed in a parent - of - origin - specific manner . Forms of genomic imprinting have been demonstrated in fungi , plants and animals . As of 2014 , there are about 150 imprinted genes known in the mouse and about half that in humans .
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Genomic imprinting is an inheritance process independent of the classical Mendelian inheritance . It is an epigenetic process that involves DNA methylation and histone methylation without altering the genetic sequence . These epigenetic marks are established ( `` imprinted '' ) in the germline ( sperm or egg cells ) of the parents and are maintained through mitotic cell divisions in the somatic cells of an organism . Appropriate imprinting of certain genes is important for normal development . Human diseases involving genomic imprinting include Angelman syndrome and Prader -- Willi syndrome . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Imprinted genes in mammals 2.1 Genetic mapping of imprinted genes 2.2 Imprinting mechanisms 2.3 Regulation 2.4 Functions of imprinted genes 2.5 Hypotheses on the origins of imprinting 3 Disorders associated with imprinting 3.1 Prader - Willi / Angelman 3.2 DIRAS3 ( NOEY2 or ARH1 ) 3.3 Other 4 Imprinted genes in other animals 5 Imprinted genes in plants 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Overview ( edit ) In diploid organisms ( like humans ) , the somatic cells possess two copies of the genome , one inherited from the father and one from the mother . Each autosomal gene is therefore represented by two copies , or alleles , with one copy inherited from each parent at fertilization . For the vast majority of autosomal genes , expression occurs from both alleles simultaneously . In mammals , however , a small proportion ( < 1 % ) of genes are imprinted , meaning that gene expression occurs from only one allele . ( some recent studies have questioned this assertion , claiming that the number of regions of parent - of - origin methylation in , for example , the human genome , is much larger than previously thought ) . The expressed allele is dependent upon its parental origin . For example , the gene encoding insulin - like growth factor 2 ( IGF2 / Igf2 ) is only expressed from the allele inherited from the father . The term `` imprinting '' was first used to describe events in the insect Pseudococcus nipae . In Pseudococcids ( mealybugs ) ( Hemiptera , Coccoidea ) both the male and female develop from a fertilised egg . In females , all chromosomes remain euchromatic and functional . In embryos destined to become males , one haploid set of chromosomes becomes heterochromatinised after the sixth cleavage division and remains so in most tissues ; males are thus functionally haploid . Imprinted genes in mammals ( edit ) That imprinting might be a feature of mammalian development was suggested in breeding experiments in mice carrying reciprocal chromosomal translocations . Nucleus transplantation experiments in mouse zygotes in the early 1980s confirmed that normal development requires the contribution of both the maternal and paternal genomes . The vast majority of mouse embryos derived from parthenogenesis ( called parthenogenones , with two maternal or egg genomes ) and androgenesis ( called androgenones , with two paternal or sperm genomes ) die at or before the blastocyst / implantation stage . In the rare instances that they develop to postimplantation stages , gynogenetic embryos show better embryonic development relative to placental development , while for androgenones , the reverse is true . Nevertheless , for the latter , only a few have been described ( in a 1984 paper ) . No naturally occurring cases of parthenogenesis exist in mammals because of imprinted genes . However , in 2004 , experimental manipulation by Japanese researchers of a paternal methylation imprint controlling the Igf2 gene led to the birth of a mouse ( named Kaguya ) with two maternal sets of chromosomes , though it is not a true parthenogenone since cells from two different female mice were used . The researchers were able to succeed by using one egg from an immature parent , thus reducing maternal imprinting , and modifying it to express the gene Igf2 , which is normally only expressed by the paternal copy of the gene . Parthenogenetic / gynogenetic embryos have twice the normal expression level of maternally derived genes , and lack expression of paternally expressed genes , while the reverse is true for androgenetic embryos . It is now known that there are at least 80 imprinted genes in humans and mice , many of which are involved in embryonic and placental growth and development . Hybrid offspring of two species may exhibit unusual growth due to the novel combination of imprinted genes . Various methods have been used to identify imprinted genes . In swine , Bischoff et al. 2009 compared transcriptional profiles using short - oligonucleotide microarrays to survey differentially expressed genes between parthenotes ( 2 maternal genomes ) and control fetuses ( 1 maternal , 1 paternal genome ) . An intriguing study surveying the transcriptome of murine brain tissues revealed over 1300 imprinted gene loci ( approximately 10-fold more than previously reported ) by RNA - sequencing from F1 hybrids resulting from reciprocal crosses . The result however has been challenged by others who claimed that this is an overestimation by an order of magnitude due to flawed statistical analysis . In domesticated livestock , single - nucleotide polymorphisms in imprinted genes influencing foetal growth and development have been shown to be associated with economically important production traits in cattle , sheep and pigs . Genetic mapping of imprinted genes ( edit ) At the same time as the generation of the gynogenetic and androgenetic embryos discussed above , mouse embryos were also being generated that contained only small regions that were derived from either a paternal or maternal source . The generation of a series of such uniparental disomies , which together span the entire genome , allowed the creation of an imprinting map . Those regions which when inherited from a single parent result in a discernible phenotype contain imprinted gene ( s ) . Further research showed that within these regions there were often numerous imprinted genes . Around 80 % of imprinted genes are found in clusters such as these , called imprinted domains , suggesting a level of co-ordinated control . More recently , genome - wide screens to identify imprinted genes have used differential expression of mRNAs from control fetuses and parthenogenetic or androgenetic fetuses hybridized to expression arrays , allele - specific gene expression using SNP genotyping arrays , transcriptome sequencing , and in silico prediction pipelines . Imprinting mechanisms ( edit ) Imprinting is a dynamic process . It must be possible to erase and re-establish imprints through each generation so that genes that are imprinted in an adult may still be expressed in that adult 's offspring . ( For example , the maternal genes that control insulin production will be imprinted in a male but will be expressed in any of the male 's offspring that inherit these genes . ) The nature of imprinting must therefore be epigenetic rather than DNA sequence dependent . In germline cells the imprint is erased and then re-established according to the sex of the individual , i.e. in the developing sperm ( during spermatogenesis ) , a paternal imprint is established , whereas in developing oocytes ( oogenesis ) , a maternal imprint is established . This process of erasure and reprogramming is necessary such that the germ cell imprinting status is relevant to the sex of the individual . In both plants and mammals there are two major mechanisms that are involved in establishing the imprint ; these are DNA methylation and histone modifications . Recently , a new study has suggested a novel inheritable imprinting mechanism in humans that would be specific of placental tissue and that is independent of DNA methylation ( the main and classical mechanism for genomic imprinting ) . Among the hypothetical explanations for this exclusively human phenomenon , two possible mechanisms have been proposed : either a histone modification that confers imprinting at novel placental - specific imprinted loci or , alternatively , a recruitment of DNMTs to these loci by a specific and unknown transcription factor that would be expressed during early trophoblast differentiation . Regulation ( edit ) The grouping of imprinted genes within clusters allows them to share common regulatory elements , such as non-coding RNAs and differentially methylated regions ( DMRs ) . When these regulatory elements control the imprinting of one or more genes , they are known as imprinting control regions ( ICR ) . The expression of non-coding RNAs , such as Air on mouse chromosome 17 and KCNQ1OT1 on human chromosome 11p15. 5 , have been shown to be essential for the imprinting of genes in their corresponding regions . Differentially methylated regions are generally segments of DNA rich in cytosine and guanine nucleotides , with the cytosine nucleotides methylated on one copy but not on the other . Contrary to expectation , methylation does not necessarily mean silencing ; instead , the effect of methylation depends upon the default state of the region . Functions of imprinted genes ( edit ) The control of expression of specific genes by genomic imprinting is unique to therian mammals ( placental mammals and marsupials ) and flowering plants . Imprinting of whole chromosomes has been reported in mealybugs ( Genus : Pseudococcus ) . and a fungus gnat ( Sciara ) . It has also been established that X-chromosome inactivation occurs in an imprinted manner in the extra-embryonic tissues of mice and all tissues in marsupials , where it is always the paternal X-chromosome which is silenced . The majority of imprinted genes in mammals have been found to have roles in the control of embryonic growth and development , including development of the placenta . Other imprinted genes are involved in post-natal development , with roles affecting suckling and metabolism . Hypotheses on the origins of imprinting ( edit ) A widely accepted hypothesis for the evolution of genomic imprinting is the `` parental conflict hypothesis . '' Also known as the kinship theory of genomic imprinting , this hypothesis states that the inequality between parental genomes due to imprinting is a result of the differing interests of each parent in terms of the evolutionary fitness of their genes . The father 's genes that encode for imprinting gain greater fitness through the success of the offspring , at the expense of the mother . The mother 's evolutionary imperative is often to conserve resources for her own survival while providing sufficient nourishment to current and subsequent litters . Accordingly , paternally expressed genes tend to be growth - promoting whereas maternally expressed genes tend to be growth - limiting . In support of this hypothesis , genomic imprinting has been found in all placental mammals , where post-fertilisation offspring resource consumption at the expense of the mother is high ; although it has also been found in oviparous birds where there is relatively little post-fertilisation resource transfer and therefore less parental conflict . However , our understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind genomic imprinting show that it is the maternal genome that controls much of the imprinting of both its own and the paternally - derived genes in the zygote , making it difficult to explain why the maternal genes would willingly relinquish their dominance to that of the paternally - derived genes in light of the conflict hypothesis . Another hypothesis proposed is that some imprinted genes act coadaptively to improve both fetal development and maternal provisioning for nutrition and care . In it a subset of paternally expressed genes are co-expressed in both the placenta and the mother 's hypothalamus . This would come about through selective pressure from parent - infant coadaptation to improve infant survival . Paternally expressed 3 ( Peg3 ) is a gene for which this hypothesis may apply . Others have approached their study of the origins of genomic imprinting from a different side , arguing that natural selection is operating on the role of epigenetic marks as machinery for homologous chromosome recognition during meiosis , rather than on their role in differential expression . This argument centers on the existence of epigenetic effects on chromosomes that do not directly affect gene expression , but do depend on which parent the chromosome originated from . This group of epigenetic changes that depend on the chromosome 's parent of origin ( including both those that affect gene expression and those that do not ) are called parental origin effects , and include phenomena such as paternal X inactivation in the marsupials , nonrandom parental chromatid distribution in the ferns , and even mating type switching in yeast . This diversity in organisms that show parental origin effects has prompted theorists to place the evolutionary origin of genomic imprinting before the last common ancestor of plants and animals , over a billion years ago . Natural selection for genomic imprinting requires genetic variation in a population . A hypothesis for the origin of this genetic variation states that the host - defense system responsible for silencing foreign DNA elements , such as genes of viral origin , mistakenly silenced genes whose silencing turned out to be beneficial for the organism . There appears to be an over-representation of retrotransposed genes , that is to say genes that are inserted into the genome by viruses , among imprinted genes . It has also been postulated that if the retrotransposed gene is inserted close to another imprinted gene , it may just acquire this imprint . Disorders associated with imprinting ( edit ) Imprinting may cause problems in cloning , with clones having DNA that is not methylated in the correct positions . It is possible that this is due to a lack of time for reprogramming to be completely achieved . When a nucleus is added to an egg during somatic cell nuclear transfer , the egg starts dividing in minutes , as compared to the days or months it takes for reprogramming during embryonic development . If time is the responsible factor , it may be possible to delay cell division in clones , giving time for proper reprogramming to occur . An allele of the `` callipyge '' ( from the Greek for `` beautiful buttocks '' ) , or CLPG , gene in sheep produces large buttocks consisting of muscle with very little fat . The large - buttocked phenotype only occurs when the allele is present on the copy of chromosome 18 inherited from a sheep 's father and is not on the copy of chromosome 18 inherited from that sheep 's mother . In vitro fertilisation , including ICSI , is associated with an increased risk of imprinting disorders , with an odds ratio of 3.7 ( 95 % confidence interval 1.4 to 9.7 ) . Prader - Willi / Angelman ( edit ) The first imprinted genetic disorders to be described in humans were the reciprocally inherited Prader - Willi syndrome and Angelman syndrome . Both syndromes are associated with loss of the chromosomal region 15q11 - 13 ( band 11 of the long arm of chromosome 15 ) . This region contains the paternally expressed genes SNRPN and NDN and the maternally expressed gene UBE3A . Paternal inheritance of a deletion of this region is associated with Prader - Willi syndrome ( characterised by hypotonia , obesity , and hypogonadism ) . Maternal inheritance of the same deletion is associated with Angelman syndrome ( characterised by epilepsy , tremors , and a perpetually smiling facial expression ) . DIRAS3 ( noey2 or arh1 ) ( edit ) DIRAS3 is a paternally expressed and maternally imprinted gene located on chromosome 1 in humans . Reduced DIRAS3 expression is linked to an increased risk of ovarian and breast cancers ; in 41 % of breast and ovarian cancers the protein encoded by DIRAS3 is not expressed , suggesting that it functions as a tumor suppressor gene Therefore , if uniparental disomy occurs and a person inherits both chromosomes from the mother , the gene will not be expressed and the individual is put at a greater risk for breast and ovarian cancer . Other ( edit ) Other conditions involving imprinting include Beckwith - Wiedemann syndrome , Silver - Russell syndrome , and pseudohypoparathyroidism . Transient neonatal diabetes mellitus can also involve imprinting . The `` imprinted brain theory '' argues that unbalanced imprinting may be a cause of autism and psychosis . Imprinted genes in other animals ( edit ) In insects , imprinting affects entire chromosomes . In some insects the entire paternal genome is silenced in male offspring , and thus is involved in sex determination . The imprinting produces effects similar to the mechanisms in other insects that eliminate paternally inherited chromosomes in male offspring , including arrhenotoky . In placental species , parent - offspring conflict can result in the evolution of strategies , such as genomic imprinting , for embryos to subvert maternal nutrient provisioning . Despite several attempts to find it , genomic imprinting has not been found in the platypus , reptiles , birds or fish . The absence of genomic imprinting in a placental reptile , the southern grass skink , is interesting as genomic imprinting was thought to be associated with the evolution of viviparity and placental nutrient transport . Imprinted genes in plants ( edit ) A similar imprinting phenomenon has also been described in flowering plants ( angiosperms ) . During fertilisation of the egg cell , a second , separate fertilization event gives rise to the endosperm , an extraembryonic structure that nourishes the embryo in a manner analogous to the mammalian placenta . Unlike the embryo , the endosperm is often formed from the fusion of two maternal cells with a male gamete . This results in a triploid genome . The 2 : 1 ratio of maternal to paternal genomes appears to be critical for seed development . Some genes are found to be expressed from both maternal genomes while others are expressed exclusively from the lone paternal copy . It has been suggested that these imprinted genes are responsible for the triploid block effect in flowering plants that prevents hybridization between diploids and autotetraploids . See also ( edit ) Bookmarking Metabolic imprinting References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ferguson - Smith , Anne C. ( 2011 ) . `` Genomic imprinting : the emergence of an epigenetic paradigm '' . Nature Reviews Genetics . 12 ( 8 ) : 565 -- 575 . doi : 10.1038 / nrg3032 . Jump up ^ Bartolomei , Marisa S. ( 2009 ) . `` Genomic imprinting : employing and avoiding epigenetic processes '' . Genes & Development . 23 ( 18 ) : 2124 -- 2133 . doi : 10.1101 / gad. 1841409 . ISSN 0890 - 9369 . PMC 2751984 . Jump up ^ Patten , M.M. ; Ross , L. ; Curley , J.P. ; Queller , D.C. ; Bonduriansky , R. ; Wolf , J.B. 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PMID 20089326 . External links ( edit ) geneimprint.com Imprinted Gene and Parent - of - origin Effect Database J. Kimball 's Imprinted Genes Site Genomic imprinting at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Harwell Mouse Imprinting Map Gene expression Introduction to genetics Genetic code Central dogma DNA → RNA → Protein Special transfers RNA → RNA RNA → DNA Protein → Protein Transcription Types Bacterial Eukaryotic Key elements Transcription factor RNA polymerase Promoter Post-transcription Precursor mRNA ( pre-mRNA / hnRNA ) 5 ' capping Splicing Polyadenylation Histone acetylation and deacetylation Translation Types Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Key elements Ribosome Transfer RNA ( tRNA ) Ribosome - nascent chain complex ( RNC ) Post-translational modification ( functional groups peptides structural changes ) Regulation Epigenetic imprinting Transcriptional Gene regulatory network cis - regulatory element lac operon Post-transcriptional sequestration ( P - bodies ) alternative splicing microRNA Translational Post-translational reversible irreversible Influential people François Jacob Jacques Monod Non-Mendelian inheritance : genomic imprinting Chromosome 15 Angelman syndrome ♀ / Prader - Willi syndrome ♂ Chromosome 11 Beckwith -- Wiedemann syndrome ♀ / Silver -- Russell syndrome ♂ Myoclonic dystonia Chromosome 20 Pseudohypoparathyroidism ♀ / Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism ♂ Chromosome 6 Transient neonatal diabetes mellitus Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genomic_imprinting&oldid=814882927 '' Categories : Molecular genetics Gene expression Epigenetics Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 13 : 55 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomic%20imprinting
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where is palm beach florida located on the map
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The Town of Palm Beach is an incorporated town in Palm Beach County , Florida , United States . The Intracoastal Waterway separates it from the neighboring cities of West Palm Beach and Lake Worth . In 2000 , Palm Beach had a year - round population of 10,468 , with an estimated seasonal population of 30,000 .
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Palm Beach County , Florida , United States
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Palm Beach , Florida
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palm beach, florida
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The Town of Palm Beach is an incorporated town in Palm Beach County , Florida , United States . The Intracoastal Waterway separates it from the neighboring cities of West Palm Beach and Lake Worth . In 2000 , Palm Beach had a year - round population of 10,468 , with an estimated seasonal population of 30,000 .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Name 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 4 Demographics 5 Transportation 6 Schools 7 Points of interest 8 Notable people 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Prior to being established as a resort by Henry Morrison Flagler , who made the Atlantic coast barrier island accessible via his Florida East Coast Railway , Palm Beach was a sparsely populated part of Lake Worth . The nucleus of the community was established by Flagler 's two luxury resort hotels , the Royal Poinciana Hotel and The Breakers Hotel . West Palm Beach was built across Lake Worth as a service town and has become a major city in its own right . Flagler 's house lots were bought by the beneficiaries of the Gilded Age , and in 1902 Flagler himself built a Beaux - Arts mansion , Whitehall , designed by the New York -- based firm Carrère and Hastings and helped establish the Palm Beach winter `` season '' by constantly entertaining . The town was incorporated on 17 April 1911 . An area known as the Styx housed the people who built up the island . Workers rented small houses from the landowners . In the early 1900s the landowners agreed to evict all of the residents of the Styx ( who moved to West Palm Beach , Florida ) and Edward R. Bradley bought up much of this land . The houses were razed , according to the Palm Beach Daily News . Name ( edit ) The wreck of the Providencia is credited with giving Palm Beach its famous name . The Providencia was traveling from Havana to Cádiz , Spain with a cargo of coconuts harvested on the Caribbean island of Trinidad , when the ship wrecked near Palm Beach . Many of the coconut naturalized or were planted along the Palm Beach coast . A lush grove of palm trees soon grew on what was later named Palm Beach . Today the tallest coconut palms in the United States can be found along the Palm Beach coast . Geography ( edit ) Palm Beach is the easternmost town in Florida , located on a 18 - mile ( 29 km ) long barrier island between Lake Worth Lagoon on the west and the Atlantic Ocean on the east . At no point is the island wider than three - quarters of a mile ( 1.2 km ) , and in places it is only 500 feet ( 150 m ) . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 10.4 square miles ( 27 square kilometres ) . 3.9 square miles ( 10 square kilometres ) of it is land and 6.5 square miles ( 17 square kilometres ) of it is water . The total area is 62.45 % water . Climate ( edit ) According to the koppen climate classification Palm Beach has a tropical rainforest climate , having slightly too much rainfall in it 's driest month to meet the tropical savanna criteria . The wet season is from May to October , when convective thunderstorms and tropical downpours are common , and weak tropical lows pass nearby . Average high temperatures in Palm Beach are 86 to 90 ° F ( 30 to 32 ° C ) with lows of 70 to 75 ° F ( 21 to 24 ° C ) . During this period , more than half of the summer days bring occasional afternoon thunderstorms and seabreezes that somewhat cool the rest of the day . The winter brings drier , sunnier , and much less humid weather . Average high temperatures of 75 to 82 ° F ( 24 to 28 ° C ) and lows of 57 to 66 ° F ( 14 to 19 ° C ) , and is considered the main tourist season in the Palm Beach area . Although most winter days have highs in the 75 F range in Palm Beach , occasional cold fronts during this period can result in a few days of cooler weather with high temperatures in the mid 60s F ( 15 to 20 ° C ) and lows in the upper 40s and 50s ( 8 to 14 ° C ) while at other times high temperatures occasionally reach the middle 80s F in mid winter . In some years , the dry season can become quite dry , and water restrictions are imposed . The annual average precipitation is 61 in ( 1,500 mm ) , most of which occurs during the summer season from May through October . In the wet summer season , short - lived heavy afternoon thunderstorms are common . Palm Beach reports more than 2,900 hrs of sunshine annually . Although rare , tropical cyclones can impact Palm Beach , with the last direct hit in 1928 . ( hide ) Climate data for Palm Beach Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 89 ( 32 ) 90 ( 32 ) 94 ( 34 ) 99 ( 37 ) 96 ( 36 ) 98 ( 37 ) 101 ( 38 ) 98 ( 37 ) 97 ( 36 ) 95 ( 35 ) 91 ( 33 ) 90 ( 32 ) 101 ( 38 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 75.1 ( 23.9 ) 76.3 ( 24.6 ) 79.2 ( 26.2 ) 82.1 ( 27.8 ) 85.9 ( 29.9 ) 88.5 ( 31.4 ) 90.1 ( 32.3 ) 90.1 ( 32.3 ) 88.7 ( 31.5 ) 85.0 ( 29.4 ) 80.4 ( 26.9 ) 76.4 ( 24.7 ) 83.1 ( 28.4 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 57.3 ( 14.1 ) 58.2 ( 14.6 ) 61.9 ( 16.6 ) 65.4 ( 18.6 ) 70.5 ( 21.4 ) 73.8 ( 23.2 ) 75.0 ( 23.9 ) 75.4 ( 24.1 ) 74.7 ( 23.7 ) 71.2 ( 21.8 ) 65.8 ( 18.8 ) 60.1 ( 15.6 ) 67.4 ( 19.7 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 27 ( − 3 ) 32 ( 0 ) 30 ( − 1 ) 43 ( 6 ) 51 ( 11 ) 61 ( 16 ) 66 ( 19 ) 65 ( 18 ) 66 ( 19 ) 46 ( 8 ) 36 ( 2 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 27 ( − 3 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 3.75 ( 95.3 ) 2.55 ( 64.8 ) 3.68 ( 93.5 ) 3.57 ( 90.7 ) 5.39 ( 136.9 ) 7.58 ( 192.5 ) 5.97 ( 151.6 ) 6.65 ( 168.9 ) 8.10 ( 205.7 ) 5.46 ( 138.7 ) 5.55 ( 141 ) 3.14 ( 79.8 ) 61.39 ( 1,559.4 ) Source : National Weather Service Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1920 1,135 -- 1930 1,707 50.4 % 1940 3,747 119.5 % 1950 3,886 3.7 % 1960 6,055 55.8 % 1970 9,086 50.1 % 1980 9,729 7.1 % 9,814 0.9 % 2000 10,468 6.7 % 8,348 − 20.3 % Est. 2016 8,690 4.1 % U.S. Decennial Census Palm Beach has a median household income of $124,562 and a median family income of $137,867 . The town 's affluence and its `` abundance of pleasures '' and `` strong community - oriented sensibility '' were cited when it was selected in June 2003 as America 's `` Best Place to Live '' by Robb Report magazine . As of the 2000 census , over half the population ( 52.7 % ) are 65 years of age or older , with a median age of 67 years . 9.4 % are under the age of 18 , 1.5 % are from 18 to 24 , 11.5 % are from 25 to 44 , and 25.0 % from 45 to 64 . For every 100 females , there are 79.3 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there are 77.0 males . The household income for the town is $109,219 . Males have a median income of $71,685 versus $42,875 for females . 5.3 % of the population and 2.4 % of families are below the poverty line . 4.6 % of those under the age of 18 and 2.9 % of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line . The racial makeup of the town is 96 % White ( 93.8 % were non-Hispanic White ) , 2.57 % Black , 0.53 % Asian , 0.04 % Native American , 0.02 % Pacific Islander , 0.21 % from other races , and 0.63 % from two or more races. 2.56 % of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race . The 10,468 people in the town are organized into 5,789 households and 3,021 families . The population density is 2,669.2 inhabitants per square mile ( 1,031.1 / km ) . There are 9,948 housing units at an average density of 1,006.5 per square mile ( 387.7 / km ) . 7.7 % of the households have children under the age of 18 living with them , 48.1 % are married couples living together , 3.3 % have a female householder with no husband present , and 47.8 % are non-families. 42.6 % of all households are made up of individuals and 27.6 % have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older . The average household size is 1.81 and the average family size is 2.38 . In 2000 , English was the first language of 87.81 % of all residents , while French comprised 4.48 % , Spanish consisted of 3.65 % , German made up 2.16 % , Italian speakers made up 0.45 % , Yiddish made up 0.36 % , Russian was at 0.30 % , Arabic and Swedish at 0.25 % , and Polish was the mother tongue of 0.24 % of the population . In 2000 , Palm Beach had the 40th highest percentage of Russian residents in the U.S. , with 10.30 % of the populace ( tied with Pomona , N.Y. and the township of Lower Merion , Pa . ) . It also had the 26th highest percentage of Austrian residents in the US , at 2.10 % of the town 's population ( which tied with 19 other US areas ) . Palm Beach Transportation ( edit ) Worth Avenue The city is served by Amtrak and Tri-Rail , which connect Palm Beach with Miami , as well as Palm Beach International Airport , all located in West Palm Beach . The higher speed Brightline has a stop in West Palm Beach as well . Public transportation is available through Palm Tran , and connects with the rest of the county . The northern portion of Palm Beach is served by the Route 41 bus which travels from the northernmost portion of Palm Beach at the inlet and then down to Royal Palm Way , across the Royal Park Bridge ( State Road 704 ) into West Palm Beach and up to the government center , and then follows the same route in reverse . Private vehicles and taxis are the predominant means of transport in Palm Beach . Bicycles are a popular transport on the island , although most areas have no bicycle trails , so safe and comfortable travel is not always assured . The Lake Trail , exclusively for pedestrian and bike traffic , extends from Royal Palm Way ( State Road 704 ) in the south up to the north end of the island . The trail follows the edge of the Lake Worth Lagoon ( part of the intercoastal waterway ) except for a section between the Flagler Museum and the Biltmore Condominiums , where the trail follows the streets . Another break occurs to pass around the Sailfish Yacht Club in the north end of the island . The Lake Trail is filled daily with bikers , rollerbladers , runners , and dog - walkers . Traveling by bike along the ocean can be hazardous . Only a short section in the downtown area has sidewalks . The roads along the ocean are narrow and have small or no shoulders , making biking a potentially dangerous activity in those areas . In the southern end of the island , south of Sloan 's Curve , through South Palm Beach to East Ocean Avenue ( linking to Lantana ) is a two - mile ( 3200 m ) long , relatively wide pedestrian path that is popular with walkers , runners , and bikers alike . Schools ( edit ) Palm Beach Public Elementary is located on the island and has kindergarten through fifth grade . It has a school grade of A and 477 students attend the school . Palm Beach Day Academy is a private school in the area . It was formed in 2005 from a merger between Palm Beach Day School and the Academy of the Palm Beaches . Points of interest ( edit ) Night view of the Big Kapok tree near Flagler Museum Breakers Hotel Everglades Club Four Arts Gardens Mar - a-Lago Whitehall , the Flagler Museum Pan 's Garden , Preservation Foundation of Palm Beach Worth Avenue The Big Kapok tree on the property of the Royal Poinciana Chapel near Flagler Museum Notable people ( edit ) S. Daniel Abraham - Creator of Slim Fast Roger Ailes - American television executive and media consultant Steve Alvers - American football player Spencer Antle - Fashion designer , founder of lifestyle brand Island Company , and filmmaker Madeleine Astor - Titanic Survivor , and widow of John Jacob Astor IV Herman Barron ( 1909 -- 1978 ) - professional golfer Rich Barnes - MLB pitcher for the Chicago White Sox and Cleveland Indians Barney Family - heirs to the Smith Barney banking and brokerage fortune Ted Bell - Bestselling American author of suspense and espionage novels Billy Bishop - World War I flying ace , he died while spending the winter of 1956 in Palm Beach Conrad Black - a former Canadian media baron , author , and convicted fraudster lived on Palm Beach Island for over twenty years Jon Bon Jovi - American singer from New Jersey , who in March 2018 purchased a home on the island , in addition to his other residences in Boca Raton , and New Jersey . Dan Borislow - Founder of magicJack Nancy Brinker - founder of Susan G. Komen for the Cure Jimmy Buffett - Singer William S. Burroughs , Jr . - American novelist , son of famous beat writer William S. Burroughs and great - grandson to William Seward Burroughs I , the original inventor of the Burroughs adding machine . ( b . 1947 ) James H. Clark - Founder of Netscape Ann Coulter - Syndicated columnist , author , and political commentator Horace Dodge - The Dodge automotive family and died December 1920 at his Palm Beach residence The Duke and Duchess of Windsor frequently holidayed in Palm Beach after their marriage in 1937 Henry Morrison Flagler - founder of Palm Beach Malcolm Glazer - CEO of First Allied Corporation and sports team owner ( Manchester United of the Premier League and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League ) Robert W. Gottfried - homebuilder Curt Gowdy - Sportscaster Joseph Gurwin ( 1920 -- 2009 ) , philanthropist George Hamilton - Actor E.F. Hutton - Wall street broker who built Mar - a-Lago husband of Marjorie Merriweather Post Paul Ilyinsky or HH Paul Romanovsky - Ilynsky ( 1928 -- 2004 ) - senior male of Romanov Dynasty , Head of House of Holstein - Gottorp , Prince of Holstein - Gottorp , Duke of Holstein - Gottorp , Prince Romanovsky - Ilynsky , U.S. Marine Corps colonel , son of HIH Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia , grandson of John J. Emery , nephew of John J. Emery . Ilyinsky was elected to the Palm Beach town council in 1981 . Two years later , Ilyinsky ran unopposed and spent another term as council president . He won the mayor 's job in 1993 , and served until 2000 . Michael Jackson - Singer . Lived there briefly in 2003 until 2005 . Raymond Kassar - Investor and former Chairman and CEO of Atari and former Vice-Chair of Burlington Industries Kennedy family - political family Brett King - American actor who later opened Coral Sands Hotel in the Bahamas , died in Palm Beach in 1999 John Kluge - Chairman of Metromedia , estimated net worth is $11 Billion III Howard Leach - Ambassador to France under George W. Bush Evelyn Lauder - co-creator of the Pink Ribbon breast cancer awareness campaign , creator of Clinique Laurence Leamer - Writer John Lennon - Musician most famous with his work with The Beatles . Lennon bought Harold Vanderbilt 's former home , El Solano , in 1980 shortly before his murder . Rush Limbaugh - Radio show host , and conservative political commentator Edgar F. Luckenbach - Shipping magnate Bernard Madoff - Former NASDAQ chairman and convicted felon of various securities fraud Lana J. Marks - Designer Charles Peter McColough - Former Chairman and CEO of the Xerox Corporation Dina Merrill - American actress and socialite ( daughter of E.F. Hutton & Marjorie Merriweather Post ) Addison Mizner - influential architect of Palm Beach landmarks and residences in the 1920s Brian Mulroney - former Canadian Prime Minister Dmitri Nabokov - son and literary heir of famed novelist Vladimir Nabokov Tony Nader - author and leader of the Transcendental Meditation movement Kevin Ohme - MLB pitcher for the St. Louis Cardinals Mehmet Oz - Better known as Dr. Oz . Turkish - American cardiothoracic surgeon , professor , author , and television personality . James Patterson - Best Selling Author Mark Patton - 1980s television and film actor Henry Paulson - Former US Treasury Secretary Ronald Perelman - Corporate Raider , Chairman of Revlon who sold his Palm Beach house in 2004 for $70 million Marjorie Merriweather Post - Post cereal heiress , socialite , and philanthropist who built Mar - a-Lago . Wife of E.F. Hutton Wilbur Ross - US secretary of Commerce John Sculley - former CEO of Apple , Inc and former president of PepsiCo Stephanie Seymour - American model and actress Christopher A. Sinclair - Chairman and CEO of Mattel and former CEO of Pepsi - Cola Howard Stern - Radio personality Rod Stewart - Singer Butch Trucks - Founding member of The Allman Brothers Band Donald Trump - 45th President of the United States Ivana Trump - Ex-wife of Donald Trump Harold Vanderbilt - railroad executive , great - grandson of Cornelius Vanderbilt , owned El Solano before John Lennon bought it . Vera Wang - Fashion designer ( has recently sold the $9 m mansion she owned on the Palm Beach coast and moved to NYC ) Mollie Wilmot - Philanthropist and socialite Jayne Wrightsman - Philanthropist and socialite References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved Jul 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Loney , Jim ( 19 December 2008 ) . `` Madoff scandal stuns Palm Beach Jewish community '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Styx : Removal '' . Palm Beach County History Online . 2009 . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Harvey Oyer III , `` `` The Wreck of the Providencia in 1878 and the Naming of Palm Beach County , '' South Florida History , vol. 29 , Nov. 4 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Town of Palm Beach , `` History of Palm Beach '' , http://www.townofpalmbeach.com/Index.aspx?NID=343 , retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Palm Beach County Historical Society , `` 1860 - 1879 , '' http://www.pbchistoryonline.org/page/timeline-1860-1879 , retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Town of Palm Beach , `` Story of the Town 's Founding '' , http://www.townofpalmbeach.com/Index.aspx?NID=344 , retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Federal Writers ' Project ( 1939 ) , Florida . A Guide to the Southernmost State , New York : Oxford University Press , p. 227 access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` WEST PALM BEACH , FLORIDA '' . Weatherbase . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Climate of West Palm Beach '' . ClimaTemps.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Weather for West Palm Beach , Florida , United States of America '' . Weatherbase . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.nws.noaa.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=mfl Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Demographics of Palm Beach , Florida '' . MuniNetGuide.com . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MLA Data Center Results of Palm Beach , FL '' . Modern Language Association . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ancestry Map of Russian Communities '' . Epodunk.com . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ancestry Map of Austrian Communities '' . Epodunk.com . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stations : West Palm Beach , FL ( WPB ) '' . Amtrak . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Palm Beach to Palm Beach Inlet - Route 41 '' . Palm Beach County . 12 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Palm Beach Public Elementary '' . Edline.net . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : Clemence , Sara ( 12 September 2005 ) . `` Palm Beach Peach '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Brad ( 4 November 2006 ) . `` Ann Coulter 's Felonious Florida Voter Registration Application '' . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Hyde , Charles K. ( 2005 ) . The Dodge brothers : the men , the motor cars , and the legacy . Wayne State University Press . p. 139 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8143 - 3246 - 7 . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Murphy , Shannon Donnelly ( 31 May 2007 ) . `` He Certainly Put his Stamp on the Island '' . Palm Beach Daily News . Jump up ^ Martin , Douglas ( 26 September 2009 ) . `` Joseph Gurwin , Textile Manufacturer and Philanthropist , Dies at 89 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Davis , Christine ( 26 April 2012 ) . `` On the Market : George Hamilton , engaged , is selling Waterview Towers bachelor pad for $895,000 '' . Palm Beach Daily News . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Dargan , Michele ; Donnelly , Shannon ( 13 November 2011 ) . `` Service to be Monday for Evelyn Lauder , beauty exec and pink ribbon co-creator '' . Palm Beach Daily News . Archived from the original on 13 May 2012 . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` El Solano Review - Palm Beach and the Treasure Coast '' . Fodor 's Travel Guides. 1 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 11 August 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rush Limbaugh 's House , and Other Egomaniacal Estates '' . New York Magazine . 7 July 2008 . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Hofheinz , Darrell ( 15 September 2016 ) . `` North End home with Vedic principles wins board approval '' . The Shiny Sheet . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Ostrowski , Jeff . `` Dr. Oz just bought a Palm Beach mansion . See how much he paid '' . Palm Beach Post . External links ( edit ) Miami portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Palm Beach , Florida . Palm Beach , Florida travel guide from Wikivoyage Town of Palm Beach Palm Beach Chamber of Commerce Municipalities and communities of Palm Beach County , Florida , United States County seat : West Palm Beach Cities Atlantis Belle Glade Boca Raton Boynton Beach Delray Beach Greenacres Lake Worth Pahokee Palm Beach Gardens Riviera Beach South Bay Westlake West Palm Beach Towns Briny Breezes Cloud Lake Glen Ridge Gulf Stream Haverhill Highland Beach Hypoluxo Juno Beach Jupiter Jupiter Inlet Colony Lake Clarke Shores Lake Park Lantana Loxahatchee Groves Manalapan Mangonia Park Ocean Ridge Palm Beach Palm Beach Shores South Palm Beach Villages Golf North Palm Beach Palm Springs Royal Palm Beach Tequesta Wellington CDPs Acacia Villas Belle Glade Camp Boca Del Mar Boca Pointe Cabana Colony Canal Point Century Village Cypress Lakes Fremd Village - Padgett Island Golden Lakes Gun Club Estates Hamptons at Boca Raton Juno Ridge Jupiter Farms Kenwood Estates Kings Point Lake Belvedere Estates Lake Harbor Lake Worth Corridor Lakeside Green Lakewood Gardens Limestone Creek Mission Bay Pine Air Plantation Mobile Home Park Royal Palm Estates San Castle Sandalfoot Cove Schall Circle Seminole Manor Stacy Street The Acreage Villages of Oriole Watergate Westgate Whisper Walk Unincorporated communities Boca West Bryant Dahlberg Dunes Road High Point Loxahatchee Okeelanta Pelican Lake West Boca Raton Ghost town Apix Big Mound City Deem City Miami metropolitan area Population - 6,012,331 Counties Miami - Dade Broward Palm Beach Major city 441k Miami Cities and towns 100k -- 250k Coral Springs Fort Lauderdale Hialeah Hollywood Miami Gardens Miramar Pembroke Pines Pompano Beach West Palm Beach Cities and towns 25k -- 99k Aventura Boca Raton Boynton Beach Coconut Creek Cooper City Coral Gables Cutler Bay Dania Beach Davie Deerfield Beach Delray Beach Doral Greenacres Hallandale Beach Homestead Jupiter Lake Worth Lauderdale Lakes Lauderhill Margate Miami Beach North Lauderdale North Miami North Miami Beach Oakland Park Palm Beach Gardens Plantation Riviera Beach Sunrise Tamarac West Park Weston Wilton Manors Cities and towns 10k -- 25k Belle Glade Hialeah Gardens Lighthouse Point Miami Lakes Miami Springs Opa - locka Palm Beach Parkland South Miami Sunny Isles Beach Sweetwater Palm Springs A list of cities under 10,000 is available here . Greater Miami Area Miami Fort Lauderdale West Palm Beach Miami metropolitan area Central business district Downtown Miami Brickell Central Business District Historic District Government Center Park West Omni Downtown Fort Lauderdale Major urban areas Aventura Coconut Grove Coral Gables Dadeland Health District Hialeah Hollywood Midtown Edgewater Wynwood Pembroke Pines South Beach Colleges and universities Barry University Broward College Carlos Albizu University Florida Atlantic University Florida International University Florida Memorial University Johnson & Wales University Miami Dade College Miami International University of Art & Design Nova Southeastern University St. Thomas University University of Miami Parks and recreation Alice Wainwright Park Amelia Earhart Park Arch Creek The Barnacle Historic State Park Bayfront Park Big Cypress National Preserve Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park Biscayne National Park Brian Piccolo Sports Park & Velodrome Chapman Field Park Crandon Park Dinner Key Everglades National Park Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Fort Dallas Fruit and Spice Park Greynolds Park Haulover Park Jungle Island The Kampong Margaret Pace Park Matheson Hammock Park Miami Seaquarium Monkey Jungle Museum Park Oleta River State Park Peacock Park Shark Valley Simpson Park Hammock South Pointe Park Tamiami Park Tropical Park Virginia Key Zoo Miami Attractions Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts American Airlines Arena Bass Museum Bergeron Rodeo Grounds BB&T Center Biltmore Hotel Bonita Chita Key Butterfly World Coral Castle Downtown Miami FIU Arena FIU Stadium Florida Grand Opera Fontainebleau Miami Beach Fort Lauderdale Swap Shop Frost Art Museum Frost School of Music Gulfstream Park Hard Rock Stadium HistoryMiami Holocaust Memorial Homestead Jewish Museum of Florida Las Olas Boulevard Lowe Art Museum Lincoln Road Lummus Park MacFarlane Homestead Marlins Park Miami Beach Architectural District Miami Beach Convention Center Miami Children 's Museum Miami City Ballet Miami Conservatory Museum of Contemporary Art New World Symphony Orchestra Normandy Isles North Shore Ocean Drive Phillip and Patricia Frost Museum of Science Pérez Art Museum Miami Riverwalk Seminole Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Hollywood South Beach The Miami Line Vizcaya Museum and Gardens Watsco Center Wolfsonian - FIU Wynwood Art District Major shopping centers Aventura Mall Bal Harbour Shops Bayside Marketplace Brickell City Centre CocoWalk Collins Avenue Coral Square Dadeland Mall Dolphin Mall The Falls Flagler Street The Galleria at Fort Lauderdale Lincoln Road The Mall at 163rd Street Mall of the Americas Mary Brickell Village Miami International Mall Midtown Miami Miracle Marketplace Pembroke Lakes Mall The Shops at Sunset Place Sawgrass Mills Southland Mall Shops at Merrick Park Westfield Broward Westland Mall Transportation Amtrak Brightline Broward County Transit Government Center Fort Lauderdale Executive Airport Fort Lauderdale -- Hollywood International Airport Miami Airport Station Miami - Dade Transit Metrorail Metrobus Metromover MIA Mover Miami International Airport North Perry Airport Palm Tran Pompano Beach Airpark Port Everglades Port of Miami Tri-Rail Major thoroughfares East 6th Avenue North 36th Street North 54th Street North 79th Street North 103rd Street North 125th Street North 135th Street West 7th Avenue West 12th Avenue West 27th Avenue West 107th Avenue Allapattah Road Alton Road Bird Road Biscayne Boulevard Brickell Avenue Broad Causeway Collins Avenue Coral Reef Drive Coral Way County Line Road Douglas Road Flagler Street Galloway Road Gratigny Ives Dairy Road Julia Tuttle Causeway Kendall Drive John F. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm%20Beach%2C%20Florida
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are you allowed to marry your first cousin in canada
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Cousin marriage
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cousin marriage
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Cousin marriage is marriage between cousins ( i.e. people with common grandparents or people who share other fairly recent ancestors ) . Opinions and practice vary widely across the world . In some cultures and communities , cousin marriage is considered ideal and actively encouraged ; in others , it is subject to social stigma . Cousin marriage is common in the Middle East , for instance , where it accounts for over half of all marriages in some countries . In some countries outside that region , it is uncommon but still legal . In others , it is seen as incestuous and is legally prohibited : it is banned in China and Taiwan , North Korea , South Korea , and in fewer than half of the United States . Supporters of cousin marriage where it is banned may view the prohibition as discrimination , while opponents may appeal to moral or other arguments . Worldwide , more than 10 % of marriages are between first or second cousins .
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In the past , cousin marriage was practised within indigenous cultures in Australia , North America , South America , and Polynesia . Various religions have ranged from prohibiting sixth cousins or closer from marrying , to freely allowing first - cousin marriage . Cousin marriage is an important topic in anthropology and alliance theory . Children of first - cousin marriages may have an increased risk of genetic disorders , particularly if their parents both carry a harmful recessive mutation , but this can only be estimated empirically , and those estimates are likely to be specific to particular populations in specific environments . Children of more distantly related cousins have less risk of harmful genetic mutations . In fact , a study of Icelandic records indicated that marriages between third or fourth cousins ( people with common great - great - or great - great - great - grandparents ) may be optimal , at least from the perspective of producing the most children and grandchildren . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 The Americas 1.1. 1 United States 1.2 Europe 1.2. 1 Ancient Rome 1.3 Asia 1.3. 1 China 1.3. 2 Middle East 1.3. 2.1 Middle Eastern parallel - cousin marriage 1.4 Africa 2 Prevalence 3 Current status 3.1 Brazil 3.2 East Asia 3.3 India 3.4 Middle East 3.5 The Netherlands 3.6 Pakistan 3.7 United States 3.8 United Kingdom 4 Social aspects 5 In religion 5.1 Judaism and Christianity 5.2 Islam 5.3 Hinduism 5.4 Other religions 6 Biological aspects 6.1 Genetics 6.2 Fertility 7 Famous cousin marriages 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) According to Professor Robin Fox of Rutgers University , 80 % of all marriages in history may have been between second cousins or closer . The founding population of Homo sapiens was small , 700 to 10,000 individuals ; therefore , a certain amount of inbreeding is inevitable . Proportions of first - cousin marriage in Western countries have declined since the 19th century . In the Middle East , cousin marriage is still strongly favoured . Cousin marriage has often been chosen to keep cultural values intact , preserve family wealth , maintain geographic proximity , keep tradition , strengthen family ties , and maintain family structure or a closer relationship between the wife and her in - laws . Many such marriages are arranged ( see also pages on arranged marriage in the Indian subcontinent , arranged marriages in Pakistan , and arranged marriages in Japan ) . The americas ( edit ) United states ( edit ) Cousin marriage was legal in all states before the Civil War . Anthropologist Martin Ottenheimer argues that marriage prohibitions were introduced to maintain the social order , uphold religious morality , and safeguard the creation of fit offspring . Writers such as Noah Webster ( 1758 -- 1843 ) and ministers like Philip Milledoler ( 1775 -- 1852 ) and Joshua McIlvaine helped lay the groundwork for such viewpoints well before 1860 . This led to a gradual shift in concern from affinal unions , like those between a man and his deceased wife 's sister , to consanguineous unions . By the 1870s , Lewis Henry Morgan ( 1818 -- 1881 ) was writing about `` the advantages of marriages between unrelated persons '' and the necessity of avoiding `` the evils of consanguine marriage '' , avoidance of which would `` increase the vigor of the stock '' . To many , Morgan included , cousin marriage , and more specifically parallel - cousin marriage , was a remnant of a more primitive stage of human social organization . Morgan himself had married his cousin in 1853 . In 1846 , Massachusetts Governor George N. Briggs appointed a commission to study `` idiots '' in the state , and this study implicated cousin marriage as responsible for idiocy . Within the next two decades , numerous reports ( e.g. , one from the Kentucky Deaf and Dumb Asylum ) appeared with similar conclusions : that cousin marriage sometimes resulted in deafness , blindness , and idiocy . Perhaps most important was the report of physician Samuel Merrifield Bemiss for the American Medical Association , which concluded cousin inbreeding does lead to the physical and mental depravation of the offspring `` . Despite being contradicted by other studies like those of George Darwin and Alan Huth in England and Robert Newman in New York , the report 's conclusions were widely accepted . These developments led to 13 states and territories passing cousin marriage prohibitions by the 1880s . Though contemporaneous , the eugenics movement did not play much of a direct role in the bans . George Louis Arner in 1908 considered the ban a clumsy and ineffective method of eugenics , which he thought would eventually be replaced by more refined techniques . By the 1920s , the number of bans had doubled . Since that time , Kentucky ( 1943 ) , Maine ( 1985 ) ( ETA : First cousin marriage is legal in Maine so long as the couple undergoes genetic counseling to ensure that -- should the couple wish to have children - there is little - to - no risk of serious health defect ) , and Texas ( 2005 ) have also banned cousin marriage . The National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws unanimously recommended in 1970 that all such laws should be repealed , but no state has dropped its prohibition . Europe ( edit ) Early Medieval Europe continued the late Roman ban on cousin marriage ; under the law of the Catholic Church , couples were forbidden to marry if they were within four degrees of consanguinity . In the ninth century , the church raised the number of prohibited degrees to seven and changed the method by which they were calculated . Eventually , the nobility became too interrelated to marry easily as the local pool of unrelated prospective spouses became smaller ; increasingly , large payments to the church were required for exemptions ( `` dispensations '' ) , or retrospective legitimizations of children , in what amounted to a ' protection racket ' by the church . In 1215 , the Fourth Lateran Council reduced the number of prohibited degrees of consanguinity from seven to four . The method of calculating prohibited degrees was changed also . Instead of the former practice of counting up to the common ancestor then down to the proposed spouse , the new law computed consanguinity by counting back to the common ancestor . In the Roman Catholic Church , unknowingly marrying a closely consanguineous blood relative was grounds for a declaration of nullity , but during the 11th and 12th centuries , dispensations were granted with increasing frequency due to the thousands of persons encompassed in the prohibition at seven degrees and the hardships this posed for finding potential spouses . After 1215 , the general rule was that while fourth cousins could marry without dispensation , the need for dispensations was reduced . For example , the marriage of Louis XIV of France and Maria Theresa of Spain was a first - cousin marriage on both sides . It began to fall out of favor in the 19th century as women became socially mobile . Only Austria , Hungary , and Spain banned cousin marriage throughout the 19th century , with dispensations being available from the government in the last two countries . First - cousin marriage in England in 1875 was estimated by George Darwin to be 3.5 % for the middle classes and 4.5 % for the nobility , though this had declined to under 1 % during the 20th century . Queen Victoria and Prince Albert were a preeminent example . The 19th - century academic debate on cousin marriage developed differently in Europe and America . The writings of Scottish deputy commissioner for lunacy Arthur Mitchell claiming that cousin marriage had injurious effects on offspring were largely contradicted by researchers such as Alan Huth and George Darwin . In fact , Mitchell 's own data did not support his hypotheses and he later speculated that the dangers of consanguinity might be partly overcome by proper living . Later studies by George Darwin found results that resemble those estimated today . His father , Charles Darwin , who did marry his first cousin , had initially speculated that cousin marriage might pose serious risks , but perhaps in response to his son 's work , these thoughts were omitted from a later version of the book they published . When a question about cousin marriage was eventually considered in 1871 for the census , according to George Darwin , it was rejected on the grounds that the idle curiosity of philosophers was not to be satisfied . Ancient Rome ( edit ) Cousin and sibling marriage were legal in ancient Rome from the Second Punic War ( 218 -- 201 BC ) , until it was banned by the Christian emperor Theodosius I in 381 in the West , and until after the death of Justinian ( 565 ) in the East , but the proportion of such marriages is not clear . Anthropologist Jack Goody said that cousin marriage was a typical pattern in Rome , based on the marriage of four children of Emperor Constantine to their first cousins and on writings by Plutarch and Livy indicating the proscription of cousin marriage in the early Republic . Professors Brent Shaw and Richard Saller , however , counter in their more comprehensive treatment that cousin marriages were never habitual or preferred in the western empire : for example , in one set of six stemmata ( genealogies ) of Roman aristocrats in the two centuries after Octavian , out of 33 marriages , none was between first or second cousins . Such marriages carried no social stigma in the late Republic and early Empire . They cite the example of Cicero attacking Mark Antony not on the grounds of cousin marriage , but instead on grounds of Antony 's divorce . Shaw and Saller propose in their thesis of low cousin marriage rates that as families from different regions were incorporated into the imperial Roman nobility , exogamy was necessary to accommodate them and to avoid destabilizing the Roman social structure . Their data from tombstones further indicate that in most of the western empire , parallel - cousin marriages were not widely practiced among commoners , either . Spain and Noricum were exceptions to this rule , but even there , the rates did not rise above 10 % . They further point out that since property belonging to the nobility was typically fragmented , keeping current assets in the family offered no advantage , compared with acquiring it by intermarriage . Jack Goody claimed that early Christian marriage rules forced a marked change from earlier norms to deny heirs to the wealthy and thus to increase the chance that those with wealth would will their property to the Church . Shaw and Saller , however , believe that the estates of aristocrats without heirs had previously been claimed by the emperor , and that the Church merely replaced the emperor . Their view is that the Christian injunctions against cousin marriage were due more to ideology than to any conscious desire to acquire wealth . For some prominent examples of cousin marriages in ancient Rome , such as the marriage of Octavian 's daughter to his sister 's son , see the Julio - Claudian family tree . Marcus Aurelius also married his maternal first cousin Faustina the Younger , and they had 13 children . Cousin marriage was more frequent in Ancient Greece , and marriages between uncle and niece were also permitted there . One example is King Leonidas I of Sparta , who married his half - niece . A Greek woman who became epikleros , or heiress with no brothers , was obliged to marry her father 's nearest male kin if she had not yet married and given birth to a male heir . First in line would be either her father 's brothers or their sons , followed by her father 's sisters ' sons . According to Goody , cousin marriage was allowed in the newly Christian and presumably also pre-Christian Ireland , where an heiress was also obligated to marry a paternal cousin . From the seventh century , the Irish Church only recognized four degrees of prohibited kinship , and civil law fewer . This persisted until after the Norman conquests in the 11th century and the synod at Cashel in 1101 . In contrast , contemporary English law was based on official Catholic policy , and Anglo - Norman clergy often became disgusted with the Irish `` law of fornication '' . Finally , Edward Westermarck states that marriage among the ancient Teutons was apparently prohibited only in the ascending and descending lines and among siblings . Asia ( edit ) China ( edit ) Further information : Chinese marriage Confucius described marriage as `` the union of two surnames , in friendship and in love '' . In ancient China , some evidence indicates in some cases , two clans had a longstanding arrangement wherein they would only marry members of the other clan . Some men also practiced sororate marriage , that is , a marriage to a former wife 's sister or a polygynous marriage to both sisters . This would have the effect of eliminating parallel - cousin marriage as an option , but would leave cross-cousin marriage acceptable . In the ancient system of the Erya dating from around the third century BC , the words for the two types of cross cousins were identical , with father 's brother 's children and mother 's sister 's children both being distinct . However , whereas it may not have been permissible at that time , marriage with the mother 's sister 's children also became possible by the third century AD . Eventually , the mother 's sister 's children and cross cousins shared one set of terms , with only the father 's brother 's children retaining a separate set . This usage remains today , with biao ( 表 ) cousins considered `` outside '' and paternal tang ( 堂 ) cousins being of the same house . In some periods in Chinese history , all cousin marriage was legally prohibited , as law codes dating from the Ming Dynasty attest . However , enforcement proved difficult and by the subsequent Qing Dynasty , the former laws had been restored . The following is a Chinese poem by Po Chu - yi ( A.D. 772 -- 846 ) . In Ku - feng hsien , in the district of Ch'u chou ( Kiangsu ) Is a village called Chu Ch'en ( the names of the two clans ) . There are only two clans there Which have intermarried for many generations . Anthropologist Francis Hsu described mother 's brother 's daughter ( MBD ) as being the most preferred type of Chinese cousin marriage , mother 's sister 's daughter ( MSD ) as being tolerated , and father 's brother 's daughter ( FBD ) as being disfavored . Some writers report this last form as being nearly incestuous . One proposed explanation is that in FBD marriage , the daughter does not change her surname throughout her life , so the marriage does not result in an extension of the father 's kinship ties . In Chinese culture , these patrilineal ties are most important in determining the closeness of a relation . In the case of the MSD marriage , no such ties exist , so consequently this may not even be viewed as cousin marriage . Finally , one reason that MBD marriage is often most common may be the typically greater emotional warmth between a man and his mother 's side of the family . Later analyses have found regional variation in these patterns ; in some rural areas where cousin marriage is still common , MBD is not preferred but merely acceptable , similar to MSD . By the early to mid-20th century , anthropologists described cross-cousin marriage in China as `` still permissible ... but ... generally obsolete '' or as `` permitted but not encouraged '' . Middle East ( edit ) Main article : Cousin marriage in the Middle East Cousin marriage has been allowed throughout the Middle East for all recorded history . Anthropologists have debated the significance of the practice ; some view it as the defining feature of the Middle Eastern kinship system while others note that overall rates of cousin marriage have varied sharply between different Middle Eastern communities . Very little numerical evidence exists of rates of cousin marriage in the past . Raphael Patai reports that in central Arabia , no relaxation of a man 's right to the father 's brother 's daughter , seems to have taken place in the past hundred years before his 1962 work . Here the girl is not forced to marry her ibn ' amm , but she can not marry another unless he gives consent . The force of the custom is seen in one case from Jordan when the father arranged for the marriage of his daughter to an outsider without obtaining the consent of her ibn ' amm . When the marriage procession progressed with the bride toward the house of the bridegroom , the ibn ' amm rushed forward , snatched away the girl , and forced her into his own house . This was regarded by all as a lawful marriage . In Iraq , the right of the cousin has also traditionally been followed and a girl breaking the rule without the consent of the ibn ' amm could have ended up murdered by him . The Syrian city of Aleppo during the 19th century featured a rate of cousin marriage among the elite of 24 % according to one estimate , a figure that masked widespread variation : some leading families had none or only one cousin marriage , while others had rates approaching 70 % . Cousin marriage rates were highest among women , merchant families , and older well - established families . In - marriage was less frequent in the late pre-Islamic Hijaz than in ancient Egypt . It existed in Medina during Muhammad 's time , but at less than today 's rates . In Egypt , estimates from the late 19th and early 20th centuries state variously that either 80 % of fellahin married first cousins or two - thirds married them if they existed . One source from the 1830s states that cousin marriage was less common in Cairo than in other areas . In traditional Syria - Palestina , if a girl had no ibn ' amm ( father 's brother 's son ) or he renounced his right to her , the next in line was traditionally the ibn khal ( mother 's brother 's son ) and then other relatives . Raphael Patai , however , reported that this custom loosened in the years preceding his 1947 study . In ancient Persia , the Achaemenid kings habitually married their cousins and nieces , while between the 1940s and 1970s , the percentage of Iranian cousin marriages increased from 34 to 44 % . Cousin marriage among native Middle Eastern Jews is generally far higher than among the European Ashkenazim , who assimilated European marital practices after the diaspora . According to anthropologist Ladislav Holý , cousin marriage is not an independent phenomenon , but rather one expression of a wider Middle Eastern preference for agnatic solidarity , or solidarity with one 's father 's lineage . According to Holý , the oft - quoted reason for cousin marriage of keeping property in the family is , in the Middle Eastern case , just one specific manifestation of keeping intact a family 's whole `` symbolic capital '' . Close agnatic marriage has also been seen as a result of the conceptualization of men as responsible for the control of the conduct of women . Honor is another reason for cousin marriage : while the natal family may lose influence over the daughter through marriage to an outsider , marrying her in their kin group allows them to help prevent dishonorable outcomes like either attacks on her or her own unchaste behavior . Pragmatic reasons for the husband , such as warmer relations with his father - in - law , and those for parents of both spouses , like reduced bride price and access to the labor of the daughter 's children , also contribute . Throughout Middle Eastern history , cousin marriage has been both praised and discouraged by various writers and authorities . A 2009 study found that many Arab countries display some of the highest rates of consanguineous marriages in the world , and that first cousin marriages which may reach 25 -- 30 % of all marriages . In Qatar , Yemen , and UAE , consanguinity rates are increasing in the current generation . Research among Arabs and worldwide has indicated that consanguinity could have an effect on some reproductive health parameters such as postnatal mortality and rates of congenital malformations . Middle Eastern parallel - cousin marriage ( edit ) Andrey Korotayev claimed that Islamization was a strong and significant predictor of parallel cousin ( father 's brother 's daughter -- FBD ) marriage . He has shown that while a clear functional connection exists between Islam and FBD marriage , the prescription to marry a FBD does not appear to be sufficient to persuade people to actually marry thus , even if the marriage brings with it economic advantages . According to Korotayev , a systematic acceptance of parallel - cousin marriage took place when Islamization occurred together with Arabization . Africa ( edit ) Cousin marriage rates from most African nations outside the Middle East are unknown . An estimated 35 -- 50 % of all sub-Saharan African populations either prefer or accept cousin marriages . In Nigeria , the most populous country of Africa , the three largest tribes in order of size are the Hausa , Yoruba , and Igbo . The Hausa are overwhelmingly Muslim , though followers of traditional religions do exist . Muslim Hausa practice cousin marriage preferentially , and polygyny is allowed if the husband can support multiple wives . The book Baba of Karo presents one prominent portrayal of Hausa life : according to its English coauthor , it is unknown for Hausa women to be unmarried for any great length of time after around the age of 14 . Divorce can be accomplished easily by either the male or the female , but females must then remarry . Even for a man , lacking a spouse is looked down upon . Baba of Karo 's first of four marriages was to her second cousin . She recounts in the book that her good friend married the friend 's first cross cousin . The Yoruba people are 50 % Muslim , 40 % Christian , and 10 % adherent of their own indigenous religious traditions . A 1974 study analyzed Yoruba marriages in the town Oka Akoko , finding that among a sample of highly polygynous marriages having an average of about three wives , 51 % of all pairings were consanguineous . These included not only cousin marriages , but also uncle - niece unions . Reportedly , it is a custom that in such marriages at least one spouse must be a relative , and generally such spouses were the preferred or favorite wives in the marriage and gave birth to more children . However , this was not a general study of Yoruba , but only of highly polygynous Yoruba residing in Oka Akoko . Finally , the Igbo people of southern Nigeria specifically prohibit both parallel - and cross-cousin marriage , though polygyny is common . Men are forbidden to marry within their own patrilineage or those of their mother or father 's mother and must marry outside their own village . Igbo are almost entirely Christian , having converted heavily under colonialism . In Ethiopia , most of the population was historically rigidly opposed to cousin marriage , and could consider up to third cousins the equivalent of brother and sister , with marriage at least ostensibly prohibited out to sixth cousins . They also took affinal prohibitions very seriously . The prospect of a man marrying a former wife 's `` sister '' was seen as incest , and conversely for a woman and her former husband 's `` brother '' . Though Muslims make up over a third of the Ethiopian population , and Islam has been present in the country since the time of Muhammad , cross-cousin marriage is very rare among most Ethiopian Muslims . In contrast to the Nigerian situation , in Ethiopia , Islam can not be identified with particular tribal groups and is found across most of them , and conversions between religions are comparatively common . Exceptions to these rules include the overwhelmingly Muslim Somali and Afar peoples , who respectively make up 6.2 % and 1.73 % of the population . The Afar practice a form of cousin marriage called absuma that is arranged at birth and can be forced . Prevalence ( edit ) Cousin marriages ( second - degree cousins or closer ) in the world , in percentage ( % ) . < 1 1 -- 4 5 -- 9 10 -- 19 20 -- 29 30 -- 39 40 -- 49 50 + Current status ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : more countries and regions . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2010 ) Laws regarding first - cousin marriage around the world . First - cousin marriage legal Allowed with restrictions or exceptions Legality dependent on religion or culture Statute bans first - cousin marriage Banned with exceptions Criminal offence No available data For information on US states see the map below . See sections on India and Hinduism . Slightly over 10 % of all marriages worldwide are estimated to be between second cousins or closer . As of 2001 , here is one estimate for the percentages of world population living in countries with various levels of consanguineous marriage : less than 1 % consanguinity , 18 % , 1 -- 10 % consanguinity , 47 % , 10 -- 50 + % consanguinity , 17 % , and unknown , 18 % . The overall rate appears to be declining . Brazil ( edit ) Recent 2001 data for Brazil indicate a rate of cousin marriage of 1.1 % , down from 4.8 % in 1957 . The geographic distribution is heterogeneous : in certain regions , the rate is at typical European levels , but in other areas is much higher . Newton Freire - Maia found paternal parallel cousin marriage to be the most common type . In his 1957 study , the rate varied from 1.8 % in the south to 8.4 % in the northeast , where it increased moving inward from the coast , and was higher in rural regions than in urban . Consanguinity has decreased over time and particularly since the 19th century . For example , in São Paulo in the mid-19th century , the rate of cousin marriage apparently was 16 % , but a century later , it was merely 1.9 % . East Asia ( edit ) In the Far East , South Korea is especially restrictive with bans on marriage out to third cousins , with all couples having the same surname and region of origin having been prohibited from marrying until 1997 . Taiwan , North Korea , and the Philippines also prohibit first - cousin marriage . It is allowed in Japan , though the incidence has declined in recent years . China has banned it since passing its 1981 Marriage Law although cross-cousin marriage was commonly practiced in China in the past in rural areas . An article in China Daily from the 1990s reported on the ban 's implementation in the northeastern province of Liaoning , along with a ban on marriage of the physically and mentally handicapped , all justified on `` eugenic '' grounds . Limited existing data indicate some remaining cousin marriage of types besides father 's brother 's daughter in many villages , with percentages usually in the lower single digits . A 2002 Time article claims that an increasing imbalance in the number of males and females is causing more cousin marriages , as `` desperate '' males struggle to find brides . Currently according to the Marriage Law of the People 's Republic of China , `` Article 7 No marriage may be contracted under any of the following circumstances : ( 1 ) if the man and the woman are lineal relatives by blood , or collateral relatives by blood up to the third degree of kinship . '' Similarly , Clause 3 , Article 10 of the 2000 Vietnamese Law on Marriage and Family forbids marriages on people related by blood up to the third degree of kinship . India ( edit ) Attitudes in India on cousin marriage vary sharply by region and culture . The family law in India takes into account the religious and cultural practices and they are all equally recognized . For Muslims , governed by uncodified personal law , it is acceptable and legal to marry a first cousin , but for Hindus , it may be illegal under the 1955 Hindu Marriage Act , though the specific situation is more complex . The Hindu Marriage Act makes cousin marriage illegal for Hindus with the exception of marriages permitted by regional custom . Practices of the small Christian minority are also location - dependent : their cousin marriage rates are higher in southern states such as Karnataka with high overall rates . Apart from the religion - based personal laws governing marriages , the civil marriage law named Special Marriage Act , 1954 governs . Those who do not wish to marry based on the personal laws governed by religious and cultural practices may opt for a marriage under this law . It defines the first - cousin relationship , both parallel and cross , as prohibited . Conflict may arise between the prohibited degrees based on this law and personal law , but in absence of any other laws , it is still unresolved . Cousin marriage is proscribed and seen as incest for Hindus in North India . In fact , it may even be unacceptable to marry within one 's village or for two siblings to marry partners from the same village . The northern kinship model prevails in the states of Assam , Bihar , Chhattisgarh , Gujarat , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh , Jharkhand , Madhya Pradesh , Odisha , Punjab , Rajasthan , Sikkim , Tripura , Uttar Pradesh , Uttarakhand , and West Bengal . However , for some communities in South India , it is common for Hindu cross cousins to marry , with matrilateral cross-cousin ( mother 's brother 's daughter ) marriages being especially favored . In the region , `` uncle - niece and first - cousin unions are preferential and jointly account for some 30 % of marriages '' . In many North Indian communities such as Brahmins , Rajputs , Vaishyas , Jats , Yadavs , etc. , everyone who is immediately associated with four surnames ; own surname ( that is father 's surname ) , mother 's maiden surname , paternal grandmother 's maiden surname , maternal grandmother 's maiden surname . These surnames are known as the candidate 's gotra ( lit . branch ) . Any two candidates who want to marry can not have the common gotra . The marriage is allowed only when all these shakha are different for both the candidates . This automatically rules out closer cousin marriages . Cousin marriage is discouraged in the Telugu Brahmins in Andhra Pradesh , such as Gauda and Dravida Brahmins . Practices in West India overall are closer to the northern than the southern , but differences exist here again . For instance , in Mumbai , studies done in 1956 showed 7.7 % of Hindus married to a second cousin or closer . By contrast , in the northern city of New Delhi , only 0.1 % of Hindus were married to a first cousin during the 1980s . At the other extreme , studies done in the South Indian state of Karnataka , which contains Bangalore , during that period show fully one - third of Hindus married to a second cousin or closer . Pre-2000 Madhya Pradesh , from which Chhattisgarh has now split , and Maharashtra , which contains Mumbai , are states that are intermediate in their kinship practices . India 's Muslim minority represents about 14 % of its population and has an overall rate of cousin marriage of 22 % according to a 2000 report . This dichotomy may be a legacy of the partition of the subcontinent into India and Pakistan , when substantial Muslim migration to Pakistan occurred from the eastern parts of the former unified state of Punjab . In south India , by contrast , the rates are fairly constant , except for the South Indian Malabar Muslims of Kerala ( 9 % ) who claim descent from Arab traders who settled permanently in India in the eighth century . Most Indian Muslims , by contrast , are the result of Hindus ' conversions to Islam in the 16th century or later . The lowest rate for a whole Indian region was in East India ( 15 % ) . Consanguinity rates were generally stable across the four decades for which data exist , though second - cousin marriage appears to have been decreasing in favor of first - cousin marriage . Middle East ( edit ) Main article : Cousin marriage in the Middle East The Middle East has uniquely high rates of cousin marriage among the world 's regions . Certain Middle Eastern countries , including Saudi Arabia , have rates of marriage to first or second cousins that may exceed 70 % . Iraq was estimated in one study to have a rate of 33 % , and figures for Afghanistan have been estimated in the range of 30 -- 40 % . All Arab countries in the Persian Gulf currently require advance genetic screening for all prospective married couples . Qatar was the last Persian Gulf nation to institute mandatory screening in 2009 , mainly to warn related couples who are planning marriage about any genetic risks they may face . The current rate of cousin marriage there is 54 % , an increase of 12 -- 18 % over the previous generation . A report by the Dubai - based Centre for Arab Genomic Studies ( CAGS ) in September 2009 found that Arabs have one of the world 's highest rates of genetic disorders , nearly two - thirds of which are linked to consanguinity . Research from Ahmad Teebi suggests consanguinity is declining in Lebanon , Jordan , Morocco and among Palestinians in Israel , but is increasing in the United Arab Emirates . Ahmad Teebi links the increase in cousin marriage in Qatar and other Arab states of the Persian Gulf to tribal tradition and the region 's expanding economies . `` Rich families tend to marry rich families , and from their own -- and the rich like to protect their wealth , '' he said . `` So it 's partly economic , and it 's also partly cultural . '' In regard to the higher rates of genetic disease in these societies , he says : `` It 's certainly a problem , '' but also that `` The issue here is not the cousin marriage , the issue here is to avoid the disease . '' In many Middle Eastern nations , a marriage to the father 's brother 's daughter ( FBD ) is considered ideal , though this type may not always actually outnumber other types . One anthropologist , Ladislav Holý , argues that it is important to distinguish between the ideal of FBD marriage and marriage as it is actually practiced , which always also includes other types of cousins and unrelated spouses . Holý cites the Berti people of the Sudan , who consider the FBD to be the closest kinswoman to a man outside of the prohibited range . If more than one relationship exists between spouses , as often results from successive generations of cousin marriage , only the patrilineal one is counted . Marriage within the lineage is preferred to marriage outside the lineage even when no exact genealogical relationship is known . Of 277 first marriages , only 84 were between couples unable to trace any genealogical relationship between them . Of those , in 64 , the spouses were of the same lineage . However , of 85 marriages to a second or third wife , in 60 , the spouses were of different lineages . The Marri have a very limited set of incest prohibitions that includes only lineal relatives , the sister , and aunts except the mother 's brother 's wife . Female members of the mother 's lineage are seen as only loosely related . Finally , the Baggara Arabs favor MBD marriage first , followed by cross-cousin marriage if the cross cousin is a member of the same surra , a group of agnates of five or six generations depth . Next is marriage within the surra . No preference is shown for marriages between matrilateral parallel cousins . The Netherlands ( edit ) The Netherlands has also had a recent debate that has reached the level of the Prime Minister proposing a cousin marriage ban . The proposed policy is explicitly aimed at preventing `` import marriages '' from certain nations like Morocco with a high rate of cousin marriage . Critics argue that such a ban would contradict Section 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights , is not based on science , and would affect more than immigrants . While some proponents argue such marriages were banned until 1970 , according to Frans van Poppel of the Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute , they are confusing cousin marriage with uncle - niece marriage . Pakistan ( edit ) This sub-section about Pakistan possibly contains inappropriate or misinterpreted citations that do not verify the text . Please help improve this article by checking for citation inaccuracies. ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In Pakistan , cousin marriage is legal and common . Reasons for consanguinity are for economic and cultural reasons . As Pakistan is a diverse country , consanguineous marriage is therefore favoured by 50 -- 60 % of the population in Pakistan . In some areas , higher proportion of first - cousin marriages in Pakistan has been noted to be the cause of an increased rate of blood disorders in the population . United states ( edit ) Laws regarding first - cousin marriage in the United States First - cousin marriage is legal Allowed with requirements or exceptions Banned with exceptions Statute bans first - cousin marriage Criminal offence Some states recognize marriages performed elsewhere , especially when the spouses were not residents of the state when married . Further information : Cousin marriage law in the United States by state Several states of the United States have bans on cousin marriage . As of February 2014 , 24 U.S. states prohibit marriages between first cousins , 19 U.S. states allow marriages between first cousins , and 7 U.S. states allow only some marriages between first cousins . Six states prohibit first - cousin - once - removed marriages . Some states prohibiting cousin marriage recognize cousin marriages performed in other states , but despite occasional claims that this holds true in general , laws also exist that explicitly void all foreign cousin marriages or marriages conducted by state residents out of state . Data on cousin marriage in the United States are sparse . It was estimated in 1960 that 0.2 % of all marriages between Roman Catholics were between first or second cousins , but no more recent nationwide studies have been performed . It is unknown what proportion of that number were first cousins , which is the group facing marriage bans . To contextualize the group 's size , the total proportion of interracial marriages in 1960 , the last census year before the end of anti-miscegenation statutes , was 0.4 % , and the proportion of black - white marriages was 0.13 % . While recent studies have cast serious doubt on whether cousin marriage is as dangerous as is popularly assumed , professors Diane B. Paul and Hamish G. Spencer speculate that legal bans persist in part due to `` the ease with which a handful of highly motivated activists -- or even one individual -- can be effective in the decentralized American system , especially when feelings do not run high on the other side of an issue . '' Among supporters of repealing the laws , the Cousin Couples organization describes itself as `` the world 's primary resource for romantic relationships among cousins including cousin marriage '' . This group likens laws against cousin marriage to the anti-miscegenation laws of decades past . Their website includes legal and religious information and a message board . A bill to repeal the ban on first - cousin marriage in Minnesota was introduced by Phyllis Kahn in 2003 , but it died in committee . Republican Minority Leader Marty Seifert criticized the bill in response , saying it would `` turn us into a cold Arkansas '' . According to the University of Minnesota 's The Wake , Kahn was aware the bill had little chance of passing , but introduced it anyway to draw attention to the issue . She reportedly got the idea after learning that cousin marriage is an acceptable form of marriage among some cultural groups that have a strong presence in Minnesota , namely the Hmong and Somali . In contrast , Maryland delegates Henry B. Heller and Kumar P. Barve sponsored a bill to ban first - cousin marriages in 2000 . It got further than Kahn 's bill , passing the House of Delegates by 82 to 46 despite most Republicans voting no , but finally died in the state senate . In response to the 2005 marriage of Pennsylvanian first cousins Eleanor Amrhein and Donald W. Andrews Sr. in Maryland , Heller said that he might resurrect the bill because such marriages are `` like playing genetic roulette '' . Texas actually did pass a ban on first - cousin marriage the same year as Amrhein and Andrews married , evidently in reaction to the presence of the polygamous Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - Day Saints ( FLDS ) . Texas Representative Harvey Hilderbran , whose district includes the main FLDS compound , authored an amendment to a child protection statute to both discourage the FLDS from settling in Texas and to `` prevent Texas from succumbing to the practices of taking child brides , incest , welfare abuse and domestic violence '' . While Hilderbran stated that he would not have authored a bill solely to ban first - cousin marriage , he also said in an interview , `` Cousins do n't get married just like siblings do n't get married . And when it happens you have a bad result . It 's just not the accepted normal thing . '' Some news sources then only mentioned the polygamy and child abuse provisions and ignored the cousin marriage portion of the bill , as did some more recent sources . The new statute made sex with an adult first cousin a more serious felony than with adult members of one 's immediate family . However , this statute was amended in 2009 ; while sex with close adult family members ( including first cousins ) remains a felony , the more serious penalty now attaches to sex with an individual 's direct ancestor or descendant . The U.S. state of Maine allows first - cousin marriage if the couple agrees to have genetic counseling , while North Carolina allows it so long as the applicants for marriage are not rare double first cousins , meaning cousins through both parental lines . In the other 25 states permitting at least some first - cousin marriage , double cousins are not distinguished . States have various laws regarding marriage between cousins and other close relatives , which involve factors including whether or not the parties to the marriage are half - cousins , double cousins , infertile , over 65 , or whether it is a tradition prevalent in a native or ancestry culture , adoption status , in - law , whether or not genetic counselling is required , and whether it is permitted to marry a first cousin once removed . United Kingdom ( edit ) There has been a great deal of debate in the past few years in the United Kingdom about whether to discourage cousin marriages through government public relations campaigns or ban them entirely . The debate has been prompted by a Pakistani immigrant population making up 1.5 % of the British population , of whom about 55 % marry a first cousin . For example , Environment Minister ( later Immigration Minister ) Phil Woolas said in 2008 , `` If you have a child with your cousin the likelihood is there 'll be a genetic problem '' and that such marriages were the `` elephant in the room '' . Physician Mohammad Walji has spoken out against the practice , saying that it is a `` very significant '' cause of infant death , and his practice has produced leaflets warning against it . However , Alan Bittles of the Centre for Comparative Genomics in Australia states that the risk of birth defects rises from roughly 2 % in the general population to 4 % for first cousins and therefore that `` It would be a mistake to ban it '' . Aamra Darr of the University of Leeds has also criticized what she called an `` alarmist presentation of data '' that exaggerates the risk . Evidence shows the rate of cousin marriage has increased among British Pakistanis from rates in their parents ' generation . Social aspects ( edit ) Robin Bennett , a University of Washington researcher , has said that much hostility towards married cousins constitutes discrimination . It 's a form of discrimination that nobody talks about . People worry about not getting health insurance -- but saying that someone should n't marry based on how they 're related , when there 's no known harm , to me is a form of discrimination . '' In a different view , William Saletan of Slate magazine accuses the authors of this study of suffering from the `` congenital liberal conceit that science solves all moral questions '' . While readily conceding that banning cousin marriage can not be justified on genetic grounds , Saletan asks rhetorically whether it would be acceptable to legalize uncle - niece marriage or `` hard - core incest '' between siblings and then let genetic screening take care of the resulting problems . A recent New York Times article by Sarah Kershaw documents fear by many married cousins of being treated with derision and contempt . `` While many people have a story about a secret cousin crush or kiss , most Americans find the idea of cousins marrying and having children disturbing or even repulsive , '' notes the article . It gives the example of one mother , Mrs. Spring , whose daughter Kimberly Spring - Winters , 29 , married her cousin Shane Winters , 37 . She stated that when she has told people about her daughter 's marriage , they have been shocked and that consequently she is afraid to mention it . They live in a small Pennsylvania town and she worries that her grandchildren will be treated as outcasts and ridiculed due to their parental status . Another cousin couple stated that their children 's maternal grandparents have never met their two grandchildren because the grandparents severed contact out of disapproval for the couple 's marriage . This couple withheld their names from publication . In most societies , cousin marriage apparently is more common among those of low socio - economic status , among the illiterate and uneducated , and in rural areas . This may be due in part to the token or significantly reduced dowries and bridewealths that exist in such marriages and also the much smaller pool of viable marriage candidates in rural areas . Some societies also report a high prevalence among land - owning families and the ruling elite : here the relevant consideration is thought to be keeping the family estate intact over generations . The average age at marriage is lower for cousin marriages , the difference in one Pakistani study being 1.10 and 0.84 years for first and second cousins , respectively . In Pakistan , the ages of the spouses were also closer together , the age difference declining from 6.5 years for unrelated couples to 4.5 years for first cousins . A marginal increase in time to first birth , from 1.6 years generally to 1.9 years in first cousins , may occur due to the younger age at marriage of consanguineous mothers and resultant adolescent subfertility or delayed consummation . Predictions that cousin marriage would decline during the late 20th century in areas where it is preferential appear to have been largely incorrect . One reason for this is that in many regions , cousin marriage is not merely a cultural tradition , but is also judged to offer significant social and economic benefits . In South Asia , rising demands for dowry payments have caused dire economic hardship and have been linked to `` dowry deaths '' in a number of North Indian states . Where permissible , marriage to a close relative is hence regarded as a more economically feasible choice . Second , improvements in public health have led to decreased death rates and increased family sizes , making it easier to find a relative to marry if that is the preferred choice . Increases in cousin marriage in the West may also occur as a result of immigration from Asia and Africa . In the short term , some observers have concluded that the only new forces that could discourage such unions are government bans like the one China enacted in 1981 . In the longer term , rates may decline due to decreased family sizes , making it more difficult to find cousins to marry . Cousin marriage is important in several anthropological theories by prominent authors such as Claude Lévi - Strauss , Sir Edward Tylor , and Lewis Henry Morgan . Lévi - Strauss viewed cross-cousin marriage as a form of exogamy in the context of a unilineal descent group , meaning either matrilineal or patrilineal descent . Matrilateral cross-cousin marriage in societies with matrilineal descent meant that a male married into the family his mother 's brother , building an alliance between the two families . However , marriage to a mother 's sister daughter ( a parallel cousin ) would be endogamous , here meaning inside the same descent group , and would therefore fail to build alliances between different groups . Correspondingly , in societies like China with patrilineal descent , marriage to a father 's brother 's daughter would fail at alliance building . And in societies with both types of descent , where a person belongs to the group of his mother 's mother and father 's father but not mother 's father or father 's mother , only cross-cousin marriages would successfully build alliances . Lévi - Strauss postulated that cross-cousin marriage had the two consequences of setting up classes which automatically delimit the group of possible spouses and of determining a relationship that can decide whether a prospective spouse is to be desired or excluded . Whereas in other kinship systems one or another of these aspects dominates , in cross-cousin marriage they overlap and cumulate their effects . It differs from incest prohibitions in that the latter employs a series of negative relationships , saying whom one can not marry , while cross-cousin marriage employs positive relationships , saying whom should marry . Most crucially , cross-cousin marriage is the only type of preferential union that can function normally and exclusively and still give every man and woman the chance to marry a cross-cousin . Unlike other systems such as the levirate , the sororate , or uncle - niece marriage , cross-cousin marriage is preferential because for obvious reasons these others can not constitute the exclusive or even preponderant rule of marriage in any group . Cross-cousin marriage divides members of the same generation into two approximately equal groups , those of cross-cousins and `` siblings '' that include real siblings and parallel cousins . Consequently , cross-cousin marriage can be a normal form of marriage in a society , but the other systems above can only be privileged forms . This makes cross-cousin marriage exceptionally important . Cross-cousin marriage also establishes a division between prescribed and prohibited relatives who , from the viewpoint of biological proximity , are strictly interchangeable . Lévi - Strauss thought that this proved that the origin of the incest prohibition is purely social and not biological . Cross-cousin marriage in effect allowed the anthropologist to control for biological degree by studying a situation where the degree of prohibited and prescribed spouses were equal . In understanding why two relatives of the same biological degree would be treated so differently , Lévi - Strauss wrote , it would be possible to understand not only the principle of cross-cousin marriage but of the incest prohibition itself . For Lévi - Strauss cross-cousin marriage was not either socially arbitrary or a secondary consequence of other institutions like dual organization or the practice of exogamy . Instead , the raison d'etre of cross-cousin marriage could be found within the institution itself . Of the three types of institution of exogamy rules , dual organization , and cross-cousin marriage , the last was most significant , making the analysis of this form of marriage the crucial test for any theory of marriage prohibitions . Matrilateral cross-cousin marriage has been found by some anthropological researchers to be correlated with patripotestal jural authority , meaning rights or obligations of the father . According to some theories , in these kinship systems a man marries his matrilateral cross-cousin due to associating her with his nurturant mother . Due to this association , possibly reinforced by personal interaction with a specific cousin , he may become `` fond '' of her , rendering the relationship `` sentimentally appropriate '' . Interestingly , patrilateral cross-cousin marriage is the rarest of all types of cousin marriage , and there is some question as to whether it even exists . In contrast to Lévi - Strauss who viewed the exchange of women under matrilateral cross-cousin marriage as fundamentally egalitarian , anthropologist Edmund Leach held that such systems by nature created groups of junior and senior status and were part of the political structure of society . Under Leach 's model , in systems where this form of marriage segregates descent groups into wife - givers and wife - takers , the social status of the two categories also can not be determined by a priori arguments . Groups like the Kachin exhibiting matrilateral cross-cousin marriage do not exchange women in circular structures ; where such structures do exist they are unstable . Moreover , the exchanging groups are not major segments of the society , but rather local descent groups from the same or closely neighboring communities . Lévi - Strauss held that women were always exchanged for some `` prestation '' which could either be other women or labor and material goods . Leach agreed but added that prestations could also take the form of intangible assets like `` prestige '' or `` status '' that might belong to either wife - givers or wife - takers . Anthropologists Robert Murphy and Leonard Kasdan describe preferential parallel cousin marriage as leading to social fission , in the sense that `` feud and fission are not at all dysfunctional factors but are necessary to the persistence and viability of Bedoin society '' . Their thesis is the converse of Fredrik Barth 's , who describes the fission as leading to the cousin marriage . Per Murphy and Kasdan , the Arab system of parallel cousin marriage works against the creation of homogenous `` bounded '' and `` corporate '' kin groups and instead creates arrangements where every person is related by blood to a wide variety of people , with the degree of relationship falling off gradually as opposed to suddenly . Instead of corporate units , Arab society is described as having `` agnatic sections '' , a kind of repeating fractal structure in which authority is normally weak at all levels but capable of being activated at the required level in times of war . They relate this to an old Arab proverb : `` Myself against my brother ; my brother and I against my cousin ; my cousin , my brother and I against the outsider . '' `` In such a society even the presence of a limited amount of cross-cousin marriage will not break the isolation of the kin group , for first cross cousins often end up being second parallel cousins . '' Instead of organizing horizontally through affinal ties , when large scale organization is necessary it is accomplished vertically , by reckoning distance from shared ancestors . This practice is said to possess advantages such as resilience and adaptability in the face of adversity . A recent research study of 70 nations has found a statistically significant negative correlation between consanguineous kinship networks and democracy . The authors note that other factors , such as restricted genetic conditions , may also explain this relationship . This follows a 2003 Steve Sailer essay published for The American Conservative , where he claimed that high rates of cousin marriage play an important role in discouraging political democracy . Sailer believes that because families practicing cousin marriage are more related to one another than otherwise , their feelings of family loyalty tend to be unusually intense , fostering nepotism . In religion ( edit ) Judaism and Christianity ( edit ) Jacob encountering Rachel with her father 's herds Cousins are not included in the lists of prohibited relatives provided in the Bible , specifically in the books of Leviticus and Deuteronomy . The Old Testament also contains several examples of married cousins . Two of the most famous are prominent in Genesis . Rebekah was married to Isaac , her first cousin once removed ( Genesis 24 : 12 -- 15 ) . Also , Rachel and Leah were both cousins of Isaac 's son Jacob . Jacob loved Rachel and worked seven years for her father Laban in return for permission to marry ( Genesis 28 -- 29 ) . Jacob 's brother Esau also married his cousin Mahalath , daughter of Ishmael . According to many English Bible translations , a fourth example is the five daughters of Zelophehad , who married the `` sons of their father 's brothers '' in the later period of Moses , although other translations merely say `` relatives '' . ( For example , the Catholic RSV - CE and NAB differ in Numbers 36 : 10 -- 12 . ) During the apportionment of Israel following the journey out of Egypt , Caleb gives his daughter Achsah to his brother 's son Othniel according to the NAB ( Joshua 15 : 17 ) , though the Jewish Talmud argues Othniel was simply Caleb 's brother ( Sotah 11b ) . The daughters of Eleazer also married the sons of Eleazer 's brother Kish in the still later time of David ( 1 Chronicles 23 : 22 ) . King Rehoboam and his wives Maacah and Mahalath were grandchildren of David ( 2 Chronicles 11 : 20 ) . Finally , Tobias in the book of Tobit has a right to marry Sarah because he is her nearest kinsman ( Tobit 7 : 10 ) , though the exact degree of their cousinship is not clear . In Roman Catholicism , all marriages more distant than first - cousin marriages are allowed , and first - cousin marriages can be contracted with a dispensation . This was not always the case , however : the Catholic Church has gone through several phases in kinship prohibitions . At the dawn of Christianity in Roman times , marriages between first cousins were allowed . For example , Emperor Constantine , the first Christian Roman Emperor , married his children to the children of his half - brother . First and second cousin marriages were then banned at the Council of Agde in AD 506 , though dispensations sometimes continued to be granted . By the 11th century , with the adoption of the so - called canon - law method of computing consanguinity , these proscriptions had been extended even to sixth cousins , including by marriage . But due to the many resulting difficulties in reckoning who was related to whom , they were relaxed back to third cousins at the Fourth Lateran Council in AD 1215 . Pope Benedict XV reduced this to second cousins in 1917 , and finally , the current law was enacted in 1983 . In Catholicism , close relatives who have married unwittingly without a dispensation can receive an annulment . There are several explanations for the rise of Catholic cousin marriage prohibitions after the fall of Rome . One explanation is increasing Germanic influence on church policy . G.E. Howard states , `` During the period preceding the Teutonic invasion , speaking broadly , the church adhered to Roman law and custom ; thereafter those of the Germans ... were accepted . '' On the other hand , it has also been argued that the bans were a reaction against local Germanic customs of kindred marriage . At least one Frankish King , Pepin the Short , apparently viewed close kin marriages among nobles as a threat to his power . Whatever the reasons , written justifications for such bans had been advanced by St. Augustine by the fifth century . `` It is very reasonable and just '' , he wrote , `` that one man should not himself sustain many relationships , but that various relationships should be distributed among several , and thus serve to bind together the greatest number in the same social interests '' . Taking a contrary view , Protestants writing after the Reformation tended to see the prohibitions and the dispensations needed to circumvent them as part of an undesirable church scheme to accrue wealth , or `` lucre '' . Since the 13th century the Catholic Church has measured consanguinity according to what is called , perhaps confusingly , the civil - law method . Under this method , the degree of relationship between lineal relatives ( i.e. , a man and his grandfather ) is simply equal to the number of generations between them . However , the degree of relationship between collateral ( non-lineal ) relatives equals the number of links in the family tree from one person , up to the common ancestor , and then back to the other person . Thus brothers are related in the second degree , and first cousins in the fourth degree . Protestant churches generally allow cousin marriage , in keeping with criticism of the Catholic system of dispensations by Martin Luther and John Calvin during the Reformation . This includes most of the major US denominations , such as Baptist , Pentecostal , Lutheran , Presbyterian , and Methodist . The Anglican Communion has also allowed cousin marriage since its inception during the rule of King Henry VIII . According to Luther and Calvin , the Catholic bans on cousin marriage were an expression of Church rather than divine law and needed to be abolished . Protestants during the Reformation struggled to interpret the Biblical proscriptions against incest in a sensible manner , a task frustrated by facts like their omission of the daughter ( but inclusion of the granddaughter ) as a directly prohibited relation . John Calvin thought of the Biblical list only as illustrative and that any relationship of the same or smaller degree as any listed , namely the third degree by the civil - law method , should therefore be prohibited . The Archbishop of Canterbury reached the same conclusion soon after . But in contrast to both Protestantism and Catholicism , the Eastern Orthodox Church prohibits up to second cousins from marrying . The 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia refers to a theory by the Anglican bishop of Bath and Wells speculating that Mary and Joseph , the mother of Jesus and her husband , were first cousins . Jack Goody describes this theory as a `` legend '' . Islam ( edit ) See also : Cousin marriage in the Middle East The Qur'an does not state that marriages between first cousins are forbidden . In Sura An - Nisa ( 4 : 22 -- 24 ) , Allah mentioned the women who are forbidden for marriage : to quote the Qu'ran , `` ... Lawful to you are all beyond those mentioned , so that you may seek them with your wealth in honest wedlock ... '' In Sura Al - Ahzab ( 33 : 50 ) , O Prophet , indeed We have made lawful to you your wives to whom you have given their due compensation and those your right hand possesses from what Allah has returned to you ( of captives ) and the daughters of your paternal uncles and the daughters of your paternal aunts and the daughters of your maternal uncles and the daughters of your maternal aunts who emigrated with you and a believing woman if she gives herself to the Prophet ( and ) if the Prophet wishes to marry her , ( this is ) only for you , excluding the ( other ) believers . We certainly know what We have made obligatory upon them concerning their wives and those their right hands possess , ( but this is for you ) in order that there will be upon you no discomfort . And ever is Allah Forgiving and Merciful . Muslims have practiced marriages between first cousins in non-prohibited countries since the time of Muhammad . In a few countries the most common type is between paternal cousins . Muhammad actually did marry two relatives . One was a first cousin , Zaynab bint Jahsh , who was not only the daughter of one of his father 's sisters but was also divorced from a marriage with Muhammad 's adopted son , Zayd ibn Haritha . It was the issue of adoption and not cousinship that caused controversy due to the opposition of pre-Islamic Arab norms . Many of the immediate successors of Muhammad also took a cousin as one of their wives . Umar married his cousin Atikah bint Zayd ibn Amr ibn Nifayl , while Ali married Fatimah , the daughter of his paternal first cousin Muhammad and hence his first cousin once removed . Even though many Muslims practice cousins marriage now , two of the Sunni Muslims madhhabs ( schools , four in total ) like Shafi'i ( about 33.33 % of Sunni Muslims , or 29 % of all Muslims ) and Hanbali consider it as Makruh ( disliked ) , and there are three Hadiths that prefer marriage outside family but all of them is considered ḍaʿīf ( weak ) , but even though some scholars like Ibn Qudamah and Al - Ghazali prefer marriage outside the family , because if a divorce happen between the couple the family bond -- which is considered as sacred in Islam -- will be weakened or broken due to that , and some scholars such as Ibn Baz said that if there was no better non-family potential bride ( none of the `` potential in - family bride '' and the `` potential non-family bride '' was better than the other ) it 's advised to marry the one who is in the family to make the family bond stronger . Hinduism ( edit ) Hindu Marriage Act bans all kinds of first cousin marriage , but allows these type of marriages when allowed by local custom . North Indian Hindus treat all kinds of first cousin marriage as incest , but same is not the case with South Indian Hindus . Marrying cross cousins is common and favoured among South Indian Hindus . Marriage between maternal uncle and niece is also practised among South Indian Hindus , which is considered as incest by other Hindus . Major Dharmaśāstra like Yājñavalkya Smṛti and Manusmṛti also ban all kinds of cousin marriage . In Hinduism marriage within the same gotra is prohibited , where a gotra is believed to be the group of descendants of a sage who lived in the remote past . Two persons in the same gotra can not marry even if they come from different linguistic areas . However , same - gotra marriages have been legal under Indian civil law since the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955 . Additionally , marriages within certain degrees of consanguinity are considered sapinda and banned in Hinduism . Hindu lawgivers differ in the definition of sapinda : at one extreme , according to some sources marriages are prohibited within seven generations on the father 's side and five on the mother 's side . In contrast , other sources allow cross cousins to marry , including first cross cousins . The Hindu Marriage Act prohibits marriage for five generations on the father 's side and three on the mother 's side , but allows cross-cousin marriage where it is permitted by custom . Hindu rules of exogamy are often taken extremely seriously , and local village councils in India administer laws against in - gotra endogamy , . Social norms against such practices are quite strong as well . In the 18th and 19th Centuries , Hindu Kurmis of Chunar and Jaunpur are known to have been influenced by their Muslim neighbors and taken up extensively the custom of cousin marriage . In the Mahabharata , one of the two great Hindu Epics , Arjuna took as his fourth wife his first and cross cousin Subhadra , the sister of Krishna . Arjuna had gone into exile alone after having disturbed Yudhishthira and Draupadi in their private quarters . It was during the last part of his exile , while staying at the Dvaraka residence of his cousins , that he fell in love with Subhadra . While eating at the home of Balarama , Arjuna was struck with Subhadra 's beauty and decided he would obtain her as his wife . Subhadra and Arjuna 's son was the tragic hero Abhimanyu . According to Andhra Pradesh oral tradition , Abhimanyu himself married his first cross-cousin Shashirekha , the daughter of Subhadra 's brother Balarama . Cross cousins marriages are evident from Arjuna 's marriage with Subhadra , Pradyumna 's ( Eldest son of Krishna ) marriage with Rukmi 's ( Brother of Rukmini ) daughter . Also Krishna married his cross cousin Mitravinda ( Daughter of Vasudeva 's sister Rajadhi who was Queen of Avanti ) and Bhadra ( Daughter of Vasudeva 's sister Shrutakirti who was the Queen of Kekaya Kingdom . ) Other religions ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : Buddhism . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2010 ) Buddhism does not proscribe any specific sexual practices , only ruling out `` sexual misconduct '' in the Five Precepts . Zoroastrianism allows cousin marriages . Sikhism largely follows the pattern of ban on the same clan marriages , many Sikhs choose to marry their children with a partner from a different village or town , just to avoid chances of consanguinity between them . Biological aspects ( edit ) Genetics ( edit ) Cousin marriage has genetic aspects that do not arise in the case of other marriage - related political and social issues like interracial marriage . This is because married couples that possess higher than normal consanguinity , shared identical DNA and genetic material , have an increased chance of sharing genes for recessive traits . The percentage of consanguinity between any two individuals decreases fourfold as the most recent common ancestor recedes one generation . First cousins have four times the consanguinity of second cousins , while first cousins once removed have half that of first cousins . Double first cousins have twice that of first cousins and are as related as half - siblings . In April 2002 , the Journal of Genetic Counseling released a report which estimated the average risk of birth defects in a child born of first cousins at 1.1 -- 2.0 percentage points over an average base risk for non-cousin couples of 3 % , or about the same as that of any woman over age 40 . In terms of mortality , a 1994 study found a mean excess pre-reproductive mortality rate of 4.4 % , while another study published in 2009 suggests the rate may be closer to 3.5 % . Put differently , first - cousin marriage entails a similar increased risk of birth defects and mortality as a woman faces when she gives birth at age 41 rather than at 30 . Critics argue that banning first - cousin marriages would make as much sense as trying to ban childbearing by older women . Repeated consanguineous marriages within a group are more problematic . After repeated generations of cousin marriage the actual genetic relationship between two people is closer than the most immediate relationship would suggest . In Pakistan , where there has been cousin marriage for generations and the current rate may exceed 50 % , one study estimated infant mortality at 12.7 percent for married double first cousins , 7.9 percent for first cousins , 9.2 percent for first cousins once removed / double second cousins , 6.9 percent for second cousins , and 5.1 percent among nonconsanguineous progeny . Among double first cousin progeny , 41.2 percent of prereproductive deaths were associated with the expression of detrimental recessive genes , with equivalent values of 26.0 , 14.9 , and 8.1 percent for first cousins , first cousins once removed / double second cousins , and second cousins respectively . Even in the absence of preferential consanguinity , alleles that are rare in large populations can randomly increase to high frequency in small groups within a few generations due to the founder effect and accelerated genetic drift in a breeding pool of restricted size . For example , because the entire Amish population is descended from only a few hundred 18th - century German - Swiss settlers , the average coefficient of inbreeding between two random Amish is higher than between two non-Amish second cousins . First - cousin marriage is taboo among Amish but they still suffer from several rare genetic disorders . In Ohio 's Geauga County , Amish make up only about 10 percent of the population but represent half the special needs cases . In the case of one debilitating seizure disorder , the worldwide total of 12 cases exclusively involves Amish sufferers . Similar disorders have been found in the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - Day Saints , who do allow first - cousin marriage and of whom 75 to 80 percent are related to two 1830s founders . Studies into the effect of cousin marriage on polygenic traits and complex diseases of adulthood have often yielded contradictory results due to the rudimentary sampling strategies used . Both positive and negative associations have been reported for breast cancer and heart disease . Consanguinity seems to affect many polygenic traits such as height , body mass index , intelligence and cardiovascular profile . Long - term studies conducted on the Dalmatian islands in the Adriatic Sea have indicated a positive association between inbreeding and a very wide range of common adulthood disorders , including hypertension , coronary heart disease , stroke , cancer , uni / bipolar depression , asthma , gout , peptic ulcer , and osteoporosis . However , these results may principally reflect village endogamy rather than consanguinity per se . Endogamy is marrying within a group and in this case the group was a village . The marital patterns of the Amish are also an example of endogamy . The Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformation found an association between consanguinity and hydrocephalus , postaxial polydactyly , and bilateral oral and facial clefts . Another picture emerges from the large literature on congenital heart defects , which are conservatively estimated to have an incidence of 50 / 1,000 live births . A consistent positive association between consanguinity and disorders such as ventricular septal defect and atrial septal defect has been demonstrated , but both positive and negative associations with patent ductus arteriosus , atrioventricular septal defect , pulmonary atresia , and Tetralogy of Fallot have been reported in different populations . Associations between consanguinity and Alzheimer 's disease have been found in certain populations . Studies into the influence of inbreeding on anthropometric measurements at birth and in childhood have failed to reveal any major and consistent pattern , and only marginal declines were shown in the mean scores attained by consanguineous progeny in tests of intellectual capacity . In the latter case , it would appear that inbreeding mainly leads to greater variance in IQ levels , due in part to the expression of detrimental recessive genes in a small proportion of those tested . A BBC report discussed Pakistanis in Britain , 55 % of whom marry a first cousin . Given the high rate of such marriages , many children come from repeat generations of first - cousin marriages . The report states that these children are 13 times more likely than the general population to produce children with genetic disorders , and one in ten children of first - cousin marriages in Birmingham either dies in infancy or develops a serious disability . The BBC also states that Pakistani - Britons , who account for some 3 % of all births in the UK , produce `` just under a third '' of all British children with genetic illnesses . Published studies show that mean perinatal mortality in the Pakistani community of 15.7 per thousand significantly exceeds that in the indigenous population and all other ethnic groups in Britain . Congenital anomalies account for 41 percent of all British Pakistani infant deaths . The BBC story contained an interview with Myra Ali , whose parents and grandparents were all first cousins . She has a very rare recessive genetic condition , known as Epidermolysis bullosa which will cause her to lead a life of extreme physical suffering , limited human contact and probably an early death from skin cancer . Knowing that cousin marriages increase the probability of recessive genetic conditions , she is understandably against the practice . Finally , in 2010 the Telegraph reported that cousin marriage among the British Pakistani community resulted in 700 children being born every year with genetic disabilities . The increased mortality and birth defects observed among British Pakistanis may , however , have another source besides current consanguinity . This is population subdivision among different Pakistani groups . Population subdivision results from decreased gene flow among different groups in a population . Because members of Pakistani biradari have married only inside these groups for generations , offspring have higher average homozygosity even for couples with no known genetic relationship . According to a statement by the UK 's Human Genetics Commission on cousin marriages , the BBC also `` fails to clarify '' that children born to these marriages were not found to be 13 times more likely to develop genetic disorders . Instead they are 13 times more likely to develop recessive genetic disorders . The HGC states , `` Other types of genetic conditions , including chromosomal abnormalities , sex - linked conditions and autosomal dominant conditions are not influenced by cousin marriage . '' The HGC goes on to compare the biological risk between cousin marriage and increased maternal age , arguing that `` Both represent complex cultural trends . Both however , also carry a biological risk . They key difference , GIG argue , is that cousin marriage is more common amongst a British minority population . '' Genetic effects from cousin marriage in Britain are more obvious than in a developing country like Pakistan because the number of confounding environmental diseases is lower . Increased focus on genetic disease in developing countries may eventually result from progress in eliminating environmental diseases there as well . Comprehensive genetic education and premarital genetic counseling programs can help to lessen the burden of genetic diseases in endogamous communities . Genetic education programs directed at high - school students have been successful in Middle Eastern countries such as Bahrain . Genetic counseling in developing countries has been hampered , however , by lack of trained staff , and couples may refuse prenatal diagnosis and selective abortion despite the endorsement of religious authorities . In Britain , the Human Genetics Commission recommends a strategy comparable with previous strategies in dealing with increased maternal age , notably as this age relates to an increased risk of Down Syndrome . All pregnant women in Britain are offered a screening test from the government - run national health service to identify those at an increased risk of having a baby with Down syndrome . The HGC states that similarly , it is appropriate to offer genetic counseling to consanguineous couples , preferably before they conceive , in order to establish the precise risk of a genetic abnormality in offspring . Under this system the offering of genetic counseling can be refused , unlike , for example , in the US state of Maine where genetic counseling is mandatory to obtain a marriage license for first cousins . Leading researcher Alan Bittles also concluded that though consanguinity clearly has a significant effect on childhood mortality and genetic disease in areas where it is common , it is `` essential that the levels of expressed genetic defect be kept in perspective , and to realize that the outcome of consanguineous marriages is not subject to assessment solely in terms of comparative medical audit '' . He states that the social , cultural , and economic benefits of cousin marriage also need to be fully considered . Fertility ( edit ) Higher total fertility rates are reported for cousin marriages than average , a phenomenon noted as far back as George Darwin during the late 19th century . There is no significant difference in the number of surviving children in cousin marriages because this compensates for the observed increase in child mortality . The total fertility increase may be partly explained by the lower average parental age at marriage , and age at first birth , observed in consanguineous marriages . Other factors include shorter birth intervals and possibly a lower likelihood of using reliable contraception . There is also the possibility of more births as a compensation for increased child mortality , either via a conscious decision by parents to achieve a set family size or the cessation of lactational amenorrhea following the death of an infant . According to a recent paper the fertility difference is probably not due to any underlying biological effect . In Iceland , where marriages between second and third cousins were common , in part due to limited selection , studies show higher fertility rates . Earlier papers claimed that increased sharing of human leukocyte antigens , as well as of deleterious recessive genes expressed during pregnancy , may lead to lower rates of conception and higher rates of miscarriage in consanguineous couples . Others now believe there is scant evidence for this unless the genes are operating very early in the pregnancy . Studies consistently show a lower rate of primary infertility in cousin marriages , usually interpreted as being due to greater immunological compatibility between spouses . Famous cousin marriages ( edit ) Main article : List of coupled cousins Cousin marriages in the United Kingdom include Charles Darwin , Queen Victoria and John Granville Harkness . In royalty , marriage between cousins was common . King Phillip II of Spain , also husband of Queen Mary I of England , had first married his first cousin on both sides , Maria Manuela , Princess of Portugal . Famous cousin marriages in the United States include Edgar Allan Poe , Franklin D. Roosevelt , Albert Einstein , and Jerry Lee Lewis . In Latin America , famous figures who married their cousin include prominent author and 2010 Nobel Prize laureate Mario Vargas Llosa , and former Peruvian beauty queen Marina Mora . Oscar winning filmmaker Satyajit Ray married his first cousin . See also ( edit ) Affinity ( canon law ) Cousin marriage in the Middle East Cousin marriage in the United States Cousin marriage law in the United States by state Prohibited degree of kinship Endogamy Genetic sexual attraction Jewish views on incest List of coupled cousins Mahram Pedigree collapse Westermarck effect References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dr. Alan Bittles ; Dr. Michael Black . `` Global prevalence '' . consang.net . ^ Jump up to : The Surprising Truth About Cousins And Marriage ^ Jump up to : Diane B. Paul and Hamish G. Spencer . `` It 's Ok , We 're Not Cousins by Blood . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Final Thoughts '' . Cousin Couples . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brandon Keim ( 23 December 2008 ) . `` Cousin Marriage OK by Science '' . Wired . ^ Jump up to : The Love That Dare Not Speak Its Surname : What 's wrong with marrying your cousin ? ^ Jump up to : Kershaw , Sarah ( 26 November 2009 ) . `` Shaking Off the Shame '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Ottenheimer , Martin ( 1996 ) . `` Chapter 5 '' . Forbidden Relatives : The American Myth of Cousin Marriage . University of Illinois . Jump up ^ `` When Incest Is Best : Kissing Cousins Have More Kin '' . Scientific American . 8 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Richard Conniff . `` Go Ahead , Kiss Your Cousin . '' Jump up ^ Bittles and Black 2009 Jump up ^ Ottenheimer 1996 , pp. 58 , 92 Jump up ^ Freire - Maia 1957 Jump up ^ Bittles 1994 , p. 563 ^ Jump up to : The National 2009 ^ Jump up to : Bittles 2000 ^ Jump up to : Bittles , Alan H. ( May 2001 ) . A Background Summary of Consanguineous Marriage ( PDF ) ( Technical report ) . Edith Cowan University . ^ Jump up to : Bittles 1994 , p. 567 Jump up ^ Bittles and Black 2009 , Section 7 Jump up ^ personal.ksu.edu Jump up ^ Ottenheimer . p. 111 . ^ Jump up to : Ottenheimer , Martin ( 1996 ) . `` Chapter 2 '' . Forbidden Relatives : The American Myth of Cousin Marriage . University of Illinois . ^ Jump up to : Ottenheimer , Martin ( 1996 ) . `` Chapter 3 '' . Forbidden Relatives : The American Myth of Cousin Marriage . University of Illinois . ^ Jump up to : Bittles and Black 2009 , Section 2 Jump up ^ Constance Bouchard , Those of My Blood : Creating Noble Families in Medieval Francia ( Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press , 2001 ) , p. 40 Jump up ^ Constance B. Bouchard , ' Consanguinity and Noble Marriages in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries ' , Speculum , Vol. 56 , No. 2 ( April 1981 ) , pp. 269 -- 70 Jump up ^ Constance B. 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Brundage , Law , Sex , and Christian Society in Medieval Europe ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1995 ) , p. 356 Jump up ^ Other examples are : Leopold I , Holy Roman Emperor and Margarita , William III and Mary II , Philippe I and Henrietta , Frederick William I of Prussia and Sophia Dorothea , Christian VII of Denmark and Caroline Matilda , George IV and Caroline , Albert and Queen Victoria , Prince Henry of Prussia and Princess Irene , Olav V of Norway and Princess Märtha , Ernest Louis and Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha , who also married Kirill Vladimirovich , another first cousin . Jump up ^ Ottenheimer 1996 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Ottenheimer . p. 81 . Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/theres-nothing-wrong-with-cousins-getting-married-scientists-say-1210072.html Jump up ^ Darwin 1875 . Jump up ^ Ottenheimer . p. 84 Jump up ^ Jones , Steve ( 19 January 2009 ) . `` ' We ought to be exterminated ' '' . London : The Guardian . 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Jump up ^ Goody 1983 , p. 53 ^ Jump up to : Andrey Korotayev . `` Parallel - Cousin ( FBD ) Marriage , Islamization , and Arabization . '' Ethnology , Vol. 39 , No. 4 , pp. 395 -- 407 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter ( 33 ) sūrat l - aḥzāb ( The Combined Forces ) '' . corpus.quran.com . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ Watt , Muhammad at Medina , p. 330 Jump up ^ History of the Prophets and Kings 4 / 199 by Muhammad ibn Jarir al - Tabari Jump up ^ al - Bidayah wa al - Nihayah 6 / 352 by ibn Kathir Jump up ^ See : Fatimah bint Muhammad Archived 28 May 2009 at Archive.is . MSA West Compendium of Muslim Texts . `` Fatimah '' , Encyclopaedia of Islam . Brill Online . Jump up ^ Nasr , Seyyed Hossein . `` Ali '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved 12 October 2007 . Jump up ^ زواج الأقارب ... وما يثار حوله من شبهات وأخطار -- إسلام ويب -- مركز الفتوى ( in Arabic ) . Islamweb , Fatwa Center . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ موقع الإسلام سؤال وجواب -- زواج الأقارب وحديث : ( غربوا النكاح ) ( in Arabic ) . Islam Q&A . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hindu Marriage Act , 1955 '' . Government of Punjab : Department of Revenue , Rehabilitation and Disaster Management . Retrieved 27 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Vashisht , Dinker ( 20 July 2009 ) . `` Haryana panchayat takes on govt over same - gotra marriage '' . The Indian Express Limited . Jump up ^ Chowdhry 2004 Jump up ^ Christopher Bayly , Townsmen and Bazaars : North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion , 1770 -- 1870 , p. 49 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Do 2006 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Indrajit Bandyopadhyay ( 29 October 2008 ) . `` A Study In Folk `` Mahabharata '' : How Balarama Became Abhimanyu 's Father - in - law `` . Epic India : A New Arts & Culture Magazine Jump up ^ Higgins , W. `` Buddhist Sexual Ethics '' . BuddhaNet Magazine . Retrieved 15 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Zoroastrians - Marriage and Family '' . World Culture Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ `` Marriage and Family Encyclopedia '' . JRank . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Connor , Steve ( 24 December 2008 ) . `` There 's nothing wrong with cousins getting married , scientists say '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Bittles , A.H. ( May 2001 ) . `` A Background Background Summary of Consaguineous marriage '' ( PDF ) . consang.net . Retrieved 19 January 2010 . External link in publisher = ( help ) , citing Bittles , A.H. ; Neel , J.V. ( 1994 ) . `` The costs of human inbreeding and their implications for variation at the DNA level '' . Nature Genetics . 8 ( 2 ) : 117 -- 121 . PMID 7842008 . doi : 10.1038 / ng1094 - 117 . Jump up ^ Connor , Steve ( 24 December 2008 ) . `` There 's nothing with cousins getting married , scientists say '' . London : The Independent . Jump up ^ Bittles 1994 , p. 572 , 574 Jump up ^ Bittles 1994 , p. 572 Jump up ^ Hostetler 1963 , p. 330 Jump up ^ McKay 2005 Jump up ^ Dougherty 2005 Jump up ^ Reuters 2007 Jump up ^ Fareed , M ; Afzal M ( 2014 ) . `` Evidence of inbreeding depression on height , weight , and body mass index : a population - based child cohort '' . American Journal of Human Biology . 26 ( 6 ) : 784 -- 795 . PMID 25130378 . doi : 10.1002 / ajhb. 22599 . Jump up ^ Fareed , M ; Afzal M ( 2014 ) . `` Estimating the inbreeding depression on cognitive behavior : a population based study of child cohort '' . PLoS ONE . 9 ( 10 ) : e109585 . PMC 4196914 . PMID 25313490 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0109585 . Jump up ^ Fareed , M ; Afzal M ( 2016 ) . `` Increased cardiovascular risks associated with familial inbreeding : a population - based study of adolescent cohort '' . Annals of Epidemiology. 26 ( 4 ) : 283 -- 292 . PMID 27084548 . doi : 10.1016 / j. annepidem. 2016.03. 001 . ^ Jump up to : Bittles and Black , 2009 , Section 6 Jump up ^ Bittles 1994 , p. 575 Jump up ^ Rowlatt , J , ( 2005 ) `` The risks of cousin marriage '' , BBC Newsnight . Accessed 28 January 2007 Jump up ^ Bittles 1994 , p. 576 Jump up ^ 700 children born with genetic disabilities due to cousin marriages every year Jump up ^ Bittles and Black , 2009 , Section 5 Jump up ^ `` Statement on cousins who marry '' , Human Genetics Commission . Accessed 1 November 2009 Jump up ^ Bittles 1994 , p. 579 Jump up ^ Bittles and Black , 2009 , Section 4 Jump up ^ Bittles 1994 , p. 578 Jump up ^ Bittles 1994 , p. 793 Jump up ^ Bittles 1994 , p. 790 Jump up ^ Bittles 1994 , p. 571 Jump up ^ Hussein , R. ; Bittles , A.H. ( 1999 ) , Consanguineous marriage and differentials in age at marriage , contraceptive use and fertility in Pakistan , Journal of Biosocial Science , pp. 121 -- 138 Jump up ^ Third Cousins Have Greatest Number Of Offspring , Data From Iceland Shows , Science Daily , 7 February 2008 Jump up ^ Bittles 1994 , pp. 568 -- 569 Jump up ^ Elizabeth Price Foley ( 2006 ) . Liberty for all : reclaiming individual privacy in a new era of public morality . Yale University Press . p. 97 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 10983 - 2 ... Jump up ^ Williams , Raymond L. ( 2001 ) . Vargas Llosa : otra historia de un deicidio . Mexico : Taurus . p. 540 . ISBN 968 - 19 - 0814 - 7 ... Jump up ^ Marina Mora se casa con su primo hermano Archived 27 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . ( 31 July 2005 ) , terra.com.pe . Further reading ( edit ) Abbink , Jon ( Dec 1998 ) . `` An Historical - Anthropological Approach to Islam in Ethiopia : Issues of Identity and Politics '' . Journal of African Cultural Studies . Taylor & Francis , Ltd. 11 ( 2 ) : 109 -- 124 . JSTOR 1771876 . doi : 10.1080 / 13696819808717830 . Baba of Karo ; Smith , Mary Felice ( 1981 ) . Baba of Karo . Yale University . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 02741 - 9 . Bener , Abdulbari ; Hussain , Rafat ( 2006 ) . `` Consanguineous Unions and Child Health in the State of Qatar '' . Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology . Blackwell Publishing . 20 ( 5 ) : 372 -- 378 . PMID 16911015 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3016.2006. 00750. x . Bittles , Alan H. ; et al. ( 10 May 1991 ) . `` Reproductive Behavior and Health in Consanguineous Marriages '' . Science . AAAS. 252 ( 5007 ) : 789 -- 794 . PMID 2028254 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 2028254 . Bittles , Alan H. ( September 1994 ) . `` The Role and Significance of Consanguinity as a Demographic Variable '' . Population and Development Review . Population Council . 20 ( 3 ) : 561 -- 584 . JSTOR 2137601 . doi : 10.2307 / 2137601 . Bittles , Alan ; Hussain , Rafat ( 2000 ) . `` An analysis of consanguineous marriage in the Muslim population of India at regional and state levels '' . Annals of Human Biology . Population Council . 27 ( 2 ) : 163 -- 171 . PMID 10768421 . doi : 10.1080 / 030144600282271 . Bittles , Alan ( 2009 ) . `` Commentary : The background and outcomes of the first - cousin marriage controversy in Great Britain '' . International Journal of Epidemiology. 38 ( 6 ) : 1453 -- 1458 . PMID 19926668 . doi : 10.1093 / ije / dyp313 . Bittles , Alan ; Black , Michael ( Sep 2009 ) . `` Consanguinity , human evolution , and complex diseases '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 107 ( suppl 1 ) : 1779 -- 1786 . PMC 2868287 . PMID 19805052 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0906079106 . Retrieved 13 February 2010 . Bittles , Alan ( 2009 ) . `` Tables of the global prevalence of consanguinity '' . consang.net . Retrieved 8 February 2010 . `` Census of India , Population by Religious Communities '' . Census of India . Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner , India . 2001 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Chen , T.S. ; Shryock , J.K. ( Oct -- Dec 1932 ) . `` Chinese Relationship Terms '' . American Anthropologist . Blackwell Publishing . 34 ( 4 ) : 623 -- 669 . JSTOR 662675 . doi : 10.1525 / aa. 1932.34. 4.02 a00080 . `` Nigeria '' . The CIA World Factbook . US Central Intelligence Agency . 15 January 2010 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Crummey , Donald ( 1983 ) . `` Family and Property amongst the Amhara Nobility '' . The Journal of African History . Cambridge University Press . 24 ( 2 ) : 207 -- 220 . JSTOR 181641 . doi : 10.1017 / S0021853700021940 . Darwin , George H ( 1875 ) . `` Marriages between first cousins in England and their effects '' . Journal of the Statistical Society . XXXVIII Part II : 153 -- 184 . JSTOR 2338660 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Dawson , Miles Menander , ed. ( 1915 ) . `` The Family '' . The Ethics of Confucius . New York : Putnam . Đõ , Quý Toàn ; Iyer , Sriya ; Joshi , Shareen ( 2006 ) . The Economics of Consanguineous Marriages . World Bank , Development Research Group , Poverty Team . Dougherty , John ( 29 December 2005 ) . `` Forbidden Fruit '' . Phoenix New Times . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Dyson , Tim ; Moore , Mick ( Mar 1983 ) . `` On Kinship Structure , Female Autonomy , and Demographic Behavior in India '' . Population and Development Review . Population Council . 9 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 60 . JSTOR 1972894 . doi : 10.2307 / 1972894 . `` 2007 Census '' ( PDF ) . Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 February 2012 . Feng , Han - yi ( 1967 ) . The Chinese Kinship System . Cambridge : Harvard . Freire - Maia , Newton ( Dec 1957 ) . `` Inbreeding in Brazil '' . Am. J. Hum . Genet . Rockefeller Foundation . 9 ( 4 ) : 284 -- 298 . PMC 1932014 . PMID 13497997 . Givens , Benjamin P. ; Hirschman , Charles ( November 1994 ) . `` Modernization and Consanguineous Marriage in Iran '' . Journal of Marriage and Family . National Council on Family Relations . 56 ( 4 ) : 820 -- 834 . JSTOR 353595 . doi : 10.2307 / 353595 . Goody , Jack ( 1983 ) . The development of the family and marriage in Europe . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Grubbs , Judith Evans ( 2002 ) . Women and the law in the Roman Empire . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 15240 - 2 . Retrieved 13 February 2010 . Hajnal , J. ; et al. ( 10 December 1963 ) . `` Concepts of Random Mating and the Frequency of Consanguineous Marriages '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . The Royal Society . 159 ( 974 ) : 125 -- 177 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 1963.0071 . Holý , Ladislav ( 1989 ) . Kinship , honour , and solidarity : cousin marriage in the Middle East . Manchester University Press ND . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 2890 - 8 . Hostetler , John Andrew ( 1993 ) . Amish Society . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 4442 - 3 . Hsu , Francis L.K. ( Jan -- Mar 1945 ) . `` Observations on Cross-Cousin Marriage in China '' . American Anthropologist . Blackwell Publishing . 47 ( 1 ) : 83 -- 103 . JSTOR 663208 . doi : 10.1525 / aa. 1945.47. 1.02 a00050 . Leach , Edmund ( 2009 ) . `` The Structural Implications of Matrilateral Cross-Cousin Marriage '' . The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute . Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland . 1 / 2 ( 6 ) : 23 -- 55 . JSTOR 2844015 . `` Marriage Law of the People 's Republic of China '' . Marriage Law of the People 's Republic of China . Consulate - General of the People 's Republic of China in New York . 14 November 2003 . Retrieved 21 June 2010 . McKay , Mary Jayne ( 8 June 2005 ) . `` Genetic Disorders Hit Amish Hard '' . CBS . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Meriwether , Margaret Lee ( 1999 ) . The kin who count : family and society in Ottoman Aleppo , 1770 -- 1840 . University of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 75224 - 5 . Murphy , Robert F. ; Kasdan , Leonard ( Feb 1959 ) . `` The Structure of Parallel Cousin Marriage '' . American Anthropologist . Blackwell Publishing . 61 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 29 . JSTOR 666210 . doi : 10.1525 / aa. 1959.61. 1.02 a00040 . Ottenheimer , Martin ( 1996 ) . Forbidden Relatives : The American Myth of Cousin Marriage . Chicago : University of Illinois Press . Patterson , Cynthia B. ( 1998 ) . The Family in Greek History . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 29270 - 7 . Prem , Chowdhry ( 2004 ) . `` Consanguineous Unions and Child Health in the State of Qatar '' . Modern Asian Studies . Cambridge University Press . 38 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 84 . Qin , Zhaoxiong ( 22 September 2001 ) . `` Rethinking Cousin Marriage in Rural China '' . Ethnology . University of Pittsburgh . 40 ( 4 ) : 347 -- 360 . JSTOR 3773881 . doi : 10.2307 / 3773881 . `` Polygamist community faces genetic disorder '' . Reuters. 15 June 2007 . Archived from the original on 13 December 2010 . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . `` Learning from Children , Families , and Communities to Increase Girls ' Participation in Primary School ( Ethiopia ) '' ( PDF ) . Save the Children USA . 31 July 2007 . Retrieved 8 February 2010 . Schwimmer , Brian ( September 2003 ) . `` Census of India , Population by Religious Communities '' . Kinship and Social Organization . Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner , India . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Scott - Emuakpori , Ajovi B. ( 1974 ) . `` The Mutation Load in an African Population '' . Am J Hum Genet. 26 ( 2 ) : 674 -- 682 . Shami , SA ; Schmitt , LH ; Bittles , AH ( 1989 ) . `` Consanguinity related prenatal and postnatal mortality of the populations of seven Pakistani Punjab cities '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Medical Genetics . 26 : 267 -- 271 . PMC 1017301 . PMID 2716036 . doi : 10.1136 / jmg. 26.4. 267 . Retrieved 26 Apr 2016 . Shaw , Brent ; Saller , Richard ( September 1984 ) . `` Close - Kin Marriage in Roman Society ? '' . Man , New Series . Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland . 19 ( 3 ) : 432 -- 444 . JSTOR 2802181 . Shaw , Alison ( 2009 ) . `` Kinship , Cultural Preference and Immigration : Consanguineous Marriage among British Pakistanis '' . The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute . Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland . 7 ( 2 ) : 315 -- 334 . JSTOR 2661225 . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 9655.00065 . Suberu , Rotimi T. ( 2001 ) . Federalism and ethnic conflict in Nigeria . Washington , DC : Endowment of the United States Institute of Peace . ISBN 978 - 1 - 929223 - 28 - 2 . Swanson , Eleanor C. ; Robert O. Lagace . `` Hausa '' . Ethnographic Atlas . Centre for Social Anthropology and Computing , University of Kent at Canterbury . Retrieved 8 February 2010 . `` Marriages between cousins has become more common in the UAE '' . khaleejtimes. 20 November 2009 . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Westermarck , Edward ( 1922 ) . The History of Human Marriage . New York : Allerton Book Co . External links ( edit ) Look up cousincest in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Consanguinity / Endogamy Resource by Dr. Alan Bittles and Dr. Michael Black Shaking Off the Shame by Sarah Kershaw for the New York Times Forbidden Fruit by John Dougherty ( hide ) Incest Incest Accidental incest Avunculate marriage Consanguine marriage Cousin marriage notable cases in the Middle East Covert incest Inbreeding Incest between twins Motherfucker Parallel and cross cousins Snokhachestvo Sibling incest Child incestuous abuse Laws regarding incest Article 809 of the Korean Civil Code Consanguinity Cousin marriage law in the United States by state Cousin marriage court cases in the United States Mahram Muth v. Frank Laws regarding incest in the United States Prohibited degree of kinship Ten Abominations Culture Incest in the Bible Incest in folklore Incest in popular culture Incest in film and television Incest in literature Incest pornography Incest taboo Jewish views on incest Theory Science Coefficient of relationship Genetic sexual attraction Inbreeding depression Pedigree collapse Psychology Electra complex Jocasta complex Oedipus complex Phaedra complex Westermarck effect Cases Alvarez case Armando Lucero Colt clan incest case Fritzl case Goler clan Maria Ersdotter Moe incest case Mongelli case Patrick Stübing Sheffield incest case GND : 4340881 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cousin_marriage&oldid=800630248 '' Categories : Marriage Incest Cousin couples Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : external links Webarchive template archiveis links CS1 uses Arabic - language script ( ar ) CS1 Arabic - language sources ( ar ) Use dmy dates from August 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2012 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2011 Articles to be expanded from March 2010 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2001 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles lacking reliable references from April 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from December 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 18 : 51 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cousin%20marriage
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what happens to alex in a clockwork orange
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Alex ( a Clockwork Orange )
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alex ( a clockwork orange )
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Alex is a fictional character in Anthony Burgess ' novel A Clockwork Orange and Stanley Kubrick 's film adaptation of the same name , in which he is played by Malcolm McDowell . In the film , his surname is DeLarge , a reference to Alex calling himself Alexander the Large in the novel . In the film , however , two newspaper articles print his name as `` Alex Burgess '' . In addition to the book and film , Alex was portrayed by Vanessa Claire Smith in the ARK Theatre Company 's multi-media adaptation of A Clockwork Orange , directed by Brad Mays .
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Contents 1 Character overview 2 Character biography 3 Reception 4 References Character overview ( edit ) Alex is the narrator , protagonist and antihero in the novel A Clockwork Orange . The character is portrayed as a sociopath who robs , rapes , and assaults innocent people for his own amusement . Intellectually , he knows that such behaviour is morally wrong , saying that `` you ca n't have a society with everybody behaving in my manner of the night '' . He nevertheless professes to be puzzled by the motivations of those who wish to reform him and others like him , saying that he would never interfere with their desire to be good ; he simply `` goes to the other shop '' . He speaks Nadsat , a teenage slang created by author Anthony Burgess . The language is based on largely English and Russian words , but also borrows from other sources such as Cockney rhyming slang , Romani speech , and schoolboy colloquialisms . His beverage of choice is milk spiked with various drugs , which he and his fellow gang members ( `` droogs '' ) drink to fortify themselves for `` ultraviolence '' . Alex is very fond of classical music , particularly Ludwig van Beethoven , whom he habitually refers to as `` Ludwig Van '' . While listening to this music , he fantasises about endless rampages of rape , torture and slaughter . Alex 's favourite melee weapon is a `` cut - throat britva '' , or straight razor . Character biography ( edit ) Alex lives with his parents in a block of flats in a dystopian England in which his brand of `` ultraviolence '' is common . At the age of 15 , he is already a veteran of state reform institutions ( In the film , he is somewhat older ) . While the youngest of his gang , he is the most intelligent , and designates himself as the leader . Another member of the gang , Georgie , resents his high - handedness , and begins plotting against him along with the rest of the gang . One night , the gang breaks into a woman 's house , and Alex assaults and kills her by ramming her face with a sculpture of a penis and testicles ( in the book it is a bust of Beethoven ) . As Alex flees from the house after hearing police sirens , Dim hits him with a milk bottle ( his chain in the book ) and the gang leaves him to be arrested . Alex is found guilty of murder and sentenced to 14 years in prison . Over the next two years , Alex is a model prisoner , endearing himself to the prison chaplain by studying the Bible . He is especially fond of the passages in the Old Testament portraying torture and murder . Eventually , prison officials recommend him for the Ludovico Technique , an experimental treatment designed to eliminate criminal impulses . During the treatment , prison doctors inject him with nausea - inducing drugs and make him watch films portraying murder , torture and rape . The treatment conditions him to associate violent thoughts and feelings with sickness . Alex is particularly affected by watching footage of Nazi war crimes set to Beethoven 's Ninth Symphony , one of his favourite pieces of music , and he can no longer hear it without feeling sick . His sentence is commuted to time served , and he is released . Once he returns to society , however , he finds that the treatment worked too well : any thought of violence brings him to his knees with pain , and he can not defend himself . His parents have rented out his room , he is brutalised by his former victims , and beaten by his former accomplices Georgie and Dim , who are now police officers . He collapses in front of an old house , owned by a writer the government considers `` subversive '' . The writer is one of the gang 's victims , but he does not recognise Alex , who had been wearing a mask as he and his friends beat the man and gang - raped his wife , who later died of her injuries . When Alex tells him of his plight , the writer promises to help him . However , the writer realises who Alex is upon hearing him singing `` Singin ' in the Rain '' , the very song he had sung while raping his wife . He drugs Alex and forces him to listen to the Ninth Symphony , which causes Alex so much pain that he attempts suicide by jumping out of the window . He survives , but is badly injured , and wakes up in a state hospital . His parents take him back , while the government , smarting from the bad publicity , gives him a well - paying job . The treatment , meanwhile , has worn off , and Alex is his old ultraviolent self again , saying `` I was cured all right '' . While the film ends here , the novel features an additional chapter in which Alex , now a few years older , outgrows his sociopathy and begins to think about starting a family . Reception ( edit ) The American Film Institute rated Alex the 12th greatest film villain of all time . Empire magazine selected Alex as the 42nd greatest movie character of all time Wizard magazine rated Alex the 36th greatest villain of all time . Malcolm McDowell 's performance has been widely acclaimed by critics . McDowell was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama , and some consider his failure to receive a Best Actor nomination at the Academy Awards a major snub . In 2008 , his performance was ranked # 100 on Premiere Magazine 's `` 100 Greatest Performances of All Time . '' Vanessa Claire Smith won LA Weekly 's Leading Female Performance award for her gender - bending performance in the stage production of A Clockwork Orange . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A CLOCKWORK ORANGE in - depth analysis by Rob Ager 2010 '' . Archived from the original on 9 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` arktheatre.org '' . Jump up ^ Production Photos from A Clockwork Orange , 2003 , ARK Theatre Company , directed by Brad Mays Jump up ^ Kavner , Lucas ( 20 July 2011 ) . `` ' A Clockwork Orange ' Songs To Be Performed For First Time In History '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Heller , Jason ( 22 March 2010 ) . `` A Clockwork Orange , by Anthony Burgess '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Empireonline.com Jump up ^ Wizard # 177 Jump up ^ `` Cinema : Kubrick : Degrees of Madness '' . Time . 1971 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ James Berardinelli . `` ReelViews : Clockwork Orange , A '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Michael Atkinson . `` Reversion Therapy '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Entertainment Weekly . `` 25 Biggest Oscar Snubs Ever : # 17 - Malcolm McDowell , A Clockwork Orange '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Premiere . `` The 100 Greatest Performances of All Time '' . Archived from the original on 14 October 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ LA Weekly Theatre Awards Nominations A Clockwork Orange - nominations for `` Best Revival Production , '' `` Best Leading Female Performance , '' `` Best Direction '' Jump up ^ LA Weekly Theatre Awards A Clockwork Orange - Vanessa Claire Smith wins for `` Best Leading Female Performance '' Anthony Burgess 's A Clockwork Orange Films Vinyl A Clockwork Orange soundtrack A Clockwork Orange : Wendy Carlos 's Complete Original Score Concepts Nadsat Related articles Alex Korova Milk Bar List of cultural references to A Clockwork Orange Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alex_(A_Clockwork_Orange)&oldid=862536583 '' Categories : A Clockwork Orange Fictional rapists Fictional murderers Fictional gangsters Fictional English people Fictional characters introduced in 1962 Characters in British novels of the 20th century Teenage characters in film Characters in written science fiction Science fiction film characters Fictional attempted suicides Fictional British people Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2011 Use dmy dates from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2018 , at 01 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20%28A%20Clockwork%20Orange%29
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how many district in telangana what are they
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S.No . Name Headquarters Area ( km ) Population ( 2011 census ) No. of mandals Density ( per km ) Urban ( % ) Literacy ( % ) Sex Ratio Map Adilabad Adilabad 4,153 708,972 18 171 23.66 63.46 989 Bhadradri Kothagudem Kothagudem 7,483 1,069,261 23 143 31.71 66.40 1008 Hyderabad Hyderabad 217 3,943,323 16 18172 100 83.25 954 Jagtial Jagtial 2,419 985,417 18 407 22.46 60.26 1036 5 Jangaon Jangaon 2,188 566,376 13 259 12.60 61.44 997 6 Jayashankar Bhupalapally Bhupalpalle 6,175 711,434 20 115 7.57 60.33 1009 7 Jogulamba Gadwal Gadwal 2,928 609,990 12 208 10.36 49.87 972 8 Kamareddy Kamareddy 3,652 972,625 22 266 12.71 56.51 1033 9 Karimnagar Karimnagar 2,128 1,005,711 16 473 30.72 69.16 993 10 Khammam Khammam 4,361 1,401,639 21 321 22.60 65.95 1005 11 Kumarambheem Asifabad Asifabad 4,878 515,812 15 106 16.86 56.72 998 12 Mahabubabad Mahabubabad 2,877 774,549 16 269 9.86 57.13 996 13 Mahabubnagar Mahabubnagar 5,285 1,486,777 26 281 20.73 56.78 995 14 Mancherial Mancherial 4,016 807,037 18 201 43.85 64.35 977 15 Medak Medak 2,786 767,428 20 275 7.67 56.12 1027 16 Medchal -- Malkajgiri Shamirpet 1,084 2,440,073 14 2251 91.40 82.49 957 17 Nagarkurnool Nagarkurnool 6,924 861,766 20 124 10.19 54.38 968 18 Nalgonda Nalgonda 7,122 1,618,416 31 227 22.76 63.75 978 19 Nirmal Nirmal 3,845 709,418 19 185 21.38 57.77 1046 20 Nizamabad Nizamabad 4,288 1,571,022 27 366 29.58 64.25 1044 21 Peddapalli Peddapalli 2,236 795,332 14 356 38.22 65.52 992 22 Rajanna Sircilla Sircilla 2,019 552,037 13 273 21.17 62.71 1014 23 Ranga Reddy Shamshabad 5,031 2,446,265 27 486 58.05 71.95 950 24 Sangareddy Sangareddy 4,403 1,527,628 26 347 34.69 64.08 965 25 Siddipet Siddipet 3,632 1,012,065 22 279 13.74 61.61 1008 26 Suryapet Suryapet 3,607 1,099,560 23 305 15.56 64.11 996 27 Vikarabad Vikarabad 3,386 927,140 18 274 13.48 57.91 1001 28 Wanaparthy Wanaparthy 2,152 577,758 14 268 15.97 55.67 960 29 Warangal Rural Warangal 2,175 718,537 15 330 6.99 61.26 994 30 Warangal Urban Warangal 1,309 1,080,858 11 826 68.51 76.17 997 31 Yadadri Bhuvanagiri Bhongir 3,092 739,448 16 239 16.66 65.53 973 Telangana - - 112,077 35,003,674 584 312 38.88 66.54 988 -
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List of districts in Telangana
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list of districts in telangana
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The state of Telangana , in southern India is divided into 31 districts . A ' district ' in the state of Telangana is an administrative geographical unit , headed by a District collector , an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service .
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Contents 1 Statistics 2 History 2.1 1948 2.2 1953 2.3 1956 2.4 1978 2.5 2014 2.6 2016 3 District statistics 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Statistics ( edit ) Telangana new districts created in 2016 In terms of area , Bhadradri Kothagudem is the largest district with an area of 7,483 km ( 2,889 sq mi ) and Hyderabad is the smallest with 217 km ( 84 sq mi ) . Hyderabad district is the most populated district with a population of 3943323 and Kumarambheem Asifabad district is the least populated with 515,805 . Telangana consist of 68 Revenue Divisions and 584 Revenue Mandals ( Tehsil ) . History ( edit ) Hyderabad state until 1956 Telangana at the time of formation on June 2 , 2014 1948 ( edit ) Telangana region of Hyderabad State was consist of 8 Districts in 1948 when it inducted in Dominion of India they are Atraf - i - Baldah ( Hyderabad ) , Mahbubnagar district , Medak district , Nalgonda district ( Nalgundah ) , Nizamabad districts , Adilabad , Karimnagar , and Warangal districts . 1953 ( edit ) Khamam district was created by bifurcation of Warangal district on 1st October 1953 . 1956 ( edit ) Andhra Pradesh was formed by merging Telangana region of Hyderabad State and Andhra state on November 1 . Bhadrachalam division and Aswaraopet taluka parts was merged in Khammam district from Godavari districts for better Administration . 1978. ( edit ) Hyderabad district was split into Hyderabad Urban District and Hyderabad Rural District on 15 August 1978. Hyderabad Urban District was made by 4 Talukas are Charminar , Golkonda , Mushirabad and Secunderabad Talukas which consist of only MCH area , Secunderabad cantonment and Osmania University . Hyderabad rural district was later renamed as Ranga Reddy District . 2014 ( edit ) Telangana curved out from with 10 districts from Andhra Pradesh . Seven mandals of Bhadrachalam division were given back to East Godavari district . 2016 ( edit ) 21 New districts were created on 11 October , which lead to 31 districts in Telangana . All districts were divided into minimum 2 to maximum 5 except Hyderabad district which was untouched . District statistics ( edit ) S.No . Name Headquarters Area ( km ) Population ( 2011 census ) No. of mandals Density ( per km ) Urban ( % ) Literacy ( % ) Sex Ratio Map Adilabad Adilabad 4,153 708,972 18 171 23.66 63.46 989 Bhadradri Kothagudem Kothagudem 7,483 1,069,261 23 143 31.71 66.40 1008 Hyderabad Hyderabad 217 3,943,323 16 18172 100 83.25 954 Jagtial Jagtial 2,419 985,417 18 407 22.46 60.26 1036 5 Jangaon Jangaon 2,188 566,376 13 259 12.60 61.44 997 6 Jayashankar Bhupalapally Bhupalpalle 6,175 711,434 20 115 7.57 60.33 1009 7 Jogulamba Gadwal Gadwal 2,928 609,990 12 208 10.36 49.87 972 8 Kamareddy Kamareddy 3,652 972,625 22 266 12.71 56.51 1033 9 Karimnagar Karimnagar 2,128 1,005,711 16 473 30.72 69.16 993 10 Khammam Khammam 4,361 1,401,639 21 321 22.60 65.95 1005 11 Kumarambheem Asifabad Asifabad 4,878 515,812 15 106 16.86 56.72 998 12 Mahabubabad Mahabubabad 2,877 774,549 16 269 9.86 57.13 996 13 Mahabubnagar Mahabubnagar 5,285 1,486,777 26 281 20.73 56.78 995 14 Mancherial Mancherial 4,016 807,037 18 201 43.85 64.35 977 15 Medak Medak 2,786 767,428 20 275 7.67 56.12 1027 16 Medchal -- Malkajgiri Shamirpet 1,084 2,440,073 14 2251 91.40 82.49 957 17 Nagarkurnool Nagarkurnool 6,924 861,766 20 124 10.19 54.38 968 18 Nalgonda Nalgonda 7,122 1,618,416 31 227 22.76 63.75 978 19 Nirmal Nirmal 3,845 709,418 19 185 21.38 57.77 1046 20 Nizamabad Nizamabad 4,288 1,571,022 27 366 29.58 64.25 1044 21 Peddapalli Peddapalli 2,236 795,332 14 356 38.22 65.52 992 22 Rajanna Sircilla Sircilla 2,019 552,037 13 273 21.17 62.71 1014 23 Ranga Reddy Shamshabad 5,031 2,446,265 27 486 58.05 71.95 950 24 Sangareddy Sangareddy 4,403 1,527,628 26 347 34.69 64.08 965 25 Siddipet Siddipet 3,632 1,012,065 22 279 13.74 61.61 1008 26 Suryapet Suryapet 3,607 1,099,560 23 305 15.56 64.11 996 27 Vikarabad Vikarabad 3,386 927,140 18 274 13.48 57.91 1001 28 Wanaparthy Wanaparthy 2,152 577,758 14 268 15.97 55.67 960 29 Warangal Rural Warangal 2,175 718,537 15 330 6.99 61.26 994 30 Warangal Urban Warangal 1,309 1,080,858 11 826 68.51 76.17 997 31 Yadadri Bhuvanagiri Bhongir 3,092 739,448 16 239 16.66 65.53 973 Telangana - - 112,077 35,003,674 584 312 38.88 66.54 988 - ∀ See also ( edit ) List of mandals in Telangana List of districts in India New Districts portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Yazdani , Ghulam . `` Hyderabad State '' . Atlantic Publishers & Distri -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : `` Know Your Corporation '' . Jump up ^ Law , Gwillim ( 2011 - 09 - 25 ) . `` Districts of India '' . Statoids . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation ( Amendment ) Bill , 2014 '' Accessed 13 July 2014 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Protests against Centre , Andhra Pradesh in Khammam over Polavaram Bill '' . Deccan Chronicle , 12 July 2014 . Accessed 13 July 2014 . ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` New districts '' . Andhra Jyothy.com. 8 October 2016 . Retrieved 8 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Medchal - Malkajgiri district '' ( PDF ) . Official website of Medchal district . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vikarabad district '' . Official website Vikarabad district . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) State of Telangana Capital : Hyderabad Topics Cuisine Culture Economy Education Geography Government History Language Politics People Tourism Dynasties Assaka Satavahanas Ikshvaku Salankayanas Vishnukundinas Chalukyas Rastrakutas Western Chalukyas Kakatiyas Musunuri Nayaks Bahmanis Qutb Shahi Hyderabad Nizams Districts Adilabad Asifabad Bhadradri Hyderabad Jagtial Jangaon Jayashankar Jogulamba Kamareddy Karimnagar Khammam Mahabubabad Mahbubnagar Mancherial Medak Medchal -- Malkajgiri Nagarkurnool Nalgonda Nirmal Nizamabad Peddapalli Rajanna Sircilla Ranga Reddy Sangareddy Siddipet Suryapet Vikarabad Wanaparthy Warangal ( rural ) Warangal ( urban ) Yadadri Commissionerates Hyderabad Karimnagar Khammam Nizamabad Ramagundam Siddipet Warangal Major cities Hyderabad Warangal Nizamabad Khammam Karimnagar Ramagundam Mahabubnagar Nalgonda Adilabad Suryapet Tourism Churches Dams Forts Hindu Temples Lakes National Parks Sanctuaries Waterfalls Municipal corporations Hyderabad Karimnagar Khammam Nizamabad Ramagundam Warangal Related lists List of cities in Telangana by area List of cities in Telangana by population List of districts in Telangana List of urban local bodies in Telangana Portal : Telangana Template : Districts of telangana Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_districts_in_Telangana&oldid=851289062 '' Categories : Districts of Telangana Telangana - related lists Lists of districts in India Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Français हिन्दी ქართული മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური नेपाल भाषा پنجابی Simple English Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 July 2018 , at 08 : 37 ( UTC ) . 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how long is stage 1 of the tour de france
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Tour de France
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tour de france
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Jacques Anquetil ( FRA ) Eddy Merckx ( BEL ) Bernard Hinault ( FRA ) Miguel Indurain ( ESP )
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( 5 wins each ) Most recent Chris Froome ( GBR ) The Tour de France ( French pronunciation : ( tuʁ də fʁɑ̃s ) ) is an annual multiple stage bicycle race primarily held in France , while also occasionally making passes through nearby countries . Like the other Grand Tours ( the Giro d'Italia and the Vuelta a España ) , it consists of 21 stages over a little more than 3 weeks . The race was first organized in 1903 to increase sales for the newspaper L'Auto ; which is currently run by the Amaury Sport Organisation . The race has been held annually since its first edition in 1903 except when it was stopped for the two World Wars . As the Tour gained prominence and popularity , the race was lengthened and its reach began to extend around the globe . Participation expanded from a primarily French field , as riders from all over the world began to participate in the race each year . The Tour is a UCI World Tour event , which means that the teams that compete in the race are mostly UCI WorldTeams , with the exception of the teams that the organizers invite . Traditionally , the race is held primarily in the month of July . While the route changes each year , the format of the race stays the same with the appearance of time trials , the passage through the mountain chains of the Pyrenees and the Alps , and the finish on the Champs - Élysées in Paris . The modern editions of the Tour de France consist of 21 day - long segments ( stages ) over a 23 - day period and cover around 3,500 kilometres ( 2,200 mi ) . The race alternates between clockwise and counterclockwise circuits of France . There are usually between 20 and 22 teams , with nine riders in each . All of the stages are timed to the finish ; the riders ' times are compounded with their previous stage times . The rider with the lowest cumulative finishing times is the leader of the race and wears the maillot jaune or yellow jersey . While the general classification garners the most attention , there are other contests held within the Tour : the points classification for the sprinters , the mountains classification for the climbers , young rider classification for riders under the age of 26 , and the team classification for the fastest teams . Achieving a stage win also provides prestige , often accomplished by a team 's cycling sprinter specialist . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 The first Tour de France 1.3 1904 -- 1939 1.4 1947 -- 1969 1.5 1969 -- 1987 1.6 1988 -- present 2 Classifications 2.1 General classification 2.2 Mountains classification 2.3 Points classification 2.4 Young rider classification 2.5 Minor classifications and prizes 2.6 Historical classifications 2.7 Lanterne rouge 2.8 Prizes 3 Stages 3.1 Mass - start stages 3.2 Individual time trials 3.3 Team time trial 3.4 Time limits 3.5 Notable stages 4 Advertising caravan 5 Politics 5.1 Corsica 6 The start and finish of the Tour 6.1 Starts abroad 7 Broadcasting 8 Culture 8.1 Arts 8.2 Post-Tour criteria 9 Doping 10 Deaths 11 Records and statistics 11.1 Record winners 12 Notes 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 Further reading 16 External links History ( edit ) See also : List of Tour de France general classification winners Origins ( edit ) The Tour de France was created in 1903 . The roots of the Tour de France trace back to the emergence of two rival sports newspapers in the country . On one hand was Le Vélo , the first and the largest daily sports newspaper in France which sold 80,000 copies a day . On the other was L'Auto , which had been set - up by journalists and business - people including Comte Jules - Albert de Dion , Adolphe Clément and Édouard Michelin in 1899 . The rival paper emerged following disagreements over the Dreyfus Affair , a cause célèbre ( in which de Dion was implicated ) that divided France at the end of the 19th century over the innocence of Alfred Dreyfus , a French army officer convicted -- though later exonerated -- of selling military secrets to the Germans . The new newspaper appointed Henri Desgrange as the editor . He was a prominent cyclist and owner with Victor Goddet of the velodrome at the Parc des Princes . De Dion knew him through his cycling reputation , through the books and cycling articles that he had written , and through press articles he had written for the Clément tyre company . L'Auto was not the success its backers wanted . Stagnating sales lower than the rival it was intended to surpass led to a crisis meeting on 20 November 1902 on the middle floor of L'Auto 's office at 10 Rue du Faubourg Montmartre , Paris . The last to speak was the most junior there , the chief cycling journalist , a 26 - year - old named Géo Lefèvre . Desgrange had poached him from Giffard 's paper . Lefèvre suggested a six - day race of the sort popular on the track but all around France . Long - distance cycle races were a popular means to sell more newspapers , but nothing of the length that Lefèvre suggested had been attempted . If it succeeded , it would help L'Auto match its rival and perhaps put it out of business . It could , as Desgrange said , `` nail Giffard 's beak shut . '' Desgrange and Lefèvre discussed it after lunch . Desgrange was doubtful but the paper 's financial director , Victor Goddet , was enthusiastic . He handed Desgrange the keys to the company safe and said : `` Take whatever you need . '' L'Auto announced the race on 19 January 1903 . The first Tour de France ( edit ) Main article : 1903 Tour de France Maurice Garin , winner of the first Tour de France standing on the right . The man on the left is possibly Leon Georget ( 1903 ) The first Tour de France was staged in 1903 . The plan was a five - stage race from 31 May to 5 July , starting in Paris and stopping in Lyon , Marseille , Bordeaux and Nantes before returning to Paris . Toulouse was added later to break the long haul across southern France from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic . Stages would go through the night and finish next afternoon , with rest days before riders set off again . But this proved too daunting and the costs too great for most and only 15 competitors had entered . Desgrange had never been wholly convinced and he came close to dropping the idea . Instead , he cut the length to 19 days , changed the dates to 1 to 19 July , and offered a daily allowance to those who averaged at least 20 km / h on all the stages , equivalent to what a rider would have expected to earn each day had he worked in a factory . He also cut the entry fee from 20 to 10 francs and set the first prize at 12,000 francs and the prize for each day 's winner at 3,000 francs . The winner would thereby win six times what most workers earned in a year . That attracted between 60 and 80 entrants -- the higher number may have included serious inquiries and some who dropped out -- among them not just professionals but amateurs , some unemployed , some simply adventurous . Desgrange seems not to have forgotten the Dreyfus Affair that launched his race and raised the passions of his backers . He announced his new race on 1 July 1903 by citing the writer Émile Zola , whose open letter in which every paragraph started '' J'accuse ... '' led to Dreyfus 's acquittal , establishing the florid style he used henceforth . The first Tour de France started almost outside the Café Reveil - Matin at the junction of the Melun and Corbeil roads in the village of Montgeron . It was waved away by the starter , Georges Abran , at 3 : 16 p.m. on 1 July 1903 . L'Auto had n't featured the race on its front page that morning . Among the competitors were the eventual winner , Maurice Garin , his well - built rival Hippolyte Aucouturier , the German favourite Josef Fischer , and a collection of adventurers including one competing as `` Samson '' . Many riders dropped out of the race after completing the initial stages as the physical effort the tour required was just too much . Only a mere 24 entrants remained at the end of the fourth stage . The race finished on the edge of Paris at Ville d'Avray , outside the Restaurant du Père Auto , before a ceremonial ride into Paris and several laps of the Parc des Princes . Garin dominated the race , winning the first and last two stages , at 25.68 km / h . The last rider , Millocheau , finished 64h 47m 22s behind him . L'Auto 's mission was accomplished as throughout the race circulation of the publication doubled , making the race something much larger than Desgrange had ever hoped for . 1904 -- 1939 ( edit ) Such was the passion that the first Tour created in spectators and riders that Desgrange said the 1904 Tour de France would be the last . Cheating was rife and riders were beaten up by rival fans as they neared the top of the col de la République , sometimes called the col du Grand Bois , outside St - Étienne . The leading riders , including the winner Maurice Garin , were disqualified , though it took the Union Vélocipèdique de France until 30 November to make the decision . McGann says the UVF waited so long `` ... well aware of the passions aroused by the race . '' Desgrange 's opinion of the fighting and cheating showed in the headline of his reaction in L'Auto : THE END . Desgrange 's despair did not last . By the following spring he was planning another Tour , longer at 11 stages rather than 6 -- and this time all in daylight to make any cheating more obvious . Stages in 1905 began between 3 am and 7 : 30 am . The race captured the imagination . L'Auto's circulation rose from 25,000 to 65,000 ; by 1908 it was a quarter of a million . The Tour returned after its suspension during World War One and continued to grow , with circulation of L'Auto reaching 500,000 by 1923 . The record claimed by Desgrange was 854,000 during the 1933 Tour . Le Vélo , meanwhile , went out of business in 1904 . Desgrange and his Tour invented bicycle stage racing . Desgrange experimented with different ways of judging the winner . Initially he used total accumulated time ( as used in the modern Tour de France ) but from 1906 to 1912 by points for placings each day . Desgrange saw problems in judging both by time and by points . By time , a rider coping with a mechanical problem -- which the rules insisted he repair alone -- could lose so much time that it cost him the race . Equally , riders could finish so separated that time gained or lost on one or two days could decide the whole race . Judging the race by points removed over-influential time differences but discouraged competitors from riding hard . It made no difference whether they finished fast or slow or separated by seconds or hours , so they were inclined to ride together at a relaxed pace until close to the line , only then disputing the final placings that would give them points . 1936 Tour de France The format changed over time . The Tour originally ran around the perimeter of France . Cycling was an endurance sport and the organisers realised the sales they would achieve by creating supermen of the competitors . Night riding was dropped after the second Tour in 1904 , when there had been persistent cheating when judges could not see riders . That reduced the daily and overall distance but the emphasis remained on endurance . Desgrange said his ideal race would be so hard that only one rider would make it to Paris . The first mountain stages ( in the Pyrenees ) appeared in 1910 . Early tours had long multi-day stages , with the format settling on 15 stages from 1910 until 1924 . After this stages were gradually shortened , such that by 1936 there were as many as three stages in a single day . Desgrange initially preferred to see the Tour as a race of individuals . The first Tours were open to whoever wanted to compete . Most riders were in teams that looked after them . The private entrants were called touriste - routiers -- tourists of the road -- from 1923 and were allowed to take part provided they make no demands on the organisers . Some of the Tour 's most colourful characters have been touriste - routiers . One finished each day 's race and then performed acrobatic tricks in the street to raise the price of a hotel . Until 1925 Desgrange forbade team members from pacing each other . The 1927 and 1928 Tours , however , consisted mainly of team time - trials , an unsuccessful experiment which sought to avoid a proliferation of sprint finishes on flat stages . Desgrange was a traditionalist with equipment . Until 1930 he demanded that riders mend their bicycles without help and that they use the same bicycle from start to end . Exchanging a damaged bicycle for another was allowed only in 1923 . Desgrange stood against the use of multiple gears and for many years insisted riders use wooden rims , fearing the heat of braking while coming down mountains would melt the glue that held the tires on metal rims ( they were finally allowed in 1937 ) . By the end of the 1920s , Desgrange believed he could not beat what he believed were the underhand tactics of bike factories . When the Alcyon team contrived to get Maurice De Waele to win even though he was sick , he said `` My race has been won by a corpse '' . In 1930 Desgrange again attempted to take control of the Tour from teams , insisting competitors enter in national teams rather than trade teams and that competitors ride plain yellow bicycles that he would provide , without a maker 's name . There was no place for individuals in the post-1930s teams and so Desgrange created regional teams , generally from France , to take in riders who would not otherwise have qualified . The original touriste - routiers mostly disappeared but some were absorbed into regional teams . In 1936 Desgrange had a prostate operation . At the time , two operations were needed ; the Tour de France was due to fall between them . Desgrange persuaded his surgeon to let him follow the race . The second day proved too much and , in a fever at Charleville , he retired to his château at Beauvallon . Desgrange died at home on the Mediterranean coast on 16 August 1940 . The race was taken over by his deputy , Jacques Goddet . The Tour was again disrupted by War after 1939 , and did not return until 1947 . 1947 -- 1969 ( edit ) Jacques Goddet memorial at the top of the Col du Tourmalet In 1944 , L'Auto was closed -- its doors nailed shut -- and its belongings , including the Tour , sequestrated by the state for publishing articles too close to the Germans . Rights to the Tour were therefore owned by the government . Jacques Goddet was allowed to publish another daily sports paper , L'Équipe , but there was a rival candidate to run the Tour : a consortium of Sports and Miroir Sprint . Each organised a candidate race . L'Équipe and Le Parisien Libéré had La Course du Tour de France and Sports and Miroir Sprint had La Ronde de France . Both were five stages , the longest the government would allow because of shortages . L'Équipe's race was better organised and appealed more to the public because it featured national teams that had been successful before the war , when French cycling was at a high . L'Équipe was given the right to organise the 1947 Tour de France . However , L'Équipe 's finances were never sound and Goddet accepted an advance by Émilion Amaury , who had supported his bid to run the post-war Tour . Amaury was a newspaper magnate whose condition was that his sports editor , Félix Lévitan should join Goddet for the Tour . The two worked together , Goddet running the sporting side and Lévitan the financial . On the Tour 's return , the format of the race settled on between 20 - 25 stages . Most stages would last one day but the scheduling of ' split ' stages continued well in to the 1980s . 1953 saw the introduction of the Green Jersey ' Points ' competition . National teams contested the Tour until 1961 . The teams were of different sizes . Some nations had more than one team and some were mixed in with others to make up the number . National teams caught the public imagination but had a snag : that riders might normally have been in rival trade teams the rest of the season . The loyalty of riders was sometimes questionable , within and between teams . Sponsors were always unhappy about releasing their riders into anonymity for the biggest race of the year , as riders in national teams wore the colours of their country and a small cloth panel on their chest that named the team for which they normally rode . The situation became critical at the start of the 1960s . Sales of bicycles had fallen and bicycle factories were closing . There was a risk , the trade said , that the industry would die if factories were not allowed the publicity of the Tour de France . The Tour returned to trade teams in 1962 . In the same year , Émilion Amaury , owner of le Parisien Libéré , became financially involved in the Tour . He made Félix Lévitan co-organizer of the Tour , and it was decided that Levitan would focus on the financial issues , and Jacques Goddet on the sporting issues . The Tour de France was meant for professional cyclists , but in 1961 the organisation started the Tour de l'Avenir the amateur version . Doping had become a problem culminating in the death of Tom Simpson in 1967 , after which riders went on strike , though the organisers suspected sponsors provoked them . The Union Cycliste Internationale introduced limits to daily and overall distances , imposed rest days and tests were introduced for riders . It was then impossible to follow the frontiers , and the Tour increasingly zig - zagged across the country , sometimes with unconnected days ' races linked by train , while still maintaining some sort of loop . The Tour returned to national teams for 1967 and 1968 as `` an experiment '' . The Tour returned to trade teams in 1969 with a suggestion that national teams could come back every few years , but this has not happened since . 1969 -- 1987 ( edit ) In the early 1970s the race was dominated by Eddy Merckx , who won the General Classification five times , the Mountains Classification twice , the Points Classification three times and a record 34 stages . During this era race director Felix Lévitan brought in a new commercial era of the Tour , beginning to recruit sponsors , sometimes accepting prizes in kind if he could not get cash . He introduced the finish of the Tour at the Avenue des Champs - Élysées in 1975 , the same year the polka - dot jersey ( in the colors of a sponsoring chocolate company ) was introduced for the winner of the Mountains Classification . He helped drive an internationalization of the Tour de France , and cycling in general . In 1982 Sean Kelly of Ireland ( points ) and Phil Anderson of Australia ( young rider ) became the first winners of any Tour classifications from outside cycling 's Continental Europe heartlands , while Lévitan was influential in facilitating the participation in the 1983 Tour by amateur riders from the Eastern Bloc and Colombia . In 1984 , for the first time , the Société du Tour de France organized the Tour de France Féminin , a version for women . It was run in the same weeks as the male version , and won by Marianne Martin . Greg LeMond of the US became the first non-European winner in the 1986 race . While the global awareness and popularity of the Tour grew during this time , its finances became stretched . Goddet and Lévitan continued to clash over the running of the race . Lévitan launched the Tour of America , as a precursor to his plans to take the Tour de France to the US . The Tour of America lost a lot of money , and it appeared to have been cross-financed by the Tour de France . In the years before 1987 , Lévitan 's position had always been protected by Émilien Amaury , the then owner of ASO , but recently , Émilien Amaury had retired and his son Philippe Amaury was now responsible . When Lévitan arrived at his office on 17 March 1987 , he found that his doors were locked and he was fired . The organisation of the 1987 Tour de France was taken over by Jean - François Naquet - Radiguet . He was not successful in acquiring more funds , and was fired within one year . 1988 -- present ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2015 ) Months before the start of the 1988 Tour , director Jean - François Naquet - Radiguet was replaced by Xavier Louy . In 1988 the Tour was organised by Jean - Pierre Courcol , the director of L'Équipe , then in 1989 by Jean - Pierre Carenso and then by Jean - Marie Leblanc , who in 1989 had been race director . The former television presenter Christian Prudhomme -- he commentated on the Tour among other events -- replaced Leblanc in 2007 , having been assistant director for three years . In 1993 ownership of L'Équipe moved to the Amaury Group , which formed Amaury Sport Organisation ( ASO ) to oversee its sports operations , although the Tour itself is operated by its subsidiary the Société du Tour de France . ASO employs around 70 people full - time , in an office facing but not connected to L'Équipe in the Issy - les - Moulineaux area of outer western Paris . That number expands to about 220 during the race itself , not including 500 contractors employed to move barriers , erect stages , signpost the route and other work . ASO now also operate several other major bike races throughout the year . Classifications ( edit ) The oldest and main competition in the Tour de France is known as the `` general classification '' , for which the yellow jersey is awarded : the winner of this is said to have won the race . A few riders from each team aim to win overall but there are three further competitions to draw riders of all specialties : points , mountains , and a classification for young riders with general classification aspirations . The leader of each of the aforementioned classifications wears a distinctive jersey , with riders leading multiple classifications wearing the jersey of the most prestigious that he leads . In addition to these four classifications , there are several minor and discontinued classifications that are competed for during the race . General classification ( edit ) Main article : General classification in the Tour de France See also : List of Tour de France general classification winners and Yellow jersey statistics Fabian Cancellara pictured at the 2010 Tour de France . He is the rider who has worn the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification for the most days without ever winning the race . The oldest and most sought after classification in the Tour de France is the general classification . All of the stages are timed to the finish . The riders ' times are compounded with their previous stage times ; so the rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the race . The leader is determined after each stage 's conclusion : he gains the privilege to wear the yellow jersey `` maillot jaune '' , presented on a podium in the stage 's finishing town , for the next stage . If a rider is leading more than one classification that awards a jersey , he wears the yellow one , since the general classification is the most important one in the race . Between 1905 and 1912 inclusive , in response to concerns about rider cheating in the 1904 race , the general classification was awarded according to a point - based system based on their placings in each stage , and the rider with the lowest total of points after the Tour 's conclusion was the winner . The leader in the first Tour de France was awarded a yellow armband . The color yellow was chosen as the magazine that created the Tour , L'Auto , printed its newspapers on yellow paper . The yellow jersey was added to the race in the 1919 edition and it has since become a symbol of the Tour de France . The first rider to wear the yellow jersey was Eugène Christophe . Each team brings multiple yellow jerseys in advance of the Tour in case one of their riders becomes the overall leader of the race . Riders usually try to make the extra effort to keep the jersey for as long as possible in order to get more publicity for the team and its sponsors . Eddy Merckx has worn the yellow jersey for 96 stages , which is more than any other rider in the history of the Tour de France . Four riders have won the general classification five times in their career : Jacques Anquetil , Eddy Merckx , Bernard Hinault , and Miguel Indurain . Mountains classification ( edit ) Main article : Mountains classification in the Tour de France Richard Virenque pictured at the 2003 Tour de France wearing the polka dot jersey . He won the mountains classification a record seven times . The mountains classification is the second oldest jersey awarding classification in the Tour de France . The mountains classification was added to the Tour de France in the 1933 edition and was first won by Vicente Trueba . Prizes for the classification were first awarded in 1934 . During stages of the race containing climbs , points are awarded to the first riders to reach the top of each categorized climb , with points available for up to the first 10 riders , depending on the classification of the climb . Climbs are classified according to the steepness and length of that particular hill , with more points available for harder climbs . The classification was preceded by the meilleur grimpeur ( English : best climber ) which was awarded by the organising newspaper l'Auto to a cyclist who completed each race . The classification awarded no jersey to the leader until the 1975 Tour de France , when the organizers decided to award a distinctive white jersey with red dots to the leader . The climbers ' jersey is worn by the rider who , at the start of each stage , has the largest amount of climbing points . If a rider leads two or more of classifications , the climbers ' jersey is worn by the rider in second , or third , place in that contest . At the end of the Tour , the rider holding the most climbing points wins the classification . Some riders may race with the aim of winning this particular competition , while others who gain points early on may shift their focus to the classification during the race . The Tour has five categories for ranking the mountains the race covers . The scale ranges from category 4 , the easiest , to hors catégorie , the hardest . During his career Richard Virenque won the mountains classification a record seven times . The point distribution for the mountains is as follows : Type 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th Hors catégorie 25 20 16 14 12 10 8 6 First Category 10 8 6 Second Category 5 Third Category Fourth Category Points awarded are doubled for finishes that are of category two or above . Points classification ( edit ) Main article : Points classification in the Tour de France Alessandro Petacchi in the green jersey The points classification is the third oldest of the currently awarded jersey classifications . It was introduced in the 1953 Tour de France and was first won by Fritz Schär . The classification was added to draw the participation of the sprinters as well as celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Tour . Points are given to the first 15 riders to finish a stage , with an additional set of points given to the first 15 riders to cross a pre-determined ' sprint ' point during the route of each stage . The point classification leader green jersey is worn by the rider who at the start of each stage , has the greatest number of points . In the first years , the cyclist received penalty points for not finishing with a high place , so the cyclist with the fewest points was awarded the green jersey . From 1959 on , the system was changed so the cyclists were awarded points for high place finishes ( with first place getting the most points , and lower placings getting successively fewer points ) , so the cyclist with the most points was awarded the green jersey . The amount of points awarded varies depending on the type of stage , with flat stages awarding the most points at the finish and time trials and high mountain stages awarding the least amount of points at the finish . This increases the likelihood of a sprinter winning the points classification , though other riders can be competitive for the classification if they have a sufficient number of high - place finishes . The winner of the classification is the rider with the most points at the end of the Tour . In case of a tie , the leader is determined by the number of stage wins , then the number of intermediate sprint victories , and finally , the rider 's standing in the general classification . The classification has been won a record six times by Erik Zabel . The most recent winner , Peter Sagan , won it in 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , and 2016 . The first year the points classification was used it was sponsored by La Belle Jardinière , a lawn mower producer , and the jersey was made green . In 1968 the jersey was changed to red to please the sponsor . However , the color was changed back the following year . For almost 25 years the classification was sponsored by Pari Mutuel Urbain , a state betting company . However they announced in November 2014 that they would not be continuing their sponsorship , and in March 2015 it was revealed that the green jersey would now be sponsored by Czech car manufacturer Škoda . As of 2015 , the points awarded stands as : Type 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th Flat stage finish 50 30 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 7 6 5 Medium mountain stage finish 30 25 22 19 17 15 13 11 9 High mountain stage finish 20 17 15 13 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 Individual time trial Intermediate sprint Young rider classification ( edit ) Main article : Young rider classification in the Tour de France Andy Schleck in the white jersey The leader of the classification is determined the same way as the general classification , with the riders ' times being added up after each stage and the eligible rider with lowest aggregate time is dubbed the leader . The Young rider classification is restricted to the riders that are under the age of 26 . Originally the classification was restricted to neo-professionals -- riders that are in their first three years of professional racing -- until 1983 . In 1983 , the organizers made it so that only first time riders were eligible for the classification . In 1987 , the organizers changed the rules of the classification to what they are today . This classification was added to the Tour de France in the 1975 edition , with Francesco Moser being the first to win the classification after placing seventh overall . The Tour de France awards a white jersey to the leader of the classification , although this was not done between 1989 and 2000 . Four riders have won both the young rider classification and the general classification in the same year : Laurent Fignon ( 1983 ) , Jan Ullrich ( 1997 ) , Alberto Contador ( 2007 ) , and Andy Schleck ( 2010 ) . Two riders have won the young rider classification three times in their respective careers : Jan Ullrich and Andy Schleck . As of 2015 Jersey sponsor is Optician company Krys , replacing Škoda who moved to the Green Jersey . Minor classifications and prizes ( edit ) The prix de la combativité goes to the rider who most animates the day , usually by trying to break clear of the field . The most combative rider wears a number printed white - on - red instead of black - on - white next day . An award goes to the most aggressive rider throughout the Tour . Already in 1908 a sort of combativity award was offered , when Sports Populaires and L'Education Physique created Le Prix du Courage , 100 francs and a silver gilt medal for `` the rider having finished the course , even if unplaced , who is particularly distinguished for the energy he has used . '' The modern competition started in 1958 . In 1959 , a Super Combativity award for the most combative cyclist of the Tour was awarded . It was initially not awarded every year , but since 1981 it has been given annually . Eddy Merckx has the most wins ( 4 ) for the overall award . The team classification is assessed by adding the time of each team 's best three riders each day . The competition does not have its own jersey but since 2006 the leading team has worn numbers printed black - on - yellow . Until 1990 , the leading team would wear yellow caps . As of 2012 , the riders of the leading team wear yellow helmets . During the era of national teams , France and Belgium won 10 times each . From 1973 up to 1988 , there was also a team classification based on points ( stage classification ) ; members of the leading team would wear green caps . Historical classifications ( edit ) There has been an intermediate sprints classification , which from 1984 awarded a red jersey for points awarded to the first three to pass intermediate points during the stage . These sprints also scored points towards the points classification and bonuses towards the general classification . The intermediate sprints classification with its red jersey was abolished in 1989 , but the intermediate sprints have remained , offering points for the points classification and , until 2007 , time bonuses for the general classification . From 1968 there was a combination classification , scored on a points system based on standings in the general , points and mountains classifications . The design was originally white , then a patchwork with areas resembling each individual jersey design . This was also abolished in 1989 . Lanterne rouge ( edit ) The rider who has taken most time is called the lanterne rouge ( red lantern , as in the red light at the back of a vehicle so it can be seen in the dark ) and in past years sometimes carried a small red light beneath his saddle . Such was sympathy that he could command higher fees in the races that previously followed the Tour . In 1939 and 1948 the organisers excluded the last rider every day , to encourage more competitive racing . Prizes ( edit ) Prize money in Euros in the Tour de France , not corrected for inflation . Prize money has always been awarded . From 20,000 old francs the first year , prize money has increased each year , although from 1976 to 1987 the first prize was an apartment offered by a race sponsor . The first prize in 1988 was a car , a studio - apartment , a work of art and 500,000 francs in cash . Prizes only in cash returned in 1990 . Prizes and bonuses are awarded for daily placings and final placings at the end of the race . In 2009 , the winner received € 450,000 , while each of the 21 stage winners won € 8,000 ( € 10,000 for the team time - trial stage ) . The winners of the points classification and mountains classification each win € 25,000 , the young rider competition and the combativity prize € 20,000 , and € 50,000 for the winner of the team classification ( calculated by adding the cumulative times of the best three riders in each team ) . The Souvenir Henri Desgrange , in memory of the founder of the Tour , is awarded to the first rider over the Col du Galibier where his monument stands , or to the first rider over the highest col in the Tour . A similar award , the Souvenir Jacques Goddet , is made at the summit of the Col du Tourmalet , at the memorial to Jacques Goddet , Desgrange 's successor . Stages ( edit ) The modern tour typically has 21 stages , one per day . Mass - start stages ( edit ) A collected peloton in the 2006 Tour de France Riders in most stages start together . The first kilometres , the départ fictif , are a rolling start without racing . The real start , the départ réel is announced by the Tour director waving a white flag . Riders are permitted to touch , but not push or nudge , each other . The first to cross the stage finish line wins the stage . Riders are given a time based on the group that they finish in . All riders in a group finish in the same time as the lead rider . This avoids dangerous mass sprints . It is not unusual for the entire field to finish in a group , taking time to cross the line but being credited with the same time . Since 2005 , when riders fall or crash within the final 3 kilometres of a stage with a flat finish , they are awarded the same time as the group they were in . This change encourages riders to sprint to the finish for points awards without fear of losing time to the group . The final kilometre has been indicated since 1906 by a red triangle -- the flamme rouge -- above the road . The first photo - finish was in 1955 . The Tour directors categorise mass - stage starts into ' flat ' , ' hilly ' or ' mountain ' . This affects the points awarded in the sprint classification , whether the 3 kilometer rule is operational , and the permitted disqualification time in which riders must finish ( which is the winners ' time plus a pre-determined percentage of that time ) . Time bonuses of 10 , 6 and 4 seconds are awarded to the first three finishers , though this was not done from 2008 to 2014 . Bonuses were previously also awarded to winners of intermediate sprints . On flat stages , most riders can stay in the peloton to the finish , and sprint finishes are common . Crosswinds , the difficulty of long cobbled sections or crashes are often the major challenges of these stages . On hilly and particularly mountain stages , there can be major shifts in the general classification , particularly where stages finish at the tops of climbs . It is not uncommon for riders to lose 30 minutes or to be eliminated after finishing outside the time limit . Individual time trials ( edit ) Bradley Wiggins riding the stage 9 individual time trial of the 2012 Tour de France Riders in a time trial compete individually against the clock , each starting at a different time . The first time trial was between La Roche - sur - Yon and Nantes ( 80 km ) in 1934 . The first stage in modern Tours is often a short trial , a prologue , to decide who wears yellow on the opening day . The first prologue was in 1967 . The 1988 event , at La Baule , was called `` la préface '' . There are usually two or three time trials . The final time trial has sometimes been the final stage , more recently often the penultimate stage . The launch ramp , a sloping start pad for riders , was first used in 1965 , at Cologne . Team time trial ( edit ) A team time trial ( TTT ) is a race against the clock in which each team rides alone . The time is that of the fifth rider of each team : riders more than a bike - length behind their team 's fifth rider are awarded their own times . The TTT has been criticised for favouring strong teams and handicapping strong riders in weak teams . The prologue stage in 1971 was a team time trial . Time limits ( edit ) Riders completing a stage may be eliminated if their time exceeds the time limit for the stage . The limit is defined as the winner 's time plus a percentage , which depends on the type of stage and the winner 's average speed . The time limit can be extended or the elimination can be waived if more than 20 % of riders exceed the limit or for other reasons such as collisions or foul weather . For example , for a stage classed as `` Coefficient 1 : Stages with no particular difficulty '' , the time limit is the winner 's time plus 3 % for an average speed of up to 36 km / h , increasing in 8 steps to 11 % for a speed of over 50 km / h , while on a `` Coefficient 5 : Very difficult short stages '' it varies from 11 % ( up to 30 km / h ) to 22 % ( over 40 km / h ) . Notable stages ( edit ) Altitude profile of the Alpe d'Huez climb The race has finished since 1975 with laps of the Champs - Élysées . This stage rarely challenges the leader because it is flat and the leader usually has too much time in hand to be denied . But in 1987 , Pedro Delgado broke away on the Champs to challenge the 40 - second lead held by Stephen Roche . He and Roche finished in the peloton and Roche won the Tour . In modern times , there tends to be a gentlemen 's agreement : while the points classification is still contended if possible , the overall classification is not fought over ; because of this , it is not uncommon for the de facto winner of the overall classification to ride into Paris holding a glass of champagne . In 1989 the last stage was a time trial . Greg LeMond overtook Laurent Fignon to win by eight seconds , the closest margin in the Tour 's history . The climb of Alpe d'Huez has become one of the more noted mountain stages . During the 2004 Tour de France it was the scene of a 15.5 km mountain time trial on the 16th stage . Riders complained of abusive spectators who threatened their progress up the climb . Mont Ventoux is often claimed to be the hardest in the Tour because of the harsh conditions . Another notable mountain stage frequently featured climbs the Col du Tourmalet , the most visited mountain in the history of the Tour . Col du Galibier is the most visited mountain in the Alps . The 2011 Tour de France stage to Galibier marked the 100th anniversary of the mountain in the Tour and also boasted the highest finish altitude ever : 2,645 m . Some mountain stages have become memorable because of the weather . An example is a stage in 1996 Tour de France from Val - d'Isère to Sestriere . A snowstorm at the start area led to a shortening of the stage from 190 to just 46 km . To host a stage start or finish brings prestige and business to a town . The prologue and first stage ( Grand Départ ) are particularly prestigious . The race may start with a prologue ( too short to go between towns ) in which case the start of the next day 's racing , which would be considered stage 1 , would usually be in the same town . In 2007 director Christian Prudhomme said that `` in general , for a period of five years we have the Tour start outside France three times and within France twice . '' Advertising caravan ( edit ) Vehicles from the 2014 Tour de France Publicity Caravan When switching to the use of national teams in 1930 , the costs of accommodating riders fell to the organizers instead of the sponsors and Henri Desgrange raised the money by allowing advertisers to precede the race . The procession of often colourfully decorated trucks and cars became known as the publicity caravan . It formalised an existing situation , companies having started to follow the race . The first to sign to precede the Tour was the chocolate company , Menier , one of those who had followed the race . Its head of publicity , Paul Thévenin , had first put the idea to Desgrange . It paid 50,000 old francs . Preceding the race was more attractive to advertisers because spectators gathered by the road long before the race or could be attracted from their houses . Advertisers following the race found that many who had watched the race had already gone home . Menier handed out tons of chocolate in that first year of preceding the race , as well as 500,000 policemen 's hats printed with the company 's name . The success led to the caravan 's existence being formalised the following year . The caravan was at its height between 1930 and the mid-1960s , before television and especially television advertising was established in France . Advertisers competed to attract public attention . Motorcycle acrobats performed for the Cinzano apéritif company and a toothpaste maker , and an accordionist , Yvette Horner , became one of the most popular sights as she performed on the roof of a Citroën Traction Avant . The modern Tour restricts the excesses to which advertisers are allowed to go but at first anything was allowed . The writer Pierre Bost lamented : `` This caravan of 60 gaudy trucks singing across the countryside the virtues of an apéritif , a make of underpants or a dustbin is a shameful spectacle . It bellows , it plays ugly music , it 's sad , it 's ugly , it smells of vulgarity and money . '' Advertisers pay the Société du Tour de France approximately € 150,000 to place three vehicles in the caravan . Some have more . On top of that come the more considerable costs of the commercial samples that are thrown to the crowd and the cost of accommodating the drivers and the staff -- frequently students -- who throw them . The number of items has been estimated at 11 million , each person in the procession giving out 3,000 to 5,000 items a day . A bank , GAN , gave out 170,000 caps , 80,000 badges , 60,000 plastic bags and 535,000 copies of its race newspaper in 1994 . Together , they weighed 32 tons . The vehicles also have to be decorated on the morning of each stage and , because they must return to ordinary highway standards , disassembled after each stage . Numbers vary but there are normally around 250 vehicles each year . Their order on the road is established by contract , the leading vehicles belonging to the largest sponsors . The procession sets off two hours before the start and then regroups to precede the riders by an hour and a half . It spreads 20 -- 25 km and takes 40 minutes to pass at between 20 and 60 km / h . Vehicles travel in groups of five . Their position is logged by GPS and from an aircraft and organised on the road by the caravan director -- Jean - Pierre Lachaud -- an assistant , three motorcyclists , two radio technicians and a breakdown and medical crew . Six motorcyclists from the Garde Républicaine , the élite of the gendarmerie , ride with them . Politics ( edit ) The first three Tours stayed within France . The 1906 race went into Alsace - Lorraine , territory annexed by the German Empire in 1871 after the Franco - Prussian War . Passage was secured through a meeting at Metz between Desgrange 's collaborator , Alphonse Steinès , and the German governor . No teams from Italy , Germany or Spain rode in 1939 because of tensions preceding the Second World War ( after German assistance to Franco in the Spanish Civil War it was widely expected Spain would join Germany in a European war , though this did not come to pass ) . Henri Desgrange planned a Tour for 1940 , after war had started but before France had been invaded . The route , approved by military authorities , included a route along the Maginot Line . Teams would have been drawn from military units in France , including the British , who would have been organised by a journalist , Bill Mills . Then the Germans invaded and the race was not held again until 1947 ( see Tour de France during the Second World War ) . The first German team after the war was in 1960 , although individual Germans had ridden in mixed teams . The Tour has since started in Germany four times : in Cologne in 1965 , in Frankfurt in 1980 , in West Berlin on the city 's 750th anniversary in 1987 and in Düsseldorf in 2017 . Plans to enter East Germany in 1987 were abandoned . Corsica ( edit ) Prior to 2013 , the Tour de France had visited every region of Metropolitan France except Corsica . Jean - Marie Leblanc , when he was organiser , said the island had never asked for a stage start there . It would be difficult to find accommodation for 4,000 people , he said . The spokesman of the Corsican nationalist party Party of the Corsican Nation , François Alfonsi , said : `` The organisers must be afraid of terrorist attacks . If they are really thinking of a possible terrorist action , they are wrong . Our movement , which is nationalist and in favour of self - government , would be delighted if the Tour came to Corsica . '' The opening three stages of the 2013 Tour de France were held on Corsica as part of the celebrations for the 100th edition of the race . The start and finish of the Tour ( edit ) Most stages are in mainland France , although since the 1960s it has become common to visit nearby countries : Andorra , Belgium , Germany , Ireland , Italy , Luxembourg , Monaco , the Netherlands , Spain , Switzerland , and the United Kingdom have all hosted stages or part of a stage . Since 1975 the finish has been on the Champs - Élysées in Paris ; from 1903 to 1967 the race finished at the Parc des Princes stadium in western Paris and from 1968 to 1974 at the Piste Municipale south of the capital . Feliz Levitan , race organizer in the 1980s , was keen to host stages in the United States , but these proposals have never been developed . Starts abroad ( edit ) The following editions of the Tour started , or are planned to start , outside France : 1954 : Amsterdam , Netherlands 1958 : Brussels , Belgium 1965 : Cologne , West Germany 1973 : Scheveningen , Netherlands 1975 : Charleroi , Belgium 1978 : Leiden , Netherlands 1980 : Frankfurt , West Germany 1982 : Basel , Switzerland 1987 : West Berlin , West Germany 1989 : Luxembourg , Luxembourg 1992 : San Sebastián , Spain 1996 : Den Bosch , Netherlands 1998 : Dublin , Ireland 2002 : Luxembourg , Luxembourg 2004 : Liège , Belgium 2007 : London , United Kingdom 2009 : Monte Carlo , Monaco 2010 : Rotterdam , Netherlands 2012 : Liège , Belgium 2014 : Leeds , United Kingdom 2015 : Utrecht , Netherlands 2017 : Düsseldorf , Germany 2019 : Brussels , Belgium Broadcasting ( edit ) The Tour was first followed only by journalists from L'Auto , the organisers . The race was founded to increase sales of a floundering newspaper and its editor , Desgrange , saw no reason to allow rival publications to profit . The first time papers other than L'Auto were allowed was 1921 , when 15 press cars were allowed for regional and foreign reporters . The Tour was shown first on cinema newsreels a day or more after the event . The first live radio broadcast was in 1929 , when Jean Antoine and Alex Virot of the newspaper L'Intransigeant broadcast for Radio Cité . They used telephone lines . In 1932 they broadcast the sound of riders crossing the col d'Aubisque in the Pyrenees on 12 July , using a recording machine and transmitting the sound later . The first television pictures were shown a day after a stage . The national TV channel used two 16mm cameras , a Jeep and a motorbike . Film was flown or taken by train to Paris . It was edited there and shown the following day . The first live broadcast , and the second of any sport in France , was the finish at the Parc des Princes in Paris on 25 July 1948 . Rik Van Steenbergen of Belgium led in the bunch after a stage of 340 km from Nancy . The first live coverage from the side of the road was from the Aubisque on 8 July 1958 . Proposals to cover the whole race were abandoned in 1962 after objections from regional newspapers whose editors feared the competition . The dispute was settled but not in time and the first complete coverage was the following year . In 1958 the first mountain climbs were broadcast live on television for the first time , and in 1959 helicopters were first used for the television coverage . The leading television commentator in France was a former rider , Robert Chapatte . At first he was the only commentator . He was joined in following seasons by an analyst for the mountain stages and by a commentator following the competitors by motorcycle . Broadcasting in France was largely a state monopoly until 1982 , when the socialist president François Mitterrand allowed private broadcasters and privatised the leading television channel . Competition between channels raised the broadcasting fees paid to the organisers from 1.5 per cent of the race budget in 1960 to more than a third by the end of the century . Broadcasting time also increased as channels competed to secure the rights . The two largest channels to stay in public ownership , Antenne 2 and FR3 , combined to offer more coverage than its private rival , TF1 . The two stations , renamed France 2 and France 3 , still hold the domestic rights and provide pictures for broadcasters around the world . The stations use a staff of 300 with four helicopters , two aircraft , two motorcycles , 35 other vehicles including trucks , and 20 podium cameras . Domestic television covers the most important stages of the Tour , such as those in the mountains , from mid-morning until early evening . Coverage typically starts with a survey of the day 's route , interviews along the road , discussions of the difficulties and tactics ahead , and a 30 - minute archive feature . The biggest stages are shown live from start to end , followed by interviews with riders and others and features such an edited version of the stage seen from beside a team manager following and advising riders from his car . Radio covers the race in updates throughout the day , particularly on the national news channel , France Info , and some stations provide continuous commentary on long wave . The 1979 Tour was the first to be broadcast in the United States . The combination of unprecedented rigorous doping controls and almost no positive tests helped restore fans ' confidence in the 2009 Tour de France . This led directly to an increase in global popularity of the event . The most watched stage of 2009 was stage 20 , from Montélimar to Mont Ventoux in Provence , with a global total audience of 44 million , making it the 12th most watched sporting event in the world in 2009 . Culture ( edit ) Part of the crowd during most days of the Tour is Didi Senft who , in a red devil costume , has been the Tour devil since 1993 . The Tour is important for fans in Europe . Millions line the route , some having camped for a week to get the best view . Crowds flanking the course are reminiscent of the community festivals that are part of another form of cycle racing in a different country -- the Isle of Man TT . The Tour de France appealed from the start not just for the distance and its demands but because it played to a wish for national unity , a call to what Maurice Barrès called the France `` of earth and deaths '' or what Georges Vigarello called `` the image of a France united by its earth . '' School book by Augustine Fouillée under the ' nom de plume ' G. Bruno . The image had been started by the 1877 travel / school book Le Tour de la France par deux enfants . It told of two boys , André and Julien , who `` in a thick September fog left the town of Phalsbourg in Lorraine to see France at a time when few people had gone far beyond their nearest town . '' The book sold six million copies by the time of the first Tour de France , the biggest selling book of 19th - century France ( other than the Bible ) . It stimulated a national interest in France , making it `` visible and alive '' , as its preface said . There had already been a car race called the Tour de France but it was the publicity behind the cycling race , and Desgrange 's drive to educate and improve the population , that inspired the French to know more of their country . The academic historians Jean - Luc Boeuf and Yves Léonard say most people in France had little idea of the shape of their country until L'Auto began publishing maps of the race . Arts ( edit ) The Tour has inspired several popular songs in France , notably P'tit gars du Tour ( 1932 ) , Les Tours de France ( 1936 ) and Faire le Tour de France ( 1950 ) . Kraftwerk had a hit with `` Tour de France '' in 1983 -- described as a minimalistic `` melding of man and machine '' -- and produced an album , Tour de France Soundtracks in 2003 , the centenary of the Tour . The Tour and its first Italian winner , Ottavio Bottecchia , are mentioned at the end of Ernest Hemingway 's The Sun Also Rises . In films , the Tour was background for Five Red Tulips ( 1949 ) by Jean Stelli , in which five riders are murdered . A burlesque in 1967 , Les Cracks by Alex Joffé , with Bourvil et Monique Tarbès , also featured him . Patrick Le Gall made Chacun son Tour ( 1996 ) . The comedy , Le Vélo de Ghislain Lambert ( 2001 ) , featured the Tour of 1974 . In 2005 , three films chronicled a team . The German Höllentour , translated as Hell on Wheels , recorded 2003 from the perspective of Team Telekom . The film was directed by Pepe Danquart , who won an Academy Award for live - action short film in 1993 for Black Rider ( Schwarzfahrer ) . The Danish film Overcoming by Tómas Gislason recorded the 2004 Tour from the perspective of Team CSC . Wired to Win chronicles Française des Jeux riders Baden Cooke and Jimmy Caspar in 2003 . By following their quest for the points classification , won by Cooke , the film looks at the working of the brain . The film , made for IMAX theaters , appeared in December 2005 . It was directed by Bayley Silleck , who was nominated for an Academy Award for documentary short subject in 1996 for Cosmic Voyage . A fan , Scott Coady , followed the 2000 Tour with a handheld video camera to make The Tour Baby ! , which raised $160,000 to benefit the Lance Armstrong Foundation , and made a 2005 sequel , Tour Baby Deux ! . Vive Le Tour by Louis Malle is an 18 - minute short of 1962 . The 1965 Tour was filmed by Claude Lelouch in Pour un Maillot Jaune . This 30 - minute documentary has no narration and relies on sights and sounds of the Tour . In fiction , the 2003 animated feature Les Triplettes de Belleville ( The Triplets of Belleville ) ties into the Tour de France . Post-tour criteria ( edit ) After the Tour de France there are criteria in the Netherlands and Belgium . These races are public spectacles where thousands of people can see their heroes , from the Tour de France , race . The budget of a criterium is over 100,000 Euro , with most of the money going to the riders . Jersey winners or big - name riders earn between 20 and 60 thousand euros per race in start money . Doping ( edit ) Main article : Doping at the Tour de France See also : Festina affair , Doping at the 1998 Tour de France , Doping at the 1999 Tour de France , Floyd Landis doping case , and Doping at the 2007 Tour de France Spectators ' banner during the 2006 Tour de France Allegations of doping have plagued the Tour almost since 1903 . Early riders consumed alcohol and used ether , to dull the pain . Over the years they began to increase performance and the Union Cycliste Internationale and governments enacted policies to combat the practice . In 1924 , Henri Pélissier and his brother Charles told the journalist Albert Londres they used strychnine , cocaine , chloroform , aspirin , `` horse ointment '' and other drugs . The story was published in Le Petit Parisien under the title Les Forçats de la Route ( ' The Convicts of the Road ' ) On 13 July 1967 , British cyclist Tom Simpson died climbing Mont Ventoux after taking amphetamine . In 1998 , the `` Tour of Shame '' , Willy Voet , soigneur for the Festina team , was arrested with erythropoietin ( EPO ) , growth hormones , testosterone and amphetamine . Police raided team hotels and found products in the possession of the cycling team TVM . Riders went on strike . After mediation by director Jean - Marie Leblanc , police limited their tactics and riders continued . Some riders had dropped out and only 96 finished the race . It became clear in a trial that management and health officials of the Festina team had organised the doping . Further measures were introduced by race organisers and the UCI , including more frequent testing and tests for blood doping ( transfusions and EPO use ) . This would lead the UCI to becoming a particularly interested party in an International Olympic Committee initiative , the World Anti-Doping Agency ( WADA ) , created in 1999 . In 2002 , the wife of Raimondas Rumšas , third in the 2002 Tour de France , was arrested after EPO and anabolic steroids were found in her car . Rumšas , who had not failed a test , was not penalised . In 2004 , Philippe Gaumont said doping was endemic to his Cofidis team . Fellow Cofidis rider David Millar confessed to EPO after his home was raided . In the same year , Jesus Manzano , a rider with the Kelme team , alleged he had been forced by his team to use banned substances . Doping controversy has surrounded Lance Armstrong . In August 2005 , one month after Armstrong 's seventh consecutive victory , L'Équipe published documents it said showed Armstrong had used EPO in the 1999 race . At the same Tour , Armstrong 's urine showed traces of a glucocorticosteroid hormone , although below the positive threshold . He said he had used skin cream containing triamcinolone to treat saddle sores . Armstrong said he had received permission from the UCI to use this cream . Further allegations ultimately culminated in the United States Anti Doping Agency ( USADA ) disqualifying him from all his victories since 1 August 1998 , including his seven consecutive Tour de France victories , and a lifetime ban from competing in professional sports . He chose not to appeal the decision and in January 2013 he admitted doping in a television interview conducted by Oprah Winfrey , despite having made repeated denials throughout his career . On 1 August 2013 , Jan Ullrich -- arguably Armstrong 's biggest Tour de France rival -- reportedly said that Armstrong should have his seven stripped wins reinstated , due to the prevalence of doping at the time . Ullrich had won the 1997 Tour and finished second to Armstrong three times -- in 2000 , 2001 and 2003 -- but declined to stake a claim for his rival 's stripped titles . The 2006 Tour had been plagued by the Operación Puerto doping case before it began . Favourites such as Jan Ullrich and Ivan Basso were banned by their teams a day before the start . Seventeen riders were implicated . American rider Floyd Landis , who finished the Tour as holder of the overall lead , had tested positive for testosterone after he won stage 17 , but this was not confirmed until some two weeks after the race finished . On 30 June 2008 Landis lost his appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport , and Óscar Pereiro was named as winner . On 24 May 2007 , Erik Zabel admitted using EPO during the first week of the 1996 Tour , when he won the points classification . Following his plea that other cyclists admit to drugs , former winner Bjarne Riis admitted in Copenhagen on 25 May 2007 that he used EPO regularly from 1993 to 1998 , including when he won the 1996 Tour . His admission meant the top three in 1996 were all linked to doping , two admitting cheating . On 24 July 2007 Alexander Vinokourov tested positive for a blood transfusion ( blood doping ) after winning a time trial , prompting his Astana team to pull out and police to raid the team 's hotel . The next day Cristian Moreni tested positive for testosterone . His Cofidis team pulled out . The same day , leader Michael Rasmussen was removed for `` violating internal team rules '' by missing random tests on 9 May and 28 June . Rasmussen claimed to have been in Mexico . The Italian journalist Davide Cassani told Danish television he had seen Rasmussen in Italy . The alleged lying prompted Rasmussen 's firing by Rabobank . On 11 July 2008 Manuel Beltrán tested positive for EPO after the first stage . On 17 July 2008 , Riccardo Riccò tested positive for continuous erythropoiesis receptor activator , a variant of EPO , after the fourth stage . In October 2008 , it was revealed that Riccò 's teammate and Stage 10 winner Leonardo Piepoli , as well as Stefan Schumacher -- who won both time trials -- and Bernhard Kohl -- third on general classification and King of the Mountains -- had tested positive . After winning the 2010 Tour de France , it was announced that Alberto Contador had tested positive for low levels of clenbuterol on 21 July rest day . On 26 January 2011 , the Spanish Cycling Federation proposed a 1 - year ban but reversed its ruling on 15 February and cleared Contador to race . Despite a pending appeal by the UCI , Contador finished 5th overall in the 2011 Tour de France , but in February 2012 , Contador was suspended and stripped of his 2010 victory . During the 2012 Tour , the 3rd placed rider from 2011 , Fränk Schleck tested positive for the banned diuretic Xipamide and was immediately disqualified from the Tour . In October 2012 , the United States Anti-Doping Agency released a report on doping by the U.S. Postal Service cycling team , implicating , amongst others , Armstrong . The report contained affidavits from riders including Frankie Andreu , Tyler Hamilton , George Hincapie , Floyd Landis , Levi Leipheimer , and others describing widespread use of Erythropoietin ( EPO ) , blood transfusion , testosterone , and other banned practices in several Tours . In October 2012 the UCI acted upon this report , formally stripping Armstrong of all titles since 1 August 1998 , including all seven Tour victories , and announced that his Tour wins would not be reallocated to other riders . Deaths ( edit ) See also : List of professional cyclists who died during a race Cyclists who have died during the Tour de France : 1910 : French racer Adolphe Hélière drowned at the French Riviera during a rest day . 1935 : Spanish racer Francisco Cepeda plunged down a ravine on the Col du Galibier . 1967 : 13 July , Stage 13 : Tom Simpson died of heart failure during the ascent of Mont Ventoux . Amphetamines were found in Simpson 's jersey and blood . 1995 : 18 July , Stage 15 : Fabio Casartelli crashed at 88 km / h ( 55 mph ) while descending the Col de Portet d'Aspet . Another seven fatal accidents have occurred : 1934 : A motorcyclist giving a demonstration in the velodrome of La Roche Sur Yon , to entertain the crowd before the cyclists arrived , died after he crashed at high speed . 1957 : 14 July : Motorcycle rider Rene Wagter and passenger Alex Virot , a journalist for Radio Luxembourg , went off a mountain road near Ax - les - Thermes . 1958 : An official , Constant Wouters , died from injuries received after sprinter André Darrigade collided with him at the Parc des Princes . 1964 : Nine people died when a supply van hit a bridge in the Dordogne region , resulting in the highest tour - related death toll . 2000 : A 12 - year - old from Ginasservis , known as Phillippe , was hit by a car in the Tour de France publicity caravan . 2002 : A seven - year - old boy , Melvin Pompele , died near Retjons after running in front of the caravan . 2009 : 18 July , Stage 14 : A spectator in her 60s was struck and killed by a police motorcycle while crossing a road along the route near Wittelsheim . Records and statistics ( edit ) Main articles : Tour de France records and statistics and Yellow jersey statistics One rider has been King of the Mountains , won the combination classification , combativity award , the points competition , and the Tour in the same year -- Eddy Merckx in 1969 , which was also the first year he participated . Twice the Tour was won by a racer who never wore the yellow jersey until the race was over . In 1947 , Jean Robic overturned a three - minute deficit on a 257 km final stage into Paris . In 1968 , Jan Janssen of the Netherlands secured his win in the individual time trial on the last day . The Tour has been won three times by racers who led the general classification on the first stage and holding the lead all the way to Paris . Maurice Garin did it during the Tour 's very first edition , 1903 ; he repeated the feat the next year , but the results were nullified by the officials as a response to widespread cheating . Ottavio Bottecchia completed a GC start - to - finish sweep in 1924 . And in 1928 , Nicolas Frantz held the GC for the entire race , and at the end , the podium consisted solely of members of his racing team . While no one has equalled this feat since ' 28 , four times a racer has taken over the GC lead on the second stage and carried that lead all the way to Paris . It is worth noting that Jacques Anquetil predicted he would hold the maillot jaune from start to finish in 1961 , which he did . That year , the first day had two stages , 1.01 Rouen to Versailles and 1.02 Versailles to Versailles . No maillot jaune was awarded after stage 1.01 and at the end of the day Anquetil was in yellow . The most appearances have been by George Hincapie with 17 . In light of Hincapie 's suspension for use of performance - enhancing drugs , before which he held the mark for most consecutive finishes with sixteen , having completed all but his very first , Joop Zoetemelk holds the record for the most finishes , having completed all 16 of the Tours that he started . In the early years of the Tour , cyclists rode individually , and were sometimes forbidden to ride together . This led to large gaps between the winner and the number two . Since the cyclists now tend to stay together in a peloton , the margins of the winner have become smaller , as the difference usually originates from time trials , breakaways or on mountain top finishes , or from being left behind the peloton . The smallest margins between the winner and the second placed cyclists at the end of the Tour is 8s between winner Greg LeMond and Laurent Fignon in 1989 . The largest margin , by comparison , remains that of the first Tour in 1903 : 2h 49m 45s between Maurice Garin and Lucien Pothier . Three riders have won 8 stages in a single year : Charles Pélissier ( 1930 ) , Eddy Merckx ( 1970 , 1974 ) , Freddy Maertens ( 1976 ) . Mark Cavendish has the most mass finish stage wins with 30 as of stage 14 in 2016 , ahead of André Darrigade and André Leducq with 22 , François Faber with 19 and Eddy Merckx with 18 . The youngest Tour de France stage winner is Fabio Battesini , who was 19 when he won one stage in the 1931 Tour de France . The fastest massed - start stage was in 1999 from Laval to Blois ( 194.5 km ) , won by Mario Cipollini at 50.4 km / h . The fastest time - trial is Rohan Dennis ' stage 1 of the 2015 Tour de France in Utrecht , won at an average of 55.446 km / h ( 34.5 mph ) . The fastest stage win was by the 2013 Orica GreenEDGE team in a team time - trial . It completed the 25 km in Nice ( stage 5 ) at 57.8 km / h . The longest successful post-war breakaway by a single rider was by Albert Bourlon in the 1947 Tour de France . In the stage Carcassone - Luchon , he stayed away for 253 km . It was one of seven breakaways longer than 200 km , the last being Thierry Marie 's 234 km escape in 1991 . Bourlon finished 16 m 30s ahead . This is one of the biggest time gaps but not the greatest . That record belongs to José - Luis Viejo , who beat the peloton by 22 m 50s in the 1976 stage Montgenèvre - Manosque . He was the fourth and most recent rider to win a stage by more than 20 minutes . The only rider to win the Tour de France and an Olympic gold medal in the same year was Bradley Wiggins in 2012 . Wiggins also has the record of being the only Tour de France champion to win an Olympic gold medal in the velodrome . Record winners ( edit ) Four riders have won five times : Jacques Anquetil ( FRA ) , Eddy Merckx ( BEL ) , Bernard Hinault ( FRA ) and Miguel Indurain ( ESP ) . Indurain achieved the mark with a record five consecutive wins . Wins Rider Editions 5 Jacques Anquetil ( FRA ) 1957 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 Eddy Merckx ( BEL ) 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1974 Bernard Hinault ( FRA ) 1978 , 1979 , 1981 , 1982 , 1985 Miguel Indurain ( ESP ) 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 Chris Froome ( GBR ) 2013 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 Philippe Thys ( BEL ) 1913 , 1914 , 1920 Louison Bobet ( FRA ) 1953 , 1954 , 1955 Greg LeMond ( USA ) 1986 , 1989 , 1990 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ De Dion , Clément and Michelin were particularly concerned with Le Vélo -- which reported more than cycling -- because its financial backer was one of their commercial rivals , the Darracq company . De Dion believed Le Vélo gave Darracq too much attention and him too little . De Dion was a gentlemanly but outspoken man who already wrote columns for Le Figaro , Le Matin and others . He was also rich and could afford to indulge his whims , which included founding Le Nain Jaune ( the yellow gnome ) , a publication that `` ... answers no particular need . '' Jump up ^ Desgrange had first attempted to copy and outdo races run by his rival . In 1901 he revived the Paris - Brest event after a decade 's absence . Giffard was the first to suggest a race that lasted several days , new to cycling but established practice in car racing . Unlike other cycle races , it would also be run largely without pacers . Jump up ^ L'Auto preferred to concentrate on the Coupe Gordon - Bennett car race , even though it was n't to start for another 48 hours . The choice reflects not only that the Tour de France was an unknown quantity -- only after the first race had finished did it establish a reputation -- but it hints at Desgrange 's uncertainty . His position as editor depended on raising sales . That would happen if the Tour succeeded . But the paper and his employers would lose a lot of money if it did n't . Desgrange preferred to keep a distance . He did n't drop the flag at the start and he did n't follow the riders . Reporting was left to Lefèvre , whose idea it had been , who followed the race by bike and by train . Desgrange showed a personal interest in his race only when it looked a success . Jump up ^ The use of false and often colourful names was not unusual . It reflected not only the daring of the enterprise but the slight scandal still associated with riding bicycle races , enough that some preferred to use a false name . The first city - to - city race , from Paris to Rouen , included many made - up names or simply initials . The first woman to finish had entered as `` Miss America '' , despite not being American . Jump up ^ The formula in 1905 was a combination of both time and points . Riders had points deducted for each five minutes lost . Jump up ^ A race for female cyclists similar to the male Tour de France had been organized in 1955 , but it was not official . Jump up ^ Jacques Goddet said in his autobiography that teams were using the rule to eliminate rivals . A rider in last position knew he would be disqualified at the end of the stage . If he dropped out before or during the stage , another competitor became the last and he would leave the race as well . That weakened a rival team , which now had fewer helpers . Jump up ^ Pierre Bost was a journalist and playwright known for the prolific film and stage scripts he wrote in the 1940s . He died in 1975 . Jump up ^ Jean - Pierre Lachaud joined the Tour de France caravan in 1983 to distribute publicity for Crédit Lyonnais , the bank that sponsors the yellow jersey . The experience led to his starting his own company , Newsport , which now administers the caravan for the Société du Tour de France Jump up ^ Some Corsican nationalists have used terrorist methods . Jump up ^ A podium camera is not one focused on the winner 's podium but a full - scale camera on a mount , or podium . Jump up ^ A school book written by Augustine Fouillée under the name G. Bruno and published in 1877 , it sold six million by 1900 , seven million by 1914 and 8,400,000 by 1976 . It was used in schools until the 1950s and is still available . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Joel Gunter ( 16 July 2012 ) . `` The Tour de France : a guide to the basics '' . London : The Telegraph . Retrieved 30 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1903 Tour de France '' . Bikeraceinfo.com. 19 January 1903 . Retrieved 30 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France snubs velodrome Holocaust memorial '' . The Jewish Chronicle. 12 July 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Barry Boys . `` The Return of a Grand Affair -- `` New Tour Legend : the Maillot Jaune '' `` . Cycling Revealed . Retrieved 3 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Union Cycliste Internationale '' . Uci.ch . 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Archived from the original on 10 May 2012 . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Remembering Félix Lévitan '' . Cycling News . Jump up ^ McGann , Bill ; McGann , Carol ( 2008 ) . The Story of the Tour de France : 1965 - 2007 . Dog Ear Publishing . pp. 171 -- 178 . ISBN 1 - 59858 - 608 - 4 . Retrieved 17 March 2013 . Jump up ^ McGann , Bill ; McGann , Carol ( 2008 ) . The Story of the Tour de France : 1965 - 2007 . Dog Ear Publishing . pp. 178 -- 184 . ISBN 1 - 59858 - 608 - 4 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Augendre 1996 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Dauncey & Hare 2013 , p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tour de France jerseys explained '' . sportinglife . British Sky Broadcasting Ltd. 1 July 2013 . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Christian , Sarah ( 2 July 2009 ) . `` Tour de France demystified -- Evaluating success '' . RoadCycling.co.nz Ltd . Archived from the original on 9 February 2013 . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Woodland 2007 , p. 203 . 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Legend says people in remote areas ran into their houses at the sight of a giant model black lion on the roof of a car promoting Lion Noir shoe polish in 1930 . ^ Jump up to : Le Tour Guide , France , 2000 ^ Jump up to : GAN Spécial Tour de France , 1994 ^ Jump up to : The Bicycle , UK , 8 July 1943 , p6 Jump up ^ `` La Corse fait - elle peur au Tour de France ? -- le Plus '' . Leplus.nouvelobs.com . Retrieved 23 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : L'Équipe Magazine , France , 23 October 2004 Jump up ^ Dauncey & Hare 2013 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Reed , Eric . Selling the Yellow Jersey : The Tour de France in the Global Era . p. 162 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 20653 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign grand tour starts are big business -- VeloNews.com '' . Velonews.competitor.com. 15 December 2012 . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Augendre 1996 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Dauncey & Hare 2013 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Dauncey & Hare 2013 , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Christopher S. ( 2008 ) . 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Jump up ^ L'image d'une France unifiée par le sol , Vigarello , Georges , Le Tour de France , p3807 , cited Boeuf , p67 Jump up ^ France Since 1871 : Lecture 9 Transcript , by John M. Merriman , Open Yale Courses , 3 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Boeuf & Léonard 2003 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Boeuf & Léonard 2003 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Boeuf & Léonard 2003 , p. 75 - 76 . Jump up ^ Chris Jones , Kraftwerk , Tour De France Soundtracks , BBC , 4 August 2003 Jump up ^ `` A splendid thing '' . 16 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Blood , sweat and gears '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 27 May 2005 . Retrieved 27 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Morris , Wesley ( 30 December 2005 ) . `` '' Wired '' is winning tour of race , brain `` . BOSTON GLOBE . Retrieved 11 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` thetourbaby.com '' . thetourbaby.com . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Melvin , Ian ( 8 October 2004 ) . `` The Tour Baby ! '' . RoadCycling.com . Retrieved 17 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` tourbabydeuxmovie.com '' . tourbabydeuxmovie.com . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fixed for the fans -- the post-TdF criteriums '' . cyclingnews.com . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Mika Rissanen . `` Beer Breaks during the Tour de France . Some observations on beer and cycling in the early 1900s '' . Ludica , annali di storia e civiltà del gioco . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Tour de France , 100 ans , 1903 -- 2003 , L'Équipe , France 2003 , p149 Jump up ^ de Mondenard 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Association of British Cycling Coaches ( ABCC ) , Drugs and the Tour De France by Ramin Minovi '' . ABCC. 1 June 1965 . Archived from the original on 27 June 2007 . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Moore 2011 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-Kelme rider promises doping revelations '' . VeloNews. 20 March 2004 . Archived from the original on 19 March 2008 . Retrieved 27 May 2007 . Jump up ^ L'Équipe , France , 23 August 2005 , p1 Jump up ^ `` L'Équipe alleges Armstrong samples show EPO use in 99 Tour '' . VeloNews. 23 August 2005 . Archived from the original on 8 May 2008 . Retrieved 27 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Armstrong 's journey : Tour leader rides from Texas plains to Champs - Elysees '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . 22 July 2000 . Retrieved 27 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Armstrong & Jenkins 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Lance Armstrong Receives Lifetime Ban And Disqualification Of Competitive Results For Doping Violations Stemming From His Involvement In The United States Postal Service Pro-Cycling Team Doping Conspiracy '' . U.S. Anti-Doping Agency . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lance Armstrong tells Oprah he doped to win '' . CBS News . 15 January 2013 . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Macur , Juliet ( 4 January 2013 ) . `` In Reversal , Armstrong Is Said to Weigh Admitting Drug Use '' . New York Times . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Atty . denies report Lance Armstrong will admit doping '' . CBS News . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jan Ullrich supports Lance '' . ESPN . Associated Press . 1 August 2013 . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Landis loses appeal , must forfeit Tour de France title '' . Houston Chronicle. 30 June 2008 . Retrieved 30 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Westemeyer , Susan ( 24 May 2007 ) . `` Zabel and Aldag confess EPO usage '' . CyclingNews . Retrieved 27 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Riis , Tour de France Champ , Says He Took Banned Drugs '' . Bloomberg. 25 May 2007 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Astana Pulls Out of Tour de France Washington Post . 24 July 2007 . Jump up ^ BBC.co.uk -- Tour hit by second doping result Jump up ^ `` Rasmussen , Tour de France Leader , Is Expelled by Team '' . Bloomberg. 26 July 2007 . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Doping agency : Beltran positive for EPO '' . google . Associated Press . Retrieved 7 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` BBC SPORT Other sport ... Tour ' winning war against doping ' '' . News.bbc.co.uk. 17 July 2008 . Retrieved 4 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Piepoli and Schumacher Tour de France samples positive for CERA '' . Autobus.cyclingnews.com. 7 October 2008 . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kohl positive confirmed '' . Autobus.cyclingnews.com . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Contador tests positive for low levels of clenbuterol '' . VeloNews.competitor.com. 30 September 2010 . Retrieved 7 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish federation proposes one - year suspension for Contador '' . VeloNews.competitor.com. 27 January 2011 . Retrieved 7 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish fed clears Alberto Contador , Contador plans to start Algarve '' . VeloNews.competitor.com. 15 February 2011 . Retrieved 7 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CAS sanctions Contador with two - year ban in clenbutorol case '' . Cyclingnews . Future Publishing Limited . 6 February 2012 . Retrieved 6 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 30 January 2013 ) . `` Disgraced Schleck will miss Tour de France after failing drug test during last year 's race '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . Jump up ^ U.S. Postal Service Pro Cycling Team Investigation , USADA , 2012 October , retr 2012 10 14 Jump up ^ `` Lance Armstrong stripped of all seven Tour de France wins by UCI '' . BBC . 22 October 2012 . Retrieved 22 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lance Armstrong 's Tour de France victories will not be reallocated '' . BBC . 26 October 2012 . Retrieved 26 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimas Informaciones -- La XXVIII Vuelta a Francia '' ( in Spanish ) . El Mundo Deportivo. 28 July 1934 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Woodland 2007 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Tour de France : il ya 50 ans , neuf personnes étaient tuées en Dordogne -- Sud - Ouest , 10 . Juli 2014 ^ Jump up to : Woodland 2007 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Memoire du cyclisme . Retrieved 13 July 2012 Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 1961 - Jerseys of the Stage '' . Letour.fr . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2009 -- Stats '' . Letour.fr . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Pélissier '' . Results history . letour.fr . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eddy Merckx '' . Results history . letour.fr . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Freddy Maertens '' . Results history . letour.fr . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Letour Guide Historique 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Letour.fr. 10 July 2012 . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Sagan captures Stage 1 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . 1 July 2012 . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cipollini Sprints to Record Win -- Los Angeles Times '' . Los Angeles Times . 8 July 1999 . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Wynn , Nigel ( 4 July 2015 ) . `` Rohan Dennis beats Boardman 's Tour de France time trial speed record '' . Cycling Weekly . Time Inc . UK . Retrieved 4 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Zeb , Woodpower ( 4 July 2015 ) . `` Tour de France : Dennis sets record speed to claim first maillot jaune in Utrecht '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Archived from the original on 6 July 2015 . Retrieved 4 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Armstrong in yellow after Discovery powers through TTT '' . VeloNews. 5 July 2005 . Archived from the original on 9 December 2009 . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team Breaking Records With Trek Bikes Designed On AMD64 Technology '' . Amd.com . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Tour 09 , Procycling ( UK ) summer 2009 Bibliography ( edit ) Goddet , Jacques ( 1991 ) . L'équipée belle . Éditions Robert Laffont . ISBN 978 - 2 - 221 - 07290 - 5 . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Nicholson , Geoffrey ( 1991 ) . Le Tour : The Rise and Rise of the Tour de France . London : Hodder & Stoughton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 54268 - 2 . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Augendre , Jacques ( 1996 ) . Le Tour de France : panorama d'un siècle . Service Communication - presse de la Société du Tour de France . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Seray , Jacques ( 2000 ) . 1904 Tour de France . Ann Arbor Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9649835 - 2 - 6 . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Woodland , Les ( 2000 ) . The Unknown Tour De France : The Many Faces of the World 's Biggest Bicycle Race . U.S. : Cycling Resources . ISBN 978 - 1 - 892495 - 26 - 6 . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Armstrong , Lance ; Jenkins , Sally ( 2001 ) ( 1st . pub. 2000 ) . It 's Not About the Bike : My Journey Back to Life . New York City : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 224 - 06087 - 5 . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Harp , Stephen L. ( 2001 ) . Marketing Michelin : Advertising and Cultural Identity in Twentieth - Century France . Baltimore , Maryland , U.S. : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 6651 - 7 . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Ollivier , Jean - Paul ( 2001 ) . L'ABCdaire du Tour de France . Paris : Groupe Flammarion . ISBN 978 - 2 - 08 - 012727 - 3 . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Boeuf , Jean - Luc ; Léonard , Yves ( 2003 ) . La République du Tour de France . Éditions du Seuil . ISBN 978 - 2 - 02 - 058073 - 1 . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Allchin , Richard ; Bell , Adrian ( 2003 ) . Golden stages of the Tour de France : tales from the legendary stages of the world 's greatest bike race . London : Mousehold Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 874739 - 28 - 9 . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . de Mondenard , Jean - Paul ( 2003 ) . Dopage : l'imposture des performances : mensonges et vérités sur l'école de la triche . Chiron . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Masso , Benjamin ( 2003 ) . Het zweet der goden : legende van de wielersport ( 4th ed . ) . Atlas . ISBN 978 - 90 - 450 - 1126 - 4 . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . McGann , Bill ; McGann , Carol ( 2006 ) . The Story of the Tour de France , Volume 1 . Indianapolis , U.S. : Dog Ear Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59858 - 180 - 5 . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Woodland , Les ( 2007 ) ( 1st . pub. 2003 ) . The Yellow Jersey Companion to the Tour de France . London : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 224 - 08016 - 3 . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . McGann , Bill ; McGann , Carol ( 2008 ) . The Story of the Tour De France : 1965 -- 2007 . Indianapolis , U.S. : Dog Ear Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59858 - 608 - 4 . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Thompson , Christopher S. ( 2008 ) . The Tour de France : A Cultural History ( 2nd ed . ) . Berkeley , California , U.S. : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 93486 - 3 . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . Cazeneuve , Thierry ; Chany , Pierre ( 2011 ) . La fabuleuse histoire du Tour de France . Paris : La Martinière . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7324 - 4792 - 6 . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Moore , Tim ( 2011 ) ( 1st . pub. 2001 ) . French Revolutions : Cycling the Tour de France . London : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4464 - 1497 - 2 . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Dauncey , Hugh ; Hare , Geoff ( 2013 ) ( 1st . pub. 2003 ) . The Tour De France , 1903 - 2003 : A Century of Sporting Structures , Meanings and Values . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 76239 - 1 . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Delanzy , Eric ( 2006 ) . Inside the Tour de France : The Pictures , the Legends , and the Untold Stories . Rodale Books . ISBN 1 - 59486 - 230 - 3 . McKay , Feargal ( 1 June 2015 ) . `` The Tour de France , by Christopher S Thompson '' . SB Nation Podium Cafe . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Nelsson , Richard ( 2012 ) . The Tour De France ... to the Bitter End . London : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85265 - 336 - 4 . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . Wheatcroft , Geoffrey ( 2004 ) ( 2005 ) . Le Tour : A History of the Tour de France , 1903 -- 2003 . Simon & Schuster UK . ISBN 0 - 684 - 02879 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tour de France . Official website Tour de France palmares at Cycling Archives Yahoo ! Sport ( UK & Ireland ) : Tour de France Tour de France By year 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Classifications ( `` jerseys '' ) Current General ( maillot jaune ) Points ( maillot vert ) Mountains ( maillot à pois ) Young rider ( maillot blanc ) Team ( classement d'équipes ) Combativity ( prix de combativité ) Former Combination ( maillot du combiné ) Intermediate sprints ( maillot rouge ) Directors 1903 -- 1935 : Henri Desgrange 1936 -- 1961 : Jacques Goddet 1962 -- 1986 : Jacques Goddet and Félix Lévitan 1987 : Jean - François Naquet - Radiguet 1988 : Xavier Louy 1989 -- 2006 : Jean - Marie Leblanc 2007 -- present : Christian Prudhomme Finish locations 1903 -- 1967 : Parc des Princes 1968 -- 1974 : Vélodrome de Vincennes 1975 -- present : Champs - Élysées stage Lists General classification winners Secondary classification winners Grands Départs Records and statistics Mountain passes and hills Articles and topics During World War II Yellow jersey statistics Lanterne rouge Doping Hors catégorie Souvenir Jacques Goddet Souvenir Henri Desgrange Related articles Didi Senft Géo Lefèvre La Course by Le Tour de France Tour de France Soundtracks Tour de l'Avenir Grand Tour ( cycling ) Races Tour de France General classification winners Secondary classification winners Records and statistics Yellow jersey statistics Giro d'Italia General classification winners Secondary classification winners Records and statistics Vuelta a España General classification winners Secondary classification winners Records and statistics GT winners General classification winners Points classification winners Mountains classification winners Stage winners at all three tours See also General classification Mountains classification Points classification Young rider classification Team classification Triple Crown of Cycling UCI World Tour Seasons 2009 Ranking 2010 Ranking Merged with the UCI ProTour 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 UCI WorldTeams 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Races Active Tour Down Under Great Ocean Road Race Tour of Qatar Abu Dhabi Tour Omloop Het Nieuwsblad Strade Bianche Paris -- Nice Tirreno -- Adriatico Milan -- San Remo Volta a Catalunya Dwars door Vlaanderen E3 Harelbeke Gent -- Wevelgem Tour of Flanders Tour of the Basque Country Paris -- Roubaix Amstel Gold Race La Flèche Wallonne Liège -- Bastogne -- Liège Tour de Romandie Eschborn - Frankfurt -- Rund um den Finanzplatz Giro d'Italia Tour of California Critérium du Dauphiné Tour de Suisse Tour de France Clásica de San Sebastián Tour de Pologne London -- Surrey Classic BinckBank Tour Vuelta a España EuroEyes Cyclassics GP Ouest - France GP de Québec GP de Montréal TTT at the World Championships Il Lombardia Presidential Tour of Turkey Tour of Guangxi Former Tour of Beijing Road bicycle racing List of road bicycle races men women UCI Circuits UCI World Tour Grand Tour Tour de France Giro d'Italia Vuelta a España Classic races Cobbled classics Ardennes classics Flanders Classics UCI World Ranking UCI Continental Circuits UCI Women 's WorldTour International Games Olympic Games Paralympic Games Commonwealth Games Asian Games Games of the Small States of Europe Island Games Pan American Games Central American and Caribbean Games Friendship Games Universiade Championships UCI Road World Championships World University Cycling Championship Continental African Asian European Oceania Pan American National road cycling championships UCI cycling teams WorldTeams Professional Continental Continental Women 's Teams Events Race stage Criterium Individual time trial Team time trial VIAF : 261446890 LCCN : n98020404 GND : 4185776 - 8 SUDOC : 035748141 BNF : cb13333845m ( data ) NDL : 00937423 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tour_de_France&oldid=802692520 '' Categories : Tour de France Cycle races in France Grand Tour ( cycling ) Recurring sporting events established in 1903 UCI ProTour races UCI World Tour races 1903 establishments in France Annual sporting events in France July sporting events Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2008 CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use dmy dates from July 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with French - language external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles to be expanded from July 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Picard Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Walon West - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour%20de%20France
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when was back to you made by selena gomez
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`` Back to You '' Single by Selena Gomez from the album 13 Reasons Why : Season 2 ( Music from the Original TV Series ) Released May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) Format Digital download Genre Dance - pop Length 3 : 27 Label Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Selena Gomez Parrish Warrington Diederik Van Elsas Amy Allen Micah Premnath Producer ( s ) Trackside Ian Kirkpatrick Selena Gomez singles chronology `` Wolves '' ( 2017 ) `` Back to You '' ( 2018 ) `` Taki Taki '' ( 2018 ) Music video `` Back to You '' on YouTube
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May 10 , 2018
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Back to You ( Selena Gomez song )
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back to you ( selena gomez song )
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`` Back to You '' is a song recorded by American singer Selena Gomez . It was written by Gomez , Parrish Warrington , Diederik Van Elsas , Amy Allen , and Micah Premnath , while the production was handled by Trackside and Ian Kirkparick . The track was released on May 10 , 2018 , as the lead single from the soundtrack of the second season of Netflix 's original series 13 Reasons Why , a series adaptation of the eponymous book .
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Commercially , the song reached the top 5 in Australia , Canada , the Czech Republic , Greece , Hungary , Ireland , Malaysia , the Netherlands , Singapore and Slovakia ; the top 10 in Belgium , Finland , New Zealand , Norway , Portugal and Scotland ; as well as the top 20 in Denmark , Germany , Switzerland , Sweden , the United Kingdom and the United States . In the US , the song also became Gomez 's 15th consecutive top 40 entry on the Billboard Hot 100 , the longest active run of any artist . Contents 1 Release 2 Composition 3 Music video 3.1 Release and synopsis 4 Accolades 5 Track listing 6 Charts 7 Certifications 8 Release history 9 References Release ( edit ) Before its official announcement , the song was registered in ASCAP and teased by various US radio stations such as 104.7 KISS FM . Gomez finally confirmed the release through social media on May 1 , as well as its inclusion on the soundtrack of the second season of the Netflix 's original series 13 Reasons Why , in which she takes part as an executive producer . The song premiered on May 10 in Zane Lowe 's Apple Music radio show Beats 1 as the release day 's `` World Record '' . She was also interviewed by Lowe and confirmed that her third solo studio album was being completed . Composition ( edit ) `` Back to You '' was written by Selena Gomez , Parrish Warrington , Diederik Van Elsas , Amy Allen , and Micah Premnath . The production was handled by Trackside and Ian Kirkpatrick , the latter also working on Gomez 's previous single `` Bad Liar '' . The track has been described as an emotional acoustic midtempo with country influences , being also called a `` dance - pop anthem '' ballad . Gomez said that it was a `` very special record '' and that she wanted it to be `` a beautiful message in a really complicated way but really fun '' . The song is performed in the key of F ♯ major with a tempo of 102 beats per minute in 4 / 4 time and follows a chord progression of D ♯ m -- B -- F ♯ . Gomez ' vocals span two octaves , from C ♯ to C ♯ . Music video ( edit ) A lyric video with scenes of the second season of 13 Reasons Why was released on May 10 , 2018 . Release and synopsis ( edit ) The official music video was directed by Scott Cudmore . The imagery for the music video is inspired from the 1965 French New Wave film Pierrot le Fou . The music video starts at a party with Gomez , dressed in a vintage feather - trimmed green sequined high - neck dress , locking eyes with a sharply suited man ( Andrey Kupchenko ) , and they steal a convertible and end up frolicking in a bucolic pasture . Gomez wears an ensemble fit for the French countryside : a vintage white skirt and a sleeveless orange - and - yellow crop top . and take Gomez 's twist on iconic ' 60s French - girl style as some summer style inspiration . Nevertheless , Gomez 's video , is saturated with Godard 's quintessential filmmaking quirks : fragmented editing ; characters breaking the fourth wall ; melodramatic dialogue ; a garish , primary color - focused palette ; and cartoonish neorealism . Cinemaphiles will immediately notice parallels , as the music video 's opening visual directly mirrors the famous party scene in `` Pierrot le Fou , '' both doused in deep , ever - changing colors . The inane dialogue from side characters serves to highlight the shallow , bourgeois lifestyle that Pierrot wants to escape from . The two find they are wanted and burn their car to destroy the evidence . The video returns to the party from the start and despite everything , Gomez cycles back , locks eyes with a sharply dressed man and asks : `` Do you want to steal a car ? '' . As of October 2018 , Back to You 's official music video has received over 165 million views on YouTube . Accolades ( edit ) Year Ceremony Award Result Ref 2018 Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer Song Won People 's Choice Awards The Song Of 2018 Pending The Music Video of 2018 Pending Track listing ( edit ) Digital download `` Back to You '' -- 3 : 30 Riton and Kah - Lo Remix `` Back to You '' ( Riton and Kah - Lo Remix ) -- 3 : 27 Joey Pecoraro Remix `` Back to You '' ( Joey Pecoraro Remix ) -- 3 : 46 Anki Remix `` Back to You '' ( Anki Remix ) -- 4 : 41 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Argentina Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) 8 Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 10 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 37 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 8 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 7 Croatia ( Croatia Singles Chart ) 17 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 12 Dominican Republic ( Monitor Latino Anglo ) 11 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 8 France ( SNEP ) 51 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 19 Greece International Digital ( IFPI ) 5 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 22 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest TV Airplay ) Italy ( FIMI ) 49 Japan Hot Overseas ( Billboard ) 8 Latvia ( Latvijas Top 40 ) 11 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) 7 Lithuania ( M - 1 Top 40 ) Malaysia ( RIM ) Mexico ( Monitor Latino Anglo ) 16 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 5 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8 Norway ( VG - lista ) 10 Panama ( Monitor Latino Anglo ) 9 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 5 Portugal ( AFP ) 8 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 9 Singapore ( RIAS ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 53 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 14 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 44 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 14 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 20 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 13 US Billboard Hot 100 18 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 14 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 5 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Brazil ( Pro-Música Brasil ) Gold 20,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 45,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 15,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Version Label Ref . Various May 10 , 2018 Digital download Original Interscope United States May 15 , 2018 Contemporary hit radio Various August 10 , 2018 Digital download Remixes References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hugh McIntyre ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` Selena Gomez Continues Her Latest Era With New EDM - Pop Single ' Back To You ' '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Sam Prance ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Selena Gomez Appears to Start Teasing Her Next Single '' . MTV UK . Jump up ^ Shanté Honeycutt ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Selena Gomez Announces New Song ' Back To You ' : ' I 'm So Excited ' '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Ben Kaye ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` Selena Gomez shares new song `` Back to You '' : Stream `` . Consequence of Sound . ^ Jump up to : Mike Wass ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` Selena Gomez 's `` Back To You '' Is A Deeply Emotional ( Post ) Breakup Song `` . Idolator . ^ Jump up to : Erica Russell ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` Selena Gomez Drops Country - Hued New Single ' Back to You ' '' . PopCrush . ^ Jump up to : Claire Dodson ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` Selena Gomez Released a New Single for the `` 13 Reasons Why '' Soundtrack `` . Teen Vogue . Jump up ^ Gomez , Selena . `` Selena Gomez `` Back to You '' Sheet Music in F ♯ Major `` . Musicnotes LLC . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez -- Back to You ( Lyric Video ) '' . YouTube . May 10 , 2018 . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez -- Back to You '' . YouTube . June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Selena Gomez Dress Like a ' 60s New Wave French Muse in Her New Music Video '' . Vogue.com . June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez 's New Music Video Parallels a French Film -- And Fans Ca n't Decide If It 's an Homage Or Rip - Off '' . uk.businessinsider.com.com . June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VY1eFxgRR-k Jump up ^ Iansimone , Ashley ( August 12 , 2018 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards Winners 2018 : See the Full List '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 13 Reasons Why : Season 2 ( Music from the Original TV Series ) by Selena Gomez , OneRepublic & YUNGBLUD '' . iTunes ( US ) . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Helix , Vol. 2 by Various Artists '' . iTunes ( US ) , Apple Music . July 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : All remixes of `` Back to You '' released on August 10 , 2018 : Riton and Kah - Lo remix ( firstly released on July 27 , 2018 through Interscope 's Helix complilation album ) : `` Helix , Vol. 2 by Various Artists '' . iTunes ( US ) , Apple Music . July 27 , 2018 . `` Back to You ( Riton & Kah - Lo Remix ) - Single by Selena Gomez '' . iTunes ( US ) , Apple Music . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Joey Pecoraro remix : `` Back to You ( Joey Pecoraro Remix ) - Single by Selena Gomez '' . iTunes ( US ) , Apple Music . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Anki remix : `` Back to You ( Anki Remix ) - Single by Selena Gomez '' . iTunes ( US ) , Apple Music . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo Argentina -- Del 18 al 24 de Junio , 2018 '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Selena Gomez -- Back to You '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Selena Gomez -- Back to You '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Selena Gomez -- Back to You '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Selena Gomez -- Back to You '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia Singles Chart '' . Croatia Singles Chart . June 20 , 2018 . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201835 into search . Retrieved September 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201823 into search . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Selena Gomez -- Back to You '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TOP 20 ANGLO -- República Dominicana '' . Monitor Latino ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez : Back to You '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles -- SNEP ( Week 24 , 2018 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Selena Gomez -- Back to You '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Official IFPI Charts : Digital Singles Chart ( International ) -- Εβδομάδα : 22 / 2018 '' . IFPI Charts . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Irish-charts.com -- Discography Selena Gomez '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` מדיה פורסט -- לדעת שאתה באוויר '' . Mediaforest.biz . Retrieved 1 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Selena Gomez -- Back to You '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Japan Hot Overseas '' ( in Japanese ) . Billboard Japan . June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Latvijas Top 40 '' . Latvijas Radio . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 - Selena Gomez '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . June 10 , 2018 . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lithuanian Airplay Chart '' . Archived from the original on 11 September 2018 . Retrieved 11 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia : Week 21 ( 18 / 05 / 18 -- 24 / 05 / 18 ) '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TOP 20 ANGLO - México '' . Monitor Latino ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 24 , 2018 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Selena Gomez -- Back to You '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Selena Gomez -- Back to You '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Selena Gomez -- Back to You '' . VG - lista . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TOP 20 ANGLO -- Panama '' . Monitor Latino ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved July 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Selena Gomez -- Back to You '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` '' Singapore Top 30 Digital Streaming Chart Week 26 `` '' . Recording Industry Association ( Singapore ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201835 into search . Retrieved September 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201823 into search . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 5 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Selena Gomez -- Back to You '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Selena Gomez -- Back to You '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Selena Gomez -- Back to You '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . August 13 , 2018 . Retrieved August 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brazilian single certifications -- Selena Gomez -- Back To You '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Retrieved September 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Selena Gomez -- Back To You '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved September 11 , 2018 . Click on næste to go to page if certification is from the official website . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Selena Gomez -- Back To You '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Selena Gomez -- Back to You '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved September 29 , 2018 . Type Selena Gomez in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Back To You and see certification . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Selena Gomez -- Back To You '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Silver in the Certification field . Type Back To You in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Selena Gomez -- Back To You '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved September 7 , 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases '' . All Access . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2018 . Selena Gomez Discography Awards and nominations Songs Studio albums Stars Dance Revival Compilation albums For You EPs Another Cinderella Story ( EP ) Singles `` Tell Me Something I Do n't Know '' `` Magic '' `` Come & Get It '' `` Slow Down '' `` The Heart Wants What It Wants '' `` Good for You '' `` Same Old Love '' `` Hands to Myself '' `` Kill Em with Kindness '' `` It Ai n't Me '' `` Bad Liar '' `` Fetish '' `` Wolves '' `` Back to You '' Featured singles `` Whoa Oh ! '' ( remix ) `` I Want You to Know '' `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' `` Hands '' `` Trust Nobody '' `` Taki Taki '' Promotional singles `` Send It On '' `` Shake It Up '' `` Me & the Rhythm '' Other songs `` One and the Same '' `` Birthday '' `` Stars Dance '' `` Like a Champion '' `` Forget Forever '' `` Revival '' `` Sober '' `` Me & My Girls '' `` Only You '' Concert tours Stars Dance Tour Revival Tour Related articles Selena Gomez & the Scene Francia Raisa Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Back_to_You_(Selena_Gomez_song)&oldid=866523611 '' Categories : 2010s ballads 2018 songs 2018 singles Selena Gomez songs Interscope Records singles Songs written by Selena Gomez Electropop ballads Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Hungarystream Singlechart usages for Ireland3 Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Brazil Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Italiano עברית Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 21 : 22 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back%20to%20You%20%28Selena%20Gomez%20song%29
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who produced look at what you made me do
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`` Look What You Made Me Do '' Single by Taylor Swift from the album Reputation Released August 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 24 ) Format Digital download Genre Dance - pop electroclash electropop Length 3 : 31 Label Big Machine Songwriter ( s ) Taylor Swift Jack Antonoff Fred Fairbrass Richard Fairbrass Rob Manzoli Producer ( s ) Jack Antonoff Taylor Swift singles chronology `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' ( 2016 ) `` Look What You Made Me Do '' ( 2017 ) `` ... Ready for It ? '' ( 2017 ) Music video `` Look What You Made Me Do '' on YouTube
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Look What You Made Me Do
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look what you made me do
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`` Look What You Made Me Do '' is a song recorded by American singer - songwriter Taylor Swift from her upcoming sixth studio album , Reputation ( 2017 ) . The song was released on August 24 , 2017 , as the lead single from the album . Swift wrote the song with Jack Antonoff . The song samples the melody of the 1991 song `` I 'm Too Sexy '' by the band Right Said Fred , therefore Fred Fairbrass , Richard Fairbrass , and Rob Manzoli of the band are credited as songwriters .
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The song received a mixed response from music critics , with division over Swift 's stylistic change . The music video was directed by Joseph Kahn and became the most - watched music video within 24 hours . The song broke a string of records , including the record for the most plays in a single day on Spotify . Commercially , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' has topped the charts in Australia , Canada , Croatia , the Czech Republic , Ireland , Israel , Lebanon , Malaysia , the Netherlands , the Philippines , Scotland , Slovakia , Spain , the United Kingdom , and the United States . It has also received Platinum certifications in the United States , Australia , and Canada . Contents ( hide ) 1 Release 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 5.1 Production and release 5.2 Synopsis 5.3 Analysis 6 Usage in media 7 Charts 8 Certifications 9 Release history 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Release ( edit ) On August 18 , 2017 , Swift cleared all her social media accounts , which sparked rumours of new music arriving soon . On August 21 , Swift shared a 10 - second video featuring the tail of a snake on all her social platforms ; a second part appeared the next day and on August 23 , she uploaded a third teaser , showing the snake 's head . On the same day , Swift announced that the first single of her upcoming sixth album , titled Reputation , would come out the following night . The song was released to streaming services on August 24 , and earned over eight million streams within twenty - four hours of its Spotify release , breaking the record for the highest first - day streaming for a single track . It impacted American contemporary hit radio on August 29 , 2017 , through Big Machine Records . A lyric video heavily based on the Saul Bass imagery used in the film Vertigo was released through Swift 's official Vevo account on August 25 , 2017 . The video was produced by Swift and Joseph Kahn . It gained more than 19 million views during its first 24 hours on YouTube , surpassing `` Something Just like This '' by The Chainsmokers and Coldplay as the most viewed lyric video within that time period . As of October 2017 , the lyric video on YouTube has amassed over 80 million views . Composition ( edit ) Jack Antonoff ( pictured in 2012 ) produced and co-wrote `` Look What You Made Me Do '' . Music critics have described `` Look What You Made Me Do '' as a hybrid of electroclash and pop , as well as a dance - pop and an electro - pop song . It emphasizes the blame that is placed on an enemy , in special in the line , `` I 've got a list of names , and yours is in red , underlined '' . The middle eight of the song features Swift saying , `` I 'm sorry , the old Taylor ca n't come to the phone right now / Why ? / Oh , ' cause she 's dead ! '' `` Look What You Made Me Do '' is performed in the key of A minor with a tempo of 128 beats per minute . Swift 's vocals span from G to F . Critic Brittany Spanos of Rolling Stone noted a `` nightmarish aesthetic '' present in the song , and believed it to be a continuation of the `` antagonistic persona '' from `` Bad Blood '' . Richard Fairbrass , Fred Fairbrass and Rob Manzoli , the members of the British dance - pop group Right Said Fred , are credited as songwriters because the song interpolates the melody of their song `` I 'm Too Sexy '' . According to Fred Fairbrass , he and his brother were contacted one week before the release of `` Look What You Made Me Do '' and were asked whether a `` big , contemporary female artist who has n't released anything for a while '' -- whose identity they were not told -- would be able to use a portion of their song for her latest single . Although the brothers agreed to a deal , they did not officially find out that the artist in question was Swift until the morning after the song was released , but had deduced that it was her based on the description they were given . Both of the Fairbrass brothers said that they enjoyed `` Look What You Made Me Do '' ; Fred Fairbrass told Rolling Stone , `` I like the cynical aspect of the lyric , because ' I 'm Too Sexy ' is a cynical song , and I think she channeled that quite well . '' A representative for Swift confirmed that the song interpolated the melody from `` I 'm Too Sexy '' , but did not include sampled audio from the earlier song . Critical reception ( edit ) `` Look What You Made Me Do '' received a mixed reception from critics , with some praising the song as a welcomed dark departure from her earlier work , and others writing it off as petty and vengeful . USA Today said that the polarizing reaction to the song illustrated Swift 's position as a `` ubiquitous cultural force '' . The Telegraph Randy Lewis praised the song , deeming Swift and Antonoff 's work as `` blow ( ing ) past the production clichés of clap tracks and hiccuped syllabic hooks that have proliferated across Top 40 fare in recent years with boldly inventive textures and fresh melodic , rhythmic and sonic accents '' . He also added how the track musically and sonically shifted alongside the lyrics . Sarah Carson of the Los Angeles Times wrote a positive review of the song , saying : `` The reverberating crescendo builds and ever more delicious is the wickedness of Swift 's menacing protagonist '' , praising Swift for her successful embrace of the villain character the media has portrayed her as previous to the song 's release . Variety 's Chris Willman also praised Swift 's embrace of a darker - styled pop music and the stylistic conflict between the song 's pre-chorus and chorus . Mark Harris , in New York magazine 's pop culture blog , thought of Swift 's song as a pop art anthem for the Trump era in how she reappropriates her public feuds as empowering badges of honor without acknowledging her own responsibility or blame . However , Maura Johnston of The Guardian wrote a negative review of the song , faulting the `` sloppy '' lyrics and blaming Swift for not giving a clear context in the lyrics . Brittany Spanos of Rolling Stone believed that the song marked a continuation of the feud between Swift and rapper Kanye West ; the latter had previously name - dropped Swift in his song `` Famous '' by using the line , `` I feel like me and Taylor might still have sex / Why ? / I made that bitch famous '' . The single was noted as being a darker , angrier work than what Swift had done before . Hugh McIntye of Forbes was critical of the change in style , saying that it `` did n't sound like ( Swift ) '' and that it `` may have some kinks to work out '' . Meaghan Garvey from Pitchfork referred to it in a review as `` a hardcore self - own '' track . Chart performance ( edit ) In the United States , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' debuted at number seventy - seven on the Billboard Hot 100 , powered by its first three days of airplay . It also sold slightly under 200,000 digital copies within its first day of sales in the country , where it became the fastest selling download since Ed Sheeran 's `` Shape of You '' . One week later , the song ascended from 77 to one on the Hot 100 after its first full week of tracking , becoming the fifth largest rise to the top position and Swift 's fifth number - one single in the United States . It also topped the nation 's Streaming Songs chart with 84.4 million streams , becoming its most streamed song within a week by a female artist and second overall behind the 103 million that Baauer 's `` Harlem Shake '' gained in 2013 . The track also had more weekly streams in the US than any other song in 2017 . With 353,000 copies sold in its first week , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' opened atop the US Digital Songs chart and had the country 's biggest sales opening since Justin Timberlake 's `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' in 2016 as well as the best weekly sales for a song by a female artist since Adele 's `` Hello '' in 2015 . The track also became the country 's first number - one song with a female artist since Halsey was featured on `` Closer '' by The Chainsmokers and the first song with a female lead artist since Sia 's `` Cheap Thrills '' with Sean Paul ( both in 2016 ) . It additionally was the first solo song by a female to top the US charts since Adele 's `` Hello '' . It remained atop the Hot 100 and Streaming Songs charts for a second week with 114,000 copies sold and 61.2 million streams , though descended to number two on the Digital Songs chart when another Reputation track titled `` ... Ready for It ? '' debuted at number one with 135,000 digital copies sold and opened at number four on the Hot 100 . As a result , Swift became the first artist to have two tracks sell over 100,000 digital copies in the nation within a week since Sheeran with `` Shape of You '' and `` Castle on the Hill '' . It also became the first time a female had two songs within the top five of the Hot 100 since 2015 when Swift 's previous tracks `` Shake It Off '' and `` Blank Space '' respectively were at numbers four and five on the chart . In the United Kingdom , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' sold 20,000 copies and was streamed 2.4 million times in less than a week . The song debuted at the top the UK Singles Chart on September 1 , 2017 - for the week ending date September 7 , 2017 - with opening sales of 30,000 copies and 5.3 million streams within the week and becoming Swift 's first chart - topping song in Britain . After two weeks at the top spot , it was displaced by Sam Smith 's `` Too Good at Goodbyes '' . `` Look What You Made Me Do '' also opened at number one in Australia , becoming her fifth track to top the ARIA Charts . It spent another week at the nation 's summit before `` Too Good at Goodbyes '' took the top position there as well . The song has been certified Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for shipments of 70,000 units . After debuting at number one on the Canadian Hot 100 , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' was also certified Platinum by Music Canada for shipments of 80,000 units on September 14 , 2017 . In the Philippines , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' debuted at number 7 spot on the BillboardPH Hot 100 on its first week . A week later , it soared to the number 1 spot , ending the 10 - week reign of `` Despacito '' by Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber . It descended to the runner - up position the following week , as the latter song reclaimed the top spot for an 11th week . Music video ( edit ) Production and release ( edit ) The official music video premiered on August 27 , 2017 at the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards . The song 's music video broke the record for most - watched video within 24 hours by achieving 43.2 million views on YouTube in its first day . It topped the 27.7 million Vevo views Adele 's `` Hello '' attracted in that timeframe , as well as the 36 million YouTube views of Psy 's `` Gentleman '' video . It was viewed at an average 30,000 times per minute in its first 24 hours , with views reaching over 3 million views per hour . Preparation for the music video began in January , while the shooting took place in May . The dance was choreographed by Tyce Diorio , who had worked with Swift on `` Shake It Off '' before . Swift 's make - up as a zombie was done by Bill Corso . Post-production of the video lasted until the morning of its release . A 20 - second music video teaser was released on Good Morning America on August 25 . The teaser , upon release , was criticized on Twitter due to similarities to Beyoncé 's `` Formation '' video . Kahn turned to Twitter to dismiss the claims , stated that he had `` worked with Beyoncé a few times '' , and that the music video is not in the way of her `` art space '' . Kahn also remarked that the video is derived from `` ( an ) obscene K Pop video made in ( a ) North Korean prison in 2006 '' , referencing to when he was accused for plagiarizing 2NE1 's `` Come Back Home '' video with `` Bad Blood '' in 2015 . It was also revealed that the diamonds used in a scene were authentic . The diamonds , loaned from celebrity jeweler Neil Lane , were said to be worth over $10 million , hence triggering tight security measures . As of October 12 , 2017 , the video has over 559 million views and broke the record for the fastest video to reach 200 , 300 and 400 million views on YouTube . It is the 30th most liked video on YouTube . Synopsis ( edit ) The bathtub scene in the music video , where the diamonds were worth over $10 million . The video begins with a zombie Swift crawling out of a grave , where the headstone reads `` Here Lies Taylor Swift 's reputation '' , and digging another grave for herself . The next scene shows Swift in a bathtub filled with diamonds . She is then seen seated on a throne while snakes surround her and serve tea . Swift later crashes her car on a post and sings the song 's chorus holding a Grammy as the paparazzi take photos . She is also seen swinging inside a cage , robbing a bank , and leading a motorcycle gang . Afterwards , she gathers a group of women at `` Squad U '' and dances with a group of men in another room . At the end of the video , various iterations of Swift 's public image bicker with one another , describing each other as `` so fake '' and `` playing the victim '' , ending with one saying `` I would very much like to be excluded from this narrative '' after which the other iterations yell at her to `` shut up ! '' in unison , while the version of Swift in the background watches in silence . Analysis ( edit ) The video contains numerous hidden meanings and references . In the opening scene , there is a subtle `` Nils Sjöberg '' tombstone shown when Swift is digging up a grave , referencing the pseudonym she used for a songwriting credit on Calvin Harris ' 2016 single `` This Is What You Came For '' . Similarly , Swift -- masked as a cadaveric version of herself in the `` Out of the Woods '' music video -- was shown digging a grave for herself in a 2014 Met Gala gown , an event that characterized her first public appearance with short hair . A single dollar bill in the bathtub full of diamonds that she bathes in was also speculated to symbolize the dollar she was awarded for winning a sexual assault trial . Interpretations for the bathtub scene were contrasting . Some believe that it is a response to media statement teasing that she `` cries in a marble bathtub surrounded by pearls '' , while others viewed it as a mockery to Kim Kardashian 's 2016 gunpoint robbery . In a separate scene , Swift is shown sitting atop a golden throne , where a carving of a phrase `` Et tu , Brute ? '' could be seen on the armrest , a reference to Shakespeare 's drama Julius Caesar . Swift 's infamous title as a `` snake '' during her hiatus was also represented when a snake slithers onto the throne to serve Swift some tea . When Swift 's car crashes , some speculated that it may be a jab at Katy Perry as Swift 's hairdo is similar to Perry 's in the scene . The sports car is also reminiscent of a car in Perry 's `` Waking Up in Vegas '' video . She is also holding a Grammy Award in the scene , a possible reference to the fact that Perry has never won any Grammys despite multiple nominations . Swift 's withdrawal of her entire music catalog from streaming services were hinted when Swift and her crew walked out of a streaming company in the video . Swift gathering at `` Squad U '' was also said to be a reply to the media dubbing her close friends as a `` squad '' . During the second chorus , Swift can be seen with eight men , each of which revealed an `` I Heart TS '' crop top after unbuttoning a jacket . This scene is an apparent tribute to her ex-boyfriend Tom Hiddleston , who was seen wearing an `` I Heart TS '' tank top when they were a couple . The eight backup dancers may also have been a possible reference to the idea that Swift has had eight ex-boyfriends during her career . Swift was also seen standing on a pile of her other iterations , reiterating the idea that she is leaving her past self behind . The shirt that an iteration of Swift wore in the `` You Belong with Me '' video was also different , with her close friends ' names scribbled on it this time . In June 2016 , discussing the relationship between her and Kanye West after West 's song `` Famous '' , Swift wrote on Instagram , `` I would very much like to be excluded from this narrative . '' The same line is spoken by one of Swift 's iterations at the end of the video . She is wearing the same outfit Swift had worn during the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards , when West interrupted her award - winning speech for Best Female Video . Usage in media ( edit ) ABC used the song in a promotional video for its Shonda Rhimes ' Thursday line - up an hour after its release . Sister network ESPN used it in its college football telecast advertisements for the season opening game between Alabama and Florida State , which was aired on ABC on September 2 . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Argentina Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) 10 Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 39 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada AC ( Billboard ) 33 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 10 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 10 Chile Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) 6 Colombia Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) Costa Rica ( Monitor Latino ) 11 Croatia ( HRT ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 39 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 12 El Salvador ( Monitor Latino ) 7 Euro Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Ecuador Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 8 Finland Digital Songs ( Billboard ) France ( SNEP ) 26 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Guatemala Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Israel ( Media Forest TV Airplay ) Italy ( FIMI ) 10 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 7 Japan Hot Overseas ( Billboard ) Latvia ( Latvijas Top 40 ) Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) Lithuania ( M - 1 Top 40 ) 8 Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 7 Malaysia ( RIM ) Mexico Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 7 Netherlands ( Mega Top 50 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 13 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 6 Panama Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) Portugal ( AFP ) Republica Dominicana Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) Romania ( Airplay 100 ) 64 Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) 54 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) South Korea International Chart ( Gaon ) 6 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 7 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 6 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 19 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 7 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 10 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 20 Venezuela Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) 5 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 15,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 707,626 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . Worldwide August 24 , 2017 Streaming Big Machine August 25 , 2017 Digital download Italy Contemporary hit radio Universal Music United Kingdom August 26 , 2017 Virgin EMI United States August 29 , 2017 Big Machine See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Australia ) List of number - one digital tracks of 2017 ( Australia ) List of number - one streaming tracks of 2017 ( Australia ) List of Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 List of number - one digital songs of 2017 ( Canada ) List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles from the 2010s ( New Zealand ) List of Philippine Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 List of Scottish number - one singles of 2017 List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2010s List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 List of number - one Billboard Streaming Songs of 2017 List of number - one digital songs of 2017 ( U.S. ) List of number - one songs of 2017 ( Malaysia ) List of most liked YouTube videos List of most disliked YouTube videos List of most viewed online videos in the first 24 hours References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Battan , Carrie ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's Radical Transformation in Her New Song , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Aswad , Jem Aswad ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Does Taylor Swift 's Social - Media Blackout Mean New Music Is Coming ? '' . Variety . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bruner , Raisa ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Internet Is Excited About This Cryptic Taylor Swift Video '' . Time . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift Ends Social Media Blackout With Cryptic Reptile Tail Tease '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vain , Medison ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift Reveals Snake Head in Latest Cryptic Video '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Joe ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift Reveals New Album ' Reputation ' Coming In Nov. , First Single Out Thursday '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Aswad , Jem ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's New Single , ' Look What You Made Me Do , ' Arrives ( Listen ) '' . Variety . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Christopher ( August 26 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift breaks Spotify , YouTube records '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 40 / M Future Releases '' . All Access . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Johnston , Maura ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Acid gossip that borrows from better songs -- Taylor Swift : Look What You Made Me Do review '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whittaker , Alexandra ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's Every Lyric from Taylor Swift 's New Song ' Look What You Made Me Do ' '' . InStyle . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knapp , JD ( August 26 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Lyric Video Breaks 24 - Hour Record '' . Variety . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McIntyre , Hugh ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift Unleashes New Single ' Look What You Made Me Do ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Spanos , Brittany ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift Releases Apparent Kanye West Diss Song ' Look What You Made Me Do ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Taylor Swift -- ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Sheet Music ( Digital Download ) '' . Musicnotes.com . Sony / ATV Music Publishing . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lockett , Dee ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift Declares the Old Taylor Dead on New Song , ' Look What You Made Me Do ' '' . Vulture . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift releases new song ' Look What You Made Me Do ' '' . Daily News . New York . August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Grow , Cory ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Right Said Fred on Taylor Swift 's ' Cynical ' ' Look What You Made Me Do ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Myers , Owen . `` Right Said Fred Are `` Very Pleased '' With Taylor Swift 's Interpolation Of `` I 'm Too Sexy '' `` . The Fader . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holterman , Alexandra ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's Lead Singles From Each Album : Which Do You Think Is Best ? Vote ! '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Patrick ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Look what you made us do : Critics slam Taylor Swift 's comeback single '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexandra Holterman ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Director Defends Taylor Swift , Accuses Public of ' Double Standards ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McDermott , Maeve ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift goes full psycho pop in new song ' Look What You Made Me Do ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Randy ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift drops ' Look What You Made Me Do ' and it 's aggressive '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carson , Sarah ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift , Look What You Made Me Do , review : ' Swift has painted herself as a villain , and triumphed ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Willman , Chris ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Song Review : Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris , Mark ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swifts Look What You Made Me Do Is a Pure Piece of Trump - Era Pop Art '' . Vulture . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weatherby , Taylor ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift Drops Dark New Song ' Look What You Made Me Do ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Garvey , Meaghan ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` '' Look What You Made Me Do '' by Taylor Swift Review `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Headed for No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 Next Week '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( August 26 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Look ' Heads for Half - Million Sales , Biggest Week Since Adele 's ' Hello ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Leaps to No. 1 on Hot 100 With Top Streaming & Sales Week of 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift at Nos. 1 & 4 on Billboard Hot 100 , as Cardi B Moves Up to No. 2 '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Jack ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift could earn her first UK Number 1 single this Friday '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Jack ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift scores first Number 1 on the Official Singles Chart with ' LWYMMD ' '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Jack ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sam Smith scoops his sixth UK Number 1 single with Too Good at Goodbyes '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Scores Fifth # 1 Single '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift holds # 1 for second week '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Callea Beats The National For # 1 Album On This Week 's ARIA Chart '' . Themusic.com.au . September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . September 18 , 2017 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Music : Top 100 Songs Chart '' . Billboard . September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canadian single certifications -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . Music Canada . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Matthew ; Minsker , Evan ( August 27 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Taylor Swift 's `` Look What You Made Me Do '' Video `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Smashes YouTube 's 24 - Hour Record , Crushing Psy '' . Variety . August 29 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Randy ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' video bashes another YouTube record '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Video Hit 100 Million Views In Less Than Four Days '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cirisano , Tatiana ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift Tops PSY 's 24 - Hour YouTube Record With ' Look What You Made Me Do ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Desiree ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Todrick Hall Reveals Secrets From Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Music Video '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Desiree ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Video : Everything We Know About the Snakes , Diamonds , Dancing & More '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maureen Lee Lenker ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Snake slithers up Taylor Swift 's throne in dark , glamorous music video '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lavache , Carina ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` A Lot of People Think Taylor Swift 's New Video Looks Like Beyoncé 's `` Formation '' `` . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Min , Lilian ( August 27 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's `` Look What You Made Me Do '' Music Video Director Has Thoughts About Those Beyoncé Comparisons `` . Elle . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Spanos , Brittany ( August 27 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Taylor Swift Mock Herself in Dark ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Video '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift 's MV Director Throws Shade At 2NE1 After Being Accused Of Plagiarism Again '' . Koreaboo . August 30 , 2017 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Julie ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's diamond bath cost more than $10 M '' . Page Six . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fastest to 200 million '' . Kworb . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yahr , Emily ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift knows you 've been making fun of her . Here 's how her new video responds '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Whitehead , Mat ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` 8 Things You Might Have Missed In Taylor 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Video '' . HuffPost . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Marcus ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's Why Some People Are Mad At Taylor Swift 's New Video '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ France , Lisa Respers ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift and snakes : The backstory '' . CNN . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift 's Look What You Made Me Do video : all the references explained '' . The Telegraph . August 29 , 2017 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chen , Joyce ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Video Decoded : 13 Things You Missed '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wood , Lucy ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Each and every single dig that Taylor Swift makes in the Look What You Made Me Do music video '' . Metro . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tanzer , Myles ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Taylor Swift : `` I Would Very Much Like To Be Excluded From This Narrative '' `` . The Fader . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Taylor Swift vs. Taylor Swift in `` Look What You Made Me Do '' video `` . ABC . August 28 , 2017 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schonfeld , Zach ( August 27 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's `` Look What You Made Me Do '' Music Video Is Finally Here `` . Newsweek . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Sally ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` All the Old Taylors in Taylor Swift 's `` Look What You Made Me Do '' `` . Elle . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Jason ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Is Already Using Taylor Swift 's New Song ' Look What You Made Me Do ' to Promote TGIT '' . Adweek . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Andrew ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ESPN using Taylor Swift 's song for college football ads '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo Argentina -- Del 4 al 10 de Septiembre , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . September 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ `` Top 20 General del 18 de September al 2 de October , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . Jump up ^ `` Croatia ARC TOP 40 '' . HRT . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201739 into search . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201735 into search . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo Ecuador '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . 2 October , 2017 . Retrieved 2 October , 2017 . Check date values in : access - date = , date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Billboard -- Euro Digital Song Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo Ecuador '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift : Look What You Made Me Do '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Finland Digital Song Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles ( téléchargement + streaming ) -- SNEP ( Week 35 , 2017 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard -- Greece Digital Song Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo del 28 de Agosto al 18 de Septiembre , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` מדיה פורסט - לדעת שאתה באוויר '' . Mediaforest.biz . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift -- Chart history '' Japan Hot 100 for Taylor Swift . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Japan Hot Overseas -- September 11 , 2017 '' ( in Japanese ) . Billboard Japan . September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Latvijas Top 40 '' . Latvijas Radio . October 9 , 2017 . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 - Taylor Swift '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` M - 1 Top 40 '' . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2017 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard -- Luxemburg Digital Song Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia : Week 35 ( 25 / 8 / 2017 - 31 / 8 / 2017 ) '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo del 28 de Agosto al 2 de October , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 37 , 2017 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lijst van 9 - 09 - 2017 - MEGA TOP 50 '' ( in Dutch ) . Mega Top 50 Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' ( in Dutch ) . 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Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201735 into search . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gaon Download Chart -- Issue date : 2017.27. 08 -- 2017.02. 09 '' . Gaon Chart . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . 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Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Enter Look What You Made Me Do in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Nielsen SoundScan charts -- Digital Songs -- Week Ending : 10 / 05 / 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Nielsen SoundScan . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 8 , 2017 . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Look What You Made Me Do -- Single by Taylor Swift on Apple Music '' . United States : iTunes Store . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Look What You Made Me Do ' -- Taylor Swift '' ( in Italian ) . Radio Airplay . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Radio 1 Playlist : Friday , 25th August '' . BBC . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics `` Look What You Made Me Do '' ( Lyric video ) on YouTube ( hide ) Taylor Swift songs Discography Taylor Swift `` Tim McGraw '' `` Picture to Burn '' `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' `` Should 've Said No '' `` Our Song '' Fearless `` Fearless '' `` Fifteen '' `` Love Story '' `` White Horse '' `` You Belong with Me '' `` Breathe '' `` You 're Not Sorry '' `` Forever & Always '' `` Change '' Speak Now `` Mine '' `` Sparks Fly '' `` Back to December '' `` Speak Now '' `` Mean '' `` The Story of Us '' `` Innocent '' `` Ours '' Red `` State of Grace '' `` Red '' `` I Knew You Were Trouble '' `` All Too Well '' `` 22 '' `` We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together '' `` The Last Time '' `` Everything Has Changed '' `` Begin Again '' `` Welcome to New York '' `` Blank Space '' `` Style '' `` Out of the Woods '' `` Shake It Off '' `` Bad Blood '' `` Wildest Dreams '' `` Wonderland '' `` New Romantics '' Reputation `` ... Ready for It ? '' `` Look What You Made Me Do '' Collaborations `` Two Is Better Than One '' `` Half of My Heart '' `` Both of Us '' `` Highway Do n't Care '' Other songs `` Crazier '' `` Today Was a Fairytale '' `` Safe & Sound '' `` Long Live '' `` Eyes Open '' `` Ronan '' `` Sweeter Than Fiction '' `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' `` You 'll Always Find Your Way Back Home '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Look_What_You_Made_Me_Do&oldid=805006160 '' Categories : 2017 singles 2017 songs Big Machine Records singles Dance - pop songs Music videos directed by Joseph Kahn Song recordings produced by Jack Antonoff Songs written by Jack Antonoff Songs written by Taylor Swift Taylor Swift songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Songs about betrayal Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 errors : dates CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use mdy dates from September 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Hungarystream Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 13 : 24 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look%20What%20You%20Made%20Me%20Do
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when is the great british bake off recorded
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The Great British Bake Off
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the great british bake off
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The Great British Bake Off , often referred to as Bake Off or GBBO , is a British television baking competition produced by Love Productions , in which a group of amateur bakers compete against each other in a series of rounds , attempting to impress a group of judges with their baking skills , with a contestant being eliminated in each round , with the winner being selected from the remaining contestants that make it to the finals . The show 's first episode was aired on 17 August 2010 , with its first four series broadcast on BBC Two , until its growing popularity led the BBC to move it to BBC One for the next three series . After its seventh series , Love Productions signed a three - year deal with Channel 4 to produce the show for the broadcaster . The programme is currently presented by Noel Fielding and Sandi Toksvig , with Paul Hollywood and Prue Leith on the judging panel .
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The show has become a significant part of British culture and is credited with reinvigorating interest in baking throughout the United Kingdom , with many of its participants , including winners , having gone on to start a career based on bakery , while the BAFTA award - winning programme has spawned a number of specials and spin - off shows -- a celebrity charity series in aid of Sport Relief or Comic Relief ; Junior Bake Off for young children ( broadcast on the CBBC channel ) ; after - show series An Extra Slice ; and Bake Off : Crème de la Crème for teams of professional pastry chefs . The show 's format was used as the basis for two BBC Two series , The Great British Sewing Bee and The Great Pottery Throw Down , and , in addition to the show being shown in other countries ( in the United States and Canada , the show is referred to as The Great British Baking Show ) , the format has also been sold to many countries around the world where local versions of the show are produced . The show is also very popular in the United States , especially on Netflix . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 2 Series overview 2.1 Series 1 ( 2010 ) 2.2 Series 2 ( 2011 ) 2.3 Series 3 ( 2012 ) 2.4 Series 4 ( 2013 ) 2.5 Series 5 ( 2014 ) 2.6 Series 6 ( 2015 ) 2.7 Series 7 ( 2016 ) 2.8 Series 8 ( 2017 ) 3 Incomplete bakes and other incidents 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Cultural impact 4.3 TV ratings 5 Controversies 5.1 Product placement sanction 5.2 Favouritism 5.3 Baked Alaska controversy ( `` Bingate '' ) 5.4 Use of innuendo 5.5 Clones , legal challenges and move to Channel 4 6 Awards and nominations 7 International broadcast and versions 7.1 International versions 8 The Great Sport Relief Bake Off 8.1 Series 1 ( 2012 ) 8.2 Series 2 ( 2014 ) 8.3 Series 3 ( 2016 ) 9 The Great Comic Relief Bake Off 9.1 Series 1 ( 2013 ) 9.2 Series 2 ( 2015 ) 10 References 11 External links Format ( edit ) The programme operates on a weekly elimination process to find the best all - around baker from the contestants , who are all amateurs . The applicants to the show are assessed by a researcher , followed by an audition in London with two of their bakes . They then undergo a screen test and an interview with a producer . A second audition involves the applicants baking two recipes for the judges in front of the cameras . Ten contestants were chosen for the first series , twelve for the following two series , thirteen for the fourth , and back to twelve from series five onwards . In each episode , the amateur bakers are given three challenges : a signature bake , a technical challenge , and a show - stopper . The three challenges take place over two days , and the filming takes up to 16 hours a day . The contestants are assessed by the judges who then choose a `` Star Baker '' for the week ( introduced in series 2 ) , and a contestant is also eliminated . In the final round , three bakers are left and a winner is chosen from the three . Signature Challenge This challenge is for the amateur bakers to show off their tried - and - tested recipes for bakes they might make for their friends and family . Technical Challenge This challenge requires enough technical knowledge and experience to produce a certain finished product when given only limited -- or even minimal -- instructions . The bakers are all given the same recipe and are not told beforehand what the challenge will be . The finished products are judged blind and ranked from worst to best . Showstopper Challenge This challenge is for the bakers to show off their skills and talent . The judges favour a bake that is both of a professional appearance but is also outstanding in taste . In the first series , the location of the cast and crew moves from town to town each week , but starting from the second series , the competition is held in one location in a specially constructed marquee . Interspersed in the programme are the background of the contestants as well as video vignettes on the history of baking . What each baker intends to bake during a particular challenge is illustrated using animated graphics . These graphics have been created by illustrator Tom Hovey since the show 's inception in 2010 . Series overview ( edit ) Series Episodes Premiere Finale Winner Runners - up Average UK viewers ( millions ) Timeslot Channel 6 17 August 2010 21 September 2010 Edd Kimber Miranda Gore Browne 2.77 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm BBC Two Ruth Clemens 8 14 August 2011 4 October 2011 Joanne Wheatley Holly Bell 4.00 Mary - Anne Boermans 10 14 August 2012 16 October 2012 John Whaite Brendan Lynch 5.00 James Morton 10 20 August 2013 22 October 2013 Frances Quinn Kimberley Wilson 7.35 Ruby Tandoh 5 10 6 August 2014 8 October 2014 Nancy Birtwhistle Luis Troyano 10.04 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm BBC One Richard Burr 6 10 5 August 2015 7 October 2015 Nadiya Hussain Ian Cumming 12.50 Tamal Ray 7 10 24 August 2016 26 October 2016 Candice Brown Andrew Smyth 13.85 Jane Beedle 8 10 29 August 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm Channel 4 Series 1 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Great British Bake Off ( series 1 ) Series 1 of The Great British Bake Off saw ten home bakers take part in a bake - off to test their baking skills as they battled to be crowned the Great British Bake Off 's best amateur baker . Each week the nationwide tour saw the bakers put through three challenges in a particular discipline . The rounds took place in various locations across the UK , with the final round being held at Fulham Palace , London . The three finalists were Ruth Clemens , Miranda Gore Browne , and Edd Kimber . On 21 September 2010 , Edd Kimber was crowned the best amateur baker . Series 2 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Great British Bake Off ( series 2 ) The number of amateur baker contestants increased to twelve for the second series . Unlike Series 1 , this year The Great British Bake Off stayed in one location -- Valentines Mansion , a 17th - century mansion house in Redbridge , London . All the Series 2 finalists were female : Holly Bell , Mary - Anne Boermans , and the winning contestant Joanne Wheatley . Series 3 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Great British Bake Off ( series 3 ) A third series of The Great British Bake Off began on 14 August 2012 . The series was filmed at Harptree Court in East Harptree , Somerset . In contrast to Season 2 , there was an all - male final . The finalists were Brendan Lynch , James Morton and John Whaite , who won the final in a surprise result . Series 4 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Great British Bake Off ( series 4 ) The fourth series of The Great British Bake Off started on 20 August 2013 on BBC Two . The series was again filmed at Harptree Court in East Harptree , Somerset . The all - female final was won by Frances Quinn , with Ruby Tandoh and Kimberley Wilson as runners up . Series 5 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Great British Bake Off ( series 5 ) The fifth series of The Great British Bake Off began airing on 6 August 2014 on BBC One . This series was filmed at Welford Park in Berkshire . There were twelve bakers taking part . Mary Berry and Paul Hollywood returned as judges , whilst Sue Perkins and Mel Giedroyc continued to present the series . Richard Burr was awarded the largest number of star baker designations of any series so far , but was beaten by Nancy Birtwhistle in the final . A spin - off show The Great British Bake Off : An Extra Slice , hosted by comedian Jo Brand on BBC Two , was also launched as a companion series this year . Each episode was broadcast two days after the main show but later moved to the same night . The show includes interviews with eliminated contestants . Series 6 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Great British Bake Off ( series 6 ) The sixth series began on 5 August 2015 on BBC One , again from Welford Park in Berkshire . Spin - off show The Great British Bake Off : An Extra Slice returned for a second series , with Jo Brand as host . This series was won by Nadiya Hussain , with Ian Cumming and Tamal Ray as runners up . Series 7 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Great British Bake Off ( series 7 ) The seventh series began on 24 August 2016 on BBC One , once again from Welford Park in Berkshire , a later than usual start following the BBC 's coverage of the Olympic Games . This series was won by Candice Brown , with Jane Beedle and Andrew Smyth as runners up . Series 8 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Great British Bake Off ( series 8 ) The eighth series of The Great British Bake Off began airing on 29 August 2017 . This is the first series of The Great British Bake Off to be broadcast on Channel 4 following its move from the BBC . The series features new hosts Noel Fielding and Sandi Toksvig , and new judge Prue Leith along with returning judge Paul Hollywood . Incomplete bakes and other incidents ( edit ) As of the sixth series , there have been three incomplete bakes . In Series 2 , Robert Billington accidentally dropped his tiered showstopper while applying finishing touches to the cake . Both judges and presenters came to his aid to salvage the bottom tier of his cake . He was able to present the incomplete showstopper as a single - tiered cake . In Series 3 , John Whaite was unable to complete his bake after he suffered a severe cut to his finger on the food processor . He tried to continue working on his strudel wearing a rubber glove , but the bleeding required medical attention and he therefore had to abandon the last bake . As a result , no one was eliminated that week . In Series 4 , contestant Deborah accidentally used Howard 's custard instead of her own . As a result , Howard was forced to use Deborah 's custard , and this was taken into account by the judges . In Series 5 , during the Baked Alaska challenge , Iain Watters ' ice cream melted for reasons that were not entirely clear , although the editing of the show suggested that it had been caused by another contestant 's actions . He threw his ice cream into the bin in frustration and left the tent . He returned shortly after , and as he had no cake for judging ( he produced his bin instead , and the incident was labelled `` bingate '' ) , he was eliminated from the competition . The event that led to his departure provoked some anger from the viewers . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The early reviews for the first series were mixed . Lucy Mangan of The Guardian wondered if `` competitive baking ( is ) a contradiction in terms '' and found the proceedings humourless . Iain Hollingshead of The Daily Telegraph was scathing , describing the presenters as `` annoying '' , the judge Paul Hollywood as looking `` sinister without being interesting '' , and that the audience would be so bored that they `` could certainly forgive the cameraman if he were to commit hara - kiri in a giant pool of egg and flour . '' However , reviews from the later series were more positive . Andrew Collins of The Guardian called it `` the nicest show on television '' and judged it the best TV programme of 2012 . Rachel Ward of The Daily Telegraph thought the programme `` had just the right consistency of mouth - watering morsels , good humour , and fascinating history '' , while Tom Sutcliffe of The Independent considered the contest `` perfectly baked '' . Bake Off was moved to Channel 4 in 2017 , and reviews of the programme on the channel were largely positive , although a few felt that it did not compare well to the BBC version . Mark Lawson of The Guardian described the programme on Channel 4 as `` both exactly the same but also just subtly different enough '' , and that `` only someone desperate to dislike the re-plated show could argued that ( it ) has soured , spoiled or binned its recipe '' . Michael Hogan of The Telegraph thought that while `` Mary , Mel and Sue might be gone but the show 's recipe remains as winning as ever . The four Cs -- chemistry , camaraderie , comedy , cakes -- were all present and correct . '' Anna Leszkiewicz of the New Statesman however considered that while the format had been left largely unchanged and the contestants `` irresistibly likeable '' , `` every single change to the show has been for the worse '' . Cultural impact ( edit ) The show has become a significant part of British culture and is credited with spurring an interest in home baking , with supermarkets and department stores in the UK reporting sharp rises in sales of baking ingredients and accessories . It was also credited with reviving the Women 's Institute , whose membership reached its highest level since the 1970s . The show also boosted the sales of bakery books and the number of baking clubs , and independent bakeries also showed an increase . According to one analyst , more than three fifths of adults have baked at home at least once in 2013 compared with only a third in 2011 . TV ratings ( edit ) The first series of The Great British Bake Off premiered in August 2010 with moderate ratings of just over 2 million viewers for its first episode . This was enough to place it in BBC Two 's top ten for that week , and over the series the audience grew to over three million , with the semi-final and final both achieving first place in BBC Two 's weekly ratings . During the second series , the ratings gradually increased , and it became a surprise hit with nearly 4 million watching each episode . Week two was the last time that the show was out - rated by another BBC Two programme in the same week ( it came second to the drama Page Eight ) ; from then until the show 's move to BBC One , every competition episode would be the channel 's number one rated programme of the week . By its final episode it had averaged 4.56 million viewers , peaking at 5.1 million in its last 15 minutes . The ratings continued to strengthen in the third series , and the show began to beat its competition in its timeslot . The final of the series where John Whaite was crowned the winner saw its highest rating yet , with an average of 6.5 million viewers that peaked at 7.2 million , which made it the second highest - rated BBC Two - originated show after Top Gear since at least 2006 . The fourth series achieved some of the highest ratings seen on BBC Two . The viewer count for its premiere episode was more than two million higher than that of the previous series , while the final episode was seen by 9.1 million viewers at its peak , more than twice the number of viewers on BBC One and ITV . The final episode is the most - watched show on BBC Two since the present ratings system was introduced in 2002 , beating the previous record set by Top Gear . As a result of its high ratings , the show was moved to BBC One . After its move to BBC One , the opening episode was watched by over 7 million viewers according to overnight figures , beating the figure of 5.6 million for the opening episode of the previous year . A `` sabotage '' controversy surrounding episode four helped the show gain its biggest ever audience of 10.3 million viewers , with 2 million people who watched it on BBC iPlayer . The final of the show gained an overnight viewing figure of 12.29 million , then the highest viewing figure of the year for a non-sporting event on UK TV . In the following year , the top ten ratings for 2015 was also dominated by The Great British Bake Off , with seven of the year 's ten most - watched television programmes being episodes of the show , topped by the final episode with 15.05 million viewers . In the last series on the BBC in 2016 , nine of the top ten most - watched programmes of the year were episodes of the show , with 16.03 million viewers watching the finale . The first series broadcast by Channel 4 opened with average viewing figures of 5.8 million , rising to 6.5 million to include those watching on Channel 4 + 1 . Although this was the lowest figure for an opening episode since 2013 , it was Channel 4 's biggest overnight audience since the Opening Ceremony of the 2012 Paralympics . The 7 - day rating for the episode was 9.46 million . Controversies ( edit ) Product placement sanction ( edit ) In September 2012 , production company Love Productions was sanctioned by the BBC for product placement of Smeg fridges . The issue came to light after a viewer wrote to the Radio Times complaining of `` blatant product promotion '' . After an investigation , the BBC said Love Production 's loan agreement with Smeg did not meet editorial guidelines and was being revised for the third series , and that appropriate retrospective hire payments would be made . The BBC asked Smeg to remove a notice from its website promoting its association with the show , which it has since done . Favouritism ( edit ) During the fourth series , there were accusations of favouritism towards female contestants after the last man Glenn Cosby was eliminated from the show ; however , similar claims were not made the previous year over the all - male final , or even the year before , when there was also an all - female quarter - final . The fourth series also suffered allegations of Paul Hollywood 's favouritism towards Ruby Tandoh , and personal attacks on Tandoh by various people including the chef Raymond Blanc . Both Paul Hollywood and Ruby Tandoh denied the accusation . Baked Alaska controversy ( `` bingate '' ) ( edit ) In the fourth episode of the fifth series , there was controversy around the elimination of contestant Iain Watters . During the final showstopper round contestants were tasked with producing a Baked Alaska . Iain 's ice cream was shown as having not set and in a show of frustration he threw his bake in the bin . The editing of the show suggested that another contestant , Diana Beard , had caused the failure by removing the ice cream from a freezer , and the perceived `` sabotage '' resulted in a furore on social media networks . However , unseen footage broadcast in the accompanying programme An Extra Slice shows Luis holding the large floor freezer that contained Iain 's ice cream open as he piped the sides of his own baked Alaska , while Mel warns him to pipe quickly and close the freezer . Later in the episode , when Iain removes his ice cream to begin the next step of his dish , it is still quite soft , indicating it went into the freezer he shared with Diana without being completely frozen . Various members of the cast posted comments in support of Diana and a BBC spokesman later issued a statement that `` Diana removing Iain 's ice cream from the freezer for less than a minute was in no way responsible for Iain 's departure . '' More than 800 complaints were lodged with the BBC over the incident and some also complained to the communication watchdog Ofcom . Use of innuendo ( edit ) A number of viewers complained to the BBC feedback show Points of View in the fifth series about the `` constant smutty remarks '' from the presenters Mel and Sue . This series was seen as having more innuendos than previous ones ; some reviewers noted the `` extra pinch of saucy spice '' and `` the increasingly filthy - minded hosts Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins '' , while the Daily Mail argued that the `` smutty '' innuendos made the show no longer fit for family entertainment . The series 3 winner John Whaite however argued that innuendo is part of what made the show a success , whilst judge Paul Hollywood described the innuendos as banter in the spirit of the Carry On films and is a part of British culture , a view shared by others . Clones , legal challenges and move to Channel 4 ( edit ) The success of The Great British Bake Off led to the BBC commissioning many other series closely following the format from Love Productions for example The Great British Sewing Bee and The Great Pottery Throw Down . However the 2014 series Hair using the same format was produced in house by the BBC , Love Productions responded by making preparations to sue the BBC for infringing their copyright . Although the matter was kept quiet , with the BBC settling out of court and compensating Love Productions , the matter soured relations between the BBC and Love Productions . In September 2016 , it was announced that the BBC had lost the broadcast rights of the show to Channel 4 . Channel 4 offered £ 25 million for the show outbidding the £ 15 million offered by the BBC . In January 2017 the BBC waived its rights to keep the program off the air until 2018 , and wished the programme `` well for the future '' . Awards and nominations ( edit ) The Great British Bake Off was nominated for a Rose d'Or in the Lifestyle section of the 2012 competition and won . The programme has been nominated a number of times in various categories for the BAFTA awards and won in 2012 , 2013 , and 2016 . It also won two 2015 National Television Award for Skills Challenge Show . Year Award Recipient Results Ref . 2012 Rose d'Or Lifestyle The Great British Bake Off Won BAFTA TV Awards Features Anna Beattie , Andy Devonshire , Simon Evans , Richard McKerrow Won YouTube Audience Award The Great British Bake Off Nominated 2013 Features Anna Beattie , Kieran Smith , Amanda Westwood , Scott Tankard Won Radio Times Audience Award The Great British Bake Off Nominated National Television Award Factual Entertainment Nominated 2014 BAFTA TV Awards Features Anna Beattie , Amanda Westwood , Samantha Beddoes , Simon Evans Nominated National Television Award Factual Entertainment The Great British Bake Off Nominated 2015 BAFTA TV Awards Features Anna Beattie , Samantha Beddoes , Andy Devonshire , Simon Evans Nominated Radio Times Audience Award The Great British Bake Off Nominated National Television Award Skills Challenge Show Won 2016 National Television Award Challenge Show Won BAFTA Features The Great British Bake Off production team Won Radio Times audience award The Great British Bake Off Nominated 2017 National Television Award Challenge Show The Great British Bake Off Nominated TV judge Mary Berry Won BAFTA Features The Great British Bake Off production team Nominated International broadcast and versions ( edit ) The UK version of The Great British Bake Off is broadcast in many countries and it has been sold to 196 territories as of 2015 . The format has also been sold to 20 territories by 2015 , making it the third most successful BBC format after Dancing with the Stars ( Strictly Come Dancing ) and The Weakest Link . Many of these shows have been successful . The Junior Bake Off format has also been sold to Thailand . Beginning in 2014 , the US broadcaster PBS has aired several series of the show under the name The Great British Baking Show . The change of name was necessary due to the fact that `` Bake - Off '' is a registered trademark of Pillsbury in the United States . The fifth series was broadcast as Season 1 in Winter 2014 -- 2015 ; the fourth series was then broadcast as Season 2 in Fall 2015 , and the sixth series was broadcast as Season 3 in Summer 2016 . The CBC began broadcasting The Great British Bake Off in Canada in August 2017 , starting with the seventh series and also with the Great British Baking Show title . International versions ( edit ) Current and upcoming versions include : Legend : Airing or in production No longer airing Country Local title Host ( s ) Judges Channel Premiere Australia The Great Australian Bake Off Shane Jacobson Anna Gare Dan Lepard Kerry Vincent Nine Network 9 July 2013 Claire Hooper Mel Buttle Maggie Beer Matt Moran LifeStyle Food 13 October 2015 Belgium De MeesterBakker ( The Master Baker ) Rani De Coninck Sofie Dumont Bernard Proot vtm 4 April 2012 Brazil Bake Off Brasil Carolina Fiorentino ( 2017 -- ) Ticiana Villas Boas ( 2015 -- 16 ) Fabrizio Fasano Jr . Beca Milano ( 2017 -- ) Carolina Fiorentino ( 2015 -- 16 ) SBT 26 July 2015 Bulgaria Bake Off : Най - сладкото състезание ( Bake Off : The Sweetest Competition ) Aleksandra Raeva Raffi Bohosyan Julia Pandzherova Yuri Baltaliyski Nova TV 15 November 2016 Canada The Great Canadian Baking Show Daniel Levy Julia Chan Bruno Feldeisen Rochelle Adonis CBC 1 November 2017 Denmark Den Store Bagedyst ( The Great Baking Contest ) Timm Vladimir Mette Blomsterberg Jan Friis - Mikkelsen DR1 28 August 2012 Estonia Eesti parim pagar Kristjan Rabi ( 2015 ) Indrek Vaheoja ( 2015 ) Alari Kivisaar Angeelika Kang Ants Uustalu TV3 31 August 2015 Finland Koko Suomi leipoo ( The whole of Finland bakes ) Anne Kukkohovi Mika Parviainen Sami Granroth MTV3 24 September 2013 France Le Meilleur Pâtissier ( The Best Baker ) Faustine Bollaert Cyril Lignac Jacqueline Mercorelli M6 RTL - TVI ( Belgium ) 26 November 2012 Germany Das große Backen ( The great Bake ) Britt Hagedorn ( 2013 ) Meltem Kaptan ( 2013 ) Enie van de Meiklokjes ( 2014 - 2016 ) Annika Lau ( 2017 ) Christian Hümbs Enie van de Meiklokjes ( 2013 ) Andrea Schirmaier - Huber ( 2013 - 2014 ) Betty Schliephake - Burchardt ( 2015 - 2017 ) Sat. 1 1 December 2013 Ireland The Great Irish Bake Off Anna Nolan Biddy White Lennon Paul Kelly TV3 19 September 2013 Italy Bake Off Italia - Dolci in forno ( Bake Off Italy -- Sweets in the oven ) Benedetta Parodi Ernst Knam Clelia d'Onofrio Real Time November 2013 Israel בייק אוף ישראל ( Bake Off Israel ) Paula Rosenberg Aya Kremerman Ran Shmueli Oded Brenner Carine Goren Channel 2 9 April 2016 Netherlands Heel Holland Bakt ( All of Holland bakes ) Martine Bijl ( 2013 -- 15 ) André van Duin ( 2016 -- present ) Robèrt van Beckhoven Janny van der Heijden MAX ( NPO 1 ) 5 June 2013 Norway Hele Norge Baker ( All of Norway Bakes ) Line Verndal Pascal Dupuy Øyvind Lofthus TV3 10 March 2013 Poland Bake Off -- Ale Ciacho ! ( Bake Off -- What A Cake ! ) Anna Gacek Paulina Mikuła Krzysztof Ilnicki Gosia Molska TVP2 5 September 2016 Portugal Best Bakery -- A Melhor Pastelaria de Portugal ( Best Bakery -- The Best Pastry in Portugal ) Ana Guiomar Luca Arguelles Telmo Moutinho SIC 3 October 2016 Romania Bake Off Romania Nicolle Stanese Alex Stan Simona Pope Tudor Constantinescu Pro TV 29 February 2016 South Africa The Great South African Bake Off Anne Hirsch Lentswe Bhengu Shirley Guy Tjaart Walraven BBC Lifestyle 8 October 2015 Sweden Hela Sverige bakar ( All of Sweden Bakes ) Tilde de Paula Johan Sörberg Birgitta Rasmussen TV4 ( Sjuan ) 20 September 2012 Hela kändis - Sverige bakar ( Celebrity All of Sweden Bakes ) 11 November 2014 Turkey Ver Fırına Burcu Esmersoy Arda Türkmen Emel Başdoğan TV8 20 October 2014 Ukraine Великий пекарський турнір ( Great Bakers Tournament ) Yuri Gorbunov Serge Markovic Catherine Ahronik Olga Ganushchak 1 + 1 1 September 2013 United States The American Baking Competition Jeff Foxworthy Marcela Valladolid Paul Hollywood CBS 29 May 2013 United States The Great American Baking Show ( formerly called The Great Holiday Baking Show ) Nia Vardalos Ian Gomez Mary Berry Johnny Iuzzini ABC 30 November 2015 ( as The Great Holiday Baking Show ) The Great Sport Relief Bake Off ( edit ) The Great Sport Relief Bake Off Genre Cooking Baking Presented by Mel Giedroyc Jennifer Saunders ( 2016 ) Ed Byrne ( 2014 , 2016 ) Sarah Millican ( 2016 ) Sue Perkins ( 2014 ) Jo Brand ( 2014 ) Omid Djalili ( 2014 ) Judges Mary Berry Paul Hollywood Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 12 Production Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Love Productions Release Original network BBC Two ( 2012 -- 2013 ) BBC One ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Picture format 16 : 9 Original release 10 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 10 ) -- 23 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 23 ) Website thegreatbritishbakeoff.co.uk Episode viewing figures from BARB . Series 1 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Finalist Winner Episode No . Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers ( millions ) Traybake Wholemeal Cheese Scones Meringue Dessert Angela Griffin 10 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 10 ) 3.52 James Wong Joe Swift Sarah Hadland Savoury Flan Banana & Chocolate Chip Loaves Layered Cake Arlene Phillips 11 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 11 ) 2.79 Fi Glover Gus Casely - Hayford Saira Khan Classic Crumble Coffee & Walnut Cake 24 Miniature Tarts Alex Deakin 12 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 12 ) 2.56 Alex Langlands Anita Rani Pearl Lowe Trio of Baked Biscuits 6 Sausage Rolls Covered Tiered Occasion Cake Angela Griffin 13 January 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 13 ) 3.43 Anita Rani Fi Glover Series 2 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Star Baker Episode No . Guest host Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers ( millions ) Sue Perkins 12 Sandwich Biscuits Tarte Tatin 3D Novelty Cake Bonnie Wright 13 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) 4.37 Johnny Vaughan Michael Vaughan Samantha Bond Jo Brand 12 Gingerbread Biscuits Banoffee Pie Chocolate Cake Greg Rutherford 14 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 14 ) 5.07 Jane Horrocks Jason Gardiner Kirsty Young Omid Djalili Traybake Iced Ring Dougnuts Layered Cakes Emma Freud 15 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) 5.02 Jamelia Michael Ball Victoria Pendleton Ed Byrne Pizzas Eccles Cakes Tiered Cakes Alistair McGowan 16 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 16 ) 4.94 Doon Mackichan Helen Skelton Rochelle Humes Series 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Star Baker Episode No . Guest host Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers ( millions ) Mel Giedroyc Canapés Paris -- Brest Trophy Cake David James 27 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 27 ) 6.03 Jason Manford Maddy Hill Samantha Cameron Jennifer Saunders American Muffins Football Pie Tiered Cake Chris Kamara 3 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 03 ) 7.44 Ed Balls Kimberley Walsh Victoria Coren Mitchell Ed Byrne Savoury tarts Chocolate and Beetroot Tray Bake 3D Biscuits Geri Horner 17 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) 7.12 Jermaine Jenas John Simpson Louise Redknapp Sarah Millican Open - top Pie Salmon Roulade Cupcakes Ade Edmondson 24 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 24 ) 6.74 Alison Steadman Morgana Robinson Will Young The Great Comic Relief Bake Off ( edit ) The Great Comic Relief Bake Off Genre Cooking Baking Presented by Mel Giedroyc ( 2013 , 2015 ) Sue Perkins ( 2015 ) Jo Brand ( 2015 ) Ed Byrne ( 2015 ) Judges Mary Berry Paul Hollywood Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 8 Production Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Love Productions Release Original network BBC Two ( 2013 ) BBC One ( 2015 ) Picture format 16 : 9 Original release 21 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 21 ) -- 4 March 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 04 ) Website thegreatbritishbakeoff.co.uk Series 1 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Star Baker Episode No . Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers ( millions ) Shortbread Custard Slices Portrait Cake Jo Brand 21 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 21 ) 4.17 Stephen K. Amos Lorna Watson Ingrid Oliver Iced Biscuits Bakewell Tart Gateaux Warwick Davis 22 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 22 ) 4.44 Duncan Bannatyne Simon Reeve Andy Akinwolere Scones Chocolate Eclairs Novelty Cake Ellie Simmonds 23 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 23 ) 4.34 Kirsty Wark Julia Bradbury Bob Mortimer Chocolate Biscuits Lemon Meringue Pie Comic Relief Birthday Cake Claudia Winkleman 24 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 24 ) 4.39 Ed Byrne Martha Kearney Helen Glover Series 2 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Star Baker Episode No . Guest host Signature Challenge Technical Challenge Showstopper Challenge Contestants Airdate Viewers ( millions ) Sue Perkins Giant Cookie or Biscuit 12 Mini Fruit Tarts Tiered Chocolate Cake Dame Edna Everage 11 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 11 ) 7.75 Joanna Lumley Jennifer Saunders Lulu Mel Giedroyc 24 cupcakes 20 profiteroles Marble `` Building '' Cake Jonathan Ross 18 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) 8.39 Zoe Sugg Gok Wan Abbey Clancy Jo Brand 24 Shortbread 6 Mini Pork Pies Triple - tiered Pavlova Sarah Brown 25 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 25 ) 7.92 David Mitchell Michael Sheen Jameela Jamil Ed Byrne Tray Bake 12 Crumpets Vegetable Self Portrait Cake Alexa Chung 4 March 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 04 ) 8.21 Victoria Wood Chris Moyles Kayvan Novak References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Halls , Andy ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` Great British Bake Off to move from BBC to Channel 4 after ' exhaustive ' talks break down '' . The Sun . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Foster , Patrick ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` BBC loses Great British Bake Off , as Channel 4 swoops for corporation 's biggest show '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( 17 March 2017 ) . `` Great British Bake Off 2017 : Noel Fielding to co-host the new Channel 4 series '' . The Independent . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Saffron Alexander ( 29 March 2016 ) . `` Everything you need to know about Bake Off : Creme de la Creme '' . The Daily Telegraph . ^ Jump up to : Sarah Stephens ( 14 August 2012 ) . `` Behind the scenes at the Great British Bake - Off '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Liv Siddall ( 1 November 2013 ) . `` Illustration : We interview the artist behind the Great British Bake Off , Tom Hovey '' . It 's Nice That . Jump up ^ `` Tom Hovey '' . Jump up ^ Rachel Moss ( 15 October 2013 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off moves to BBC1 '' . Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Stephen Price ( 22 January 2015 ) . `` BBC1 rises to the challenge '' . Broadcast . ^ Jump up to : `` Great British Bake Off : BBC moves rival cooking show in scheduling spat '' . BBC News . 16 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off : BBC moves rival cooking show in scheduling spat '' . BBC News . 16 August 2017 . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarah Rainey ( 9 December 2011 ) . `` Edd Kimber : the great British baker '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Liz Thomas ( 5 October 2011 ) . `` Young grandmother who honed cooking skills making cakes for sons crowned Great British Bake - Off winner '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ `` Food on BBC Two '' . 26 April 2012 Jump up ^ Emily Hill ( 13 October 2012 ) . `` The fabulous Bake Off boys ... as definitely NOT seen on TV ! '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Vicky Frost ( 16 October 2012 ) . `` Great British Bake Off : John Whaite is surprise winner '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Bake off is back in August '' . Paul Hollywood ( Twitter ) . 22 April 2013 . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` It 's easy as pie for Frances ! Viewers ' shock as outsider whisks her way to Bake Off victory with a rainbow picnic pie and wedding cake inspired by Shakespeare '' . dailymail.co.uk. 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off 2014 : 10 things you need to know '' . The Telegraph . 6 August 2014 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Patrick Munn ( 23 July 2014 ) . `` BBC Two Orders ' Great British Bake Off ' Companion Series Fronted By Jo Brand '' . TV Wise . Jump up ^ `` When is The Great British Bake Off on ? '' . Telegraph . 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The genius of The Great British Bake Off '' . Guardian . 7 October 2015 . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Great British Bake Off 2016 start date : BBC One show delayed thanks to the Rio Olympics '' . The Independent . 5 August 2016 . Retrieved 6 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Sillito , David ( 13 September 2016 ) . `` Why did The Great British Bake Off move to Channel 4 ? '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Alasdair Glennie ( 20 September 2012 ) . `` Bloodbath at the Bake Off ! Star of BBC2 show slices his finger during strudel round '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Stephanie Weaver ( 4 September 2013 ) . `` Deborah 's desserts fail to impress on Great British Bake Off '' . Northamptonshire Telegraph . Jump up ^ Hannah Ellis - Petersen ( 28 August 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off : Iain Watters speaks out as Diana Beard quits '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Lucy Mangan ( 18 August 2010 ) . `` TV review : The Great British Bake - Off , The Making of King Arthur and Ideal '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Iain Hollingshead ( 18 August 2010 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off , BBC Two , review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Andrew Collins ( 24 August 2012 ) . `` The Week in TV : The Great British Bake - Off , Red or Black ? and The Last Weekend -- video '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Andrew Collins ( 17 December 2012 ) . `` Why The Great British Bake Off is the best TV programme of 2012 -- video '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Rachel Ward ( 17 August 2011 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off , BBC Two , review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Tom Sutcliffe ( 17 October 2012 ) . `` Last Night : The Great British Bake Off , BBC2 '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( 22 August 2017 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off review round - up : Critics praise Channel 4 show and Noel Fielding '' . The Independent . ^ Jump up to : Leszkiewicz , Anna ( 29 August 2017 ) . `` Despite glowing reviews , The Great British Bake Off is definitely worse '' . New Statesman . Jump up ^ Harrison , Phil ( 26 August 2017 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off : could do with a bit more time in the oven '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Lawson , Mark ( 22 August 2017 ) . `` Bake Off first - look review -- exceedingly good , despite switch to Channel 4 '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Hogan , Michael ( 30 August 2017 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off , review : in its new home , episode 1 rose to the challenge '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Roya Nikkhah ( 9 September 2012 ) . `` Great British Bake Off sees sales of baking goods soar '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Liz Thomas ( 6 October 2011 ) . `` Warning , may contain nuts ! Great British Bake Off viewers shocked by ' explicit ' image of male squirrel '' . Mail Online . Jump up ^ Laura Cox ( 9 February 2013 ) . `` The Mary Berry effect : How the Great British Bake Off revived the Women 's Institute '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Sarah Rainey ( 12 October 2013 ) . `` How the Great British Bake Off changed Britain '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ John Plunkett ( 18 August 2010 ) . `` TV ratings : 2 m like the taste of The Great British Bake Off '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Vicky Frost ( 3 October 2011 ) , `` The Great British Bake Off gives BBC ratings a big rise '' , The Guardian Jump up ^ John Plunkett ( 5 October 2011 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off final leaves sweet taste for 5 m viewers '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Jason Deans ( 10 October 2012 ) . `` Great British Bake Off beats Holby City with best - ever ratings '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Seven million watch The Great British Bake Off '' . The Daily Telegraph . 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Jake Kanter ( 17 October 2012 ) . `` Great British Bake Off finale peaks with 7.2 m '' . Broadcast . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off is a ratings hit on its return '' . BBC . 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ John Plunkett ( 23 October 2013 ) . `` Great British Bake Off final : 9 m watch Frances Quinn win '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Georg Szalai . `` BBC 's ' Great British Bake Off ' Ends Series 4 With Record Ratings '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` ' Great British Bake Off ' moving to BBC One for series five '' . Digital Spy. 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ John Plunkett ( 7 August 2014 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off opener beats last year 's ratings '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Nicola Methven ( 5 September 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off draws highest ever ratings as 10.3 million viewers tune in '' . Mirror . Jump up ^ Ben Lee ( 9 October 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off final is most - watched non-sporting TV event of year '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ Patrick Foster ( 17 December 2015 ) . `` Great British Bake Off dominates list of most - watched shows of 2015 '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Foster , Patrick ( 21 December 2016 ) . `` Great British Bake Off hands BBC clean sweep of top 10 most - viewed shows of 2016 -- but how will the corporation cope next year ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Bake Off is ratings success for Channel 4 '' . BBC News . 30 August 2017 . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.barb.co.uk/viewing-data/weekly-top-30/ Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off breaks BBC branding rules '' . BBC News . 4 September 2012 . Retrieved 4 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Exceedingly Good Great British Bake Off Facts '' . Heart Britain . 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Alasdair Glennie and Laura Cox ( 2 October 2013 ) . `` The Great British Bloke Off ! Show accused of favouritism towards female contestants after last man left is eliminated '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Emma Lowe ( 28 September 2013 ) . `` Is Paul sweet on Bake Off model Ruby ? Viewers suggest that TV host , 47 , is flirting on screen with 21 - year - old contestant '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ `` Paul Hollywood shocks Bake Off fans by setting them straight on train '' . What 's on TV . 9 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Liam O'Brien ( 21 October 2013 ) . `` Raymond Blanc rows with Great British Bake Off 's Ruby Tandoh on Twitter '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Ruby Tandoh ( 22 October 2013 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off : why did our show attract so much vitriol ? '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Sarah Ditum ( 21 October 2013 ) . `` The Great British Bake - Off : Ruby Tandoh does n't deserve this hostility '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Daisy Wyatt ( 15 October 2013 ) . `` Paul Hollywood denies favouring Great British Bake Off 's Ruby Tandoh : ' I think Kimberley 's far prettier ' '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Carl Greenwood ( 14 October 2013 ) . `` Great British Bake Off beauty Ruby Tandoh definitely does NOT fancy silver fox Paul Hollywood '' . Daily Mirror . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off rocked by Baked Alaska ' sabotage ' scandal '' . independent.co.uk. 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off : Paul Hollywood and Sue Perkins speak out on ' bingate ' '' . guardian.com. 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off 2014 : BBC receives over 500 ' bingate ' complaints while # justiceforiain dominates Twitter '' . metro.co.uk. 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Jason Deans ( 29 August 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off : Ofcom rules out investigation despite complaints '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Jess Denham ( 24 September 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off 2014 : Viewers complain about ' smutty ' innuendos '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Matilda Battersby ( 8 October 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off innuendos : we pick our favourites '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Andy McFarlane ( 7 August 2014 ) . `` Boris Johnson 's ' Commons comeback ' , Bake Off ' smut ' and who is James Corden ? '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Andrew Billen ( 7 August 2014 ) . `` TV Review : The Great British Bake Off '' . Jump up ^ Peter Dyke ( 27 May 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off : Turning up the heat -- new series promises to be smuttiest yet '' . The Daily Star . Jump up ^ Jeanette Kupfermann ( 24 September 2014 ) . `` Smut : The ingredient that 's made Bake Off a turn - off . JEANETTE KUPFERMANN says the hit show is no longer family entertainment '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ John Whaite ( 23 September 2014 ) , `` Soggy bottoms and hot buns : why the Bake Off thrives on innuendo '' , The Daily Telegraph Jump up ^ Anita Singh ( 6 October 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off smut ? It 's just a bit of banter , says Paul Hollywood '' . Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Martin Rowson ( 8 October 2014 ) . `` Why the Great British Bake Off needs a sprinkling of smut '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Harry Mount ( 6 October 2014 ) . `` Great British Bake Off smut : Ooh , Matron ! Why innuendo comes so easily for the British '' . The Daily Telegraph . ^ Jump up to : Kanter , Jeff ( 14 September 2016 ) . `` How a secret legal dispute damaged the BBC 's effort to keep ' Great British Bake Off ' '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Addley , Esther ( 14 September 2017 ) . `` ' Three years of bad blood ' : how the Bake Off producers and the BBC fell out of love '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ellis - Peterson , Hannah ; Conlan , Tara ; Martinson , Jane ( 13 September 2016 ) . `` Great British Bake Off moves to Channel 4 as BBC negotiations collapse over fee '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Rawlinson , Kevin ( 25 January 2017 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off to return to TV screens in 2017 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rose d'Or -- Wettbewerbskategorien '' . Rose d'Or . Archived from the original on 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Night Dinner and Charlie Brooker 's Black Mirror triumph at Rose d'Or Festival '' . Radio Times . 11 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` BAFTA Awards Search '' . BAFTA . Jump up ^ `` Arqiva British Academy Television Awards in 2013 Winners Announced '' . British Academy of Film and Television Art . Jump up ^ `` National Television Awards 2015 : full list of winners '' . The Daily Telegraph . 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Night Dinner and Charlie Brooker 's Black Mirror triumph at Rose d'Or Festival '' . Radio Times . 11 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Television Awards Winners Announced '' . British Academy of Film and Television Art . ^ Jump up to : `` Bafta Television Awards 2013 : full list of winners and nominees '' . Radio Times . Jump up ^ `` National TV Awards 2013 : The winners ' list in full '' . Digital Spy. 23 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bafta TV awards 2014 : Winners in full '' . BBC . 18 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Television Awards 2014 winners in full -- Ant & Dec , more '' . Digital Spy. 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Hannah Furness ( 10 May 2015 ) . `` BBC 's star shows are eclipsed at the Bafta Television awards 2015 '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Bafta TV awards 2015 : Winners in full '' . BBC . 10 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Winners '' . National Television Awards . ^ Jump up to : `` Bafta TV awards 2016 : full list of winners '' . Guardian . 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Amy ( 3 January 2017 ) . `` From The Great British Bake Off to EastEnders : Full list of nominations for National Television Awards 2017 '' . Metro . Jump up ^ Press Association ( 26 January 2017 ) . `` National Television Awards 2017 : Mary Berry triumphs and Casualty wins over Game of Thrones , plus full list of winners '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Bafta TV Awards 2017 : All the winners and nominees '' . BBC . 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ John Plunkett ( 28 July 2015 ) . `` Great British Bake Off : new contestants poised to serve up sixth series '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Tara Conlan ( 4 August 2015 ) . `` Great British Bake Off recipe has proved a sweet success for BBC Worldwide '' . Guardian . Jump up ^ Josie Ensor ( 3 February 2013 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off proves it has the recipe for success as show goes global '' . Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Mark Cook ( 12 October 2012 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off goes global : from Sweden to Australia the show is flourishing '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` BBC Worldwide sells very first Junior Bake Off format to Thailand '' . BBC . 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Kerry . `` Finally ! ' The Great British Bake Off ' Has Arrived in America '' . Yahoo ! Food . Retrieved 11 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Great British Baking Show : Season 1 Episodes -- PBS Food '' . 22 December 2014 . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Season 2 Episodes -- Great British Baking Show -- PBS Food '' . 17 August 2015 . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How to Watch The Great British Baking Show in Canada '' . CBC . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Europe whips up Bake Off adaptations '' . c21media.net. 29 February 2012 . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ David Knox ( 18 October 2012 ) . `` Shane Jacobson , Anna Gare to host The Great Australian Bake Off . '' . tvtonight.com.au . Jump up ^ Clive Whittingham ( 30 July 2012 ) . `` Bake Off rises in Poland , Oz '' . c21media.net . Jump up ^ Stewart Clarke ( 1 April 2015 ) . `` Bake Off hits Australia '' . TBI Vision . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Den Store Bagedyst '' . Jump up ^ `` Eesti parim pagar '' . Jump up ^ `` Koko Suomi leipoo '' . Jump up ^ Clive Whittingham ( 21 January 2013 ) . `` Netherlands , Finland set for Bake Off '' . c21media.net . Jump up ^ `` Le Meilleur Pâtissier ( M6 ) : Une émission gourmande avec Cyril Lignac -- news télé '' . Programme-tv.net . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC bosses sell The Great British Bake - Off 's smash - hit format to thirteen countries Mail Online '' . Dailymail.co.uk. 7 October 2013 . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Ed Waller ( 7 October 2012 ) . `` French Bake Off in the works '' . c21media.net . Jump up ^ `` The Great Irish Bake Off '' . Jump up ^ `` Paul Kelly to be judge on Great Irish Bake Off '' . Songway Films. 3 May 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bake Off Italia su Real Time : Benedetta Parodi giudice assieme a Ernst Knam e Clelia d'Onofrio '' . Realityshow.blogosfere.it. 8 October 2013 . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italy says ' Si ! ' to The Great Bake Off '' . BBC Media Centre . 8 April 2013 . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` British ' Bake Off ' brings sweet secrets to Israel '' . The Times of Israel . 6 April 2016 . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Heel Holland Bakt '' . Omroep MAX . Retrieved 10 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Andrew Laughlin ( January 2013 ) . `` ' Great British Bake Off ' serves up global hit for BBC '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ `` All Norway baker -- new concept on TV3 '' . TV3. 13 February 2013 . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norway cooks up Bake Off '' . 26 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Villa Perlesukker '' . Villaperlesukker.no. 13 August 2014 . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PROWADZĄCE '' . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` JURORZY '' . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bake Off -- Ale Ciacho ! '' . Jump up ^ `` Bake Off Romania incepe , in curand , la PROTV '' . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Bake Off `` , emisiunea culinara care a cucerit intreaga lume , vine la ProTV ! Gazda emisiunii va fi Nicolle Stanese '' . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Imagini din culisele Bake Off Romania ! Premiera , astazi , de la 20 : 30 , numai la ProTV '' . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Applications for Great South African Bake Off open '' . Northglen News . 23 April 2015 . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hela Sverige bakar '' . Jump up ^ `` Hela kändis - Sverige bakar '' . Jump up ^ `` Turkey set for Bake Off News '' . C21Media. 5 August 2011 . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ver Fırına '' . TV8. 20 October 2014 . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baking tournament will surprise the audience wonders of confectionary art 1 + 1 '' . ru.tsn.ua. 16 April 2013 . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Кастинги -- Великий пекарський турнір -- Кастинги '' . 1plus1.ua . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` British BBC format The Great Bake Off will be broadcast at Ukrainian TV channel 1 + 1 '' . Kiev Media Week . 22 February 2013 . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Josie Ensor ( 3 February 2013 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off proves it has the recipe for success as show goes global '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Baking Show '' . Jump up ^ Kate Goodacre ( 18 October 2012 ) . `` ' The Great British Bake Off ' to be remade for US audiences by CBS '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ Tim Surette ( 14 January 2013 ) . `` Premiere date info '' . tv.com . Jump up ^ Dehnart , Andy ( 8 August 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : ABC 's Baking Show will return with Mary Berry , and a new name '' . Relity Blurred . Jump up ^ Harry Fletcher . `` Mary Berry is remaking The Great British Bake Off in the US for ABC '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( 20 October 2015 ) . `` UK Reality Hit ' Great British Bake Off ' Getting Holiday - Themed Remake on ABC '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Jump up ^ `` Sport Relief Bake Off -- tonight 's photos '' . 15 January 2014 . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website `` The Great British Bake Off '' . BBC Programmes . `` The Great British Wedding Cake '' . BBC Programmes . `` The Great Sport Relief Bake Off '' . BBC Programmes . `` The Great Comic Relief Bake Off '' . BBC Programmes . The Great British Bake Off at UKGameshows.com The Great British Bake Off on IMDb The Great Sport Relief Bake Off on IMDb ( hide ) The Great British Bake Off Series 5 6 7 8 Winners Edd Kimber Joanne Wheatley John Whaite Frances Quinn Nancy Birtwhistle Nadiya Hussain Candice Brown Related topics List of Star Bakers Junior Bake Off The Great British Bake Off : An Extra Slice Bake Off : Crème de la Crème International versions The American Baking Competition The Great Australian Bake Off Bake Off Brasil The Great Canadian Baking Show Le Meilleur Pâtissier The Great Irish Bake Off Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_British_Bake_Off&oldid=804336478 '' Categories : 2010 British television programme debuts 2010s British reality television series BBC Television programmes British cooking television programmes Channel 4 television programmes English - language television programs The Great British Bake Off Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Use British English from September 2016 Use dmy dates from April 2017 BBC programme ID same as Wikidata BBC programme ID different from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Eesti Bahasa Indonesia Norsk Scots Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 09 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Great%20British%20Bake%20Off
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who is the winner of phir bhi dil hai hindustani 2018
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Dil Hai Hindustani ( season 2 )
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dil hai hindustani ( season 2 )
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The Second Season of singing reality show Dil Hai Hindustani premiered on 7 July 2018 . The show was broadcast on StarPlus and streams on Hotstar . The show was hosted by Mukti Mohan and Raghav Juyal . Sunidhi Chauhan , Badshah and Pritam are judges in the show . The show was produced by Ranjeet Thakur and Hemant Ruprell under Frames Production. The season was won by Akshay Dhawan .
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Contents 1 Top 4 Finalists 2 Top 6 3 Top 7 4 Top 8 5 Top 13 6 References Top 4 Finalists ( edit ) # Contestants Hometown Singing Category Notes Akshay Dhawan Ludhiana , Punjab Solo Winner The Mountain Souls Ft. Gaurdeep Group Runner - Up Saumya Sharma Vidisha , Madhya Pradesh Solo 2nd Runner - Up Radha Shrivastav Shrawasti , UP Duet 3rd Runner - Up Divyansh Jaipur , Rajasthan Top 6 ( edit ) # Contestants Hometown Country Notes Radha Shrivastav Shrawasti , Uttar Pradesh India Divyansh Akshay Dhawan Ludhiana , Punjab Saumya Sharma Vidisha , Madhya Pradesh Sanjeev Punjab Eliminated on 15th September 2018 Robin 5 Michał Rudaś Warsaw Poland Eliminated on 22nd September 2018 6 The Mountain Souls Ft . Gaurdeep India Top 7 ( edit ) # Contestants Hometown Country Notes Radha Shrivastav Shrawasti , Uttar Pradesh India Divyansh Akshay Dhawan Ludhiana , Punjab Saumya Sharma Vidisha , Madhya Pradesh Sanjeev Punjab Robin 5 Michał Rudaś Warsaw Poland 6 The Mountain Souls Ft . Gaurdeep India 7 Sanvinder Singh Sandhu Ludhiana , Punjab Eliminated on 9th September 2018 Top 8 ( edit ) # Contestants Hometown Country Notes Radha Shrivastav Shrawasti , Uttar Pradesh India Divyansh Akshay Dhawan Ludhiana , Punjab Saumya Sharma Vidisha , Madhya Pradesh Sanjeev Punjab Robin 5 Michał Rudaś Warsaw Poland 6 The Mountain Souls Ft . Gaurdeep India 7 Sumit Misra Malda , West Bengal Eliminated on 2nd September 2018 8 Sanvinder Singh Sandhu Ludhiana , Punjab Eliminated on 9th September 2018 Top 13 ( edit ) # Contestants Hometown Country Notes Radha Shrivastav Shrawasti , Uttar Pradesh India Divyansh Akshay Dhawan Ludhiana , Punjab Saumya Sharma Vidisha , Madhya Pradesh Sanjeev Punjab Robin 5 Shaazi Ahmed Jabalpur , Madhya Pradesh Eliminated on 19th August 2018 6 Sarmita Dutta Kolkata , West Bengal Eliminated on 19th August 2018 7 Michał Rudaś Warsaw Poland 8 Nastya Brava Moscow Russia Eliminated on 29th July 2018 9 Nikhil Jammu , Jammu & Kashmir India Eliminated on 29th July 2018 10 The Mountain Souls Ft . Gaurdeep 11 Desi Divas Eliminated on 5th August 2018 12 Kareena Shomkhova Russia Eliminated on 5th August 2018 RCR India 13 Behzad Farkhari Toronto Canada Eliminated on 19th August 2018 Sankalp Khetwal Project Dehradun , Uttarakhand India Manuraj Bharatpur , Rajasthan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dil Hai Hindustani 2 And Dance Plus 4 On Cards For Star Plus Weekend Programming This Year '' . Mumbai Live . 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star Plus to bring back ' Dil Hai Hindustani ' for a second season '' . Television Post . 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Dil Hai Hindustani season two to be hosted by Mukti Mohan '' . The Indian Express . 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sunidhi Chauhan , Pritam likely to join Badshah as judges of second season of Dil Hai Hindustani '' . Firstpost. 28 February 2018 . Current broadcasts on StarPlus Currently broadcasting Primetime soap opera Ishqbaaaz Kasautii Zindagii Kay Krishna Chali London Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala Mariam Khan - Reporting Live Nazar Ye Hai Mohabbatein Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Weekend Qayamat Ki Raat Dance Plus 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dil_Hai_Hindustani_(season_2)&oldid=862902180 '' Categories : 2010s Indian television series 2018 Indian television series debuts Hindi - language television programs Indian reality television series Music competitions in India Frames Production series Singing talent shows Television shows set in Mumbai Star Plus television series Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 October 2018 , at 12 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil%20Hai%20Hindustani%20%28season%202%29
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where did the name quarter horse come from
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The American Quarter Horse , or Quarter Horse , is an American breed of horse that excels at sprinting short distances . Its name came from its ability to outdistance other horse breeds in races of a quarter mile or less ; some have been clocked at speeds up to 55 mph ( 88.5 km / h ) . The American Quarter Horse is the most popular breed in the United States today , and the American Quarter Horse Association is the largest breed registry in the world , with almost 3 million living American Quarter Horses registered in 2014 .
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its ability to outdistance other horse breeds in races of a quarter mile or less
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American Quarter Horse
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american quarter horse
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The American Quarter Horse , or Quarter Horse , is an American breed of horse that excels at sprinting short distances . Its name came from its ability to outdistance other horse breeds in races of a quarter mile or less ; some have been clocked at speeds up to 55 mph ( 88.5 km / h ) . The American Quarter Horse is the most popular breed in the United States today , and the American Quarter Horse Association is the largest breed registry in the world , with almost 3 million living American Quarter Horses registered in 2014 .
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The American Quarter Horse is well known both as a race horse and for its performance in rodeos , horse shows and as a working ranch horse . The compact body of the American Quarter Horse is well - suited to the intricate and speedy maneuvers required in reining , cutting , working cow horse , barrel racing , calf roping , and other western riding events , especially those involving live cattle . The American Quarter Horse is also shown in English disciplines , driving , and many other equestrian activities . Contents ( hide ) 1 Breed History 1.1 Colonial era 1.2 Westward expansion 1.3 Development as a distinct breed 2 `` Appendix '' and `` Foundation '' horses 3 American Quarter Horses today 4 Breed characteristics 4.1 Stock type 4.2 Halter type 4.3 Racing and hunter type 5 Genetic diseases 6 See also 7 References 8 Sources 9 Further reading 10 External links Breed history ( edit ) Colonial era ( edit ) In the 17th century , colonists on the eastern seaboard of what today is the United States began to cross imported English Thoroughbred horses with assorted `` native '' horses such as the Chickasaw horse , which was a breed developed by Native American people from horses descended from Spain , developed from Iberian , Arabian and Barb stock brought to what is now the Southeastern United States by the Conquistadors . One of the most famous of these early imports was Janus , a Thoroughbred who was the grandson of the Godolphin Arabian . He was foaled in 1746 , and imported to colonial Virginia in 1756 . The influence of Thoroughbreds like Janus contributed genes crucial to the development of the colonial `` Quarter Horse '' . The breed is sometimes referred to as the `` Famous American Quarter Running Horse '' . The resulting horse was small , hardy , and quick , and was used as a work horse during the week and a race horse on the weekends . As flat racing became popular with the colonists , the Quarter Horse gained even more popularity as a sprinter over courses that , by necessity , were shorter than the classic racecourses of England , and were often no more than a straight stretch of road or flat piece of open land . When matched against a Thoroughbred , local sprinters often won . As the Thoroughbred breed became established in America , many colonial Quarter Horses were included in the original American stud books , starting a long association between the Thoroughbred breed and what would later become officially known as the `` Quarter Horse '' , named after the ⁄ mile ( 0.40 km ) race distance at which it excelled . with some individuals being clocked at up to 55 mph . Westward expansion ( edit ) In the 19th century , pioneers heading West needed a hardy , willing horse . On the Great Plains , settlers encountered horses that descended from the Spanish stock Hernán Cortés and other Conquistadors had introduced into the viceroyalty of New Spain , which today includes the Southwestern United States and Mexico . These horses of the west included herds of feral animals known as Mustangs , as well as horses domesticated by Native Americans , including the Comanche , Shoshoni and Nez Perce tribes . As the colonial Quarter Horse was crossed with these western horses , the pioneers found that the new crossbred had innate `` cow sense '' , a natural instinct for working with cattle , making it popular with cattlemen on ranches . Development as a distinct breed ( edit ) See also : American Quarter Horse Association and American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame A photograph of Peter McCue , taken in Oklahoma around 1905 . Early foundation sires of Quarter horse type included Steel Dust , foaled 1843 ; Shiloh ( or Old Shiloh ) , foaled 1844 ; Old Cold Deck ( 1862 ) ; Lock 's Rondo , one of many `` Rondo '' horses , foaled in 1880 ; Old Billy -- again , one of many `` Billy '' horses -- foaled circa 1880 ; Traveler , a stallion of unknown breeding , known to have been in Texas by 1889 ; and Peter McCue , foaled 1895 , registered as a Thoroughbred but of disputed pedigree . The main duty of the ranch horse in the American West was working cattle . Even after the invention of the automobile , horses were still irreplaceable for handling livestock on the range . Thus , major Texas cattle ranches , such as the King Ranch , the 6666 ( Four Sixes ) Ranch , and the Waggoner Ranch played a significant role in the development of the modern Quarter Horse . The skills needed by cowboys and their horses became the foundation of the rodeo , a contest which began with informal competition between cowboys and expanded to become a major competitive event throughout the west . To this day , the Quarter Horse dominates the sport both in speed events and in competition that emphasizes the handling of live cattle . However , sprint races were also popular weekend entertainment and racing became a source of economic gain for breeders as well . As a result , more Thoroughbred blood was added back into the developing American Quarter Horse breed . The American Quarter Horse also benefitted from the addition of Arabian , Morgan , and even Standardbred bloodlines . In 1940 , the American Quarter Horse Association ( AQHA ) was formed by a group of horsemen and ranchers from the southwestern United States dedicated to preserving the pedigrees of their ranch horses . The horse honored with the first registration number , P - 1 , was Wimpy , a descendant of the King Ranch foundation sire Old Sorrel . Other sires alive at the founding of the AQHA were given the earliest registration numbers Joe Reed P - 3 , Chief P - 5 , Oklahoma Star P - 6 , Cowboy P - 12 , and Waggoner 's Rainy Day P - 13 . The Thoroughbred race horse Three Bars , alive in the early years of the AQHA , is recognized by the American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame as one of the significant foundation sires for the Quarter Horse breed . Other significant Thoroughbred sires seen in early AQHA pedigrees include Rocket Bar , Top Deck and Depth Charge . `` Appendix '' and `` Foundation '' Horses ( edit ) Since the American Quarter Horse formally established itself as a breed , the AQHA stud book has remained open to additional Thoroughbred blood via a performance standard . An `` Appendix '' American Quarter Horse is a first generation cross between a registered Thoroughbred and an American Quarter Horse or a cross between a `` numbered '' American Quarter Horse and an `` appendix '' American Quarter Horse . The resulting offspring is registered in the `` appendix '' of the American Quarter Horse Association 's studbook , hence the nickname . Horses listed in the appendix may be entered in competition , but offspring are not initially eligible for full AQHA registration . If the Appendix horse meets certain conformational criteria and is shown or raced successfully in sanctioned AQHA events , the horse can earn its way from the appendix into the permanent studbook , making its offspring eligible for AQHA registration . Since Quarter Horse / Thoroughbred crosses continue to enter the official registry of the American Quarter Horse breed , this creates a continual gene flow from the Thoroughbred breed into the American Quarter Horse breed , which has altered many of the characteristics that typified the breed in the early years of its formation . Some breeders , who argue that the continued infusion of Thoroughbred bloodlines is beginning to compromise the integrity of the breed standard , favor the earlier style of horse and have created several separate organizations to promote and register `` Foundation '' Quarter Horses . American Quarter Horses today ( edit ) The Quarter Horse is well - suited for the western disciplines . The American Quarter Horse is best known today as a show horse , race horse , reining and cutting horse , rodeo competitor , ranch horse , and all - around family horse . Quarter Horses compete well in rodeo events such as barrel racing , calf roping and team roping ; and gymkhana or O - Mok - See . Other stock horse events such as cutting and reining are open to all breeds but also dominated by American Quarter Horse . Large purses allow top competitors to earnover a million dollars in these events . The breed is not only well - suited for western riding and cattle work . Many race tracks offer Quarter Horses a wide assortment of pari - mutuel horse racing with purses in the millions . Quarter Horses have also been trained to compete in dressage and can be good jumpers . They are also used for recreational trail riding and in mounted police units . The American Quarter Horse has also been exported worldwide . European nations such as Germany and Italy have imported large numbers of Quarter Horses . Next to the American Quarter Horse Association ( which also encompasses Quarter Horses from Canada ) , the second largest registry of Quarter Horses is in Brazil , followed by Australia . With the internationalization of the discipline of reining and its acceptance as one of the official seven events of the World Equestrian Games , there is a growing international interest in Quarter Horses . Countries like Japan , Switzerland and Israel that did not have traditional stock horse industries have begun to compete with American Quarter Horses in their own nations and internationally . The American Quarter Horse is the most popular breed in the United States today , and the American Quarter Horse Association is the largest breed registry in the world , with over 5 million American Quarter Horses registered worldwide . Breed characteristics ( edit ) A halter - type Quarter Horse The Quarter Horse has a small , short , refined head with a straight profile , and a strong , well - muscled body , featuring a broad chest and powerful , rounded hindquarters . They usually stand between 14 and 16 hands ( 56 and 64 inches , 142 and 163 cm ) high , although some Halter - type and English hunter - type horses may grow as tall as 17 hands ( 68 inches , 173 cm ) . There are two main body types : the stock type and the hunter or racing type . The stock horse type is shorter , more compact , stocky and well - muscled , yet agile . The racing and hunter type Quarter Horses are somewhat taller and smoother muscled than the stock type , more closely resembling the Thoroughbred . Quarter Horses come in nearly all colors . The most common color is sorrel , a brownish red , part of the color group called chestnut by most other breed registries . Other recognized colors include bay , black , brown , buckskin , palomino , gray , dun , red dun , grullo ( also occasionally referred to as blue dun ) , red roan , blue roan , bay roan , perlino , cremello , and white . In the past , spotted color patterns were excluded , but now with the advent of DNA testing to verify parentage , the registry accepts all colors as long as both parents are registered . Stock type ( edit ) See also : Stock horse A stock horse is a horse of a type that is well suited for working with livestock , particularly cattle . Reining and cutting horses are smaller in stature , with quick , agile movements and very powerful hindquarters . Western pleasure show horses are often slightly taller , with slower movements , smoother gaits , and a somewhat more level topline -- though still featuring the powerful hindquarters characteristic of the Quarter Horse . Halter type ( edit ) Horses shown in - hand in Halter competition are larger yet , with a very heavily muscled appearance , while retaining small heads with wide jowls and refined muzzles . There is controversy amongst owners , breeder and veterinarians regarding the health effects of the extreme muscle mass that is currently fashionable in the specialized halter horse , which typically is 15.2 to 16 hands ( 62 to 64 inches , 157 to 163 cm ) and weighs in at over 1,200 pounds ( 540 kg ) when fitted for halter competition . Not only are there concerns about the weight to frame ratio on the horse 's skeletal system , but the massive build is also linked to HYPP in descendants of the stallion Impressive ( see Genetic diseases below ) . Racing and hunter type ( edit ) A Quarter Horse warming up for hunt seat competition . Quarter Horse race horses are bred to sprint short distances ranging from 220 to 870 yards . Thus , they have long legs and are leaner than their stock type counterparts , but are still characterized by muscular hindquarters and powerful legs . Quarter Horses race primarily against other Quarter Horses , and their sprinting ability has earned them the nickname , `` the world 's fastest athlete . '' The show hunter type is slimmer , even more closely resembling a Thoroughbred , usually reflecting a higher percentage of appendix breeding . They are shown in hunter / jumper classes at both breed shows and in open USEF - rated horse show competition . Genetic diseases ( edit ) There are several genetic diseases of concern to Quarter Horse breeders : Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis ( HYPP ) , which is caused by an autosomal dominant gene linked to the stallion Impressive . It is characterized by uncontrollable muscle twitching and substantial muscle weakness or paralysis among affected horses . Because it is a dominant gene , only one parent has to have the gene for it to be transmitted to offspring . There is a DNA test for HYPP , which is required by the AQHA . Since 2007 , the AQHA bars registration of horses who possess the homozygous form ( H / H ) of the gene , and though heterozygous ( H / N ) horses are still eligible for registration , altering that status is currently being discussed . Additionally all Quarter Horses born 2007 or later that are confirmed to be descendants of Impressive must carry a note about the risks of HYPP on their registration papers . Due to HYPP , the halter classes are undergoing significant changes . Halter classes are dominated by the Impressive bloodline . Impressive , a very prolific halter horse , brought to the stock breeds the muscle mass that is popular in halter competition today . This muscle mass is linked to HYPP , and as the condition is reduced within the breed , the style of horse in halter classes is also likely to change . Already there have been rule changes , including the creation of a `` Performance Halter class '' in which a horse must possess a Register of Merit in performance or racing before it can compete . Malignant hyperthermia . A causative mutated allele , ryanodine receptor 1 gene ( RyR1 ) at nucleotide C7360G , generating a R2454G amino acid substitution . has been identified in the American Quarter Horse and breeds with Quarter Horse ancestry , inherited as an autosomal dominant It can be caused by overwork , anesthesia , or stress . Hereditary Equine Regional Dermal Asthenia ( HERDA ) , also known as hyperelastosis cutis ( HC ) . This is caused by an autosomal recessive gene , and thus , unlike HYPP , HERDA can only be transmitted if both parents carry the gene . When a horse has this disease , there is a collagen defect that results in the layers of skin not being held firmly together . Thus , when the horse is ridden under saddle or suffers trauma to the skin , the outer layer often splits or separates from the deeper layer , or it can tear off completely . It rarely heals without disfiguring scars . Sunburn can also be a concern . In dramatic cases , the skin can split along the back and even roll down the sides , with the horse literally being skinned alive . Most horses with HERDA are euthanized for humane reasons between the age of two and four years . The very hotly debated and controversial theory , put forth by researchers at Cornell University and Mississippi State University is that the sire line of the great foundation stallion Poco Bueno is implicated as the origin of the disease . As of May 9 , 2007 , Researchers working independently at Cornell University and at the University of California , Davis announced that a DNA test for HERDA has been developed . Over 1,500 horses were tested during the development phase of the test , which is now available to the general public through both institutions . Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency ( GBED ) is a genetic disease where the horse is lacking an enzyme necessary for storing glycogen , the horse 's heart muscle and skeletal muscles can not function , leading to rapid death . The disease occurs in foals who are homozygous for the lethal GBED allele , meaning both parents carry one copy of the gene . The stallion King P - 234 has been linked to this disease . There is a DNA blood test for this gene . Equine polysaccharide storage myopathy , also called EPSM or PSSM , is a metabolic muscular condition in horses that causes tying up , and is also related to a glycogen storage disorder . While also seen in some draft horse breeds , PSSM has been traced to three specific but undisclosed bloodlines in Quarter Horses , with an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern . 48 % of Quarter Horses with symptoms of neuromuscular disease have PSSM . To some extent it can be diet controlled with specialized low - starch diets , but genetic testing is advised before breeding , as the condition exists at a subclinical level in approximately 6 % of the general Quarter Horse population . Lethal White Syndrome . Although `` cropout '' Quarter Horses with Paint markings were not allowed to be registered for many years , the gene for such markings is a recessive and continued to periodically appear in Quarter Horse foals . Thus , it is believed that some Quarter Horses may carry the gene for Lethal White Syndrome . There is a DNA test for this condition . See also ( edit ) Quarab Quarter pony References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` AQHA Annual Report - 2014 Horse Statistics '' . American Quarter Horse Association . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Denhardt Quarter Running Horse pp. 4 -- 8 Jump up ^ Denhardt Quarter Running Horse pp. 20 -- 32 Jump up ^ Mackay - Smith Colonial Quarter Race Horse p. 106 Jump up ^ Mackay - Smith Colonial Quarter Race Horse p. 138 ^ Jump up to : Mackay - Smith Colonial Quarter Race Horse p. xxxi ^ Jump up to : Beckmann , Bruce . `` Quarter Horses '' . Handbook of Texas Online . Texas State Historical Association . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` American Quarter Horse . '' Britannica School . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. , 2015 . Web . 1 Jul. 2015 . Jump up ^ Dutson , Judith ( 2012 ) , Storey 's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America , Storey Publishing , p. 64 , ISBN 9781603429184 Jump up ^ Iowa Quarter Horse Racing Association . `` Iowa Quarter Horse Racing Association 1976 -- 2008 '' . IQHRA Website . Iowa Quarter Horse Racing Association . Archived from the original on 7 June 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Mackay - Smith Colonial Quarter Race Horse p. 193 ^ Jump up to : Close , Legends 2 : Outstanding Quarter Horse Stallions and Mares . Jump up ^ Oklahoma State University . `` Quarter Horse '' . Breeds of Livestock . Oklahoma State University . Archived from the original on 22 June 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2164-13-78 Jump up ^ http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/horses/quarter/ Jump up ^ Denhardt Quarter Horse pp. 143 -- 167 ^ Jump up to : Kentucky Horse Park . `` American Quarter Horse '' . International Museum of the Horse - Horse Breeds of the World . Kentucky Horse Park . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ American Quarter Horse Association Combined Stud Book 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 p. 1 Jump up ^ `` Three Bars ( TB ) '' ( PDF ) . American Quarter Horse Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Wiggins Great American Speedhorse p. 166 Jump up ^ American Quarter Horse Association . `` AQHA Handbook of Rules and Regulations '' . SECTION II , Registration Rules and Regulations . American Quarter Horse Association . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Foundation Quarter Horse Association . `` Foundation Quarter Horse Association '' . FQHA Website . Foundation Quarter Horse Association . Archived from the original on 1 April 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Foundation Horses . `` Foundation Bred Quarter Horses '' . FoundationHorses.com . Foundation Horses . Archived from the original on 26 April 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ National Foundation Quarter Horse Association . `` National Foundation Quarter Horse Association '' . NFQHA Website . National Foundation Quarter Horse Association . Archived from the original on 22 April 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy18dfDKYNEC&pg=PA1171&dq=Quarter+Horses+team+roping&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3j4vVxebUAhUM0YMKHaRNCXcQ6AEILzAD#v=onepage&q=Quarter%20Horses%20team%20roping&f=false ^ Jump up to : https://books.google.com/books?id=myQBSVVEhagC&pg=PA28&dq=Quarter+Horses+barrel+racing&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiWzYqHxubUAhUhzIMKHY55APIQ6AEIIjAB Jump up ^ National Saddle Clubs Association Jump up ^ The Canadian Quarter Horse Association Jump up ^ American Quarter Horse Association . `` Horse Statistics '' ( PDF ) . 2006 AQHA Annual Report . American Quarter Horse Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Registration rules '' ( PDF ) . American Quarter Horse Association . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 2011 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ American Quarter Horse Association . `` AQHA Handbook of Rules & Regulations 2008 Rule 205 ( d ) '' . AQHA Website . American Quarter Horse Association . Retrieved August 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ellen. , Frazel , ( 2012 ) . The American quarter horse . Minneapolis , MN : Bellwether Media . ISBN 1612115438 . OCLC 794554681 . Jump up ^ M. , Baxter , Gary ( 2011 ) . Adams and Stashak 's Lameness in Horses ( 6th ed . ) . Somerset : Wiley . pp. Chapter 2 . ISBN 9780470961773 . OCLC 927499663 . Jump up ^ Details on AQHA HYP rules for registration Archived 2009 - 01 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` AQHA Handbook , Section 448 Halter Classes , ( j ) Performance Halter '' . Retrieved 30 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Aleman M ( 2009 ) . `` Malignant Hyperthermia Associated with Ryanodine Receptor 1 ( C7360G ) Mutation in Quarter Horses '' . Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine . 23 : 329 -- 334 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1939 - 1676.2009. 0274. x . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ ftp://ftp.aave.inv.org.ar/IVIS/aaep/Equine%20Malignant%20Hyperthermia.pdf Jump up ^ Valberg SJ , Mickelson JR , Gallant EM , MacLeay JM , Lentz L , de la Corte F ( 1999 ) . `` Exertional rhabdomyolysis in quarter horses and thoroughbreds : one syndrome , multiple aetiologies '' . Equine Vet J Suppl. 30 : 533 -- 8 . PMID 10659313 . Jump up ^ Sellnow , `` HERDA '' , The Horse Online News Jump up ^ Valberg , Stephanie DVM , Diplomate ACVIM and James R Mickelson . `` Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency ( GBED ) in Horses '' . Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency ( GBED ) . University of Minnsesota . Archived from the original on 12 May 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 12 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Valberg et al. , `` Exertional rhabdomyolysis in quarter horses and thoroughbreds '' , Equine Vet Journal Supplement , pp. 533 -- 38 Jump up ^ Ulman , Katherine . `` Equine Exertional Rhabdomyolysis '' . Summer 2000 Newsletter . Purdue University , Animal Disease Diagnostic Lab . Archived from the original on 13 May 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Church , `` ACVIM 2006 '' , The Horse Online News Jump up ^ University of California -- Davis . `` Horse Coat Color Tests '' . Veterinary Genetics Laboratory . University of California at Davis . Archived from the original on 19 February 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 08 . Sources ( edit ) American Quarter Horse Association ( 1961 ) . Official Stud Book and Registry Combined Books 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 . Amarillo , TX : American Quarter Horse Association . Church , Stephanie L. ( 2006 - 09 - 14 ) . `` ACVIM 2006 : Prevalence of PSSM in Quarter Horses '' . The Horse Online News ( # 7628 ) . Archived from the original on 6 June 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 12 . Close , Pat ( 1994 ) . Legends 2 : Outstanding Quarter Horse Stallions and Mares . Colorado Springs : Western Horseman . ISBN 0 - 911647 - 30 - 9 . Denhardt , Robert M. ( 1979 ) . The Quarter Running Horse : America 's Oldest Breed . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1500 - 9 . Mackay - Smith , Alexander ( 1983 ) . The Colonial Quarter Race Horse . Richmond , VA : Whittet & Shepperson . Sellnow , Les ( 2007 - 05 - 28 ) . `` HERDA : DNA Tests Available for Disfiguring Skin Disease '' . The Horse Online News . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 07 . Valberg SJ , Mickelson JR , Gallant EM , MacLeay JM , Lentz L , de la Corte F ( July 1999 ) . `` Exertional rhabdomyolysis in quarter horses and thoroughbreds : one syndrome , multiple aetiologies '' . Equine Vet Journal Supplement. 30 : 533 -- 8 . PMID 10659313 . Wiggins , Walt ( 1978 ) . The Great American Speedhorse : A Guide to Quarter Racing . New York : Sovereign Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 18340 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) Denhardt , Robert Moorman ( 1997 ) . Foundation Sires of the American Quarter Horse . University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2947 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to American Quarter Horse . American Quarter Horse Association Information about Quarter Horses in Europe Equine Equine science and management Equine anatomy Equine nutrition Horse behavior Horse care Horse breeding Horse genome Equine conformation Equine coat color Horse gait Equestrianism and sport Glossary of equestrian terms Horse industry List of equestrian sports Horse tack Bit Bridle Saddle Harness English riding Western riding Driving Horse training Horse racing Equestrian at the Summer Olympics ( medalists , venues ) Horse show Equitation Evolution and history Domestication of the horse Horses in warfare Horses in the Middle Ages Horses in the United States Horses in East Asian warfare History of the horse in South Asia Horses in the Napoleonic Wars Horses in World War I Horses in World War II History of the horse in Britain Horse worship Horse burial Horse breeds , types and other Equidae Horses List of horse breeds Draft horse Feral horse Gaited horse Mountain and moorland pony breeds Sport horse Stock horse Warmblood Wild horse Other Equus List of donkey breeds Donkey Zebra Onager Hybrids Hinny Mule Zebroid Category Horses portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Quarter_Horse&oldid=836166935 '' Categories : Horse breeds Horse breeds originating in the United States American Quarter Horses Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français Galego 한국어 Interlingua Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 02 : 01 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Quarter%20Horse
| 1,179 |
when did the ballast water management convention entry into force
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The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships ' Ballast Water and Sediments ( Ballast Water Management Convention ) 2004 , is an international maritime treaty which requires Signatory flag states to ensure that ships flagged by them comply with standards and procedures for the management and control of ships ' ballast water and sediments . The Convention aims to prevent the spread of harmful aquatic organisms from one region to another and halt damage to the marine environment from ballast water discharge , by minimising the uptake and subsequent discharge of sediments and organisms . From 2024 all ships are required to have approved Ballast Water Management Treatment System , according to the D2 standard ( see below ) . Existing ships are required to install an approved system , which may cost up to 5 million USD per ship to install . To assist with implementation the IMO has released 14 Guidance documents in regards to the Convention including the G2 Guidelines for Ballast Water Sampling , G4 Guidelines for Ballast Water management and G6 Guidelines for Ballast Water Exchange .
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From 2024
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Ballast water management Convention
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ballast water management convention
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The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships ' Ballast Water and Sediments ( Ballast Water Management Convention ) 2004 , is an international maritime treaty which requires Signatory flag states to ensure that ships flagged by them comply with standards and procedures for the management and control of ships ' ballast water and sediments . The Convention aims to prevent the spread of harmful aquatic organisms from one region to another and halt damage to the marine environment from ballast water discharge , by minimising the uptake and subsequent discharge of sediments and organisms . From 2024 all ships are required to have approved Ballast Water Management Treatment System , according to the D2 standard ( see below ) . Existing ships are required to install an approved system , which may cost up to 5 million USD per ship to install . To assist with implementation the IMO has released 14 Guidance documents in regards to the Convention including the G2 Guidelines for Ballast Water Sampling , G4 Guidelines for Ballast Water management and G6 Guidelines for Ballast Water Exchange .
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Contents 1 Development and Entry into force 2 Requirements of the Convention 2.1 Standards 3 Bibliography 4 References Development and entry into force ( edit ) The first scientifically recognised occurrence of a non-indigenous marine species being transported in ships water occurred in the North Sea in 1903 , with the Asian phytoplankton Odontella appearing . The issue became more prevalent with the increase in shipping in the late 20th century and the issue was raised for the first time at the IMO in 1988 . Following several years of development , the Convention was adopted by the International Maritime Organization in 2004 . To enter into force , the Convention required ratification by a minimum of 30 States , representing 35 % of world merchant shipping tonnage , subject to which it would enter into force 12 months later . On 8th September 2016 , Finland acceded to the Convention , bringing the contracting states to 52 and the combined tonnage of States to 35.14 % . This triggered the applicability of the entry into force date of the Convention , which occurred on the 8th September 2017 . Since Finland , a number of States have continued to accede , bringing the total as of 8th September 2017 to 66 contracting States , representing 74.89 % of world merchant shipping tonnage . Requirements of the Convention ( edit ) All international going ships under the Convention must implement a ' Ballast water management plan ' that enables the ship to manage their ballast water and sediment discharge to a certain standard . The plan is designed to meet the requirements for compliance with the Convention and the G4 Guidelines produced by the IMO . It includes standard operational guidance , planning and management , as well as additional details including sampling points and systems . Additionally all ships over 400GT must also carry a ballast water record book that details such requirements as the filling and discharge of each tank , according to time , date , location and the treatment applied to the water . Ships that comply with the Convention will receive and are duly required to carry an international ballast water management certificate . To receive a certificate , a ship will have to supply the necessary documentation showing compliance with the Convention and a survey will be carried out on - board . A survey may be carried out by a flag State , or by a Classification Society who have been authorised by a flag State . The convention is monitored by Port State Control , who must assess the ballast water management plan and its operation on the ship . Standards ( edit ) Under the Convention , ships are required , according to a timetable of implementation , to comply with the D1 or D2 standards . The D1 standard requires ships to carry out a ballast water exchange , and specifies the volume of water that must be replaced . This standard involves exchanging the uptaken discharge water from the last port , with new sea water ; it must occur at a minimum of 200 nautical miles from shore . The D2 standard is more stringent and requires the use of an approved ballast water treatment system . The system must ensure that only small levels of viable organisms remain left in water after treatment so as to minimise the Environmental impact of shipping . New ships will be required to install and comply with the D2 standard from the 8th September 2017 , once the Convention has entered into force . Existing ships , who are subject to the phased implementation schedule , have potentially ( depending on the renewal of their ship certificates ) until the 8th September 2024 , by which time all ships will comply with the D2 standard . It is also possible for ships to discharge ballast at approved shore reception facilities in ports , as article 5 requires that when cleaning or repair of a ships ballast tanks occurs , ports should have adequate reception facilities for the sediments . Facilities must include safe disposal arrangements , storage and treatment equipment , safe and suitable mooring and emergency arrangements and the necessary reducers for connections to ships . Some ships may be exempted from complying with the Convention , according to certain conditions and the appropriate permission being given by a flag State . These include ships trading in a limited area , small vessels including sailboats and fishing vessels , vessels only operating on one coast and also FPSOs . Bibliography ( edit ) N. Anwar & Dr. L. Churcher , Ballast Water Management : Understanding the regulations and the treatment technologies available , 7th Edition , Witherby Publishing Group , 2016 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` BWM Convention '' . International Maritime Organization . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BWM Convention : counting the cost '' . Ballast Water Treatment Technology . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anwar & Churcher , p. 175 Jump up ^ Anwar & Churcher , p. 2 ^ Jump up to : `` BWM Convention to enter into force in 2017 '' . Maritime Executive . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ballast water management - the control of harmful invasive species '' . International Maritime Organization . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IMO 's BWM Convention to Enter Into Force in September 2017 '' . World Maritime News . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Status of Treaties '' ( PDF ) . International Maritime Organization . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anwar & Churcher , p. 123 - 124 Jump up ^ `` Ballast Water Record Book , 3rd Edition '' . Witherby Publishing Group . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Understanding ballast water management '' ( PDF ) . Lloyd 's Register . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` BWM CONVENTION -- APPLICATION AND REQUIREMENTS '' ( PDF ) . DNV GL . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anwar & Churcher , p. 128 Jump up ^ Anwar & Churcher , p. 141 ^ Jump up to : `` Ballast Water Management '' . Britannia P&I club . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` MEPC 71 Brief : Ballast Water Management Implementation Scheme Agreed in Principle '' . Hellenic Shipping News . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anwar & Churcher , p. 167 Ports and harbors Types Home port Fuelling station Inland harbor Inland port Landing Outport Port of entry Trust port Dry port Anchorage Wharf Natural gas terminals Oil terminals Coal terminals Container terminals Free port Naval base Individual sites Lists of ports By sea or ocean By continent By country Rankings World 's busiest port Busiest container ports Busiest transshipment ports Busiest by tonnage Busiest by cruise passengers Port management Infrastructure Port authority Port state control Harbour engineer Port operator Security Ship transport Port operations simulator Terminal Operating System Conventions SOLAS MARPOL 73 / 78 STCW Ballast Water Management Convention Organizations Port operating companies Port workers ' trade unions Commons Wiktionary `` Port '' Wiktionary `` Harbor '' WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ballast_Water_Management_Convention&oldid=811434148 '' Categories : International Maritime Organization treaties Admiralty law treaties Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 21 November 2017 , at 16 : 06 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballast%20Water%20Management%20Convention
| 1,180 |
when does the book where the red fern grows take place
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Where the Red Fern Grows
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where the red fern grows
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Where the Red Fern Grows is a 1961 children 's novel by Wilson Rawls about a boy who buys and trains two Redbone Coonhound hunting dogs .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Films 3 Background 4 Reception 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 External links Plot summary ( edit ) When leaving work in Idaho 's Snake River Valley , Billy Colman sees a pack of dogs attacking a stray coonhound . He takes the stray home to feed it . Once it has rested , Billy sets it free , knowing that it will return home . The experience reminds Billy of his childhood in the Ozark Mountains of Oklahoma . He wants a dog , and his parents offer to get him a mongrel from a neighbor . He wants two coonhounds , but his parents can not afford them . Billy finds a magazine ad for a Kentucky kennel which breeds Redbone Coonhounds and sells them for $25 each . He goes to work performing odd jobs and saves the $50 he needs with the help of his grandfather . Since it takes two years to do so , his grandfather writes to see if the kennel will honor the ad . They do , and the price has dropped so the two puppies only cost $40 . Billy 's dogs are delivered to the freight depot in Tahlequah . His family does not have transportation , so he finds his own way to get to the depot and walks through the hills . He picks up his puppies , which are a male and a female . He buys a gift for each member of his family with his extra $10 before heading back home . On the way back home , he spends the night in Robber 's Cave in the Sparrow Hawk Mountains . There he builds a fire and plays with the puppies . While trying to sleep , he hears a noise that he realizes is the cry of a mountain lion . In the morning , he continues on . He comes to a sycamore tree with the names Dan and Ann carved inside a heart in the bark and decides to name the puppies Old Dan and Little Ann . To train Old Dan and Little Ann , Billy traps a raccoon with the help of his grandfather and uses its pelt to teach them to hunt . During their training , their personalities become apparent : Old Dan is brave and strong , while Little Ann is very intelligent . Both are very loyal to each other and to Billy . On the first night of hunting season , Billy takes Old Dan and Little Ann out for their first hunt . He promises them that if they tree a raccoon , he will do the rest . They tree one in a large sycamore . As he tries to call them off , they look at him sadly and he cuts the tree down , though it takes two days and costs him blistered hands . In the end , when he 's about to give up his effort , Billy offers a short prayer for strength to continue . A strong wind starts to blow and the tree falls . Billy and his hounds go hunting almost every night and become well - known in the Ozarks . Billy and his grandfather make a bet with Rubin and Rainie Pritchard that Old Dan and Little Ann can tree the `` ghost coon '' . It leads them on a long , complicated hunt , and Rubin and Rainie want to give up . When they finally have it treed , Billy refuses to kill it . Rubin then lets his dog , Old Blue , attack Billy 's , and Rubin starts to beat Billy . Billy helps Little Ann , and together they injure Old Blue ; Rubin runs to attack them with an axe , but he trips , falls on it and kills himself . Billy 's grandfather enters him into a championship coon hunt , putting him against experienced hunters and the finest dogs in the country . Before it starts , he enters Little Ann into a conformation contest , where she wins the silver cup . On the fourth night of the hunt , Old Dan and Little Ann tree three raccoons , making it to the final round . The sixth night , they tree one before a blizzard hits . Billy , his father , grandfather , and the judge lose sight of the dogs . When they finally find them , Billy 's grandfather sprains his ankle . They build a fire , and when Billy 's father chops down a tree , three raccoons jump out . Old Dan and Little Ann take two of them down , and chase the third to another tree . In the morning , the hunters find them covered with ice circling the tree . That raccoon wins them the championship , gold cup , and $300 of jackpot money . One night Old Dan and Little Ann tree a mountain lion , and it attacks . Billy enters the fight with his axe , hoping to save his dogs , but they end up having to save him . Eventually , they kill the mountain lion , but Old Dan is badly wounded , and Billy finds his intestines in a bush . He dies late that night . Billy is heartbroken , and Little Ann loses the will to live , stops eating , and dies of grief a few days later on Old Dan 's grave . Billy 's father tries to tell him that it is all for the best , because with the money they received from winning the championship hunt , they can move to town . He goes to visit Old Dan and Little Ann 's graves and finds a giant red fern between them . According to Native American legend , only an angel can plant one . He feels ready to move on Films ( edit ) The novel was made into a 1974 film starring Stewart Petersen , James Whitmore , Beverly Garland , and Jack Ging . It was followed by a sequel in 1992 , which starred Wilford Brimley , Chad McQueen , Lisa Whelchel , and Karen Carlson . The film was remade in 2003 and starred Joseph Ashton , Dabney Coleman , Ned Beatty and Dave Matthews . Background ( edit ) In a talk given to a group of schoolteachers , Wilson Rawls related how he wrote the first version of the novel ( along with five full novels , and hundreds of short stories and novelettes ) during the years that he worked on construction in Mexico and Idaho . He rolled the manuscripts up and saved them in a trunk at his parents ' home . When he met his fiancée , Sophie , he did not want her to know about his failed dreams of becoming a writer , so about a week before he got married he visited his parents and burned all his manuscripts . He then returned to Idaho and married Sophie . About three months later , he confessed to his wife that he had burned all his manuscripts and had always dreamed of being a writer . She encouraged him to rewrite one of his stories . He quit his job and wrote the novel in just three weeks . He said , `` I had it memorized . '' He would not let her read it until it was finished . He said , `` I finished it on a Friday . I gave it to her Saturday morning and I went to town . I stayed in town all day . I knew she had time to read it . I called her on the phone . I just knew she was going to laugh at that writing ... but when I called on the phone , she said , ' You get back out here to the house , I want to talk to you ... this is the most wonderful dog and boy story I 've ever heard in my life . ' '' She encouraged him to lengthen the story , because she felt it was too short to be a novel but too long to be a short story . He went to work on lengthening the manuscript . He wrote it longhand with no punctuation . She then typed it up and submitted it to the Saturday Evening Post . The Saturday Evening Post rejected the manuscript in three weeks . Sophie then sent the manuscript to the Ladies ' Home Journal . She believed that a woman editor at the Ladies ' Home Journal would like the story . About four months later , Rawls received a letter from the Ladies ' Home Journal saying that it was the wrong kind of story for their magazine , but they wanted to send it to the Saturday Evening Post . Upon the second submission to the Saturday Evening Post , it was accepted . It was first published in serialization in the Saturday Evening Post in 1961 under the title The Hounds of Youth . Doubleday then accepted the book for publication . Rawls said Doubleday then `` broke my heart . '' They changed the title to Where the Red Fern Grows , and attempted to market it to adult readers . For about six years , it languished on shelves and failed to sell . Doubleday was going to put it out of print , but one agent named Mr. Breinholt from Salt Lake City fought for it and asked for just a few more months to market it . He got Rawls a speaking engagement at the University of Utah to a conference of over 5,000 reading teachers and librarians . Copies of it were made available to them . When they took it back to their schools , the children loved it , and orders began pouring in . Jim Trelease states , `` Each year since then , it has sold more copies than the previous year . '' Reception ( edit ) Although sales of the novel began slowly , by 1974 over 90,000 copies had been sold . In 2001 , Publishers Weekly estimated that it had sold 6,754,308 copies . Today Where the Red Fern Grows is required reading in many American schools . One critic said it will please adults as well as children . I remember crying so much through this book , and even today I tear up thinking of Old Dan and Little Ann . I also loaned this to my ( then ) children 's librarian , because the library copy was always out . I even marked the pages , `` Get out tissue here . '' -- DeAnn Okamura I love , love , love this book with all my heart and soul . My fourth grade teacher read it to me eons ago , and I 've read it to two of my three boys . There 's something about weeping together uncontrollably that builds a community of readers ... -- Tess Alfonsin There is a statue of Billy and his dogs at the Idaho Falls Public Library . See also ( edit ) List of Where the Red Fern Grows Characters Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Where the Red Fern Grows Discussion Guide Scholastic.com ^ Jump up to : Where the Red Fern Grows ( 1974 ) on IMDb Jump up ^ IMDb : Where the Red Fern Grows : Part Two ^ Jump up to : Wilson Rawls , Dreams Can Come True , audio recording with commentary by Jim Trelease ^ Jump up to : http://www.trelease-on-reading.com/rawls.html Jump up ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19740216&id=bMdSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=AH4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5192,3528282&hl=en Jump up ^ `` All - Time Bestselling Children 's Books '' . PublishersWeekly.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19730929&id=3dBSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=G38DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6645,6875378&hl=en Jump up ^ `` The Catoosa County News - Google News Archive Search '' . news.google.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Children 's Novels # 34 : Where the Red Fern Grows by Wilson Rawls '' . School Library Journal . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Wilson Rawls '' . Idaho Falls Public Library . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Oracle Think Quest , Education Foundation : Where the Red Fern Grows . SparkNotes : Where the Red Fern Grows . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Where_the_Red_Fern_Grows&oldid=833136921 '' Categories : 1961 American novels American children 's novels American novels adapted into films Novels set in Oklahoma Novels set in the 1930s Children 's novels about animals Doubleday ( publisher ) books Ozarks in fiction 1961 children 's books Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Кыргызча Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 21 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where%20the%20Red%20Fern%20Grows
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who sings the song it never rains in southern california
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`` It Never Rains in Southern California '' , written by Albert Hammond and Mike Hazlewood , is a song first released by Hammond , a British born singer - songwriter , in 1972 . Instrumental backing was provided by L.A. session musicians from the Wrecking Crew . The song is from his album , It Never Rains in Southern California . Hammond 's version peaked at number five on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 that year .
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Hammond
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It Never Rains in Southern California
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it never rains in southern california
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`` It Never Rains in Southern California '' , written by Albert Hammond and Mike Hazlewood , is a song first released by Hammond , a British born singer - songwriter , in 1972 . Instrumental backing was provided by L.A. session musicians from the Wrecking Crew . The song is from his album , It Never Rains in Southern California . Hammond 's version peaked at number five on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 that year .
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In the UK the song is perhaps the quintessential example of a turntable hit : a song which , although very frequently played and requested on radio , never makes it into the charts . Through the 1970s , the record was re-issued at least five times by various labels but remained outside the UK top 40 , despite yet more airplay , and is still frequently to be heard on UK radio . The song concerns the struggles of an actor who moves out to California to pursue a career in Hollywood but does not have any success and deteriorates in the process . In the chorus , Hammond sings : `` It never rains in California , but girl do n't they warn ya . It pours , man , it pours . '' In 1989 , Hammond re-recorded the song for his Best of Me greatest hits compilation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performance 1.1 Albert Hammond version 1.2 Saori Minami version 1.3 Trent Summar & the New Row Mob version 2 References 3 External links Chart performance ( edit ) Albert Hammond version ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 -- 73 ) Peak position Australia KMR 12 Canada RPM Top Singles Canada RPM Adult Contemporary 38 Dutch Singles Chart 21 Japanese Oricon Singles Chart 11 Japanese Oricon International Chart Norwegian VG - lista Singles Chart New Zealand ( Listener ) Swiss Singles Chart 5 US Billboard Hot 100 5 US Billboard Easy Listening US Cash Box Top 100 West German Singles Chart 9 Saori Minami version ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Peak position Japanese Oricon Singles Chart 77 Trent Summar & the New Row Mob version ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs 74 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine . `` Hard to Find 45s on CD , Vol. 14 - Various Artists Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Hartman , Kent ( 2012 ) . The Wrecking Crew . St. Martin 's Griffin . pp. 261 -- 263 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 250 - 03046 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Albert Hammond - It Never Rains In Southern California 1989 '' . YouTube . 2013 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ RPM 100 Singles , January 13 , 1973 Jump up ^ RPM Adult Contemporary , January 13 , 1973 Jump up ^ `` dutchcharts.nl Albert Hammond - It Never Rains In Southern California '' . dutchcharts.nl . MegaCharts . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` List of number - one singles on the Japanese Oricon International Chart ( 1968 - 2000 ) '' . Oricon . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` norwegiancharts.com Albert Hammond - It Never Rains in Southern California '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ ( http://www.flavourofnz.co.nz/index.php?qpageID=search%20listener&qartistid=1415#n_view_location Flavour of New Zealand , 29 January 1973 Jump up ^ `` Albert Hammond - It Never Rains In Southern California - hitparade.ch '' . Swiss Music Charts . Retrieved 1 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` allmusic ( ( ( Albert Hammond > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles ) ) ) '' . allmusic.com . Billboard Charts . Retrieved January 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Günter Ehnert ( ed . ) : Hit Bilanz . Deutsche Chart Singles 1956 - 1980 . Hamburg : Taurus Press 1990 , p. 91 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 12 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at LetsSingIt ( hide ) Albert Hammond Studio albums It Never Rains in Southern California The Free Electric Band Albert Hammond Other albums It Never Rains in Southern California Singles `` Down by the River '' `` It Never Rains in Southern California '' `` The Free Electric Band '' `` I 'm a Train '' `` 99 Miles From L.A. '' `` When I 'm Gone '' `` Your World and My World '' Songwriting `` Be Tender with Me Baby '' `` Do n't Turn Around '' `` Gimme Dat Ding '' `` I Do n't Wanna Live Without Your Love '' `` I Do n't Wanna Lose You '' `` I Need to Be in Love '' `` It Is n't , It Was n't , It Ai n't Never Gonna Be '' `` Just Walk Away '' `` Little Arrows '' `` Lonely Is the Night '' `` Love Thing '' `` Make Me an Island '' `` Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us Now '' `` One Moment in Time '' `` Room in Your Heart '' `` Tall , Dark Handsome Stranger '' `` The Air That I Breathe '' `` To All the Girls I 've Loved Before '' `` Way of the World '' `` When I Need You '' `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' `` Where Were You '' `` You 're Such a Good Looking Woman '' Languages `` Cantaré , cantarás '' `` Sensualité '' `` Y Tú También Llorarás '' Related articles Albert Hammond , Jr . John Bettis Mike Hazlewood Holly Knight Carole Bayer Sager The Family Dogg Diane Warren Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_Never_Rains_in_Southern_California&oldid=800820069 '' Categories : 1972 singles 2000 singles Albert Hammond songs Songs about California Songs written by Albert Hammond Songs written by Mike Hazlewood Sonny & Cher songs Trent Summar & the New Row Mob songs Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles 1972 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages 日本 語 Norsk Polski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 21 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%20Never%20Rains%20in%20Southern%20California
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what is the term for polluted rain that falls as a result of carbon dioxide emissions
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Acid rain
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acid rain
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Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic , meaning that it has elevated levels of hydrogen ions ( low pH ) . It can have harmful effects on plants , aquatic animals and infrastructure . Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide , which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids . Some governments have made efforts since the 1970s to reduce the release of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide into the atmosphere with positive results . Nitrogen oxides can also be produced naturally by lightning strikes , and sulfur dioxide is produced by volcanic eruptions . Acid rain has been shown to have adverse impacts on forests , freshwaters and soils , killing insect and aquatic life - forms , causing paint to peel , corrosion of steel structures such as bridges , and weathering of stone buildings and statues as well as having impacts on human health .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 History 2.1 In the United States 3 Emissions of chemicals leading to acidification 3.1 Natural phenomena 3.2 Human activity 4 Chemical processes 4.1 Gas phase chemistry 4.2 Chemistry in cloud droplets 5 Acid deposition 5.1 Wet deposition 5.2 Dry deposition 6 Adverse effects 6.1 Surface waters and aquatic animals 6.2 Soils 6.3 Forests and other vegetation 6.4 Ocean acidification 6.5 Human health effects 6.6 Other adverse effects 7 Affected areas 8 Prevention methods 8.1 Technical solutions 8.2 International treaties 8.3 Emissions trading 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Definition `` Acid rain '' is a popular term referring to the deposition of a mixture from wet ( rain , snow , sleet , fog , cloudwater , and dew ) and dry ( acidifying particles and gases ) acidic components . Distilled water , once carbon dioxide is removed , has a neutral pH of 7 . Liquids with a pH less than 7 are acidic , and those with a pH greater than 7 are alkaline . `` Clean '' or unpolluted rain has an acidic pH , but usually no lower than 5.7 , because carbon dioxide and water in the air react together to form carbonic acid , a weak acid according to the following reaction : H O ( l ) + C O ( g ) ⇌ H C O ( aq ) Carbonic acid then can ionize in water forming low concentrations of hydronium and carbonate ions : H O ( l ) + H C O ( aq ) ⇌ H C O ( aq ) + H O ( aq ) However , unpolluted rain can also contain other chemicals which affect its pH ( acidity level ) . A common example is nitric acid produced by electric discharge in the atmosphere such as lightning . Acid deposition as an environmental issue ( discussed later in the article ) would include additional acids other than H C O . History The corrosive effect of polluted , acidic city air on limestone and marble was noted in the 17th century by John Evelyn , who remarked upon the poor condition of the Arundel marbles . Since the Industrial Revolution , emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere have increased . In 1852 , Robert Angus Smith was the first to show the relationship between acid rain and atmospheric pollution in Manchester , England . Though acidic rain was discovered in 1853 , it was not until the late 1960s that scientists began widely observing and studying the phenomenon . The term `` acid rain '' was coined in 1872 by Robert Angus Smith . Canadian Harold Harvey was among the first to research a `` dead '' lake . Public awareness of acid rain in the U.S increased in the 1970s after The New York Times published reports from the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire of the myriad deleterious environmental effects shown to result from it . Occasional pH readings in rain and fog water of well below 2.4 have been reported in industrialized areas . Industrial acid rain is a substantial problem in China and Russia and areas downwind from them . These areas all burn sulfur - containing coal to generate heat and electricity . The problem of acid rain has not only increased with population and industrial growth , but has become more widespread . The use of tall smokestacks to reduce local pollution has contributed to the spread of acid rain by releasing gases into regional atmospheric circulation . Often deposition occurs a considerable distance downwind of the emissions , with mountainous regions tending to receive the greatest deposition ( simply because of their higher rainfall ) . An example of this effect is the low pH of rain which falls in Scandinavia . In the United States Since 1998 , Harvard University wraps some of the bronze and marble statues on its campus , such as this `` Chinese stele '' , with waterproof covers every winter , in order to protect them from corrosion caused by acid rain and acid snow The earliest report about acid rain in the United States was from the chemical evidence from Hubbard Brook Valley . In 1972 , a group of scientists including Gene Likens discovered the rain that was deposited at White Mountains of New Hampshire was acidic . The pH of the sample was measured to be 4.03 at Hubbard Brook . The Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study followed up with a series of research that analyzed the environmental effects of acid rain . Acid rain that mixed with stream water at Hubbard Brook was neutralized by the alumina from soils . The result of this research indicates the chemical reaction between acid rain and aluminum leads to increasing rate of soil weathering . Experimental research was done to examine the effects of increased acidity in stream on ecological species . In 1980 , a group of scientists modified the acidity of Norris Brook , New Hampshire , and observed the change in species ' behaviors . There was a decrease in species diversity , an increase in community dominants , and a decrease in the food web complexity . In 1980 , the U.S. Congress passed an Acid Deposition Act . This Act established an 18 - year assessment and research program under the direction of the National Acidic Precipitation Assessment Program ( NAPAP ) . NAPAP looked at the entire problem from a scientific perspective . It enlarged a network of monitoring sites to determine how acidic the precipitation actually was , and to determine long - term trends , and established a network for dry deposition . It looked at the effects of acid rain and funded research on the effects of acid precipitation on freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems , historical buildings , monuments , and building materials . It also funded extensive studies on atmospheric processes and potential control programs . From the start , policy advocates from all sides attempted to influence NAPAP activities to support their particular policy advocacy efforts , or to disparage those of their opponents . For the U.S. Government 's scientific enterprise , a significant impact of NAPAP were lessons learned in the assessment process and in environmental research management to a relatively large group of scientists , program managers and the public . In 1981 , the National Academy of Sciences was looking into research about the controversial issues regarding acid rain . President Ronald Reagan did not place a huge attention on the issues of acid rain until his personal visit to Canada and confirmed that Canadian border suffered from the drifting pollution from smokestacks in Midwest of US . Reagan honored the agreement to Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau 's enforcement of anti-pollution regulation . In 1982 , US President Ronald Reagan commissioned William Nierenberg to serve on the National Science Board . Nierenberg selected scientists including Gene Likens to serve on a panel to draft a report on acid rain . In 1983 , the panel of scientists came up with a draft report , which concluded that acid rain is a real problem and solutions should be sought . White House Office of Science and Technology Policy reviewed the draft report and sent Fred Singer 's suggestions of the report , which cast doubt on the cause of acid rain . The panelists revealed rejections against Singer 's positions and submitted the report to Nierenberg in April . In May 1983 , the House of Representatives voted against legislations that aimed to control sulfur emissions . There was a debate about whether Nierenberg delayed to release the report . Nierenberg himself denied the saying about his suppression of the report and explained that the withheld of the report after the House 's vote was due to the fact that the report was not ready to be published . In 1991 , the US National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program ( NAPAP ) provided its first assessment of acid rain in the United States . It reported that 5 % of New England Lakes were acidic , with sulfates being the most common problem . They noted that 2 % of the lakes could no longer support Brook Trout , and 6 % of the lakes were unsuitable for the survival of many species of minnow . Subsequent Reports to Congress have documented chemical changes in soil and freshwater ecosystems , nitrogen saturation , decreases in amounts of nutrients in soil , episodic acidification , regional haze , and damage to historical monuments . Meanwhile , in 1990 , the U.S. Congress passed a series of amendments to the Clean Air Act . Title IV of these amendments established the a cap and trade system designed to control emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides . Title IV called for a total reduction of about 10 million tons of SO emissions from power plants . It was implemented in two phases . Phase I began in 1995 , and limited sulfur dioxide emissions from 110 of the largest power plants to a combined total of 8.7 million tons of sulfur dioxide . One power plant in New England ( Merrimack ) was in Phase I. Four other plants ( Newington , Mount Tom , Brayton Point , and Salem Harbor ) were added under other provisions of the program . Phase II began in 2000 , and affects most of the power plants in the country . During the 1990s , research continued . On March 10 , 2005 , the EPA issued the Clean Air Interstate Rule ( CAIR ) . This rule provides states with a solution to the problem of power plant pollution that drifts from one state to another . CAIR will permanently cap emissions of SO and NO in the eastern United States . When fully implemented , CAIR will reduce SO emissions in 28 eastern states and the District of Columbia by over 70 % and NO emissions by over 60 % from 2003 levels . Overall , the program 's cap and trade program has been successful in achieving its goals . Since the 1990s , SO emissions have dropped 40 % , and according to the Pacific Research Institute , acid rain levels have dropped 65 % since 1976 . Conventional regulation was used in the European Union , which saw a decrease of over 70 % in SO emissions during the same time period . In 2007 , total SO emissions were 8.9 million tons , achieving the program 's long - term goal ahead of the 2010 statutory deadline . In 2007 the EPA estimated that by 2010 , the overall costs of complying with the program for businesses and consumers would be $1 billion to $2 billion a year , only one fourth of what was originally predicted . Forbes says : In 2010 , by which time the cap and trade system had been augmented by the George W. Bush administration 's Clean Air Interstate Rule , SO2 emissions had fallen to 5.1 million tons . The term Citizen science can be traced back as far as January 1989 and a campaign by the Audubon Society to measure Acid rain . Scientist Muki Haklay cites in a policy report for the Wilson Center entitled ' Citizen Science and Policy : A European Perspective ' a first use of the term ' citizen science ' by R. Kerson in the magazine MIT Technology Review from January 1989 . Quoting from the Wilson Center report : `` The new form of engagement in science received the name `` citizen science '' . The first recorded example of the use of the term is from 1989 , describing how 225 volunteers across the US collected rain samples to assist the Audubon Society in an acid - rain awareness raising campaign . The volunteers collected samples , checked for acidity , and reported back to the organization . The information was then used to demonstrate the full extent of the phenomenon . '' Emissions of chemicals leading to acidification The most important gas which leads to acidification is sulfur dioxide . Emissions of nitrogen oxides which are oxidized to form nitric acid are of increasing importance due to stricter controls on emissions of sulfur containing compounds . 70 Tg ( S ) per year in the form of SO comes from fossil fuel combustion and industry , 2.8 Tg ( S ) from wildfires and 7 -- 8 Tg ( S ) per year from volcanoes . Natural phenomena The principal natural phenomena that contribute acid - producing gases to the atmosphere are emissions from volcanoes . Thus , for example , fumaroles from the Laguna Caliente crater of Poás Volcano create extremely high amounts of acid rain and fog , with acidity as high as a pH of 2 , clearing an area of any vegetation and frequently causing irritation to the eyes and lungs of inhabitants in nearby settlements . Acid - producing gasses are also created by biological processes that occur on the land , in wetlands , and in the oceans . The major biological source of sulfur containing compounds is dimethyl sulfide . Nitric acid in rainwater is an important source of fixed nitrogen for plant life , and is also produced by electrical activity in the atmosphere such as lightning . Acidic deposits have been detected in glacial ice thousands of years old in remote parts of the globe . Soils of coniferous forests are naturally very acidic due to the shedding of needles , and the results of this phenomenon should not be confused with acid rain . Human activity The coal - fired Gavin Power Plant in Cheshire , Ohio The principal cause of acid rain is sulfur and nitrogen compounds from human sources , such as electricity generation , factories , and motor vehicles . Electrical power generation using coal is among the greatest contributors to gaseous pollutions that are responsible for acidic rain . The gases can be carried hundreds of kilometers in the atmosphere before they are converted to acids and deposited . In the past , factories had short funnels to let out smoke but this caused many problems locally ; thus , factories now have taller smoke funnels . However , dispersal from these taller stacks causes pollutants to be carried farther , causing widespread ecological damage . Chemical processes Combustion of fuels produces sulfur dioxide and nitric oxides . They are converted into sulfuric acid and nitric acid . Gas phase chemistry In the gas phase sulfur dioxide is oxidized by reaction with the hydroxyl radical via an intermolecular reaction : SO + OH → HOSO which is followed by : HOSO + O → HO + SO In the presence of water , sulfur trioxide ( SO ) is converted rapidly to sulfuric acid : SO ( g ) + H O ( l ) → H SO ( aq ) Nitrogen dioxide reacts with OH to form nitric acid : This shows the process of the air pollution being released into the atmosphere and the areas that will be affected . NO + OH → HNO Chemistry in cloud droplets When clouds are present , the loss rate of SO is faster than can be explained by gas phase chemistry alone . This is due to reactions in the liquid water droplets . Hydrolysis Sulfur dioxide dissolves in water and then , like carbon dioxide , hydrolyses in a series of equilibrium reactions : SO ( g ) + H O ⇌ SO H O SO H O ⇌ H + HSO HSO ⇌ H + SO Oxidation There are a large number of aqueous reactions that oxidize sulfur from S ( IV ) to S ( VI ) , leading to the formation of sulfuric acid . The most important oxidation reactions are with ozone , hydrogen peroxide and oxygen ( reactions with oxygen are catalyzed by iron and manganese in the cloud droplets ) . Acid deposition Wet deposition Wet deposition of acids occurs when any form of precipitation ( rain , snow , and so on . ) removes acids from the atmosphere and delivers it to the Earth 's surface . This can result from the deposition of acids produced in the raindrops ( see aqueous phase chemistry above ) or by the precipitation removing the acids either in clouds or below clouds . Wet removal of both gases and aerosols are both of importance for wet deposition . Dry deposition Acid deposition also occurs via dry deposition in the absence of precipitation . This can be responsible for as much as 20 to 60 % of total acid deposition . This occurs when particles and gases stick to the ground , plants or other surfaces . Adverse effects Acid rain has been shown to have adverse impacts on forests , freshwaters and soils , killing insect and aquatic life - forms as well as causing damage to buildings and having impacts on human health . Surface Waters and aquatic animals This chart shows that not all fish , shellfish , or the insects that they eat can tolerate the same amount of acid ; for example , frogs can tolerate water that is more acidic ( i.e. , has a lower pH ) than trout . Both the lower pH and higher aluminium concentrations in surface water that occur as a result of acid rain can cause damage to fish and other aquatic animals . At pHs lower than 5 most fish eggs will not hatch and lower pHs can kill adult fish . As lakes and rivers become more acidic biodiversity is reduced . Acid rain has eliminated insect life and some fish species , including the brook trout in some lakes , streams , and creeks in geographically sensitive areas , such as the Adirondack Mountains of the United States . However , the extent to which acid rain contributes directly or indirectly via runoff from the catchment to lake and river acidity ( i.e. , depending on characteristics of the surrounding watershed ) is variable . The United States Environmental Protection Agency 's ( EPA ) website states : `` Of the lakes and streams surveyed , acid rain caused acidity in 75 % of the acidic lakes and about 50 % of the acidic streams '' . Soils Soil biology and chemistry can be seriously damaged by acid rain . Some microbes are unable to tolerate changes to low pH and are killed . The enzymes of these microbes are denatured ( changed in shape so they no longer function ) by the acid . The hydronium ions of acid rain also mobilize toxins such as aluminium , and leach away essential nutrients and minerals such as magnesium . 2 H ( aq ) + Mg ( clay ) ⇌ 2 H ( clay ) + Mg ( aq ) Soil chemistry can be dramatically changed when base cations , such as calcium and magnesium , are leached by acid rain thereby affecting sensitive species , such as sugar maple ( Acer saccharum ) . Forests and other vegetation Acid rain can have severe effects on vegetation . A forest in the Black Triangle in Europe . Adverse effects may be indirectly related to acid rain , like the acid 's effects on soil ( see above ) or high concentration of gaseous precursors to acid rain . High altitude forests are especially vulnerable as they are often surrounded by clouds and fog which are more acidic than rain . Other plants can also be damaged by acid rain , but the effect on food crops is minimized by the application of lime and fertilizers to replace lost nutrients . In cultivated areas , limestone may also be added to increase the ability of the soil to keep the pH stable , but this tactic is largely unusable in the case of wilderness lands . When calcium is leached from the needles of red spruce , these trees become less cold tolerant and exhibit winter injury and even death . Ocean acidification Main article : Ocean acidification This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2013 ) Acid rain has a much less harmful effect on the oceans . However , acid rain can cause the oceans acidity to rise , making it more difficult for different coastal species to create their exoskeletons that they need to survive . These coastal species link together as part of the ocean 's food chain and without them being a source for other marine life to feed off of more marine life will die . Coral 's limestone skeletal is sensitive to pH drop , because the calcium carbonate , core component of the limestone dissolves in acidic ( low pH ) solutions . Human health effects Acid rain does not directly affect human health . The acid in the rainwater is too dilute to have direct adverse effects . However , the particulates responsible for acid rain ( sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides ) do have an adverse effect . Increased amounts of fine particulate matter in the air do contribute to heart and lung problems including asthma and bronchitis . Other adverse effects Effect of acid rain on statues Acid rain and weathering Acid rain can damage buildings , historic monuments , and statues , especially those made of rocks , such as limestone and marble , that contain large amounts of calcium carbonate . Acids in the rain react with the calcium compounds in the stones to create gypsum , which then flakes off . CaCO ( s ) + H SO ( aq ) ⇌ CaSO ( s ) + CO ( g ) + H O ( l ) The effects of this are commonly seen on old gravestones , where acid rain can cause the inscriptions to become completely illegible . Acid rain also increases the corrosion rate of metals , in particular iron , steel , copper and bronze . Affected areas Places significantly impacted by acid rain around the globe include most of eastern Europe from Poland northward into Scandinavia , the eastern third of the United States , and southeastern Canada . Other affected areas include the southeastern coast of China and Taiwan . Prevention methods Technical solutions Many coal - firing power stations use flue - gas desulfurization ( FGD ) to remove sulfur - containing gases from their stack gases . For a typical coal - fired power station , FGD will remove 95 % or more of the SO in the flue gases . An example of FGD is the wet scrubber which is commonly used . A wet scrubber is basically a reaction tower equipped with a fan that extracts hot smoke stack gases from a power plant into the tower . Lime or limestone in slurry form is also injected into the tower to mix with the stack gases and combine with the sulfur dioxide present . The calcium carbonate of the limestone produces pH - neutral calcium sulfate that is physically removed from the scrubber . That is , the scrubber turns sulfur pollution into industrial sulfates . In some areas the sulfates are sold to chemical companies as gypsum when the purity of calcium sulfate is high . In others , they are placed in landfill . However , the effects of acid rain can last for generations , as the effects of pH level change can stimulate the continued leaching of undesirable chemicals into otherwise pristine water sources , killing off vulnerable insect and fish species and blocking efforts to restore native life . Fluidized bed combustion also reduces the amount of sulfur emitted by power production . Vehicle emissions control reduces emissions of nitrogen oxides from motor vehicles . International treaties A number of international treaties on the long - range transport of atmospheric pollutants have been agreed for example , the 1985 Helsinki Protocol on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions under the Convention on Long - Range Transboundary Air Pollution . Canada and the US signed the Air Quality Agreement in 1991 . Most European countries and Canada have signed the treaties . Emissions trading Main article : Emissions trading See also : Acid Rain Program In this regulatory scheme , every current polluting facility is given or may purchase on an open market an emissions allowance for each unit of a designated pollutant it emits . Operators can then install pollution control equipment , and sell portions of their emissions allowances they no longer need for their own operations , thereby recovering some of the capital cost of their investment in such equipment . The intention is to give operators economic incentives to install pollution controls . The first emissions trading market was established in the United States by enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 . The overall goal of the Acid Rain Program established by the Act is to achieve significant environmental and public health benefits through reductions in emissions of sulfur dioxide ( SO ) and nitrogen oxides ( NO ) , the primary causes of acid rain . To achieve this goal at the lowest cost to society , the program employs both regulatory and market based approaches for controlling air pollution . See also Basic precipitation Gene Likens List of environmental issues Lists of environmental topics Ocean acidification Rain dust ( an alkaline rain ) References Jump up ^ Likens , Gene E. ; Keene , William C. ; Miller , John M. ; Galloway , James N. ( 1987 ) . `` Chemistry of precipitation from a remote , terrestrial site in Australia '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 92 : 13299 . Bibcode : 1987JGR ... 9213299L . doi : 10.1029 / JD092iD11p13299 . Jump up ^ E.S. de Beer , ed . The Diary of John Evelyn , III , 1955 ( 19 September 1667 ) p. 495 . ^ Jump up to : Glossary , United States : NASA Earth Observatory , acid rain , archived from the original on 2011 - 12 - 13 , retrieved 2013 - 02 - 15 Jump up ^ Weathers , K.C. and Likens , G.E. ( 2006 ) . `` Acid rain '' , pp. 1549 -- 1561 in : W.N. Rom and S. Markowitz ( eds . ) . Environmental and Occupational Medicine . Lippincott - Raven Publ. , Philadelphia . Fourth Edition , ISBN 0 - 7817 - 6299 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Seinfeld , John H. ; Pandis , Spyros N ( 1998 ) . Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics -- From Air Pollution to Climate Change . John Wiley and Sons , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 17816 - 3 Jump up ^ Likens , G.E. ; Bormann , F.H. ; Johnson , N.M. ( 1972 ) . `` Acid rain '' . Environment. 14 ( 2 ) : 33 -- 40 . doi : 10.1080 / 00139157.1972. 9933001 . Jump up ^ Acid Rain in New England , A Brief History Archived September 25 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Epa.gov . Retrieved on 2013 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Likens , G.E. ; Bormann , F.H. ( 1974 ) . `` Acid Rain : A Serious Regional Environmental Problem '' . Science . 184 ( 4142 ) : 1176 -- 9 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 184.4142. 1176 . PMID 17756304 . Jump up ^ Keller , C.K. ; White , T.M. ; O'Brien , R. ; Smith , J.L. ( 2006 ) . `` Soil CO2 dynamics and fluxes as affected by tree harvest in an experimental sand ecosystem '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 111 . Bibcode : 2006JGRG ... 111.3011 K . doi : 10.1029 / 2005JG000157 . Jump up ^ Galloway , JN ; Dianwu , Z ; Jiling , X ; Likens , GE ( 1987 ) . `` Acid rain : China , United States , and a remote area '' . Science . 236 ( 4808 ) : 1559 -- 62 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 236.4808. 1559 . PMID 17835740 . Jump up ^ Chandru ( 2006 - 09 - 09 ) . `` CHINA : Industrialization pollutes its country side with Acid Rain '' . Southasiaanalysis.org . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Lefohn , A.S. ; Husar , J.D. ; Husar , R.B. ( 1999 ) , Global Sulfur Emissions Database , United States : A.S.L. & Associates ^ Jump up to : Likens , G.E. ; Wright , R.F. ; Galloway , J.N. ; Butler , T.J. ( 1979 ) . `` Acid rain '' . Scientific American . 241 ( 4 ) : 43 -- 51 . doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican1079 - 43 . Jump up ^ Likens , G.E. ( 1984 ) . `` Acid rain : the smokestack is the `` smoking gun '' `` . Garden . 8 ( 4 ) : 12 -- 18 . Jump up ^ `` Art Under Wraps '' , Harvard Magazine , March -- April 2000 Jump up ^ Likens , Gene E. ; Bormann , F. Herbert ; Johnson , Noye M. `` Acid Rain '' . Environment : Science and Policy for Sustainable Development . 14 ( 2 ) : 33 -- 40 . doi : 10.1080 / 00139157.1972. 9933001 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Noye M. ; Driscoll , Charles T. ; Eaton , John S. ; Likens , Gene E. ; McDowell , William H. ( 1981 - 09 - 01 ) . `` ' Acid rain ' , dissolved aluminum and chemical weathering at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest , New Hampshire '' . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 45 ( 9 ) : 1421 -- 1437 . doi : 10.1016 / 0016 - 7037 ( 81 ) 90276 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hall , Ronald J. ; Likens , Gene E. ; Fiance , Sandy B. ; Hendrey , George R. ( 1980 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Experimental Acidification of a Stream in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest , New Hampshire '' . Ecology. 61 ( 4 ) : 976 -- 989 . doi : 10.2307 / 1936765 . ISSN 1939 - 9170 . ^ Jump up to : Lackey , R.T. ( 1997 ) . `` Science , policy , and acid rain : lessons learned '' ( PDF ) . Renewable Resources Journal . 15 ( 1 ) : 9 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Winstanley , Derek ; Lackey , Robert T. ; Warnick , Walter L. ; Malanchuk , John ( 1998 ) . `` Acid rain : Science and policy making '' . Environmental Science & Policy . 1 : 51 . doi : 10.1016 / S1462 - 9011 ( 98 ) 00006 - 9 . Jump up ^ Times , Robert Reinhold , Special To The New York ( 1982 - 06 - 08 ) . `` ACID RAIN ISSUE CREATES STRESS BETWEEN ADMINISTRATION AND SCIENCE ACADEMY '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Ronald Reagan on Environment '' . www.ontheissues.org . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` HYSTERIA ABOUT ACID RAIN Even Ronald Reagan now casts it as the villain . He is overriding a lot of scientific evidence . - April 14 , 1986 '' . archive.fortune.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Ronald Reagan : Nomination of William A. Nierenberg To Be a Member of the National Science Board '' . www.presidency.ucsb.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Report of the Acid Rain Peer Review Panel '' . Document Display NEPIS US EPA . July 1984 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` From tobacco to climate change , ' merchants of doubt ' undermined the science '' . Grist. 2010 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Ben A. ( 1984 - 08 - 18 ) . `` LEGISLATORS SAT WHITE HOUSE SUPPRESSED ACID RAIN REPORT '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ The U.S. National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program : 1990 integrated assessment report . Washington , D.C. : National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program , Office of the Director , ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ https://www.epa.gov/clean-air-act-overview/clean-air-act-title-iv-subchapter-acid-deposition-control Jump up ^ `` US EPA : A Brief History of Acid Rain '' . Epa.gov . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : ' Cap - and - trade ' model eyed for cutting greenhouse gases , San Francisco Chronicle , December 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Facts On File News Services Databases '' . 2facts.com . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Gilberston , T. and Reyes , O. 2009 . Carbon Trading : how it works and why it fails . Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation : 22 Jump up ^ Acid Rain Program 2007 Progress Report , United States Environmental Protection Agency , January 2009 . Jump up ^ Gerdes , Justin . `` Cap and Trade Curbed Acid Rain : 7 Reasons Why It Can Do The Same For Climate Change '' . Forbes . Forbes . Retrieved 27 Oct 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Muki Haklay ( 2015 ) . `` Citizen Science and Policy : A European Perspective '' ( PDF ) . Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . p. 11 . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : R. Kerson ( 1989 ) . `` Lab for the Environment '' . MIT Technology Review . Vol. 92 no . 1 . pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Berresheim , H. ; Wine , P.H. and Davies D.D. ( 1995 ) . `` Sulfur in the Atmosphere '' . In Composition , Chemistry and Climate of the Atmosphere , ed . H.B. Singh . Van Nostrand Rheingold ISBN 0 - 442 - 01264 - 0 Jump up ^ Clean Air Act Reduces Acid Rain In Eastern United States , ScienceDaily , September 28 , 1998 Jump up ^ `` UK National Air Quality Archive : Air Pollution Glossary '' . Airquality.co.uk. 2002 - 04 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : US EPA : Effects of Acid Rain -- Surface Waters and Aquatic Animals Jump up ^ Rodhe , H. , et al . The global distribution of acidifying wet deposition . Environmental Science and TEchnology . vlo. 36 , no . 20 ( October ) p. 4382 -- 8 Jump up ^ US EPA : Effects of Acid Rain -- Forests Archived July 26 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Likens , G.E. ; Driscoll , C.T. ; Buso , D.C. ; Mitchell , M.J. ; Lovett , G.M. ; Bailey , S.W. ; Siccama , T.G. ; Reiners , W.A. ; Alewell , C. ( 2002 ) . `` The biogeochemistry of sulfur at Hubbard Brook '' ( PDF ) . Biogeochemistry. 60 ( 3 ) : 235 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1020972100496 . Jump up ^ Likens , G.E. ; Driscoll , C.T. ; Buso , D.C. ( 1996 ) . `` Long - Term Effects of Acid Rain : Response and Recovery of a Forest Ecosystem '' ( PDF ) . Science . 272 ( 5259 ) : 244 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 272.5259. 244 . Jump up ^ DeHayes , D.H. , Schaberg , P.G. and G.R. Strimbeck. ( 2001 ) . Red Spruce Hardiness and Freezing Injury Susceptibility . In : F. Bigras , ed . Conifer Cold Hardiness . Kluwer Academic Publishers , the Netherlands ISBN 0 - 7923 - 6636 - 0 . Jump up ^ Lazarus , Brynne E. ; Schaberg , Paul G. ; Hawley , Gary J. ; DeHayes , Donald H. ( 2006 ) . `` Landscape - scale spatial patterns of winter injury to red spruce foliage in a year of heavy region - wide injury '' ( PDF ) . Can . J. For . Res. 36 : 142 -- 152 . doi : 10.1139 / x05 - 236 . highbeam copy Jump up ^ `` Acid Rain Has Disproportionate Impact on Near - Shore Ocean Waters - Windows to the Universe '' . www.windows2universe.org . Jump up ^ Effects of Acid Rain -- Human Health . Epa.gov ( 2006 - 06 - 02 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` ICP on effects on materials '' . Water , Air , & Soil Pollution. 85 : 2701 -- 2706 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01186242 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Approaches in modeling the impact of air pollution - induced material degradation '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Ed . Hatier ( 1993 ) . `` Acid Rain in Europe '' . United Nations Environment Programme GRID Arendal . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ US Environmental Protection Agency ( 2008 ) . `` Clean Air Markets 2008 Highlights '' . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Acid Rain - Green Education Foundation GEF Sustainability Education '' . www.greeneducationfoundation.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 , 42 U.S. Code 7651 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acid rain . National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program Report -- a 98 - page report to Congress ( 2005 ) Acid rain for schools Acid rain for schools -- Hubbard Brook Acid Rain Retirement Fund environmental education links about acid rain United States Environmental Protection Agency -- New England Acid Rain Program ( superficial ) Acid Rain ( more depth than ref . above ) U.S. Geological Survey -- What is acid rain ? Acid rain analysis -- freeware for simulation and evaluation of titration curves and pH calculations CBC Digital Archives -- Acid Rain : Pollution and Politics Larssen , Thorjørn et al. `` Acid Rain in China '' . Environmental Science and Technology , 40 : 2 , 2006 , pp 418 -- 425 . Acid Rain : A Continuing National Tragedy -- a report from The Adirondack Council on acid rain in the Adirondack region ( 1998 ) Assortment of Summaries on Acid Rain Acid rain linked to decline of the wood thrush , a songbird of the Eastern Forest Trouble in the Forest , a 1988 documentary hosted by David Suzuki What Happens to Acid Rain ? Acid Rain and how it affects fish and other aquatic organisms ( hide ) Pollution Air pollution Acid rain Air quality index Atmospheric dispersion modeling Chlorofluorocarbon Indoor air quality Global dimming Global distillation Global warming Ozone depletion Atmospheric particulate matter Smog Water pollution Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products Environmental impact of shipping Environmental monitoring Eutrophication Freshwater environmental quality parameters Groundwater pollution Hypoxia Marine debris Marine pollution Ocean acidification Oil spill Septic tank Surface runoff Thermal pollution Turbidity Urban runoff Wastewater Water quality Water stagnation Waterborne diseases Soil contamination Bioremediation Electrical resistance heating Herbicide Open defecation Pesticide Phytoremediation Soil Guideline Values ( SGVs ) Radioactive contamination Actinides in the environment Bioremediation of radioactive waste Environmental radioactivity Fission product Nuclear fallout Plutonium in the environment Radiation poisoning Radium in the environment Uranium in the environment Other types of pollution Land degradation Light pollution Pollution from nanomaterials Noise pollution Radio spectrum pollution Urban heat island Visual pollution Inter-government treaties Basel Convention CLRTAP Kyoto Protocol MARPOL Convention Montreal Protocol OSPAR Rotterdam Convention Stockholm Convention Major organizations Basel Action Network Central Pollution Control Board ( India ) DEFRA Environment Agency ( England and Wales ) Scottish Environment Protection Agency U.S. EPA European Environment Agency Greenpeace GND : 4179239 - 7 NDL : 00575484 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acid_rain&oldid=816952771 '' Categories : Environmental chemistry Pollution Forest pathology Rain Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles to be expanded from July 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 December 2017 , at 23 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%20rain
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list of the best restaurants in the world
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World 's Best Restaurant Year 1st 2nd 3rd 2002 elBulli Gordon Ramsay The French Laundry 2003 The French Laundry elBulli Le Louis XV The French Laundry The Fat Duck elBulli 2005 The Fat Duck elBulli The French Laundry 2006 elBulli The Fat Duck Pierre Gagnaire 2007 elBulli The Fat Duck Pierre Gagnaire 2008 elBulli The Fat Duck Pierre Gagnaire 2009 elBulli The Fat Duck Noma Noma elBulli The Fat Duck 2011 Noma El Celler de Can Roca Mugaritz 2012 Noma El Celler de Can Roca Mugaritz 2013 El Celler de Can Roca Noma Osteria Francescana 2014 Noma El Celler de Can Roca Osteria Francescana 2015 El Celler de Can Roca Osteria Francescana Noma 2016 Osteria Francescana El Celler de Can Roca Eleven Madison Park 2017 Eleven Madison Park Osteria Francescana El Celler de Can Roca
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The World 's 50 Best restaurants
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the world's 50 best restaurants
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The World 's 50 Best Restaurants is a list produced by the British magazine Restaurant , based on a poll of international chefs , restaurateurs , gourmands and restaurant critics . In addition to the main ranking , the Chef 's Choice list is based on votes from the fifty head chefs from the restaurants on the previous year 's list . The top restaurants are often forerunners of molecular gastronomy . Most of the restaurants serve haute cuisine , which is characterized by the meticulous preparation and careful presentation of food .
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The first place on the list has been dominated by elBulli and Noma . In 2002 and 2006 -- 2009 , elBulli was determined to be the world 's best restaurant , winning more times than any other restaurant . In 2010 , Noma received the first place award . It was maintained in 2011 and again in 2012 . After defending its title for the third time , chef René Redzepi said that 1,204 customers were wait - listed for the evening , compared to 14 customers from two years before . However , in 2013 El Celler De Can Roca took over the first position before Noma regained it in 2014 . Eleven Madison Park in New York City is the current top restaurant , the first American restaurant to top the list since Thomas Keller 's The French Laundry in 2004 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Best restaurants 3 Chef 's Choice restaurants 4 Other 2012 awards 5 Criticism 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The list originated as a one - off stunt by the staff of Restaurant magazine , who came up with the idea at the Shaston Arms public house in London 's Carnaby Street . It was more successful than they expected and soon became established as a major event in the culinary world . The World 's 50 Best Restaurants list is compiled from the votes of the `` World 's 50 Best Restaurants Academy '' , a group of 27 panels established to make the ranking . The world is divided into regions , with a chairperson in each region appointed for their knowledge of their part of the restaurant world . These chairs each selected a voting panel of 35 members , who cast a total of 5,859 votes . There is no list of nominees ; each member of the international voting panel votes for their own personal choice of seven restaurants . To ensure that there are winners from many regions , judges are encouraged to vote for up to three restaurants in their own region , with the rest cast outside their home region . No voting member is allowed to vote for their own restaurant , or one in which they have an economic interest , and voters must have eaten in the restaurants they nominate within the past 18 months -- although it is not possible to ensure that they have . The criteria are different from those of the Michelin Guide or other guides , which has allowed restaurants like Momofuku Ssam Bar , Asador Etxebarri and St. John to hold their own among the molecular or traditional cuisine of restaurants such as The Fat Duck , Les Ambassadeurs or The French Laundry . Best restaurants ( edit ) elBulli Noma 's storefront World 's Best Restaurant Year 1st 2nd 3rd 2002 elBulli Gordon Ramsay The French Laundry 2003 The French Laundry elBulli Le Louis XV The French Laundry The Fat Duck elBulli 2005 The Fat Duck elBulli The French Laundry 2006 elBulli The Fat Duck Pierre Gagnaire 2007 elBulli The Fat Duck Pierre Gagnaire 2008 elBulli The Fat Duck Pierre Gagnaire 2009 elBulli The Fat Duck Noma Noma elBulli The Fat Duck 2011 Noma El Celler de Can Roca Mugaritz 2012 Noma El Celler de Can Roca Mugaritz 2013 El Celler de Can Roca Noma Osteria Francescana 2014 Noma El Celler de Can Roca Osteria Francescana 2015 El Celler de Can Roca Osteria Francescana Noma 2016 Osteria Francescana El Celler de Can Roca Eleven Madison Park 2017 Eleven Madison Park Osteria Francescana El Celler de Can Roca Chef 's Choice restaurants ( edit ) 2004 : Tetsuya 's , Sydney ( 19 ) 2005 : elBulli , Roses , Catalonia , Spain ( 2 ) 2006 : Pierre Gagnaire , Paris , France ( 3 ) 2007 : The Fat Duck , Bray , Berkshire , England ( 2 ) 2008 : Mugaritz , Errenteria , Gipuzkoa , Spain ( 4 ) 2009 : Noma , Copenhagen , Denmark ( 3 ) 2010 : The Fat Duck , Bray , Berkshire , England ( 3 ) 2011 : Osteria Francescana , Modena , Italy ( 4 ) 2012 : Mugaritz , Errenteria , Gipuzkoa , Spain ( 3 ) 2013 : Alinea , Chicago , United States ( 15 ) 2014 : D.O.M. , São Paulo , Brazil ( 7 ) 2015 : Eleven Madison Park , New York City , United States ( 5 ) 2016 : El Celler de Can Roca , Girona , Spain ( 2 ) 2017 : Central Restaurante , Lima , Peru Other 2012 awards ( edit ) La Grenouillere , France -- `` One to Watch '' award . Overall it placed at # 81 . Elena Arzak from the Arzak restaurant , Spain -- Veuve Clicquot World 's Best Female Chef . Thomas Keller from the French Laundry , US -- S. Pellegrino Lifetime Achievement Award . Criticism ( edit ) The World 's 50 Best Restaurants list has been criticised ; writing in The Guardian in 2003 Matthew Fort described the list as `` humbug '' . The French food writer and critic François - Régis Gaudry ( fr ) says the ranking lacks reliability , while the Spanish chef Martín Berasategui spoke of `` rigged '' ranking , manipulated by an `` important international food company '' in order to `` cause damage '' to the Michelin guide . The list has also been criticised as lacking female representation and being overly Eurocentric . See also ( edit ) Companies portal Food portal List of Michelin 3 - star restaurants Lists of restaurants La Liste References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Spain 's El Bulli named best restaurant in world '' . The Economic Times . India . 21 April 2009 . Retrieved 30 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 21 September 2014 . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Richard Vines ( 30 April 2012 ) . `` Noma Keeps World 's Best Restaurant Title , Fat Duck Sinks '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 30 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eleven Madison Park Tops List of World 's 50 Best Restaurants '' . New York Times . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` These Are the World 's 50 Best Restaurants '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lauren Collins ( 2 November 2015 ) , `` Who 's to Judge ? -- How the World 's 50 Best Restaurants are chosen '' , The New Yorker , retrieved 10 April 2017 Jump up ^ `` About The Academy '' . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Restaurant , Osteria Francescana Archived 4 February 2013 at Archive.is 2011 ^ Jump up to : `` Noma Keeps World 's Best Restaurant Title as Fat Duck Slumps '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Fort , Matthew ( 2003 - 04 - 29 ) . `` Questionable taste '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Que faut - il penser des World 's 50 Best Restaurants 2013 ? '' . Lexpress.fr . Jump up ^ `` '' Restaurant ' es un montaje `` '' . El País ( in Spanish ) . 2 May 2012 . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Bull , Marian . `` The World 's 50 Best Restaurants List Is Also a Bad Bucket List '' . GQ . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website 2017 list of 50 best restaurants hide Lists of restaurants By city Barcelona Hong Kong Lagos Las Vegas Valley London New York City Paris Portland , Oregon Singapore Tokyo Vienna By company Burger King franchises KFC franchises McDonald 's restaurants By country Restaurant districts and streets Australia Pizzerias in Australia Canadian chains Canadian pizza chains Fast - food chains in Canada China Hungary Iceland India chains Ireland chains Israel Mexico Philippine chains Scotland South Africa Sweden Switzerland Wales United States chains Pizza chains of the U.S. U.S. restaurant districts and streets Hawaii By cuisine Bakery cafés Barbecue restaurants Coffeehouse chains Doughnut shops Fast - food chicken restaurants Fish and chip restaurants Frozen yogurt companies Hamburger restaurants Hot dog restaurants Ice cream parlor chains Noodle restaurants Ramen shops Oyster bars Pancake houses Pizza chains Pizza franchises Seafood restaurants Steakhouses Submarine sandwich restaurants Vegetarian restaurants By ethnicity Chinese restaurants French restaurants Greek restaurants Italian restaurants Japanese restaurants Mexican restaurants Russian restaurants Thai restaurants By owner Owned or operated by Gordon Ramsay By rating Michelin 3 - star restaurants Michelin starred restaurants in Chicago Michelin starred restaurants in Hong Kong and Macau Michelin starred restaurants in Ireland Michelin starred restaurants in the Netherlands Michelin starred restaurants in New York City Michelin starred restaurants in San Francisco Michelin starred restaurants in Scotland Michelin starred restaurants in Singapore Michelin starred restaurants in the United Kingdom Michelin starred restaurants in Washington , D.C. The World 's 50 Best Restaurants By type Buffet restaurants Cafeterias Casual dining restaurant chains Delicatessens Diners Dinner theaters Drive - in restaurants Floating restaurants Kosher restaurants Restaurant chains Fast food restaurant chains Defunct fast - food restaurant chains Revolving restaurants Supper clubs Sushi restaurants Theme restaurants See also List of restaurateurs List of American restaurateurs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_World%27s_50_Best_Restaurants&oldid=845609402 '' Categories : Restaurant guides Food and drink awards Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use British English from May 2012 Use dmy dates from May 2012 Interlanguage link template link number Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Italiano עברית Polski Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 12 June 2018 , at 23 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20World%2527s%2050%20Best%20Restaurants
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how long did the old kingdom period of egyptian civilization last
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The Old Kingdom , in ancient Egyptian history , is the period in the third millennium ( c. 2686 -- 2181 BC ) also known as the ' Age of the Pyramids ' or ' Age of the Pyramid Builders ' as it includes the great 4th Dynasty when King Sneferu perfected the art of pyramid building and the pyramids of Giza were constructed under the kings Khufu , Khafre and Menkaure . Egypt attained its first continuous peak of civilization -- the first of three so - called `` Kingdom '' periods ( followed by the Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom ) which mark the high points of civilization in the lower Nile Valley .
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Old Kingdom of Egypt
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old kingdom of egypt
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The Old Kingdom , in ancient Egyptian history , is the period in the third millennium ( c. 2686 -- 2181 BC ) also known as the ' Age of the Pyramids ' or ' Age of the Pyramid Builders ' as it includes the great 4th Dynasty when King Sneferu perfected the art of pyramid building and the pyramids of Giza were constructed under the kings Khufu , Khafre and Menkaure . Egypt attained its first continuous peak of civilization -- the first of three so - called `` Kingdom '' periods ( followed by the Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom ) which mark the high points of civilization in the lower Nile Valley .
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The term itself was coined by 18th - century historians , and the distinction between the Old Kingdom and the Early Dynastic Period is not one which would have been recognized by Ancient Egyptians . Not only was the last king of the Early Dynastic Period related to the first two kings of the Old Kingdom , but the ' capital ' , the royal residence , remained at Ineb - Hedg , the Ancient Egyptian name for Memphis . The basic justification for a separation between the two periods is the revolutionary change in architecture accompanied by the effects on Egyptian society and economy of large - scale building projects . The Old Kingdom is most commonly regarded as the period from the Third Dynasty through to the Sixth Dynasty ( 2686 -- 2181 BC ) . The 4th -- 6th Dynasties of Egypt are scarce , and historians regard the history of the era as literally ' written in stone ' and largely architectural in that it is through the monuments and their inscriptions that scholars have been able to construct a history . Egyptologists also include the Memphite Seventh and Eighth Dynasties in the Old Kingdom as a continuation of the administration centralized at Memphis . While the Old Kingdom was a period of internal security and prosperity , it was followed by a period of disunity and relative cultural decline referred to by Egyptologists as the First Intermediate Period . During the Old Kingdom , the king of Egypt ( not called the Pharaoh until the New Kingdom ) became a living god who ruled absolutely and could demand the services and wealth of his subjects . Under King Djoser , the first king of the Third Dynasty of the Old Kingdom , the royal capital of Egypt was moved to Memphis , where Djoser established his court . A new era of building was initiated at Saqqara under his reign . King Djoser 's architect , Imhotep , is credited with the development of building with stone and with the conception of the new architectural form -- the step pyramid . The Old Kingdom is perhaps best known for the large number of pyramids constructed at this time as burial places for Egypt 's kings . For this reason , the Old Kingdom is frequently referred to as `` the Age of the Pyramids '' . Contents 1 History 1.1 Rise of the Old Kingdom 1.2 Height of the Old Kingdom 1.3 Fifth Dynasty 1.4 Decline into the First Intermediate Period 2 Culture 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links History ( edit ) Rise of the Old Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : Third Dynasty of Egypt The Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara . The first Pharaoh of the Old Kingdom was Djoser ( sometime between 2691 and 2625 BC ) of the third dynasty , who ordered the construction of a pyramid ( the Step Pyramid ) in Memphis ' necropolis , Saqqara . An important person during the reign of Djoser was his vizier , Imhotep . Temple of Djoser at Saqqara Head of a King , ca . 2650 - 2600 BC , Brooklyn Museum ; The earliest representations of Egyptian Kings are on a small scale . From the 3rd dynasty , statues were made showing the ruler life - size ; this head wearing the crown of Upper Egypt even surpasses human scale . It was in this era that formerly independent ancient Egyptian states became known as nomes , under the rule of the Pharaoh . The former rulers were forced to assume the role of governors or otherwise work in tax collection . Egyptians in this era worshipped their Pharaoh as a god , believing that he ensured the annual flooding of the Nile that was necessary for their crops . Egyptian views on the nature of time during this period held that the universe worked in cycles , and the Pharaoh on earth worked to ensure the stability of those cycles . They also perceived themselves as a specially selected people . Height of the Old Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : Fourth Dynasty of Egypt The Great Sphinx of Giza in front of the Great Pyramid of Giza . The Old Kingdom and its royal power reached a zenith under the Fourth Dynasty ( 2613 -- 2494 BC ) , which began with Sneferu ( 2613 -- 2589 BC ) . After Djoser , Pharaoh Snefru was the next great pyramid builder . Snefru commissioned the building of not one , but three pyramids . The first is called the Meidum pyramid , named for its location in Egypt . Snefru abandoned it after the outside casing fell off of the pyramid . The Meidum pyramid was the first to have an above - ground burial chamber . Using more stones than any other Pharaoh , he built the three pyramids : a now collapsed pyramid in Meidum , the Bent Pyramid at Dahshur , and the Red Pyramid , at North Dahshur . However , the full development of the pyramid style of building was reached not at Saqqara , but during the building of ' The Great Pyramids ' at Giza . Sneferu was succeeded by his son , Khufu ( 2589 -- 2566 BC ) , who built the Great Pyramid of Giza . After Khufu 's death , his sons Djedefra ( 2566 -- 2558 BC ) and Khafra ( 2558 -- 2532 BC ) may have quarrelled . The latter built the second pyramid and ( in traditional thinking ) the Sphinx in Giza . Recent reexamination of evidence has led Egyptologist Vassil Dobrev to propose that the Sphinx had been built by Djedefra as a monument to his father Khufu . Alternatively , the Sphinx has been proposed to be the work of Khafra and Khufu himself . There were military expeditions into Canaan and Nubia , with Egyptian influence reaching up the Nile into what is today the Sudan . The later kings of the Fourth Dynasty were king Menkaure ( 2532 -- 2504 BC ) , who built the smallest pyramid in Giza , Shepseskaf ( 2504 -- 2498 BC ) and , perhaps , Djedefptah ( 2498 -- 2496 BC ) . Khufu , the builder of the Great Pyramid at Giza . Fifth Dynasty ( edit ) Main article : Fifth Dynasty of Egypt Late Period statue of Imhotep , Musée du Louvre . The Fifth Dynasty ( 2494 -- 2345 BC ) began with Userkaf ( 2494 -- 2487 BC ) and was marked by the growing importance of the cult of sun god Ra . Consequently , fewer efforts were devoted to the construction of pyramid complexes than during the 4th dynasty and more to the construction of sun temples in Abusir . Userkaf was succeeded by his son Sahure ( 2487 -- 2475 BC ) who commanded an expedition to Punt . Sahure was in turn succeeded by Neferirkare Kakai ( 2475 -- 2455 BC ) who was Sahure 's son . Neferirkare introduced the prenomen in the royal titulary . He was followed by two short - lived kings , his son Neferefre ( 2455 -- 2453 BC ) and Shepseskare , the latter of uncertain parentage . Shepseskare may have been deposed by Neferefre 's brother Nyuserre Ini ( 2445 -- 2421 BC ) , a long lived pharaoh who built extensively in Abusir and re-started royal activity in Giza . The last Pharaohs of the dynasty were Menkauhor Kaiu ( 2421 -- 2414 BC ) , Djedkare Isesi ( 2414 -- 2375 BC ) and Unas ( 2375 -- 2345 ) , the earliest ruler to have the pyramid texts inscribed in his pyramid . Egypt 's expanding interests in trade goods such as ebony , incense such as myrrh and frankincense , gold , copper and other useful metals inspired the ancient Egyptians to build suitable ships for navigation of the open sea . They traded with Lebanon for cedar and travelled the length of the Red Sea to the Kingdom of Punt -- possibly modern day Somalia -- for ebony , ivory and aromatic resins . Ship builders of that era did not use pegs ( treenails ) or metal fasteners , but relied on rope to keep their ships assembled . Planks and the superstructure were tightly tied and bound together . Decline into the first Intermediate period ( edit ) Main article : Sixth Dynasty of Egypt During the sixth dynasty ( 2345 -- 2181 BC ) the power of pharaoh gradually weakened in favor of powerful nomarchs ( regional governors ) . These no longer belonged to the royal family and their charge became hereditary , thus creating local dynasties largely independent from the central authority of the Pharaoh . However , Nile flood control was still the subject of very large works , including especially the canal to Lake Moeris around 2300 BC , which was likely also the source of water to the Giza pyramid complex centuries earlier . Internal disorders set in during the incredibly long reign of Pepi II ( 2278 -- 2184 BC ) towards the end of the dynasty . His death , certainly well past that of his intended heirs , might have created succession struggles . The country slipped into civil wars mere decades after the close of Pepi II 's reign . The final blow was the 22nd century BC drought in the region that resulted in a drastic drop in precipitation . For at least some years between 2200 and 2150 BC , this prevented the normal flooding of the Nile . Whatever its cause , the collapse of the Old Kingdom was followed by decades of famine and strife . An important inscription on the tomb of Ankhtifi , a nomarch during the early First Intermediate Period , describes the pitiful state of the country when famine stalked the land . Culture ( edit ) Egypt 's Old Kingdom ( Dynasties 3 -- 6 , ca . 2649 -- 2150 BC ) was one of the most dynamic periods in the development of Egyptian art . During this period , artists learned to express their culture 's worldview , creating for the first time images and forms that endured for generations . Architects and masons mastered the techniques necessary to build monumental structures in stone . Sculptors created the earliest portraits of individuals and the first lifesize statues in wood , copper , and stone . They perfected the art of carving intricate relief decoration and , through keen observation of the natural world , produced detailed images of animals , plants , and even landscapes , recording the essential elements of their world for eternity in scenes painted and carved on the walls of temples and tombs . These images and structures had two principal functions : to ensure an ordered existence and to defeat death by preserving life into the next world . To these ends , over a period of time , Egyptian artists adopted a limited repertoire of standard types and established a formal artistic canon that would define Egyptian art for more than 3,000 years , while remaining flexible enough to allow for subtle variation and innovation . Although much of their artistic effort was centered on preserving life after death , Egyptians also surrounded themselves with objects to enhance their lives in this world , producing elegant jewelry , finely carved and inlaid furniture , and cosmetic vessels and implements made from a wide range of materials . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Old Kingdom of Egypt '' . Ancient History Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Malek , Jaromir. 2003 . `` The Old Kingdom ( c. 2686 -- 2160 BCE ) '' . In The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt , edited by Ian Shaw . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0192804587 , p. 83 Jump up ^ Carl Roebuck , The World of Ancient Times , pp. 55 & 60 . ^ Jump up to : Carl Roebuck , The World of Ancient Times , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Bothmer , Bernard ( 1974 ) . Brief Guide to the Department of Egyptian and Classical Art . Brooklyn , NY : Brooklyn Museum . p. 22 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Herlin , Susan J. ( 2003 ) . `` Ancient African Civilizations to ca . 1500 : Pharaonic Egypt to Ca . 800 BC '' . p. 27 . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2003 . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ancient Egypt - the Archaic Period and Old Kingdom '' . www.penfield.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Carl Roebuck ( 1984 ) , The World of Ancient Times , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Vassil Dobrev , French Institute , Cairo , link 1 , link 2 Jump up ^ p. 5 , ' The Collins Encyclopedia of Military History ' ( 4th edition , 1993 ) , Dupuy & Dupuy . Jump up ^ Miroslav Verner : Archaeological Remarks on the 4th and 5th Dynasty Chronology , Archiv Orientální , Volume 69 : 2001 Jump up ^ Jean - Daniel Stanley ; et al. ( 2003 ) . `` Nile flow failure at the end of the Old Kingdom , Egypt : Strontium isotopic and petrologic evidence '' . Geoarchaeology. 18 ( 3 ) : 395 -- 402 . doi : 10.1002 / gea. 10065 . ^ Jump up to : `` Select Egypt '' . selectegypt.com . Further reading ( edit ) Brewer , Douglas J. Ancient Egypt : Foundations of a Civilization . Harlow , UK : Pearson , 2005 . Callender , Gae . Egypt In the Old Kingdom : An Introduction . South Melbourne : Longman , 1998 . Kanawati , Naguib . Governmental Reforms In Old Kingdom Egypt . Warminster : Aris & Phillips , , 1980 . Kanawati , Naguib. , and Alexandra Woods . Artists of the Old Kingdom : Techniques and Achievements . 1st English ed . Egypt : Supreme Council of Antiquities Press , 2009 . Lehner , Mark . The Complete Pyramids . London : Thames and Hudson , 1997 . Málek , Jaromír. , and Werner Forman . In the Shadow of the Pyramids : Ancient Egypt During the Old Kingdom . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1986 . McFarlane , A. , and Anna - Latifa Mourad . Behind the Scenes : Daily Life In Old Kingdom Egypt . North Ryde , N.S.W. : Australian Centre for Egyptology , 2012 . Metropolitan Museum of Art . Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyramids . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art , 1999 . Papazian , Hratch . Domain of Pharaoh : The Structure and Components of the Economy of Old Kingdom Egypt . Hildesheim : Gerstenberg , 2012 . Ryholt , Kim S.B. The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c. 1800 -- 1550 BC . Copenhagen : Museum Tusculanum , 1997 . Sowada , K. , and Peter Grave . Egypt In the Eastern Mediterranean During the Old Kingdom : An Archaeological Perspective . Fribourg : Academic Press , 2009 . Strudwick , Nigel . The Administration of Egypt In the Old Kingdom : The Highest Titles and Their Holders . London : KPI , 1985 . Warden , Leslie Anne . Pottery and Economy In Old Kingdom Egypt . Boston : Brill , 2013 . Wilkinson , Toby . Early Dynastic Egypt . London : Routledge , 2001 . External links ( edit ) The Fall of the Egyptian Old Kingdom from BBC History Middle East on The Matrix : Egypt , The Old Kingdom -- Photographs of many of the historic sites dating from the Old Kingdom Old Kingdom of Egypt - Aldokkan Preceded by Early Dynastic Period Time Periods of Egypt 2686 -- 2181 BCE Succeeded by Middle Kingdom Ancient Egypt topics Outline Index Major topics Glossary of artifacts Agriculture Architecture ( Egyptian Revival architecture ) Art Astronomy Chronology Cities ( list ) Clothing Cuisine Dynasties Funerary practices Geography Great Royal Wives History Language Literature Mathematics Medicine Military Music Mythology People Pharaohs ( list ) Philosophy Religion Sites Technology Trade Writing Egyptology Egyptologists Museums Book Ancient Egypt portal WikiProject Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt&oldid=853175969 '' Categories : Old Kingdom of Egypt Dynasties of ancient Egypt 27th century BC 22nd century BC 3rd millennium BC in Egypt Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using infobox country with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano ქართული Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 44 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 August 2018 , at 22 : 56 ( UTC ) . 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where was obi wan in the force awakens
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Obi - Wan Kenobi
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obi - wan kenobi
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Obi - Wan `` Ben '' Kenobi is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise , within the original trilogy he is portrayed by Alec Guinness , while in the prequel trilogy a younger version of the character is portrayed by Ewan McGregor . In the original trilogy , he is a mentor to Luke Skywalker , to whom he introduces the ways of the Jedi . In the prequel trilogy , he is a master and friend to Anakin Skywalker . He is frequently featured as a main character in various other Star Wars media .
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Alec Guinness 's portrayal of Obi - Wan in Star Wars ( 1977 ) remains the only time an actor has received an Oscar nomination for acting in a Star Wars film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearances 1.1 Original trilogy 1.2 Prequel trilogy 1.3 Sequel trilogy 1.4 Television 1.5 Novels and comics 1.6 Legends 1.6. 1 Novels 1.6. 2 Video games 1.6. 3 Comic books 1.7 Planned untitled stand - alone movie 2 Cultural impact 3 References 4 Sources 5 External links Appearances ( edit ) Original trilogy ( edit ) Obi - Wan Kenobi is introduced in the original Star Wars living as the hermit Ben Kenobi on the planet Tatooine . When Luke Skywalker and the droid C - 3PO wander off in search of the lost droid R2 - D2 , Ben rescues them from a band of native Tusken Raiders . At his home , R2 - D2 plays Ben a recording of Princess Leia which explains that R2 - D2 contains the plans for the Death Star , the Galactic Empire 's superweapon . Leia asks him to deliver the droid and the plans safely to the planet Alderaan in order to help the Rebel Alliance . Ben reveals to Luke that his real name is Obi - Wan and that he is a Jedi Master , member of an ancient group of warriors that were hunted down by his apprentice Darth Vader , the apparent killer of Luke 's father . He gives Luke his father 's lightsaber and asks Luke to accompany him to Alderaan and take up Jedi training . Luke declines , but promises to take Obi - Wan as far as Anchorhead Station . After Luke finds his uncle and aunt killed by Imperial troops , he agrees to go with Obi - Wan to Alderaan and to train as a Jedi . In the spaceport city Mos Eisley , Obi - Wan uses the Force to trick Imperial troops into letting them through a military checkpoint . They enter a local cantina and make a deal with two smugglers , Han Solo and Chewbacca , to fly them to Alderaan in their ship , the Millennium Falcon . During the journey , Obi - Wan begins instructing Luke in lightsaber training . He suddenly becomes weak and tells Luke of `` a great disturbance in the Force '' . Emerging from hyperspace , the party finds that Alderaan has been destroyed , and the Falcon is attacked by an Imperial TIE Fighter . The trio chase the TIE fighter to the Death Star , and subsequently get caught in the Death Star 's tractor beam . On board the Death Star , Obi - Wan shuts down the tractor beam , but Darth Vader confronts him and they engage in a lightsaber duel . Obi - Wan uses the duel to distract Vader as Luke , Leia , Han and Chewbacca escape to the Falcon . Although Vader strikes Obi - Wan down , his body mysteriously vanishes the moment he dies . At the climax of the film during the Rebel attack on the Death Star , Obi - Wan speaks to Luke through the Force to help him destroy the Imperial station . In The Empire Strikes Back , Obi - Wan Kenobi appears several times as a spirit through the Force . On the planet Hoth , he appears to instruct Luke to go to the planet Dagobah to find the exiled Jedi Master Yoda . Despite Yoda 's skepticism , Obi - Wan convinces his old master to continue Luke 's training . He appears later to beseech Luke not to leave Dagobah to try to rescue his friends on Cloud City , although Luke ignores this advice . In Return of the Jedi , Obi - Wan again appears to Luke after Yoda 's death on Dagobah . Obi - Wan acknowledges that Darth Vader is indeed Luke 's father , revealed by Vader in the previous film and confirmed by Yoda on his deathbed , and also reveals that Leia is Luke 's twin sister . After the second Death Star is destroyed and the Empire defeated , Obi - Wan appears at the celebration in the Ewok village , alongside the spirits of Yoda and the redeemed Anakin Skywalker . Prequel trilogy ( edit ) In Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace , Obi - Wan Kenobi appears as the Jedi Padawan ( or student ) of Jedi Master Qui - Gon Jinn . He accompanies his master in negotiations with the Trade Federation , which is blockading the planet Naboo with a fleet of spaceships . After they are attacked by battle droids and forced to retreat to Naboo , Obi - Wan and Qui - Gon rescue Queen Padmé Amidala through the help of native Gungan Jar Jar Binks and escape in a spaceship toward Coruscant , the Republic capital . Their ship is damaged in the escape , however , and they are forced to land on Tatooine , where they discover a young Anakin Skywalker . Qui - Gon senses Anakin 's extraordinarily strong link to the Force and brings the boy to Coruscant to begin Jedi training , although Obi - Wan expresses concerns . When Qui - Gon and Obi - Wan return to Naboo to defeat the Trade Federation , they are met by Sith Lord Darth Maul . When Maul mortally wounds Qui - Gon in the ensuing duel , Obi - Wan rushes to fight Darth Maul , who nearly kills him . However , Obi - Wan manages to turn the tables and defeat Maul , slicing him in half and sending him plunging down a vast reactor shaft . He promises to fulfill Qui - Gon 's dying wish of training Anakin in the ways of the Jedi . Yoda proclaims Obi - Wan a Jedi and reluctantly allows him to take Anakin on as his own Padawan . Ewan McGregor as Obi - Wan Kenobi in Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones In Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones , set 10 years later , Obi - Wan Kenobi is now a respected Jedi Knight and the master of Anakin Skywalker . The two have formed a close friendship , although Anakin is arrogant and believes Obi - Wan is `` holding him back '' . After they save Senator Amidala from an assassination attempt , Obi - Wan goes on a solo mission and traces the bounty hunters involved to the planet Kamino , where he learns of a massive clone army that the planet 's inhabitants are building for the Republic . He is introduced to bounty hunter Jango Fett , the clones ' template , and the two fight after Obi - Wan deduces that Fett must be behind the attempted assassination . Fett escapes to the planet Geonosis with his clone son while Obi - Wan is in pursuit . On Geonosis , Obi - Wan discovers that a conspiracy of star systems bent on secession from the Republic is led by Sith Lord Count Dooku , Qui - Gon 's old master . After sending a message to Anakin , Obi - Wan is captured , interrogated , and sentenced to death by Dooku . A cadre of Jedi arrive with the clone army just in time to prevent the executions . Obi - Wan and Anakin confront Dooku during the ensuing battle , but are defeated in a lightsaber duel . Yoda intervenes and saves their lives , at the cost of Dooku 's escape . In Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith , set three years later , Obi - Wan Kenobi is a Jedi Master , a member of the Jedi Council and a General in the Army of the Republic . Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker remains Obi - Wan 's partner and the two have become war heroes and best friends . The film opens with the two on a rescue mission to save the kidnapped Supreme Chancellor Palpatine from Separatist commander General Grievous onboard his starship . Count Dooku discovers the attempt and fights the Jedi , knocking Obi - Wan unconscious ; while Obi - Wan is out cold , Dooku is defeated by Anakin , who then executes him on Palpatine 's orders . The mission succeeds and soon after returning to Coruscant , Obi - Wan is called away to the planet Utapau to track down the escaped Grievous . After finding the Separatist encampment , Obi - Wan fights Grievous and eventually kills the cyborg with a blaster after failing to overcome him in hand - to - hand combat . When Palpatine -- who is secretly the Sith Lord Darth Sidious -- issues Order 66 to have the clone troopers turn on the Jedi , Obi - Wan survives the attempt on his life and escapes , rendezvousing with Yoda and Senator Bail Organa of Alderaan aboard Organa 's ship Tantive IV . Returning to Coruscant , he and Yoda discover that every Jedi in the Jedi Temple has been murdered . After sending a beacon to all surviving Jedi to scatter across the galaxy and remain in hiding , a heartbroken Obi - Wan watches security footage revealing that it was Anakin -- who is now Sidious ' Sith apprentice Darth Vader -- who led the slaughter . Yoda charges Obi - Wan with hunting down Vader while Yoda fights Sidious . Obi - Wan is loath to fight his best friend , but reluctantly accepts . Obi - Wan visits Padmé to learn of Vader 's whereabouts and after noticing Padme 's pregnancy realizes that Anakin is the father . When Padmé sets out to the volcanic planet Mustafar to confront her husband herself , Obi - Wan secretly stows away in the ship . After they arrive on Mustafar , Obi - Wan reveals himself and confronts Anakin . After a long and ferocious lightsaber duel , Obi - Wan defeats Anakin by severing his legs and left arm ; he then takes his former friend 's lightsaber and returns to Padmé 's ship , leaving Anakin to die beside a molten lava river . Unknown to Obi - Wan , the horribly injured Anakin is rescued by Sidious and reconstructed into a cyborg . Obi - Wan takes a heartbroken Padmé to a remote asteroid belt , where she dies after giving birth to twins Luke and Leia . Afterwards , Yoda instructs Obi - Wan to give Luke to his uncle and aunt on Tatooine , but also reveals that the spirit of his old master Qui - Gon has returned from the Force to continue Obi - Wan 's training . Obi - Wan hands Luke off to his family and goes into exile on Tatooine . Sequel trilogy ( edit ) In Star Wars : The Force Awakens , set 30 years after Return of the Jedi , Obi - Wan 's voice is heard by the young scavenger Rey when she touches the lightsaber that previously belonged to Luke . Obi - Wan calls out to Rey , before saying the words of encouragement he gave to Luke during his training on the Millennium Falcon : `` These are your first steps . '' James Arnold Taylor recorded lines for Obi - Wan , but this was replaced by a combination of new recorded dialogue from Ewan McGregor and archival audio of Guinness . Television ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : needs cleanup , section all over the place . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Obi - Wan Kenobi is a main character in the animated micro-series Star Wars : Clone Wars and the CGI animated series Star Wars : The Clone Wars , voiced by James Arnold Taylor . In both series , Obi - Wan is a general in the Clone Wars , and he and Anakin have many adventures fighting the Separatists . The latter series highlights his numerous confrontations with General Grievous , his adversarial relationship with Dark Jedi Asajj Ventress , his romance with Duchess Satine Kryze , and the return of his old enemy Darth Maul . In Star Wars Rebels , set five years before A New Hope , Obi - Wan appears as a hologram in the pilot episode `` Spark of Rebellion '' . In the Season 3 episode `` Visions and Voices '' , it is discovered that Obi - Wan is alive on Tatooine by both Maul and Ezra Bridger . In the episode `` Twin Suns '' , Maul is shown wandering the desert of Tatooine searching for Obi - Wan . Maul lures Ezra and uses him to draw Obi - Wan out . It succeeds when Obi - Wan rescues Ezra from dying from heat exhaustion . Obi - Wan gives advice to Ezra and helps to remind him that his place is with the rebellion . When Maul appears , Ezra is told to leave . Maul deduces that Obi - Wan is protecting someone and they engage in a brief duel where Maul is mortally wounded . With his dying breath , Maul asks if it 's the Chosen One he is protecting ; Obi - Wan replies that he is . After Maul 's death , Obi - Wan is seen watching over Luke Skywalker from a distance . The behind the scenes animation team revealed on Rebels - Recon that the face was shaped as a mix of Alec Guinness and Ewan McGregor , and that both faces had the same shape . Kenobi also appears using his Jedi robes from A New Hope . The voice was done by Stephen Stanton , who replaced James Arnold Taylor , because he could imitate the voice of Guinness . Rebels creator and director of the episode Dave Filoni who worked with the character during the full duration of Star Wars : The Clone Wars , also said he considered McGregor to reprise and voice the role . Novels and comics ( edit ) Kenobi appears briefly in the novel Dark Disciple , based on unfinished episodes from The Clone Wars . The Marvel Comics five issue mini-series Obi - Wan and Anakin focuses on the title characters between The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones . In the Star Wars main comic series , Luke Skywalker goes to Kenobi 's abandoned house on Tatooine , and finds a diary written by Obi - Wan . Issues # 7 , # 15 , # 20 and # 26 - 30 are about Luke reading those journals . Legends ( edit ) In April 2014 , most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the original 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded by Lucasfilm as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise . Obi - Wan Kenobi appears extensively in the Star Wars expanded universe of comic books and novels . Novels ( edit ) Obi - Wan 's life prior to The Phantom Menace is portrayed mostly in Jude Watson 's Jedi Apprentice and Jedi Quest series . The Jedi Apprentice books follow his adventures as Qui - Gon 's Padawan . Notable events in the series include battling the Dark Jedi Xanatos and going on his first independent mission . The Jedi Quest books detail his adventures with Anakin in the years leading up to Attack of the Clones . His heroism just before and during the Clone Wars is portrayed in novels such as Outbound Flight , The Approaching Storm , and The Cestus Deception . Obi - Wan 's life between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope is portrayed mostly in Jude Watson 's The Last of the Jedi series . Set roughly a year after the fall of the Republic , the series follows Obi - Wan as he seeks out possible survivors of the Great Jedi Purge , most notably Anakin 's former rival Ferus Olin . The books also portray Obi - Wan adjusting to life as a hermit on Tatooine , and quietly watching over Luke . He also discovers that Vader is still alive after seeing him on the Holonet , the galaxy 's official news source . Obi - Wan appears in the final chapter of Dark Lord : The Rise of Darth Vader , set just after the events in Revenge of the Sith . He is also the protagonist in John Jackson Miller 's novel Star Wars : Kenobi , which takes place during his exile on Tatooine . Obi - Wan appears in spirit form in many novels set after Return of the Jedi . In The Truce at Bakura , he appears to Luke to warn him about the threat presented by the Ssi - ruuk ; in The Lost City of the Jedi , he guides Luke to the titular city on Yavin IV ; in Heir to the Empire , meanwhile , he bids farewell to Luke , explaining that he must abandon his spiritual form to `` move on '' to a new , higher plane of consciousness . Before parting , Luke tells him that Obi - Wan was like a father to him , to which Obi - Wan replies that he loved Luke like a son . Video games ( edit ) Obi - Wan Kenobi appears in several video games . He is a playable character in all four Lego Star Wars video games , as well as Battlefront II and Renegade Squadron . He is also the lead character in Star Wars : Obi - Wan . The older version is only playable in Lego Star Wars II : The Original Trilogy and Star Wars : The Complete Saga , and Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith multiplayer mode and Death Star bonus mission Star Wars : Renegade Squadron , and Star Wars : The Force Unleashed in multiplayer mode and the droid PROXY disguises as him . He also appears in Star Wars : The Clone Wars -- Jedi Alliance , Star Wars : Jedi Power Battles and Star Wars : The Clone Wars -- Lightsaber Duels as a playable character . He is also playable in the strategy game Star Wars : Empire at War . He will be a playable character in Disney Infinity 3.0 . Comic books ( edit ) In the comic book series Star Wars : Republic , Obi - Wan Kenobi faces many grave threats while fighting against the Separatists . Among other notable storylines , he is kidnapped and tortured by Asajj Ventress before being rescued by Anakin ( `` Hate & Fear '' ) , and apprehends corrupted Jedi Master Quinlan Vos ( `` The Dreadnaughts of Rendili '' ) . Throughout the series , he grows increasingly wary of Palpatine 's designs on the Republic and his influence on Anakin . In the non-canon story `` Old Wounds '' , set a few years after the events of Revenge of the Sith , Obi - Wan confronts Darth Maul on Tatooine to protect Luke . The duel ends when Owen Lars shoots and kills Maul ; he then warns Obi - Wan to stay away from his nephew . Through the Force , Obi - Wan reassures Luke that he will be there for him when needed . Planned untitled stand - alone movie ( edit ) On August 17 , 2017 , it was reported that there are plans for a stand - alone Star Wars movie about Obi - Wan Kenobi . No casting or script decisions have been made yet . It is currently unclear what part of Kenobi 's life will be portrayed . In August 2017 , Stephen Daldry was reported to be directing the film . While no casting decisions have been made , Ewan McGregor has said he would be open to reprising the role of Obi - Wan . Cultural impact ( edit ) The character is loosely inspired by General Makabe Rokurōta , a character from Akira Kurosawa 's film The Hidden Fortress , played by Toshiro Mifune ( whom series creator George Lucas also considered casting as Obi - Wan ) . Mad magazine parodied the original film under the title Star Roars and included a character named ' Oldie Von Moldie ' , a grizzled 97 - year - old whose lightsaber runs on an extension cord . The Shanghai nightclub shown in the beginning of Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom is called `` Club Obi - Wan '' ( Lucas wrote both the Star Wars and Indiana Jones series ) . A real bar / club by this name existed in the Xihai district of Beijing , China but closed in the summer of 2010 . The Super Mario Bros. Super Show ! episode `` Star Koopa '' ( a spoof of Star Wars ) also had its own parody of Obi - Wan called ' Obi - Wan Toadi ' , and the live - action segment `` Zenned Out Mario '' featured a parody called `` Obi - Wan Cannoli '' . The 1998 Animaniacs episode `` Star Warners '' ( which spoofed Star Wars ) featured Slappy Squirrel portraying a parody of Obi - Wan as ' Slappy Wanna Nappy ' . In the Family Guy episode `` Blue Harvest '' , Obi - Wan Kenobi is parodied by the character Herbert . In the short film Thumb Wars , Obi - Wan is parodied as the character `` Oobedoob Benubi '' . In the film , his full name is ' Oobedoob Scooby - Doobi Benubi , the silliest name in the galaxy . ' In the 1977 Star Wars parody Hardware Wars , Obi - Wan is parodied by the character `` Augie Ben Doggie '' . The TV Tropes website uses Obi - Wan 's name for the archetype mentor figure . Guinness received an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor nomination for his portrayal of Obi - Wan Kenobi . In 2003 , the American Film Institute selected Obi - Wan Kenobi as the 37th greatest movie hero of all time . He was also listed as IGN 's third greatest Star Wars character , as well as one of UGO Networks 's favorite heroes of all time . In 2004 , the Council of the Commune Lubicz in Poland passed a resolution giving the name `` Obi - Wan Kenobi '' to one of the streets in Grabowiec , a small village near Toruń . The street was named in 2005 . The spelling of the street name , Obi - Wana Kenobiego is the genitive form of the noun in the Polish language : ( the street ) of Obi - Wan Kenobi . Guardian cartoonist Steve Bell portrays Jeremy Corbyn , current leader of the British Labour Party , as Obi - Wan Kenobi . Since the announcement of the sequel trilogy , Ewan McGregor has also expressed interest in returning to the role , albeit for an Obi - Wan spin - off film , should he be approached ; wanting to tell a story between Episode III and IV . A fan - trailer for an Obi - Wan film , with footage from the film Last Days in the Desert , has been widely praised by fans . Lucasfilm and McGregor have denied the development of such film , despite fans ' continued interest , and rumors . Despite being nothing but rumors , the film was voted as the most wanted anthology film in a pool by The Hollywood Reporter . Days before the Star Wars Rebels episode `` Twin Suns '' aired , McGregor said he would like to do it , if Lucasfilm wanted him to . References ( edit ) Star Wars portal Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Q : Where 's Obi - Wan 's home ... '' . Official Star Wars Twitter . Twitter . August 14 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back Script at IMSDb '' . Imsdb.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Return of the Jedi Script at IMSDb '' . Imsdb.com. 1981 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom Menace Script '' . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace Novelization , 1st edition paperback , 1999 . Terry Brooks , George Lucas , ISBN 0 - 345 - 43411 - 0 Jump up ^ Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones novelization , 2003 . R.A. Salvatore Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( December 20 , 2015 ) . `` Obi - Wan and Yoda are secretly in Star Wars : The Force Awakens '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/12/11/star-wars-rebels-visions-and-voices-review Jump up ^ http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/03/18/star-wars-rebels-twin-suns-review Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8eIZsJsck7A Jump up ^ http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/star-wars/news/a818255/star-wars-rebels-obi-wan-darth-maul-season-three/ Jump up ^ http://dorksideoftheforce.com/2016/05/21/dave-filoni-wants-ewan-mcgregor-to-voice-obi-wan-on-star-wars-rebels/ Jump up ^ `` The Playlist : A Guide to Obi - Wan Kenobi 's Biggest Moments '' . StarWars.com. 2016 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Evan ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) . `` Yoda 's Pre-Phantom Menace History Will Be Revealed in Marvel 's Star Wars Comic '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ McMilian , Graeme ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Lucasfilm Unveils New Plans for Star Wars Expanded Universe '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Legendary Star Wars Expanded Universe Turns a New Page '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney and Random House announce relaunch of Star Wars Adult Fiction line '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.msn.com/en-us/movies/news/star-wars-obi-wan-kenobi-film-in-the-works-exclusive/ar-AAqfYX2?li=BBmkt5R&ocid=spartanntp Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Standalone Obi - Wan Kenobi Movie in Development with Director Stephen Daldry '' . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/aug/17/star-wars-disney-obi-wan-kenobi-film Jump up ^ Enk , Bryan ( 2013 - 01 - 14 ) . `` ' Seven Samurai ' star Toshiro Mifune : The would - be face of Darth Vader ? '' . Yahoo . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The Obi Wan - Television Tropes & Idioms '' . Tvtropes.org . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains '' ( PDF ) . afi.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 20 , 2012 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Obi - Wan Kenobi is # 3 . '' . IGN . Retrieved 6 December 2010 . Jump up ^ UGO Team ( January 21 , 2010 ) . `` Best Heroes of All Time '' . UGO Networks . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gerald Home and Lucasfilm 's letter to BFSW '' . YouTube . 2008 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` An interview with Leszek Budkiewicz , who lives on the street , and who ( being the Council member himself ) managed to convince the Council to name the street after Obi - Wan Kenobi '' . Starwars.pl . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Bell , Steve ( 2015 - 09 - 29 ) . `` Steve Bell 's If ... Labour 's Obi - Wan Kenobi Corbyn gives a dire warning '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Ewan McGregor Clarifies Status of an Obi - Wan Kenobi Solo Film '' . Collider.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://collider.com/obi-wan-kenobi-movie-trailer-ewan-mcgregor/ Jump up ^ http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/star-wars-darth-vader-spinoff-movie-should-happen-923065 Jump up ^ http://www.businessinsider.com/ewan-mcgregor-obi-wan-kenobi-future-2017-3 Sources ( edit ) The New Essential Guide to Characters , revised edition , 2002 . Daniel Wallace , Michael Sutfin , ISBN 0 - 345 - 44900 - 2 Star Wars Episode I Who 's Who : A Pocket Guide to Characters of the Phantom Menace , hardcover , 1999 . Ryder Windham , ISBN 0 - 7624 - 0519 - 8 Star Wars : Power of Myth , 1st edition paperback , 2000 . DK Publishing , ISBN 0 - 7894 - 5591 - 9 Star Wars : The Visual Dictionary , hardcover , 1998 . David West Reynolds , ISBN 0 - 7894 - 3481 - 4 Star Wars : The Phantom Menace : The Visual Dictionary , hardcover , 1999 . David West Reynolds , ISBN 0 - 7894 - 4701 - 0 Star Wars : Attack of the Clones : The Visual Dictionary , hardcover , 2002 . David West Reynolds , ISBN 0 - 7894 - 8588 - 5 Star Wars : Revenge of the Sith : The Visual Dictionary , hardcover , 2005 . James Luceno , ISBN 0 - 7566 - 1128 - 8 Revised Core Rulebook ( Star Wars Roleplaying Game ) , 1st edition , 2002 . Bill Slavicsek , Andy Collins , J.D. Wiker , Steve Sansweet , ISBN 0 - 7869 - 2876 - X Star Wars Roleplaying Game Core Rulebook , 1st edition , 2000 . Bill Slavicsek , Andy Collins , ISBN 0 - 7869 - 1793 - 8 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Obi - Wan Kenobi Obi - Wan Kenobi in the StarWars.com Databank Obi - Wan Kenobi on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki Obi - Wan Kenobi on IMDb Star Wars characters List of The Clone Wars characters List of Rebels characters List of Legends characters Characters Canon Admiral Ackbar Padmé Amidala Cassian Andor Wedge Antilles Cad Bane Darth Bane BB - 8 Jar Jar Binks C - 3PO Lando Calrissian Chewbacca Poe Dameron Count Dooku Jyn Erso Boba Fett Jango Fett Finn Saw Gerrera Greedo General Grievous Jabba the Hutt General Hux Kanan Jarrus Qui - Gon Jinn K - 2SO Maz Kanata Obi - Wan Kenobi Orson Krennic Princess Leia Darth Maul Nien Nunb Palpatine Captain Phasma Admiral Piett R2 - D2 Kylo Ren Rey Captain Rex Bodhi Rook Bail Organa Luke Skywalker Supreme Leader Snoke Han Solo Ahsoka Tano Grand Moff Tarkin Grand Admiral Thrawn Darth Vader Asajj Ventress Watto Wicket W. Warrick Mace Windu Yoda Legends Mara Jade Kyle Katarn KOTOR characters HK - 47 Kreia Revan Starkiller Jacen Solo Organizations Force - users Jedi Sith Military Battle droid Clone trooper Stormtrooper Rogue Squadron Families Skywalker family Solo family Bands Figrin D'an and the Modal Nodes Max Rebo Band Species Canon Bantha Ewok Hutt Sarlacc Tusken Raiders Wookiees Legends Yuuzhan Vong Other Droid Mandalorian Category Star Wars Feature films Saga Star Wars ( 1977 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Anthology Rogue One ( 2016 ) Untitled Han Solo film ( 2018 ) Other The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Television and radio Films Holiday Special ( 1978 ) Caravan of Courage ( 1984 ) The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Series Droids ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Ewoks ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 2005 ) The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 2014 ) cast episodes Rebels ( 2014 -- ) characters episodes Detours Radio dramas ( 1981 -- 1996 ) Other media Games and multimedia Video games list Shadows of the Empire ( 1996 ) Knights of the Old Republic ( 2003 -- 2005 ) The Force Unleashed ( 2008 -- 2010 ) The Old Republic ( 2011 -- ) Forces of Destiny ( 2017 ) Literature and artwork Art Books non-fiction Comics list Legends Setting Characters Jedi Sith Stormtrooper Clone trooper Concepts Architecture Creatures / Species Languages The Force Physics Planets and moons Events Clone Wars Galactic Civil War Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic New Republic Rebel Alliance Technology Weapons Blaster Death Star Lightsaber Vehicles Landspeeder TIE fighter X-wing fighter Star Destroyer Millennium Falcon Production George Lucas Lucasfilm Canon Cast Changes in film re-releases Filming locations Music Opening crawl Sequel trilogy Sources and analogues Cultural impact Attractions A Galactic Spectacular Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Tours The Adventures Continue Galaxy 's Edge Star Wars Hotel Star Wars Launch Bay Star Wars Weekends Where Science Meets Imagination Lego List of sets TV series The Yoda Chronicles ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Droid Tales ( 2015 ) The Resistance Rises ( 2016 ) The Freemaker Adventures ( 2016 -- ) Video games Merchandise Action figures Kenner list Hasbro Vintage Collection Star Wars Transformers Games Star Wars Pez Manga Force Trainer Shepperton Design Studios Trading cards Vinylmation Star Wars Rollinz toys Parodies Hardware Wars ( 1978 ) Spaceballs ( 1987 ) Star Warped ( 1997 ) Thumb Wars ( 1999 ) George Lucas in Love ( 1999 ) Robot Chicken : Star Wars ( 2007 ) Laugh It Up , Fuzzball : The Family Guy Trilogy ( 2007 -- 10 ) The People vs. George Lucas ( 2010 ) Other 501st Legion Comparison to Star Trek Fan films Force for Change Jedi census Jediism Rebel Legion Star Wars Celebration Star Wars Day Star Wars : In Concert Star Wars Insider Wookieepedia TheForce.Net Yoda conditions Book Category Portal Star Wars ( film ) Characters Darth Vader Luke Skywalker Princess Leia Han Solo Obi - Wan Kenobi C - 3PO R2 - D2 Chewbacca Wedge Antilles Boba Fett Greedo Jabba the Hutt Jawas Tusken Raiders Stormtrooper Grand Moff Tarkin Locations Tatooine Mos Eisley Alderaan Death Star Yavin IV Starships Imperial Star Destroyer Millennium Falcon Tantive IV TIE fighter X-wing fighter Y - wing Vehicles Flare - S Swoop Landspeeder Tie - in media Novelization Soundtrack Radio drama The Story of Star Wars Video games Arcade game Namcot 's Famicom game JVC 's NES game Super Star Wars Star Wars Arcade See also Han shot first Star Wars Uncut The Empire Strikes Back Characters Darth Vader Luke Skywalker Princess Leia Han Solo Obi - Wan Kenobi C - 3PO R2 - D2 Chewbacca Lando Calrissian The Emperor / Palpatine Admiral Piett Yoda Boba Fett Wedge Antilles Stormtrooper Planets Hoth Dagobah Bespin Starships Imperial Star Destroyer Millennium Falcon Super Star Destroyer TIE fighter X-wing fighter Y - wing Vehicles AT - AT / AT - ST Snowspeeder Tie - in media Novelization Soundtrack Radio drama Video games Atari 2600 game Arcade game NES game Super NES game Related Black Angel `` Yoda '' ( song ) Return of the Jedi Characters Darth Vader / Anakin Skywalker Luke Skywalker Princess Leia ( metal bikini ) Han Solo Obi - Wan Kenobi The Emperor / Palpatine C - 3PO R2 - D2 Chewbacca Yoda Admiral Ackbar Admiral Piett Wedge Antilles Lando Calrissian Nien Nunb Boba Fett Jabba the Hutt Max Rebo Band Ewok Wicket W. Warrick Sarlacc Stormtrooper Locations Tatooine Mos Eisley Dagobah Endor Bespin Death Star II Coruscant Naboo Starships A-wing B - wing Imperial Star Destroyer Millennium Falcon Mon Calamari cruiser Tantive IV TIE fighter X-wing fighter Y - wing Vehicles AT - AT / AT - ST Imperial Speeder Bike Tie - in media Novelization Soundtrack Radio drama Video games Death Star Battle Arcade game Super Return of the Jedi Ewok Adventure Related Return of the Ewok Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace Characters Qui - Gon Jinn Obi - Wan Kenobi Darth Maul Padmé Amidala Anakin Skywalker Palpatine / Darth Sidious Mace Windu Yoda Jar Jar Binks C - 3PO R2 - D2 Jabba the Hutt Watto Battle droid Tusken Raiders Planets Coruscant Naboo Tatooine Vehicles Flare - S Swoop / Sith Speeder / STAP Flash Speeder / X-34 Landspeeder Sandcrawler Tie - in media Soundtrack Novelization Behind the Magic `` The Saga Begins '' Games Episode I ( video game ) Episode I : Racer Jedi Power Battles Battle for Naboo Obi - Wan 's Adventures Racer Arcade Episode I pinball Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones Characters Obi - Wan Kenobi Anakin Skywalker Padmé Amidala Palpatine / Darth Sidious Mace Windu Yoda Count Dooku / Darth Tyranus Jar Jar Binks C - 3PO R2 - D2 Boba Fett Jango Fett Bail Organa Clone trooper Tusken Raiders Watto Battle droid Locations Coruscant Kamino Naboo Tatooine Starships Geonosian Solar Sailer Jedi Starfighter Naboo N - 1 Starfighter Naboo Royal Cruiser Naboo Yacht Slave I Trade Federation Droid Control Ship Vehicles AT - TE Republic Gunship ( LAAT ) Sandcrawler SPHA - T STAP Swoop Bike Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 14 ) George Lucas & Dave Filoni Characters Anakin Skywalker Obi - Wan Kenobi Ahsoka Tano Captain Rex Yoda Clone troopers Admiral Ackbar Padmé Amidala Cad Bane Darth Bane Jar Jar Binks C - 3PO Chewbacca Count Dooku Boba Fett Saw Gerrera General Grievous Jabba the Hutt Qui - Gon Jinn Darth Maul Bail Organa Palpatine R2 - D2 Grand Moff Tarkin Asajj Ventress Mace Windu Media Film Episodes `` Hostage Crisis '' `` R2 Come Home / Lethal Trackdown '' `` The Gathering '' Darth Maul : Son of Dathomir ( 2014 , comic ) Dark Disciple ( 2016 , novel ) Planets Coruscant Naboo Tatooine Geonosis Dagobah Trandosha Umbara Shili Mandalore Mustafar Dathomir Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith Characters Obi - Wan Kenobi Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader Padmé Amidala Palpatine / Darth Sidious ( The Emperor ) Mace Windu Yoda Count Dooku / Darth Tyranus General Grievous C - 3PO R2 - D2 Chewbacca Jar Jar Binks Battle droid Clone trooper Leia Organa Luke Skywalker Bail Organa Grand Moff Tarkin Planets Coruscant Kashyyyk Naboo Dagobah Alderaan Tatooine Starships Escape Pod Jedi Starfighter Tantive IV Vehicles AT - TE BARC Speeder / Swamp Speeder Star Wars Rebels Dave Filoni Characters Kanan Jarrus Ahsoka Tano Grand Moff Tarkin Captain Rex Bail Organa Darth Vader Darth Maul Grand Admiral Thrawn Media Episodes A New Dawn ( 2014 , novel ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Obi-Wan_Kenobi&oldid=800771500 '' Categories : Star Wars characters Fictional characters introduced in 1977 Fictional generals Fictional ghosts Fictional hermits Fictional telekinetics Fictional war veterans Fantasy television characters Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Articles needing cleanup from March 2017 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from March 2017 Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 15 : 33 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obi-Wan%20Kenobi
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where was the new queen elizabeth cruise ship built
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Queen Elizabeth in Tallinn , 10 June 2011 History Name : Queen Elizabeth Owner : Carnival Corporation & plc Operator : Cunard Line Port of registry : Southampton , U.K. ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Hamilton , Bermuda ( 2011 -- present ) Ordered : October 2007 Builder : Fincantieri Monfalcone Shipyard , Italy Cost : UK £ 350 million ( approx . ) ( US $560 million ) Yard number : 6187 Laid down : 2 July 2009 Launched : 5 January 2010 Christened : 11 October 2010 Completed : October 2010 Maiden voyage : 12 October 2010 In service : October 2010 Identification : Callsign ZCEF2 IMO number : 9477438 MMSI number : 310625000 Status : In service General characteristics Class and type : Vista Class cruise ship Tonnage : 90,901 GT Length : 294 m ( 965 ft ) Beam : 32.3 m ( 106 ft ) Draught : 8 m ( 26 ft ) Decks : 16 total 12 accessible to passengers Installed power : 4 × MaK 12VM43C 2 × MaK 8M43C 64,000 kW ( combined ) Propulsion : Diesel - electric Two ABB Azipods ( 2 × 17.6 MW ) Three ABB bow thrusters ( 3 × 2,200 kW ) Speed : 23.7 knots ( 43.9 km / h ; 27.3 mph ) Capacity : 2,092 passengers lower beds , 2,547 maximum passengers
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Fincantieri Monfalcone Shipyard , Italy
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MS Queen Elizabeth
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ms queen elizabeth
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MS Queen Elizabeth ( QE ) is a cruise ship of the Vista class operated by the Cunard Line . The design is modified from that of previous ships of that class , and slightly larger than Queen Victoria , at 92,000 GT , largely due to a more vertical stern . The ship is able to carry up to 2092 passengers .
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The ship 's name was announced by Cunard on 10 October 2007 . Since the retirement of Queen Elizabeth 2 in 2008 the company has operated three vessels . The naming of the ship as Queen Elizabeth brings about a situation similar to that between 1940 and 1948 , when Cunard 's original Queen Elizabeth was in service at the same time as the Royal Navy battleship HMS Queen Elizabeth . The Royal Navy 's aircraft carrier HMS Queen Elizabeth went to sea the summer of 2017 , six and a half years after the cruise ship entered service . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design 1.1 Exterior 1.2 Interior 2 Launch 3 Service history 3.1 Cunard Royal Rendezvous 3.2 Special Voyages 3.2. 1 QE2 50th Anniversary Celebration 3.2. 2 Australia 2019 4 References 4.1 Notes 4.2 Bibliography 5 External links Design ( edit ) Exterior ( edit ) Queen Elizabeth is almost identical in design to Queen Victoria , although because of the steeper stern , her introduction into service the passenger capacity was slightly higher with up to 2,058 compared to Queen Victoria 's 2,014 . Also unlike many previous Cunard Queens , Queen Elizabeth is not a true ocean liner as she does not have the heavy plating throughout the hull nor the propulsion system of a dedicated transatlantic liner . However the bow was constructed with heavier plating to cope with the Transatlantic run , and the ship has a high freeboard . Interior ( edit ) Although having an almost identical interior arrangement to Queen Victoria , the decor is very different . The ship is a tribute to the two previous Queen Elizabeth - named ships : the original Queen Elizabeth and Queen Elizabeth 2 . She also evokes the era of the 1930s , in which Cunard 's first Queen Elizabeth was launched , with many art deco interior touches . The ship also features a Britannia Club section of the main restaurant , which is a feature popular on Queen Mary 2 , but not available on Queen Victoria . This service allows passengers in the Britannia staterooms to have single seating dining arrangements , without having to upgrade to the more expensive Grills classes . The sliding roof over the Winter Garden featured on Queen Victoria is replaced with a simple glass roof ( the space being renamed The Garden Lounge ) . Launch ( edit ) Following the ship 's construction in Italy from 2007 to 2010 , Cunard Line officially confirmed that Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II would name Cunard 's new ship . The ceremony was held in Southampton on Monday 11 October 2010 before the ship set sail on her maiden voyage to the Canary Islands the following day . The Queen was also the sponsor of the now - retired Queen Elizabeth 2 in 1967 and Cunard 's current flagship , Queen Mary 2 , in 2004 . Service History ( edit ) The first master of Queen Elizabeth was Captain Christopher Wells . On Monday 4 October 2010 Queen Elizabeth was formally handed over to Cunard . She sailed on her maiden voyage from Southampton on Tuesday 12 October 2010 , following a naming ceremony with the monarch on Monday 11 October 2010 . At the end of October 2011 Queen Elizabeth and her fleet mates changed their registries to Hamilton , Bermuda , in order to host weddings aboard . On 29 June 2012 , the ship made her one and only visit to Ny - Ålesund , in Svalbard . The previous scheduled visit in 2011 had to be aborted due to bad weather . However , she was not scheduled to visit Svalbard in her 2013 schedule . Legislation relating to cruise ships visiting the archipelago ( applicable from 2014 ) means that Queen Elizabeth will never be able to visit again . On 31 August 2013 , British journalist and broadcaster Sir David Frost had been invited to give a speech by Cunard whilst travelling on board the ship but died of a heart attack . On 13 August 2016 Queen Elizabeth made the 2,500 th cruise ship call at Kiel , Germany . On 6 July 2017 , during a cruise around the British Isles , Queen Elizabeth encountered the new Royal Navy aircraft carrier Queen Elizabeth in the Moray Firth , during the warship 's initial sea trials . Cunard Royal Rendezvous ( edit ) 13 January 2011 : Two years after the first Cunard Royal Rendezvous , RMS Queen Mary 2 met up with Queen Victoria and the then brand new Queen Elizabeth for another Royal Rendezvous in New York City . Both Queen Victoria and Queen Elizabeth made an Atlantic crossing in tandem for the event . All three Cunarders met in front of the Statue of Liberty at 6 : 45 pm for a Grucci fireworks display . The Empire State Building was lit up in red to mark the event . 5 June 2012 : All three ' Queens ' met once more , but this time in Southampton in order to celebrate the Queen 's Diamond Jubilee . 15 July 2012 : Both Queen Elizabeth and Queen Mary 2 visited Hamburg the first time together . 12 March 2013 : Passed the former Cunard ship Queen Mary , currently a hotel in Long Beach , California , for the first time along with fireworks display . 6 May 2014 : All three Queens met up for the first time in Lisbon , Portugal , in preparation for Queen Mary 2s 10th birthday . All three on departure sailed in a one - line formation to Southampton . 9 May 2014 : Both Queen Elizabeth and Queen Victoria led in single file , Queen Mary 2 up the Southampton channel , with both ships docking in a bow to bow formation performing a birthday salute to Queen Mary 2 . Later on , all three Cunarders gather for a fireworks display in which Queen Mary 2 led both the Queen Elizabeth and Queen Victoria back down the channel . Queen Elizabeth at Liverpool Cruise Terminal , on 25 May 2015 , after the Cunard 175 celebration 25 May 2015 : The three ' Queens ' at Liverpool celebrating 175 years of the formation of the Cunard Line , which was formed and based at Liverpool . At low tide , the three ships stopped in line in middle of the River Mersey , bow to stern , turned 180 degrees in full synchronisation with each other , which was known as river dance ) , they then formed an arrow side by side . The Queen Mary 2 was in the centre with its bow in line with the Cunard Building at the Pier Head . The RAF Red Arrows performed a flypast in Vic formation , emitting red , white and blue smoke , over the vessels . An estimated 1.3 million people lined the river banks to witness the spectacle . Special Voyages ( edit ) QE2 50th anniversary celebration ( edit ) In September 2017 the ship hosted a special commemorative cruise to honour the 50th anniversary of its predecessor the QE2 . The Mediterranean cruise was chosen to pay tribute to QE2 's role as a cruise ship . Special guests include Captain Ian McNaught , Commodore Ronald Warwick , Maritime Historian Chris Frame and QE2 Social Hostess Maureen Ryan . Australia 2019 ( edit ) Queen Elizabeth will spend an extended season in Australia in 2019 . References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Cunard Line ( 10 October 2007 ) . `` Cunard to Build `` Queen Elizabeth '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Cunard - Welcome to the latest news from Cunard '' . Cunard . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Queen Elizabeth '' . Cunard . Retrieved 27 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Three Queens : Spotlight on Queen Elizabeth '' . Lancashire Telegraph . 3 May 2015 . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Queen Elizabeth Press Launch '' . Cunard Line - Press Release . 17 March 2009 . Retrieved 17 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Britannia Club '' . Cunard . Archived from the original on 4 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Queen Elizabeth '' . Avid Cruiser . Retrieved 4 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Queen WILL name the Queen ! ( 10556 ) '' . cruises.co.uk . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Peter Woodman ( 11 October 2010 ) . `` Queen officially names luxury liner '' . The Independent . Retrieved 6 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Charles Starmer - Smith ( 1 September 2010 ) . `` Queen to name Cunard 's new ship '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 6 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News -- The Master is Appointed For Queen Elizabeth '' . Cunard Blog. 7 September 2009 . Retrieved 14 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` MS Queen Elizabeth naming ceremony highlights '' . Cunard . Retrieved 26 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : Cunard Re-flags Ships in Bermuda , Launches Weddings at Sea '' . Cruise Critic. 19 October 2011 . Retrieved 1 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cruise regulations put Svalbard off - limits '' . The Telegraph . 17 March 2014 . Retrieved 4 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sir David Frost , broadcaster and writer , dies at 74 '' . BBC . 1 September 2013 . Retrieved 1 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Mayes , William ( 2016 ) . Ships Monthly November 2016 . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Whitelaw , Jonathan ( 7 July 2017 ) . `` Queens of the Sea : Stunning moment huge Queen Elizabeth ships meet for the first time in Moray Firth '' . Scottish Sun . The Sun . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iconic Cunard Line Queens to Meet for Historic Royal Rendezvous in New York Harbour on 13 January '' . PR New Wire. 8 December 2010 . Retrieved 4 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cunard Line Announces 2012 - 2013 Deployment '' . cruiseindustrynews.com . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hafen Hamburg - `` Queen Mary 2 '' und `` Queen Elizabeth '' im Doppelpack `` . Hamburger Abendblatt . Jump up ^ `` Queen Elizabeth and Queen Mary to meet in first Cunard royal rendezvous '' . Breaking Travel News . 2 March 2013 . Retrieved 4 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Do you come here often ? Cunard 's three royal ladies , the liners Queen Elizabeth , Queen Mary 2 and Queen Victoria dock in Lisbon for family portrait '' . Daily Mail . 6 June 2014 . Retrieved 4 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pictures of the day '' . The Telegraph . 9 May 2014 . Retrieved 4 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Three Queens : Eyes of the world on Liverpool for Cunard 's 175th anniversary '' . Liverpool Echo . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cunard sailing to mark 50th anniversary of QE2 launch '' . Travelweekly.co.uk . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cunard 's Queen Elizabeth Cruise Ship to Host QE2 50th Anniversary Celebrations '' . Cruisecritic.com.au. 17 August 2017 . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Fat Cruise Wrap -- Travel Weekly '' . Travelweekly.com.au . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Voyages on Queen Elizabeth 2019 - Cunard '' . Cunardline.com.au . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , CIN ( 2018 - 02 - 18 ) . `` Queen Elizabeth to be Based in Australia for 2019 - 2020 Season '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 . Bibliography ( edit ) Dawson , Philip ( 2010 ) . Queen Elizabeth : a celebration of ocean travel for modern Elizabethan times ( 2nd ed . ) . Ramsey , Isle of Man : Lily Publications . ISBN 9781906608224 . Frame , Chris ; Cross , Rachelle ( 2011 ) . Queen Elizabeth : a photographic journey . Stroud , Gloucestershire , UK : The History Press . ISBN 9780752459165 . Thiel , Ingo ( 2011 ) . Queen Elizabeth : Noble Eleganz zur See / Elegance at Sea ( in German and English ) . Bielefeld , Germany : Delius Klasing . ISBN 9783768833226 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Wills , Elspeth ( 2011 ) . Cunard Queens : the story of the six Cunard Line Queens . London : Open Agency . ISBN 9780954245191 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to MS Queen Elizabeth . Video of the press launch ( 17 March 2009 ) MS Queen Elizabeth on Cunard.co.uk `` Queen Elizabeth : Art Deco Queen '' . Chris ' Cunard Page . Retrieved 16 February 2010 . Queen Elizabeth -- review by Douglas Ward in The Daily Telegraph , London . List of ships built by Fincantieri Warships Andrea Doria Assad - class corvettes Caio Duilio Carvajal Cassiopea - class patrol vessels Cavour Deepak Diciotti - class offshore patrol vessels Durand de la Penne - class destroyers Etna Falaj 2 - class patrol vessels Giuseppe Garibaldi Laksamana - class corvettes Maestrale - class frigates Minerva - class corvettes San Giorgio - class amphibious transport docks San Giusto Sauro - class submarines Scirè Shakti Toti - class submarines Villavisencio Vittorio Veneto Cruise ships Amsterdam Arcadia L'Austral Azura Le Boreal Britannia Caribbean Princess Carnival Breeze Carnival Conquest Carnival Dream Carnival Freedom Carnival Glory Carnival Liberty Carnival Magic Carnival Splendor Carnival Sunshine Carnival Triumph Carnival Valor Carnival Victory Carnival Vista Concordia - class cruise ships Costa Concordia Costa Deliziosa Costa Diadema Costa Fascinosa Costa Fortuna Costa Luminosa Costa Magica Costa neoClassica Costa neoRomantica Costa Pacifica Costa Serena Crown Princess Dawn Princess Destiny - class cruise ships Disney Magic Disney Wonder Emerald Princess Eurodam Fram Golden Princess Grand Princess Koningsdam Le Lyrial Maasdam Majestic Princess Marina Nieuw Amsterdam Noordam Oceana Oosterdam Pacific Aria Pacific Dawn Pacific Eden Pacific Jewel Queen Elizabeth Queen Victoria Regal Princess Riviera Rotterdam Royal Princess Royal - class cruise ships Ruby Princess Sea Princess Seabourn Encore MSC Seaside Seven Seas Explorer Silver Spirit Le Soléal Star Princess Sun Princess Sun - class cruise ships The Calypso Veendam Ventura Viking Sea Viking Sky Viking Star Vista - class cruise ships Volendam Westerdam Zaandam Zuiderdam Ferries al - Salam Boccaccio 98 Almudaina Dos Gotlandia II Knossos Palace Festos Palace Hellenic Wind MDV1200 - class fast ferries Pride of Hull Pride of Rotterdam Star - class ferries Speedrunner III Speedrunner IV Superstar Cargo ships Britannia Seaways Cape Victory Cape Vincent Yachts Destriero Serene Victory Miscellaneous vessels Castoro Sei Karadeniz Powership İrem Sultan Petrobras 36 Sagar Nidhi Saipem 7000 Scarabeo 8 Related Cantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico Fincantieri Ships of the Cunard Line Current fleet 2004 RMS Queen Mary 2 2007 MS Queen Victoria 2010 MS Queen Elizabeth Former ships 1840 -- 1994 1840 RMS Britannia 1856 RMS Persia 1865 SS Java 1862 RMS Scotia 1870 SS Abyssinia 1870 SS Parthia 1878 SS Aleppo 1881 SS Servia 1881 SS Catalonia 1882 RMS Aurania 1884 RMS Etruria 1884 RMS Umbria 1892 RMS Campania 1893 RMS Lucania 1898 SS Ultonia 1899 SS Ivernia 1899 RMS Saxonia 1903 RMS Carpathia 1904 RMS Slavonia 1905 RMS Carmania 1905 RMS Caronia 1907 RMS Lusitania 1907 RMS Mauretania 1910 RMS Franconia 1911 RMS Albania 1912 RMS Laconia 1913 RMS Alaunia 1913 RMS Aquitania 1914 SS Orduna 1918 SS Empire Barracuda 1920 RMS Lancastria 1920 RMS Samaria 1921 RMS Antonia 1921 RMS Ausonia 1921 RMS Andania 1921 RMS Scythia 1922 RMS Andania 1922 RMS Berengaria 1922 RMS Franconia 1922 RMS Laconia 1922 RMS Majestic 1923 RMS Ascania 1924 RMS Aurania 1924 SS Letitia 1925 RMS Carinthia 1927 SS Laurentic 1929 MV Britannic 1934 MV Georgic 1934 RMS Olympic 1936 RMS Queen Mary 1939 RMS Mauretania 1939 SS Pasteur 1939 MV Empire Audacity 1940 RMS Queen Elizabeth 1943 SS Empire Battleaxe 1943 SS Empire Broadsword 1943 SS Valacia 1945 MV Empire Ettrick 1947 RMS Media 1947 RMS Parthia 1949 RMS Caronia 1954 RMS Saxonia 1955 RMS Ivernia 1956 RMS Carinthia 1957 RMS Sylvania 1969 MS Queen Elizabeth 2 1971 MS Cunard Adventurer 1972 MS Cunard Ambassador 1975 MS Cunard Countess 1976 MS Cunard Princess 1980 SS Atlantic Conveyor 1983 MS Sagafjord 1983 MS Caronia 1994 MS Royal Viking Sun Years indicate year of entry into Cunard service . Vista class cruise ships and derived designs Original Vista class Zuiderdam Oosterdam Westerdam Arcadia Noordam Enlarged Vista class Queen Victoria Queen Elizabeth Signature class Eurodam Nieuw Amsterdam Hybrid Vista / Spirit class Costa Luminosa Costa Deliziosa Holland America Line P&O Cruises Cunard Line Costa Cruises Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MS_Queen_Elizabeth&oldid=839843641 '' Categories : 2010 ships Cruise ships Ships of the Cunard Line Panamax cruise ships Ships built in Monfalcone Ships built by Fincantieri Passenger ships of Bermuda 2010 establishments in England Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2017 IMO Number MMSI Number CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 May 2018 , at 01 : 51 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS%20Queen%20Elizabeth
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how many miss americas are from new york
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State Number of titles won Year ( s ) won New York 7 1945 , 1976 , 1984 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2019 Oklahoma 6 1926 , 1967 , 1981 , 1996 , 2006 , 2007 California 1925 , 1941 , 1943 , 1946 , 1955 , 1983 Ohio 1922 , 1923 , 1938 , 1963 , 1972 , 1978 Michigan 5 1939 , 1961 , 1970 , 1988 , 2008 Illinois 1927 , 1969 , 1991 , 1998 , 2003 Pennsylvania 1924 , 1935 , 1936 , 1940 , 1954 Mississippi 1959 , 1960 , 1980 , 1986 Arkansas 1964 , 1982 , 2017 Virginia 1979 , 1999 , 2010 Alabama 1951 , 1995 , 2005 Kansas 1966 , 1968 , 1997 Minnesota 1948 , 1977 , 1989 Texas 1942 , 1971 , 1975 Colorado 1956 , 1958 , 1974 Georgia 1953 , 2016 Wisconsin 1973 , 2012 Florida 1993 , 2004 Hawaii 1992 , 2001 South Carolina 1957 , 1994 Tennessee 1947 , 1987 Utah 1952 , 1985 New Jersey 1937 , 1984 Arizona 1949 , 1965 District of Columbia 1921 , 1944 North Dakota 2018 Nebraska 2011 Indiana 2009 Oregon 2002 Kentucky 2000 Missouri 1990 North Carolina 1962 Connecticut 1933
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List of Miss America titleholders
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list of miss america titleholders
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Miss America is an annual competition open to women from the United States between the ages of 17 and 25 . Originating in 1921 as a beauty pageant , the competition now judges competitors ' talent performances and interviews in addition to their physical appearance . In January 2018 , the new board of directors increased the maximum age of titleholders to 25 years old , from 24 . Therefore , contestants can not be older than 25 years old on December 31 in the calendar year of her state competition . Contents 1 Gallery of past Miss Americas 2 Winners 3 Winners by state 3.1 States without Miss America winners 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Gallery of past Miss Americas ( edit ) Margaret Gorman , Miss America 1921 Mary Katherine Campbell , Miss America 1922 and 1923 Lois Delander , Miss America 1927 Bess Myerson , Miss America 1945 Marilyn Buferd , Miss America 1946 Lee Meriwether , Miss America 1955 Mary Ann Mobley , Miss America 1959 Lynda Lee Mead , Miss America 1960 Phyllis George , Miss America 1971 Shirley Cothran , Miss America 1975 Susan Perkins , Miss America 1978 Debra Maffett , Miss America 1983 Vanessa L. Williams , Miss America 1984 Susan Akin , Miss America 1986 Heather French , Miss America 2000 Erika Harold , Miss America 2003 Jennifer Berry , Miss America 2006 Lauren Nelson , Miss America 2007 Kirsten Haglund , Miss America 2008 Katie Stam , Miss America 2009 Caressa Cameron , Miss America 2010 Teresa Scanlan , Miss America 2011 Laura Kaeppeler , Miss America 2012 Mallory Hagan , Miss America 2013 Nina Davuluri , Miss America 2014 Kira Kazantsev , Miss America 2015 Savvy Shields , Miss America 2017 Cara Mund , Miss America 2018 Winners ( edit ) Year Crowned Winner State / District City Age Awards Talent Notes 1921 Sept. 8 , 1921 Margaret Gorman District of Columbia Washington 16 Inter-City Beauty , Amateur Actually crowned `` The Most Beautiful Bathing Girl in America '' ; was not titled `` Miss America '' until 1922 1922 Sept. 7 , 1922 Mary Katherine Campbell Ohio Columbus 16 Only person to win twice ; also was 1st runner - up at the 1924 pageant 1923 Sept. 7 , 1923 17 1924 Sept. 6 , 1924 Ruth Malcomson Pennsylvania Philadelphia 18 1925 Sept. 11 , 1925 Fay Lanphier California Oakland 19 1926 Sept. 10 , 1926 Norma Smallwood Oklahoma Tulsa 18 Bather 's Revue Winner Evening Gown Award 1927 Sept. 9 , 1927 Lois Delander Illinois Joliet 17 1928 No pageants were held 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 Sept. 9 , 1933 Marian Bergeron Connecticut West Haven 15 Youngest winner in history at the age of 151⁄2 Held title for two years since no competition was held in 1934 1934 No pageant was held 1935 Sept. 7 , 1935 Henrietta Leaver Pennsylvania Pittsburgh 17 Vocal / Tap dance , `` Living In a Great Big Way '' 1936 Sept. 12 , 1936 Rose Coyle Pennsylvania Philadelphia 22 Preliminary Talent Vocal / Tap dance , `` I Ca n't Escape From You '' & `` Truckin ' '' 1937 Sept. 11 , 1937 Bette Cooper New Jersey Bertrand Island 17 Evening Gown Award Vocal , `` When the Poppies Bloom Again '' 1938 Sept. 10 , 1938 Marilyn Meseke Ohio Marion 21 Tap dance , `` The World Is Waiting for the Sunrise '' Held the title of Miss Ohio twice ( 1931 & 1938 ) 1939 Sept. 9 , 1939 Patricia Donnelly Michigan Detroit 19 Vocal / Bass Fiddle , `` To You '' & `` Ol ' Man Mose '' 1940 Sept. 7 , 1940 Frances Marie Burke Pennsylvania Philadelphia 19 Preliminary Swimsuit Vocal / Dance , `` I Ca n't Love You Anymore '' 1941 Sept. 6 , 1941 Rosemary LaPlanche California Los Angeles 18 Preliminary Swimsuit Dance Also placed 1st runner - up at Miss America 1940 pageant 1942 Sept. 12 , 1942 Jo - Carroll Dennison Texas Tyler 18 Preliminary Swimsuit Preliminary Talent Vocal / Dance , `` Deep in the Heart of Texas '' 1943 Sept. 11 , 1943 Jean Bartel California Los Angeles 19 Preliminary Swimsuit Preliminary Talent Vocal , `` Night and Day '' 1944 Sept. 9 , 1944 Venus Ramey District of Columbia Washington 19 Preliminary Swimsuit Preliminary Talent Vocal / Dance , `` Take It Easy '' 1945 Sept. 8 , 1945 Bess Myerson New York New York City 21 Preliminary Swimsuit Preliminary Talent Piano & flute , `` Piano Concerto In A Minor '' by Edvard Grieg & `` Summertime '' First Jewish - American Miss America First Miss New York crowned 1946 Sept. 7 , 1946 Marilyn Buferd California Los Angeles 21 Preliminary Swimsuit Preliminary Talent ( tie ) Dramatic monologue , Accent on Youth 1947 Sept. 6 , 1947 Barbara Jo Walker Tennessee Memphis 21 Preliminary Talent Art display & vocal medley , `` One Kiss '' & `` Un Bel Di '' from Madama Butterfly 1948 Sept. 11 , 1948 BeBe Shopp Minnesota Hopkins 18 Preliminary Swimsuit Vibraharp , `` Caprice Viennois '' by Fritz Kreisler 1949 Sept. 10 , 1949 Jacque Mercer Arizona Litchfield Park 18 Preliminary Swimsuit ( tie ) Preliminary Talent Dramatic reading , Romeo and Juliet 1951 Sept. 9 , 1950 Yolande Betbeze Alabama Mobile 21 Preliminary Swimsuit Classical vocal , `` Caro Nome '' from Rigoletto Sparked the creation of the Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants 1952 Sept. 8 , 1951 Colleen Kay Hutchins Utah Salt Lake City 25 Preliminary Talent Dramatic monologue , `` Elizabeth the Queen '' by Maxwell Anderson 1953 Sept. 6 , 1952 Neva Jane Langley Georgia Macon 19 Preliminary Swimsuit Preliminary Talent Classical piano , `` Toccata '' 1954 Sept. 12 , 1953 Evelyn Margaret Ay Pennsylvania Ephrata 20 Preliminary Swimsuit Poetry recitation , `` Footsteps '' from Leaves from a Grass - House by Don Blanding 1955 Sept. 11 , 1954 Lee Meriwether California San Francisco 19 Preliminary Swimsuit Dramatic monologue , Riders to the Sea First winner crowned on television ( ABC ) Became an actress ( Batman ) 1956 Sept. 10 , 1955 Sharon Ritchie Colorado Denver 18 Recitation , `` The Murder of Lidice '' by Edna St. Vincent Millay 1957 Sept. 8 , 1956 Marian McKnight South Carolina Manning 19 Comedy sketch , `` The Monroe Doctrine '' 1958 Sept. 7 , 1957 Marilyn Van Derbur Colorado Denver 20 Organ , `` Tea for Two '' & `` Tenderly '' Television broadcast moved to CBS 1959 Sept. 6 , 1958 Mary Ann Mobley Mississippi Brandon 21 Preliminary Talent Vocal medley & dance , `` Un Bel Di '' & `` There 'll Be Some Changes Made '' Became an actress ( Diff'rent Strokes ) and TV hostess 1960 Sept. 12 , 1959 Lynda Lee Mead Natchez 20 Original dramatic act , `` Schizophrenia '' 1961 Sept. 10 , 1960 Nancy Fleming Michigan Montague 18 Preliminary Swimsuit Preliminary Talent ( tie ) Presentation of dress design 1962 Sept. 9 , 1961 Maria Fletcher North Carolina Asheville 19 Preliminary Swimsuit First Miss North Carolina crowned 1963 Sept. 8 , 1962 Jacquelyn Mayer Ohio Sandusky 20 Broadway vignette , `` Wishing Upon a Star , '' `` My Favorite Things '' & The White Cliffs of Dover 1964 Sept. 7 , 1963 Donna Axum Arkansas El Dorado 21 Preliminary Swimsuit Vocal medley , `` Quando me'n vo ' '' & `` I Love Paris '' 1965 Sept. 12 , 1964 Vonda Kay Van Dyke Arizona Phoenix 21 Miss Congeniality Ventriloquism , `` Together ( Wherever We Go ) '' Only Miss Congeniality award winner to be also crowned Miss America 1966 Sept. 11 , 1965 Deborah Irene Bryant Kansas Overland Park 19 Preliminary Swimsuit Dramatic interpretation , `` The Miserable Miserliness of Midas Moneybags '' 1967 Sept. 10 , 1966 Jane Anne Jayroe Oklahoma Laverne 19 Preliminary Talent Vocal / Orchestral conducting , `` 1 - 2 - 3 '' Television broadcast moved to NBC 1968 Sept. 9 , 1967 Debra Dene Barnes Kansas Moran 20 Preliminary Swimsuit Piano , `` Born Free '' 1969 Sept. 7 , 1968 Judith Ford Illinois Belvidere 18 Preliminary Swimsuit Preliminary Talent Acrobatic dance & trampoline , `` The Blue Danube '' 1970 Sept. 6 , 1969 Pamela Eldred Michigan West Bloomfield 21 Preliminary Swimsuit Ballet , `` Love Theme '' from Romeo & Juliet 1971 Sept. 12 , 1970 Phyllis George Texas Denton 21 Preliminary Swimsuit Piano medley , Promises , Promises & `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Former sportscaster on CBS Former First Lady of Kentucky ( 1979 - 83 ) 1972 Sept. 11 , 1971 Laurie Lea Schaefer Ohio Bexley 22 Preliminary Swimsuit Semi-classical vocal , `` And This Is My Beloved '' 1973 Sept. 9 , 1972 Terry Meeuwsen Wisconsin De Pere 23 Preliminary Swimsuit Preliminary Talent Vocal , `` He Touched Me '' from Drat ! The Cat ! First Miss Wisconsin crowned Co-host of The 700 Club Sept. 8 , 1973 Rebecca King Colorado Denver 23 Vocal , `` If I Ruled the World '' Mother of Miss Colorado 2011 , Diana Dremen Sept. 7 , 1974 Shirley Cothran Texas Fort Worth 21 Preliminary Swimsuit Flute medley , `` Bumble Boogie '' & `` Swingin ' Shepherd Blues '' 1976 Sept. 6 , 1975 Tawny Godin New York Yonkers 18 Original piano composition , `` Images in Pastels '' 1977 Sept. 11 , 1976 Dorothy Benham Minnesota Edina 20 Preliminary Swimsuit Preliminary Talent Classical vocal , `` Adele 's Laughing Song '' from Die Fledermaus Appeared in Jerome Robbins ' Broadway 1978 Sept. 10 , 1977 Susan Perkins Ohio Columbus 23 Preliminary Talent Vocal , `` Good Morning Heartache '' Television broadcast moved to CBS 1979 Sept. 9 , 1978 Kylene Barker Virginia Galax 22 Gymnastics routine , `` Gonna Fly Now '' & `` Feels So Good '' Television broadcast moved to NBC 1980 Sept. 8 , 1979 Cheryl Prewitt Mississippi Ackerman 22 Preliminary Swimsuit Vocal / Piano , `` Do n't Cry Out Loud '' 1981 Sept. 6 , 1980 Susan Powell Oklahoma Elk City 21 Preliminary Talent ( tie ) Classical vocal , `` The Telephone Aria '' 1982 Sept. 12 , 1981 Elizabeth Ward Arkansas Russellville 20 Preliminary Swimsuit Vocal , `` After You 've Gone '' Previously National Sweetheart 1981 Infamously had short - lived affair with President Bill Clinton in 1998 Sept. 11 , 1982 Debra Maffett California Anaheim 25 Preliminary Swimsuit Preliminary Talent Popular vocal , `` Come In From the Rain '' 1984 Sept. 17 , 1983 Vanessa Lynn Williams New York Millwood 20 Preliminary Swimsuit Preliminary Talent Popular vocal , `` Happy Days Are Here Again '' First African American Miss America Resigned on July 23 , 1984 due to backlash from unauthorized nude photos of her being published in Penthouse magazine July 23 , 1984 Suzette Charles New Jersey Mays Landing 21 Preliminary Talent Popular vocal , `` Kiss Me In the Rain '' Served the shortest term by any Miss America , lasting only seven weeks 1985 Sept. 8 , 1984 Sharlene Wells Utah Salt Lake City 20 Preliminary Swimsuit Spanish vocal & Paraguyan harp , `` Mis Noches Sin Ti '' The first foreign - born , bilingual Miss America ( born in Asunción , Paraguay ) 1986 Sept. 14 , 1985 Susan Akin Mississippi Meridian 21 Preliminary Swimsuit Vocal , `` You 're My World '' Sept. 13 , 1986 Kellye Cash Tennessee Memphis 21 Preliminary Swimsuit Preliminary Talent Piano / Vocal , `` I 'll Be Home '' Grandniece of singer , Johnny Cash 1988 Sept. 19 , 1987 Kaye Lani Rae Rafko Michigan Monroe 24 Preliminary Swimsuit Hawaiian - Tahitian dance 1989 Sept. 10 , 1988 Gretchen Carlson Minnesota Anoka 22 Preliminary Talent Classical violin , `` Zigeunerweisen '' Former news anchor of Fox & Friends Current chairwoman of the board of directors of the Miss America Organization 1990 Sept. 16 , 1989 Debbye Turner Missouri Mexico 23 Preliminary Swimsuit Marimba medley , `` Flight of the Bumblebee , '' `` Csárdás '' & `` Can - Can '' Medical Reporter and Anchor for CBS 's The Early Show First Miss Missouri crowned 1991 Sept. 8 , 1990 Marjorie Vincent Illinois Oak Park 25 Preliminary Talent Classical piano , `` Fantaisie - Impromptu '' First Miss America winner of Haitian descent Former Chair of the Board of Trustees for the Miss America Organization ( served for 3 months ) 1992 Sept. 14 , 1991 Carolyn Suzanne Sapp Hawaii Kona 24 Preliminary Swimsuit Vocal , `` Ai n't Misbehavin ' '' First Miss Hawaii crowned 1993 Sept. 19 , 1992 Leanza Cornett Florida Jacksonville 21 Vocal , `` A New Life '' from Jekyll & Hyde Married ( and later divorced ) Mark Steines 1994 Sept. 18 , 1993 Kimberly Clarice Aiken South Carolina Columbia 18 Vocal , `` Summertime '' 1995 Sept. 17 , 1994 Heather Whitestone Alabama Birmingham 21 Preliminary Swimsuit Preliminary Talent Ballet en Pointe , `` Via Dolorosa '' First deaf Miss America Sept. 16 , 1995 Shawntel Smith Oklahoma Muldrow 24 Vocal , `` The Woman in the Moon '' from A Star Is Born 1997 Sept. 14 , 1996 Tara Dawn Holland Kansas Overland Park 23 Preliminary Swimsuit Classical vocal , `` Où Va la Jeune Hindoue '' from Lakmé Her crowning was featured at beginning of the 2006 film , Little Miss Sunshine 1998 Sept. 13 , 1997 Katherine Shindle Illinois Evanston 20 Preliminary Talent Vocal , `` Do n't Rain on My Parade '' Performed in Legally Blonde on Broadway President of the Actors ' Equity Association Briefly on the Board of Directors for the Miss America Organization in 2018 Television broadcast moved to ABC 1999 Sept. 19 , 1998 Nicole Johnson Virginia Roanoke 24 Vocal , `` That 's Life '' Diabetes awareness advocate 2000 Sept. 18 , 1999 Heather Renee French Kentucky Maysville 24 Preliminary Swimsuit Vocal , `` As If We Never Said Goodbye '' from Sunset Boulevard First Miss Kentucky crowned 2001 Oct. 14 , 2000 Angela Perez Baraquio Hawaii Honolulu 24 Preliminary Swimsuit Hula , `` Theme '' from Mutiny on the Bounty First Filipino American and Asian American Miss America 2002 Sept. 22 , 2001 Katie Harman Oregon Gresham 21 Preliminary Talent Classical vocal , `` O mio babbino caro '' First Miss Oregon crowned 2003 Sept. 21 , 2002 Erika Harold Illinois Urbana 22 Classical vocal , `` Habanera '' Sept. 20 , 2003 Ericka Dunlap Florida Orlando 21 Vocal , `` If I Could '' Finished in third place on The Amazing Race 15 with her then - husband , Brian Kleinschmidt 2005 Sept. 18 , 2004 Deidre Downs Alabama Birmingham 24 Vocal , `` I 'm Afraid This Must Be Love '' 2006 Jan. 21 , 2006 Jennifer Berry Oklahoma Tulsa 22 Preliminary Talent Ballet en Pointe , `` Within '' Television broadcast moved to CMT 2007 Jan. 29 , 2007 Lauren Nelson Lawton 20 Preliminary Lifestyle & Fitness Vocal , `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' 2008 Jan. 26 , 2008 Kirsten Haglund Michigan Farmington Hills 19 Preliminary Lifestyle & Fitness Vocal , `` Over the Rainbow '' Haglund 's grandmother , Iora Hunt , represented Detroit , Michigan at the Miss America 1944 pageant Television broadcast moved to TLC 2009 Jan. 24 , 2009 Katie Stam Indiana Seymour 22 Preliminary Lifestyle & Fitness Vocal , `` Via Dolorosa '' First Miss Indiana crowned Jan. 30 , 2010 Caressa Cameron Virginia Fredericksburg 22 Preliminary Talent Vocal , `` Listen '' from Dreamgirls 2011 Jan. 15 , 2011 Teresa Scanlan Nebraska Gering 17 Preliminary Talent Piano , `` White Water Chopped Sticks '' by Calvin Jones Youngest Miss America winner since 1933 First Miss Nebraska crowned Television broadcast moved to ABC 2012 Jan. 14 , 2012 Laura Kaeppeler Wisconsin Kenosha 23 Preliminary Talent Operatic vocal , `` Il Bacio '' by Luigi Arditi Briefly on the Board of Directors for the Miss America Organization in 2018 2013 Jan. 12 , 2013 Mallory Hagan New York Brooklyn 24 Tap dance , `` Get Up Offa That Thing '' by James Brown Served the second shortest term by any Miss America , lasting only nine months 2014 Sept. 15 , 2013 Nina Davuluri Fayetteville 24 Bollywood fusion dance , `` Dhoom Tana '' from Om Shanti Om First Indian American winner First to perform a Bollywood dance at a Miss America pageant 2015 Sept. 14 , 2014 Kira Kazantsev Manhattan 23 Vocal with plastic cup percussion , `` Happy '' by Pharrell Williams 2016 Sept. 13 , 2015 Betty Cantrell Georgia Warner Robins 21 Preliminary Talent Classical vocal , `` Tu ? Tu ? Piccolo Iddio ! '' from Madama Butterfly 2017 Sept. 11 , 2016 Savvy Shields Arkansas Fayetteville 21 Preliminary Talent Jazz dance , `` They Just Keep Moving the Line '' from the NBC show Smash 2018 Sept. 10 , 2017 Cara Mund North Dakota Bismarck 23 Jazz dance , `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' by Michael Jackson First Miss North Dakota crowned 2019 Sept. 9 , 2018 Nia Franklin New York Brooklyn 25 Operatic vocal , `` Quando m'en vò '' from La bohème Winners by state ( edit ) State Number of titles won Year ( s ) won New York 7 1945 , 1976 , 1984 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2019 Oklahoma 6 1926 , 1967 , 1981 , 1996 , 2006 , 2007 California 1925 , 1941 , 1943 , 1946 , 1955 , 1983 Ohio 1922 , 1923 , 1938 , 1963 , 1972 , 1978 Michigan 5 1939 , 1961 , 1970 , 1988 , 2008 Illinois 1927 , 1969 , 1991 , 1998 , 2003 Pennsylvania 1924 , 1935 , 1936 , 1940 , 1954 Mississippi 1959 , 1960 , 1980 , 1986 Arkansas 1964 , 1982 , 2017 Virginia 1979 , 1999 , 2010 Alabama 1951 , 1995 , 2005 Kansas 1966 , 1968 , 1997 Minnesota 1948 , 1977 , 1989 Texas 1942 , 1971 , 1975 Colorado 1956 , 1958 , 1974 Georgia 1953 , 2016 Wisconsin 1973 , 2012 Florida 1993 , 2004 Hawaii 1992 , 2001 South Carolina 1957 , 1994 Tennessee 1947 , 1987 Utah 1952 , 1985 New Jersey 1937 , 1984 Arizona 1949 , 1965 District of Columbia 1921 , 1944 North Dakota 2018 Nebraska 2011 Indiana 2009 Oregon 2002 Kentucky 2000 Missouri 1990 North Carolina 1962 Connecticut 1933 States without Miss America winners ( edit ) There have been no Miss America winners from the following eighteen states and two U.S. territories : Alaska Delaware Idaho Iowa Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Montana Nevada New Hampshire New Mexico Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Dakota Vermont Virgin Islands Washington West Virginia Wyoming Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ No `` Miss America 1950 '' was officially crowned . Since the majority of each titleholder 's reign occurred during the following year , the organization began referring to titleholder using upcoming year . Jump up ^ Competed at Miss New York City Jump up ^ Competed at Miss Tulsa Jump up ^ Competed at Miss Columbus Jump up ^ Competed at Miss Columbus Jump up ^ Competed at Miss Philadelphia Jump up ^ Competed at Miss Pittsburgh Jump up ^ Competed at Miss Philadelphia Jump up ^ Competed at Miss Philadelphia Jump up ^ Competed at Miss Memphis Jump up ^ Competed at Miss Bertrand Island References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Silva , Daniella ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` Future of Miss America , beauty pageants in question in the wake of # MeToo '' . NBC News . Jump up ^ `` American Experience : Miss America '' . pbs.org . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1939 Patricia Donnelly Harris ( Miss Detroit ) becomes our first Miss America ! '' . Miss Michigan . Archived from the original on 18 December 2017 . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ McNutt , K.S. ( September 11 , 2016 ) . `` Jane Jayroe : Oklahoma native reflects on her Miss America win '' . NewsOK . Jump up ^ Minton , Amanda ( October 18 , 2018 ) . `` OUR HISTORY -- Our very own Miss America , Debra Dene Barnes '' . The Morning Sun . Jump up ^ Thralls , Todd ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Crowning of Miss America 1969 -- Judy Ford '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ Arino , Lisha ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` Former Miss Michigan title holders describe life after crown '' . MLive . ^ Jump up to : Gilfillian , Trudi ( September 16 , 2013 ) . `` Miss America 1971 Phyllis George forever remembered for tiara topple '' . Press of Atlantic City . Jump up ^ `` Miss America 1972 Sitting on Throne '' . Getty Images . September 11 , 1971 . ^ Jump up to : Aukofer , Frank A. ( September 11 , 1972 ) . `` De Pere Girl Begins US Reign '' . The Milwaukee Journal . Jump up ^ `` New Life : Meeuwsen Changes Her Course '' . The Milwaukee Journal . April 25 , 1993 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` In a pageant rife with conformity , America will tune in to see which Miss America contestant breaks the mold '' . Atlantic City Weekly . September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miss Colorado Makes Pageant History : Daughter of Miss America 1974 Competes for 2012 Miss America Title '' . Pageant Center . Jump up ^ Klemesrud , Judy ( September 9 , 1974 ) . `` For Miss America ' 75 the Questions Get Tougher '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Vespa , Mary ( March 22 , 1976 ) . `` Miss America , Tawny Godin , Puts a Ring on Her Finger and Steps on Some Toes '' . People . Jump up ^ Neuhaus , Cable ( January 21 , 1980 ) . `` A Former Miss America Celebrates When Her Iceman Cometh Home '' . People . Jump up ^ `` Dorothy Benham - Performer '' . Internet Broadway Database . Jump up ^ Roberts , Roxanne ( September 16 , 1995 ) . `` Beauty Is as Beauty Does '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Darling , Lynn ( October 17 , 1978 ) . `` There She Is , Miss America '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Hall , Carla ( May 27 , 1980 ) . `` Cheryl Prewitt 's Born - Again American Beauty '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Kornheiser , Tony ( September 8 , 1980 ) . `` There She Is ... '' The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : `` Miss Arkansas Named Miss America of 1982 '' . The New York Times . September 13 , 1981 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Helen ( February 8 , 2000 ) . `` She hitched her star to a wagon for the love of Bill , Hillary put her goals on hold and move to Ark. stick '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ Cleary , Tom ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Bill Clinton Sex Allegations : 17 Claims of Rape & Affairs '' . Heavy.com . Jump up ^ Toscano , Louis ( September 12 , 1982 ) . `` Debra Sue Maffett : Miss America 1983 '' . United Press International . ^ Jump up to : Singleton , Don ( 1983 - 09 - 18 ) . `` Vanessa Williams is crowned the first African - American Miss America in 1983 '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ Eady , Brenda ( August 6 , 1984 ) . `` Vanessa 's Story '' . People Magazine . Jump up ^ Stark , John ; Alexander , Michael ( January 30 , 1989 ) . `` Ex-Miss America Vanessa Williams Overcomes Her Disgrace by Showing and Singing the Right Stuff '' . People . Jump up ^ Latson , Jennifer ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` The Scandal That Cost a Miss America Her Crown '' . Time Magazine . Jump up ^ `` American Experience Miss America People & Events '' . PBS . Jump up ^ Gilfillian , Trudi . `` Miss America 1985 took crown in wake of Vanessa Williams controversy '' . Press of Atlantic City . Jump up ^ `` Miss America : 1985 '' . Miss America . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2008 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Hall , Carla ( September 16 , 1985 ) . `` America 's New Miss ... And the Near Misses '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Stephanie ( September 15 , 1986 ) . `` Tennessee Cashes In '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 1986 - 09 - 14 ) . `` Miss America grandniece of Johnny Cash '' . Houston Chronicle . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Zibart , Eve ( September 21 , 1987 ) . `` Just What the Judges Ordered '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Miss America History -- 1989 '' . Miss America Organization . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gretchen Carlson takes helm at struggling Miss America pageant '' . NJ.com . Jump up ^ `` Miss America 1990 Debbye Turner : A Profile of Success '' . Pageantry Magazine . 1989 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Libman , Norma ( August 25 , 1991 ) . `` Year of Living as Miss America Offers an Education in Life '' . The Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Carroll , Lauren ( July 26 , 2018 ) . `` Miss America scholarship foundation chairwoman resigns '' . Press of Atlantic City . ^ Jump up to : Achenbach , Joel ( September 15 , 1991 ) . `` Miss Hawaii Wins Crown in Miss America Pageant ; 24 - Year - Old University Student Becomes First Contestant From 50th State to Take Title '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Miss America 1993 Closes Pageant with AIDS Appeal '' . The Washington Post . September 20 , 1992 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Steines annoyed that his divorce with wife Leanza Cornett is taking so long '' . Hitberry . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosenfield , Megan ( September 19 , 1993 ) . `` Miss America 1994 Takes Homelessness as her Cause '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : `` First Deaf Miss America '' . The New York Times . September 19 , 1994 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Roxanne ( September 17 , 1995 ) . `` Miss Oklahoma Wins , So Does Pageant Tradition '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Curran , John ( September 15 , 1996 ) . `` Miss Kansas Tara Dawn Holland Wins Miss America Pageant '' . The Associated Press . Jump up ^ Carroll , Lauren ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` 20 years later , Brigantine native Kate Shindle reflects on Miss America '' . Press of Atlantic City . Jump up ^ Purcell , Carey . `` Actress , Newly Elected Equity President and Former Miss America Kate Shindle On Still Trying to `` Cobble Together a Living '' Playbill , August 2015 ^ Jump up to : Carroll , Lauren ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` Changes with Miss America cause issues among board members '' . Press of Atlantic City . Jump up ^ Curran , John ( September 19 , 1998 ) . `` Miss Virginia Nicole Johnson wins Miss America pageant '' . Times Daily . Jump up ^ Ruiz Patton , Susan ( September 20 , 1999 ) . `` Miss Pa . Played Violin Flawlessly Despite Format Changes That Cut Performances In Half , Susan Spafford Made The Most Of Her Opportunity '' . The Morning Call . Allentown , Pennsylvania . ^ Jump up to : `` Angela Perez Baraquio Shares Her Story Of Becoming First Asian - American To Win Miss America In 2001 '' . KCAL . Los Angeles , California . November 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Curran , John ( September 22 , 2001 ) . `` Miss Oregon Katie Harman wins Miss America crown '' . Arizona Daily Sun . Jump up ^ `` Illinois Contestant Is Miss America '' . The Washington Post . September 22 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Miss Florida crowned new Miss America '' . Arizona Daily Sun . September 20 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Lauren ( July 29 , 2004 ) . `` Miss Ala . Wins Spiced - Up Pageant '' . CBS News . Jump up ^ Ross , Jr. , Bobby ( January 25 , 2006 ) . `` Months after baptism , Jennifer Berry wins Miss American pageant '' . Christian Chronicle . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( January 30 , 2007 ) . `` Miss Oklahoma Lauren Nelson Wins Miss America 2007 Pageant '' . FOX News.com . Jump up ^ `` Miss Michigan Kirsten Haglund Crowned Miss America 2008 '' . Associated Press . January 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Shawn ( 2008 - 01 - 28 ) . `` A dream come true for Miss America '' . The Detroit News . Jump up ^ Clarke , Norm ( 2008 - 01 - 24 ) . `` Michigan pageant success is in genes '' . Las Vegas Review Journal . Jump up ^ `` Miss Indiana Katie Stam is crowned 2009 Miss America ; Miss Georgia is first runner - up '' . Las Vegas Sun . January 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indiana student ill , but wins Miss America crown '' . Associated Press . 2009 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Miss Virginia wins 2010 Miss America crown '' . USA Today . 2010 - 01 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` She 's just 17 ! Nebraskan wins Miss America pageant '' . TODAY . January 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Oldenburg , Ann ( January 14 , 2012 ) . `` Miss America pageant crowns 2012 winner '' . USA Today . Gannett . Jump up ^ `` NY woman crowned Miss America '' . 3 News NZ . January 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cavaliere , Victoria ( September 16 , 2013 ) . `` Miss New York is first Indian - American to win Miss America '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stern , Marlow ( September 16 , 2013 ) . `` Nina Davuluri Crowned Miss America : The First Miss America of Indian Descent '' . Daily Beast . Jump up ^ `` A threepeat : Miss New York Kira Kazantsev crowned Miss America '' . CNN . September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Erin ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` Miss Georgia is crowned Miss America 2016 '' . USA Today . Gannett . Jump up ^ `` Miss America 2017 is : Miss Arkansas Savvy Shields '' . USA Today . Gannett . September 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Moniuszko , Sara M. ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Miss America 2018 : Miss North Dakota Cara Mund takes the crown '' . USA Today . Gannett . Jump up ^ Stone , Natalie ( September 9 , 2018 ) . `` Miss New York Nia Imani Franklin Crowned Miss America 2019 '' . People . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Miss America titleholders . Miss America official website Miss America 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Titleholders Award winners Outstanding Teen MAOT State pageants Miss America state pageants Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Virgin Islands Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Miss America titleholders 1921 -- 1939 Margaret Gorman ( 1921 ) Mary Campbell ( 1922 ) Mary Campbell ( 1923 ) Ruth Malcomson ( 1924 ) Fay Lanphier ( 1925 ) Norma Smallwood ( 1926 ) Lois Delander ( 1927 ) Marian Bergeron ( 1933 ) Henrietta Leaver ( 1935 ) Rose Coyle ( 1936 ) Bette Cooper ( 1937 ) Marilyn Meseke ( 1938 ) Patricia Donnelly ( 1939 ) 1940 -- 1959 Frances Marie Burke ( 1940 ) Rosemary LaPlanche ( 1941 ) Jo - Carroll Dennison ( 1942 ) Jean Bartel ( 1943 ) Venus Ramey ( 1944 ) Bess Myerson ( 1945 ) Marilyn Buferd ( 1946 ) Barbara Jo Walker ( 1947 ) BeBe Shopp ( 1948 ) Jacque Mercer ( 1949 ) Yolande Betbeze ( 1951 ) Colleen Kay Hutchins ( 1952 ) Neva Jane Langley ( 1953 ) Evelyn Margaret Ay ( 1954 ) Lee Meriwether ( 1955 ) Sharon Ritchie ( 1956 ) Marian McKnight ( 1957 ) Marilyn Van Derbur ( 1958 ) Mary Ann Mobley ( 1959 ) 1960 -- 1979 Lynda Lee Mead ( 1960 ) Nancy Fleming ( 1961 ) Maria Fletcher ( 1962 ) Jacquelyn Mayer ( 1963 ) Donna Axum ( 1964 ) Vonda Kay Van Dyke ( 1965 ) Deborah Bryant ( 1966 ) Jane Anne Jayroe ( 1967 ) Debra Dene Barnes ( 1968 ) Judith Anne Ford ( 1969 ) Pamela Eldred ( 1970 ) Phyllis Ann George ( 1971 ) Laurie Lea Schaefer ( 1972 ) Terry Meeuwsen ( 1973 ) Rebecca Ann King ( 1974 ) Shirley Cothran ( 1975 ) Tawny Elaine Godin ( 1976 ) Dorothy Benham ( 1977 ) Susan Perkins ( 1978 ) Kylene Barker ( 1979 ) 1980 -- 1999 Cheryl Prewitt ( 1980 ) Susan Powell ( 1981 ) Elizabeth Ward ( 1982 ) Debra Maffett ( 1983 ) Vanessa Williams / Suzette Charles ( 1984 ) Sharlene Wells ( 1985 ) Susan Akin ( 1986 ) Kellye Cash ( 1987 ) Kaye Lani Rae Rafko ( 1988 ) Gretchen Carlson ( 1989 ) Debbye Turner ( 1990 ) Marjorie Judith Vincent ( 1991 ) Carolyn Suzanne Sapp ( 1992 ) Leanza Cornett ( 1993 ) Kimberly Clarice Aiken ( 1994 ) Heather Whitestone ( 1995 ) Shawntel Smith ( 1996 ) Tara Dawn Holland ( 1997 ) Katherine Shindle ( 1998 ) Nicole Johnson ( 1999 ) 2000 -- 2019 Heather French ( 2000 ) Angela Perez Baraquio ( 2001 ) Katie Harman ( 2002 ) Erika Harold ( 2003 ) Ericka Dunlap ( 2004 ) Deidre Downs ( 2005 ) Jennifer Berry ( 2006 ) Lauren Nelson ( 2007 ) Kirsten Haglund ( 2008 ) Katie Stam ( 2009 ) Caressa Cameron ( 2010 ) Teresa Scanlan ( 2011 ) Laura Kaeppeler ( 2012 ) Mallory Hagan ( 2013 ) Nina Davuluri ( 2014 ) Kira Kazantsev ( 2015 ) Betty Cantrell ( 2016 ) Savvy Shields ( 2017 ) Cara Mund ( 2018 ) Nia Franklin ( 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Miss_America_titleholders&oldid=866390686 '' Categories : Lists of American women Lists of award winners Lists of women in beauty pageants Miss America winners Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use American English from July 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from July 2015 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Nederlands Português Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 01 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Miss%20America%20titleholders
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what are the qualifications to play in the players championship
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Winners of PGA Tour events since last Players Top 125 from previous season 's FedEx Cup points list Top 125 ( medical ) Major champions from the past five years Players Championship winners from the past five years The Tour Championship winners from the past three years World Golf Championship winners from the past three years Memorial Tournament and Arnold Palmer Invitational winners since 2015 Top 50 from the Official World Golf Ranking Senior Players champion from prior year Web.com Tour money leader from prior season Money leader during the Web.com Tour Finals , if not the regular - season money leader Top 10 current year FedEx Cup points leaders Remaining positions and alternates filled through current year FedEx Cup standings
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The Players Championship
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the players championship
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The Players Championship ( commonly known as simply The Players , stylized by the PGA Tour as The PLAYERS Championship ) is an annual golf tournament on the PGA Tour . Originally known as the Tournament Players Championship , it began in 1974 . For many years , the Players Championship offered the highest prize fund of any tournament in golf ( $10.5 million in 2015 ) until it was overtaken in 2017 by the U.S. Open , which offered a $12 million purse . The field usually includes the top 50 players in the world rankings , but unlike the three major championships staged in the United States , it is not an official event on the European Tour .
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The Players has often been considered the unofficial `` fifth major '' due to its prestige , its host course near Jacksonville , Florida ( the TPC at Sawgrass Stadium Course at which the tournament has been played since 1982 , home of the iconic par - 3 No. 17 `` Island Green '' ) , and its large purse . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 2 Field 3 History 3.1 Move to May 3.2 Playoffs 3.3 Defending champions 4 Venues 4.1 Course lengths 5 Winners 6 Multiple winners 7 Tournament highlights 8 Gallery 9 References 10 External links Format The victor receives $ 1.89 million , the winner 's share ( 18 % ) of the largest purse of any tournament in golf ( $10.5 million ) , and receives 80 points towards his world ranking , the largest share aside from the majors , for which winners earn 100 points . For comparison , the winners of the four individual World Golf Championships generally receive between 70 and 78 points . The winner also receives a five - year exemption on the PGA Tour ( formerly ten years ) , a three - year invitation to the Masters Tournament , three - year exemptions for the U.S. Open and The Open Championship , and an exemption to the next three PGA Championship tournaments starting in 2018 . The winner earns 600 FedEx Cup points , if a PGA Tour member . Field The field consists of 144 players consisting of the following criteria : Winners of PGA Tour events since last Players Top 125 from previous season 's FedEx Cup points list Top 125 ( medical ) Major champions from the past five years Players Championship winners from the past five years The Tour Championship winners from the past three years World Golf Championship winners from the past three years Memorial Tournament and Arnold Palmer Invitational winners since 2015 Top 50 from the Official World Golf Ranking Senior Players champion from prior year Web.com Tour money leader from prior season Money leader during the Web.com Tour Finals , if not the regular - season money leader Top 10 current year FedEx Cup points leaders Remaining positions and alternates filled through current year FedEx Cup standings History The Players Championship was conceived by the PGA Tour commissioner Deane Beman ; the inaugural event in 1974 was played at Atlanta Country Club in Marietta , Georgia , concluding on Labor Day weekend in early September . It moved to Texas for 1975 , at the Colonial Country Club in Fort Worth in August , and then to south Florida for 1976 at Inverrary Country Club in Lauderhill , at its East Course in late February . Beginning in 1977 , the event moved up the coast and was played at Ponte Vedra Beach in mid-March , initially at Sawgrass Country Club 's Oceanside Course ( a combination of the `` East '' and `` West '' 9 - hole courses ) . Since 1982 , it has been played across the road to the west , at the Stadium Course at TPC at Sawgrass . The word `` Tournament '' was dropped from the title following the 1987 event . Following the 2006 event , the course underwent a major renovation , which received very positive reviews from the players in 2007 . Included in the renovation was a new 77,000 - square - foot ( 7,150 m ) Mediterranean Revival - style clubhouse . Move to May For the first thirty years at Ponte Vedra Beach , the championship was played in mid - to late March , several weeks before The Masters . ( Three weeks prior for the first six seasons ( 1977 -- 1982 ) , then to two weeks in 1983 . ) It was moved to May in 2007 , to the weekend including the second Saturday , as part of a restructuring of the PGA Tour . This restructuring involved the introduction of the lucrative FedEx Cup , which concludes with The Tour Championship . The change gave the PGA Tour a marquee event in six consecutive months ( The Masters in April , The Players in May , the U.S. Open in June , The Open Championship in July , the PGA Championship in August , and the Tour Championship in September ) . With the rearrangement of 2007 , the final round of The Players Championship is usually scheduled for the second Sunday of May , Mother 's Day . To mark this , during the fourth round almost all players wear pink shirts or accessories , and many in the galleries also join them in donning pink garb . Prior to the 2017 PGA Championship , it was announced that the Players would be moved back to March beginning in 2019 , as the PGA Championship is being concurrently moved to May from its current August scheduling . It was believed that the PGA Tour wished to end its season sooner so that the FedEx Cup playoffs would not have to compete with the start of football season . Playoffs The playoff format was sudden - death through 2013 , lately starting at the par - 3 17th hole . The format was changed to a three - hole aggregate in 2014 , similar to the PGA Championship , played over the final three holes , in order . If still tied , the playoff goes to sudden - death on the same three holes , but starts at the 17th . Since moving to the Stadium Course in 1982 , only four playoffs have been necessary ( 1987 , 2008 , 2011 , 2015 ) . The 1987 playoff started at the par - 5 16th and went to a third extra hole at the par - 4 18th , with three pars by the winner ; the next two ended at the first extra hole ( 17 ) , also with pars by the victors . ( The only playoff prior to the Stadium Course was in 1981 ; it also ended on the first hole with a par by the winner . ) The 2015 playoff was the first for the three - hole aggregate and included three participants ; two birdied 17 and the other player was eliminated after three holes . It went to sudden - death at 17 and became the first playoff at the Players to end with a birdie . Defending champions The Players has yet to produce a successful title defense ; victories in consecutive years . Jack Nicklaus won three of the first five events , but in alternating years on different courses . Since moving to TPC Sawgrass in 1982 , five players have won twice , but the shortest span between victories is six years ( Steve Elkington : 1991 , 1997 ) . The best finish by a defending champion is a tie for fifth place ( 1977 , 1990 , 2001 ) and the closest margin is four strokes behind ( 1977 , 1981 , 1989 , 2005 ) . The defending champion has missed the cut nine times , most recently in 2016 , and has not participated ( for health reasons ) on three occasions ( 1983 , 1998 , 2014 ) . The most recent top - ten finish was in 2005 , a tie for eighth place . Venues Years Events Venue City State 1982 -- 2018 37 TPC Sawgrass , Stadium Course Ponte Vedra Beach Florida 1977 -- 1981 5 Sawgrass Country Club 1976 Inverrary Country Club , East Course Lauderhill Colonial Country Club Fort Worth Texas Atlanta Country Club Marietta Georgia Course lengths Years Events Length Venue 2017 -- 2018 7,189 yards ( 6,574 m ) TPC Sawgrass Stadium Course 2007 -- 2016 10 7,215 yards ( 6,597 m ) 2006 7,098 yards ( 6,490 m ) 1999 -- 2005 7 7,093 yards ( 6,486 m ) 1998 6,950 yards ( 6,355 m ) 1990 -- 1997 8 6,896 yards ( 6,306 m ) 1982 -- 1989 8 6,857 yards ( 6,270 m ) 1980 -- 1981 7,000 yards ( 6,400 m ) Sawgrass CC 1979 7,083 yards ( 6,477 m ) 1977 -- 1978 7,174 yards ( 6,560 m ) 1976 7,128 yards ( 6,518 m ) Inverrary CC 7,190 yards ( 6,575 m ) Colonial CC 6,883 yards ( 6,294 m ) Atlanta CC Par 72 , except for 1975 ( par 70 ) Winners Year Player Country Score To par Margin of victory Runner ( s ) - up Winner 's share ( $ ) Purse ( $ ) The Players Championship 2018 Webb Simpson United States 270 − 18 4 strokes Xander Schauffele Charl Schwartzel Jimmy Walker 1,980,000 11,000,000 2017 Kim Si - woo South Korea 278 − 10 3 strokes Louis Oosthuizen Ian Poulter 1,890,000 10,500,000 2016 Jason Day Australia 273 − 15 4 strokes Kevin Chappell 1,890,000 10,500,000 2015 Rickie Fowler United States 276 − 12 Playoff Sergio García Kevin Kisner 1,800,000 10,000,000 2014 Martin Kaymer Germany 275 − 13 1 stroke Jim Furyk 1,800,000 10,000,000 2013 Tiger Woods ( 2 ) United States 275 − 13 2 strokes David Lingmerth Jeff Maggert Kevin Streelman 1,710,000 9,500,000 2012 Matt Kuchar United States 275 − 13 2 strokes Ben Curtis Rickie Fowler Zach Johnson Martin Laird 1,710,000 9,500,000 2011 K.J. Choi South Korea 275 − 13 Playoff David Toms 1,710,000 9,500,000 Tim Clark South Africa 272 − 16 1 stroke Robert Allenby 1,710,000 9,500,000 2009 Henrik Stenson Sweden 276 − 12 4 strokes Ian Poulter 1,710,000 9,500,000 2008 Sergio García Spain 283 − 5 Playoff Paul Goydos 1,710,000 9,500,000 2007 Phil Mickelson United States 277 − 11 2 strokes Sergio García 1,620,000 9,000,000 2006 Stephen Ames Canada 274 − 14 6 strokes Retief Goosen 1,440,000 8,000,000 2005 Fred Funk United States 279 − 9 1 stroke Luke Donald Tom Lehman Scott Verplank 1,440,000 8,000,000 Adam Scott Australia 276 − 12 1 stroke Pádraig Harrington 1,440,000 8,000,000 2003 Davis Love III ( 2 ) United States 271 − 17 6 strokes Jay Haas Pádraig Harrington 1,170,000 6,500,000 2002 Craig Perks New Zealand 280 − 8 2 strokes Stephen Ames 1,080,000 6,000,000 2001 Tiger Woods United States 274 − 14 1 stroke Vijay Singh 1,080,000 6,000,000 2000 Hal Sutton ( 2 ) United States 278 − 10 1 stroke Tiger Woods 1,080,000 6,000,000 1999 David Duval United States 285 − 3 2 strokes Scott Gump 900,000 5,000,000 1998 Justin Leonard United States 278 − 10 2 strokes Glen Day Tom Lehman 720,000 4,000,000 1997 Steve Elkington ( 2 ) Australia 272 − 16 7 strokes Scott Hoch 630,000 3,500,000 Fred Couples ( 2 ) United States 270 − 18 4 strokes Colin Montgomerie Tommy Tolles 630,000 3,500,000 1995 Lee Janzen United States 283 − 5 1 stroke Bernhard Langer 540,000 3,000,000 1994 Greg Norman Australia 264 − 24 4 strokes Fuzzy Zoeller 450,000 2,500,000 1993 Nick Price Zimbabwe 270 − 18 5 strokes Bernhard Langer 450,000 2,500,000 1992 Davis Love III United States 273 − 15 4 strokes Ian Baker - Finch Phil Blackmar Nick Faldo Tom Watson 324,000 1,800,000 1991 Steve Elkington Australia 276 − 12 1 stroke Fuzzy Zoeller 288,000 1,600,000 1990 Jodie Mudd United States 278 − 10 1 stroke Mark Calcavecchia 270,000 1,500,000 1989 Tom Kite United States 279 − 9 1 stroke Chip Beck 243,000 1,350,000 1988 Mark McCumber United States 273 − 15 4 strokes Mike Reid 225,000 1,250,000 Tournament Players Championship Sandy Lyle Scotland 274 − 14 Playoff Jeff Sluman 180,000 1,000,000 1986 John Mahaffey United States 275 − 13 1 stroke Larry Mize 162,000 900,000 1985 Calvin Peete United States 274 − 14 3 strokes D.A. Weibring 162,000 900,000 1984 Fred Couples United States 277 − 11 1 stroke Lee Trevino 144,000 800,000 Hal Sutton United States 283 − 5 1 stroke Bob Eastwood 126,000 700,000 1982 Jerry Pate United States 280 − 8 2 strokes Brad Bryant Scott Simpson 90,000 500,000 1981 Raymond Floyd United States 285 − 3 Playoff Barry Jaeckel Curtis Strange 72,000 440,000 1980 Lee Trevino United States 278 − 10 1 stroke Ben Crenshaw 72,000 440,000 1979 Lanny Wadkins United States 283 − 5 5 strokes Tom Watson 72,000 440,000 1978 Jack Nicklaus ( 3 ) United States 289 + 1 1 stroke Lou Graham 60,000 300,000 1977 Mark Hayes United States 289 + 1 2 strokes Mike McCullough 60,000 300,000 1976 Jack Nicklaus ( 2 ) United States 269 − 19 3 strokes J.C. Snead 60,000 300,000 Al Geiberger United States 270 − 10 3 strokes Dave Stockton 50,000 250,000 Jack Nicklaus United States 272 − 16 2 strokes J.C. Snead 50,000 250,000 Note : Green highlight indicates scoring records . Sources Multiple winners Six players have won the tournament more than once : 3 wins : Jack Nicklaus : 1974 , 1976 , 1978 2 wins : Fred Couples : 1984 , 1996 Steve Elkington : 1991 , 1997 Hal Sutton : 1983 , 2000 Davis Love III : 1992 , 2003 Tiger Woods : 2001 , 2013 Nicklaus won in alternating years at three different venues , but never at the Stadium Course , where the rest won both titles . The shortest span between wins at the Stadium Course is six years ( Elkington ) and the longest is seventeen years ( Sutton ) . Tournament highlights Phil Mickelson with the 2007 Players Championship trophy 1974 : Jack Nicklaus wins the inaugural edition of the tournament . He beats J.C. Snead by two shots near Atlanta . 1977 : Mark Hayes wins by two shots over Mike McCullough at Sawgrass Country Club , despite shooting the highest winning score on the PGA Tour , 289 , since Nicklaus at the 1972 U.S. Open . 1978 : Jack Nicklaus wins his third Tournament Players Championship title . He edges Lou Graham by one shot . 1979 : Bob Murphy , a five - time winner on the PGA Tour , shoots a final round 92 . Winds were gusting up to 45 miles per hour that day . 1980 : Playing in a final threesome with Gary Player and Jack Nicklaus , Lee Trevino shoots a final round 70 to edge Ben Crenshaw by one shot . 1981 : Raymond Floyd defeats Curtis Strange and Barry Jaeckel on the first hole of a sudden death playoff . In addition to the tournament title , Floyd collects an additional $250,000 bonus due to his win at the Doral - Eastern Open the week before . 1982 : After winning the first tournament at the Stadium Course by two shots over Brad Bryant and Scott Simpson , Jerry Pate tosses PGA Tour Commissioner Deane Beman and course architect Pete Dye into the water adjacent to the 18th green before jumping in himself . 1983 : Hal Sutton wins by one shot over Bob Eastwood . John Cook came to the 72nd hole tied for the lead with Sutton before hitting his tee shot in the water on his way to a double bogey . 1984 : Fred Couples shoots a course record 64 during the second round of play on his way to a one - shot victory over Lee Trevino . 1986 : John Mahaffey wins by one shot over Larry Mize after Mize makes bogey on four of the last five holes during the final round of play . 1987 : Sandy Lyle defeats Jeff Sluman with a par on the third hole of a sudden - death playoff . At the playoff 's second hole , Sluman stood over a 6 - foot ( 1.8 m ) birdie putt to win , and a spectator jumped into the water surrounding the 17th green . He backed away , then missed . 1988 : Jacksonville area resident Mark McCumber wins by four shots over Mike Reid . 1989 : Tom Kite wins for the second consecutive week . He beats Chip Beck by one shot . 1991 : Steve Elkington wins by one shot over Fuzzy Zoeller . Phil Blackmar had solo possession of the lead before hitting his tee shot into the water on the 71st hole resulting in a double bogey . 1992 : Mark Calcavecchia and John Daly , the first pair on the final day of the tournament , are reprimanded by Deputy PGA Tour Commissioner Tim Finchem `` for failure to exert their best effort '' after they finish their 18 holes of golf in only two hours and three minutes . 1994 : Greg Norman shoots the 72 - hole record score for the tournament , 264 , on his way to a four shot victory over Fuzzy Zoeller . 1995 : After Norman 's record score , the course is made tougher by the creation of new , rock hard greens . Lee Janzen shoots 283 to win the tournament , the biggest one - year swing for a tournament played on the same layout in PGA Tour history . 1996 : Twelve years after his first win at the TPC at Sawgrass , Fred Couples triumphs again . He shoots a final round 64 to beat Colin Montgomerie and Tommy Tolles by four shots . 1999 : David Duval wins by two shots over Scott Gump . The win by Duval propels him to # 1 in the World rankings . 2000 : Hal Sutton wins at the TPC at Sawgrass for a second time . He edges Tiger Woods by one shot . 2002 : Playing for the first time ever in The Players Championship , Craig Perks finishes eagle - birdie - par to win by two shots over Stephen Ames . It is the only PGA Tour win for Perks . 2003 : Davis Love III wins The Players Championship for a second time . He shoots a final round 64 to win by six shots over Jay Haas and Pádraig Harrington . 2004 : In spite of hitting his 2nd shot at the 72nd hole into the water , Adam Scott is able to get it up and down for bogey to win by one shot over Pádraig Harrington . 2005 : Fred Funk becomes the tournament 's oldest champion by edging Tom Lehman , Luke Donald , and Scott Verplank by one shot . During the final round , Bob Tway hits four balls into the water surrounding the 17th green , scoring a twelve on the hole . 2010 : After 206 career PGA Tour starts , Tim Clark breaks through for his first Tour win . 2011 : K.J. Choi becomes the first Asian born golfer to win The Players Championship . He defeats David Toms on the first hole of a sudden death playoff . 2013 : Roberto Castro ties the course record with a 9 - under 63 in the opening round . Sergio García , tied for the lead with Tiger Woods at 13 - under par going to the par - 3 17th hole in the final round , puts two balls into the water . Tiger Woods wins the event for the first time since 2001 . It is his 78th career PGA Tour win in his 300th start . 2014 : Ongoing injuries prevent Tiger Woods from defending his title . In the first round , Martin Kaymer ties the course record with a 63 matching Fred Couples ( 1992 ) , Greg Norman ( 1994 ) and Roberto Castro ( 2013 ) . Kaymer goes on to win wire - to - wire . 2015 : Following a three - way tie at 12 - under par in regulation play , the tournament 's first aggregate three - hole playoff over holes 16 -- 18 is conducted between Rickie Fowler , Kevin Kisner and Sergio García . Kisner and Fowler both go par - birdie - par to end the playoff at 1 - under par , while García can only muster three pars to finish at even par and is eliminated . The playoff continues into sudden death , starting at the 17th , where both Kisner and Fowler have birdie opportunities . Kisner 's birdie try from about 12 feet is unsuccessful , while Fowler 's effort , inside of five feet , drops home for the victory . 2017 : 21 - year - old Kim Si - woo becomes the event 's youngest winner . Gallery Tiger Woods at the 17th hole in the 2007 Players Championship . Phil Mickelson on the 18th hole in the 2007 Players Championship . Sergio García winning the 2008 Players Championship . Former President George H.W. Bush shakes hands with Rear Adm. Joseph Kernan and then received the Professional Golfers Association Tour Lifetime Achievement Award . Adam Scott chips out of the trap for par on # 3 during the 2008 Players Championship . Dierks Bentley meets with service members at the 2013 Players Championship . References Jump up ^ `` Stadium Course '' . TPC Sawgrass . ( scorecard ) . November 2016 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Biggers , Don ( June 23 , 1974 ) . `` Move over ' big four , ' here comes another '' . Rome News - Tribune . Georgia . p. 1C . Jump up ^ http://www.pgatour.com/tournaments/the-players-championship.html Jump up ^ Crouse , Karen ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Men 's Fifth Major May Remain Mythical '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Burke , Monte ( May 9 , 2012 ) . `` The Players Championship Is Not The `` 5th Major , '' But It 's Still A Great Tournament `` . Forbes . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rich TPC locates champion in Love '' . Spokesman - Review . ( Spokane , Washington ) . Knight - Ridder . March 30 , 1992 . p . C1 . Jump up ^ `` Inverrary event wants to join pro golf 's ' big four ' '' . Boca Raton News . Florida . UPI . February 24 , 1976 . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Murray , Jim ( March 28 , 1977 ) . `` Pro golf heavyweights ca n't duck Sawgrass course '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . ( Los Angeles Times ) . p. 5C . ^ Jump up to : Boswell , Tom ( March 22 , 1982 ) . `` Splish , splash ! Pate is the winner with a wet , wild finish '' . Milwaukee Journal . ( Washington Post ) . p. 3 , part 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beaman , Dye celebrate with Pate '' . Spokesman - Review . Associated Press . March 22 , 1982 . p. 15 . Jump up ^ http://www.pgatour.com/info/company/story/9158540 Jump up ^ Shedloski , Dave ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` The PGA Championship is moving to May and players are on board '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` P.G.A. Championship Will Move from August to May in 2019 '' . The New York Times . Reuters . August 8 , 2017 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Herrington , Ryan ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` The PGA Championship will be moving to May , sources say '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , Sean ( April 16 , 2014 ) . `` The Players Championship announces change to playoff format '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lyle wins TPC in extra holes '' . Milwaukee Sentinel . Associated Press . March 30 , 1987 . p. 3 , part 2 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler , Bob ( March 30 , 1987 ) . `` Fan 's dive kept Lyle afloat '' . Spokane Chronicle . ( Orlando Sentinel ) . p . C2 . ^ Jump up to : White , Gordon S. , Jr . ( March 30 , 1987 ) . `` Lyle wins T.P.C. in playoff '' . New York Times . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Floyd wins playoff for record payoff - $322,000 '' . Chicago Tribune . wire services . March 24 , 1981 . p. 3 , sec. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Floyd recoups his losses , takes golf 's biggest check '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . Associated Press . March 24 , 1981 . p. 4C . Jump up ^ The Players Championship -- Winners -- at www.pgatour.com Jump up ^ The Players Championship -- Winners -- at golfobserver.com Jump up ^ ' Hungry ' Nicklaus wins Jump up ^ Hayes uses wind in surprising win over talented field Jump up ^ Nicklaus not up to par Jump up ^ Wadkins survives elements to win by five - strokes Jump up ^ Trevino tames Sawgrass Jump up ^ Record payoff for Floyd Jump up ^ Sutton gets lucky to win rich tour players ' toruney Jump up ^ Couples shoots 64 to take lead of two strokes Jump up ^ Fred Couples shows he can handle the pressure Jump up ^ Mahaffey tops $2 - million Jump up ^ McCumber wins , sets record Jump up ^ Players champion flying high Jump up ^ Breakfast club putting advice gives Elkington the Players title Jump up ^ `` Love conquers all to win Players Championship '' . Milwaukee Sentinel . Associated Press . March 30 , 1992 . Jump up ^ Norman storms to record in Players Championship Jump up ^ Zullo , Allan , `` Astonishing but True Golf Facts '' , Andrew McMeels Publishing , Forest Fairview , North Carolina , 2001 . Jump up ^ Couples finishes too strong to win Players Championship Jump up ^ Perfect weekend for Duval Jump up ^ Sutton holds on for one - stroke victory Jump up ^ Perks wins Players Championships Jump up ^ Love 's incredible round of golf wins Players Championship Jump up ^ Scott survives 18 to win Players Championship Jump up ^ `` Funk wins Players : Donald falls back as tournament hits home stretch '' . Sports Illustrated . March 28 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Choi wins Players Championship Jump up ^ DiMeglio , Steve ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Roberto Castro ties course record at Sawgrass with 63 '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Players Championship : Martin Kaymer leads after first round '' . BBC Sport . May 9 , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rickie Fowler rallies , overcomes 2 in playoff to claim Players '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 10 , 2015 . External links Golf portal Florida portal Jacksonville portal Coverage on the PGA Tour 's official site TPC at Sawgrass official site Results at golfstats.com Coordinates : 30 ° 11 ′ 53 '' N 81 ° 23 ′ 38 '' W / 30.198 ° N 81.394 ° W / 30.198 ; - 81.394 The Players Championship 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 PGA Tour events Major championships Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship ( British Open ) PGA Championship Other tournaments Safeway Open CIMB Classic CJ Cup WGC - HSBC Champions Sanderson Farms Championship Shriners Hospitals for Children Open OHL Classic at Mayakoba RSM Classic Sentry Tournament of Champions Sony Open in Hawaii CareerBuilder Challenge Farmers Insurance Open Waste Management Phoenix Open AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am Genesis Open The Honda Classic WGC - Mexico Championship Puerto Rico Open Valspar Championship Arnold Palmer Invitational WGC - Dell Technologies Match Play Corales Puntacana Resort and Club Championship Houston Open RBC Heritage Valero Texas Open Zurich Classic of New Orleans Wells Fargo Championship The Players Championship AT&T Byron Nelson Fort Worth Invitational Memorial Tournament FedEx St. Jude Classic Travelers Championship The National Greenbrier Classic John Deere Classic Barbasol Championship RBC Canadian Open WGC - Bridgestone Invitational Barracuda Championship Wyndham Championship FedEx Cup playoff events The Northern Trust Dell Technologies Championship BMW Championship Tour Championship Team events Ryder Cup Presidents Cup World Cup Unofficial money events Hero World Challenge QBE Shootout CVS Health Charity Classic Former events List of former events Fall Series All events are listed in chronological order . Jacksonville events Current Amelia Island Concours d'Elegance Florida vs. Georgia Football Classic Gate River Run Gator Bowl Jacksonville Jazz Festival Jacksonville Kingfish Tournament Jacksonville Pride Mug Race One Spark The Players Championship Springing the Blues World of Nations Celebration Jacksonville Film Festival Former Planetfest Super Bowl XXXIX Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Players_Championship&oldid=841086304 '' Categories : The Players Championship Annual sporting events in the United States Recurring sporting events established in 1974 1974 establishments in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Coordinates on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Svenska 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 00 : 28 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Players%20Championship
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list of no. of members in rajya sabha from each state
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List of current members of the Rajya Sabha
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list of current members of the rajya sabha
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The Rajya Sabha ( RS ) or Council of States is the upper house of the Parliament of India . Membership is limited to 250 members , and the present Rajya Sabha has 245 members . 233 members are elected by state assembly members and 12 are nominated by the President for their contributions to art , literature , science , and social services . The remainder of the body is elected by the state and territorial legislatures . Members sit for six - year terms , with one third of the members retiring every two years .
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The nominated and state-wise listing given below lists the number of seats against each category ( nominated vs state-wise list ) and the number of vacant seats ( if any ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nominated 2 Andhra Pradesh 3 Arunachal Pradesh 4 Assam 5 Bihar 6 Chhattisgarh 7 Goa 8 Gujarat 9 Haryana 10 Himachal Pradesh 11 Jammu and Kashmir 12 Jharkhand 13 Karnataka 14 Kerala 15 Madhya Pradesh 16 Maharashtra 17 Manipur 18 Meghalaya 19 Mizoram 20 Nagaland 21 National Capital Territory of Delhi 22 Odisha 23 Puducherry 24 Punjab 25 Rajasthan 26 Sikkim 27 Tamil Nadu 28 Telangana 29 Tripura 30 Uttar Pradesh 31 Uttarakhand 32 West Bengal 33 See also 34 References 35 External links Nominated ( edit ) For a complete list of Nominated Members of Rajya Sabha members , see List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha . Keys : BJP ( 4 ) Nominated ( 8 ) No . Name Field Affiliation Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Roopa Ganguly Art Bharatiya Janata Party 04 - Oct - 2016 03 - Oct - 2022 Sambhaji Raje Social work Bharatiya Janata Party 07 - Jun - 2016 03 - May - 2022 Suresh Gopi Art Bharatiya Janata Party 25 - Apr - 2016 24 - Apr - 2022 Subramanian Swamy Economics Bharatiya Janata Party 25 - Apr - 2016 24 - Apr - 2022 5 Narendra Jadhav Economics Nominated 25 - Apr - 2016 24 - Apr - 2022 6 Mary Kom Sport Nominated 25 - Apr - 2016 24 - Apr - 2022 7 Swapan Dasgupta Journalism Nominated 25 - Apr - 2016 24 - Apr - 2022 8 K.T.S. Tulsi Law Nominated 25 - Feb - 2014 24 - Feb - 2020 9 K. Parasaran Law Nominated 09 - Jun - 2012 08 - Jun - 2018 10 Rekha Art Nominated 27 - Apr - 2012 26 - Apr - 2018 11 Sachin Tendulkar Sport Nominated 27 - Apr - 2012 26 - Apr - 2018 12 Anu Aga Business Nominated 27 - Apr - 2012 26 - Apr - 2018 Andhra Pradesh ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh Keys : TDP ( 4 ) INC ( 4 ) YSRCP ( 1 ) BJP ( 1 ) TRS ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement K. Keshava Rao Telangana Rashtra Samithi 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 Konidala Chiranjeevi Indian National Congress 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 Mohd . Ali Khan Indian National Congress 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 Renuka Chowdary Indian National Congress 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 5 Dr. T. Subbarami Reddy Indian National Congress 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 6 Suresh Prabhu Bharatiya Janata Party 22 - Jun - 2016 21 - Jun - 2022 7 T. Devender Goud Telugu Desam Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 8 TG Venkatesh Telugu Desam Party 22 - Jun - 2016 21 - Jun - 2022 9 Thota Seetharama Lakshmi Telugu Desam Party 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 10 Y.S. Chowdary Telugu Desam Party 22 - Jun - 2016 21 - Jun - 2022 11 V. Vijayasai Reddy YSR Congress Party 22 - Jun - 2016 21 - Jun - 2022 Arunachal Pradesh ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Arunachal Pradesh Keys : INC ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Mukut Mithi Indian National Congress 24 - Jun - 2014 23 - Jun - 2020 Assam ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Assam Keys : INC ( 6 ) BPF ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Biswajit Daimary Bodoland People 's Front 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 Ripun Bora Indian National Congress 03 - Apr - 2016 02 - Apr - 2022 Ranee Narah Indian National Congress 03 - Apr - 2016 02 - Apr - 2022 Bhubaneswar Kalita Indian National Congress 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 5 Santiuse Kujur Indian National Congress 15 - Jun - 2013 14 - Jun - 2019 6 Dr. Manmohan Singh Indian National Congress 15 - Jun - 2013 14 - Jun - 2019 7 Sanjay Singh Indian National Congress 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 Bihar ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Bihar Keys : BJP ( 5 ) JD ( U ) ( 9 ) RJD ( 2 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Ali Anwar Ansari Janata Dal ( United ) 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 Gopal Narayan Singh Bharatiya Janata Party 08 - Jul - 2016 07 - Jul - 2022 Dr. Mahendra Prasad Janata Dal ( United ) 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 Kahkashan Perween Janata Dal ( United ) 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 5 Dharmendra Pradhan Bharatiya Janata Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 6 Ravi Shankar Prasad Bharatiya Janata Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 7 Anil Kumar Sahani Janata Dal ( United ) 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 8 Bashistha Narain Singh Janata Dal ( United ) 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 9 Harivansh Narayan Singh Janata Dal ( United ) 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 10 Ramchandra Prasad Singh Janata Dal ( United ) 08 - Jul - 2016 07 - Jul - 2022 11 RK Sinha Bharatiya Janata Party 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 12 Dr. C.P. Thakur Bharatiya Janata Party 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 13 Ram Nath Thakur Janata Dal ( United ) 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 14 Ram Jethmalani Rashtriya Janata Dal 08 - Jul - 2016 07 - Jul - 2022 15 Misa Bharti Rashtriya Janata Dal 08 - Jul - 2016 07 - Jul - 2022 16 Sharad Yadav Janata Dal ( United ) 08 - Jul - 2016 07 - Jul - 2022 Chhattisgarh ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Chhattisgarh Keys : BJP ( 3 ) INC ( 2 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Ramvichar Netam Bharatiya Janata Party 30 - Jun - 2016 29 - Jun - 2022 Dr. Bhushan Lal Jangde Bharatiya Janata Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 Chhaya Verma Indian National Congress 30 - Jun - 2016 29 - Jun - 2022 Motilal Vora Indian National Congress 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 5 Ranvijay Singh Judev Bharatiya Janata Party 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 Goa ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Goa Keys : BJP ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Vinay Tendulkar Bharatiya Janata Party 29 - Jul - 2017 28 - Jul - 2023 Gujarat ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat Keys : BJP ( 9 ) INC ( 2 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Smriti Zubin Irani Bharatiya Janata Party 19 - Aug - 2017 18 - Aug - 2023 Arun Jaitley Bharatiya Janata Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 Chunibhai K Gohel Bharatiya Janata Party 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 Madhusudan Mistry Indian National Congress 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 5 Ahmed Patel Indian National Congress 19 - Aug - 2017 18 - Aug - 2023 6 Amit Shah Bharatiya Janata Party 19 - Aug - 2017 18 - Aug - 2023 7 Mahant Shambhuprasadji Tundiya Bharatiya Janata Party 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 8 Shankarbhai Vegad Bharatiya Janata Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 9 Parsottambhai Rupala Bharatiya Janata Party 03 - Jun - 2016 02 - Apr - 2018 10 Lal Sinh Vadodia Bharatiya Janata Party 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 11 Mansukh L. Mandaviya Bharatiya Janata Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 Haryana ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Haryana Keys : INC ( 2 ) INLD ( 1 ) BJP ( 1 ) Independent ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Shadi Lal Batra Indian National Congress 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 Selja Kumari Indian National Congress 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 Ram Kumar Kashyap Indian National Lok Dal 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 Birender Singh Bharatiya Janata Party 02 - Aug - 2016 01 - Aug - 2022 5 Subhash Chandra Independent 02 - Aug - 2016 01 - Aug - 2022 Himachal Pradesh ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Himachal Pradesh Keys : INC ( 2 ) BJP ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Anand Sharma Indian National Congress 03 - Apr - 2016 02 - Apr - 2022 Viplove Thakur Indian National Congress 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 Jagat Prakash Nadda Bharatiya Janata Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 Jammu and Kashmir ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Jammu and Kashmir Keys : JKPDP ( 2 ) BJP ( 1 ) INC ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Shamsheer Singh Manhas Bharatiya Janata Party 11 - Feb - 2015 10 - Feb - 2021 Ghulam Nabi Azad Indian National Congress 16 - Feb - 2015 15 - Feb - 2021 Fayaz Ahmad Mir Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party 11 - Feb - 2015 10 - Feb - 2021 Nazir Ahmad Laway Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party 16 - Feb - 2015 15 - Feb - 2021 Jharkhand ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Jharkhand Keys : BJP ( 2 ) RJD ( 1 ) JMM ( 1 ) INC ( 1 ) Independent ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Prem Chand Gupta Rashtriya Janata Dal 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 Parimal Nathwani Independent 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi Bharatiya Janata Party 08 - Jul - 2016 07 - Jul - 2022 Pradeep Kumar Balmuchu Indian National Congress 04 - May - 2012 03 - May - 2018 5 Mahesh Poddar Bharatiya Janata Party 08 - Jul - 2016 07 - Jul - 2022 6 Sanjiv Kumar Jharkhand Mukti Morcha 04 - May - 2012 03 - May - 2018 Karnataka ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Karnataka Keys : INC ( 6 ) BJP ( 4 ) JD ( S ) ( 1 ) Independent ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement B.K. Hariprasad Indian National Congress 26 - Jun - 2014 25 - Jun - 2020 Rajeev Chandrasekhar Independent 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 R Ramakrishna Bharatiya Janata Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 Oscar Fernandes Indian National Congress 01 - Jul - 2016 30 - Jun - 2022 5 K. Rahman Khan Indian National Congress 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 6 Prof. MV Rajeev Gowda Indian National Congress 26 - Jun - 2014 25 - Jun - 2020 7 Basavaraj Patil Sedam Bharatiya Janata Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 8 Prabhakar Kore Bharatiya Janata Party 26 - Jun - 2014 25 - Jun - 2020 9 Jairam Ramesh Indian National Congress 01 - Jul - 2016 30 - Jun - 2022 10 Nirmala Sitharaman Bharatiya Janata Party 01 - Jul - 2016 30 - Jun - 2022 11 D. Kupendra Reddy Janata Dal ( Secular ) 26 - Jun - 2014 25 - Jun - 2020 12 K.C. Ramamurthy Indian National Congress 01 - Jul - 2016 30 - Jun - 2022 Kerala ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Kerala Keys : INC ( 3 ) CPI ( M ) ( 3 ) IUML ( 1 ) KC ( M ) ( 1 ) JD ( U ) ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement PV Abdul Wahab Indian Union Muslim League 22 - Apr - 2015 21 - Apr - 2021 AK Antony Indian National Congress 03 - Apr - 2016 02 - Apr - 2022 C.P. Narayanan Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) 02 - Jul - 2012 01 - Jul - 2018 P.J. Kurien Indian National Congress 02 - Jul - 2012 01 - Jul - 2018 5 K. Somaprasad Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) 03 - Apr - 2016 02 - Apr - 2022 6 K.K. Ragesh Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) 22 - Apr - 2015 21 - Apr - 2021 7 Joy Abraham Kerala Congress ( M ) 02 - Jul - 2012 01 - Jul - 2018 8 Vayalar Ravi Indian National Congress 22 - Apr - 2015 21 - Apr - 2021 9 M.P. Veerendra Kumar Janata Dal ( United ) 03 - Apr - 2016 02 - Apr - 2022 Madhya Pradesh ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh Keys : BJP ( 8 ) INC ( 3 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Prabhat Jha Bharatiya Janata Party 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 Prakash Javadekar Bharatiya Janata Party 13 - Jun - 2014 02 - Apr - 2018 M.J. Akbar Bharatiya Janata Party 30 - Jun - 2016 29 - Jun - 2022 La Ganesan Bharatiya Janata Party 06 - Oct - 2016 02 - Apr - 2018 5 Thawar Chand Gehlot Bharatiya Janata Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 6 Vivek Tankha Indian National Congress 30 - Jun - 2016 29 - Jun - 2022 7 Satyanarayan Jatiya Bharatiya Janata Party 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 8 Digvijaya Singh Indian National Congress 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 9 Satyavrat Chaturvedi Indian National Congress 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 10 Meghraj Jain Bharatiya Janata Party 15 - Sep - 2014 02 - Apr - 2018 11 Sampatiya Uike Bharatiya Janata Party 01 - Aug - 2017 29 - Jun - 2022 Maharashtra ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra Keys : BJP ( 5 ) NCP ( 5 ) INC ( 4 ) Shiv Sena ( 3 ) RPI ( A ) ( 1 ) Independent ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Ramdas Athawale Republican Party of India ( A ) 03 - Apr - 2014 02 - Apr - 2020 Vandana Chavan Nationalist Congress Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 Husain Dalwai Indian National Congress 03 - Apr - 2014 02 - Apr - 2020 P. Chidambaram Indian National Congress 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 5 Amar Shankar Sable Bharatiya Janata Party 14 - Mar - 2015 02 - Apr - 2020 6 Anil Desai Shiv Sena 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 7 Rajkumar Dhoot Shiv Sena 03 - Apr - 2014 02 - Apr - 2020 8 Piyush Goyal Bharatiya Janata Party 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 9 Vinay Sahasrabuddhe Bharatiya Janata Party 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 10 Sanjay Dattatraya Kakade Independent 03 - Apr - 2014 02 - Apr - 2020 11 Majeed Memon Nationalist Congress Party 03 - Apr - 2014 02 - Apr - 2020 12 Dr. Vikas Mahatme Bharatiya Janata Party 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 13 Praful Patel Nationalist Congress Party 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 14 Rajani Patil Indian National Congress 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 15 Sharad Pawar Nationalist Congress Party 03 - Apr - 2014 02 - Apr - 2020 16 Sanjay Raut Shiv Sena 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 17 Ajay Sancheti Bharatiya Janata Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 18 Rajeev Shukla Indian National Congress 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 19 D.P. Tripathi Nationalist Congress Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 Manipur ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Manipur Keys : BJP ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Kshetrimayum Bhabananda Singh Bharatiya Janata Party 25 - May - 2017 09 - Apr - 2020 Meghalaya ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Meghalaya Keys : INC ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Wansuk Syiem Indian National Congress 13 - Apr - 2014 12 - Apr - 2020 Mizoram ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Mizoram Keys : INC ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Ronald Sapa Tlau Indian National Congress 19 - Jul - 2014 18 - Jul - 2020 Nagaland ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Nagaland Keys : NPF ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement K.G. Kenye Naga People 's Front 03 - Apr - 2016 02 - Apr - 2022 National Capital Territory of Delhi ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Delhi Keys : INC ( 3 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Janardan Dwivedi Indian National Congress 28 - Jan - 2012 27 - Jan - 2018 Parvez Hashmi Indian National Congress 28 - Jan - 2012 27 - Jan - 2018 Dr. Karan Singh Indian National Congress 28 - Jan - 2012 27 - Jan - 2018 Odisha ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Odisha Keys : BJD ( 8 ) INC ( 1 ) Independent ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Anubhav Mohanty Biju Janata Dal 13 - Jun - 2014 02 - Apr - 2020 AU Singh Deo Biju Janata Dal 26 - Jun - 2014 03 - Apr - 2018 AV Swamy Independent 04 - Apr - 2012 03 - Apr - 2018 Pratap Deb Biju Janata Dal 18 - May - 2017 01 - Jul - 2022 5 Prasanna Acharya Biju Janata Dal 26 - Jul - 2016 01 - Jul - 2022 6 Dilip Tirkey Biju Janata Dal 04 - Apr - 2012 03 - Apr - 2018 7 N. Bhaskar Rao Biju Janata Dal 02 - Jul - 2016 01 - Jul - 2022 8 Ranjib Biswal Indian National Congress 03 - Apr - 2014 02 - Apr - 2020 9 Sarojini Hembram Biju Janata Dal 03 - Apr - 2014 02 - Apr - 2020 10 Narendra Kumar Swain Biju Janata Dal 07 - Dec - 2015 02 - Apr - 2020 Puducherry ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Puducherry Keys : AIADMK ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement N Gokulakrishnan All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 07 - Oct - 2015 06 - Oct - 2021 Punjab ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Punjab Keys : INC ( 3 ) SAD ( 3 ) BJP ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Pratap Singh Bajwa Indian National Congress 10 - Apr - 2016 09 - Apr - 2022 Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa Shiromani Akali Dal 10 - Apr - 2016 09 - Apr - 2022 Shamsher Singh Dullo Indian National Congress 10 - Apr - 2016 09 - Apr - 2022 Naresh Gujral Shiromani Akali Dal 10 - Apr - 2016 09 - Apr - 2022 5 Shwet Malik Bharatiya Janata Party 10 - Apr - 2016 09 - Apr - 2022 6 Ambika Soni Indian National Congress 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 7 Balwinder Singh Bhunder Shiromani Akali Dal 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 Rajasthan ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Rajasthan Keys : BJP ( 7 ) INC ( 2 ) Vacant ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Om Prakash Mathur Bharatiya Janata Party 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 Abhishek Manu Singhvi Indian National Congress 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 Bhupender Yadav Bharatiya Janata Party 04 - Apr - 2012 03 - Apr - 2018 Narendra Budania Indian National Congress 04 - Apr - 2012 03 - Apr - 2018 5 Narayan Lal Panchariya Bharatiya Janata Party 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 6 Ramnarayan Dudi Bharatiya Janata Party 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 7 Vijay Goel Bharatiya Janata Party 10 - Apr - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 8 Ram Kumar Verma Bharatiya Janata Party 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 9 Harshvardhan Singh Bharatiya Janata Party 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 10 Vacant since 10 August 2017 04 - Jul - 2022 Sikkim ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Sikkim Keys : SDF ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Hishey Lachungpa Sikkim Democratic Front 24 - Feb - 2012 23 - Feb - 2018 Tamil Nadu ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu Keys : AIADMK ( 12 ) DMK ( 4 ) CPI ( M ) ( 1 ) CPI ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement S.R. Balasubramoniyan All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 30 - Jun - 2016 29 - Jun - 2022 V. Maitreyan All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 25 - Jul - 2013 24 - Jul - 2019 L. Sasikala Pushpa All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 03 - Apr - 2014 02 - Apr - 2020 A. Navaneethakrishnan All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 30 - Jun - 2016 29 - Jun - 2022 5 T. Rathinavel All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 25 - Jul - 2013 24 - Jul - 2019 6 R.S. Bharathi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 30 - Jun - 2016 29 - Jun - 2022 7 Tiruchi Siva Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 03 - Apr - 2014 02 - Apr - 2020 8 Kanimozhi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 25 - Jul - 2013 24 - Jul - 2019 9 Vijila Sathyananth All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 03 - Apr - 2014 02 - Apr - 2020 10 A. Vijayakumar All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 30 - Jun - 2016 29 - Jun - 2022 11 S. Muthukaruppan All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 03 - Apr - 2014 02 - Apr - 2020 12 R. Vaithilingam All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 30 - Jun - 2016 29 - Jun - 2022 13 D. Raja Communist Party of India 25 - Jul - 2013 24 - Jul - 2019 14 T.K.S. Elangovan Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 30 - Jun - 2016 29 - Jun - 2022 15 T.K. Rangarajan Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) 03 - Apr - 2014 02 - Apr - 2020 16 K.R. Arjunan All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 25 - Jul - 2013 24 - Jul - 2019 17 K. Selvaraj All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 03 - Apr - 2014 02 - Apr - 2020 18 R. Lakshmanan All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 25 - Jul - 2013 24 - Jul - 2019 Telangana ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Telangana Keys : INC ( 2 ) TRS ( 2 ) TDP ( 2 ) Vacant ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement C.M. Ramesh Telugu Desam Party 02 - Jun - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 Garikapati Mohan Rao Telugu Desam Party 02 - Jun - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 K.V.P. Ramachandra Rao Indian National Congress 02 - Jun - 2014 09 - Apr - 2020 D. Srinivas Telangana Rashtra Samithi 22 - Jun - 2016 21 - Jun - 2022 5 Rapolu Ananda Bhaskar Indian National Congress 02 - Jun - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 6 V. Lakshmikantha Rao Telangana Rashtra Samithi 22 - Jun - 2016 21 - Jun - 2022 7 Vacant since 9 June 2017 02 - Apr - 2018 Tripura ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Tripura Keys : CPI ( M ) ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Jharna Das Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) 03 - Apr - 2016 02 - Apr - 2022 Uttar Pradesh ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh Keys : SP ( 18 ) BSP ( 5 ) BJP ( 2 ) INC ( 3 ) Independent ( 1 ) Vacant ( 2 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Javed Ali Khan Samajwadi Party 26 - Nov - 2014 25 - Nov - 2020 Naresh Agrawal Samajwadi Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 Munquad Ali Bahujan Samaj Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 Amar Singh Independent 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 5 Jaya Bachchan Samajwadi Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 6 Tazeen Fatma Samajwadi Party 26 - Nov - 2014 25 - Nov - 2020 7 Beni Prasad Verma Samajwadi Party 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 8 P.L. Punia Indian National Congress 26 - Nov - 2014 25 - Nov - 2020 9 Rewati Raman Singh Samajwadi Party 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 10 Vinay Katiyar Bharatiya Janata Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 11 Neeraj Shekhar Samajwadi Party 26 - Nov - 2014 25 - Nov - 2020 12 Satish Chandra Mishra Bahujan Samaj Party 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 13 Kiranmay Nanda Samajwadi Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 14 Shiv Pratap Shukla Bharatiya Janata Party 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 15 Vishambhar Prasad Nishad Samajwadi Party 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 16 Ravi Prakash Verma Samajwadi Party 26 - Nov - 2014 25 - Nov - 2020 17 Sukhram Singh Yadav Samajwadi Party 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 18 Rajaram Bahujan Samaj Party 26 - Nov - 2014 25 - Nov - 2020 19 Sanjay Seth Samajwadi Party 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 20 Munvvar Saleem Samajwadi Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 21 Kapil Sibal Indian National Congress 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 22 Chandrapal Singh Yadav Samajwadi Party 26 - Nov - 2014 25 - Nov - 2020 23 Surendra Nagar Samajwadi Party 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 24 Ashok Siddharth Bahujan Samaj Party 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 25 Veer Singh Bahujan Samaj Party 26 - Nov - 2014 25 - Nov - 2020 26 Alok Tiwari Samajwadi Party 19 - Jun - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 27 Pramod Tiwari Indian National Congress 14 - Dec - 2013 02 - Apr - 2018 28 Darshan Singh Yadav Samajwadi Party 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 29 Ram Gopal Yadav Samajwadi Party 26 - Nov - 2014 25 - Nov - 2020 30 Vacant since 20 July 2017 02 - Apr - 2018 31 Vacant since 2 September 2017 25 - Nov - 2020 Uttarakhand ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttarakhand Keys : INC ( 3 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Mahendra Singh Mahra Indian National Congress 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 Raj Babbar Indian National Congress 14 - Mar - 2015 25 - Nov - 2020 Pradeep Tamta Indian National Congress 05 - Jul - 2016 04 - Jul - 2022 West Bengal ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from West Bengal Keys : AITC ( 13 ) CPI ( M ) ( 2 ) INC ( 1 ) No Name Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Ritabrata Banerjee Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) 03 - Apr - 2014 02 - Apr - 2020 Md . Nadimul Haque All India Trinamool Congress 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 Ahmed Hassan Imran All India Trinamool Congress 03 - Apr - 2014 02 - Apr - 2020 Dr. Kanwar Deep Singh All India Trinamool Congress 03 - Apr - 2014 02 - Apr - 2020 5 Vivek Gupta All India Trinamool Congress 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 6 Mukul Roy All India Trinamool Congress 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 7 Sukhendu Shekhar Roy All India Trinamool Congress 19 - Aug - 2017 18 - Aug - 2023 8 Tapan Kumar Sen Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 9 Jogen Chowdhury All India Trinamool Congress 03 - Apr - 2014 02 - Apr - 2020 10 Shanta Chhetri All India Trinamool Congress 19 - Aug - 2017 18 - Aug - 2023 11 Derek O'Brien All India Trinamool Congress 19 - Aug - 2017 18 - Aug - 2023 12 Manas Bhunia All India Trinamool Congress 19 - Aug - 2017 18 - Aug - 2023 13 Pradip Bhattacharya Indian National Congress 19 - Aug - 2017 18 - Aug - 2023 14 Kunal Kumar Ghosh All India Trinamool Congress 03 - Apr - 2012 02 - Apr - 2018 15 Dola Sen All India Trinamool Congress 19 - Aug - 2017 18 - Aug - 2023 16 Manish Gupta All India Trinamool Congress 02 - Mar - 2017 02 - Apr - 2020 See also ( edit ) List of members of the 16th Lok Sabha , the Lower House of Parliament of India , ( As of September 2017 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` State Position Summary '' . 164.100. 47.5 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statewise List '' . 164.100. 47.5 . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/partymemberlist.aspx ^ Jump up to : `` Statewise Retirement '' . 164.100. 47.5 . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shivaji 's descendant Sambhaji Raje nominated to RS '' , The Tribune , 11 June 2016 . External links ( edit ) Rajya Sabha Rajya Sabha Secretariat List of Members of Rajya Sabha by States and Territories Presiding Officers & Parliamentary Functionaries Chairman Deputy - Chairman Chairman Pro tem Panel of Deputy - Chairmen Leader of the House Leader of the Opposition Chairmen of Parliamentary Committees ( Rajya Sabha ) Whips Secretary - General Current members List of current members of the Rajya Sabha See also : List of current members of the Lok Sabha Members by state , territory or nomination Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Nominated Elections 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Parliament of India President of India President of India ( List ) Lok Sabha Speaker Leader of the Lok Sabha Leader of the Opposition Constituencies 1st LS ( 1952 -- 57 ) 2nd LS ( 1957 -- 62 ) 3rd LS ( 1962 -- 67 ) 4th LS ( 1967 -- 71 ) 5th LS ( 1971 -- 77 ) 6th LS ( 1977 -- 80 ) 7th LS ( 1980 -- 84 ) 8th LS ( 1984 -- 89 ) 9th LS ( 1989 -- 91 ) 10th LS ( 1991 -- 96 ) 11th LS ( 1996 -- 98 ) 12th LS ( 1998 -- 99 ) 13th LS ( 1999 -- 2004 ) ( Members ) 14th LS ( 2004 -- 09 ) ( Members ) 15th LS ( 2009 -- 14 ) ( Members ) 16th LS ( 2014 -- 19 ) ( Members ) Rajya Sabha Members Chairman Leader of the Rajya Sabha Leader of the Opposition Government of India Constitution Constitution of India Fundamental Rights , Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India Federalism in India Union List State List Concurrent List Executive Union Government Prime Minister ( list ) Cabinet Ministers President ( list ) Vice President ( list ) Civil Services Cabinet Secretary of India State governments Chief Minister ( list ) Governors ( list ) Legislative Parliament Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad Leader of the Opposition Judiciary Supreme Court Chief Justice High Courts District Courts Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_current_members_of_the_Rajya_Sabha&oldid=802274069 '' Categories : Members of the Rajya Sabha Lists of current office - holders in India Lists of members of the Rajya Sabha Hidden categories : Use Indian English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español हिन्दी मैथिली தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 02 : 51 . 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what is the tallest mountain in the north america
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The 200 highest summits of greater North America with at least 500 meters of topographic prominence Rank Mountain peak Region Mountain range Elevation Prominence Isolation Location Denali ( formerly Mount McKinley ) Alaska Alaska Range 6190.5 m 20,310 ft 6141 m 20,146 ft 7,450 km 4,629 mi 63 ° 04 ′ 08 '' N 151 ° 00 ′ 23 '' W / 63.0690 ° N 151.0063 ° W / 63.0690 ; - 151.0063 ( Denali ) Mount Logan Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 5959 m 19,551 ft 5247 m 17,215 ft 623 km 387 mi 60 ° 34 ′ 02 '' N 140 ° 24 ′ 20 '' W / 60.5671 ° N 140.4055 ° W / 60.5671 ; - 140.4055 ( Mount Logan ) Pico de Orizaba ( Citlaltépetl ) Puebla Veracruz Cordillera Neovolcanica 5636 m 18,491 ft 4922 m 16,148 ft 2,690 km 1,672 mi 19 ° 01 ′ 50 '' N 97 ° 16 ′ 11 '' W / 19.0305 ° N 97.2698 ° W / 19.0305 ; - 97.2698 ( Pico de Orizaba ) Mount Saint Elias Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 5489 m 18,009 ft 3429 m 11,250 ft 41.3 km 25.6 mi 60 ° 17 ′ 34 '' N 140 ° 55 ′ 51 '' W / 60.2927 ° N 140.9307 ° W / 60.2927 ; - 140.9307 ( Mount Saint Elias ) 5 Popocatépetl México Morelos Puebla Cordillera Neovolcanica 5410 m 17,749 ft 3040 m 9,974 ft 143.0 km 88.8 mi 19 ° 01 ′ 21 '' N 98 ° 37 ′ 40 '' W / 19.0225 ° N 98.6278 ° W / 19.0225 ; - 98.6278 ( Popocatépetl ) 6 Mount Foraker Alaska Alaska Range 5304 m 17,400 ft 2210 m 7,250 ft 23.0 km 14.27 mi 62 ° 57 ′ 37 '' N 151 ° 23 ′ 59 '' W / 62.9604 ° N 151.3998 ° W / 62.9604 ; - 151.3998 ( Mount Foraker ) 7 Mount Lucania Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 5260 m 17,257 ft 3080 m 10,105 ft 43.0 km 26.7 mi 61 ° 01 ′ 17 '' N 140 ° 27 ′ 58 '' W / 61.0215 ° N 140.4661 ° W / 61.0215 ; - 140.4661 ( Mount Lucania ) 8 Iztaccíhuatl México Puebla Cordillera Neovolcanica 5230 m 17,159 ft 1560 m 5,118 ft 17.51 km 10.88 mi 19 ° 10 ′ 49 '' N 98 ° 38 ′ 29 '' W / 19.1802 ° N 98.6415 ° W / 19.1802 ; - 98.6415 ( Iztaccíhuatl ) 9 King Peak Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 5173 m 16,972 ft 1073 m 3,520 ft 4.68 km 2.91 mi 60 ° 35 ′ 00 '' N 140 ° 39 ′ 18 '' W / 60.5833 ° N 140.6549 ° W / 60.5833 ; - 140.6549 ( King Peak ) 10 Mount Bona Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 5044 m 16,550 ft 2103 m 6,900 ft 80.0 km 49.7 mi 61 ° 23 ′ 08 '' N 141 ° 44 ′ 58 '' W / 61.3856 ° N 141.7495 ° W / 61.3856 ; - 141.7495 ( Mount Bona ) 11 Mount Steele Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 5020 m 16,470 ft 760 m 2,493 ft 9.45 km 5.87 mi 61 ° 05 ′ 34 '' N 140 ° 18 ′ 42 '' W / 61.0929 ° N 140.3118 ° W / 61.0929 ; - 140.3118 ( Mount Steele ) 12 Mount Blackburn Alaska Wrangell Mountains 4996 m 16,390 ft 3548 m 11,640 ft 97.6 km 60.7 mi 61 ° 43 ′ 50 '' N 143 ° 24 ′ 11 '' W / 61.7305 ° N 143.4031 ° W / 61.7305 ; - 143.4031 ( Mount Blackburn ) 13 Mount Sanford Alaska Wrangell Mountains 4949 m 16,237 ft 2343 m 7,687 ft 64.8 km 40.3 mi 62 ° 12 ′ 48 '' N 144 ° 07 ′ 45 '' W / 62.2132 ° N 144.1292 ° W / 62.2132 ; - 144.1292 ( Mount Sanford ) 14 Mount Wood Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 4860 m 15,945 ft 1200 m 3,937 ft 18.95 km 11.77 mi 61 ° 13 ′ 57 '' N 140 ° 30 ′ 44 '' W / 61.2326 ° N 140.5123 ° W / 61.2326 ; - 140.5123 ( Mount Wood ) 15 Mount Vancouver Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 4812 m 15,787 ft 2712 m 8,898 ft 44.0 km 27.4 mi 60 ° 21 ′ 32 '' N 139 ° 41 ′ 53 '' W / 60.3589 ° N 139.6980 ° W / 60.3589 ; - 139.6980 ( Mount Vancouver ) 16 Mount Slaggard Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 4742 m 15,558 ft 522 m 1,713 ft 7.74 km 4.81 mi 61 ° 10 ′ 22 '' N 140 ° 35 ′ 06 '' W / 61.1727 ° N 140.5851 ° W / 61.1727 ; - 140.5851 ( Mount Slaggard ) 17 Nevado de Toluca ( Volcán Xinantécatl ) México Cordillera Neovolcanica 4690 m 15,387 ft 2225 m 7,300 ft 118.4 km 73.6 mi 19 ° 06 ′ 07 '' N 99 ° 46 ′ 04 '' W / 19.1020 ° N 99.7677 ° W / 19.1020 ; - 99.7677 ( Nevado de Toluca ) 18 Mount Fairweather ( Fairweather Mountain ) Alaska British Columbia Saint Elias Mountains 4671 m 15,325 ft 3961 m 12,995 ft 200 km 124.4 mi 58 ° 54 ′ 23 '' N 137 ° 31 ′ 35 '' W / 58.9064 ° N 137.5265 ° W / 58.9064 ; - 137.5265 ( Mount Fairweather ) 19 Mount Hubbard Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 4557 m 14,951 ft 2457 m 8,061 ft 34.4 km 21.3 mi 60 ° 19 ′ 10 '' N 139 ° 04 ′ 21 '' W / 60.3194 ° N 139.0726 ° W / 60.3194 ; - 139.0726 ( Mount Hubbard ) 20 Mount Bear Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 4520 m 14,831 ft 1540 m 5,054 ft 32.4 km 20.1 mi 61 ° 17 ′ 00 '' N 141 ° 08 ′ 36 '' W / 61.2834 ° N 141.1433 ° W / 61.2834 ; - 141.1433 ( Mount Bear ) 21 Mount Walsh Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 4506 m 14,783 ft 1366 m 4,482 ft 18.76 km 11.66 mi 61 ° 00 ′ 13 '' N 140 ° 01 ′ 02 '' W / 61.0037 ° N 140.0171 ° W / 61.0037 ; - 140.0171 ( Mount Walsh ) 22 Mount Hunter Alaska Alaska Range 4442 m 14,573 ft 1418 m 4,653 ft 11.07 km 6.88 mi 62 ° 57 ′ 01 '' N 151 ° 05 ′ 29 '' W / 62.9504 ° N 151.0915 ° W / 62.9504 ; - 151.0915 ( Mount Hunter ) 23 La Malintzin ( La Malinche ) Puebla Tlaxcala Cordillera Neovolcanica 4430 m 14,534 ft 1920 m 6,299 ft 63.9 km 39.7 mi 19 ° 13 ′ 52 '' N 98 ° 01 ′ 56 '' W / 19.2310 ° N 98.0321 ° W / 19.2310 ; - 98.0321 ( La Malintzin ) 24 Mount Whitney California Sierra Nevada 4421.0 m 14,505 ft 3072 m 10,080 ft 2,649 km 1,646 mi 36 ° 34 ′ 43 '' N 118 ° 17 ′ 31 '' W / 36.5786 ° N 118.2920 ° W / 36.5786 ; - 118.2920 ( Mount Whitney ) 25 Mount Alverstone ( Boundary Point 180 ) Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 4420 m 14,500 ft 594 m 1,950 ft 3.62 km 2.25 mi 60 ° 21 ′ 06 '' N 139 ° 04 ′ 30 '' W / 60.3518 ° N 139.0749 ° W / 60.3518 ; - 139.0749 ( Mount Alverstone ) 26 University Peak Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 4410 m 14,470 ft 978 m 3,210 ft 5.97 km 3.71 mi 61 ° 19 ′ 38 '' N 141 ° 47 ′ 12 '' W / 61.3272 ° N 141.7867 ° W / 61.3272 ; - 141.7867 ( University Peak ) 27 Mount Elbert Colorado Sawatch Range 4401.2 m 14,440 ft 2772 m 9,093 ft 1,079 km 671 mi 39 ° 07 ′ 04 '' N 106 ° 26 ′ 43 '' W / 39.1178 ° N 106.4454 ° W / 39.1178 ; - 106.4454 ( Mount Elbert ) 28 Mount Massive Colorado Sawatch Range 4398 m 14,428 ft 598 m 1,961 ft 8.14 km 5.06 mi 39 ° 11 ′ 15 '' N 106 ° 28 ′ 33 '' W / 39.1875 ° N 106.4757 ° W / 39.1875 ; - 106.4757 ( Mount Massive ) 29 Mount Harvard Colorado Sawatch Range 4395.6 m 14,421 ft 719 m 2,360 ft 24.0 km 14.92 mi 38 ° 55 ′ 28 '' N 106 ° 19 ′ 15 '' W / 38.9244 ° N 106.3207 ° W / 38.9244 ; - 106.3207 ( Mount Harvard ) 30 Mount Rainier Washington Cascade Range 4394 m 14,417 ft 4026 m 13,210 ft 1,177 km 731 mi 46 ° 51 ′ 10 '' N 121 ° 45 ′ 37 '' W / 46.8529 ° N 121.7604 ° W / 46.8529 ; - 121.7604 ( Mount Rainier ) 31 Mount Williamson California Sierra Nevada 4383 m 14,379 ft 511 m 1,676 ft 8.70 km 5.41 mi 36 ° 39 ′ 21 '' N 118 ° 18 ′ 40 '' W / 36.6559 ° N 118.3111 ° W / 36.6559 ; - 118.3111 ( Mount Williamson ) 32 McArthur Peak Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 4380 m 14,370 ft 960 m 3,150 ft 9.10 km 5.65 mi 60 ° 36 ′ 25 '' N 140 ° 12 ′ 52 '' W / 60.6069 ° N 140.2144 ° W / 60.6069 ; - 140.2144 ( McArthur Peak ) 33 Blanca Peak Colorado Sangre de Cristo Mountains 4374 m 14,351 ft 1623 m 5,326 ft 166.4 km 103.4 mi 37 ° 34 ′ 39 '' N 105 ° 29 ′ 08 '' W / 37.5775 ° N 105.4856 ° W / 37.5775 ; - 105.4856 ( Blanca Peak ) 34 La Plata Peak Colorado Sawatch Range 4372 m 14,343 ft 560 m 1,836 ft 10.11 km 6.28 mi 39 ° 01 ′ 46 '' N 106 ° 28 ′ 22 '' W / 39.0294 ° N 106.4729 ° W / 39.0294 ; - 106.4729 ( La Plata Peak ) 35 Uncompahgre Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 4365.0 m 14,321 ft 1304 m 4,277 ft 136.8 km 85.0 mi 38 ° 04 ′ 18 '' N 107 ° 27 ′ 44 '' W / 38.0717 ° N 107.4621 ° W / 38.0717 ; - 107.4621 ( Uncompahgre Peak ) 36 Crestone Peak Colorado Sangre de Cristo Range 4359 m 14,300 ft 1388 m 4,554 ft 44.0 km 27.4 mi 37 ° 58 ′ 01 '' N 105 ° 35 ′ 08 '' W / 37.9669 ° N 105.5855 ° W / 37.9669 ; - 105.5855 ( Crestone Peak ) 37 Mount Lincoln Colorado Mosquito Range 4356.5 m 14,293 ft 1177 m 3,862 ft 36.2 km 22.5 mi 39 ° 21 ′ 05 '' N 106 ° 06 ′ 42 '' W / 39.3515 ° N 106.1116 ° W / 39.3515 ; - 106.1116 ( Mount Lincoln ) 38 Castle Peak Colorado Elk Mountains 4352.2 m 14,279 ft 721 m 2,365 ft 33.6 km 20.9 mi 39 ° 00 ′ 35 '' N 106 ° 51 ′ 41 '' W / 39.0097 ° N 106.8614 ° W / 39.0097 ; - 106.8614 ( Castle Peak ) 39 Grays Peak Colorado Front Range 4352 m 14,278 ft 844 m 2,770 ft 40.2 km 25.0 mi 39 ° 38 ′ 02 '' N 105 ° 49 ′ 03 '' W / 39.6339 ° N 105.8176 ° W / 39.6339 ; - 105.8176 ( Grays Peak ) 40 Mount Antero Colorado Sawatch Range 4351.4 m 14,276 ft 763 m 2,503 ft 28.4 km 17.67 mi 38 ° 40 ′ 27 '' N 106 ° 14 ′ 46 '' W / 38.6741 ° N 106.2462 ° W / 38.6741 ; - 106.2462 ( Mount Antero ) 41 Mount Evans Colorado Front Range 4350 m 14,271 ft 844 m 2,770 ft 15.76 km 9.79 mi 39 ° 35 ′ 18 '' N 105 ° 38 ′ 38 '' W / 39.5883 ° N 105.6438 ° W / 39.5883 ; - 105.6438 ( Mount Evans ) 42 Longs Peak Colorado Front Range 4346 m 14,259 ft 896 m 2,940 ft 70.2 km 43.6 mi 40 ° 15 ′ 18 '' N 105 ° 36 ′ 54 '' W / 40.2550 ° N 105.6151 ° W / 40.2550 ; - 105.6151 ( Longs Peak ) 43 Mount Wilson Colorado San Miguel Mountains 4344 m 14,252 ft 1227 m 4,024 ft 53.1 km 33.0 mi 37 ° 50 ′ 21 '' N 107 ° 59 ′ 30 '' W / 37.8391 ° N 107.9916 ° W / 37.8391 ; - 107.9916 ( Mount Wilson ) 44 White Mountain Peak California White Mountains 4344.0 m 14,252 ft 2193 m 7,196 ft 108.6 km 67.4 mi 37 ° 38 ′ 03 '' N 118 ° 15 ′ 21 '' W / 37.6341 ° N 118.2557 ° W / 37.6341 ; - 118.2557 ( White Mountain Peak ) 45 North Palisade California Sierra Nevada 4343 m 14,248 ft 882 m 2,894 ft 51.8 km 32.2 mi 37 ° 05 ′ 39 '' N 118 ° 30 ′ 52 '' W / 37.0943 ° N 118.5145 ° W / 37.0943 ; - 118.5145 ( North Palisade ) 46 Mount Princeton Colorado Sawatch Range 4329.3 m 14,204 ft 664 m 2,177 ft 8.36 km 5.19 mi 38 ° 44 ′ 57 '' N 106 ° 14 ′ 33 '' W / 38.7492 ° N 106.2424 ° W / 38.7492 ; - 106.2424 ( Mount Princeton ) 47 Mount Yale Colorado Sawatch Range 4328.2 m 14,200 ft 578 m 1,896 ft 8.93 km 5.55 mi 38 ° 50 ′ 39 '' N 106 ° 18 ′ 50 '' W / 38.8442 ° N 106.3138 ° W / 38.8442 ; - 106.3138 ( Mount Yale ) 48 Mount Shasta California Cascade Range 4321.8 m 14,179 ft 2979 m 9,772 ft 539 km 335 mi 41 ° 24 ′ 33 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 42 '' W / 41.4092 ° N 122.1949 ° W / 41.4092 ; - 122.1949 ( Mount Shasta ) 49 Maroon Peak Colorado Elk Mountains 4317.0 m 14,163 ft 712 m 2,336 ft 12.97 km 8.06 mi 39 ° 04 ′ 15 '' N 106 ° 59 ′ 20 '' W / 39.0708 ° N 106.9890 ° W / 39.0708 ; - 106.9890 ( Maroon Peak ) 50 Mount Wrangell Alaska Wrangell Mountains 4317 m 14,163 ft 1711 m 5,613 ft 23.8 km 14.79 mi 62 ° 00 ′ 21 '' N 144 ° 01 ′ 07 '' W / 62.0059 ° N 144.0187 ° W / 62.0059 ; - 144.0187 ( Mount Wrangell ) 51 Mount Sneffels Colorado Sneffels Range 4315.4 m 14,158 ft 930 m 3,050 ft 25.3 km 15.71 mi 38 ° 00 ′ 14 '' N 107 ° 47 ′ 32 '' W / 38.0038 ° N 107.7923 ° W / 38.0038 ; - 107.7923 ( Mount Sneffels ) 52 Capitol Peak Colorado Elk Mountains 4309 m 14,137 ft 533 m 1,750 ft 11.98 km 7.44 mi 39 ° 09 ′ 01 '' N 107 ° 04 ′ 58 '' W / 39.1503 ° N 107.0829 ° W / 39.1503 ; - 107.0829 ( Capitol Peak ) 53 Pikes Peak Colorado Front Range 4302.31 m 14,115 ft 1686 m 5,530 ft 97.6 km 60.6 mi 38 ° 50 ′ 26 '' N 105 ° 02 ′ 39 '' W / 38.8405 ° N 105.0442 ° W / 38.8405 ; - 105.0442 ( Pikes Peak ) 54 Windom Peak Colorado Needle Mountains 4296 m 14,093 ft 667 m 2,187 ft 42.4 km 26.3 mi 37 ° 37 ′ 16 '' N 107 ° 35 ′ 31 '' W / 37.6212 ° N 107.5919 ° W / 37.6212 ; - 107.5919 ( Windom Peak ) 55 Mount Augusta Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 4289 m 14,070 ft 1549 m 5,082 ft 23.2 km 14.41 mi 60 ° 18 ′ 27 '' N 140 ° 27 ′ 30 '' W / 60.3074 ° N 140.4584 ° W / 60.3074 ; - 140.4584 ( Mount Augusta ) 56 Handies Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 4284.8 m 14,058 ft 582 m 1,908 ft 18.00 km 11.18 mi 37 ° 54 ′ 47 '' N 107 ° 30 ′ 16 '' W / 37.9130 ° N 107.5044 ° W / 37.9130 ; - 107.5044 ( Handies Peak ) 57 Culebra Peak Colorado Culebra Range 4283 m 14,053 ft 1471 m 4,827 ft 56.9 km 35.4 mi 37 ° 07 ′ 21 '' N 105 ° 11 ′ 09 '' W / 37.1224 ° N 105.1858 ° W / 37.1224 ; - 105.1858 ( Culebra Peak ) 58 San Luis Peak Colorado La Garita Mountains 4273.8 m 14,022 ft 949 m 3,113 ft 43.4 km 26.9 mi 37 ° 59 ′ 12 '' N 106 ° 55 ′ 53 '' W / 37.9868 ° N 106.9313 ° W / 37.9868 ; - 106.9313 ( San Luis Peak ) 59 Mount of the Holy Cross Colorado Sawatch Range 4270.5 m 14,011 ft 644 m 2,113 ft 29.6 km 18.41 mi 39 ° 28 ′ 00 '' N 106 ° 28 ′ 54 '' W / 39.4668 ° N 106.4817 ° W / 39.4668 ; - 106.4817 ( Mount of the Holy Cross ) 60 Nevado de Colima Jalisco Cordillera Neovolcanica 4270 m 14,009 ft 2720 m 8,924 ft 405 km 252 mi 19 ° 33 ′ 48 '' N 103 ° 36 ′ 31 '' W / 19.5633 ° N 103.6087 ° W / 19.5633 ; - 103.6087 ( Nevado de Colima ) 61 Grizzly Peak Colorado Sawatch Range 4265.6 m 13,995 ft 588 m 1,928 ft 10.89 km 6.77 mi 39 ° 02 ′ 33 '' N 106 ° 35 ′ 51 '' W / 39.0425 ° N 106.5976 ° W / 39.0425 ; - 106.5976 ( Grizzly Peak ) 62 Mount Humphreys California Sierra Nevada 4265 m 13,992 ft 781 m 2,563 ft 23.7 km 14.71 mi 37 ° 16 ′ 14 '' N 118 ° 40 ′ 23 '' W / 37.2705 ° N 118.6730 ° W / 37.2705 ; - 118.6730 ( Mount Humphreys ) 63 Mount Keith California Sierra Nevada 4262 m 13,982 ft 590 m 1,936 ft 4.97 km 3.09 mi 36 ° 42 ′ 00 '' N 118 ° 20 ′ 37 '' W / 36.7001 ° N 118.3436 ° W / 36.7001 ; - 118.3436 ( Mount Keith ) 64 Mount Strickland Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 4260 m 13,976 ft 800 m 2,625 ft 7.35 km 4.57 mi 61 ° 14 ′ 11 '' N 140 ° 40 ′ 32 '' W / 61.2365 ° N 140.6755 ° W / 61.2365 ; - 140.6755 ( Mount Strickland ) 65 Mount Ouray Colorado Sawatch Range 4255.4 m 13,961 ft 810 m 2,659 ft 21.9 km 13.58 mi 38 ° 25 ′ 22 '' N 106 ° 13 ′ 29 '' W / 38.4227 ° N 106.2247 ° W / 38.4227 ; - 106.2247 ( Mount Ouray ) 66 Vermilion Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 4237 m 13,900 ft 642 m 2,105 ft 14.60 km 9.07 mi 37 ° 47 ′ 57 '' N 107 ° 49 ′ 43 '' W / 37.7993 ° N 107.8285 ° W / 37.7993 ; - 107.8285 ( Vermilion Peak ) 67 Avalanche Peak Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 4228 m 13,871 ft 608 m 1,995 ft 4.54 km 2.82 mi 61 ° 14 ′ 24 '' N 140 ° 45 ′ 35 '' W / 61.2401 ° N 140.7597 ° W / 61.2401 ; - 140.7597 ( Avalanche Peak ) 68 Atna Peaks Alaska Wrangell Mountains 4225 m 13,860 ft 674 m 2,210 ft 5.86 km 3.64 mi 61 ° 44 ′ 58 '' N 143 ° 14 ′ 29 '' W / 61.7495 ° N 143.2414 ° W / 61.7495 ; - 143.2414 ( Atna Peaks ) 69 Volcán Tajumulco Guatemala Sierra de las Nubes 4220 m 13,845 ft 3990 m 13,091 ft 722 km 448 mi 15 ° 02 ′ 35 '' N 91 ° 54 ′ 13 '' W / 15.0430 ° N 91.9037 ° W / 15.0430 ; - 91.9037 ( Volcán Tajumulco ) 70 Regal Mountain Alaska Wrangell Mountains 4220 m 13,845 ft 1340 m 4,395 ft 19.72 km 12.25 mi 61 ° 44 ′ 38 '' N 142 ° 52 ′ 03 '' W / 61.7438 ° N 142.8675 ° W / 61.7438 ; - 142.8675 ( Regal Mountain ) 71 Mount Darwin California Sierra Nevada 4218 m 13,837 ft 576 m 1,891 ft 11.48 km 7.13 mi 37 ° 10 ′ 01 '' N 118 ° 40 ′ 20 '' W / 37.1669 ° N 118.6721 ° W / 37.1669 ; - 118.6721 ( Mount Darwin ) 72 Mount Hayes Alaska Alaska Range 4216 m 13,832 ft 3507 m 11,507 ft 202 km 125.5 mi 63 ° 37 ′ 13 '' N 146 ° 43 ′ 04 '' W / 63.6203 ° N 146.7178 ° W / 63.6203 ; - 146.7178 ( Mount Hayes ) 73 Mount Silverheels Colorado Front Range 4215.0 m 13,829 ft 696 m 2,283 ft 8.82 km 5.48 mi 39 ° 20 ′ 22 '' N 106 ° 00 ′ 19 '' W / 39.3394 ° N 106.0054 ° W / 39.3394 ; - 106.0054 ( Mount Silverheels ) 74 Rio Grande Pyramid Colorado San Juan Mountains 4214.4 m 13,827 ft 573 m 1,881 ft 17.31 km 10.76 mi 37 ° 40 ′ 47 '' N 107 ° 23 ′ 33 '' W / 37.6797 ° N 107.3924 ° W / 37.6797 ; - 107.3924 ( Rio Grande Pyramid ) 75 Cofre de Perote Veracruz Cordillera Neovolcanica 4210 m 13,812 ft 1340 m 4,396 ft 52.9 km 32.9 mi 19 ° 29 ′ 38 '' N 97 ° 08 ′ 53 '' W / 19.4940 ° N 97.1480 ° W / 19.4940 ; - 97.1480 ( Cofre de Perote ) 76 Gannett Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 4209.1 m 13,809 ft 2157 m 7,076 ft 467 km 290 mi 43 ° 11 ′ 03 '' N 109 ° 39 ′ 15 '' W / 43.1842 ° N 109.6542 ° W / 43.1842 ; - 109.6542 ( Gannett Peak ) 77 Mount Kaweah California Sierra Nevada 4209 m 13,807 ft 618 m 2,027 ft 17.27 km 10.73 mi 36 ° 31 ′ 34 '' N 118 ° 28 ′ 43 '' W / 36.5261 ° N 118.4785 ° W / 36.5261 ; - 118.4785 ( Mount Kaweah ) 78 Grand Teton Wyoming Teton Range 4198.7 m 13,775 ft 1995 m 6,545 ft 111.6 km 69.4 mi 43 ° 44 ′ 28 '' N 110 ° 48 ′ 09 '' W / 43.7412 ° N 110.8024 ° W / 43.7412 ; - 110.8024 ( Grand Teton ) 79 Mount Cook Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 4194 m 13,760 ft 2350 m 7,710 ft 23.4 km 14.54 mi 60 ° 10 ′ 54 '' N 139 ° 58 ′ 52 '' W / 60.1816 ° N 139.9811 ° W / 60.1816 ; - 139.9811 ( Mount Cook ) 80 Mount Morgan California Sierra Nevada 4193.4 m 13,758 ft 807 m 2,648 ft 15.87 km 9.86 mi 37 ° 24 ′ 19 '' N 118 ° 43 ′ 58 '' W / 37.4053 ° N 118.7329 ° W / 37.4053 ; - 118.7329 ( Mount Morgan ) 81 Mount Gabb California Sierra Nevada 4190 m 13,747 ft 793 m 2,601 ft 6.89 km 4.28 mi 37 ° 22 ′ 37 '' N 118 ° 48 ′ 09 '' W / 37.3769 ° N 118.8025 ° W / 37.3769 ; - 118.8025 ( Mount Gabb ) 82 Bald Mountain Colorado Front Range 4173 m 13,690 ft 640 m 2,099 ft 12.09 km 7.51 mi 39 ° 26 ′ 41 '' N 105 ° 58 ′ 14 '' W / 39.4448 ° N 105.9705 ° W / 39.4448 ; - 105.9705 ( Bald Mountain ) 83 Mount Oso Colorado San Juan Mountains 4173 m 13,690 ft 507 m 1,664 ft 8.71 km 5.41 mi 37 ° 36 ′ 25 '' N 107 ° 29 ′ 37 '' W / 37.6070 ° N 107.4936 ° W / 37.6070 ; - 107.4936 ( Mount Oso ) 84 Mount Jackson Colorado Sawatch Range 4168.5 m 13,676 ft 552 m 1,810 ft 5.16 km 3.21 mi 39 ° 29 ′ 07 '' N 106 ° 32 ′ 12 '' W / 39.4853 ° N 106.5367 ° W / 39.4853 ; - 106.5367 ( Mount Jackson ) 85 Mount Tom California Sierra Nevada 4163 m 13,657 ft 607 m 1,992 ft 7.67 km 4.77 mi 37 ° 22 ′ 34 '' N 119 ° 10 ′ 44 '' W / 37.3762 ° N 119.1789 ° W / 37.3762 ; - 119.1789 ( Mount Tom ) 86 Bard Peak Colorado Front Range 4159 m 13,647 ft 518 m 1,701 ft 8.74 km 5.43 mi 39 ° 43 ′ 13 '' N 105 ° 48 ′ 16 '' W / 39.7204 ° N 105.8044 ° W / 39.7204 ; - 105.8044 ( Bard Peak ) 87 West Spanish Peak Colorado Spanish Peaks 4155 m 13,631 ft 1123 m 3,686 ft 32.0 km 19.87 mi 37 ° 22 ′ 32 '' N 104 ° 59 ′ 36 '' W / 37.3756 ° N 104.9934 ° W / 37.3756 ; - 104.9934 ( West Spanish Peak ) 88 Mount Powell Colorado Gore Range 4141 m 13,586 ft 914 m 3,000 ft 34.6 km 21.5 mi 39 ° 45 ′ 36 '' N 106 ° 20 ′ 27 '' W / 39.7601 ° N 106.3407 ° W / 39.7601 ; - 106.3407 ( Mount Powell ) 89 Hagues Peak Colorado Mummy Range 4137 m 13,573 ft 738 m 2,420 ft 25.3 km 15.70 mi 40 ° 29 ′ 04 '' N 105 ° 38 ′ 47 '' W / 40.4845 ° N 105.6464 ° W / 40.4845 ; - 105.6464 ( Hagues Peak ) 90 Mount Dubois California White Mountains 4135 m 13,565 ft 713 m 2,339 ft 15.50 km 9.63 mi 37 ° 47 ′ 00 '' N 118 ° 20 ′ 36 '' W / 37.7834 ° N 118.3432 ° W / 37.7834 ; - 118.3432 ( Mount Dubois ) 91 Tower Mountain Colorado San Juan Mountains 4132 m 13,558 ft 504 m 1,652 ft 7.86 km 4.88 mi 37 ° 51 ′ 26 '' N 107 ° 37 ′ 23 '' W / 37.8573 ° N 107.6230 ° W / 37.8573 ; - 107.6230 ( Tower Mountain ) 92 Treasure Mountain Colorado Elk Mountains 4125 m 13,535 ft 862 m 2,828 ft 11.13 km 6.92 mi 39 ° 01 ′ 28 '' N 107 ° 07 ′ 22 '' W / 39.0244 ° N 107.1228 ° W / 39.0244 ; - 107.1228 ( Treasure Mountain ) 93 Kings Peak Utah Uinta Mountains 4125 m 13,534 ft 1938 m 6,358 ft 268 km 166.6 mi 40 ° 46 ′ 35 '' N 110 ° 22 ′ 22 '' W / 40.7763 ° N 110.3729 ° W / 40.7763 ; - 110.3729 ( Kings Peak ) 94 Monte Tlaloc Mexico Trans Mexican Volcanic Belt 4120 m 13,517 ft 958 m 3,143 ft 15.00 km 9.32 mi 19 ° 23 ′ 42 '' N 98 ° 46 ′ 52 '' W / 19.3950 ° N 98.781 ° W / 19.3950 ; - 98.781 ( Monte Tlaloc ) 95 North Arapaho Peak Colorado Front Range 4117 m 13,508 ft 507 m 1,665 ft 24.8 km 15.38 mi 40 ° 01 ′ 35 '' N 105 ° 39 ′ 01 '' W / 40.0265 ° N 105.6504 ° W / 40.0265 ; - 105.6504 ( North Arapaho Peak ) 96 Mount Pinchot California Sierra Nevada 4115 m 13,500 ft 643 m 2,110 ft 7.58 km 4.71 mi 36 ° 56 ′ 50 '' N 118 ° 24 ′ 19 '' W / 36.9473 ° N 118.4054 ° W / 36.9473 ; - 118.4054 ( Mount Pinchot ) 97 Mount Natazhat Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 4095 m 13,435 ft 1824 m 5,985 ft 24.9 km 15.49 mi 61 ° 31 ′ 18 '' N 141 ° 06 ′ 11 '' W / 61.5217 ° N 141.1030 ° W / 61.5217 ; - 141.1030 ( Mount Natazhat ) 98 Mount Jarvis Alaska Wrangell Mountains 4091 m 13,421 ft 1454 m 4,771 ft 17.95 km 11.15 mi 62 ° 01 ′ 24 '' N 143 ° 37 ′ 11 '' W / 62.0234 ° N 143.6198 ° W / 62.0234 ; - 143.6198 ( Mount Jarvis ) 99 Parry Peak Colorado Front Range 4083 m 13,397 ft 524 m 1,720 ft 15.22 km 9.46 mi 39 ° 50 ′ 17 '' N 105 ° 42 ′ 48 '' W / 39.8381 ° N 105.7132 ° W / 39.8381 ; - 105.7132 ( Parry Peak ) 100 Bill Williams Peak Colorado Williams Mountains 4081 m 13,389 ft 513 m 1,682 ft 6.00 km 3.73 mi 39 ° 10 ′ 50 '' N 106 ° 36 ′ 37 '' W / 39.1806 ° N 106.6102 ° W / 39.1806 ; - 106.6102 ( Bill Williams Peak ) 101 Sultan Mountain Colorado San Juan Mountains 4076 m 13,373 ft 569 m 1,868 ft 7.39 km 4.59 mi 37 ° 47 ′ 09 '' N 107 ° 42 ′ 14 '' W / 37.7859 ° N 107.7038 ° W / 37.7859 ; - 107.7038 ( Sultan Mountain ) 102 Mount Herard Colorado Sangre de Cristo Mountains 4068 m 13,345 ft 622 m 2,040 ft 7.45 km 4.63 mi 37 ° 50 ′ 57 '' N 105 ° 29 ′ 42 '' W / 37.8492 ° N 105.4949 ° W / 37.8492 ; - 105.4949 ( Mount Herard ) 103 Volcán Tacaná Chiapas Guatemala Sierra de Istatan 4067 m 13,343 ft 1037 m 3,402 ft 24.1 km 14.99 mi 15 ° 07 ′ 56 '' N 92 ° 06 ′ 30 '' W / 15.1323 ° N 92.1084 ° W / 15.1323 ; - 92.1084 ( Volcán Tacaná ) 104 West Buffalo Peak Colorado Mosquito Range 4064 m 13,332 ft 605 m 1,986 ft 15.46 km 9.61 mi 38 ° 59 ′ 30 '' N 106 ° 07 ′ 30 '' W / 38.9917 ° N 106.1249 ° W / 38.9917 ; - 106.1249 ( West Buffalo Peak ) 105 Mount Craig Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 4060 m 13,320 ft 520 m 1,706 ft 6.97 km 4.33 mi 61 ° 15 ′ 49 '' N 140 ° 52 ′ 48 '' W / 61.2636 ° N 140.8800 ° W / 61.2636 ; - 140.8800 ( Mount Craig ) 106 Tressider Peak Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 4058 m 13,315 ft 507 m 1,665 ft 5.34 km 3.32 mi 61 ° 21 ′ 32 '' N 141 ° 39 ′ 59 '' W / 61.3590 ° N 141.6664 ° W / 61.3590 ; - 141.6664 ( Tressider Peak ) 107 Summit Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 4056.2 m 13,308 ft 841 m 2,760 ft 63.7 km 39.6 mi 37 ° 21 ′ 02 '' N 106 ° 41 ′ 48 '' W / 37.3506 ° N 106.6968 ° W / 37.3506 ; - 106.6968 ( Summit Peak ) 108 Middle Peak Colorado San Miguel Mountains 4056 m 13,306 ft 597 m 1,960 ft 7.69 km 4.78 mi 37 ° 51 ′ 13 '' N 108 ° 06 ′ 30 '' W / 37.8536 ° N 108.1082 ° W / 37.8536 ; - 108.1082 ( Middle Peak ) 109 Antora Peak Colorado Sawatch Range 4046 m 13,275 ft 734 m 2,409 ft 10.86 km 6.75 mi 38 ° 19 ′ 30 '' N 106 ° 13 ′ 05 '' W / 38.3250 ° N 106.2180 ° W / 38.3250 ; - 106.2180 ( Antora Peak ) 110 Henry Mountain Colorado Sawatch Range 4042 m 13,261 ft 510 m 1,674 ft 17.61 km 10.94 mi 38 ° 41 ′ 08 '' N 106 ° 37 ′ 16 '' W / 38.6856 ° N 106.6211 ° W / 38.6856 ; - 106.6211 ( Henry Mountain ) 111 Hesperus Mountain Colorado La Plata Mountains 4035 m 13,237 ft 869 m 2,852 ft 39.5 km 24.5 mi 37 ° 26 ′ 42 '' N 108 ° 05 ′ 20 '' W / 37.4451 ° N 108.0890 ° W / 37.4451 ; - 108.0890 ( Hesperus Mountain ) 112 Mount Silverthrone Alaska Alaska Range 4029 m 13,220 ft 988 m 3,240 ft 12.72 km 7.90 mi 63 ° 06 ′ 57 '' N 150 ° 40 ′ 32 '' W / 63.1157 ° N 150.6755 ° W / 63.1157 ; - 150.6755 ( Mount Silverthrone ) 113 Jacque Peak Colorado Gore Range 4027 m 13,211 ft 629 m 2,065 ft 7.28 km 4.52 mi 39 ° 27 ′ 18 '' N 106 ° 11 ′ 49 '' W / 39.4549 ° N 106.1970 ° W / 39.4549 ; - 106.1970 ( Jacque Peak ) 114 Bennett Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 4026 m 13,209 ft 531 m 1,743 ft 27.5 km 17.08 mi 37 ° 29 ′ 00 '' N 106 ° 26 ′ 03 '' W / 37.4833 ° N 106.4343 ° W / 37.4833 ; - 106.4343 ( Bennett Peak ) 115 Wind River Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 4022.4 m 13,197 ft 784 m 2,572 ft 56.6 km 35.1 mi 42 ° 42 ′ 31 '' N 109 ° 07 ′ 42 '' W / 42.7085 ° N 109.1284 ° W / 42.7085 ; - 109.1284 ( Wind River Peak ) 116 Mount Waddington British Columbia Coast Mountains 4019 m 13,186 ft 3289 m 10,791 ft 562 km 349 mi 51 ° 22 ′ 25 '' N 125 ° 15 ′ 49 '' W / 51.3737 ° N 125.2636 ° W / 51.3737 ; - 125.2636 ( Mount Waddington ) 117 Conejos Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 4017.0 m 13,179 ft 583 m 1,912 ft 13.12 km 8.15 mi 37 ° 17 ′ 19 '' N 106 ° 34 ′ 15 '' W / 37.2887 ° N 106.5709 ° W / 37.2887 ; - 106.5709 ( Conejos Peak ) 118 Mount Marcus Baker Alaska Chugach Mountains 4016 m 13,176 ft 3277 m 10,751 ft 203 km 126.3 mi 61 ° 26 ′ 15 '' N 147 ° 45 ′ 09 '' W / 61.4374 ° N 147.7525 ° W / 61.4374 ; - 147.7525 ( Mount Marcus Baker ) 119 Cloud Peak Wyoming Bighorn Mountains 4013.3 m 13,167 ft 2157 m 7,077 ft 233 km 145.0 mi 44 ° 22 ′ 56 '' N 107 ° 10 ′ 26 '' W / 44.3821 ° N 107.1739 ° W / 44.3821 ; - 107.1739 ( Cloud Peak ) Wheeler Peak New Mexico Taos Mountains 4013.3 m 13,167 ft 1039 m 3,409 ft 59.6 km 37.0 mi 36 ° 33 ′ 25 '' N 105 ° 25 ′ 01 '' W / 36.5569 ° N 105.4169 ° W / 36.5569 ; - 105.4169 ( Wheeler Peak ) 121 Francs Peak Wyoming Absaroka Range 4012.3 m 13,164 ft 1236 m 4,056 ft 76.0 km 47.2 mi 43 ° 57 ′ 41 '' N 109 ° 20 ′ 21 '' W / 43.9613 ° N 109.3392 ° W / 43.9613 ; - 109.3392 ( Francs Peak ) 122 Twilight Peak Colorado Needle Mountains 4012 m 13,163 ft 713 m 2,338 ft 7.86 km 4.88 mi 37 ° 39 ′ 47 '' N 107 ° 43 ′ 37 '' W / 37.6630 ° N 107.7270 ° W / 37.6630 ; - 107.7270 ( Twilight Peak ) 123 South River Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 4009.4 m 13,154 ft 746 m 2,448 ft 34.0 km 21.1 mi 37 ° 34 ′ 27 '' N 106 ° 58 ′ 53 '' W / 37.5741 ° N 106.9815 ° W / 37.5741 ; - 106.9815 ( South River Peak ) 124 Mount Ritter California Sierra Nevada 4008 m 13,149 ft 1216 m 3,990 ft 35.4 km 22.0 mi 37 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 119 ° 11 ′ 59 '' W / 37.6891 ° N 119.1996 ° W / 37.6891 ; - 119.1996 ( Mount Ritter ) 125 Red Slate Mountain California Sierra Nevada 4002 m 13,129 ft 529 m 1,736 ft 13.38 km 8.31 mi 37 ° 30 ′ 27 '' N 118 ° 52 ′ 09 '' W / 37.5075 ° N 118.8693 ° W / 37.5075 ; - 118.8693 ( Red Slate Mountain ) 126 Mount Lyell ( California ) California Sierra Nevada 3998.9 m 13,120 ft 587 m 1,926 ft 8.46 km 5.26 mi 37 ° 44 ′ 22 '' N 119 ° 16 ′ 18 '' W / 37.7394 ° N 119.2716 ° W / 37.7394 ; - 119.2716 ( Mount Lyell ) 127 Bushnell Peak Colorado Sangre de Cristo Mountains 3995.8 m 13,110 ft 733 m 2,405 ft 17.82 km 11.07 mi 38 ° 20 ′ 28 '' N 105 ° 53 ′ 21 '' W / 38.3412 ° N 105.8892 ° W / 38.3412 ; - 105.8892 ( Bushnell Peak ) 128 Truchas Peak New Mexico Santa Fe Mountains 3995.2 m 13,108 ft 1220 m 4,001 ft 68.2 km 42.3 mi 35 ° 57 ′ 45 '' N 105 ° 38 ′ 42 '' W / 35.9625 ° N 105.6450 ° W / 35.9625 ; - 105.6450 ( Truchas Peak ) 129 Wheeler Peak Nevada Snake Range 3982.3 m 13,065 ft 2307 m 7,568 ft 373 km 232 mi 38 ° 59 ′ 09 '' N 114 ° 18 ′ 50 '' W / 38.9858 ° N 114.3139 ° W / 38.9858 ; - 114.3139 ( Wheeler Peak ) 130 Mount Dana California Sierra Nevada 3981.5 m 13,063 ft 743 m 2,437 ft 18.35 km 11.40 mi 37 ° 54 ′ 00 '' N 119 ° 13 ′ 16 '' W / 37.8999 ° N 119.2211 ° W / 37.8999 ; - 119.2211 ( Mount Dana ) 131 Spring Glacier Peak Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 3976 m 13,045 ft 676 m 2,218 ft 6.00 km 3.73 mi 61 ° 02 ′ 27 '' N 139 ° 55 ′ 58 '' W / 61.0408 ° N 139.9328 ° W / 61.0408 ; - 139.9328 ( Spring Glacier Peak ) 132 West Elk Peak Colorado West Elk Mountains 3975.2 m 13,042 ft 943 m 3,095 ft 22.2 km 13.78 mi 38 ° 43 ′ 04 '' N 107 ° 11 ′ 58 '' W / 38.7179 ° N 107.1994 ° W / 38.7179 ; - 107.1994 ( West Elk Peak ) 133 Volcán Acatenango Guatemala Chimaltenango 3975 m 13,041 ft 1835 m 6,020 ft 125.9 km 78.2 mi 14 ° 30 ′ 06 '' N 90 ° 52 ′ 32 '' W / 14.5016 ° N 90.8755 ° W / 14.5016 ; - 90.8755 ( Volcán Acatenango ) 134 Mount Moffit Alaska Alaska Range 3969 m 13,020 ft 1210 m 3,970 ft 16.41 km 10.20 mi 63 ° 34 ′ 06 '' N 146 ° 23 ′ 54 '' W / 63.5683 ° N 146.3982 ° W / 63.5683 ; - 146.3982 ( Mount Moffit ) 135 Mount Centennial ( Peak 13010 ) Colorado San Juan Mountains 3967 m 13,016 ft 546 m 1,790 ft 4.61 km 2.86 mi 37 ° 36 ′ 22 '' N 107 ° 14 ′ 41 '' W / 37.6062 ° N 107.2446 ° W / 37.6062 ; - 107.2446 ( Mount Centennial ) 136 Mount Robson British Columbia Canadian Rockies 3959 m 12,989 ft 2829 m 9,281 ft 460 km 286 mi 53 ° 06 ′ 38 '' N 119 ° 09 ′ 24 '' W / 53.1105 ° N 119.1566 ° W / 53.1105 ; - 119.1566 ( Mount Robson ) 137 Clark Peak Colorado Medicine Bow Mountains 3948.4 m 12,954 ft 845 m 2,771 ft 26.4 km 16.40 mi 40 ° 36 ′ 24 '' N 105 ° 55 ′ 48 '' W / 40.6068 ° N 105.9300 ° W / 40.6068 ; - 105.9300 ( Clark Peak ) 138 Mount Richthofen Colorado Never Summer Mountains 3946 m 12,945 ft 817 m 2,680 ft 15.54 km 9.66 mi 40 ° 28 ′ 10 '' N 105 ° 53 ′ 40 '' W / 40.4695 ° N 105.8945 ° W / 40.4695 ; - 105.8945 ( Mount Richthofen ) 139 Cerro Ajusco Distrito Federal Cordillera Neovolcanica 3937 m 12,917 ft 1227 m 4,026 ft 53.5 km 33.2 mi 19 ° 12 ′ 27 '' N 99 ° 15 ′ 30 '' W / 19.2074 ° N 99.2582 ° W / 19.2074 ; - 99.2582 ( Cerro Ajusco ) 140 Mount Harrison ( Yukon ) Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 3935 m 12,910 ft 875 m 2,871 ft 11.00 km 6.84 mi 61 ° 04 ′ 41 '' N 140 ° 06 ′ 07 '' W / 61.0781 ° N 140.1019 ° W / 61.0781 ; - 140.1019 ( Mount Harrison ) 141 Mount Queen Mary Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 3928 m 12,887 ft 1348 m 4,423 ft 25.3 km 15.69 mi 60 ° 37 ′ 43 '' N 139 ° 43 ′ 29 '' W / 60.6286 ° N 139.7247 ° W / 60.6286 ; - 139.7247 ( Mount Queen Mary ) Mount Root Alaska British Columbia Saint Elias Mountains 3928 m 12,887 ft 908 m 2,979 ft 8.79 km 5.46 mi 58 ° 59 ′ 07 '' N 137 ° 30 ′ 00 '' W / 58.9854 ° N 137.5001 ° W / 58.9854 ; - 137.5001 ( Mount Root ) 143 Lizard Head Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 3916 m 12,847 ft 580 m 1,902 ft 10.40 km 6.46 mi 42 ° 47 ′ 24 '' N 109 ° 11 ′ 52 '' W / 42.7901 ° N 109.1978 ° W / 42.7901 ; - 109.1978 ( Lizard Head Peak ) 144 Granite Peak Montana Beartooth Mountains 3903.5 m 12,807 ft 1457 m 4,779 ft 138.5 km 86.0 mi 45 ° 09 ′ 48 '' N 109 ° 48 ′ 27 '' W / 45.1634 ° N 109.8075 ° W / 45.1634 ; - 109.8075 ( Granite Peak ) 145 Mount Crosson Alaska Alaska Range 3901 m 12,800 ft 503 m 1,650 ft 8.22 km 5.11 mi 63 ° 00 ′ 29 '' N 151 ° 16 ′ 35 '' W / 63.0081 ° N 151.2763 ° W / 63.0081 ; - 151.2763 ( Mount Crosson ) 146 Venado Peak New Mexico Taos Mountains 3883 m 12,739 ft 906 m 2,971 ft 18.99 km 11.80 mi 36 ° 47 ′ 30 '' N 105 ° 29 ′ 36 '' W / 36.7917 ° N 105.4933 ° W / 36.7917 ; - 105.4933 ( Venado Peak ) 147 Chair Mountain Colorado Elk Mountains 3879.1 m 12,727 ft 750 m 2,461 ft 14.30 km 8.89 mi 39 ° 03 ′ 29 '' N 107 ° 16 ′ 56 '' W / 39.0581 ° N 107.2822 ° W / 39.0581 ; - 107.2822 ( Chair Mountain ) 148 Mount Peale Utah La Sal Mountains 3879 m 12,726 ft 1884 m 6,181 ft 117.1 km 72.8 mi 38 ° 26 ′ 19 '' N 109 ° 13 ′ 45 '' W / 38.4385 ° N 109.2292 ° W / 38.4385 ; - 109.2292 ( Mount Peale ) 149 Mount Crillon Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 3879 m 12,726 ft 2187 m 7,176 ft 31.4 km 19.52 mi 58 ° 39 ′ 45 '' N 137 ° 10 ′ 16 '' W / 58.6625 ° N 137.1712 ° W / 58.6625 ; - 137.1712 ( Mount Crillon ) 150 Mount Gunnison Colorado West Elk Mountains 3878.7 m 12,725 ft 1079 m 3,539 ft 19.05 km 11.84 mi 38 ° 48 ′ 44 '' N 107 ° 22 ′ 57 '' W / 38.8121 ° N 107.3826 ° W / 38.8121 ; - 107.3826 ( Mount Gunnison ) 151 East Spanish Peak Colorado Spanish Peaks 3867 m 12,688 ft 726 m 2,383 ft 6.78 km 4.21 mi 37 ° 23 ′ 36 '' N 104 ° 55 ′ 12 '' W / 37.3934 ° N 104.9201 ° W / 37.3934 ; - 104.9201 ( East Spanish Peak ) 152 Borah Peak Idaho Lost River Range 3861.2 m 12,668 ft 1829 m 6,002 ft 243 km 150.8 mi 44 ° 08 ′ 15 '' N 113 ° 46 ′ 52 '' W / 44.1374 ° N 113.7811 ° W / 44.1374 ; - 113.7811 ( Borah Peak ) 153 Mount Wood Montana Absaroka Range 3860 m 12,665 ft 878 m 2,880 ft 12.04 km 7.48 mi 45 ° 16 ′ 30 '' N 109 ° 48 ′ 28 '' W / 45.2749 ° N 109.8078 ° W / 45.2749 ; - 109.8078 ( Mount Wood ) 154 Mount Gunnar Naslund Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 3858 m 12,658 ft 643 m 2,108 ft 11.04 km 6.86 mi 61 ° 13 ′ 42 '' N 141 ° 18 ′ 50 '' W / 61.2282 ° N 141.3140 ° W / 61.2282 ; - 141.3140 ( Mount Gunnar Naslund ) 155 Mount Conness California Sierra Nevada 3855.5 m 12,649 ft 808 m 2,650 ft 11.55 km 7.18 mi 37 ° 58 ′ 01 '' N 119 ° 19 ′ 17 '' W / 37.9670 ° N 119.3213 ° W / 37.9670 ; - 119.3213 ( Mount Conness ) 156 Humphreys Peak Arizona San Francisco Peaks 3852 m 12,637 ft 1841 m 6,039 ft 396 km 246 mi 35 ° 20 ′ 47 '' N 111 ° 40 ′ 41 '' W / 35.3464 ° N 111.6780 ° W / 35.3464 ; - 111.6780 ( Humphreys Peak ) 157 Santa Fe Baldy New Mexico Santa Fe Mountains 3850.1 m 12,632 ft 610 m 2,002 ft 17.69 km 10.99 mi 35 ° 49 ′ 56 '' N 105 ° 45 ′ 29 '' W / 35.8322 ° N 105.7581 ° W / 35.8322 ; - 105.7581 ( Santa Fe Baldy ) 158 Gothic Mountain Colorado Elk Mountains 3850 m 12,631 ft 501 m 1,645 ft 4.39 km 2.73 mi 38 ° 57 ′ 22 '' N 107 ° 00 ′ 39 '' W / 38.9562 ° N 107.0107 ° W / 38.9562 ; - 107.0107 ( Gothic Mountain ) 159 Castle Mountain Montana Absaroka Range 3846.1 m 12,618 ft 814 m 2,672 ft 15.67 km 9.74 mi 45 ° 05 ′ 56 '' N 109 ° 37 ′ 50 '' W / 45.0989 ° N 109.6305 ° W / 45.0989 ; - 109.6305 ( Castle Mountain ) Lone Cone Colorado San Miguel Mountains 3846.1 m 12,618 ft 693 m 2,273 ft 13.52 km 8.40 mi 37 ° 53 ′ 17 '' N 108 ° 15 ′ 20 '' W / 37.8880 ° N 108.2556 ° W / 37.8880 ; - 108.2556 ( Lone Cone ) 161 Mount Moran Wyoming Teton Range 3843.5 m 12,610 ft 806 m 2,645 ft 9.94 km 6.18 mi 43 ° 50 ′ 06 '' N 110 ° 46 ′ 35 '' W / 43.8350 ° N 110.7765 ° W / 43.8350 ; - 110.7765 ( Mount Moran ) 162 Tlingit Peak Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 3842 m 12,606 ft 611 m 2,006 ft 3.63 km 2.26 mi 58 ° 53 ′ 35 '' N 137 ° 23 ′ 38 '' W / 58.8931 ° N 137.3938 ° W / 58.8931 ; - 137.3938 ( Tlingit Peak ) 163 Volcán Tancítaro Michoacán Cordillera Neovolcanica 3840 m 12,598 ft 1665 m 5,463 ft 136.3 km 84.7 mi 19 ° 25 ′ 00 '' N 102 ° 19 ′ 11 '' W / 19.4166 ° N 102.3198 ° W / 19.4166 ; - 102.3198 ( Volcán Tancítaro ) 164 Mount Tiedemann British Columbia Coast Mountains 3838 m 12,592 ft 848 m 2,782 ft 2.86 km 1.78 mi 51 ° 23 ′ 38 '' N 125 ° 14 ′ 12 '' W / 51.3940 ° N 125.2366 ° W / 51.3940 ; - 125.2366 ( Mount Tiedemann ) 165 Alto Cuchumatanes Guatemala Huehuetenango 3837 m 12,589 ft 1877 m 6,158 ft 65.2 km 40.5 mi 15 ° 31 ′ 06 '' N 91 ° 32 ′ 40 '' W / 15.5182 ° N 91.5445 ° W / 15.5182 ; - 91.5445 ( Alto Cuchumatanes ) 166 Little Costilla Peak New Mexico Culebra Range 3836.8 m 12,588 ft 745 m 2,444 ft 12.48 km 7.75 mi 36 ° 50 ′ 01 '' N 105 ° 13 ′ 22 '' W / 36.8335 ° N 105.2229 ° W / 36.8335 ; - 105.2229 ( Little Costilla Peak ) 167 Volcán de Colima Colima Jalisco Cordillera Neovolcanica 3830 m 12,566 ft 610 m 2,001 ft 5.62 km 3.49 mi 19 ° 30 ′ 48 '' N 103 ° 37 ′ 03 '' W / 19.5132 ° N 103.6174 ° W / 19.5132 ; - 103.6174 ( Volcán de Colima ) 168 Mount Carpe Alaska Alaska Range 3825 m 12,550 ft 549 m 1,800 ft 6.60 km 4.10 mi 63 ° 09 ′ 08 '' N 150 ° 51 ′ 42 '' W / 63.1521 ° N 150.8616 ° W / 63.1521 ; - 150.8616 ( Mount Carpe ) 169 Needham Mountain California Sierra Nevada 3824 m 12,545 ft 561 m 1,840 ft 9.54 km 5.93 mi 36 ° 27 ′ 16 '' N 118 ° 32 ′ 14 '' W / 36.4545 ° N 118.5373 ° W / 36.4545 ; - 118.5373 ( Needham Mountain ) 170 Graham Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 3821.1 m 12,536 ft 778 m 2,551 ft 13.90 km 8.64 mi 37 ° 29 ′ 50 '' N 107 ° 22 ′ 34 '' W / 37.4972 ° N 107.3761 ° W / 37.4972 ; - 107.3761 ( Graham Peak ) 171 Centennial Peak Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 3820 m 12,533 ft 960 m 3,150 ft 9.77 km 6.07 mi 60 ° 56 ′ 49 '' N 140 ° 43 ′ 18 '' W / 60.9470 ° N 140.7217 ° W / 60.9470 ; - 140.7217 ( Centennial Peak ) 172 Chirripó Grande ( Cerro Chirripó ) Costa Rica Cordillera de Talamanca 3819 m 12,530 ft 3755 m 12,320 ft 878 km 546 mi 9 ° 29 ′ 03 '' N 83 ° 29 ′ 20 '' W / 9.4843 ° N 83.4889 ° W / 9.4843 ; - 83.4889 ( Chirripó Grande ) 173 Whetstone Mountain Colorado West Elk Mountains 3818.1 m 12,527 ft 749 m 2,456 ft 15.11 km 9.39 mi 38 ° 49 ′ 20 '' N 106 ° 58 ′ 48 '' W / 38.8223 ° N 106.9799 ° W / 38.8223 ; - 106.9799 ( Whetstone Mountain ) 174 Kahiltna Dome Alaska Alaska Range 3818 m 12,525 ft 663 m 2,175 ft 5.55 km 3.45 mi 63 ° 03 ′ 18 '' N 151 ° 14 ′ 22 '' W / 63.0550 ° N 151.2394 ° W / 63.0550 ; - 151.2394 ( Kahiltna Dome ) 175 Mount Thor Alaska Chugach Mountains 3816 m 12,521 ft 997 m 3,271 ft 32.8 km 20.4 mi 61 ° 29 ′ 07 '' N 147 ° 08 ′ 46 '' W / 61.4854 ° N 147.1460 ° W / 61.4854 ; - 147.1460 ( Mount Thor ) 176 Mount Watson Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 3809 m 12,497 ft 589 m 1,932 ft 4.05 km 2.52 mi 59 ° 00 ′ 32 '' N 137 ° 33 ′ 15 '' W / 59.0088 ° N 137.5541 ° W / 59.0088 ; - 137.5541 ( Mount Watson ) 177 Atlantic Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 3808 m 12,495 ft 655 m 2,150 ft 14.60 km 9.07 mi 42 ° 36 ′ 59 '' N 109 ° 00 ′ 05 '' W / 42.6165 ° N 109.0013 ° W / 42.6165 ; - 109.0013 ( Atlantic Peak ) 178 Specimen Mountain Colorado Front Range 3808 m 12,494 ft 528 m 1,731 ft 7.56 km 4.70 mi 40 ° 26 ′ 42 '' N 105 ° 48 ′ 29 '' W / 40.4449 ° N 105.8081 ° W / 40.4449 ; - 105.8081 ( Specimen Mountain ) 179 Baldy Mountain New Mexico Cimarron Range 3793.3 m 12,445 ft 823 m 2,701 ft 18.24 km 11.33 mi 36 ° 37 ′ 48 '' N 105 ° 12 ′ 48 '' W / 36.6299 ° N 105.2134 ° W / 36.6299 ; - 105.2134 ( Baldy Mountain ) 180 East Beckwith Mountain Colorado West Elk Mountains 3792.1 m 12,441 ft 760 m 2,492 ft 10.05 km 6.24 mi 38 ° 50 ′ 47 '' N 107 ° 13 ′ 24 '' W / 38.8464 ° N 107.2233 ° W / 38.8464 ; - 107.2233 ( East Beckwith Mountain ) 181 Knobby Crest Colorado Kenosha Mountains 3790 m 12,434 ft 536 m 1,759 ft 13.31 km 8.27 mi 39 ° 22 ′ 05 '' N 105 ° 36 ′ 18 '' W / 39.3681 ° N 105.6050 ° W / 39.3681 ; - 105.6050 ( Knobby Crest ) 182 Bison Peak Colorado Tarryall Mountains 3789.4 m 12,432 ft 747 m 2,451 ft 29.3 km 18.23 mi 39 ° 14 ′ 18 '' N 105 ° 29 ′ 52 '' W / 39.2384 ° N 105.4978 ° W / 39.2384 ; - 105.4978 ( Bison Peak ) 183 Anthracite Peak Colorado West Elk Mountains 3777.8 m 12,394 ft 648 m 2,125 ft 7.68 km 4.77 mi 38 ° 48 ′ 52 '' N 107 ° 08 ′ 40 '' W / 38.8145 ° N 107.1445 ° W / 38.8145 ; - 107.1445 ( Anthracite Peak ) 184 Matchless Mountain Colorado Elk Mountains 3776 m 12,389 ft 537 m 1,763 ft 12.67 km 7.87 mi 38 ° 50 ′ 02 '' N 106 ° 38 ′ 42 '' W / 38.8340 ° N 106.6451 ° W / 38.8340 ; - 106.6451 ( Matchless Mountain ) 185 Mount Malaspina Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 3776 m 12,388 ft 936 m 3,071 ft 6.39 km 3.97 mi 60 ° 19 ′ 06 '' N 140 ° 34 ′ 19 '' W / 60.3182 ° N 140.5719 ° W / 60.3182 ; - 140.5719 ( Mount Malaspina ) 186 Volcán Santa María Guatemala Sierra Madre 3772 m 12,375 ft 1054 m 3,458 ft 49.4 km 30.7 mi 14 ° 45 ′ 25 '' N 91 ° 33 ′ 06 '' W / 14.7570 ° N 91.5517 ° W / 14.7570 ; - 91.5517 ( Volcán Santa María ) 187 Flat Top Mountain Colorado Flat Tops 3767.7 m 12,361 ft 1236 m 4,054 ft 65.6 km 40.8 mi 40 ° 00 ′ 53 '' N 107 ° 05 ′ 00 '' W / 40.0147 ° N 107.0833 ° W / 40.0147 ; - 107.0833 ( Flat Top Mountain ) 188 Mount Nystrom Wyoming Wind River Range 3767.5 m 12,361 ft 554 m 1,816 ft 7.92 km 4.92 mi 42 ° 38 ′ 30 '' N 109 ° 05 ′ 38 '' W / 42.6418 ° N 109.0939 ° W / 42.6418 ; - 109.0939 ( Mount Nystrom ) 189 Moby Dick ( Alaska ) Alaska Alaska Range 3767 m 12,360 ft 887 m 2,910 ft 7.70 km 4.78 mi 63 ° 33 ′ 22 '' N 146 ° 36 ′ 09 '' W / 63.5561 ° N 146.6026 ° W / 63.5561 ; - 146.6026 ( Moby Dick ) 190 Greenhorn Mountain Colorado Wet Mountains 3765.0 m 12,352 ft 1151 m 3,777 ft 40.6 km 25.2 mi 37 ° 52 ′ 53 '' N 105 ° 00 ′ 48 '' W / 37.8815 ° N 105.0133 ° W / 37.8815 ; - 105.0133 ( Greenhorn Mountain ) 191 Elliott Mountain Colorado San Miguel Mountains 3763 m 12,346 ft 683 m 2,240 ft 8.26 km 5.13 mi 37 ° 44 ′ 04 '' N 108 ° 03 ′ 29 '' W / 37.7344 ° N 108.0580 ° W / 37.7344 ; - 108.0580 ( Elliott Mountain ) 192 Volcán de Agua Guatemala Escuintla 3761 m 12,339 ft 1981 m 6,499 ft 14.86 km 9.23 mi 14 ° 27 ′ 55 '' N 90 ° 44 ′ 34 '' W / 14.4654 ° N 90.7428 ° W / 14.4654 ; - 90.7428 ( Volcán de Agua ) 193 Mount Deborah Alaska Alaska Range 3761 m 12,339 ft 1582 m 5,189 ft 25.9 km 16.08 mi 63 ° 38 ′ 16 '' N 147 ° 14 ′ 18 '' W / 63.6377 ° N 147.2384 ° W / 63.6377 ; - 147.2384 ( Mount Deborah ) 194 Twin Peaks California Sierra Nevada 3758 m 12,329 ft 653 m 2,143 ft 7.70 km 4.78 mi 38 ° 05 ′ 01 '' N 119 ° 21 ′ 32 '' W / 38.0836 ° N 119.3588 ° W / 38.0836 ; - 119.3588 ( Twin Peaks ) 195 Carter Mountain Wyoming Absaroka Range 3756.4 m 12,324 ft 518 m 1,699 ft 26.8 km 16.68 mi 44 ° 11 ′ 50 '' N 109 ° 24 ′ 40 '' W / 44.1972 ° N 109.4112 ° W / 44.1972 ; - 109.4112 ( Carter Mountain ) 196 Parkview Mountain Colorado Rabbit Ears Range 3749.4 m 12,301 ft 816 m 2,676 ft 15.07 km 9.36 mi 40 ° 19 ′ 49 '' N 106 ° 08 ′ 11 '' W / 40.3303 ° N 106.1363 ° W / 40.3303 ; - 106.1363 ( Parkview Mountain ) 197 Cornwall Mountain Colorado San Juan Mountains 3746 m 12,291 ft 532 m 1,744 ft 8.37 km 5.20 mi 37 ° 22 ′ 52 '' N 106 ° 29 ′ 31 '' W / 37.3811 ° N 106.4920 ° W / 37.3811 ; - 106.4920 ( Cornwall Mountain ) 198 Mount Adams Washington Cascade Range 3743.4 m 12,281 ft 2480 m 8,136 ft 73.6 km 45.8 mi 46 ° 12 ′ 09 '' N 121 ° 29 ′ 27 '' W / 46.2024 ° N 121.4909 ° W / 46.2024 ; - 121.4909 ( Mount Adams ) 199 Mount Columbia Alberta British Columbia Canadian Rockies 3741 m 12,274 ft 2371 m 7,779 ft 158.0 km 98.2 mi 52 ° 08 ′ 50 '' N 117 ° 26 ′ 30 '' W / 52.1473 ° N 117.4416 ° W / 52.1473 ; - 117.4416 ( Mount Columbia ) 200 Mount King George Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 3741 m 12,274 ft 1281 m 4,203 ft 11.30 km 7.02 mi 60 ° 31 ′ 53 '' N 139 ° 47 ′ 03 '' W / 60.5314 ° N 139.7841 ° W / 60.5314 ; - 139.7841 ( Mount King George ) 201 Mount Johansen Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 3740 m 12,270 ft 560 m 1,837 ft 20.0 km 12.43 mi 60 ° 41 ′ 00 '' N 140 ° 40 ′ 56 '' W / 60.6832 ° N 140.6823 ° W / 60.6832 ; - 140.6823 ( Mount Johansen )
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Denali
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List of the highest major summits of North America
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list of the highest major summits of north america
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The following sortable table comprises the 200 highest mountain peaks of greater North America with at least 500 meters ( 1640 feet ) of topographic prominence .
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The summit of a mountain or hill may be measured in three principal ways : The topographic elevation of a summit measures the height of the summit above a geodetic sea level . The topographic prominence of a summit is a measure of how high the summit rises above its surroundings . The topographic isolation ( or radius of dominance ) of a summit measures how far the summit lies from its nearest point of equal elevation . In greater North America , only Denali exceeds 6000 meters ( 19,685 feet ) elevation . Three major summits exceed 5500 meters ( 18,045 feet ) , 11 exceed 5000 meters ( 16,404 feet ) , 21 exceed 4500 meters ( 14,764 feet ) , 124 exceed 4000 meters ( 13,123 feet ) , 277 exceed 3500 meters ( 11,483 feet ) , and 401 exceed 3000 meters ' ( 9843 feet ) elevation . Contents 1 Highest major summits 2 Gallery 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Highest major summits ( edit ) Map this section 's coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML GPX See also : List of the major 5000 - meter summits of North America , List of the major 4000 - meter summits of North America , and List of the major 3000 - meter summits of North America Of these 200 highest major summits of North America , 160 are located in the United States , 30 in Canada , 11 in México , six in Guatemala , and one in Costa Rica . Seven of these peaks lie on the Canada - United States border and one lies on the México - Guatemala border . The 200 highest summits of greater North America with at least 500 meters of topographic prominence Rank Mountain peak Region Mountain range Elevation Prominence Isolation Location Denali ( formerly Mount McKinley ) Alaska Alaska Range 6190.5 m 20,310 ft 6141 m 20,146 ft 7,450 km 4,629 mi 63 ° 04 ′ 08 '' N 151 ° 00 ′ 23 '' W / 63.0690 ° N 151.0063 ° W / 63.0690 ; - 151.0063 ( Denali ) Mount Logan Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 5959 m 19,551 ft 5247 m 17,215 ft 623 km 387 mi 60 ° 34 ′ 02 '' N 140 ° 24 ′ 20 '' W / 60.5671 ° N 140.4055 ° W / 60.5671 ; - 140.4055 ( Mount Logan ) Pico de Orizaba ( Citlaltépetl ) Puebla Veracruz Cordillera Neovolcanica 5636 m 18,491 ft 4922 m 16,148 ft 2,690 km 1,672 mi 19 ° 01 ′ 50 '' N 97 ° 16 ′ 11 '' W / 19.0305 ° N 97.2698 ° W / 19.0305 ; - 97.2698 ( Pico de Orizaba ) Mount Saint Elias Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 5489 m 18,009 ft 3429 m 11,250 ft 41.3 km 25.6 mi 60 ° 17 ′ 34 '' N 140 ° 55 ′ 51 '' W / 60.2927 ° N 140.9307 ° W / 60.2927 ; - 140.9307 ( Mount Saint Elias ) 5 Popocatépetl México Morelos Puebla Cordillera Neovolcanica 5410 m 17,749 ft 3040 m 9,974 ft 143.0 km 88.8 mi 19 ° 01 ′ 21 '' N 98 ° 37 ′ 40 '' W / 19.0225 ° N 98.6278 ° W / 19.0225 ; - 98.6278 ( Popocatépetl ) 6 Mount Foraker Alaska Alaska Range 5304 m 17,400 ft 2210 m 7,250 ft 23.0 km 14.27 mi 62 ° 57 ′ 37 '' N 151 ° 23 ′ 59 '' W / 62.9604 ° N 151.3998 ° W / 62.9604 ; - 151.3998 ( Mount Foraker ) 7 Mount Lucania Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 5260 m 17,257 ft 3080 m 10,105 ft 43.0 km 26.7 mi 61 ° 01 ′ 17 '' N 140 ° 27 ′ 58 '' W / 61.0215 ° N 140.4661 ° W / 61.0215 ; - 140.4661 ( Mount Lucania ) 8 Iztaccíhuatl México Puebla Cordillera Neovolcanica 5230 m 17,159 ft 1560 m 5,118 ft 17.51 km 10.88 mi 19 ° 10 ′ 49 '' N 98 ° 38 ′ 29 '' W / 19.1802 ° N 98.6415 ° W / 19.1802 ; - 98.6415 ( Iztaccíhuatl ) 9 King Peak Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 5173 m 16,972 ft 1073 m 3,520 ft 4.68 km 2.91 mi 60 ° 35 ′ 00 '' N 140 ° 39 ′ 18 '' W / 60.5833 ° N 140.6549 ° W / 60.5833 ; - 140.6549 ( King Peak ) 10 Mount Bona Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 5044 m 16,550 ft 2103 m 6,900 ft 80.0 km 49.7 mi 61 ° 23 ′ 08 '' N 141 ° 44 ′ 58 '' W / 61.3856 ° N 141.7495 ° W / 61.3856 ; - 141.7495 ( Mount Bona ) 11 Mount Steele Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 5020 m 16,470 ft 760 m 2,493 ft 9.45 km 5.87 mi 61 ° 05 ′ 34 '' N 140 ° 18 ′ 42 '' W / 61.0929 ° N 140.3118 ° W / 61.0929 ; - 140.3118 ( Mount Steele ) 12 Mount Blackburn Alaska Wrangell Mountains 4996 m 16,390 ft 3548 m 11,640 ft 97.6 km 60.7 mi 61 ° 43 ′ 50 '' N 143 ° 24 ′ 11 '' W / 61.7305 ° N 143.4031 ° W / 61.7305 ; - 143.4031 ( Mount Blackburn ) 13 Mount Sanford Alaska Wrangell Mountains 4949 m 16,237 ft 2343 m 7,687 ft 64.8 km 40.3 mi 62 ° 12 ′ 48 '' N 144 ° 07 ′ 45 '' W / 62.2132 ° N 144.1292 ° W / 62.2132 ; - 144.1292 ( Mount Sanford ) 14 Mount Wood Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 4860 m 15,945 ft 1200 m 3,937 ft 18.95 km 11.77 mi 61 ° 13 ′ 57 '' N 140 ° 30 ′ 44 '' W / 61.2326 ° N 140.5123 ° W / 61.2326 ; - 140.5123 ( Mount Wood ) 15 Mount Vancouver Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 4812 m 15,787 ft 2712 m 8,898 ft 44.0 km 27.4 mi 60 ° 21 ′ 32 '' N 139 ° 41 ′ 53 '' W / 60.3589 ° N 139.6980 ° W / 60.3589 ; - 139.6980 ( Mount Vancouver ) 16 Mount Slaggard Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 4742 m 15,558 ft 522 m 1,713 ft 7.74 km 4.81 mi 61 ° 10 ′ 22 '' N 140 ° 35 ′ 06 '' W / 61.1727 ° N 140.5851 ° W / 61.1727 ; - 140.5851 ( Mount Slaggard ) 17 Nevado de Toluca ( Volcán Xinantécatl ) México Cordillera Neovolcanica 4690 m 15,387 ft 2225 m 7,300 ft 118.4 km 73.6 mi 19 ° 06 ′ 07 '' N 99 ° 46 ′ 04 '' W / 19.1020 ° N 99.7677 ° W / 19.1020 ; - 99.7677 ( Nevado de Toluca ) 18 Mount Fairweather ( Fairweather Mountain ) Alaska British Columbia Saint Elias Mountains 4671 m 15,325 ft 3961 m 12,995 ft 200 km 124.4 mi 58 ° 54 ′ 23 '' N 137 ° 31 ′ 35 '' W / 58.9064 ° N 137.5265 ° W / 58.9064 ; - 137.5265 ( Mount Fairweather ) 19 Mount Hubbard Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 4557 m 14,951 ft 2457 m 8,061 ft 34.4 km 21.3 mi 60 ° 19 ′ 10 '' N 139 ° 04 ′ 21 '' W / 60.3194 ° N 139.0726 ° W / 60.3194 ; - 139.0726 ( Mount Hubbard ) 20 Mount Bear Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 4520 m 14,831 ft 1540 m 5,054 ft 32.4 km 20.1 mi 61 ° 17 ′ 00 '' N 141 ° 08 ′ 36 '' W / 61.2834 ° N 141.1433 ° W / 61.2834 ; - 141.1433 ( Mount Bear ) 21 Mount Walsh Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 4506 m 14,783 ft 1366 m 4,482 ft 18.76 km 11.66 mi 61 ° 00 ′ 13 '' N 140 ° 01 ′ 02 '' W / 61.0037 ° N 140.0171 ° W / 61.0037 ; - 140.0171 ( Mount Walsh ) 22 Mount Hunter Alaska Alaska Range 4442 m 14,573 ft 1418 m 4,653 ft 11.07 km 6.88 mi 62 ° 57 ′ 01 '' N 151 ° 05 ′ 29 '' W / 62.9504 ° N 151.0915 ° W / 62.9504 ; - 151.0915 ( Mount Hunter ) 23 La Malintzin ( La Malinche ) Puebla Tlaxcala Cordillera Neovolcanica 4430 m 14,534 ft 1920 m 6,299 ft 63.9 km 39.7 mi 19 ° 13 ′ 52 '' N 98 ° 01 ′ 56 '' W / 19.2310 ° N 98.0321 ° W / 19.2310 ; - 98.0321 ( La Malintzin ) 24 Mount Whitney California Sierra Nevada 4421.0 m 14,505 ft 3072 m 10,080 ft 2,649 km 1,646 mi 36 ° 34 ′ 43 '' N 118 ° 17 ′ 31 '' W / 36.5786 ° N 118.2920 ° W / 36.5786 ; - 118.2920 ( Mount Whitney ) 25 Mount Alverstone ( Boundary Point 180 ) Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 4420 m 14,500 ft 594 m 1,950 ft 3.62 km 2.25 mi 60 ° 21 ′ 06 '' N 139 ° 04 ′ 30 '' W / 60.3518 ° N 139.0749 ° W / 60.3518 ; - 139.0749 ( Mount Alverstone ) 26 University Peak Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 4410 m 14,470 ft 978 m 3,210 ft 5.97 km 3.71 mi 61 ° 19 ′ 38 '' N 141 ° 47 ′ 12 '' W / 61.3272 ° N 141.7867 ° W / 61.3272 ; - 141.7867 ( University Peak ) 27 Mount Elbert Colorado Sawatch Range 4401.2 m 14,440 ft 2772 m 9,093 ft 1,079 km 671 mi 39 ° 07 ′ 04 '' N 106 ° 26 ′ 43 '' W / 39.1178 ° N 106.4454 ° W / 39.1178 ; - 106.4454 ( Mount Elbert ) 28 Mount Massive Colorado Sawatch Range 4398 m 14,428 ft 598 m 1,961 ft 8.14 km 5.06 mi 39 ° 11 ′ 15 '' N 106 ° 28 ′ 33 '' W / 39.1875 ° N 106.4757 ° W / 39.1875 ; - 106.4757 ( Mount Massive ) 29 Mount Harvard Colorado Sawatch Range 4395.6 m 14,421 ft 719 m 2,360 ft 24.0 km 14.92 mi 38 ° 55 ′ 28 '' N 106 ° 19 ′ 15 '' W / 38.9244 ° N 106.3207 ° W / 38.9244 ; - 106.3207 ( Mount Harvard ) 30 Mount Rainier Washington Cascade Range 4394 m 14,417 ft 4026 m 13,210 ft 1,177 km 731 mi 46 ° 51 ′ 10 '' N 121 ° 45 ′ 37 '' W / 46.8529 ° N 121.7604 ° W / 46.8529 ; - 121.7604 ( Mount Rainier ) 31 Mount Williamson California Sierra Nevada 4383 m 14,379 ft 511 m 1,676 ft 8.70 km 5.41 mi 36 ° 39 ′ 21 '' N 118 ° 18 ′ 40 '' W / 36.6559 ° N 118.3111 ° W / 36.6559 ; - 118.3111 ( Mount Williamson ) 32 McArthur Peak Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 4380 m 14,370 ft 960 m 3,150 ft 9.10 km 5.65 mi 60 ° 36 ′ 25 '' N 140 ° 12 ′ 52 '' W / 60.6069 ° N 140.2144 ° W / 60.6069 ; - 140.2144 ( McArthur Peak ) 33 Blanca Peak Colorado Sangre de Cristo Mountains 4374 m 14,351 ft 1623 m 5,326 ft 166.4 km 103.4 mi 37 ° 34 ′ 39 '' N 105 ° 29 ′ 08 '' W / 37.5775 ° N 105.4856 ° W / 37.5775 ; - 105.4856 ( Blanca Peak ) 34 La Plata Peak Colorado Sawatch Range 4372 m 14,343 ft 560 m 1,836 ft 10.11 km 6.28 mi 39 ° 01 ′ 46 '' N 106 ° 28 ′ 22 '' W / 39.0294 ° N 106.4729 ° W / 39.0294 ; - 106.4729 ( La Plata Peak ) 35 Uncompahgre Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 4365.0 m 14,321 ft 1304 m 4,277 ft 136.8 km 85.0 mi 38 ° 04 ′ 18 '' N 107 ° 27 ′ 44 '' W / 38.0717 ° N 107.4621 ° W / 38.0717 ; - 107.4621 ( Uncompahgre Peak ) 36 Crestone Peak Colorado Sangre de Cristo Range 4359 m 14,300 ft 1388 m 4,554 ft 44.0 km 27.4 mi 37 ° 58 ′ 01 '' N 105 ° 35 ′ 08 '' W / 37.9669 ° N 105.5855 ° W / 37.9669 ; - 105.5855 ( Crestone Peak ) 37 Mount Lincoln Colorado Mosquito Range 4356.5 m 14,293 ft 1177 m 3,862 ft 36.2 km 22.5 mi 39 ° 21 ′ 05 '' N 106 ° 06 ′ 42 '' W / 39.3515 ° N 106.1116 ° W / 39.3515 ; - 106.1116 ( Mount Lincoln ) 38 Castle Peak Colorado Elk Mountains 4352.2 m 14,279 ft 721 m 2,365 ft 33.6 km 20.9 mi 39 ° 00 ′ 35 '' N 106 ° 51 ′ 41 '' W / 39.0097 ° N 106.8614 ° W / 39.0097 ; - 106.8614 ( Castle Peak ) 39 Grays Peak Colorado Front Range 4352 m 14,278 ft 844 m 2,770 ft 40.2 km 25.0 mi 39 ° 38 ′ 02 '' N 105 ° 49 ′ 03 '' W / 39.6339 ° N 105.8176 ° W / 39.6339 ; - 105.8176 ( Grays Peak ) 40 Mount Antero Colorado Sawatch Range 4351.4 m 14,276 ft 763 m 2,503 ft 28.4 km 17.67 mi 38 ° 40 ′ 27 '' N 106 ° 14 ′ 46 '' W / 38.6741 ° N 106.2462 ° W / 38.6741 ; - 106.2462 ( Mount Antero ) 41 Mount Evans Colorado Front Range 4350 m 14,271 ft 844 m 2,770 ft 15.76 km 9.79 mi 39 ° 35 ′ 18 '' N 105 ° 38 ′ 38 '' W / 39.5883 ° N 105.6438 ° W / 39.5883 ; - 105.6438 ( Mount Evans ) 42 Longs Peak Colorado Front Range 4346 m 14,259 ft 896 m 2,940 ft 70.2 km 43.6 mi 40 ° 15 ′ 18 '' N 105 ° 36 ′ 54 '' W / 40.2550 ° N 105.6151 ° W / 40.2550 ; - 105.6151 ( Longs Peak ) 43 Mount Wilson Colorado San Miguel Mountains 4344 m 14,252 ft 1227 m 4,024 ft 53.1 km 33.0 mi 37 ° 50 ′ 21 '' N 107 ° 59 ′ 30 '' W / 37.8391 ° N 107.9916 ° W / 37.8391 ; - 107.9916 ( Mount Wilson ) 44 White Mountain Peak California White Mountains 4344.0 m 14,252 ft 2193 m 7,196 ft 108.6 km 67.4 mi 37 ° 38 ′ 03 '' N 118 ° 15 ′ 21 '' W / 37.6341 ° N 118.2557 ° W / 37.6341 ; - 118.2557 ( White Mountain Peak ) 45 North Palisade California Sierra Nevada 4343 m 14,248 ft 882 m 2,894 ft 51.8 km 32.2 mi 37 ° 05 ′ 39 '' N 118 ° 30 ′ 52 '' W / 37.0943 ° N 118.5145 ° W / 37.0943 ; - 118.5145 ( North Palisade ) 46 Mount Princeton Colorado Sawatch Range 4329.3 m 14,204 ft 664 m 2,177 ft 8.36 km 5.19 mi 38 ° 44 ′ 57 '' N 106 ° 14 ′ 33 '' W / 38.7492 ° N 106.2424 ° W / 38.7492 ; - 106.2424 ( Mount Princeton ) 47 Mount Yale Colorado Sawatch Range 4328.2 m 14,200 ft 578 m 1,896 ft 8.93 km 5.55 mi 38 ° 50 ′ 39 '' N 106 ° 18 ′ 50 '' W / 38.8442 ° N 106.3138 ° W / 38.8442 ; - 106.3138 ( Mount Yale ) 48 Mount Shasta California Cascade Range 4321.8 m 14,179 ft 2979 m 9,772 ft 539 km 335 mi 41 ° 24 ′ 33 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 42 '' W / 41.4092 ° N 122.1949 ° W / 41.4092 ; - 122.1949 ( Mount Shasta ) 49 Maroon Peak Colorado Elk Mountains 4317.0 m 14,163 ft 712 m 2,336 ft 12.97 km 8.06 mi 39 ° 04 ′ 15 '' N 106 ° 59 ′ 20 '' W / 39.0708 ° N 106.9890 ° W / 39.0708 ; - 106.9890 ( Maroon Peak ) 50 Mount Wrangell Alaska Wrangell Mountains 4317 m 14,163 ft 1711 m 5,613 ft 23.8 km 14.79 mi 62 ° 00 ′ 21 '' N 144 ° 01 ′ 07 '' W / 62.0059 ° N 144.0187 ° W / 62.0059 ; - 144.0187 ( Mount Wrangell ) 51 Mount Sneffels Colorado Sneffels Range 4315.4 m 14,158 ft 930 m 3,050 ft 25.3 km 15.71 mi 38 ° 00 ′ 14 '' N 107 ° 47 ′ 32 '' W / 38.0038 ° N 107.7923 ° W / 38.0038 ; - 107.7923 ( Mount Sneffels ) 52 Capitol Peak Colorado Elk Mountains 4309 m 14,137 ft 533 m 1,750 ft 11.98 km 7.44 mi 39 ° 09 ′ 01 '' N 107 ° 04 ′ 58 '' W / 39.1503 ° N 107.0829 ° W / 39.1503 ; - 107.0829 ( Capitol Peak ) 53 Pikes Peak Colorado Front Range 4302.31 m 14,115 ft 1686 m 5,530 ft 97.6 km 60.6 mi 38 ° 50 ′ 26 '' N 105 ° 02 ′ 39 '' W / 38.8405 ° N 105.0442 ° W / 38.8405 ; - 105.0442 ( Pikes Peak ) 54 Windom Peak Colorado Needle Mountains 4296 m 14,093 ft 667 m 2,187 ft 42.4 km 26.3 mi 37 ° 37 ′ 16 '' N 107 ° 35 ′ 31 '' W / 37.6212 ° N 107.5919 ° W / 37.6212 ; - 107.5919 ( Windom Peak ) 55 Mount Augusta Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 4289 m 14,070 ft 1549 m 5,082 ft 23.2 km 14.41 mi 60 ° 18 ′ 27 '' N 140 ° 27 ′ 30 '' W / 60.3074 ° N 140.4584 ° W / 60.3074 ; - 140.4584 ( Mount Augusta ) 56 Handies Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 4284.8 m 14,058 ft 582 m 1,908 ft 18.00 km 11.18 mi 37 ° 54 ′ 47 '' N 107 ° 30 ′ 16 '' W / 37.9130 ° N 107.5044 ° W / 37.9130 ; - 107.5044 ( Handies Peak ) 57 Culebra Peak Colorado Culebra Range 4283 m 14,053 ft 1471 m 4,827 ft 56.9 km 35.4 mi 37 ° 07 ′ 21 '' N 105 ° 11 ′ 09 '' W / 37.1224 ° N 105.1858 ° W / 37.1224 ; - 105.1858 ( Culebra Peak ) 58 San Luis Peak Colorado La Garita Mountains 4273.8 m 14,022 ft 949 m 3,113 ft 43.4 km 26.9 mi 37 ° 59 ′ 12 '' N 106 ° 55 ′ 53 '' W / 37.9868 ° N 106.9313 ° W / 37.9868 ; - 106.9313 ( San Luis Peak ) 59 Mount of the Holy Cross Colorado Sawatch Range 4270.5 m 14,011 ft 644 m 2,113 ft 29.6 km 18.41 mi 39 ° 28 ′ 00 '' N 106 ° 28 ′ 54 '' W / 39.4668 ° N 106.4817 ° W / 39.4668 ; - 106.4817 ( Mount of the Holy Cross ) 60 Nevado de Colima Jalisco Cordillera Neovolcanica 4270 m 14,009 ft 2720 m 8,924 ft 405 km 252 mi 19 ° 33 ′ 48 '' N 103 ° 36 ′ 31 '' W / 19.5633 ° N 103.6087 ° W / 19.5633 ; - 103.6087 ( Nevado de Colima ) 61 Grizzly Peak Colorado Sawatch Range 4265.6 m 13,995 ft 588 m 1,928 ft 10.89 km 6.77 mi 39 ° 02 ′ 33 '' N 106 ° 35 ′ 51 '' W / 39.0425 ° N 106.5976 ° W / 39.0425 ; - 106.5976 ( Grizzly Peak ) 62 Mount Humphreys California Sierra Nevada 4265 m 13,992 ft 781 m 2,563 ft 23.7 km 14.71 mi 37 ° 16 ′ 14 '' N 118 ° 40 ′ 23 '' W / 37.2705 ° N 118.6730 ° W / 37.2705 ; - 118.6730 ( Mount Humphreys ) 63 Mount Keith California Sierra Nevada 4262 m 13,982 ft 590 m 1,936 ft 4.97 km 3.09 mi 36 ° 42 ′ 00 '' N 118 ° 20 ′ 37 '' W / 36.7001 ° N 118.3436 ° W / 36.7001 ; - 118.3436 ( Mount Keith ) 64 Mount Strickland Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 4260 m 13,976 ft 800 m 2,625 ft 7.35 km 4.57 mi 61 ° 14 ′ 11 '' N 140 ° 40 ′ 32 '' W / 61.2365 ° N 140.6755 ° W / 61.2365 ; - 140.6755 ( Mount Strickland ) 65 Mount Ouray Colorado Sawatch Range 4255.4 m 13,961 ft 810 m 2,659 ft 21.9 km 13.58 mi 38 ° 25 ′ 22 '' N 106 ° 13 ′ 29 '' W / 38.4227 ° N 106.2247 ° W / 38.4227 ; - 106.2247 ( Mount Ouray ) 66 Vermilion Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 4237 m 13,900 ft 642 m 2,105 ft 14.60 km 9.07 mi 37 ° 47 ′ 57 '' N 107 ° 49 ′ 43 '' W / 37.7993 ° N 107.8285 ° W / 37.7993 ; - 107.8285 ( Vermilion Peak ) 67 Avalanche Peak Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 4228 m 13,871 ft 608 m 1,995 ft 4.54 km 2.82 mi 61 ° 14 ′ 24 '' N 140 ° 45 ′ 35 '' W / 61.2401 ° N 140.7597 ° W / 61.2401 ; - 140.7597 ( Avalanche Peak ) 68 Atna Peaks Alaska Wrangell Mountains 4225 m 13,860 ft 674 m 2,210 ft 5.86 km 3.64 mi 61 ° 44 ′ 58 '' N 143 ° 14 ′ 29 '' W / 61.7495 ° N 143.2414 ° W / 61.7495 ; - 143.2414 ( Atna Peaks ) 69 Volcán Tajumulco Guatemala Sierra de las Nubes 4220 m 13,845 ft 3990 m 13,091 ft 722 km 448 mi 15 ° 02 ′ 35 '' N 91 ° 54 ′ 13 '' W / 15.0430 ° N 91.9037 ° W / 15.0430 ; - 91.9037 ( Volcán Tajumulco ) 70 Regal Mountain Alaska Wrangell Mountains 4220 m 13,845 ft 1340 m 4,395 ft 19.72 km 12.25 mi 61 ° 44 ′ 38 '' N 142 ° 52 ′ 03 '' W / 61.7438 ° N 142.8675 ° W / 61.7438 ; - 142.8675 ( Regal Mountain ) 71 Mount Darwin California Sierra Nevada 4218 m 13,837 ft 576 m 1,891 ft 11.48 km 7.13 mi 37 ° 10 ′ 01 '' N 118 ° 40 ′ 20 '' W / 37.1669 ° N 118.6721 ° W / 37.1669 ; - 118.6721 ( Mount Darwin ) 72 Mount Hayes Alaska Alaska Range 4216 m 13,832 ft 3507 m 11,507 ft 202 km 125.5 mi 63 ° 37 ′ 13 '' N 146 ° 43 ′ 04 '' W / 63.6203 ° N 146.7178 ° W / 63.6203 ; - 146.7178 ( Mount Hayes ) 73 Mount Silverheels Colorado Front Range 4215.0 m 13,829 ft 696 m 2,283 ft 8.82 km 5.48 mi 39 ° 20 ′ 22 '' N 106 ° 00 ′ 19 '' W / 39.3394 ° N 106.0054 ° W / 39.3394 ; - 106.0054 ( Mount Silverheels ) 74 Rio Grande Pyramid Colorado San Juan Mountains 4214.4 m 13,827 ft 573 m 1,881 ft 17.31 km 10.76 mi 37 ° 40 ′ 47 '' N 107 ° 23 ′ 33 '' W / 37.6797 ° N 107.3924 ° W / 37.6797 ; - 107.3924 ( Rio Grande Pyramid ) 75 Cofre de Perote Veracruz Cordillera Neovolcanica 4210 m 13,812 ft 1340 m 4,396 ft 52.9 km 32.9 mi 19 ° 29 ′ 38 '' N 97 ° 08 ′ 53 '' W / 19.4940 ° N 97.1480 ° W / 19.4940 ; - 97.1480 ( Cofre de Perote ) 76 Gannett Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 4209.1 m 13,809 ft 2157 m 7,076 ft 467 km 290 mi 43 ° 11 ′ 03 '' N 109 ° 39 ′ 15 '' W / 43.1842 ° N 109.6542 ° W / 43.1842 ; - 109.6542 ( Gannett Peak ) 77 Mount Kaweah California Sierra Nevada 4209 m 13,807 ft 618 m 2,027 ft 17.27 km 10.73 mi 36 ° 31 ′ 34 '' N 118 ° 28 ′ 43 '' W / 36.5261 ° N 118.4785 ° W / 36.5261 ; - 118.4785 ( Mount Kaweah ) 78 Grand Teton Wyoming Teton Range 4198.7 m 13,775 ft 1995 m 6,545 ft 111.6 km 69.4 mi 43 ° 44 ′ 28 '' N 110 ° 48 ′ 09 '' W / 43.7412 ° N 110.8024 ° W / 43.7412 ; - 110.8024 ( Grand Teton ) 79 Mount Cook Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 4194 m 13,760 ft 2350 m 7,710 ft 23.4 km 14.54 mi 60 ° 10 ′ 54 '' N 139 ° 58 ′ 52 '' W / 60.1816 ° N 139.9811 ° W / 60.1816 ; - 139.9811 ( Mount Cook ) 80 Mount Morgan California Sierra Nevada 4193.4 m 13,758 ft 807 m 2,648 ft 15.87 km 9.86 mi 37 ° 24 ′ 19 '' N 118 ° 43 ′ 58 '' W / 37.4053 ° N 118.7329 ° W / 37.4053 ; - 118.7329 ( Mount Morgan ) 81 Mount Gabb California Sierra Nevada 4190 m 13,747 ft 793 m 2,601 ft 6.89 km 4.28 mi 37 ° 22 ′ 37 '' N 118 ° 48 ′ 09 '' W / 37.3769 ° N 118.8025 ° W / 37.3769 ; - 118.8025 ( Mount Gabb ) 82 Bald Mountain Colorado Front Range 4173 m 13,690 ft 640 m 2,099 ft 12.09 km 7.51 mi 39 ° 26 ′ 41 '' N 105 ° 58 ′ 14 '' W / 39.4448 ° N 105.9705 ° W / 39.4448 ; - 105.9705 ( Bald Mountain ) 83 Mount Oso Colorado San Juan Mountains 4173 m 13,690 ft 507 m 1,664 ft 8.71 km 5.41 mi 37 ° 36 ′ 25 '' N 107 ° 29 ′ 37 '' W / 37.6070 ° N 107.4936 ° W / 37.6070 ; - 107.4936 ( Mount Oso ) 84 Mount Jackson Colorado Sawatch Range 4168.5 m 13,676 ft 552 m 1,810 ft 5.16 km 3.21 mi 39 ° 29 ′ 07 '' N 106 ° 32 ′ 12 '' W / 39.4853 ° N 106.5367 ° W / 39.4853 ; - 106.5367 ( Mount Jackson ) 85 Mount Tom California Sierra Nevada 4163 m 13,657 ft 607 m 1,992 ft 7.67 km 4.77 mi 37 ° 22 ′ 34 '' N 119 ° 10 ′ 44 '' W / 37.3762 ° N 119.1789 ° W / 37.3762 ; - 119.1789 ( Mount Tom ) 86 Bard Peak Colorado Front Range 4159 m 13,647 ft 518 m 1,701 ft 8.74 km 5.43 mi 39 ° 43 ′ 13 '' N 105 ° 48 ′ 16 '' W / 39.7204 ° N 105.8044 ° W / 39.7204 ; - 105.8044 ( Bard Peak ) 87 West Spanish Peak Colorado Spanish Peaks 4155 m 13,631 ft 1123 m 3,686 ft 32.0 km 19.87 mi 37 ° 22 ′ 32 '' N 104 ° 59 ′ 36 '' W / 37.3756 ° N 104.9934 ° W / 37.3756 ; - 104.9934 ( West Spanish Peak ) 88 Mount Powell Colorado Gore Range 4141 m 13,586 ft 914 m 3,000 ft 34.6 km 21.5 mi 39 ° 45 ′ 36 '' N 106 ° 20 ′ 27 '' W / 39.7601 ° N 106.3407 ° W / 39.7601 ; - 106.3407 ( Mount Powell ) 89 Hagues Peak Colorado Mummy Range 4137 m 13,573 ft 738 m 2,420 ft 25.3 km 15.70 mi 40 ° 29 ′ 04 '' N 105 ° 38 ′ 47 '' W / 40.4845 ° N 105.6464 ° W / 40.4845 ; - 105.6464 ( Hagues Peak ) 90 Mount Dubois California White Mountains 4135 m 13,565 ft 713 m 2,339 ft 15.50 km 9.63 mi 37 ° 47 ′ 00 '' N 118 ° 20 ′ 36 '' W / 37.7834 ° N 118.3432 ° W / 37.7834 ; - 118.3432 ( Mount Dubois ) 91 Tower Mountain Colorado San Juan Mountains 4132 m 13,558 ft 504 m 1,652 ft 7.86 km 4.88 mi 37 ° 51 ′ 26 '' N 107 ° 37 ′ 23 '' W / 37.8573 ° N 107.6230 ° W / 37.8573 ; - 107.6230 ( Tower Mountain ) 92 Treasure Mountain Colorado Elk Mountains 4125 m 13,535 ft 862 m 2,828 ft 11.13 km 6.92 mi 39 ° 01 ′ 28 '' N 107 ° 07 ′ 22 '' W / 39.0244 ° N 107.1228 ° W / 39.0244 ; - 107.1228 ( Treasure Mountain ) 93 Kings Peak Utah Uinta Mountains 4125 m 13,534 ft 1938 m 6,358 ft 268 km 166.6 mi 40 ° 46 ′ 35 '' N 110 ° 22 ′ 22 '' W / 40.7763 ° N 110.3729 ° W / 40.7763 ; - 110.3729 ( Kings Peak ) 94 Monte Tlaloc Mexico Trans Mexican Volcanic Belt 4120 m 13,517 ft 958 m 3,143 ft 15.00 km 9.32 mi 19 ° 23 ′ 42 '' N 98 ° 46 ′ 52 '' W / 19.3950 ° N 98.781 ° W / 19.3950 ; - 98.781 ( Monte Tlaloc ) 95 North Arapaho Peak Colorado Front Range 4117 m 13,508 ft 507 m 1,665 ft 24.8 km 15.38 mi 40 ° 01 ′ 35 '' N 105 ° 39 ′ 01 '' W / 40.0265 ° N 105.6504 ° W / 40.0265 ; - 105.6504 ( North Arapaho Peak ) 96 Mount Pinchot California Sierra Nevada 4115 m 13,500 ft 643 m 2,110 ft 7.58 km 4.71 mi 36 ° 56 ′ 50 '' N 118 ° 24 ′ 19 '' W / 36.9473 ° N 118.4054 ° W / 36.9473 ; - 118.4054 ( Mount Pinchot ) 97 Mount Natazhat Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 4095 m 13,435 ft 1824 m 5,985 ft 24.9 km 15.49 mi 61 ° 31 ′ 18 '' N 141 ° 06 ′ 11 '' W / 61.5217 ° N 141.1030 ° W / 61.5217 ; - 141.1030 ( Mount Natazhat ) 98 Mount Jarvis Alaska Wrangell Mountains 4091 m 13,421 ft 1454 m 4,771 ft 17.95 km 11.15 mi 62 ° 01 ′ 24 '' N 143 ° 37 ′ 11 '' W / 62.0234 ° N 143.6198 ° W / 62.0234 ; - 143.6198 ( Mount Jarvis ) 99 Parry Peak Colorado Front Range 4083 m 13,397 ft 524 m 1,720 ft 15.22 km 9.46 mi 39 ° 50 ′ 17 '' N 105 ° 42 ′ 48 '' W / 39.8381 ° N 105.7132 ° W / 39.8381 ; - 105.7132 ( Parry Peak ) 100 Bill Williams Peak Colorado Williams Mountains 4081 m 13,389 ft 513 m 1,682 ft 6.00 km 3.73 mi 39 ° 10 ′ 50 '' N 106 ° 36 ′ 37 '' W / 39.1806 ° N 106.6102 ° W / 39.1806 ; - 106.6102 ( Bill Williams Peak ) 101 Sultan Mountain Colorado San Juan Mountains 4076 m 13,373 ft 569 m 1,868 ft 7.39 km 4.59 mi 37 ° 47 ′ 09 '' N 107 ° 42 ′ 14 '' W / 37.7859 ° N 107.7038 ° W / 37.7859 ; - 107.7038 ( Sultan Mountain ) 102 Mount Herard Colorado Sangre de Cristo Mountains 4068 m 13,345 ft 622 m 2,040 ft 7.45 km 4.63 mi 37 ° 50 ′ 57 '' N 105 ° 29 ′ 42 '' W / 37.8492 ° N 105.4949 ° W / 37.8492 ; - 105.4949 ( Mount Herard ) 103 Volcán Tacaná Chiapas Guatemala Sierra de Istatan 4067 m 13,343 ft 1037 m 3,402 ft 24.1 km 14.99 mi 15 ° 07 ′ 56 '' N 92 ° 06 ′ 30 '' W / 15.1323 ° N 92.1084 ° W / 15.1323 ; - 92.1084 ( Volcán Tacaná ) 104 West Buffalo Peak Colorado Mosquito Range 4064 m 13,332 ft 605 m 1,986 ft 15.46 km 9.61 mi 38 ° 59 ′ 30 '' N 106 ° 07 ′ 30 '' W / 38.9917 ° N 106.1249 ° W / 38.9917 ; - 106.1249 ( West Buffalo Peak ) 105 Mount Craig Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 4060 m 13,320 ft 520 m 1,706 ft 6.97 km 4.33 mi 61 ° 15 ′ 49 '' N 140 ° 52 ′ 48 '' W / 61.2636 ° N 140.8800 ° W / 61.2636 ; - 140.8800 ( Mount Craig ) 106 Tressider Peak Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 4058 m 13,315 ft 507 m 1,665 ft 5.34 km 3.32 mi 61 ° 21 ′ 32 '' N 141 ° 39 ′ 59 '' W / 61.3590 ° N 141.6664 ° W / 61.3590 ; - 141.6664 ( Tressider Peak ) 107 Summit Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 4056.2 m 13,308 ft 841 m 2,760 ft 63.7 km 39.6 mi 37 ° 21 ′ 02 '' N 106 ° 41 ′ 48 '' W / 37.3506 ° N 106.6968 ° W / 37.3506 ; - 106.6968 ( Summit Peak ) 108 Middle Peak Colorado San Miguel Mountains 4056 m 13,306 ft 597 m 1,960 ft 7.69 km 4.78 mi 37 ° 51 ′ 13 '' N 108 ° 06 ′ 30 '' W / 37.8536 ° N 108.1082 ° W / 37.8536 ; - 108.1082 ( Middle Peak ) 109 Antora Peak Colorado Sawatch Range 4046 m 13,275 ft 734 m 2,409 ft 10.86 km 6.75 mi 38 ° 19 ′ 30 '' N 106 ° 13 ′ 05 '' W / 38.3250 ° N 106.2180 ° W / 38.3250 ; - 106.2180 ( Antora Peak ) 110 Henry Mountain Colorado Sawatch Range 4042 m 13,261 ft 510 m 1,674 ft 17.61 km 10.94 mi 38 ° 41 ′ 08 '' N 106 ° 37 ′ 16 '' W / 38.6856 ° N 106.6211 ° W / 38.6856 ; - 106.6211 ( Henry Mountain ) 111 Hesperus Mountain Colorado La Plata Mountains 4035 m 13,237 ft 869 m 2,852 ft 39.5 km 24.5 mi 37 ° 26 ′ 42 '' N 108 ° 05 ′ 20 '' W / 37.4451 ° N 108.0890 ° W / 37.4451 ; - 108.0890 ( Hesperus Mountain ) 112 Mount Silverthrone Alaska Alaska Range 4029 m 13,220 ft 988 m 3,240 ft 12.72 km 7.90 mi 63 ° 06 ′ 57 '' N 150 ° 40 ′ 32 '' W / 63.1157 ° N 150.6755 ° W / 63.1157 ; - 150.6755 ( Mount Silverthrone ) 113 Jacque Peak Colorado Gore Range 4027 m 13,211 ft 629 m 2,065 ft 7.28 km 4.52 mi 39 ° 27 ′ 18 '' N 106 ° 11 ′ 49 '' W / 39.4549 ° N 106.1970 ° W / 39.4549 ; - 106.1970 ( Jacque Peak ) 114 Bennett Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 4026 m 13,209 ft 531 m 1,743 ft 27.5 km 17.08 mi 37 ° 29 ′ 00 '' N 106 ° 26 ′ 03 '' W / 37.4833 ° N 106.4343 ° W / 37.4833 ; - 106.4343 ( Bennett Peak ) 115 Wind River Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 4022.4 m 13,197 ft 784 m 2,572 ft 56.6 km 35.1 mi 42 ° 42 ′ 31 '' N 109 ° 07 ′ 42 '' W / 42.7085 ° N 109.1284 ° W / 42.7085 ; - 109.1284 ( Wind River Peak ) 116 Mount Waddington British Columbia Coast Mountains 4019 m 13,186 ft 3289 m 10,791 ft 562 km 349 mi 51 ° 22 ′ 25 '' N 125 ° 15 ′ 49 '' W / 51.3737 ° N 125.2636 ° W / 51.3737 ; - 125.2636 ( Mount Waddington ) 117 Conejos Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 4017.0 m 13,179 ft 583 m 1,912 ft 13.12 km 8.15 mi 37 ° 17 ′ 19 '' N 106 ° 34 ′ 15 '' W / 37.2887 ° N 106.5709 ° W / 37.2887 ; - 106.5709 ( Conejos Peak ) 118 Mount Marcus Baker Alaska Chugach Mountains 4016 m 13,176 ft 3277 m 10,751 ft 203 km 126.3 mi 61 ° 26 ′ 15 '' N 147 ° 45 ′ 09 '' W / 61.4374 ° N 147.7525 ° W / 61.4374 ; - 147.7525 ( Mount Marcus Baker ) 119 Cloud Peak Wyoming Bighorn Mountains 4013.3 m 13,167 ft 2157 m 7,077 ft 233 km 145.0 mi 44 ° 22 ′ 56 '' N 107 ° 10 ′ 26 '' W / 44.3821 ° N 107.1739 ° W / 44.3821 ; - 107.1739 ( Cloud Peak ) Wheeler Peak New Mexico Taos Mountains 4013.3 m 13,167 ft 1039 m 3,409 ft 59.6 km 37.0 mi 36 ° 33 ′ 25 '' N 105 ° 25 ′ 01 '' W / 36.5569 ° N 105.4169 ° W / 36.5569 ; - 105.4169 ( Wheeler Peak ) 121 Francs Peak Wyoming Absaroka Range 4012.3 m 13,164 ft 1236 m 4,056 ft 76.0 km 47.2 mi 43 ° 57 ′ 41 '' N 109 ° 20 ′ 21 '' W / 43.9613 ° N 109.3392 ° W / 43.9613 ; - 109.3392 ( Francs Peak ) 122 Twilight Peak Colorado Needle Mountains 4012 m 13,163 ft 713 m 2,338 ft 7.86 km 4.88 mi 37 ° 39 ′ 47 '' N 107 ° 43 ′ 37 '' W / 37.6630 ° N 107.7270 ° W / 37.6630 ; - 107.7270 ( Twilight Peak ) 123 South River Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 4009.4 m 13,154 ft 746 m 2,448 ft 34.0 km 21.1 mi 37 ° 34 ′ 27 '' N 106 ° 58 ′ 53 '' W / 37.5741 ° N 106.9815 ° W / 37.5741 ; - 106.9815 ( South River Peak ) 124 Mount Ritter California Sierra Nevada 4008 m 13,149 ft 1216 m 3,990 ft 35.4 km 22.0 mi 37 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 119 ° 11 ′ 59 '' W / 37.6891 ° N 119.1996 ° W / 37.6891 ; - 119.1996 ( Mount Ritter ) 125 Red Slate Mountain California Sierra Nevada 4002 m 13,129 ft 529 m 1,736 ft 13.38 km 8.31 mi 37 ° 30 ′ 27 '' N 118 ° 52 ′ 09 '' W / 37.5075 ° N 118.8693 ° W / 37.5075 ; - 118.8693 ( Red Slate Mountain ) 126 Mount Lyell ( California ) California Sierra Nevada 3998.9 m 13,120 ft 587 m 1,926 ft 8.46 km 5.26 mi 37 ° 44 ′ 22 '' N 119 ° 16 ′ 18 '' W / 37.7394 ° N 119.2716 ° W / 37.7394 ; - 119.2716 ( Mount Lyell ) 127 Bushnell Peak Colorado Sangre de Cristo Mountains 3995.8 m 13,110 ft 733 m 2,405 ft 17.82 km 11.07 mi 38 ° 20 ′ 28 '' N 105 ° 53 ′ 21 '' W / 38.3412 ° N 105.8892 ° W / 38.3412 ; - 105.8892 ( Bushnell Peak ) 128 Truchas Peak New Mexico Santa Fe Mountains 3995.2 m 13,108 ft 1220 m 4,001 ft 68.2 km 42.3 mi 35 ° 57 ′ 45 '' N 105 ° 38 ′ 42 '' W / 35.9625 ° N 105.6450 ° W / 35.9625 ; - 105.6450 ( Truchas Peak ) 129 Wheeler Peak Nevada Snake Range 3982.3 m 13,065 ft 2307 m 7,568 ft 373 km 232 mi 38 ° 59 ′ 09 '' N 114 ° 18 ′ 50 '' W / 38.9858 ° N 114.3139 ° W / 38.9858 ; - 114.3139 ( Wheeler Peak ) 130 Mount Dana California Sierra Nevada 3981.5 m 13,063 ft 743 m 2,437 ft 18.35 km 11.40 mi 37 ° 54 ′ 00 '' N 119 ° 13 ′ 16 '' W / 37.8999 ° N 119.2211 ° W / 37.8999 ; - 119.2211 ( Mount Dana ) 131 Spring Glacier Peak Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 3976 m 13,045 ft 676 m 2,218 ft 6.00 km 3.73 mi 61 ° 02 ′ 27 '' N 139 ° 55 ′ 58 '' W / 61.0408 ° N 139.9328 ° W / 61.0408 ; - 139.9328 ( Spring Glacier Peak ) 132 West Elk Peak Colorado West Elk Mountains 3975.2 m 13,042 ft 943 m 3,095 ft 22.2 km 13.78 mi 38 ° 43 ′ 04 '' N 107 ° 11 ′ 58 '' W / 38.7179 ° N 107.1994 ° W / 38.7179 ; - 107.1994 ( West Elk Peak ) 133 Volcán Acatenango Guatemala Chimaltenango 3975 m 13,041 ft 1835 m 6,020 ft 125.9 km 78.2 mi 14 ° 30 ′ 06 '' N 90 ° 52 ′ 32 '' W / 14.5016 ° N 90.8755 ° W / 14.5016 ; - 90.8755 ( Volcán Acatenango ) 134 Mount Moffit Alaska Alaska Range 3969 m 13,020 ft 1210 m 3,970 ft 16.41 km 10.20 mi 63 ° 34 ′ 06 '' N 146 ° 23 ′ 54 '' W / 63.5683 ° N 146.3982 ° W / 63.5683 ; - 146.3982 ( Mount Moffit ) 135 Mount Centennial ( Peak 13010 ) Colorado San Juan Mountains 3967 m 13,016 ft 546 m 1,790 ft 4.61 km 2.86 mi 37 ° 36 ′ 22 '' N 107 ° 14 ′ 41 '' W / 37.6062 ° N 107.2446 ° W / 37.6062 ; - 107.2446 ( Mount Centennial ) 136 Mount Robson British Columbia Canadian Rockies 3959 m 12,989 ft 2829 m 9,281 ft 460 km 286 mi 53 ° 06 ′ 38 '' N 119 ° 09 ′ 24 '' W / 53.1105 ° N 119.1566 ° W / 53.1105 ; - 119.1566 ( Mount Robson ) 137 Clark Peak Colorado Medicine Bow Mountains 3948.4 m 12,954 ft 845 m 2,771 ft 26.4 km 16.40 mi 40 ° 36 ′ 24 '' N 105 ° 55 ′ 48 '' W / 40.6068 ° N 105.9300 ° W / 40.6068 ; - 105.9300 ( Clark Peak ) 138 Mount Richthofen Colorado Never Summer Mountains 3946 m 12,945 ft 817 m 2,680 ft 15.54 km 9.66 mi 40 ° 28 ′ 10 '' N 105 ° 53 ′ 40 '' W / 40.4695 ° N 105.8945 ° W / 40.4695 ; - 105.8945 ( Mount Richthofen ) 139 Cerro Ajusco Distrito Federal Cordillera Neovolcanica 3937 m 12,917 ft 1227 m 4,026 ft 53.5 km 33.2 mi 19 ° 12 ′ 27 '' N 99 ° 15 ′ 30 '' W / 19.2074 ° N 99.2582 ° W / 19.2074 ; - 99.2582 ( Cerro Ajusco ) 140 Mount Harrison ( Yukon ) Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 3935 m 12,910 ft 875 m 2,871 ft 11.00 km 6.84 mi 61 ° 04 ′ 41 '' N 140 ° 06 ′ 07 '' W / 61.0781 ° N 140.1019 ° W / 61.0781 ; - 140.1019 ( Mount Harrison ) 141 Mount Queen Mary Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 3928 m 12,887 ft 1348 m 4,423 ft 25.3 km 15.69 mi 60 ° 37 ′ 43 '' N 139 ° 43 ′ 29 '' W / 60.6286 ° N 139.7247 ° W / 60.6286 ; - 139.7247 ( Mount Queen Mary ) Mount Root Alaska British Columbia Saint Elias Mountains 3928 m 12,887 ft 908 m 2,979 ft 8.79 km 5.46 mi 58 ° 59 ′ 07 '' N 137 ° 30 ′ 00 '' W / 58.9854 ° N 137.5001 ° W / 58.9854 ; - 137.5001 ( Mount Root ) 143 Lizard Head Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 3916 m 12,847 ft 580 m 1,902 ft 10.40 km 6.46 mi 42 ° 47 ′ 24 '' N 109 ° 11 ′ 52 '' W / 42.7901 ° N 109.1978 ° W / 42.7901 ; - 109.1978 ( Lizard Head Peak ) 144 Granite Peak Montana Beartooth Mountains 3903.5 m 12,807 ft 1457 m 4,779 ft 138.5 km 86.0 mi 45 ° 09 ′ 48 '' N 109 ° 48 ′ 27 '' W / 45.1634 ° N 109.8075 ° W / 45.1634 ; - 109.8075 ( Granite Peak ) 145 Mount Crosson Alaska Alaska Range 3901 m 12,800 ft 503 m 1,650 ft 8.22 km 5.11 mi 63 ° 00 ′ 29 '' N 151 ° 16 ′ 35 '' W / 63.0081 ° N 151.2763 ° W / 63.0081 ; - 151.2763 ( Mount Crosson ) 146 Venado Peak New Mexico Taos Mountains 3883 m 12,739 ft 906 m 2,971 ft 18.99 km 11.80 mi 36 ° 47 ′ 30 '' N 105 ° 29 ′ 36 '' W / 36.7917 ° N 105.4933 ° W / 36.7917 ; - 105.4933 ( Venado Peak ) 147 Chair Mountain Colorado Elk Mountains 3879.1 m 12,727 ft 750 m 2,461 ft 14.30 km 8.89 mi 39 ° 03 ′ 29 '' N 107 ° 16 ′ 56 '' W / 39.0581 ° N 107.2822 ° W / 39.0581 ; - 107.2822 ( Chair Mountain ) 148 Mount Peale Utah La Sal Mountains 3879 m 12,726 ft 1884 m 6,181 ft 117.1 km 72.8 mi 38 ° 26 ′ 19 '' N 109 ° 13 ′ 45 '' W / 38.4385 ° N 109.2292 ° W / 38.4385 ; - 109.2292 ( Mount Peale ) 149 Mount Crillon Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 3879 m 12,726 ft 2187 m 7,176 ft 31.4 km 19.52 mi 58 ° 39 ′ 45 '' N 137 ° 10 ′ 16 '' W / 58.6625 ° N 137.1712 ° W / 58.6625 ; - 137.1712 ( Mount Crillon ) 150 Mount Gunnison Colorado West Elk Mountains 3878.7 m 12,725 ft 1079 m 3,539 ft 19.05 km 11.84 mi 38 ° 48 ′ 44 '' N 107 ° 22 ′ 57 '' W / 38.8121 ° N 107.3826 ° W / 38.8121 ; - 107.3826 ( Mount Gunnison ) 151 East Spanish Peak Colorado Spanish Peaks 3867 m 12,688 ft 726 m 2,383 ft 6.78 km 4.21 mi 37 ° 23 ′ 36 '' N 104 ° 55 ′ 12 '' W / 37.3934 ° N 104.9201 ° W / 37.3934 ; - 104.9201 ( East Spanish Peak ) 152 Borah Peak Idaho Lost River Range 3861.2 m 12,668 ft 1829 m 6,002 ft 243 km 150.8 mi 44 ° 08 ′ 15 '' N 113 ° 46 ′ 52 '' W / 44.1374 ° N 113.7811 ° W / 44.1374 ; - 113.7811 ( Borah Peak ) 153 Mount Wood Montana Absaroka Range 3860 m 12,665 ft 878 m 2,880 ft 12.04 km 7.48 mi 45 ° 16 ′ 30 '' N 109 ° 48 ′ 28 '' W / 45.2749 ° N 109.8078 ° W / 45.2749 ; - 109.8078 ( Mount Wood ) 154 Mount Gunnar Naslund Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 3858 m 12,658 ft 643 m 2,108 ft 11.04 km 6.86 mi 61 ° 13 ′ 42 '' N 141 ° 18 ′ 50 '' W / 61.2282 ° N 141.3140 ° W / 61.2282 ; - 141.3140 ( Mount Gunnar Naslund ) 155 Mount Conness California Sierra Nevada 3855.5 m 12,649 ft 808 m 2,650 ft 11.55 km 7.18 mi 37 ° 58 ′ 01 '' N 119 ° 19 ′ 17 '' W / 37.9670 ° N 119.3213 ° W / 37.9670 ; - 119.3213 ( Mount Conness ) 156 Humphreys Peak Arizona San Francisco Peaks 3852 m 12,637 ft 1841 m 6,039 ft 396 km 246 mi 35 ° 20 ′ 47 '' N 111 ° 40 ′ 41 '' W / 35.3464 ° N 111.6780 ° W / 35.3464 ; - 111.6780 ( Humphreys Peak ) 157 Santa Fe Baldy New Mexico Santa Fe Mountains 3850.1 m 12,632 ft 610 m 2,002 ft 17.69 km 10.99 mi 35 ° 49 ′ 56 '' N 105 ° 45 ′ 29 '' W / 35.8322 ° N 105.7581 ° W / 35.8322 ; - 105.7581 ( Santa Fe Baldy ) 158 Gothic Mountain Colorado Elk Mountains 3850 m 12,631 ft 501 m 1,645 ft 4.39 km 2.73 mi 38 ° 57 ′ 22 '' N 107 ° 00 ′ 39 '' W / 38.9562 ° N 107.0107 ° W / 38.9562 ; - 107.0107 ( Gothic Mountain ) 159 Castle Mountain Montana Absaroka Range 3846.1 m 12,618 ft 814 m 2,672 ft 15.67 km 9.74 mi 45 ° 05 ′ 56 '' N 109 ° 37 ′ 50 '' W / 45.0989 ° N 109.6305 ° W / 45.0989 ; - 109.6305 ( Castle Mountain ) Lone Cone Colorado San Miguel Mountains 3846.1 m 12,618 ft 693 m 2,273 ft 13.52 km 8.40 mi 37 ° 53 ′ 17 '' N 108 ° 15 ′ 20 '' W / 37.8880 ° N 108.2556 ° W / 37.8880 ; - 108.2556 ( Lone Cone ) 161 Mount Moran Wyoming Teton Range 3843.5 m 12,610 ft 806 m 2,645 ft 9.94 km 6.18 mi 43 ° 50 ′ 06 '' N 110 ° 46 ′ 35 '' W / 43.8350 ° N 110.7765 ° W / 43.8350 ; - 110.7765 ( Mount Moran ) 162 Tlingit Peak Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 3842 m 12,606 ft 611 m 2,006 ft 3.63 km 2.26 mi 58 ° 53 ′ 35 '' N 137 ° 23 ′ 38 '' W / 58.8931 ° N 137.3938 ° W / 58.8931 ; - 137.3938 ( Tlingit Peak ) 163 Volcán Tancítaro Michoacán Cordillera Neovolcanica 3840 m 12,598 ft 1665 m 5,463 ft 136.3 km 84.7 mi 19 ° 25 ′ 00 '' N 102 ° 19 ′ 11 '' W / 19.4166 ° N 102.3198 ° W / 19.4166 ; - 102.3198 ( Volcán Tancítaro ) 164 Mount Tiedemann British Columbia Coast Mountains 3838 m 12,592 ft 848 m 2,782 ft 2.86 km 1.78 mi 51 ° 23 ′ 38 '' N 125 ° 14 ′ 12 '' W / 51.3940 ° N 125.2366 ° W / 51.3940 ; - 125.2366 ( Mount Tiedemann ) 165 Alto Cuchumatanes Guatemala Huehuetenango 3837 m 12,589 ft 1877 m 6,158 ft 65.2 km 40.5 mi 15 ° 31 ′ 06 '' N 91 ° 32 ′ 40 '' W / 15.5182 ° N 91.5445 ° W / 15.5182 ; - 91.5445 ( Alto Cuchumatanes ) 166 Little Costilla Peak New Mexico Culebra Range 3836.8 m 12,588 ft 745 m 2,444 ft 12.48 km 7.75 mi 36 ° 50 ′ 01 '' N 105 ° 13 ′ 22 '' W / 36.8335 ° N 105.2229 ° W / 36.8335 ; - 105.2229 ( Little Costilla Peak ) 167 Volcán de Colima Colima Jalisco Cordillera Neovolcanica 3830 m 12,566 ft 610 m 2,001 ft 5.62 km 3.49 mi 19 ° 30 ′ 48 '' N 103 ° 37 ′ 03 '' W / 19.5132 ° N 103.6174 ° W / 19.5132 ; - 103.6174 ( Volcán de Colima ) 168 Mount Carpe Alaska Alaska Range 3825 m 12,550 ft 549 m 1,800 ft 6.60 km 4.10 mi 63 ° 09 ′ 08 '' N 150 ° 51 ′ 42 '' W / 63.1521 ° N 150.8616 ° W / 63.1521 ; - 150.8616 ( Mount Carpe ) 169 Needham Mountain California Sierra Nevada 3824 m 12,545 ft 561 m 1,840 ft 9.54 km 5.93 mi 36 ° 27 ′ 16 '' N 118 ° 32 ′ 14 '' W / 36.4545 ° N 118.5373 ° W / 36.4545 ; - 118.5373 ( Needham Mountain ) 170 Graham Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 3821.1 m 12,536 ft 778 m 2,551 ft 13.90 km 8.64 mi 37 ° 29 ′ 50 '' N 107 ° 22 ′ 34 '' W / 37.4972 ° N 107.3761 ° W / 37.4972 ; - 107.3761 ( Graham Peak ) 171 Centennial Peak Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 3820 m 12,533 ft 960 m 3,150 ft 9.77 km 6.07 mi 60 ° 56 ′ 49 '' N 140 ° 43 ′ 18 '' W / 60.9470 ° N 140.7217 ° W / 60.9470 ; - 140.7217 ( Centennial Peak ) 172 Chirripó Grande ( Cerro Chirripó ) Costa Rica Cordillera de Talamanca 3819 m 12,530 ft 3755 m 12,320 ft 878 km 546 mi 9 ° 29 ′ 03 '' N 83 ° 29 ′ 20 '' W / 9.4843 ° N 83.4889 ° W / 9.4843 ; - 83.4889 ( Chirripó Grande ) 173 Whetstone Mountain Colorado West Elk Mountains 3818.1 m 12,527 ft 749 m 2,456 ft 15.11 km 9.39 mi 38 ° 49 ′ 20 '' N 106 ° 58 ′ 48 '' W / 38.8223 ° N 106.9799 ° W / 38.8223 ; - 106.9799 ( Whetstone Mountain ) 174 Kahiltna Dome Alaska Alaska Range 3818 m 12,525 ft 663 m 2,175 ft 5.55 km 3.45 mi 63 ° 03 ′ 18 '' N 151 ° 14 ′ 22 '' W / 63.0550 ° N 151.2394 ° W / 63.0550 ; - 151.2394 ( Kahiltna Dome ) 175 Mount Thor Alaska Chugach Mountains 3816 m 12,521 ft 997 m 3,271 ft 32.8 km 20.4 mi 61 ° 29 ′ 07 '' N 147 ° 08 ′ 46 '' W / 61.4854 ° N 147.1460 ° W / 61.4854 ; - 147.1460 ( Mount Thor ) 176 Mount Watson Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 3809 m 12,497 ft 589 m 1,932 ft 4.05 km 2.52 mi 59 ° 00 ′ 32 '' N 137 ° 33 ′ 15 '' W / 59.0088 ° N 137.5541 ° W / 59.0088 ; - 137.5541 ( Mount Watson ) 177 Atlantic Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 3808 m 12,495 ft 655 m 2,150 ft 14.60 km 9.07 mi 42 ° 36 ′ 59 '' N 109 ° 00 ′ 05 '' W / 42.6165 ° N 109.0013 ° W / 42.6165 ; - 109.0013 ( Atlantic Peak ) 178 Specimen Mountain Colorado Front Range 3808 m 12,494 ft 528 m 1,731 ft 7.56 km 4.70 mi 40 ° 26 ′ 42 '' N 105 ° 48 ′ 29 '' W / 40.4449 ° N 105.8081 ° W / 40.4449 ; - 105.8081 ( Specimen Mountain ) 179 Baldy Mountain New Mexico Cimarron Range 3793.3 m 12,445 ft 823 m 2,701 ft 18.24 km 11.33 mi 36 ° 37 ′ 48 '' N 105 ° 12 ′ 48 '' W / 36.6299 ° N 105.2134 ° W / 36.6299 ; - 105.2134 ( Baldy Mountain ) 180 East Beckwith Mountain Colorado West Elk Mountains 3792.1 m 12,441 ft 760 m 2,492 ft 10.05 km 6.24 mi 38 ° 50 ′ 47 '' N 107 ° 13 ′ 24 '' W / 38.8464 ° N 107.2233 ° W / 38.8464 ; - 107.2233 ( East Beckwith Mountain ) 181 Knobby Crest Colorado Kenosha Mountains 3790 m 12,434 ft 536 m 1,759 ft 13.31 km 8.27 mi 39 ° 22 ′ 05 '' N 105 ° 36 ′ 18 '' W / 39.3681 ° N 105.6050 ° W / 39.3681 ; - 105.6050 ( Knobby Crest ) 182 Bison Peak Colorado Tarryall Mountains 3789.4 m 12,432 ft 747 m 2,451 ft 29.3 km 18.23 mi 39 ° 14 ′ 18 '' N 105 ° 29 ′ 52 '' W / 39.2384 ° N 105.4978 ° W / 39.2384 ; - 105.4978 ( Bison Peak ) 183 Anthracite Peak Colorado West Elk Mountains 3777.8 m 12,394 ft 648 m 2,125 ft 7.68 km 4.77 mi 38 ° 48 ′ 52 '' N 107 ° 08 ′ 40 '' W / 38.8145 ° N 107.1445 ° W / 38.8145 ; - 107.1445 ( Anthracite Peak ) 184 Matchless Mountain Colorado Elk Mountains 3776 m 12,389 ft 537 m 1,763 ft 12.67 km 7.87 mi 38 ° 50 ′ 02 '' N 106 ° 38 ′ 42 '' W / 38.8340 ° N 106.6451 ° W / 38.8340 ; - 106.6451 ( Matchless Mountain ) 185 Mount Malaspina Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 3776 m 12,388 ft 936 m 3,071 ft 6.39 km 3.97 mi 60 ° 19 ′ 06 '' N 140 ° 34 ′ 19 '' W / 60.3182 ° N 140.5719 ° W / 60.3182 ; - 140.5719 ( Mount Malaspina ) 186 Volcán Santa María Guatemala Sierra Madre 3772 m 12,375 ft 1054 m 3,458 ft 49.4 km 30.7 mi 14 ° 45 ′ 25 '' N 91 ° 33 ′ 06 '' W / 14.7570 ° N 91.5517 ° W / 14.7570 ; - 91.5517 ( Volcán Santa María ) 187 Flat Top Mountain Colorado Flat Tops 3767.7 m 12,361 ft 1236 m 4,054 ft 65.6 km 40.8 mi 40 ° 00 ′ 53 '' N 107 ° 05 ′ 00 '' W / 40.0147 ° N 107.0833 ° W / 40.0147 ; - 107.0833 ( Flat Top Mountain ) 188 Mount Nystrom Wyoming Wind River Range 3767.5 m 12,361 ft 554 m 1,816 ft 7.92 km 4.92 mi 42 ° 38 ′ 30 '' N 109 ° 05 ′ 38 '' W / 42.6418 ° N 109.0939 ° W / 42.6418 ; - 109.0939 ( Mount Nystrom ) 189 Moby Dick ( Alaska ) Alaska Alaska Range 3767 m 12,360 ft 887 m 2,910 ft 7.70 km 4.78 mi 63 ° 33 ′ 22 '' N 146 ° 36 ′ 09 '' W / 63.5561 ° N 146.6026 ° W / 63.5561 ; - 146.6026 ( Moby Dick ) 190 Greenhorn Mountain Colorado Wet Mountains 3765.0 m 12,352 ft 1151 m 3,777 ft 40.6 km 25.2 mi 37 ° 52 ′ 53 '' N 105 ° 00 ′ 48 '' W / 37.8815 ° N 105.0133 ° W / 37.8815 ; - 105.0133 ( Greenhorn Mountain ) 191 Elliott Mountain Colorado San Miguel Mountains 3763 m 12,346 ft 683 m 2,240 ft 8.26 km 5.13 mi 37 ° 44 ′ 04 '' N 108 ° 03 ′ 29 '' W / 37.7344 ° N 108.0580 ° W / 37.7344 ; - 108.0580 ( Elliott Mountain ) 192 Volcán de Agua Guatemala Escuintla 3761 m 12,339 ft 1981 m 6,499 ft 14.86 km 9.23 mi 14 ° 27 ′ 55 '' N 90 ° 44 ′ 34 '' W / 14.4654 ° N 90.7428 ° W / 14.4654 ; - 90.7428 ( Volcán de Agua ) 193 Mount Deborah Alaska Alaska Range 3761 m 12,339 ft 1582 m 5,189 ft 25.9 km 16.08 mi 63 ° 38 ′ 16 '' N 147 ° 14 ′ 18 '' W / 63.6377 ° N 147.2384 ° W / 63.6377 ; - 147.2384 ( Mount Deborah ) 194 Twin Peaks California Sierra Nevada 3758 m 12,329 ft 653 m 2,143 ft 7.70 km 4.78 mi 38 ° 05 ′ 01 '' N 119 ° 21 ′ 32 '' W / 38.0836 ° N 119.3588 ° W / 38.0836 ; - 119.3588 ( Twin Peaks ) 195 Carter Mountain Wyoming Absaroka Range 3756.4 m 12,324 ft 518 m 1,699 ft 26.8 km 16.68 mi 44 ° 11 ′ 50 '' N 109 ° 24 ′ 40 '' W / 44.1972 ° N 109.4112 ° W / 44.1972 ; - 109.4112 ( Carter Mountain ) 196 Parkview Mountain Colorado Rabbit Ears Range 3749.4 m 12,301 ft 816 m 2,676 ft 15.07 km 9.36 mi 40 ° 19 ′ 49 '' N 106 ° 08 ′ 11 '' W / 40.3303 ° N 106.1363 ° W / 40.3303 ; - 106.1363 ( Parkview Mountain ) 197 Cornwall Mountain Colorado San Juan Mountains 3746 m 12,291 ft 532 m 1,744 ft 8.37 km 5.20 mi 37 ° 22 ′ 52 '' N 106 ° 29 ′ 31 '' W / 37.3811 ° N 106.4920 ° W / 37.3811 ; - 106.4920 ( Cornwall Mountain ) 198 Mount Adams Washington Cascade Range 3743.4 m 12,281 ft 2480 m 8,136 ft 73.6 km 45.8 mi 46 ° 12 ′ 09 '' N 121 ° 29 ′ 27 '' W / 46.2024 ° N 121.4909 ° W / 46.2024 ; - 121.4909 ( Mount Adams ) 199 Mount Columbia Alberta British Columbia Canadian Rockies 3741 m 12,274 ft 2371 m 7,779 ft 158.0 km 98.2 mi 52 ° 08 ′ 50 '' N 117 ° 26 ′ 30 '' W / 52.1473 ° N 117.4416 ° W / 52.1473 ; - 117.4416 ( Mount Columbia ) 200 Mount King George Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 3741 m 12,274 ft 1281 m 4,203 ft 11.30 km 7.02 mi 60 ° 31 ′ 53 '' N 139 ° 47 ′ 03 '' W / 60.5314 ° N 139.7841 ° W / 60.5314 ; - 139.7841 ( Mount King George ) 201 Mount Johansen Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 3740 m 12,270 ft 560 m 1,837 ft 20.0 km 12.43 mi 60 ° 41 ′ 00 '' N 140 ° 40 ′ 56 '' W / 60.6832 ° N 140.6823 ° W / 60.6832 ; - 140.6823 ( Mount Johansen ) Gallery ( edit ) 1 . Denali in Alaska is the highest summit of the United States and North America . 2 . Mount Logan in Yukon is the highest summit of Canada . 3 . Pico de Orizaba is the highest summit of México . 4 . Mount Saint Elias is the second - highest summit of both Canada and the United States . 5 . Popocatépetl is the second - highest summit of México . 6 . Mount Foraker is the second - highest major summit of the Alaska Range . 7 . Mount Lucania in Yukon is the highest summit of the northern Saint Elias Mountains . 8 . Iztaccihuatl is the third - highest summit of México . 9 . King Peak in Yukon is the fourth - highest summit of Canada . 10 . Mount Bona in Alaska is the highest volcano in the United States . 11 . Mount Steele in Yukon is the fifth - highest summit of Canada . 12 . Mount Blackburn in Alaska is the highest summit of the Wrangell Mountains . 13 . Mount Sanford in Alaska is the third - highest volcano in the United States . 17 . Nevado de Toluca is the fourth - highest summit of México . 18 . Mount Fairweather on the Alaska border is the highest summit of British Columbia . 24 . Mount Whitney is the highest summit of the Sierra Nevada and California . 27 . Mount Elbert is the highest summit of Colorado and the Rocky Mountains . 30 . Mount Rainier is the highest summit of Washington and the Cascade Range . 39 . Grays Peak in Colorado is the highest point on the Continental Divide in North America . 48 . Mount Shasta in California is the highest summit of the southern Cascade Range . 53 . Pikes Peak in Colorado was the inspiration for America the Beautiful . 60 . Nevado de Colima is the highest summit of Jalisco . 69 . Volcán Tajumulco is the highest summit in Guatemala and all of Central America . 72 . Mount Hayes is the highest summit of the eastern Alaska Range . 75 . Cofre de Perote is the highest summit of Veracruz . 76 . Gannett Peak is the highest summit of the Wind River Range and Wyoming . 78 . Grand Teton in Wyoming is the highest summit of the Teton Range . 93 . Kings Peak is the highest summit of the Uinta Range and Utah . 102 . Volcán Tacaná is the second - highest summit of Central America . 118 . Wheeler Peak is the highest summit of New Mexico . 128 . Wheeler Peak in Nevada is the highest summit of the Snake Range . 135 . Mount Robson in British Columbia is the highest summit of the Canadian Rockies . 143 . Granite Peak is the highest summit of the Beartooth Range and Montana . 151 . Borah Peak is the highest summit of the Lost River Range and Idaho . 155 . Humphreys Peak is the highest summit of the San Francisco Peaks and Arizona . 171 . Chirripó Grande is the highest summit of Costa Rica . 198 . Mount Columbia on the British Columbia border is the highest summit of Alberta . See also ( edit ) North America portal Geography portal Geology portal Mountains portal Volcanoes portal Greenland portal Canada portal United States portal Mexico portal Central America portal Caribbean portal North America Geography of North America Geology of North America Lists of mountain peaks of North America List of mountain peaks of North America List of the highest major summits of North America List of the major 5000 - meter summits of North America List of the major 4000 - meter summits of North America List of the major 3000 - meter summits of North America List of the highest islands of North America List of the most prominent summits of North America List of the ultra-prominent summits of North America List of the most isolated major summits of North America List of the major 100 - kilometer summits of North America List of extreme summits of North America List of mountain peaks of Greenland List of mountain peaks of Canada List of mountain peaks of the Rocky Mountains List of mountain peaks of the United States List of mountain peaks of México List of mountain peaks of Central America List of mountain peaks of the Caribbean Category : Mountains of North America commons : Category : Mountains of North America Physical geography Topography Topographic elevation Topographic prominence Topographic isolation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ This article defines greater North America as the portion of the continental landmass of the Americas extending westward and northward from the Isthmus of Panama plus the ocean islands surrounding that landmass . This article defines the ocean islands of greater North America to include the coastal islands of North America , the islands of the Caribbean Sea , the Lucayan Archipelago , the islands of Greenland ( Kalaallit Nunaat ) , the islands of Canada , and the islands of Alaska . The Hawaiian Islands are not included because they are considered part of Oceania . Jump up ^ This article defines a significant summit as a summit with at least 100 meters ( 328.1 feet ) of topographic prominence , and a major summit as a summit with at least 500 meters ( 1640 feet ) of topographic prominence . All summits in this article have at least 500 meters of topographic prominence . An ultra-prominent summit is a summit with at least 1500 meters ( 4921 feet ) of topographic prominence . Jump up ^ All elevations in the 48 states of the contiguous United States include an elevation adjustment from the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 ( NGVD 29 ) to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 ( NAVD 88 ) . For further information , please see this United States National Geodetic Survey note . ^ Jump up to : If the elevation or prominence of a summit is calculated as a range of values , the arithmetic mean is shown . Jump up ^ The topographic prominence of a summit is the topographic elevation difference between the summit and its highest or key col to a higher summit . The summit may be near its key col or quite far away . The key col for Denali in Alaska is the Isthmus of Rivas in Nicaragua , 7642 kilometers ( 4749 miles ) away . Jump up ^ The topographic isolation of a summit is the great - circle distance to its nearest point of equal elevation . Jump up ^ The summit of Denali is the highest point of the Alaska Range , the State of Alaska , the United States of America , and greater North America . Denali is the third-most topographically prominent and third-most topographically isolated summit on Earth after Mount Everest and Aconcagua . Jump up ^ `` Denali '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Denali '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Logan is the highest point of the Saint Elias Mountains , Yukon , and all of Canada . Jump up ^ `` Mount Logan '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Logan '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Pico de Orizaba is the highest point of Estado Libre y Soberano de Puebla , Estado Libre y Soberano de Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave , and all of México . Jump up ^ `` Pico de Orizaba '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pico de Orizaba '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Saint Elias is the second - highest major summit of both Canada and the United States . Jump up ^ `` Mount Saint Elias '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Saint Elias '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Popocatépetl on the border of Puebla is the highest point of both Estado Libre y Soberano de México and Estado Libre y Soberano de Morelos . Jump up ^ Popocatépetl is the southernmost 5000 - meter ( 16,404 - foot ) summit of México and greater North America . Jump up ^ `` Popocatépetl '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Popocatépetl '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Foraker is the westernmost 5000 - meter ( 16,404 - foot ) summit of Alaska , the United States , and greater North America . Jump up ^ `` Mount Foraker '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Foraker '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Lucania is the highest point of the northern Saint Elias Mountains . Jump up ^ Mount Lucania is the northernmost summit of its elevation in Canada . Jump up ^ `` Mount Lucania '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Lucania '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Iztaccíhuatl is the northernmost and westernmost 5000 - meter ( 16,404 - foot ) summit of México . Jump up ^ `` Iztaccíhuatl '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Iztaccíhuatl '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` King Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` King Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Bona is the highest point of the northwest Saint Elias Mountains . Jump up ^ `` Mount Bona '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Bona '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Steele is the northernmost and easternmost 5000 - meter ( 16,404 - foot ) summit of Canada . Jump up ^ `` Mount Steele '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Steele '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Blackburn is the highest point of the Wrangell Mountains . Jump up ^ `` MT BLACKBURN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station UV4136 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Blackburn '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Blackburn '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Sanford '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Sanford '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Wood is the northernmost summit of its elevation in Canada . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wood '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wood '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Vancouver is the easternmost summit of its elevation in Canada . Jump up ^ `` Mount Vancouver '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Vancouver '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Slaggard '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Slaggard '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Nevado de Toluca is the westernmost summit of its elevation in México . Jump up ^ `` Nevado de Toluca '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nevado de Toluca '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Fairweather lies on the international border between Alaska and British Columbia . The peak is the highest point of the Canadian Province of British Columbia and the southernmost and easternmost summit of its elevation in both Canada and the United States . Jump up ^ `` Mount Fairweather '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Fairweather '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hubbard '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hubbard '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Bear '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Bear '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Walsh '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Walsh '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hunter '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hunter '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ La Malintzin on the border of Puebla is the highest point of Estado Libre y Soberano de Tlaxcala . Jump up ^ La Malintzin is the northernmost summit of its elevation in México . Jump up ^ `` La Malintzin '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` La Malintzin '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Whitney is the highest point of the Sierra Nevada , the State of California , and the contiguous United States . Jump up ^ Mount Whitney is the southernmost and easternmost summit of its elevation in United States . Jump up ^ `` WHITNEY '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GT1811 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Whitney '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Whitney '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BOUNDARY POINT 180 '' . Datasheet for NGS Station UV3032 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Alverstone '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Alverstone '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` University Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` University Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Elbert is the highest point of the U.S. State of Colorado , the Rocky Mountains of North America , and the entire Mississippi River drainage basin . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT ELBERT '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0637 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Elbert '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Elbert '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Massive is the second - highest major summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT MASSIVE CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0640 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Massive includes an adjustment of + 2.087 m ( + 6.85 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Massive '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Massive '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Harvard is the highest point of the Collegiate Peaks . Jump up ^ Mount Harvard is the southernmost and easternmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` HARVARD '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0879 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Harvard '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Harvard '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Rainier is the highest point of the Cascade Range and the U.S. state of Washington . Mount Rainier is the most prominent summit in the contiguous United States and the fourth-most prominent in North America . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Rainier includes an adjustment of + 1.914 m ( + 6.28 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Rainier '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Rainier '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Williamson includes an adjustment of + 1.807 m ( + 5.93 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Williamson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Williamson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` McArthur Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` McArthur Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Blanca Peak is the highest point of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains and the entire Rio Grande drainage basin . Jump up ^ Blanca Peak is the southernmost ultra-prominent summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Blanca Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.755 m ( + 5.76 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Blanca Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blanca Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of La Plata Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.983 m ( + 6.51 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` La Plata Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` La Plata Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Uncompahgre Peak is the highest point of the San Juan Mountains and the entire Gulf of California drainage basin . Jump up ^ Uncompahgre Peak is the westernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` UNCOMPAHGRE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0798 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Uncompahgre Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Uncompahgre Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Crestone Peak is the highest point of the Crestones . Jump up ^ The elevation of Crestone Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.76 m ( + 5.77 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Crestone Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crestone Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Lincoln is the highest point of the Mosquito Range and the entire Missouri River drainage basin . Jump up ^ Mount Lincoln is the northernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` MT LINCOLN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0627 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Lincoln '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Lincoln '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Castle Peak is the highest point of the Elk Mountains . Jump up ^ `` CASTLE PK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0659 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Castle Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Castle Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Grays Peak is the highest point of the Front Range and the Continental Divide in North America . Jump up ^ Grays Peak is the northernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` GRAYS PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KK2036 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grays Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grays Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Antero is the highest point of the southern Sawatch Range . Jump up ^ `` MT ANTERO '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0883 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Antero '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Antero '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EVANS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KK2030 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit elevation of Mount Evans includes a vertical offset of + 1.798 m ( + 5.9 ft ) from the station benchmark . Jump up ^ `` Mount Evans '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Evans '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Longs Peak is the highest point of the northern Front Range . Jump up ^ Longs Peak is the northernmost 14,000 - foot ( 4267 - meter ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` LONGS PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LL1346 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Longs Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Longs Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Wilson is the highest point of the San Miguel Mountains . Jump up ^ Mount Wilson is the westernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Wilson includes an adjustment of + 1.899 m ( + 6.23 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wilson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wilson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of White Mountain Peak is the highest point of the White Mountains . Jump up ^ `` WHITE MOUNTAIN PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2559 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` White Mountain Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` White Mountain Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of North Palisade is the highest point of the Palisades . Jump up ^ `` NORTH PALISADE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2629 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of North Palisade includes an adjustment of + 1.867 m ( + 6.13 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` North Palisade '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` North Palisade '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PRINCETON '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0886 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Princeton '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Princeton '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` YALE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0889 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Yale '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Yale '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Shasta is the highest point of the southern Cascade Range . Jump up ^ `` MT SHASTA '' . Datasheet for NGS Station MX1016 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Shasta '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Shasta '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MAROON PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0805 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wrangell '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wrangell '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Sneffels is the highest point of the Sneffels Range . Jump up ^ `` SNEFFLES '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0826 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Sneffels '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Sneffels '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CAPITOL PK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0688 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Capitol Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.991 m ( + 6.53 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Pikes Peak is the easternmost 14,000 - foot ( 4267 - meter ) summit and ultra-prominent summit of the Rocky Mountains . Pikes Peak was the inspiration for the lyrics of America the Beautiful . Jump up ^ `` PIKES PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JK1242 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pikes Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pikes Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Windom Peak is the highest point of the Needle Mountains . Jump up ^ Mount Eolus may be higher than Windom Peak . Jump up ^ The elevation of Windom Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.785 m ( + 5.86 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Windom Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Windom Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Augusta '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Augusta '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HANDIES '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0635 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Handies Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Handies Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Culebra Peak is the highest point of the Culebra Range . Jump up ^ Culebra Peak is the southernmost 14,000 - foot ( 4267 - meter ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Culebra Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.740 m ( + 5.71 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Culebra Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Culebra Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of San Luis Peak is the highest point of the La Garita Mountains . Jump up ^ `` SAN LUIS PEAK CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0570 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` San Luis Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` San Luis Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount of the Holy Cross is the highest point of the northern Sawatch Range . Jump up ^ `` MT HOLY CROSS ET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0649 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit elevation of Mount of the Holy Cross includes a vertical offset of + 0.610 m ( + 2.0 ft ) from the station benchmark . Jump up ^ `` Mount of the Holy Cross '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount of the Holy Cross '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Nevado de Colima is the highest point of Estado Libre y Soberano de Jalisco . Jump up ^ Nevado de Colima is the northernmost and westernmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of México . Jump up ^ `` Nevado de Colima '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nevado de Colima '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GRIZZLY '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0800 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grizzly Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grizzly Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT HUMPHREYS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2626 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Humphreys includes an adjustment of + 1.842 m ( + 6.04 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Humphreys '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Humphreys '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT KEITH '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GT1807 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Keith includes an adjustment of + 1.795 m ( + 5.89 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Keith '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Keith '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Strickland is the northernmost summit of its elevation in Canada . Jump up ^ `` Mount Strickland '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Strickland '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Ouray is the highest point of the far southern Sawatch Range . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT OURAY RESET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0672 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Ouray '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Ouray '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Vermilion Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.827 m ( + 5.99 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Vermilion Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vermilion Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Avalanche Peak is the northernmost summit of its elevation in Canada . Jump up ^ `` Avalanche Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Avalanche Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atna Peaks '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atna Peaks '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Volcán Tajumulco is the highest point of the Sierra de las Nubes , the Republic of Guatemala , and all of Central America . Jump up ^ Volcán Tajumulco is the southernmost and easternmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of greater North America . Jump up ^ `` Volcán Tajumulco '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` REGAL MOUNTAIN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station UV4133 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Regal Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Regal Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT DARWIN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2631 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Darwin includes an adjustment of + 1.886 m ( + 6.19 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Darwin '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Darwin '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Hayes is the highest point of the Hayes Range . Jump up ^ Mount Hayes is the northernmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of Alaska , the United States , and greater North America . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hayes '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hayes '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SILVERHEELS ET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0629 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Silverheels '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Silverheels '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PYRAMID '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0589 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rio Grande Pyramid '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rio Grande Pyramid '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Cofre de Perote is the easternmost summit of its elevation in México . Jump up ^ `` Cofre de Perote '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cofre de Perote '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Gannett Peak is the highest point of the Wind River Range , the U.S. State of Wyoming , and the central Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ Gannett Peak is the northernmost and westernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` GANNETT PEAK CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station OW0356 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gannett Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gannett Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Kaweah is the highest point of the Great Western Divide . Jump up ^ Mount Kaweah is the southernmost summit of its elevation in United States . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Kaweah includes an adjustment of + 1.652 m ( + 5.42 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Kaweah '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Kaweah '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Grand Teton is the highest point of the Teton Range . Jump up ^ Grand Teton is the northernmost and westernmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` GRAND TETON '' . Datasheet for NGS Station OX0838 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Teton '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Teton '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Cook '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Cook '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MORGAN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2627 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Morgan '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Morgan '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Gabb includes an adjustment of + 1.958 m ( + 6.42 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Gabb '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Gabb '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Bald Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.922 m ( + 6.31 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Bald Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bald Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Oso includes an adjustment of + 1.776 m ( + 5.83 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Oso '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Oso '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT JACKSON ET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0650 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jackson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jackson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT TOM LOOKOUT TOWER '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2770 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Tom includes an adjustment of + 1.379 m ( + 4.52 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Tom '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Tom '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Bard Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.707 m ( + 5.60 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Bard Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bard Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ West Spanish Peak is the easternmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains and the United States . Jump up ^ The elevation of West Spanish Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.468 m ( + 4.82 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` West Spanish Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` West Spanish Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Powell is the highest point of the Gore Range . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Powell includes an adjustment of + 1.771 m ( + 5.81 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Powell '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Powell '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Hagues Peak is the highest point of the Mummy Range . Jump up ^ `` HAGUE RM '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LL1350 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hagues Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hagues Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Dubois includes an adjustment of + 1.879 m ( + 6.16 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Dubois '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Dubois '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Tower Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.796 m ( + 5.89 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Tower Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tower Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Treasure Mountain includes an adjustment of + 2.008 m ( + 6.59 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Treasure Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Treasure Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Kings Peak is the highest point of the Uinta Mountains , the U.S. State of Utah , and the western Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Kings Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.807 m ( + 5.93 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Kings Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kings Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Monte Tlaloc is the highest point of the Cordillera Neovolcanica . Jump up ^ `` Trans - Mexican Volcanic Belt '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LL1357 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Monte Tlaloc includes an adjustment of + 1.763 m ( + 5.78 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Monte Tlaloc '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Monte Tlaloc '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of North Arapaho Peak is the highest point of the Indian Peaks . Jump up ^ `` NORTH ARAPAHOE PEAK CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LL1357 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of North Arapaho Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.763 m ( + 5.78 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` North Arapaho Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` North Arapaho Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Pinchot includes an adjustment of + 1.810 m ( + 5.94 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Pinchot '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Pinchot '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Natazhat '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Natazhat '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jarvis '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jarvis '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Parry Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.763 m ( + 5.78 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Parry Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Parry Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Bill Williams Peak is the highest point of the Williams Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Bill Williams Peak includes an adjustment of + 2.044 m ( + 6.71 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Williams Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Williams Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Sultan Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.649 m ( + 5.41 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Sultan Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sultan Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Herard includes an adjustment of + 1.640 m ( + 5.38 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Herard '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Herard '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Volcán Tacaná on the international border with Guatemala is the highest point of Estado Libre y Soberano de Chiapas . Jump up ^ `` Volcán Tacaná '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Volcán Tacaná '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BUFFALO WEST PEAK CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0653 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of West Buffalo Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.834 m ( + 6.02 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` West Buffalo Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` West Buffalo Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Craig is the northernmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of Canada . Jump up ^ `` Mount Craig '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Craig '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tressider Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tressider Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Summit Peak is the highest point of the southern San Juan Mountains . Jump up ^ `` SUMMIT '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0503 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Summit Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Summit Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Dolores Peak may be higher than Middle Peak . Jump up ^ The elevation of Middle Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.809 m ( + 5.94 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Middle Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Middle Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Antora Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.883 m ( + 6.18 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Antora Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Antora Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Henry Mountain includes an adjustment of + 2.037 m ( + 6.68 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Hesperus Mountain is the highest point of the La Plata Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Hesperus Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.650 m ( + 5.41 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Hesperus Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hesperus Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Silverthrone '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Silverthrone '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Jacque Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.866 m ( + 6.12 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Jacque Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jacque Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Bennett Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.782 m ( + 5.85 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Bennett Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bennett Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Wind River Peak is the highest point of the southern Wind River Range . Jump up ^ `` WIND '' . Datasheet for NGS Station NS0274 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wind River Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wind River Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Waddington is the highest point of the Coast Mountains . Jump up ^ Mount Waddington is the southernmost and easternmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of Canada . Jump up ^ `` Mount Waddington '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Waddington '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CONEJOS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0502 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Conejos Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Conejos Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Marcus Baker is the highest point of the Chugach Mountains . Jump up ^ `` Mount Marcus Baker '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Marcus Baker '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Cloud Peak is the highest point of the Bighorn Mountains . Jump up ^ Cloud Peak is the northernmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` CLOUD PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station PW0524 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cloud Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cloud Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Wheeler Peak is the highest point of the Taos Mountains and the U.S. State of New Mexico . Jump up ^ Wheeler Peak is the southernmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` WHEELER '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GM0779 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wheeler Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wheeler Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Francs Peak is the highest point of the Absaroka Range . Jump up ^ `` FRANCS PK 2 '' . Datasheet for NGS Station OW0325 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Francs Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Francs Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Twilight Peak is the highest point of the West Needle Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Twilight Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.537 m ( + 5.04 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Twilight Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Twilight Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` S RIVER '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0558 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South River Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South River Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Ritter is the highest point of the Ritter Range . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Ritter includes an adjustment of + 1.786 m ( + 5.86 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Ritter '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Ritter '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RED SLATE MOUNTAIN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2690 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Red Slate Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.893 m ( + 6.21 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Red Slate Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LYELL 2 '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2884 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Lyell ( California ) '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Lyell ( California ) '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TWIN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JK1305 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bushnell Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bushnell Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Truchas Peak is the highest point of the Santa Fe Mountains . Jump up ^ Truchas Peak is the southernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` TRUCHAS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station FN0666 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Truchas Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Truchas Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Wheeler Peak is the highest point of the Snake Range . Jump up ^ `` WHEELER PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JP0339 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wheeler Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wheeler Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT DANA '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2738 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Dana '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Dana '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spring Glacier Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of West Elk Peak is the highest point of the West Elk Mountains . Jump up ^ `` WEST ELK D '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0755 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` West Elk Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` West Elk Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Volcán Acatenango is the southernmost and easternmost summit of its elevation in Central America and greater North America . Jump up ^ `` Volcán Acatenango '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Moffit '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Moffit '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Centennial includes an adjustment of + 1.814 m ( + 5.95 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Centennial '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Robson is the highest point of the Canadian Rockies . Jump up ^ Mount Robson is the easternmost summit of its elevation in Canada and the northernmost and westernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` Mount Robson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Robson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Clark Peak is the highest point of the Medicine Bow Mountains . Jump up ^ `` CLARK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LL1388 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Clark Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Clark Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Richthofen is the highest point of the Never Summer Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Richthofen includes an adjustment of + 1.658 m ( + 5.44 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Richthofen '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Richthofen '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Cerro Ajusco is the highest point of Distrito Federal de México . Jump up ^ `` Cerro Ajusco '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cerro Ajusco '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Harrison ( Yukon ) '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Queen Mary '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Queen Mary '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Root '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Root '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Lizard Head Peak is the highest point of the Cirque of the Towers . Jump up ^ The elevation of Lizard Head Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.572 m ( + 5.16 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Lizard Head Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lizard Head Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Granite Peak is the highest point of the Beartooth Mountains and the U.S. State of Montana . Jump up ^ `` GRANITE PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station QW0616 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Granite Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Granite Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Crosson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Crosson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Venado Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.650 m ( + 5.41 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Venado Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Venado Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CHAIR D '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0696 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chair Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chair Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Peale is the highest point of the La Sal Mountains and the Colorado Plateau . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT PEALE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JM0496 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Peale '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Peale '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Crillon '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Crillon '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GUNNISON D '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0762 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Gunnison '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Gunnison '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ East Spanish Peak is the easternmost 3000 - meter ( 9843 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains and the United States . Jump up ^ `` EAST SPANISH PEAK CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HK0488 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of East Spanish Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.372 m ( + 4.50 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` East Spanish Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` East Spanish Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Borah Peak is the highest point of the Lost River Range and the U.S. State of Idaho . Jump up ^ `` BEAUTY RESET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station PZ0770 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Borah Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Borah Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Wood is the highest point of the Granite Range . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Wood includes an adjustment of + 1.516 m ( + 4.97 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wood '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wood '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Gunnar Naslund '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT CONNESS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2743 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Conness '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Conness '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Humphreys Peak is the highest point of the San Francisco Peaks and the U.S. State of Arizona . Jump up ^ The elevation of Humphreys Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.345 m ( + 4.41 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Humphreys Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Humphreys Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Santa Fe Baldy is the southernmost 3000 - meter ( 9843 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` SANTA FE BALDY '' . Datasheet for NGS Station FN0726 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Fe Baldy '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Fe Baldy '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Gothic Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.936 m ( + 6.35 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Gothic Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gothic Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PLATEAU '' . Datasheet for NGS Station QW0613 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Castle Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Castle Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LONE CONE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HM0489 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lone Cone '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lone Cone '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT MORAN ET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station OX0854 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Moran '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Moran '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tlingit Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tlingit Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Volcán Tancítaro is the highest point of Estado Libre y Soberano de Michoacán de Ocampo . Jump up ^ `` Volcán Tancítaro '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Volcán Tancítaro '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Tiedemann '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Tiedemann '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Alto Cuchumatanes is the northernmost 3000 - meter ( 9843 - foot ) summit of Central America . Jump up ^ `` Alto Cuchumatanes '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CUERVO '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GM0770 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Little Costilla Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Little Costilla Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Volcán de Colima on the border of Jalisco is the highest point of Estado Libre y Soberano de Colima and the westernmost summit of its elevation in México . Jump up ^ `` Volcán de Colima '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Volcán de Colima '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Carpe '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Carpe '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Needham Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.602 m ( + 5.26 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Needham Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Needham Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GRAHAM '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0620 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Graham Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Graham Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Centennial Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Centennial Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Chirripó Grande is the highest point of the Republic of Costa Rica . Jump up ^ Chirripó Grande is the southernmost and easternmost summit of its elevation in Central America and greater North America . Jump up ^ `` Chirripó Grande '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WHETSTONE MTN CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0732 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Whetstone Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Whetstone Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kahiltna Dome '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kahiltna Dome '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Thor '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Thor '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Watson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Watson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Atlantic Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.521 m ( + 4.99 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Atlantic Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atlantic Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Specimen Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.614 m ( + 5.30 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Specimen Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Specimen Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Baldy Mountain is the highest point of the Cimarron Range . Jump up ^ `` BALDY MTN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GM0775 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Baldy Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Baldy Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EAST BECKWITH '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0741 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` East Beckwith Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` East Beckwith Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Knobby Crest is the highest point of the Kenosha Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Knobby Crest includes an adjustment of + 1.595 m ( + 5.23 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Knobby Crest '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Bison Peak is the highest point of the Tarryall Mountains . Jump up ^ `` BISON '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KK1966 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bison Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bison Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ANTHRACITE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0739 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anthracite Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anthracite Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Matchless Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.941 m ( + 6.37 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Matchless Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Matchless Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Malaspina '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Malaspina '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Volcán Santa María '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Flat Top Mountain is the highest point of the Flat Tops . Jump up ^ `` FLATTOP '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LM0694 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flat Top Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flat Top Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT NYSTROM '' . Datasheet for NGS Station NS0271 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Nystrom '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Nystrom '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Moby Dick ( Alaska ) '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Moby Dick ( Alaska ) '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Greenhorn Mountain is the highest point of the Wet Mountains . Jump up ^ `` GREENHORN MTN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HK0512 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Greenhorn Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Greenhorn Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Elliott Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.709 m ( + 5.61 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Elliott Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Volcán de Agua '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Deborah is the northernmost summit of its elevation in Alaska , the United States , and greater North America . Jump up ^ `` Mount Deborah '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Deborah '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Twin Peaks includes an adjustment of + 1.717 m ( + 5.63 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Twin Peaks '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Twin Peaks '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CARTER '' . Datasheet for NGS Station PX0432 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carter Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carter Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Parkview Mountain is the highest point of the Rabbit Ears Range . Jump up ^ `` PARKVIEW MOUNTAIN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LM0574 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Parkview Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Parkview Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Cornwall Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.715 m ( + 5.63 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Cornwall Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cornwall Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT ADAMS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station SB1004 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Adams '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Adams '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Columbia on the Great Divide between British Columbia and Alberta is the highest point of the Columbia Icefield , the Province of Alberta , and the entire Beaufort Sea Drainage basin . Jump up ^ `` Mount Columbia '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Columbia '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount King George '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount King George '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Johansen '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutMountains of North Americaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Natural Resources Canada ( NRC ) Canadian Geographical Names @ NRC United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) Geographic Names Information System @ USGS United States National Geodetic Survey ( NGS ) Geodetic Glossary @ NGS NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 online elevation converter @ NGS Survey Marks and Datasheets @ NGS Instituto Nacional de Estadística , Geografía e Informática ( INEGI ) Sistemas Nacionales Estadístico y de Información Geográfica ( SNEIG ) Bivouac.com Peakbagger.com Peaklist.org Peakware.com Summitpost.org North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Navassa Island Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands The 124 highest major summits of greater North America Denali Mount Logan Pico de Orizaba Mount Saint Elias Popocatépetl Mount Foraker Mount Lucania Iztaccíhuatl King Peak Mount Bona Mount Steele Mount Blackburn Mount Sanford Mount Wood Mount Vancouver Mount Slaggard Nevado de Toluca Mount Fairweather Mount Hubbard Mount Bear Mount Walsh Mount Hunter La Malinche Mount Whitney Mount Alverstone University Peak Mount Elbert Mount Massive Mount Harvard Mount Rainier Mount Williamson McArthur Peak Blanca Peak La Plata Peak Uncompahgre Peak Crestone Peak Mount Lincoln Castle Peak Grays Peak Mount Antero Mount Evans Longs Peak Mount Wilson White Mountain Peak North Palisade Mount Princeton Mount Yale Mount Shasta Maroon Peak Mount Wrangell Mount Sneffels Capitol Peak Pikes Peak Windom Peak / Mount Eolus Mount Augusta Handies Peak Culebra Peak San Luis Peak Mount of the Holy Cross Nevado de Colima Grizzly Peak Mount Humphreys Mount Keith Mount Strickland Mount Ouray Vermilion Peak Avalanche Peak Atna Peaks Volcán Tajumulco Regal Mountain Mount Darwin Mount Hayes Mount Silverheels Rio Grande Pyramid Cofre de Perote Gannett Peak Mount Kaweah Grand Teton Mount Cook Mount Morgan Mount Gabb Bald Mountain Mount Oso Mount Jackson Mount Tom Bard Peak West Spanish Peak Mount Powell Hagues Peak Mount Dubois Tower Mountain Treasure Mountain Kings Peak North Arapaho Peak Mount Pinchot Mount Natazhat Mount Jarvis Parry Peak Bill Williams Peak Sultan Mountain Mount Herard Volcán Tacaná West Buffalo Peak Mount Craig Tressider Peak Summit Peak Middle Peak / Dolores Peak Antora Peak Henry Mountain Hesperus Mountain Mount Silverthrone Jacque Peak Bennett Peak Wind River Peak Mount Waddington Conejos Peak Mount Marcus Baker Cloud Peak Wheeler Peak Francs Peak Twilight Peak South River Peak Mount Ritter Red Slate Mountain The 100 most prominent summits of greater North America Denali Mount Logan Pico de Orizaba Mount Rainier Volcán Tajumulco Mount Fairweather Chirripó Grande Gunnbjørn Fjeld Mount Blackburn Mount Hayes Mount Saint Elias Mount Waddington Mount Marcus Baker Pico Duarte Mount Lucania Mount Whitney Popocatépetl Mount Shasta Monarch Mountain Shishaldin Volcano Mount Robson Redoubt Volcano Mount Elbert Mount Sir Wilfrid Laurier Nevado de Colima Mount Vancouver Mount Sir Sandford Mount Baker Mount Torbert Pic la Selle Barbeau Peak San Jacinto Peak San Gorgonio Mountain Charleston Peak Pavlof Volcano Mount Veniaminof Mount Adams Skihist Mountain Mount Hubbard Mount Ratz Mount Odin Mount Isto Mount Monashee Iliamna Volcano Mount Olympus Mount Columbia Mount Queen Bess Mount Cook Mount Hood Mount Sanford Mount Tom White Mount Cooper Wheeler Peak Ulysses Mountain Glacier Peak Mount Kimball Blue Mountain Peak Wedge Mountain Otter Mountain Mount Griggs Nevado de Toluca Kwatna Peak Outlook Peak Mount Foraker Golden Hinde White Mountain Peak Mount Crillon Stauning Alper Cerro Teotepec Scud Peak Keele Peak Cloud Peak Gannett Peak Razorback Mountain Mount Vsevidof Mount Odin Cerro el Nacimiento Mount Hesperus Picacho del Diablo Mount Farnham Palup Qaqa HP Mount Bona Oscar Peak Pic Macaya Montaña de Santa Bárbara Mount Assiniboine Mount Jancowski Cerro Las Minas Mount Drum Gladsheim Peak Milne Land HP Mount Dawson Payers Tinde Beitstad Peak Mount Chiginagak Mount Edith Cavell Alsek Peak Mount Valpy Perserajoq Mount Cairnes The 107 most isolated major summits of greater North America Denali Gunnbjørn Fjeld Pico de Orizaba Mount Whitney Mount Mitchell Mount Washington Mount Rainier Mount Elbert Pico Duarte Chirripó Grande Shishaldin Volcano Barbeau Peak Mount Caubvick Volcán Tajumulco Melville Island HP La Grande Soufrière Tanaga Volcano Avannaarsua HP Mount Isto Cerro San Rafael Mathiassen Mountain Mount Logan Angilaaq Mountain Signal Hill Mount Odin Cerro el Potosí Mount Waddington Melville Hills HP Keele Peak Mount Shasta Perserajoq Mealy Mountains HP Peary Land HP The Cabox Volcán Everman Greenland Ice Sheet HP Gannett Peak Mont Yapeitso Mount Robson Mount Osborn Mount Igikpak Ulysses Mountain Cerro de Punta Cerro Gordo Pico San Juan Mont Jacques - Cartier Nevado de Colima Sukkertoppen Humphreys Peak Haffner Bjerg Victoria Island HP Wheeler Peak Revaltoppe Kisimngiuqtuq Peak Mount Vsevidof Mont Forel Beitstad Peak Hahn Land HP Pico La Laguna Volcán Las Tres Vírgenes Isla Guadalupe HP Mount Veniaminof Picacho del Diablo Cerro el Nacimiento Mount Ratz Hall Island HP Dillingham HP Mount Paatusoq Petermann Bjerg Spruce Knob Blue Mountain Peak Kings Peak Outlook Peak Sierra Blanca Peak Devon Ice Cap HP Point 1740 San Gorgonio Mountain Manuel Peak Katahdin Peak 4030 Howson Peak Mount Baldy Borah Peak Sierra Fría Cloud Peak Cerro Mohinora Fox Mountain Cap Mountain Sierra la Madera Black Elk Peak Mount Frank Rae Mount Nirvana Slide Mountain Durham Heights Mount Griggs Charleston Peak Pico Turquino Pic Macaya Junipero Serra Peak Mount Baker Mount Marcy Mont Raoul - Blanchard Mount Marcus Baker Mount Hayes Sacajawea Peak Steens Mountain Mount Fairweather Mountain peaks of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Coordinates : 63 ° 04 ′ 08 '' N 151 ° 00 ′ 23 '' W / 63.0690 ° N 151.0063 ° W / 63.0690 ; - 151.0063 ( Denali ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_the_highest_major_summits_of_North_America&oldid=835916791 '' Categories : Mountains of North America Geography of North America North America - related lists Hidden categories : Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 15 : 22 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20the%20highest%20major%20summits%20of%20North%20America
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who sang the theme tune to absolutely fabulous
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The theme song for Absolutely Fabulous is `` This Wheel 's on Fire '' , written by Bob Dylan and Rick Danko and performed by Julie Driscoll and Saunders ' husband Adrian Edmondson . The song was also sung by Marianne Faithfull and P.P. Arnold for the `` Last Shout '' special in 1996 . Hermine Demoriane sang a French version of the theme song over the closing credits of the episode `` Paris '' . At the end of the episode `` Birthday '' , Edina and Patsy sang the song together using a karaoke machine . More recently , it has been sung by Debbie Harry , who also guest - starred in the 2002 Christmas special `` Gay '' . For series four , a line sung by David Bowie , `` Ziggy played guitar '' , from the song `` Ziggy Stardust '' played at the end of each episode .
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Absolutely Fabulous
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absolutely fabulous
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Absolutely Fabulous , also known as Ab Fab , is a BBC sitcom created by , written by and starring Jennifer Saunders . It is based on a 1990 French & Saunders sketch created by Saunders and Dawn French .
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The series features Saunders as Edina Monsoon , a heavy - drinking , drug - abusing PR agent who spends her time chasing bizarre fads in a desperate attempt to stay young and `` hip '' . Edina is joined in her quest by magazine fashion director Patsy Stone ( played by Joanna Lumley ) , her best friend and enabler , whose drug abuse , alcohol consumption , and promiscuity far eclipse Edina 's comparatively mild self - destructive behaviour . Despite being a middle - aged , twice - divorced career woman , Edina is reliant upon the support of her daughter Saffron ( Julia Sawalha ) , a secondary school pupil ( and later university student ) whose constant care of her mother has left her a bitter cynic . The series also stars June Whitfield as Edina 's sarcastic and thieving mother , and Jane Horrocks as Edina 's brainless personal assistant . Absolutely Fabulous returned for three special episodes which were originally broadcast on 25 December 2011 , 1 January 2012 and 23 July 2012 to mark the show 's 20th anniversary . The episode broadcast on 23 July 2012 featured the 2012 Summer Olympics which were being held in London that week . A film based on the series was released to theatres on 1 July 2016 . On 28 November 2016 , Jennifer Saunders announced that the series is finished . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Background 3 Plot 4 Cast and characters 4.1 Main 4.2 Recurring 5 Episodes 6 Film 7 Special guests 8 Theme song 9 Other countries 10 Adaptations and related shows 10.1 Mirrorball 11 Future 12 Home video releases 12.1 UK releases 12.2 North American releases 12.3 Australian releases 13 Ratings 14 See also 15 References 16 External links Production ( edit ) The show has had an extended and sporadic run . The first three series were broadcast on the BBC from 1992 to 1995 , followed by a series finale in the form of a two - part television film entitled The Last Shout in 1996 . Creator Jennifer Saunders revived the show for a fourth series in 2001 , after having written and submitted a pilot entitled Mirrorball , which recruited nearly all of the original cast in new roles . The pilot was intended to be turned into a series of episodes . However , Saunders felt the characters were far too rich and interesting to put aside , and were far better suited for her new story ideas . Instead of Mirrorball , a new series of Absolutely Fabulous was proposed to the BBC , which later commissioned the fourth series in 2001 . From 2001 to 2004 , two full series were produced , along with three one - off hour - long specials ; Gay ( retitled and issued as Absolutely Fabulous in New York for the United States ) in 2002 , Cold Turkey , a Christmas special in 2003 , and White Box ( another series finale ) , which aired in 2004 . A Comic Relief sketch was broadcast in 2005 . In August 2011 , Lumley confirmed the planned filming of three new episodes . In 2011 , plans for a 20th anniversary revival were welcomed in The Guardian , which applauded the show as `` prophetic '' . The first new special was broadcast on 25 December with the second episode being shown on 1 January 2012 . The third , and final special coincided with the 2012 Summer Olympics , with Stella McCartney appearing in a cameo role . A film version of the series was released in summer 2016 . In the United States , the first of the three new 20th anniversary specials aired in January 2012 for broadcast by both BBC America and Logo Channel . Both channels also co-produced the 20th Anniversary episodes , although Logo removed some scenes for its airings . BBC America broadcast it in full . Both channels aired the episode in a 40 - minute block to allow for commercial interruptions . Absolutely Fabulous is ranked as the 17th greatest British TV show of all time by the British Film Institute . A scene from the show was included in the 100 Greatest TV Moments programme broadcast by Channel 4 . In 1997 , the pilot episode , `` Fashion '' , was ranked number 47 on TV Guide 's `` 100 Greatest Episodes of All - Time '' list . In 2004 and 2007 , the series was ranked number 24 and number 29 on TV Guide 's Top Cult Shows Ever list . Background ( edit ) Absolutely Fabulous evolved from a French & Saunders sketch called `` Modern Mother and Daughter '' ( from series 3 episode 6 ) , which starred Saunders as the mother ( named ' Adrianna ' ) and French as the daughter , already named Saffron . The sketch revolved around a middle - aged , single mother who acted like a teenager , and was reliant upon the emotional and financial support of her teenage daughter , who behaved like a middle - aged woman . It has no connection , other than the character 's name , to the earlier film Eddie Monsoon : A Life ? , a comedy play written by Saunders ' husband Adrian Edmondson in 1984 for the TV series The Comic Strip Presents ... The name `` Edina Monsoon '' is derived from Edmondson 's name and `` Eddy Monsoon '' is a nickname of his . According to an article published in The Times , the character of Edina was based on Lynne Franks . Franks believed Saunders had observed her and her children in detail after joining them on a family holiday . Josh Howie , Franks ' son , reported that his mother was upset because one of her best friends `` had taken the piss out of her '' in a TV show . Saunders revealed in 2012 that she was also inspired by pop band Bananarama with whom she and Dawn French had become friends after their Comic Relief collaboration in 1989 . `` The nights with Bananarama were some of the best nights of my life , and I got a lot of gags from Bananarama because they were big vodka drinkers ... when I started doing AbFab , I remembered all of the falls that I saw Bananarama do . I once saw one of them coming out of a cab bottom first and hitting the road , and I thought ' that 's class ' . Although Ab Fab was produced by Saunders and French 's production company , Dawn French appeared on the show only once , in a cameo in the first - series episode `` Magazine '' , before making a brief cameo on the 2016 film . Three new specials were announced to celebrate the show 's 20th anniversary with the first special , `` Identity '' airing on 25 December 2011 . Jon Plowman , executive producer and original producer of the series , said : `` Viewers have been fantastically loyal in their devotion to our show , so we 're really thrilled to say that it 's coming back for three new shows to celebrate our 20th anniversary . All of the originals who are back together again are still truly absolutely fabulous and the new adventures of Edina , Patsy , Saffy , Bubble and Mother , plus a few surprising guests , will be a real treat for viewers . '' Saunders announced in November 2011 that she had begun work on a film version of the series . Plot ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Edina `` Eddy '' Monsoon ( Saunders ) and Patricia `` Patsy '' Stone ( Lumley ) are a pair of high - powered career women on the London fashion scene . Eddy runs her own PR firm , and Patsy holds a sinecure position at a top British fashion magazine . The two women use their considerable financial resources to indulge in alcohol and recreational drugs and to chase the latest fads in an attempt to maintain their youth and recapture their glory days as Mods in Swinging London . In 2011 , they are still chain - smokers . The partnership is largely driven by Patsy , who is both co-dependent and enabler to Eddy . Their lifestyle inevitably leads to a variety of personal crises , which are invariably resolved by Eddy 's daughter , Saffron Monsoon ( Julia Sawalha ) , whose constant involvement in their exploits has left her increasingly bitter and cynical . Eddy 's mother ( June Whitfield ) is also present in their routines , often helping Saffy with the cooking and cleaning at home ; despite this , though , Eddy and Mother have a strained relationship , rarely being left alone together and disagreeing on virtually everything . Also recurring in their lives are both of Eddy 's ex-husbands , Marshall ( Christopher Ryan ) and Justin ( Christopher Malcolm ) , and their respective new partners , the American hippie Bo ( Mo Gaffney ) , and the acidic Oliver ( Gary Beadle ) . Also present is Bubble ( Jane Horrocks ) , Eddy 's personal secretary , a Lancastrian with a unique dress sense and a childish outlook on and attitude towards the business and life in general . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Absolutely Fabulous characters From left to right , Jane Horrocks , Julia Sawalha , Jennifer Saunders , June Whitfield and Joanna Lumley Main ( edit ) Actor Character Duration Jennifer Saunders Edina Monsoon 1992 -- 1996 , 2001 - 2005 , 2011 -- 2012 , 2016 ( film ) Joanna Lumley Patsy Stone Julia Sawalha Saffron Monsoon June Whitfield Mother Jane Horrocks Bubble , Katy Grin , Lola , Radio voice Recurring ( edit ) Actor Character Duration Christopher Ryan Marshall Turtle 1992 -- 1996 , 2001 -- 2004 , 2012 , 2016 ( film ) Mo Gaffney Bo Turtle ( née Crysalis ) 1992 -- 1996 , 2001 -- 2004 , 2012 , 2016 ( film ) Naoko Mori Sarah 1992 -- 1996 , 2001 -- 2004 , 2011 Christopher Malcolm Justin 1992 -- 1996 , 2001 -- 2004 , 2011 Helen Lederer Catriona 1992 -- 1996 , 2001 -- 2004 , 2012 , 2016 ( film ) Harriet Thorpe Fleur 1992 -- 1996 , 2001 -- 2004 , 2012 , 2016 ( film ) Gary Beadle Oliver 1992 -- 1996 Kathy Burke Magda 1992 -- 1996 , 2016 ( film ) Lulu herself 1994 - 1995 , 2012 , 2016 ( film ) Miranda Richardson Bettina 1994 , 2004 Patrick Barlow Max 1994 , 2004 Celia Imrie Claudia Bing 1995 , 2001 , 2016 ( film ) Eleanor Bron Patsy 's Mother 1992 , 2003 Kate O'Mara Jackie Stone 1995 , 2003 Marianne Faithfull God 1996 , 2001 Christian Lacroix himself 1996 , 2001 Twiggy herself 2001 Tilly Blackwood Lady Candy 2001 Emma Bunton herself 2003 , 2012 , 2016 ( film ) Antony Cotton Damon 2003 Felix Dexter John Johnson 2003 Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Absolutely Fabulous episodes Absolutely Fabulous first aired on 12 November 1992 and ran for three series , until 4 May 1995 , when the sixth episode of series 3 was billed as the last ever episode . However , the following year in November 1996 , two specials called `` The Last Shout '' were broadcast and were also billed as the last ever episodes . Both episodes featured end sequences with flashes to the future . However , after writing Mirrorball , Jennifer Saunders decided she had more ideas , leading to a fourth series , which premiered on 31 August 2001 , while a subsequent special airing in 2002 . A fifth series premiered on 17 October 2003 , and another special , which aired on 25 December 2004 . This was followed by a short special for Comic Relief in March 2005 . In July 2005 , Saunders announced she would not be writing or playing Edina again , stating `` The 6am calls to go to make - up and all the promotional work wear you down . I would like to write and direct -- that would be my joy '' . However , in November 2010 , Lumley revealed to Playbill magazine that she had recently spoken to Saunders about the possibility of filming a new series . Lumley and Saunders reunited for the M&S Christmas advert in 2009 , along with other stars such as Twiggy and Stephen Fry . On 29 August 2011 , it was announced that a further series of three programmes was being made to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the original production . The first of these , `` Identity '' , was shown on Christmas Day 2011 and the second , `` Job '' , was shown on New Year 's Day 2012 . The last , entitled `` Olympics '' , aired on 23 July 2012 . The episodes were jointly co-produced by Logo , and BBC America in the US . On 3 January 2012 , following the success of the 20th Anniversary Specials , it was rumoured that Saunders was set to write another Christmas special for 2012 . The BBC were rumoured to also be urging her to write a sixth series for 2013 . Saunders denied the reports of additional episodes via her Twitter account . On 29 November 2016 , Jennifer Saunders confirmed that `` She was done '' with Absolutely Fabulous and it would not be returning to television for another series , or specials , nor would a sequel to the film be made . Saunders now wishes to focus on new projects and spend more time with her family . Film ( edit ) Main article : Absolutely Fabulous : The Movie In 2011 , prior to the release of the new episodes for 2011 / 2012 , Deadline Hollywood reported that Saunders planned to begin writing a script for a film of Absolutely Fabulous in 2012 . The film would begin with Edina and Patsy waking up on an oligarch 's deserted yacht , drifting in the ocean . Saunders later said that the film will be set on the French Riviera . In March 2012 , Saunders confirmed that she was working on the script . She said of the film 's plotline : Eddy and Patsy are looking for what they imagine glamorous life should be . They 're constantly searching for that perfect place to sit or that perfect pair of sunglasses . It 's Shangri - La and it just might be round the next corner . In the meantime , they decide to take Saffy 's ( Julia Sawalha ) daughter off her -- she calls her Jane , I call her Lola -- but then they lose her . Saunders also stated that now that she had announced plans for a feature , there was no going back . She would do it for no other reason than to have her alter - ego and Patsy walk down the red carpet at the film 's premiere . In April 2013 Saunders said on the Alan Carr Chatty Man show that she had doubts about the film as she felt the cast were `` too old '' . She felt pressure to write it and did n't want to commit herself to it at this early stage . On 4 January 2014 whilst appearing on The Jonathan Ross Show , Saunders officially confirmed that the movie will definitely be happening , as she felt obliged to write a script for a film adaptation after threatening it for so long . Saunders was quoted as saying : `` Joanna Lumley kept announcing it and saying , ' Yes she 's going to do it , ' and then Dawn French on our radio show at Christmas said , ' I bet £ 100,000 that you do n't write it , ' so now I have to write it , otherwise I have to pay her £ 100,000 ' '' . In April 2014 , Saunders again confirmed on BBC Breakfast that she was in the process of writing the film , and gave a prospective release date of sometime during 2015 . Principal photography on the film began on 12 October 2015 in the south of France . Special guests ( edit ) Many celebrities , mainly British or American , appeared in the series , most of them as themselves . They include : Sylvia Anderson Christopher Biggins Crispin Bonham Carter Helena Bonham Carter Jo Brand Fern Britton Simon Brodkin Emma Bunton Naomi Campbell Linford Christie Nicky Clarke Terence Conran Richard Curtis Carl Davis Daniela Denby - Ashe Marcella Detroit Sacha Distel Minnie Driver Lindsay Duncan Adrian Edmondson Britt Ekland Idris Elba Marianne Faithfull Jesse Tyler Ferguson Dawn French Mariella Frostrup Stephen Gately Jean - Paul Gaultier Whoopi Goldberg Sofie Gråbøl Richard E Grant Germaine Greer Tanni Grey - Thompson Debbie Harry Miranda Hart Rebecca Front David Haye Tom Hollander Kelly Holmes Colin Jackson Elton John Mark Kermode La Roux Christian Lacroix Nathan Lane Leigh Lawson Robert Lindsay Lulu Stella McCartney Suzy Menkes Laurie Metcalf Kate Moss Graham Norton Erin O'Connor Bruce Oldfield Kate O'Mara Anita Pallenberg Suzi Quatro Zandra Rhodes Mandy Rice - Davies Richard and Judy Miranda Richardson Kristin Scott Thomas Meera Syal Twiggy Rufus Wainwright Kirsty Wark Ruby Wax Dale Winton Katy Wix Clarissa Dickson Wright Theme song ( edit ) The theme song for Absolutely Fabulous is `` This Wheel 's on Fire '' , written by Bob Dylan and Rick Danko and performed by Julie Driscoll and Saunders ' husband Adrian Edmondson . The song was also sung by Marianne Faithfull and P.P. Arnold for the `` Last Shout '' special in 1996 . Hermine Demoriane sang a French version of the theme song over the closing credits of the episode `` Paris '' . At the end of the episode `` Birthday '' , Edina and Patsy sang the song together using a karaoke machine . More recently , it has been sung by Debbie Harry , who also guest - starred in the 2002 Christmas special `` Gay '' . For series four , a line sung by David Bowie , `` Ziggy played guitar '' , from the song `` Ziggy Stardust '' played at the end of each episode . Due to copyright issues , the theme song is missing from many of the US Region 1 DVDs , being replaced by an instrumental version of the song . Also excised from the US DVD release is the musical number from Chicago performed by Horrocks , Gaffney , and Ryan , during a dream sequence in the series 5 episode `` Birthin ' '' . In addition to the official theme song , in 1994 , Pet Shop Boys recorded a song for Comic Relief using excerpts of dialogue from the series put to dance music . The single was attributed to `` Absolutely Fabulous produced by Pet Shop Boys '' . It peaked at number 6 in the UK Singles Chart in July 1994 . The music video featured clips from the show and specially recorded footage of the Pet Shop Boys with Patsy and Edina . On 10 June 2016 , Kylie Minogue released her version of `` This Wheel 's on Fire '' for Absolutely Fabulous : The Movie , prior to the film 's release in July 2016 . Other countries ( edit ) In the United States , Absolutely Fabulous has been broadcast on Comedy Central , some public television stations , but not as part of the PBS program offerings , BBC America , Oxygen Network , and as of 2011 , Logo , a gay - oriented channel . In Canada , the programme has appeared on the BBC Canada , the CBC , The Comedy Network , and VisionTV . In Australia , all series were originally shown on the ABC , and on cable on UK.TV , and moved to The Comedy Channel in 2007 . Repeats of the first three series were also shown on the Seven network . The ABC continues to show it sporadically and shows Christmas Specials and occasional repeats of series 5 episodes . ABC2 also shows repeats of the show . As of August 6 -- 7 , 2016 the series was shown on Nine Network 's sister channel 9Gem to promote the upcoming film adaption . In New Zealand all five series were broadcast on TVNZ . In India , all five series , including the specials , have been shown on BBC Entertainment . In Portugal , Ab Fab has been shown on RTP2 . In Serbia , the first series was aired in 1998 , through a network of local television stations . In 2004 the series was aired in its entirety on B92 , while in the Czech Republic all episodes have been shown . In the Republic of Macedonia , all episodes have been shown a couple of times on Sitel . In the Netherlands and Flanders , the series is popular , still being regularly re-broadcast by the VPRO and Canvas , respectively . In Sweden , all episodes were first broadcast by SVT , but reruns have later appeared on other channels . In Germany , it was broadcast by the Franco - German TV network Arte and gay - oriented channel TIMM . In France , before it was rerun on terrestrial TV arte , it was successively premiered on pay TV channel Canal + , cable channel Jimmy , and is now broadcast on France 4 . In Finland , the series was broadcast by YLE TV1 . In Estonia , the series was broadcast by ETV . In Brazil , it was aired on GNT . In Poland , two series were broadcast by Wizja Jeden , later by TVP3 , TVN7 and BBC Entertainment . In Israel , some of the series was aired on Yes Plus and on BBC Entertainment . Adaptations and related shows ( edit ) Absolutely Fabulous inspired a French feature film , called Absolument fabuleux , in 2001 . It was written and directed by Gabriel Aghion , and starred Josiane Balasko as Eddy and Nathalie Baye as Patsy . Saunders had a small cameo alongside Catherine Deneuve as a spectator at a fashion show . Amanda Lear was asked to play the part of Patsy but turned it down laughingly , saying she 'd `` already lived it '' . A proposed American remake that would have starred Carrie Fisher and Barbara Carrera was put into motion by Roseanne Barr but never got off the ground . However , Barr did incorporate many elements of the show into the final season of her eponymous show Roseanne , in which her character wins the lottery : Saunders and Lumley reprised their characters Edina and Patsy , and Mo Gaffney also appeared in the episode , but not as her character Bo . Two later American sitcoms , Cybill and High Society , also adapted elements of Absolutely Fabulous for the American audience . It was announced on 7 October 2008 that an American version of the series was in the works . The series was to be relocated to Los Angeles . Saturday Night Live writer Christine Zander worked on the new scripts and would have been executive producer along with Saunders and BBC Worldwide 's Ian Moffitt . Sony Pictures Television , BBC Worldwide , and indie Tantamount were producing the new series for Fox , which greenlighted the pilot as a possible Fall 2009 entry with Kathryn Hahn as Eddy and Kristen Johnston as Patsy . In May 2009 , Fox decided not to commission a full series . The stage for the kitchen in Ab Fab is now used as the stage for the shop in the British comedy Miranda . Miranda Hart , creator of the show , had previously appeared on Absolutely Fabulous . Mirrorball ( edit ) Mirrorball was a pilot set in the London theatre scene , starring the cast of Absolutely Fabulous as alternative characters . While writing and filming the show , Saunders was inspired to revive Absolutely Fabulous for a fourth series , which resulted in her abandoning Mirrorball . It was eventually aired as a television special , and is included as a special feature on the DVD of the fourth season . Future ( edit ) There are currently no plans for Absolutely Fabulous to return to television for a new series , specials , nor film as the planned sequel to the 2016 feature film was cancelled . Although the series was intended to end in 1995 following the third series , an official finale , `` The Last Shout '' , which was broadcast in 1996 and marked a closure for the series . However , it was revived in 2001 . It was again mentioned that the series would not return following the 2004 Christmas special , `` White Box '' , but three 20th Anniversary specials were screened some time later with speculation that a new series would be broadcast in the future . On 28 November 2016 , it was announced that Absolutely Fabulous was finished , as Jennifer Saunders said that `` I 'm not doing anything more with Ab Fab . That 's it , it 's over now . I ca n't see the point of doing anything else with it , really . '' Home Video releases ( edit ) Absolutely Fabulous was initially released on VHS in the UK by BBC Video ending with the 8 - VHS box set Series 1 -- 4 in November 2002 . In the United States , Series 1 and Series 2 were released together on Laserdisc by CBS / FOX in a boxed set in 1995 , followed by Series 3 , released by CBS / FOX the following year and `` The Last Shout '' released by Image Entertainment in 1997 . All episodes were later released on DVD , including a five - DVD box set titled The Complete DVD Collection : Series 1 -- 4 in 2002 . All releases were distributed by BBC Video and 2 Entertain ( post 2004 ) except for The Last Shout which was released by Vision Video and Universal Studios . The entire series is also available on demand on iTunes . When the first three series were re-released on DVD , they did not include corresponding cover photography to their series : Series 1 included an image from the Series 3 episode `` Jealous '' , Series 2 had an image from Series 3 episode `` Doorhandle '' and Series 3 is from the Series 2 episode `` Poor '' . All other releases included imagery from the correct series , as do the original VHS releases . In North America , all episodes have been released on DVD by BBC Video and Warner Home Video , including a complete collection named Absolutely Everything . The Last Shout and Gay ( which were released in the UK individually ) were released as a collection called Absolutely Special in 2003 . Another feature - length special White Box was released exclusively to the American market . It was eventually released in the United Kingdom on 15 November 2010 with its inclusion in the Absolutely Everything box set . Other releases include Absolutely Not , a bloopers and outtakes collection , and Absolutely Fabulous : A Life , a mockumentary including 15 minutes of new material interspersed with clips from the series . Both were only released on VHS in the UK ; the latter was also released as a special feature on the box set release Absolutely Everything in America . Save for `` The Last Shout '' , and the specials `` Gay '' ( aka `` Absolutely Fabulous in New York '' ) , and `` White Box '' , the entire series is available to stream via Hulu . The series is also available on Netflix . UK releases ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , VHS releases were distributed by BBC Video , except The Last Shout which was released by Vision Video , the final release being in 2002 . VHS releases in the UK Year Title Release date Release information Running time 1993 Series 1 : Fashion / Fat / France 4 October 1993 Episodes 1 -- 3 from Series 1 86 : 00 1993 Series 1 : Iso Tank / Birthday / Magazine 4 October 1993 Episodes 4 -- 6 from Series 1 87 : 00 1994 Series 2 : Hospital / Death / Morocco 19 October 1994 Episodes 1 -- 3 from Series 2 88 : 00 1994 Series 2 : New Best Friend / Poor / Birth 19 October 1994 Episodes 4 -- 6 from Series 2 87 : 00 1995 The Complete Series 1 3 July 1995 Double VHS Collection containing all 6 episodes from Series 1 173 : 00 1995 Series 3 : Doorhandle / Happy New Year / Sex 2 October 1995 Episodes 1 -- 3 from Series 3 86 : 00 1995 Series 3 : Jealous / Fear / The End 2 October 1995 Episodes 4 -- 6 from Series 3 84 : 00 1995 Series 1 -- 3 30 October 1995 6 VHS Box Set containing all 18 episodes from Series 1 -- 3 518 : 00 The Complete Series 2 3 June 1996 Double VHS Collection containing all 6 episodes from Series 2 175 : 00 The Last Shout 11 November 1996 Final Episodes Special Parts 1 & 2 100 : 00 Absolutely Fabulous : Absolutely Not 3 November 1997 The Designer Balls - Up Collection : contains bloopers and outtakes 58 : 00 1998 Absolutely Fabulous : A Life 2 November 1998 Mockumentary with 15 minutes of new material with clips from the series 78 : 00 2001 The Complete Series 4 19 November 2001 Single VHS tape containing all 6 episodes from Series 4 180 : 00 2002 The Complete Series 3 25 November 2002 Single VHS tape containing all 6 episodes from Series 3 188 : 00 2001 The Complete Series 2 25 November 2002 Single VHS tape containing all 6 episodes from Series 2 -- different packaging 175 : 00 2002 The Complete Series 1 25 November 2002 Single VHS tape containing all 6 episodes from Series 1 -- different packaging 173 : 00 2002 Series 1 -- 4 25 November 2002 8 - VHS Box Set containing all 24 episodes from Series 1 -- 4 720 : 00 All episodes have now been released on DVD in the United Kingdom . `` White Box '' which was released in North America , was never available individually in the UK and was not available until its inclusion in the 2010 Absolutely Fabulous : Absolutely Everything box set . The North American release Absolutely Special has been released in the UK as two separate releases : The Last Shout and Gay . All releases in the UK were distributed by BBC Video except The Last Shout which was released by Vision Video . DVD releases in the UK Year Title Release date Release information Special features Running time 2000 Series 1 20 November 2000 Episodes 1 -- 6 of Series 1 15 minutes of outtakes , photo gallery , the original French and Saunders sketch 195 : 00 2000 The Last Shout 27 November 2000 Parts 1 & 2 of the Special Collection of classic moments , unbroadcastable outtakes 104 : 00 2001 Series 2 1 October 2001 Episodes 1 -- 6 of Series 2 15 minutes of outtakes , photo gallery 176 : 00 2001 Series 3 12 November 2001 Episodes 1 -- 6 of Series 3 15 minutes of outtakes , photo gallery 176 : 00 2002 Series 4 8 April 2002 2 - Disc set including episodes 1 -- 6 of Series 4 pilot episode of Mirrorball ( 2000 ) , commentary by Jennifer Saunders and Jon Plowman , 12 minutes of out - takes , behind the scenes interviews , photo gallery 180 : 00 2002 The Complete DVD Collection : Series 1 -- 4 25 November 2002 5 DVD Box Set containing Series 1 -- 4 Mock - velvet packaging box with each series individually packaged inside , all special features are the same as series released 720 : 00 2003 Gay 29 September 2003 2002 Feature Length Special Outtakes , photo gallery 45 : 00 Series 5 27 September 2004 2 - Disc set including episodes 1 -- 8 of Series 5 Outtakes , photo gallery 240 : 00 Absolutely Fabulous : Absolutely Everything 15 November 2010 10 Disc Complete Collection including Series 1 -- 5 , The Last Shout , Gay , White Box plus extras How to Be Absolutely Fabulous : A behind - the - scenes look at Ab Fab , Absolutely Fabulous : A Life , Modern Mother and Daughter ( the sketch that started it all by French and Saunders ) , Pilot episode of Mirrorball ( 2000 ) , Joanna Lumley on Modeling , Rare outtakes , Photo galleries , Audio commentary on Series 4 by Jennifer Saunders and Jon Plowman 2012 Ab Fab at 20 30 July 2012 Includes all three specials from 2011 -- 12 2014 Absolutely Fabulous : Absolutely Everything - The Definitive Edition 17 March 2014 11 Disc Complete Collection including Series 1 -- 5 , The Last Shout , Gay , White Box , and the Ab Fab at 20 specials plus extras How to Be Absolutely Fabulous : A behind - the - scenes look at Ab Fab , Absolutely Fabulous : A Life , Modern Mother and Daughter ( the sketch that started it all by French and Saunders ) , Pilot episode of Mirrorball ( 2000 ) , Joanna Lumley on Modeling , Rare outtakes , Photo galleries , Audio commentary on Series 4 by Jennifer Saunders and Jon Plowman North American releases ( edit ) In North America , every episode of the series has been released . All releases are distributed by BBC Video and Warner Home Video . DVD releases in North America Year Title Release date Release information Running time 2001 Complete Series 1 13 March 2001 13 September 2005 ( re-released ) Episodes 1 -- 6 of Series 1 180 : 00 2001 Complete Series 2 13 March 2001 13 September 2005 ( re-released ) Episodes 1 -- 6 of Series 2 180 : 00 2001 Complete Series 3 13 March 2001 13 September 2005 ( re-released ) Episodes 1 -- 6 of Series 3 180 : 00 2002 Complete Series 4 5 February 2002 13 September 2005 ( re-released ) 2 - disc set including Episodes 1 -- 6 of Series 4 240 : 00 2003 Absolutely Fabulous : Absolutely Special 30 September 2003 13 September 2005 ( re-released ) contains the two TV specials : The Last Shout and Absolutely Fabulous in New York ( known in the UK as Gay ) 150 : 00 2005 Complete Series 5 13 September 2005 2 - disc set including Episodes 1 -- 8 of Series 5 240 : 00 2005 Complete Series 1 -- 3 4 October 2005 3 - disc set contains all 18 episodes from series 1 -- 3 540 : 00 2007 White Box 16 October 2007 2004 Christmas Special 44 : 00 2008 Absolutely Fabulous : Absolutely Everything 27 May 2008 9 - disc Complete Collection including Series 1 -- 5 , Absolutely Special , White Box plus extras : How to Be Absolutely Fabulous : A behind - the - scenes look at Ab Fab , Absolutely Fabulous : A Life , Modern Mother and Daughter ( the sketch that started it all by French and Saunders ) , Before AbFab : two French & Saunders sketches , Pilot episode of Mirrorball ( 2000 ) , Joanna Lumley on Modeling , Rare outtakes , Photo galleries , Audio commentary on Series 4 by Jennifer Saunders and Jon Plowman 1186 : 00 2012 Absolutely Fabulous : 20th Anniversary Specials 11 September 2012 Includes all three specials from 2011 -- 12 Australian releases ( edit ) DVD releases in Australia Year Title Release date Release information Special features 2001 Series 1 3 October 2001 Episodes 1 -- 6 of Series 1 15 minutes of outtakes , photo gallery 2002 Series 2 28 February 2002 Episodes 1 -- 6 of Series 2 15 minutes of outtakes , photo gallery 2002 Series 3 1 July 2002 Episodes 1 -- 6 of Series 3 15 minutes of outtakes , photo gallery 2002 The Last Shout 20 July 2002 Parts 1 & 2 of the special length feature Classic moments , outtakes 2002 Series 4 8 August 2002 Episodes 1 -- 6 of Series 4 15 minutes of outtakes , photo gallery Series 5 ( plus Feature Length Special Gay ) 8 April 2004 3 - disc set including episodes 1 -- 8 of Series 5 and special Gay Outtakes , photo gallery 2005 White Box 2 November 2005 2004 Christmas Special How to Be Absolutely Fabulous outtakes , behind the scenes footage , celebrity voice messages on Edina 's answering machine 2006 Absolutely Everything 20 April 2006 9 - disc set contains Series 1 -- 5 , Gay and White Box ( does not contain The Last Shout ) 21⁄2 hours of special features 2011 Absolutely Fabulous : Complete Collection 5 April 2011 10 - disc complete collection including Series 1 -- 5 , The Last Shout , Gay , White Box plus extras All the special features of the Absolutely Everything UK DVD release ; also in the same packaging . 2012 Ab Fab at 20 16 August 2012 Includes all three specials from 2011 -- 12 Ratings ( edit ) Title Episode Airdate Total viewers Rank ( Top 30 ) Series 4 31 August 2001 8,280,000 10 7 September 2001 7,590,000 7 14 September 2001 7,470,000 15 21 September 2001 7,340,000 14 5 28 September 2001 7,440,000 12 6 5 October 2001 6,640,000 20 Gay 27 December 2002 8,680,000 12 Title Episode Airdate Total Viewers Rank ( Top 30 ) Series 5 17 October 2003 7,690,000 8 24 October 2003 6,800,000 12 31 October 2003 6,150,000 12 7 November 2003 7,020,000 9 5 14 November 2003 7,190,000 8 6 28 November 2003 5,220,000 30 7 5 December 2003 5,860,000 13 8 24 December 2003 6,910,000 17 White Box 25 December 2004 6,337,000 19 Title Episode Airdate Total Viewers Rank ( Top 30 ) 20th Anniversary 25 December 2011 9,070,000 8 1 January 2012 7,970,000 10 23 July 2012 6,380,000 8 See also ( edit ) Comedy portal Television in the United Kingdom portal List of Absolutely Fabulous episodes List of British television programmes List of programs broadcast by Comedy Central References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Sorry darlings , Jennifer Saunders says no more Ab Fab : ' I ca n't see the point ' '' . Dailystar.co.uk. 28 November 2016 . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Catriona Wightman ( 20 April 2011 ) . `` ' Absolutely Fabulous ' to return , says Joanna Lumley '' . ' Digital Spy . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Flynn , Paul ( 29 August 2011 ) . `` Why Absolutely Fabulous now looks absolutely prescient '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 5 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Saunders ' definitely doing ' Absolutely Fabulous movie '' 29 December 2011 , Digital Spy Jump up ^ `` Stella McCartney to star in Absolutely Fabulous '' . Jump up ^ `` Special Collectors ' Issue : 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time '' . TV Guide ( 28 June -- 4 July ) . 1997 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Names the Top Cult Shows Ever '' . TVGuide.com. 29 June 2007 . Retrieved 10 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gillian Bowditch ( 3 August 2008 ) . `` My mad , mad Ab Fab life '' . The Times . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ ' Caitlin Moran talks to Jennifer Saunders ' , Chain Reaction , Series 8 Episode 6 . BBC Radio 4 , 31 August 2012 Jump up ^ Alleyne , Richard ( 6 November 2011 ) . `` Jennifer Saunders : my fight against breast cancer '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . ^ Jump up to : `` Radio Times Guide to TV Comedy '' . BBC Worldwide Ltd. 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Absolutely Fabulous : Olympics '' BBC Media Centre . Undated . Jump up ^ `` Logo to Co-Produce Three New `` Absolutely Fabulous '' Specials `` . NewNowNext. 29 August 2011 . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BBC bosses want new series of Ab Fab for 2013 '' . London Evening Standard . 3 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 8 January 2012 . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Jennifer Saunders says there 'll be no more Absolutely Fabulous : `` That . Is . It . '' `` . Radio Times . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Adler , Tim ( 8 November 2011 ) . `` Jennifer Saunders To Pen Absolutely Fabulous Movie '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Bolonik , Kera ( 29 December 2011 ) . `` Still Ab Fab : Jennifer Saunders '' . New York . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Saunders excited about Ab Fab film '' . Irish Independent . 26 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Boyle , Simon ( 2015 - 10 - 17 ) . `` Joanna Lumley is Absolutely DRAGULOUS in shooting new Ab Fab movie '' . mirror . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Martin , Liam . `` Jennifer Saunders will write Absolutely Fabulous movie '' . Digital Spy. 4 January 2014 . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Daly , Emma . `` Jennifer Saunders : Absolutely Fabulous the movie is happening '' . Radio Times . 4 January 2014 . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Breakfast - Facebook '' . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 10 / 16 / 15 : Ab Fab : The Movie & Planet of the Apes Sequel Start Shooting While Star Trek Beyond Wraps '' . SSN Insider. 16 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 13 June 2017 . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ( 19 October 2015 ) . `` First Look : Absolutely Fabulous Feature Film Starts Shooting '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Complete ' Absolutely Fabulous ' to air on Logo TV '' . hitfix.com. 24 March 2011 . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Cybill ' is hardly ' Fabulous ' . San Francisco Examiner , January 2 , 1995 . Jump up ^ ( http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1995-10-30/features/1995303019_1_absolutely-fabulous-jean-smart-high-society `` CBS ' ' High Society ' is risque but is not ' Absolutely Fabulous ' '' . Baltimore Sun , October 30 , 1995 . Jump up ^ `` CBS 's High Society : Absolutely Horrible '' . October 30 , 1995 . Jump up ^ Cynthia Littleton ( 6 October 2008 ) . `` Fox to redo ' Absolutely Fabulous ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Michael Schneider ( 23 January 2009 ) . `` ' Absolutely Fabulous ' redo gets pilot '' . Variety . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' Headlines : Kathryn Hahn and Kristen Johnston to Star in Fox 's AbFab '' from Broadway.com ( 11 February 2009 ) `` . Broadway.com . Archived from the original on 12 July 2009 . Retrieved 31 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Nikki Finke ( 13 May 2009 ) . `` Primetime Pilot Panic : ' AbFab ' , ' Eva Adams ' , ' Two Dollar Beer ' All Dead At Fox '' . Deadline Hollywood Daily . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Absolutely Fabulous -- Absolutely Everything ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ab Fab at 20 : DVD '' . bbcshop.com . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Absolutely Fabulous : 20th Anniversary Specials '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 11 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Absolutely Fabulous : Series 1 -- 5 Plus Specials ( Complete Collection ) '' . jbhifionline.com.au . Archived from the original on 22 October 2012 . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ab Fab at 20 : DVD '' . ezydvd.com.au . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 19 December 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Absolutely Fabulous Wikimedia Commons has media related to Absolutely Fabulous . Absolutely Fabulous at BBC Programmes Absolutely Fabulous at British Comedy Guide Absolutely Fabulous on IMDb Absolutely Fabulous at epguides.com Absolutely Fabulous at TV.com Absolutely Fabulous at British TV Comedy Guide Absolutely Fabulous at Episode World Absolutely Fabulous at the BFI 's Screenonline `` French and Saunders '' -- Gentlemen Prefer Blondes on IMDb ( episode contains skit Modern Mother and Daughter ) ( hide ) Absolutely Fabulous Characters Edina Monsoon Patsy Stone Episodes Series 1 Series 2 Series 3 Series 4 Series 5 Absolutely Fabulous : The Movie Music `` This Wheel 's on Fire '' `` Absolutely Fabulous '' Related Mirrorball Absolument fabuleux BAFTA TV Award for Best Comedy Series Yes Minister ( 1981 ) Yes Minister ( 1982 ) Yes Minister ( 1983 ) Hi - de-Hi ! ( 1984 ) The Young Ones ( 1985 ) Only Fools and Horses ( 1986 ) Just Good Friends ( 1987 ) Blackadder the Third ( 1988 ) Only Fools and Horses ( 1989 ) Blackadder Goes Forth ( 1990 ) The New Statesman ( 1991 ) One Foot in the Grave ( 1992 ) Absolutely Fabulous ( 1993 ) Drop the Dead Donkey ( 1994 ) Three Fights , Two Weddings and a Funeral ( 1995 ) Father Ted ( 1996 ) Only Fools and Horses ( 1997 ) I 'm Alan Partridge ( 1998 ) Father Ted ( 1999 ) The League of Gentlemen ( 2000 ) Da Ali G Show ( 2001 ) The Sketch Show ( 2002 ) Alistair McGowan 's Big Impression ( 2003 ) Little Britain ( 2004 ) Little Britain ( 2005 ) Help ( 2006 ) That Mitchell and Webb Look ( 2007 ) Fonejacker ( 2008 ) Harry & Paul ( 2009 ) The Armstrong & Miller Show ( 2010 ) Harry & Paul ( 2011 ) Stewart Lee 's Comedy Vehicle ( 2012 ) The Revolution Will Be Televised ( 2013 ) A League of Their Own ( 2014 ) The Graham Norton Show ( 2015 ) Have I Got News for You ( 2016 ) International Emmy Award for Outstanding Popular Arts Programming Armchair Theatre ( 1968 ) La cabina ( 1973 ) The Evacuees ( 1974 ) Henry Ford 's America ( 1975 ) Rich Little 's Christmas Carol ( 1979 ) Not the Nine O'Clock News ( 1980 ) Vinicius para Crianças - Arca de Noé ( 1981 ) The Black Adder ( 1983 ) Fresh Fields ( 1984 ) Spitting Image ( 1985 ) Spitting Image ( 1986 ) The New Statesman ( 1987 ) Alexei Sayle 's Stuff ( 1989 ) Mr. Bean ( 1990 ) The Curse of Mr. Bean ( 1991 ) Drop the Dead Donkey ( 1992 ) Drop the Dead Donkey ( 1993 ) Red Dwarf / Absolutely Fabulous ( 1994 ) Do n't Forget Your Toothbrush ( 1995 ) Wallace and Gromit ( 1996 ) Liberg zappt ( 1997 ) The Vicar of Dibley ( 1998 ) Smack the Pony ( 1999 ) Smack the Pony ( 2000 ) So Graham Norton ( 2001 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Absolutely_Fabulous&oldid=834316555 '' Categories : 1992 British television programme debuts 2012 British television programme endings 1990s British sitcoms 2000s British sitcoms 2010s British sitcoms Absolutely Fabulous BAFTA winners ( television series ) BBC high definition programmes BBC television sitcoms English - language television programs Fashion - themed television series Narcissism in fiction Television programs adapted into films Television series about friendship Television series based on comedy sketches Television shows set in London Television series revived after cancellation Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2014 EngvarB from June 2014 Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Talk Contents Help About Wikipedia Wikiquote Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 01 : 49 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolutely%20Fabulous
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character sketch of yank in the hairy ape
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The Hairy Ape
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the hairy ape
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The Hairy Ape is a 1922 expressionist play by American playwright Eugene O'Neill . It is about a brutish , unthinking laborer known as Yank , the protagonist of the play , as he searches for a sense of belonging in a world controlled by the rich . At first , Yank feels secure as he stokes the engines of an ocean liner , and is highly confident in his physical power over the ship 's engines and his men .
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However , when the rich daughter of an industrialist in the steel business refers to him as a `` filthy beast '' , Yank undergoes a crisis of identity and so starts his mental and physical deterioration . He leaves the ship and wanders into Manhattan , only to find he does not belong anywhere -- neither with the socialites on Fifth Avenue , nor with the labor organizers on the waterfront . In a fight for social belonging , Yank 's mental state disintegrates into animalistic , and in the end he is defeated by an ape in which Yank 's character has been reflected . The Hairy Ape is a portrayal of the impact industrialization and social class has on the dynamic character Yank . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 2 Plot 3 Existentialism 4 Masculinity 5 Themes 5.1 Social recession by industrialization 5.2 Racial degeneration 6 Production timeline 7 Reception 8 References 9 External links Characters ( edit ) Robert `` Yank '' Smith -- Brutish man who works on a ship . He is a leader among the other workers and finds himself rebelling against the authoritarian upper class he feels does not appreciate his hard work . Paddy -- An aged ship worker . He is able to see the monotony of the work and is seemingly aware of the hierarchy of capitalist society . He could be seen as symbolizing the voice of reason and disappears midway through the play as Yank begins his rebellious quest . Long -- Another ship worker who accompanies Yank to Fifth Avenue where his initial act of rebelling against the upper class takes place . Mildred Douglas -- A young , wealthy socialite who faints at the sight of Yank working in the ship . Terrified of his behavior and appearance , she calls him a `` filthy beast '' inciting his rebellion against the upper class . A Secretary of an Organization -- Works in a Labor Union and dismisses Yank 's ideas of violent rebellion in favor of peaceful strikes and the passing out of pamphlets . Plot ( edit ) The play is divided into eight scenes . Scene 1 : In the firemen 's forecastle of a cruise ship that has just sailed from New York for a trip across the Atlantic Ocean . Off - duty men are talking and singing drunkenly . Yank , portrayed as a leader among the men , is confident in his strength to fuel the machinery of the ship and the world . He shows particular contempt toward two other firemen : Long , an Englishman with socialist leanings , and Paddy , an old Irishman who reflects wistfully on the days of wind - powered sailing ships . Scene 2 : Mildred Douglas ( a steel tycoon 's daughter ) and her aunt are talking above deck on the ship whilst sunbathing . They argue over Mildred 's desire to do social work , ending only when two officers come to escort her below decks for her planned visit to the ship 's stokehole . Her aunt does not understand why Mildred desires to help the poor . She ends up going below deck regardless . Scene 3 : In the stokehole , Yank and the other firemen take pride in their daily work . Yank does not notice Mildred when she enters , and instead shouts threats toward the unseen engineer ordering the men to keep coaling the engines. The men stop to turn when she enters . Confused as to why they have stopped working , he turns to see Mildred ; she is so shocked by his appearance that she calls him a filthy beast and faints . Scene 4 : In the firemen 's forecastle yet again . Yank is mulling over the incident in the stokehole . The other men try to understand his fury by questioning him and asking if he is in love . Yank is infuriated at Mildred for claiming that he resembles a hairy ape . He becomes enraged and tries to charge after Mildred in revenge . However , his men wrestle him to the ground before he can even reach the door . Scene 5 : Three weeks later , on Fifth Avenue in New York , the ship has returned from its cruise . Yank and Long argue over how best to attack the upper class while admiring how clean the city is . Still obsessing with avenging himself against Mildred , Yank rudely accosts several churchgoers that come out into the streets as Long flees the scene . Yank punches a gentleman in the face and is arrested shortly thereafter . Scene 6 : The following night at the prison on Blackwell 's Island , Yank has begun serving a 30 - day sentence . Seeing the prison as a zoo , he tells the other inmates of how he wound up there . One of them tells him about the International Workers of the World and suggests that he think about joining . Enraged by the thought of Mildred and her father again , Yank starts to bend the bars of his cell in an attempt to escape , but the guards retaliate in force . Scene 7 : A month later , Yank visits the local IWW office upon his release from prison and joins the group . The local members are happy to have him in their ranks at first because not many ship 's firemen have joined . However , when he expresses his desire to blow up the Steel Trust , they suspect him of working for the government and throw him out . In the streets , Yank comes in contact with a policeman , who shows no interest in arresting him and tells him to move along . Scene 8 : The following evening , Yank visits the zoo . He sympathizes with a gorilla , thinking they are one and the same . He releases the animal from his cage and approaches it to introduce himself as if they were friends . The gorilla attacks Yank , fatally crushing his ribs , and throws Yank into the cage where he dies . Existentialism ( edit ) One common analysis of the play reads it as an Existentialist piece in reference to the protagonist himself experiencing an existential crisis . Yank believed himself to be the sole provider for the ocean liner ; he was content because he believed his work was worth something . When he is called a `` filthy beast '' by Mildred in scene three , he begins to rebel against the upper class that he believes relies solely on him . After the insult , it became evident to Yank just what little worth he was to them , thus inciting his rebellion against them . However , he soon finds that most of the people he rebels against do not give him a second thought . His entire existence is so minuscule to them , as seen on Fifth Avenue is scene five , that his act of rebellion goes unnoticed . Yank finds that it is impossible to rebel against the entirety of the upper class because there is no actual tangible thing for him to rebel against . His struggle fails before it even begins . This aspect of the story qualifies Yank as the existential , or absurd , hero of the play in that he ends up devoting his entire existence to a meaningless rebellion that accomplishes nothing at all . He gives the ultimate sacrifice , his life , to nothing . However , by the end of the play , when it becomes evident that his struggle collapsed , Yank experiences remorseful acceptance . He is able to make light of the situation and finally accepts his position in the world , his liberation derives from the futility of his existence . The liberation is seen in the final scene with the gorilla . Yank goes and meets his symbolic equal in that to the upper class , they are nothing but beasts to exploit . Yank comes to terms with his position in the world again and dies knowing that he belongs somewhere . Masculinity ( edit ) Not only does O'Neill explore the depths of the existential crisis , but he also delves into the primitive nature of Man . He presents his readers with a protagonist that exhibits almost every facet of what it means to be masculine . He is strong , brutish , and hard working . In almost every description , Yank is shown as a Neanderthal that barges around yelling orders and swearing . In some instances he hunches over as if he is Rodin 's The Thinker contemplating his brutish existence . Yank 's world changes when he meets Mildred because suddenly his world got a lot bigger than he thought it was . He is exposed to an entire class of people that did not see him for his worth and appalled at the sight of him . Mildred comes to symbolize the upper class that he devotes himself to rebelling against . O'Neill pairs this origin - type man with the seemingly inferior upper - class modern man . The foil not only allows for audience sympathy towards Yank , the protagonist , but also forces the audience to consider what they have become as modern Man . This was a time when the `` idealization of lower - class masculinity was rampant '' and at their helm came Yank , the epitome of that lower - class , masculine Man . Yank 's heroism lies in his inherent ability to be the best at everything physical , he lives and dies by the work he does with his hands . The affinity with the masculine has always been an important part of storytelling , but it becomes particularly interesting in the twentieth century when women gained more and more freedom and became increasingly active in the world . It seems as if the more women did for themselves , the more men receded into that prehistoric mindset of what it means to be successful . Themes ( edit ) Social recession by industrialization ( edit ) The Hairy Ape displays oppression of the industrial working class . Despite demonstrating in The Hairy Ape O'Neill's clear belief that the capitalist system persecutes the working man , he is critical of a socialist movement that ca n't fulfill individual needs or solve unique problems. The industrial environment is presented as toxic and dehumanizing ; the world of the rich , superficial and manipulative . Yank has also been interpreted as representative of the human condition , alienated from nature by his isolated consciousness , unable to find belonging in any social group or environment. This is a result from the industrialization of both the ship and New York . Racial Degeneration ( edit ) Many critics often argued over O'Neill's conception of race in The Hairy Ape . Yank , who often worked with coal , is said to have `` blackface '' through the play . This interpretation of `` blackface '' has led to a debate about Yank 's race . The coal combined with an unshaven face has covered the whiteness of his face , discarding his nationality . These characteristics combined contribute to his physical and psychological downfall throughout the play His emotional detriment reflects his physical deterioration as well , where finally at the end of the play he has taken on animalistic qualities . In the last scene , Yank tries to explain to the ape that they are the same ; his efforts to show their similar qualities end in Yank 's death . Yank 's defeat by the ape is degenerating to his mental state as well as his race and social class . Production timeline ( edit ) 1922 : The Hairy Ape was first produced by the Provincetown Players . The production , directed and designed by Robert Edmond Jones , was praised for its use of expressionistic set design and staging techniques , and was transferred to the Plymouth Theatre on Broadway . Actor Louis Wolheim became famous for his interpretation of Yank . 1930 : A London production featuring African American actor Paul Robeson playing the lead white role , was a critical success , despite having only five performances . 1944 : A low - budget film version produced by Jules Levey , released by United Artists , starred William Bendix , Susan Hayward , Dorothy Comingore , and John Loder . According to a review in the New York Sun it had a `` happy ending '' and generally `` made the story lighter and less loaded with social significance '' . 1987 : Later notable productions by Peter Stein 's revival 1996 : A postmodern multimedia interpretation by the Wooster Group with Willem Dafoe playing the protagonist . 2004 : The Hairy Ape received positive reviews at the San Pedro Playhouse , Cellar Theatre in San Antonio , Texas . Deborah Martin of the San Antonio Express News said of Brad Milne `` His Yank is raw and hard to forget . '' 2006 : The Hairy Ape was staged to positive reviews by the Irish Repertory Theatre in New York City . The Irish Voice declared , `` O'Neill's spirit still resonates . ( This ) new production of The Hairy Ape reminds us why O'Neill is considered the first Irish - American playwright . '' 2009 : Director Sean Graney of the Hypocrites Theatre Company staged a production of The Hairy Ape at the Goodman Theatre in Chicago . BBC Radio 3 broadcast a radio adaptation of The Hairy Ape directed by Toby Swift later that year . 2012 : The first major London revival in 25 years at the Southwark Playhouse in London Bridge . Director Philip Boehm of Upstream Theater staged an acclaimed production of The Hairy Ape in St. Louis , Missouri later on that year . It is staged in London 's Old Vic in October and November 2015 . 2017 The Park Avenue Armory staged a production of The Hairy Ape starring Bobby Cannavale , directed by Richard Jones , and designed by Stewart Laing . Cannavale received a 2017 Obie Award for his performance presented by the American Theatre Wing . Reception ( edit ) The Hairy Ape 's reception : the audience , and especially critics , were perplexed . Critics deemed the play as showing `` excessive use of monologues , the confusion or slowness of certain scenes , and the depressing monotony which follows all the pathetic ' moments . ' '' O'Neill has been criticized for the play 's issues with social class and racial fabrications . However , he was also praised for his `` emotional and dramatic forcefulness of his writing '' in The Hairy Ape . He was well known for handling these challenging ideas and thought - provoking plays . The play was admired for its originality and robustness , which only The Hairy Ape and All God 's Chillen were stated for . Contradictory to that statement , other critics find the end of The Hairy Ape too simple and predictable . An overall positive criticism surrounds the play , but many critics picked at the flaws of the plot to critique O'Neill's judgment in playwriting . However , the themes were the most resounding aspects of The Hairy Ape and upheld O'Neill's standard of novel drama genius . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Camus , Albert . `` The Myth of Sisyphus '' Archived December 11 , 2012 , at Archive.is , Web . 13 Nov. 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilkins , Frederick , ed . `` The Hairy Ape as Existential Allegory '' , Eugene O'Neill Newsletter May 1979 : n . pag . Web . 13 Nov. 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , James A . `` The Masculine Primitive and The Hairy Ape '' , The Eugene O'Neill Review Web . 14 Nov. 2016 . Jump up ^ Nickels , J. `` Racial Degeneration and ' The Hairy Ape ' '' , The Eugene O'Neill Review Vol. 22 ( 1 / 2 ) , 33 - 40 . Jump up ^ Duberman , Martin , Paul Robeson 1989. Othello 1930 - 1931pg148 - 149 Jump up ^ `` The Films of Susan '' . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Drama on 3 -- The Hairy Ape '' . Jump up ^ `` The Hairy Ape '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Ben Brantley , `` Review : A Mesmerizing ' Hairy Ape ' Brings Existentialism to Park Ave '' , The New York Times , MArch 31st , 2017 . Jump up ^ Obie Awards , 2017 Winners . Jump up ^ Falb , L. `` The Critical Reception of Eugene O'Neill on the French Stage '' , Educational Theatre Journal doi : 10.2307 / 3205420 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Hairy Ape . The Hairy Ape at Project Gutenberg The Hairy Ape at the Internet Broadway Database The Hairy Ape at the American Film Institute Catalog The Hairy Ape ( 1944 ) on IMDb ( hide ) Eugene O'Neill Plays In the Zone ( 1917 ) Beyond the Horizon ( 1918 ) Anna Christie ( 1920 ) The Emperor Jones ( 1920 ) The Hairy Ape ( 1922 ) All God 's Chillun Got Wings ( 1924 ) Desire Under the Elms ( 1925 ) Lazarus Laughed ( 1925 -- 26 ) The Great God Brown ( 1926 ) Strange Interlude ( 1928 ) Dynamo ( 1929 ) Mourning Becomes Electra ( 1931 ) Ah , Wilderness ! ( 1933 ) The Iceman Cometh ( 1939 ) Hughie ( 1941 ) Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 1941 ) A Moon for the Misbegotten ( 1943 ) A Touch of the Poet ( 1942 ) More Stately Mansions Adaptations Anna Christie Anna Christie ( 1923 film ) Anna Christie ( 1930 English - language film ) Anna Christie ( 1930 German - language film ) New Girl in Town ( 1957 musical ) The Emperor Jones The Emperor Jones ( 1933 film ) The Emperor Jones ( 1933 opera ) The Emperor Jones ( 1955 film ) Mourning Becomes Electra Mourning Becomes Electra ( 1947 film ) Mourning Becomes Electra ( 1967 opera ) Ah , Wilderness ! Ah , Wilderness ! ( 1935 film ) Summer Holiday ( 1948 musical film ) Take Me Along ( 1959 musical ) The Iceman Cometh The Iceman Cometh ( The Play of the Week ) The Iceman Cometh ( 1973 film ) Long Day 's Journey into Night Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 1962 film ) Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 1973 film ) Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 1996 film ) Other Strange Interlude ( 1932 film ) The Long Voyage Home ( 1940 film ) Family James O'Neill ( father ) Ella O'Neill ( mother ) Eugene O'Neill Jr. ( son ) Agnes Boulton ( second wife ) Carlotta Monterey ( third wife ) Oona O'Neill ( daughter ) Geraldine Chaplin ( granddaughter ) Oona Chaplin ( great - granddaughter ) Related Eugene O'Neill National Historic Site Eugene O'Neill Award The Face of a Genius Monte Cristo Cottage Reds ( 1981 film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hairy_Ape&oldid=830496945 '' Categories : 1922 plays Plays by Eugene O'Neill Expressionist plays Industrial Workers of the World in fiction Media portrayals of the working class Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Articles with Project Gutenberg links Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Magyar Русский Slovenčina Edit links This page was last edited on 15 March 2018 , at 05 : 22 . About Wikipedia
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where did the open door policy take place
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The Open Door Policy is a term in foreign affairs initially used to refer to the United States policy established in the late 19th century and the early 20th century , as enunciated in Secretary of State John Hay 's Open Door Note , dated September 6 , 1899 and dispatched to the major European powers . The policy proposed to keep China open to trade with all countries on an equal basis , keeping any one power from total control of the country , and calling upon all powers , within their spheres of influence , to refrain from interfering with any treaty port or any vested interest , to permit Chinese authorities to collect tariffs on an equal basis , and to show no favors to their own nationals in the matter of harbor dues or railroad charges .
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Open Door Policy
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open door policy
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The Open Door Policy is a term in foreign affairs initially used to refer to the United States policy established in the late 19th century and the early 20th century , as enunciated in Secretary of State John Hay 's Open Door Note , dated September 6 , 1899 and dispatched to the major European powers . The policy proposed to keep China open to trade with all countries on an equal basis , keeping any one power from total control of the country , and calling upon all powers , within their spheres of influence , to refrain from interfering with any treaty port or any vested interest , to permit Chinese authorities to collect tariffs on an equal basis , and to show no favors to their own nationals in the matter of harbor dues or railroad charges .
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Open Door policy was rooted in the desire of U.S. businesses to trade with Chinese markets , though it also tapped the deep - seated sympathies of those who opposed imperialism , with the policy pledging to protect China 's sovereignty and territorial integrity from partition . It had little legal standing , and was mainly used to mediate competing interests of the colonial powers without much meaningful input from the Chinese , creating lingering resentment and causing it to later be seen as a symbol of national humiliation by Chinese historians . There was an essential conflict in the policy . The U.S. announced its Open Door Policy with the dual intentions of avoiding the actual political division of China and taking financial advantage , but only in a fair way , acknowledging equal rights for all nations to trade with China . All the imperial nations gave a green light to the American decision except Russia . The next result was that China remained undivided , but in the coming years the imperial nations continued to exploit China to a large extent . In more recent times , Open Door policy describes the economic policy initiated by Deng Xiaoping in 1978 to open up China to foreign businesses that wanted to invest in the country . This policy set into motion the economic transformation of modern China . `` Putting his foot down '' Uncle Sam in 1899 demands Open Door while major powers plan to cut up China for themselves ; Germany , Italy , England , Austria , Russia & France are represented by Wilhelm II , Umberto I , John Bull , Franz Joseph I ( in rear ) , Uncle Sam , Nicholas II , and Emile Loubet . Punch Aug 23 , 1899 by J.S. Pughe Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 A principle only 3 The second Open Door Policy 4 Formation of the policy 5 Subsequent development 6 In modern China 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) As a theory , the United States ' Open Door Policy originated with British commercial practice as reflected in treaties concluded with the Qing dynasty China after the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 42 ) . The Open Door concept was first seen at the Berlin Conference of 1885 , which declared that no power could levy preferential duties in the Congo . A principle only ( edit ) The Open Door Policy was a principle , never formally adopted via treaty or international law . It was invoked or alluded to but never enforced as such . Starting with the 1931 Japanese seizure of Manchuria and the creation of Manchukuo , however , the policy was broken with impunity and with increasing frequency . The second Open Door Policy ( edit ) Technically , the term Open Door Policy was only applicable before the founding of the People 's Republic of China in 1949 . After Deng Xiaoping took office in 1978 , the term referred to China 's policy of opening up to foreign business that wanted to invest in the country , setting into motion the economic transformation of modern China . Formation of the Policy ( edit ) During the First Sino - Japanese War in 1895 , China faced imminent threat of being partitioned and colonized by imperialist powers such as Britain , France , Russia , Japan and Germany . After winning the Spanish -- American War of 1898 , with the newly acquired territory the Philippine Islands , the United States increased its Asian presence and was expecting to further its commercial and political interest in China . It felt threatened by other powers ' much larger spheres of influence in China and worried that it might lose access to the Chinese market should the country be partitioned . As a response , William Woodville Rockhill formulated the Open Door Policy to safeguard American business opportunities and other interests in China . On September 6 , 1899 , U.S. Secretary of State John Hay sent notes to the major powers ( France , Germany , Britain , Italy , Japan , and Russia ) , asking them to declare formally that they would uphold Chinese territorial and administrative integrity and would not interfere with the free use of the treaty ports within their spheres of influence in China . The Open Door Policy stated that all nations , including the United States , could enjoy equal access to the Chinese market . In reply , each country tried to evade Hay 's request , taking the position that it could not commit itself until the other nations had complied . However , by July 1900 , Hay announced that each of the powers had granted consent in principle . Although treaties made after 1900 refer to the Open Door Policy , competition among the various powers for special concessions within China for railroad rights , mining rights , loans , foreign trade ports , and so forth , continued unabated . On October 6 , 1900 Britain and Germany signed the Yangtze Agreement , providing that they would oppose the partition of China into spheres of influence . The agreement , signed by Lord Salisbury and Ambassador Paul von Hatzfeldt was an endorsement of the Open Door Policy proposed by the United States for free trade in China . However , Germany 's failure to keep up the agreement led to the Anglo - Japanese Alliance of 1902 . Subsequent Development ( edit ) In 1902 , the United States government protested that Russian incursion into Manchuria after the Boxer Rebellion was a violation of the Open Door Policy . When Japan replaced Russia in southern Manchuria after the Russo - Japanese War ( 1904 -- 05 ) the Japanese and U.S. governments pledged to maintain a policy of equality in Manchuria . In finance , American efforts to preserve the Open Door Policy led ( 1909 ) to the formation of an international banking consortium through which all Chinese railroad loans would agree ( 1917 ) to another exchange of notes between the United States and Japan in which there were renewed assurances that the Open Door Policy would be respected , but that the United States would recognize Japan 's special interests in China ( the Lansing -- Ishii Agreement ) . The Open Door Policy had been further weakened by a series of secret treaties ( 1917 ) between Japan and the Allied Triple Entente , which promised Japan the German possessions in China on successful conclusion of World War I . The subsequent realization of such promise in the Versailles Treaty of 1919 angered the Chinese public and sparked the protest known as May Fourth Movement . The Nine - Power Treaty , signed in 1922 , expressly reaffirmed the Open Door Policy . Since the policy in effect hindered Chinese sovereignty , the government of the Republic of China endeavored to revise related treaties with foreign powers in the twenties and thirties . Only after the conclusion of World War II did China manage to regain its full sovereignty . In modern China ( edit ) Main article : Chinese economic reform In China 's modern day economic history the Open Door Policy refers to the new policy announced by Deng Xiaoping in December 1978 to open the door to foreign businesses that wanted to set up in China . Special Economic Zones ( SEZ ) were set up in 1980 in his belief that in order to modernize China 's industry and boost its economy , it needed to welcome foreign direct investment . Chinese economic policy then shifted to encouraging and supporting foreign trade & investment . It is the turning point in China economic fortune that truly started China on the path to becoming ' The World 's Factory ' . Four SEZs were initially set up in 1980 , namely Shenzhen , Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong , and Xiamen in Fujian . These SEZs were strategically located near Hong Kong , Macau and Taiwan , but with a favorable tax regime and low wages in order to attract capital and business from these overseas Chinese communities . Shenzhen was the first to be established and it showed the most rapid growth , averaging at a very high growth rate of 40 % per annum between 1981 and 1993 , compared to the average GDP growth of 9.8 % for the country as a whole . Further SEZs were later set up in other parts of China . In 1978 , China was ranked 32nd in the world in export volume , but by 1989 , it had doubled its world trade and became the 13th largest exporter . Between 1978 and 1990 , the average annual rate of trade expansion was above 15 percent , and a high rate of growth continued for the next decade . In 1978 its exports in the world market share was negligible , in 1998 it still had less than 2 % , but by 2010 , it had a world market share of 10.4 % according to the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , with merchandise export sales of more than $1.5 trillion , the highest in the world . In 2013 , China overtook the USA and became the world 's biggest trading nation in goods with a total for imports and exports valued at US $4.16 trillion for the year . See also ( edit ) Boxer Rebellion New Imperialism # China Nine - Power Treaty # Open Door Policy Russian invasion of Manchuria Economic history of China before 1912 Economic history of China ( 1912 -- 49 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Commercial Rights in China ( `` Open Door '' Policy ) : Declarations by France , Germany , the United Kingdom , Italy , Japan , and Russia accepting United States proposal for `` open door '' policy in China , September 6 , 1899 - March 20 , 1900 , 1 Bevans 278 ^ Jump up to : `` Open Door Policy '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Philip Joseph , Foreign diplomacy in China , 1894 - 1900 Jump up ^ Shizhang Hu , Stanley K. Hornbeck and the Open Door Policy , 1919 - 1937 ( 1977 ) ch 1 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Secretary of State John Hay and the Open Door in China , 1899 -- 1900 '' . Milestones : 1899 -- 1913 . Office of the Historian , US Department of State . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sugita ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ `` Yangtze Agreement '' , Historical Dictionary of the British Empire ( Greenwood Publishing Group , 1996 ) , pp1176 Jump up ^ Holstein , Friedrich von ( 1961 - 01 - 01 ) . The Holstein Papers , Correspondence . CUP Archive . Jump up ^ Gardner , Professor Hall ( 2015 - 02 - 28 ) . The Failure to Prevent World War I : The Unexpected Armageddon . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd . ISBN 9781472430564 . Jump up ^ Ricci , Gabriel R. ( 2013 - 01 - 23 ) . Culture and Civilization : Cosmopolitanism and the Global Polity . Transaction Publishers . ISBN 9781412849289 . Jump up ^ Swee - Hock Saw , John Wong ( ed . ) . Regional Economic Development in China . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies . pp. 85 -- 86 . ISBN 978 - 981 - 230 - 941 - 9 . Jump up ^ Wei Ge ( 1999 ) . `` Chapter 4 : The Performance of Special Economic Zones '' . Special Economic Zones and the Economic Transition in China . World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd . pp. 67 -- 108 . ISBN 978 - 9810237905 . Jump up ^ Shang - Jin Wei . `` The Open Door Policy and China 's Rapid Growth : Evidence from City - Level Data '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Steven Husted and Shuichiro Nishioka . `` China 's Fare Share ? The Growth of Chinese Exports in World Trade '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Katherine Rushton ( 10 Jan 2014 ) . `` China overtakes US to become world 's biggest goods trading nation '' . The Telegraph . References ( edit ) Esthus , Raymond A . `` The Changing Concept of the Open Door , 1899 - 1910 , '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review Vol. 46 , No. 3 ( Dec. , 1959 ) , pp. 435 -- 454 JSTOR Hu , Shizhang ( 1995 ) . Stanley K. Hornbeck and the Open Door Policy , 1919 - 1937 . Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 29394 - 5 . Kolko , Gabriel ( 1972 ) . The Limits of Power : The World and United States Foreign Policy , 1945 -- 1954 . New York , NY : The Free Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 060 - 12447 - 2 . Mark Atwood Lawrence , `` Open Door Policy '' , Encyclopedia of the New American Nation , ( online ) ( 1 ) . McKee , Delber ( 1977 ) . Chinese Exclusion Versus the Open Door Policy , 1900 - 1906 : Clashes over China Policy in the Roosevelt Era . Wayne State Univ Press . ISBN 0 - 8143 - 1565 - 8 . Otte , Thomas G. ( 2007 ) . The China question : great power rivalry and British isolation , 1894 - 1905 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 921109 - 8 . Sugita , Yoneyuki , `` The Rise of an American Principle in China : A Reinterpretation of the First Open Door Notes toward China '' in Richard J. Jensen , Jon Thares Davidann , and Yoneyuki Sugita , eds . Trans - Pacific relations : America , Europe , and Asia in the twentieth century ( Greenwood , 2003 ) pp 3 -- 20 online External links ( edit ) Look up open - door policy in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Text of the First Open Door Note Text of the First and Second Open Door Note `` Milestones : Secretary of State John Hay and the Open Door Policy in China '' ( U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian ) ( 2 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_Door_Policy&oldid=827111415 '' Categories : Economic history of China History of United States expansionism Foreign relations of the Empire of Japan Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 20 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20Door%20Policy
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the two aspects of an effective operating system are design and
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Software development
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software development
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Software development is the process of computer programming , documenting , testing , and bug fixing involved in creating and maintaining applications and frameworks resulting in a software product . Software development is a process of writing and maintaining the source code , but in a broader sense , it includes all that is involved between the conception of the desired software through to the final manifestation of the software , sometimes in a planned and structured process . Therefore , software development may include research , new development , prototyping , modification , reuse , re-engineering , maintenance , or any other activities that result in software products .
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Software can be developed for a variety of purposes , the three most common being to meet specific needs of a specific client / business ( the case with custom software ) , to meet a perceived need of some set of potential users ( the case with commercial and open source software ) , or for personal use ( e.g. a scientist may write software to automate a mundane task ) . Embedded software development , that is , the development of embedded software , such as used for controlling consumer products , requires the development process to be integrated with the development of the controlled physical product . System software underlies applications and the programming process itself , and is often developed separately . The need for better quality control of the software development process has given rise to the discipline of software engineering , which aims to apply the systematic approach exemplified in the engineering paradigm to the process of software development . There are many approaches to software project management , known as software development life cycle models , methodologies , processes , or models . The waterfall model is a traditional version , contrasted with the more recent innovation of agile software development . Contents ( hide ) 1 Methodologies 2 Software development activities 2.1 Identification of need 2.2 Planning 2.3 Designing 2.4 Implementation , testing and documenting 2.5 Deployment and maintenance 3 Subtopics 3.1 View model 3.2 Business process and data modelling 3.3 Computer - aided software engineering 3.4 Integrated development environment 3.5 Modeling language 3.6 Programming paradigm 3.7 Reuse of solutions 4 See also 4.1 Roles and industry 4.2 Specific applications 5 References 6 Further reading Methodologies ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A software development process ( also known as a software development methodology , model , or life cycle ) is a framework that is used to structure , plan , and control the process of developing information systems . A wide variety of such frameworks has evolved over the years , each with its own recognized strengths and weaknesses . There are several different approaches to software development : some take a more structured , engineering - based approach to developing business solutions , whereas others may take a more incremental approach , where software evolves as it is developed piece - by - piece . One system development methodology is not necessarily suitable for use by all projects . Each of the available methodologies is best suited to specific kinds of projects , based on various technical , organizational , project and team considerations . Most methodologies share some combination of the following stages of software development : Analyzing the problem Market research Gathering requirements for the proposed business solution Devising a plan or design for the software - based solution Implementation ( coding ) of the software Testing the software Deployment Maintenance and bug fixing These stages are often referred to collectively as the software development lifecycle , or SDLC . Different approaches to software development may carry out these stages in different orders , or devote more or less time to different stages . The level of detail of the documentation produced at each stage of software development may also vary . These stages may also be carried out in turn ( a `` waterfall '' based approach ) , or they may be repeated over various cycles or iterations ( a more `` extreme '' approach ) . The more extreme approach usually involves less time spent on planning and documentation , and more time spent on coding and development of automated tests . More `` extreme '' approaches also promote continuous testing throughout the development lifecycle , as well as having a working ( or bug - free ) product at all times . More structured or `` waterfall '' based approaches attempt to assess the majority of risks and develop a detailed plan for the software before implementation ( coding ) begins , and avoid significant design changes and re-coding in later stages of the software development lifecycle planning . There are significant advantages and disadvantages to the various methodologies , and the best approach to solving a problem using software will often depend on the type of problem . If the problem is well understood and a solution can be effectively planned out ahead of time , the more `` waterfall '' based approach may work the best . If , on the other hand , the problem is unique ( at least to the development team ) and the structure of the software solution can not be easily envisioned , then a more `` extreme '' incremental approach may work best . Software development activities ( edit ) Identification of need ( edit ) The sources of ideas for software products are plenteous . These ideas can come from market research including the demographics of potential new customers , existing customers , sales prospects who rejected the product , other internal software development staff , or a creative third party . Ideas for software products are usually first evaluated by marketing personnel for economic feasibility , for fit with existing channels distribution , for possible effects on existing product lines , required features , and for fit with the company 's marketing objectives . In a marketing evaluation phase , the cost and time assumptions become evaluated . A decision is reached early in the first phase as to whether , based on the more detailed information generated by the marketing and development staff , the project should be pursued further . In the book `` Great Software Debates '' , Alan M. Davis states in the chapter `` Requirements '' , subchapter `` The Missing Piece of Software Development '' Students of engineering learn engineering and are rarely exposed to finance or marketing . Students of marketing learn marketing and are rarely exposed to finance or engineering . Most of us become specialists in just one area . To complicate matters , few of us meet interdisciplinary people in the workforce , so there are few roles to mimic . Yet , software product planning is critical to the development success and absolutely requires knowledge of multiple disciplines . Because software development may involve compromising or going beyond what is required by the client , a software development project may stray into less technical concerns such as human resources , risk management , intellectual property , budgeting , crisis management , etc . These processes may also cause the role of business development to overlap with software development . Planning ( edit ) Planning is an objective of each and every activity , where we want to discover things that belong to the project . An important task in creating a software program is extracting the requirements or requirements analysis . Customers typically have an abstract idea of what they want as an end result but do not know what software should do . Skilled and experienced software engineers recognize incomplete , ambiguous , or even contradictory requirements at this point . Frequently demonstrating live code may help reduce the risk that the requirements are incorrect . `` Although much effort is put in the requirements phase to ensure that requirements are complete and consistent , rarely that is the case ; leaving the software design phase as the most influential one when it comes to minimizing the effects of new or changing requirements . Requirements volatility is challenging because they impact future or already going development efforts . '' Once the general requirements are gathered from the client , an analysis of the scope of the development should be determined and clearly stated . This is often called a scope document . Certain functionality may be out of scope of the project as a function of cost or as a result of unclear requirements at the start of development . If the development is done externally , this document can be considered a legal document so that if there are ever disputes , any ambiguity of what was promised to the client can be clarified . Designing ( edit ) Main articles : Software design and Systems design Once the requirements are established , the design of the software can be established in a software design document . This involves a preliminary , or high - level design of the main modules with an overall picture ( such as a block diagram ) of how the parts fit together . The language , operating system , and hardware components should all be known at this time . Then a detailed or low - level design is created , perhaps with prototyping as proof - of - concept or to firm up requirements . Implementation , testing and documenting ( edit ) Implementation is the part of the process where software engineers actually program the code for the project . Software testing is an integral and important phase of the software development process . This part of the process ensures that defects are recognized as soon as possible . In some processes , generally known as test - driven development , tests may be developed just before implementation and serve as a guide for the implementation 's correctness . Documenting the internal design of software for the purpose of future maintenance and enhancement is done throughout development . This may also include the writing of an API , be it external or internal . The software engineering process chosen by the developing team will determine how much internal documentation ( if any ) is necessary . Plan - driven models ( e.g. , Waterfall ) generally produce more documentation than Agile models . Deployment and maintenance ( edit ) Deployment starts directly after the code is appropriately tested , approved for release , and sold or otherwise distributed into a production environment . This may involve installation , customization ( such as by setting parameters to the customer 's values ) , testing , and possibly an extended period of evaluation . Software training and support is important , as software is only effective if it is used correctly . Maintaining and enhancing software to cope with newly discovered faults or requirements can take substantial time and effort , as missed requirements may force redesign of the software . Subtopics ( edit ) View model ( edit ) The TEAF Matrix of Views and Perspectives . A view model is a framework that provides the viewpoints on the system and its environment , to be used in the software development process . It is a graphical representation of the underlying semantics of a view . The purpose of viewpoints and views is to enable human engineers to comprehend very complex systems and to organize the elements of the problem and the solution around domains of expertise . In the engineering of physically intensive systems , viewpoints often correspond to capabilities and responsibilities within the engineering organization . Most complex system specifications are so extensive that no one individual can fully comprehend all aspects of the specifications . Furthermore , we all have different interests in a given system and different reasons for examining the system 's specifications . A business executive will ask different questions of a system make - up than would a system implementer . The concept of viewpoints framework , therefore , is to provide separate viewpoints into the specification of a given complex system . These viewpoints each satisfy an audience with interest in some set of aspects of the system . Associated with each viewpoint is a viewpoint language that optimizes the vocabulary and presentation for the audience of that viewpoint . Business process and data modelling ( edit ) Graphical representation of the current state of information provides a very effective means for presenting information to both users and system developers . example of the interaction between business process and data models . A business model illustrates the functions associated with the business process being modeled and the organizations that perform these functions . By depicting activities and information flows , a foundation is created to visualize , define , understand , and validate the nature of a process . A data model provides the details of information to be stored and is of primary use when the final product is the generation of computer software code for an application or the preparation of a functional specification to aid a computer software make - or - buy decision . See the figure on the right for an example of the interaction between business process and data models . Usually , a model is created after conducting an interview , referred to as business analysis . The interview consists of a facilitator asking a series of questions designed to extract required information that describes a process . The interviewer is called a facilitator to emphasize that it is the participants who provide the information . The facilitator should have some knowledge of the process of interest , but this is not as important as having a structured methodology by which the questions are asked of the process expert . The methodology is important because usually a team of facilitators is collecting information across the facility and the results of the information from all the interviewers must fit together once completed . The models are developed as defining either the current state of the process , in which case the final product is called the `` as - is '' snapshot model , or a collection of ideas of what the process should contain , resulting in a `` what - can - be '' model . Generation of process and data models can be used to determine if the existing processes and information systems are sound and only need minor modifications or enhancements , or if re-engineering is required as a corrective action . The creation of business models is more than a way to view or automate your information process . Analysis can be used to fundamentally reshape the way your business or organization conducts its operations . Computer - aided software engineering ( edit ) Computer - aided software engineering ( CASE ) , in the field software engineering , is the scientific application of a set of software tools and methods to the development of software which results in high - quality , defect - free , and maintainable software products . It also refers to methods for the development of information systems together with automated tools that can be used in the software development process . The term `` computer - aided software engineering '' ( CASE ) can refer to the software used for the automated development of systems software , i.e. , computer code . The CASE functions include analysis , design , and programming . CASE tools automate methods for designing , documenting , and producing structured computer code in the desired programming language . Two key ideas of Computer - aided Software System Engineering ( CASE ) are : Foster computer assistance in software development and or software maintenance processes , and An engineering approach to software development and or maintenance . Typical CASE tools exist for configuration management , data modeling , model transformation , refactoring , source code generation . Integrated development environment ( edit ) Anjuta , a C and C++ IDE for the GNOME environment An integrated development environment ( IDE ) also known as integrated design environment or integrated debugging environment is a software application that provides comprehensive facilities to computer programmers for software development . An IDE normally consists of a : Source code editor , Compiler or interpreter , Build automation tools , and Debugger ( usually ) . IDEs are designed to maximize programmer productivity by providing tight - knit components with similar user interfaces . Typically an IDE is dedicated to a specific programming language , so as to provide a feature set which most closely matches the programming paradigms of the language . Modeling language ( edit ) A modeling language is any artificial language that can be used to express information or knowledge or systems in a structure that is defined by a consistent set of rules . The rules are used for interpretation of the meaning of components in the structure . A modeling language can be graphical or textual . Graphical modeling languages use a diagram techniques with named symbols that represent concepts and lines that connect the symbols and that represent relationships and various other graphical annotation to represent constraints . Textual modeling languages typically use standardised keywords accompanied by parameters to make computer - interpretable expressions . Examples of graphical modelling languages in the field of software engineering are : Business Process Modeling Notation ( BPMN , and the XML form BPML ) is an example of a process modeling language . EXPRESS and EXPRESS - G ( ISO 10303 - 11 ) is an international standard general - purpose data modeling language . Extended Enterprise Modeling Language ( EEML ) is commonly used for business process modeling across layers . Flowchart is a schematic representation of an algorithm or a stepwise process , Fundamental Modeling Concepts ( FMC ) modeling language for software - intensive systems . IDEF is a family of modeling languages , the most notable of which include IDEF0 for functional modeling , IDEF1X for information modeling , and IDEF5 for modeling ontologies . LePUS3 is an object - oriented visual Design Description Language and a formal specification language that is suitable primarily for modelling large object - oriented ( Java , C++ , C# ) programs and design patterns . Specification and Description Language ( SDL ) is a specification language targeted at the unambiguous specification and description of the behaviour of reactive and distributed systems . Unified Modeling Language ( UML ) is a general - purpose modeling language that is an industry standard for specifying software - intensive systems . UML 2.0 , the current version , supports thirteen different diagram techniques and has widespread tool support . Not all modeling languages are executable , and for those that are , using them does n't necessarily mean that programmers are no longer needed . On the contrary , executable modeling languages are intended to amplify the productivity of skilled programmers , so that they can address more difficult problems , such as parallel computing and distributed systems . Programming paradigm ( edit ) A programming paradigm is a fundamental style of computer programming , which is not generally dictated by the project management methodology ( such as waterfall or agile ) . Paradigms differ in the concepts and abstractions used to represent the elements of a program ( such as objects , functions , variables , constraints ) and the steps that comprise a computation ( such as assignations , evaluation , continuations , data flows ) . Sometimes the concepts asserted by the paradigm are utilized cooperatively in high - level system architecture design ; in other cases , the programming paradigm 's scope is limited to the internal structure of a particular program or module . A programming language can support multiple paradigms . For example , programs written in C++ or Object Pascal can be purely procedural , or purely object - oriented , or contain elements of both paradigms . Software designers and programmers decide how to use those paradigm elements . In object - oriented programming , programmers can think of a program as a collection of interacting objects , while in functional programming a program can be thought of as a sequence of stateless function evaluations . When programming computers or systems with many processors , process - oriented programming allows programmers to think about applications as sets of concurrent processes acting upon logically shared data structures . Just as different groups in software engineering advocate different methodologies , different programming languages advocate different programming paradigms . Some languages are designed to support one paradigm ( Smalltalk supports object - oriented programming , Haskell supports functional programming ) , while other programming languages support multiple paradigms ( such as Object Pascal , C++ , C# , Visual Basic , Common Lisp , Scheme , Python , Ruby , and Oz ) . Many programming paradigms are as well known for what methods they forbid as for what they enable . For instance , pure functional programming forbids using side - effects ; structured programming forbids using goto statements . Partly for this reason , new paradigms are often regarded as doctrinaire or overly rigid by those accustomed to earlier styles . Avoiding certain methods can make it easier to prove theorems about a program 's correctness , or simply to understand its behavior . Examples of high - level paradigms include : Aspect - oriented software development Domain - specific modeling Model - driven engineering Object - oriented programming methodologies Grady Booch 's object - oriented design ( OOD ) , also known as object - oriented analysis and design ( OOAD ) . The Booch model includes six diagrams : class , object , state transition , interaction , module , and process . Search - based software engineering Service - oriented modeling Structured programming Top - down and bottom - up design Top - down programming : evolved in the 1970s by IBM researcher Harlan Mills ( and Niklaus Wirth ) in developed structured programming . Reuse of solutions ( edit ) This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( May 2016 ) A software framework is a re-usable design or implementation for a software system or subsystem . Existing components ( Component - based software engineering ) can be reused , assembled together to create a larger application . API ( Application programming interface , Web service ) establish a set of `` subroutine definitions , protocols , and tools for building application software '' which can be utilized in future builds . Open Source documentions , via libraries such as GitHub , provide free code for software developers to re-use and implement into new applications or designs . See also ( edit ) Continuous integration Custom software DevOps Functional specification Programming productivity Software blueprint Software design Software development effort estimation Software development process Software project management Specification and Description Language User experience Software industry Roles and industry ( edit ) Bachelor of Science in Information Technology Computer programmer Consulting software engineer Offshore software development Software developer Software engineer Software publisher Specific applications ( edit ) Video game development Web application development Web engineering Mobile Application Development References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Application Development ( AppDev ) Defined and Explained '' . Bestpricecomputers.co.uk. 2007 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ DRM Associates ( 2002 ) . `` New Product Development Glossary '' . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Joseph M. Morris ( 2001 ) . Software Industry Accounting . p. 1.10 Jump up ^ Alan M. Davis . Great Software Debates ( October 8 , 2004 ) , pp : 125 - 128 Wiley - IEEE Computer Society Press Jump up ^ Ralph , P. , and Wand , Y . A Proposal for a Formal Definition of the Design Concept . In , Lyytinen , K. , Loucopoulos , P. , Mylopoulos , J. , and Robinson , W. , ( eds . ) , Design Requirements Engineering : A Ten - Year Perspective : Springer - Verlag , 2009 , pp. 103 - 136 Jump up ^ Otero , Carlos . `` Software Design Challenges '' . IT Performance Improvement . Taylor & Francis LLC . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Software Development '' . hayathisolutions.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Edward J. Barkmeyer ea ( 2003 ) . Concepts for Automating Systems Integration NIST 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Paul R. Smith & Richard Sarfaty ( 1993 ) . Creating a strategic plan for configuration management using Computer Aided Software Engineering ( CASE ) tools . Paper For 1993 National DOE / Contractors and Facilities CAD / CAE User 's Group . Jump up ^ Kuhn , D.L ( 1989 ) . `` Selecting and effectively using a computer aided software engineering tool '' . Annual Westinghouse computer symposium ; 6 - 7 Nov 1989 ; Pittsburgh , PA ( USA ) ; DOE Project . Jump up ^ P. Loucopoulos and V. Karakostas ( 1995 ) . System Requirements Engineering . McGraw - Hill . Jump up ^ CASE Archived 2012 - 02 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . definition In : Telecom Glossary 2000 Archived 2005 - 11 - 22 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 26 Oct 2008 . Jump up ^ K. Robinson ( 1992 ) . Putting the Software Engineering into CASE . New York : John Wiley and Sons Inc . Jump up ^ Xiao He ( 2007 ) . `` A metamodel for the notation of graphical modeling languages '' . In : Computer Software and Applications Conference , 2007 . COMPSAC 2007 -- Vol. 1 . 31st Annual International , Volume 1 , Issue , 24 -- 27 July 2007 , pp 219 - 224 . Jump up ^ Georges Gauthier Merx & Ronald J. Norman ( 2006 ) . Unified Software Engineering with Java . p. 201 . Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Software development . Edward Kit ( 1992 ) . Software Testing in The Real World . Jim McCarthy ( 1995 ) . Dynamics of Software Development . Dan Conde ( 2002 ) . Software Product Management : Managing Software Development from Idea to Product to Marketing to Sales . A.M. Davis ( 2005 ) . Just enough requirements management : where software development meets marketing . Edward Hasted. ( 2005 ) . Software That Sells : A Practical Guide to Developing and Marketing Your Software Project . Luke Hohmann ( 2003 ) . Beyond Software Architecture : Creating and Sustaining Winning Solutions . John W. Horch ( 2005 ) . `` Two Orientations On How To Work With Objects . '' In : IEEE Software . vol. 12 , no . 2 , pp. 117 -- 118 , Mar. , 1995 . John Rittinghouse ( 2003 ) . Managing Software Deliverables : A Software Development Management Methodology . Karl E. Wiegers ( 2005 ) . More About Software Requirements : Thorny Issues and Practical Advice . Robert K. Wysocki ( 2006 ) . Effective Software Project Management . Software engineering Fields Computer programming Requirements engineering Software deployment Software design Software maintenance Software testing Systems analysis Formal methods Concepts Data modeling Enterprise architecture Functional specification Modeling language Orthogonality Programming paradigm Software Software archaeology Software architecture Software configuration management Software development methodology Software development process Software quality Software quality assurance Software verification and validation Structured analysis Orientations Agile Aspect - oriented Object orientation Ontology Service orientation SDLC Models Developmental Agile EUP Executable UML Incremental model Iterative model Prototype model RAD UP Scrum Spiral model V - Model Waterfall model XP Other SPICE CMMI Data model ER model Function model Information model Metamodeling Object model Systems model View model Languages IDEF UML USL SysML Software engineers Victor Basili Kent Beck Grady Booch Fred Brooks Barry Boehm Peter Chen Danese Cooper Ward Cunningham Tom DeMarco Edsger W. Dijkstra Delores M. Etter Martin Fowler Adele Goldstine Margaret Hamilton C.A.R. Hoare Lois Haibt Mary Jean Harrold Grace Hopper Watts Humphrey Michael A. Jackson Ivar Jacobson Alan Kay Nancy Leveson Stephen J. Mellor Bertrand Meyer David Parnas Trygve Reenskaug Winston W. Royce James Rumbaugh Mary Shaw Peri Tarr Elaine Weyuker Niklaus Wirth Edward Yourdon Related fields Computer science Computer engineering Project management Risk management Systems engineering Category Commons Major fields of computer science Note : This template roughly follows the 2012 ACM Computing Classification System . Hardware Printed circuit board Peripheral Integrated circuit Very - large - scale integration Energy consumption Electronic design automation Computer systems organization Computer architecture Embedded system Real - time computing Dependability Networks Network architecture Network protocol Network components Network scheduler Network performance evaluation Network service Software organization Interpreter Middleware Virtual machine Operating system Software quality Software notations and tools Programming paradigm Programming language Compiler Domain - specific language Modeling language Software framework Integrated development environment Software configuration management Software library Software repository Software development Software development process Requirements analysis Software design Software construction Software deployment Software maintenance Programming team Open - source model Theory of computation Model of computation Formal language Automata theory Computational complexity theory Logic Semantics Algorithms Algorithm design Analysis of algorithms Randomized algorithm Computational geometry Mathematics of computing Discrete mathematics Probability Statistics Mathematical software Information theory Mathematical analysis Numerical analysis Information systems Database management system Information storage systems Enterprise information system Social information systems Geographic information system Decision support system Process control system Multimedia information system Data mining Digital library Computing platform Digital marketing World Wide Web Information retrieval Security Cryptography Formal methods Security services Intrusion detection system Hardware security Network security Information security Application security Human -- computer interaction Interaction design Social computing Ubiquitous computing Visualization Accessibility Concurrency Concurrent computing Parallel computing Distributed computing Multithreading Multiprocessing Artificial intelligence Natural language processing Knowledge representation and reasoning Computer vision Automated planning and scheduling Search methodology Control method Philosophy of artificial intelligence Distributed artificial intelligence Machine learning Supervised learning Unsupervised learning Reinforcement learning Multi-task learning Cross-validation Graphics Animation Rendering Image manipulation Graphics processing unit Mixed reality Virtual reality Image compression Solid modeling Applied computing E-commerce Enterprise software Computational mathematics Computational physics Computational chemistry Computational biology Computational social science Computational engineering Computational healthcare Digital art Electronic publishing Cyberwarfare Electronic voting Video game Word processing Operations research Educational technology Document management Book Category Portal WikiProject Commons NDL : 00679589 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Software_development&oldid=815648408 '' Categories : Software development Software project management Project management Computer occupations Product development Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from August 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008 Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from May 2016 All articles needing rewrite Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tools Languages Български Català Čeština Dansk Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 04 : 21 . 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when did the referendum occur and in what states
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The Australian referendum of 27 May 1967 , called by the Holt Government , approved two amendments to the Australian constitution relating to Indigenous Australians . Technically it was a vote on the Constitution Alteration ( Aboriginals ) 1967 , which became law on 10 August 1967 following the results of the referendum . The amendments were overwhelmingly endorsed , winning 90.77 % of votes cast and carrying in all six states . These amendments altered sections 51 ( xxvi ) , and 127 , having the immediate effect of including Aboriginal Australians in determinations of population , and also empowered the Federal Parliament to legislate specifically for this racial group . The other question put in the referendum , to allow the number of seats in the House of Representatives to be increased without increasing the number of senators , was rejected . It received majority support in only one state -- New South Wales -- and received about 40.25 % `` yes '' votes nationwide .
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27 May 1967|six states
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Australian referendum , 1967 ( Aboriginals )
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australian referendum, 1967 ( aboriginals )
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The Australian referendum of 27 May 1967 , called by the Holt Government , approved two amendments to the Australian constitution relating to Indigenous Australians . Technically it was a vote on the Constitution Alteration ( Aboriginals ) 1967 , which became law on 10 August 1967 following the results of the referendum . The amendments were overwhelmingly endorsed , winning 90.77 % of votes cast and carrying in all six states . These amendments altered sections 51 ( xxvi ) , and 127 , having the immediate effect of including Aboriginal Australians in determinations of population , and also empowered the Federal Parliament to legislate specifically for this racial group . The other question put in the referendum , to allow the number of seats in the House of Representatives to be increased without increasing the number of senators , was rejected . It received majority support in only one state -- New South Wales -- and received about 40.25 % `` yes '' votes nationwide .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Amendments to the Constitution 3 Question 4 Results 5 Legacy 5.1 Proposed new referendum in the 2010s 5.2 Responses to the recognition campaign in the 2010s 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading and external links Background ( edit ) A proposed change to the Australian Constitution begins as a Bill that is presented to the Federal Parliament . If the Bill is passed by both Houses of Parliament , case committees are developed , a writ for a referendum is issued by the Governor - General , and a referendum is then presented to Australian voters , where it is passed if approved by a majority of people and majority of states . Strong activism by individuals and both Indigenous and non-Indigenous groups greatly aided in the success of the 1967 referendum in the years leading up to the vote . Calls for Aboriginal issues to be dealt with at the Federal level began as early as 1910 . Despite a failed attempt in the 1944 Referendum , minimal changes were instigated for Aboriginal rights until the 1960s , where the Bark Petition in 1963 and the ensuing Milirrpum v Nabalco Pty Ltd and Commonwealth of Australia ( Gove Land Rights Case ) , and Gurindji Strike highlighted the negative treatment of Indigenous workers in the Northern Territory . From here , the overall plight of Aboriginal Australians became a fundamental political issue . On 7 April 1965 , the Menzies Cabinet decided that it would seek to repeal Section 127 of the Constitution at the same time as it sought to amend the nexus provision , but made no firm plans or timetable for such action . In August 1965 , Attorney - General Billy Snedden proposed to Cabinet that abolition of Section 127 was inappropriate unless Section 51 ( xxvi ) was simultaneously amended to remove the words `` other than the aboriginal race in any state '' . He was rebuffed , but gained agreement when he made a similar submission to the Holt Cabinet in 1966 . In the meantime , his Liberal colleague Billy Wentworth had introduced a private member 's bill proposing inter alia to amend Section 51 ( xxvi ) . Even before , in 1964 , the Leader of the Opposition , Arthur Calwell , had proposed such a change and pledged that his party , the Australian Labor Party , would back any referendum to that effect . The Australian Board of Missions , the Australian Association for the Advancement of Science , the Australian Aborigines League , the Australian Council of Churches , the Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders and spokespeople such as Ruby Hammond , Bill Onus and Faith Bandler are just some of the many groups and individuals who effectively utilised the media and their influential platforms to generate the momentum needed to achieve a landslide ' Yes ' vote . Amendments to the Constitution ( edit ) In 1967 the Australian Parliament was unanimous in voting for the proposed law . As a result , only a `` yes '' case was published by the Parliament . Voters were asked to approve , together , changes to both of the provisions in which Aboriginal People were mentioned in the Constitution -- sections 51 ( xxvi ) and 127 . Section 51 begins : The Parliament shall , subject to this Constitution , have power to make laws for the peace , order , and good government of the Commonwealth with respect to : And the extraordinary clauses that follow ( ordinarily referred to as `` heads of power '' ) list most of the legislative powers of the federal parliament . The amendment deleted the text in bold from Clause xxvi ( known as the `` race '' or `` races '' power ) : The people of any race , other than the aboriginal race in any State , for whom it is deemed necessary to make special laws ; The amendment gave the Commonwealth parliament power to legislate with respect to Aborigines living in a State as well as those living in a federal territory ; the parliament has unfettered power in regard to territories under section 122 of the Constitution . The intent was that this new power for the Commonwealth would be used only beneficially , though the High Court decision in Kartinyeri v Commonwealth , was that the 1967 amendment did not impose such a restriction and the power could be used to the detriment of an identified race . The Hindmarsh Island bridge controversy , and the Northern Territory Intervention are two circumstances where the post-1967 race power has arguably been used in this way . Section 127 was wholly removed . Headed `` Aborigines not to be counted in reckoning population '' , it had read : In reckoning the numbers of the people of the Commonwealth , or of a State or other part of the Commonwealth , aboriginal natives shall not be counted . This section should be read in conjunction with Section 24 and Section 51 ( xi ) . The section related to calculating the population of the States and Territories for the purpose of allocating seats in the lower house of the federal parliament and per capita Commonwealth grants . The context of its introduction was to prevent Queensland and Western Australia from using their large Aboriginal populations to gain extra seats or extra funds . The ' statistics ' power in Section 51 ( xi ) allowed the Commonwealth to collect information on Aboriginal people . There was a separate count of aboriginal people in the Australian Census and a specific annual census of aboriginal people from 1925 to 1949 . At this time voters in the Territories , while able and required to vote in elections for the House of Representatives , were not permitted to vote in referendums . That was not established until 1977 . It is frequently stated that the 1967 referendum gave Aboriginal people Australian citizenship and that it gave them the right to vote in federal elections , but neither of these statements is correct . All Australians , including aboriginal people , first became Australian citizens in 1949 , when a separate Australian citizenship was created ; before that time all Australians rather were British subjects . Most Indigenous Australians had been denied the right to vote in elections for the Australian Parliament until 1949 . The Commonwealth Electoral Act 1949 gave Aboriginal people the right to vote in federal elections if they were able to vote in their state elections ( they were disqualified from voting altogether in Queensland , while in Western Australia and the Northern Territory the right was conditional ) , or if they had served in the defence force . The Commonwealth Electoral Act 1962 gave all Aboriginal people the option of enrolling to vote in federal elections . It was not until the Commonwealth Electoral Amendment Act 1983 that voting became compulsory for Aboriginal people , as it was for other Australians . It is also sometimes mistakenly stated that the 1967 referendum overturned a `` Flora and Fauna Act '' , which supposedly mandated that indigenous Australians were governed and managed under the same portfolio as Australian wildlife -- New South Wales state MP Linda Burney made mention of such an act in her maiden speech in 2003 , as did Mark Colvin in a 2007 ABC article . A 2014 SBS article described the notion that `` Indigenous people were classed as fauna '' as a `` myth '' , listing it as one of `` four key misunderstandings persist ( ing ) about modern Indigenous history and the referendum '' . Question ( edit ) DO YOU APPROVE the proposed law for the alteration of the Constitution entitled -- ' An Act to alter the Constitution so as to omit certain words relating to the People of the Aboriginal Race in any State and so that Aboriginals are to be counted in reckoning the Population ' ? Results ( edit ) Result State On rolls Ballots issued For Against Invalid Result Votes % Votes % New South Wales 2,315,828 2,166,507 1,949,036 91.46 182,010 8.54 35,461 Yes Victoria 1,734,476 1,630,594 1,525,026 94.68 85,611 5.32 19,957 Yes Queensland 904,808 848,728 748,612 89.21 90,587 10.79 9,529 Yes South Australia 590,275 560,844 473,440 86.26 75,383 13.74 12,021 Yes Western Australia 437,609 405,666 319,823 80.95 75,282 19.05 10,561 Yes Tasmania 199,589 189,245 167,176 90.21 18,134 9.79 3,935 Yes Australian Total 6,182,585 5,801,584 5,183,113 90.77 527,007 9.23 91,464 Yes Obtained majority in all six States and an overall majority of 4,656,106 votes . Carried Legacy ( edit ) Ninety percent of voters voted yes , and the overwhelming support gave the Federal Government a clear mandate to implement policies to benefit Aboriginal people . A lot of misconceptions have arisen as to the outcomes of the referendum , some as a result of it taking on a symbolic meaning during a period of increasing Aboriginal self - confidence . It was some five years before any real change occurred as a result of the referendum , but federal legislation has since been enacted covering land rights , discriminatory practices , financial assistance , and preservation of cultural heritage . The referendum had two main outcomes . The first was to alter the legal boundaries within which the Federal Government could act . The Federal Parliament was given a constitutional head - of - power under which it could make special laws `` for '' Aboriginal people ( for their benefit or , as has since become clear , their detriment ) in addition to other `` races '' . The Australian Constitution states that federal law prevails over state law , where they are inconsistent , so the Federal Parliament could , if it so chose , enact legislation that would end discrimination against Aboriginal people by state governments . However , during the first five years following the referendum the Federal Government did not use this new power . The other key outcome of the referendum was to provide Aboriginal people with a symbol of their political and moral rights . The referendum occurred at a time when Aboriginal activism was accelerating and it was used as a kind of `` historical shorthand '' for all the relevant political events of the time , such as the demands for land rights by the Gurindji , the equal - pay case for pastoral workers , and the `` Freedom Rides '' to end segregation in New South Wales . This use as a symbol for a period of activism and change has contributed to the misconceptions about the effects of the constitutional changes themselves . The benefits of the referendum began to flow to Aboriginal people in 1972 . On 26 January 1972 , Aboriginal peoples erected the Aboriginal Tent Embassy on the lawns of the Federal Parliament building in Canberra to express their frustration at the lack of progress on land rights and racial discrimination issues . This became a major confrontation that raised Aboriginal affairs high on the political agenda in the federal election later that year . One week after gaining office , the Whitlam Government ( 1972 -- 1975 ) established a Royal Commission into land rights for Aboriginal people in the Northern Territory under Justice Woodward . Its principal recommendations , delivered in May 1974 , were : that Aboriginal people should have inalienable title to reserve lands ; that regional Land Councils should be established ; to establish a fund to purchase land with which Aboriginal people had a traditional connection , or that would provide economic or other benefits ; prospecting and mineral exploration on Aboriginal land should only occur with their consent or that of the Federal Government if the national interest required it ; entry onto Aboriginal land should require a permit issued by the regional Land Council . The recommendations were framed in terms to enable application outside the Northern Territory . The Federal Government agreed to implement the principal recommendations and in 1975 the House of Representatives passed the Aboriginal Councils and Associations Bill and the Aboriginal Land ( Northern Territory ) Bill but the Senate had not considered them by the time parliament was dissolved in 1975 . The following year , the Fraser government ( 1975 -- 1983 ) amended the Aboriginal Land ( Northern Territory ) Bill by introducing the Aboriginal Land Rights ( Northern Territory ) Bill . The new bill made a number of significant changes such as limitation on the operations and boundaries of Land Councils ; giving Northern Territory law effect on Aboriginal land , thereby enabling land rights to be eroded ; removing the power of Land Councils to issue permits to non-Aboriginal people ; allowing public roads to be built on Aboriginal land without consent . It is significant however that this legislation was implemented at all , given the political allegiances of the Fraser Government , and shows the level of community support for social justice for Aboriginal people at the time . The Whitlam Government used its constitutional powers to overrule racially discriminatory State legislation . On reserves in Queensland , they were forbidden to gamble , use foul language , undertake traditional cultural practices , indulge in adultery , or drink alcohol . They were also required to work without payment . In the Aboriginal Courts in Queensland the same official acted as judge as well as the prosecuting counsel . Defendants almost invariably pleaded ' guilty ' as pleas of ' not guilty ' were more than likely to lead to a longer sentence . The Whitlam Government , using the race power , enacted the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders ( Queensland Discriminatory Laws ) Act 1975 to override the State laws and eliminate racial discrimination against Aboriginal people . No federal government ever enforced this Act . The race power was also used by the Whitlam Government to positively discriminate in favour of Aboriginal people . It established schemes whereby Aboriginal people could obtain housing , loans , emergency accommodation and tertiary education allowances . It also increased funding for the Aboriginal Legal Service enabling twenty - five offices to be established throughout Australia . The race power gained in the 1967 referendum has been used in several other pieces of significant Federal legislation . One of the pieces of legislation enacted to protect the Gordon River catchment used the race power but applied it to all people in Australia . The law prohibited anyone from damaging sites , relics and artefacts of Aboriginal settlement in the Gordon River catchment . In the Tasmanian Dam Case , the High Court held that even though this law applied to all people and not only to Aboriginal people , it still constituted a special law . In the 1992 Mabo judgement , the High Court established the existence of Native Title in Australian Common Law . Using the race power , the Keating Government enacted the Native Title Act 1993 and successfully defended a High Court challenge from the Queensland Government . One last impact of the referendum has been the benefits flowing from the removal of the prohibition on counting Aboriginal people in the population statistics . Without official statistics as to their number , age structure or distribution , it was not possible for government agencies to establish soundly based policies for serving Aboriginal people , especially in the area of health . The availability of demographic data following the 1971 census ( and onwards ) relating to the Aboriginal population enabled the determination and monitoring of key health indicators such as infant mortality rates and life expectancy . Aboriginal life expectancy , especially for males , was significantly lower than the average population . Infant mortality rates in the early 1970s were among the highest in the world . Substantial improvements had occurred by the early 1990s but Aboriginal health indicators still lag behind those of the total population , especially for those living in remote areas , and closing the gap policies remain an ongoing part of governance in Australia . The 1967 referendum has acquired a symbolic meaning in relation to a period of rapid social change during the 1960s . As a result , it has been credited with initiating political and social change that was the result of other factors . The real legislative and political impact of the 1967 referendum has been to enable , and thereby compel , the federal government to take action in the area of Aboriginal Affairs . Federal governments with a broader national and international agenda have attempted to end the discriminatory practices of state governments such as Queensland and to introduce policies that encourage self - determination and financial security for Aboriginal people . However , the effectiveness of these policies has been tempered by an unwillingness of most federal governments to deal with the difficult issues involved in tackling recalcitrant state governments . When John Howard 's Coalition government came to power in 1996 , it intervened in the Hindmarsh Island bridge controversy with legislation that introduced an exception to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1984 , in order to allow the bridge to proceed . The Ngarrindjeri challenged the new legislation in the High Court on the basis that it was discriminatory to declare that the Heritage Protection Act applied to sites everywhere but Hindmarsh Island , and that such discrimination -- essentially on the basis of race -- had been disallowed since the Commonwealth was granted the power to make laws with respect to the `` Aboriginal race '' as a result of the 1967 Referendum . The High Court decided , by a majority , that the amended s. 51 ( xxvi ) of the Constitution still did not restrict the Commonwealth parliament to making laws solely for the benefit of any particular `` race '' , but still empowered the parliament to make laws that were to the detriment of any race . This decision effectively meant that those people who had believed that they were casting a vote against the discrimination of Indigenous people in 1967 had in fact allowed the Commonwealth to participate in the discrimination against Indigenous people which had been practised by the States . Proposed new referendum in the 2010s ( edit ) In 2010 the federal government established an `` expert panel '' to inquire into changing the federal constitution so that Australia 's Indigenous peoples would be recognised in it . This would require a new referendum under section 128 of the Australian Constitution . After wide - ranging consultation and receiving thousands of submissions , the panel delivered its report to Prime Minister Julia Gillard on 19 January 2012 . The report recommends the removal of Constitution sections 25 and 51 ( xxvi ) , and the insertion of new sections 51A , 116A and 127A : Section 51A Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples Recognising that the continent and its islands now known as Australia were first occupied by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples ; Acknowledging the continuing relationship of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples with their traditional lands and waters ; Respecting the continuing cultures , languages and heritage of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples ; Acknowledging the need to secure the advancement of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples ; the Parliament shall , subject to this Constitution , have power to make laws for the peace , order and good government of the Commonwealth with respect to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples . Section 116A Prohibition of racial discrimination ( 1 ) The Commonwealth , a State or a Territory shall not discriminate on the grounds of race , colour or ethnic or national origin . ( 2 ) Subsection ( 1 ) does not preclude the making of laws or measures for the purpose of overcoming disadvantage , ameliorating the effects of past discrimination , or protecting the cultures , languages or heritage of any group . Section 127A Recognition of languages ( 1 ) The national language of the Commonwealth of Australia is English . ( 2 ) The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages are the original Australian languages , a part of our national heritage . The panel recommends that there be a single referendum -- in which , in particular , removal of s 51 ( xxvi ) and insertion of the new s 51A would be proposed together , so that the validity of legislation that depends upon s 51 ( xxvi ) , such as the Native Title Act 1993 ( Cth ) , would switch immediately from s 51 ( xxvi ) to s 51A . The panel seeks a referendum process that will be nationally unifying and not divisive , with an eventual level of public support similar to that in 1967 . To that end , it proposes that the referendum be preceded by `` a properly resourced public education and awareness program '' and `` should only proceed when it is likely to be supported by all major political parties , and a majority of State governments '' . If the federal government were to prefer different changes , the panel advises , it should return to consultation with the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples . On 12 March 2013 , with all - party support , the federal parliament passed the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples Recognition Act 2013 , which recognises the Indigenous peoples of Australia and requires establishment of a committee to advise on a suitable date for a referendum on these proposals . The process was to have been completed within two years , with a sunset provision ending the force of the Act on 28 March 2015 ; the period was extended for a further three years . In December 2015 a Referendum Council , with 16 Indigenous and non-Indigenous members , was established to advise the Prime Minister and the Leader of the Opposition on progress toward a referendum . It conducted national consultations which continued through the second half of 2016 , and published a discussion paper about five key proposals in October 2016 . The Recognition Council is expected to report by 30 June 2017 . Responses to the recognition campaign in the 2010s ( edit ) Party positions : Position Political parties Ref Support Australian Labor Party Liberal / National Coalition Australian Greens Oppose Pauline Hanson 's One Nation See also ( edit ) Section 51 ( xxvi ) of the Australian Constitution ( the race power ) Australian Aborigines Voting rights of Australian Aboriginals Referendums in Australia Politics of Australia History of Australia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Constitution Alteration ( Aboriginals ) 1967 '' . ComLaw . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Wendy Lewis ; Simon Balderstone John Bowan ( 2006 ) . Events That Shaped Australia . New Holland . pp. 224 -- 228 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74110 - 492 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Commonwealth of Australia Constitution ( Cth ) s 51 ^ Jump up to : `` Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act -- Amendment to Section 127 , page 24 '' . Museum of Australian Democracy . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fact sheet 150 -- The 1967 Referendum '' . National Archives of Australia . Archived from the original on 4 November 2010 . Retrieved 9 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Handbook of the 44th Parliament ( 2014 ) `` Part 5 -- Referendums and Plebiscites -- Referendum results '' . Parliamentary Library of Australia . Archived from the original on 29 September 2017 ... Jump up ^ `` Referendums and Plebiscites '' . Parliamentary Education Office . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Commonwealth of Australia Constitution ( Cth ) s 128 ^ Jump up to : Lynch , George Williams , Sean Brennan , Andrew ( 2014 ) . Blackshield and Williams Australian constitutional law and theory : commentary and materials ( 6th edition . ed . ) . Annendale , NSW : Federation Press . pp. 987 -- 8 . ISBN 9781862879188 . Jump up ^ Van Krieken , Robert ( 2000 ) . `` From Milirrpum to Mabo : The High Court , Terra Nullius and Moral Entrepreneurship '' . University of New South Wales Law Journal . 23 ( 1 ) : 63 . Retrieved 30 July 2016 . Jump up ^ ' Milirrpum v Nabalco Pty Ltd and Commonwealth of Australia ( 1971 ) 17 FLR 141 . ^ Jump up to : Gardiner - Garden , John ( 2 May 2007 ) . `` The 1967 Referendum -- history and myths '' ( PDF ) . Research Brief no 11 . Parliamentary Library of Australia . ISSN 1832 - 2883 . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Juddery , Bruce ( 27 May 1997 ) . `` Unsung hero of blacks ' progress '' . The Canberra Times . Jump up ^ `` Campaigning for a YES vote '' . National Museum Australia . Retrieved 30 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Case for ' yes ' in the 1967 Referendum : Argument in favour of the proposed Constitution Alteration ( Aboriginals ) 1967 '' . National Archives of Australia . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kartinyeri v Commonwealth ( 1998 ) HCA 22 , ( 1998 ) 195 CLR 337 . Jump up ^ Williams , George ( 2012 ) . Race and the Australian Constitution ( PDF ) . Australasian Study of Parliament Group Conference . Darwin , Australia . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stuart Rintoul ( 22 December 2011 ) . `` Race power opens Pandora 's box '' . The Australian . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to the Constitutional Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia '' ( PDF ) . Ready 4 Recognition . p. 11 . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Ellen Percy Kraly ( 2007 ) . `` The Annual Censuses of Aborigines , 1925 -- 1944 : Technical Imperative , Social Demography , or Social Control ? '' . Population Association of America . Jump up ^ Constitution Alteration ( Referendums ) 1977 ( Cth ) . Jump up ^ Commonwealth Electoral Act 1949 ( Cth ) Jump up ^ Commonwealth Electoral Act 1962 ( Cth ) Jump up ^ Voters and the Franchise : the Federal Story ( PDF ) , Department of the Parliamentary Library , Commonwealth of Australia , 2002 , ISSN 1328 - 7478 , retrieved 16 May 2015 Jump up ^ Williams , George ; Brennan , Sean ; Lynch , Andrew ( 2014 ) . Blackshield and Williams Australian Constitutional Law and Theory ( 6th ed . ) . Leichhardt , NSW : Federation Press . pp. 135 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86287 - 918 - 8 . Jump up ^ Inaugural Speeches Archived 31 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine . -- Parliament of New South Wales . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Haxton , Nance ( 25 May 2007 ) , Aust commemorates Aboriginal referendum , Australian Broadcasting Corporation , archived from the original on 17 April 2013 Jump up ^ Ron Sutton ( 10 March 2014 ) . `` Myths persist about the 1967 referendum '' -- SBS . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Image of ballot paper : National Archives of Australia , item barcode 1843611 , p 54 . Jump up ^ Aboriginal Land Rights ( Northern Territory ) Act 1976 ( Cth ) . Jump up ^ Native Title Act 1993 ( Cth ) . Jump up ^ Racial Discrimination Act 1975 ( Cth ) . Jump up ^ States Grants ( Aboriginal Advancement ) Act 1972 ( Cth ) . ^ Jump up to : Aboriginal Loans Commission Act 1974 ( Cth ) . Jump up ^ Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage ( Interim Protection ) Act 1984 ( Cth ) . Jump up ^ ' Wik Bill challenged following Hindmarsh decision ' , ABC Radio News , 1 April 1998 ^ Jump up to : Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders ( Queensland Discriminatory Laws ) Act 1975 ( Cth ) . Jump up ^ Whitlam 1985 , p. 465 . Jump up ^ Whitlam 1985 , p. 467 . Jump up ^ Whitlam 1985 , pp. 469 -- 470 . Jump up ^ Whitlam 1985 , p. 470 . Jump up ^ Broome 1982 , pp. 189 -- 190 . Jump up ^ Broome 1982 , pp. 178 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Lippmann 1994 . Jump up ^ Broome 1982 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Pilger , J. ( 1990 ) , A Secret Country , London : Vintage , p. 46 Jump up ^ Whitlam 1985 , pp. 473 -- 474 . Jump up ^ World Heritage Properties Conservation Act 1983 ( Cth ) . Jump up ^ Commonwealth v Tasmania ( 1983 ) HCA 21 Jump up ^ Bates , G.M. ( 1987 ) . Environmental Law in Australia . Butterworths Pty Ltd , Sydney . Jump up ^ Mabo v Queensland ( No 2 ) ( 1992 ) HCA 23 . Jump up ^ Whitlam , E.G. ( 1997 ) , Dragging the Chain 1897 -- 1997 : The Second Vincent Lingiari Memorial Lecture , archived from the original on 2 December 1998 Jump up ^ Lippmann 1994 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ `` Close the Gap : Indigenous Health Campaign Australian Human Rights Commission '' . www.humanrights.gov.au . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Evatt , E. `` Ch 5 Effective interaction with State and Territory laws '' . Review of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1984 '' ( PDF ) . ( 1996 ) Indigenous Law Resources 1 . Jump up ^ Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 198 ( Cth ) Jump up ^ Hindmarsh Island Bridge Act 1997 ( Cth ) ^ Jump up to : Recognising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in the Constitution : Report of the Expert Panel ( PDF ) , January 2012 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 921975 - 29 - 5 , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 16 March 2015 Jump up ^ `` Push to recognise indigenous Australians in constitution '' , Sydney Morning Herald , Sydney , 19 January 2012 , retrieved 2013 - 04 - 02 Jump up ^ Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples Recognition Act 2013 ( Cth ) , retrieved 31 May 2013 Jump up ^ Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . `` Referendum Council '' . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Discussion paper '' . Referendum Council . Archived from the original on 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Communique -- 25 November 2016 '' . Department of the Prime Minister and Cobinet . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Constitutional Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples '' . Australian Labor Party . Archived from the original on 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , M ; Blumer , C ( 20 May 2016 ) . `` Vote Compass : Most Australians back constitutional recognition for Indigenous Australians '' . abc.net.au . Jump up ^ `` Aboriginal Torres Strait Islander Peoples '' . Australian Greens . Archived from the original on 15 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Our aims '' . Pauline Hanson 's One Nation . Archived from the original on 6 July 2016 . Further Reading and external links ( edit ) Marcia Langton , `` Reading the Constitution Out Loud '' . Meanjin. 70 ( 4 ) : 18 -- 32 . 2011 . Retrieved 10 May 2012 . Discusses the 1967 referendum in the light of the proposed new referendum . Collaborating for Indigenous Rights : the 1967 Referendum : history and archival resources on the 1967 Referendum , National Museum of Australia , March 2007 The 1967 Referendum : Fact sheet , National Archives of Australia The 1967 Referendum , National Film and Sound Archive Australian 1967 Referendum , retrieved 12 March 2011 . Contains interviews with Aboriginal campaigners . Williams , George ( 2012 ) , `` Removing racism from Australia 's constitutional DNA '' , Alternative Law Journal , 37 ( 3 ) : 151 Howard , John ( 15 July 1998 ) . `` THE 1967 REFERENDUM '' ( Press release ) . Archived from the original on 24 January 2014 . Broome , R. ( 1982 ) , Aboriginal Australians , St Leonards : Allen & Unwin Lippmann , L. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20referendum%2C%201967%20%28Aboriginals%29
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which constitutional amendment introduced the right of due process answers.com
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Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
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sixteenth amendment to the united states constitution
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The Sixteenth Amendment ( Amendment XVI ) to the United States Constitution allows the Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on the United States Census . This amendment exempted income taxes from the constitutional requirements regarding direct taxes , after income taxes on rents , dividends , and interest were ruled to be direct taxes in the court case of Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. ( 1895 ) . The amendment was adopted on February 3 , 1913 .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Other Constitutional provisions regarding taxes 3 Income taxes before the Pollock case 4 The Pollock case 5 Adoption 6 Pollock overruled 7 Case law 7.1 The Brushaber case 7.2 The Kerbaugh - Empire Co. case 7.3 The Glenshaw Glass case 7.4 Income taxation of wages , etc . 7.5 The Penn Mutual case 7.6 The Murphy case 8 See also 9 Notes 10 External links Text The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes , from whatever source derived , without apportionment among the several States , and without regard to any census or enumeration . Other constitutional provisions regarding taxes Article I , Section 2 , Clause 3 : Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union , according to their respective Numbers ... Article I , Section 8 , Clause 1 : The Congress shall have Power to lay and collect Taxes , Duties , Imposts and Excises , to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States ; but all Duties , Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States . Article I , Section 9 , Clause 4 : No Capitation , or other direct , Tax shall be laid , unless in proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken . This clause basically refers to a tax on property , such as a tax based on the value of land , as well as a capitation . Article I , Section 9 , Clause 5 : No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State . Income taxes before the Pollock case Until 1913 , customs duties ( tariffs ) and excise taxes were the primary sources of federal revenue . During the War of 1812 , Secretary of the Treasury Alexander J. Dallas made the first public proposal for an income tax , but it was never implemented . The Congress did introduce an income tax to fund the Civil War through the Revenue Act of 1861 . It levied a flat tax of three percent on annual income above $800 . This act was replaced the following year with the Revenue Act of 1862 , which levied a graduated tax of three to five percent on income above $600 and specified a termination of income taxation in 1866 . The Civil War income taxes , which expired in 1872 , proved to be both highly lucrative and drawing mostly from the more industrialized states , with New York , Pennsylvania , and Massachusetts generating about 60 percent of the total revenue that was collected . During the two decades following the expiration of the Civil War income tax , the Greenback movement , the Labor Reform Party , the Populist Party , the Democratic Party and many others called for a graduated income tax . The Socialist Labor Party advocated a graduated income tax in 1887 . The Populist Party `` demand ( ed ) a graduated income tax '' in its 1892 platform . The Democratic Party , led by William Jennings Bryan , advocated the income tax law passed in 1894 , and proposed an income tax in its 1908 platform . Before Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. , all income taxes had been considered to be indirect taxes imposed without respect to geography , unlike direct taxes , that have to be apportioned among the states according to population . The Pollock case In 1894 , an amendment was attached to the Wilson -- Gorman Tariff Act that attempted to impose a federal tax of two percent on incomes over $4,000 ( equal to $113,000 in 2017 ) . The federal income tax was strongly favored in the South , and it was moderately supported in the eastern North Central states , but it was strongly opposed in the Far West and the Northeastern States ( with the exception of New Jersey ) . The tax was derided as `` un-Democratic , inquisitorial , and wrong in principle '' . In Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. , the U.S. Supreme Court declared certain taxes on incomes -- such as those on property under the 1894 Act -- to be unconstitutionally unapportioned direct taxes . The Court reasoned that a tax on income from property should be treated as a tax on `` property by reason of its ownership '' and so should be required to be apportioned . The reasoning was that taxes on the rents from land , the dividends from stocks , and so forth , burdened the property generating the income in the same way that a tax on `` property by reason of its ownership '' burdened that property . After Pollock , while income taxes on wages ( as indirect taxes ) were still not required to be apportioned by population , taxes on interest , dividends , and rental income were required to be apportioned by population . The Pollock ruling made the source of the income ( e.g. , property versus labor , etc . ) relevant in determining whether the tax imposed on that income was deemed to be `` direct '' ( and thus required to be apportioned among the states according to population ) or , alternatively , `` indirect '' ( and thus required only to be imposed with geographical uniformity ) . Dissenting in Pollock , Justice John Marshall Harlan stated : When , therefore , this court adjudges , as it does now adjudge , that Congress can not impose a duty or tax upon personal property , or upon income arising either from rents of real estate or from personal property , including invested personal property , bonds , stocks , and investments of all kinds , except by apportioning the sum to be so raised among the States according to population , it practically decides that , without an amendment of the Constitution -- two - thirds of both Houses of Congress and three - fourths of the States concurring -- such property and incomes can never be made to contribute to the support of the national government . Members of Congress responded to Pollock by expressing widespread concern that many of the wealthiest Americans had consolidated too much economic power . Adoption This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On June 16 , 1909 , President William Howard Taft , in an address to the Sixty - first Congress , proposed a two percent federal income tax on corporations by way of an excise tax and a constitutional amendment to allow the previously enacted income tax . Upon the privilege of doing business as an artificial entity and of freedom from a general partnership liability enjoyed by those who own the stock . An income tax amendment to the Constitution was first proposed by Senator Norris Brown of Nebraska . He submitted two proposals , Senate Resolutions Nos. 25 and 39 . The amendment proposal finally accepted was Senate Joint Resolution No. 40 , introduced by Senator Nelson W. Aldrich of Rhode Island , the Senate majority leader and Finance Committee Chairman . On July 12 , 1909 , the resolution proposing the Sixteenth Amendment was passed by the Congress and was submitted to the state legislatures . Support for the income tax was strongest in the western and southern states , while opposition was strongest in the northeastern states . Supporters of the income tax believed that it would be a much better method of gathering revenue than tariffs , which were the primary source of revenue at the time . From well before 1894 , Democrats , Progressives , Populists and other left - oriented parties argued that tariffs disproportionately affected the poor , interfered with prices , were unpredictable , and were an intrinsically limited source of revenue . The South and the West tended to support income taxes because their residents were generally less prosperous , more agricultural and more sensitive to fluctuations in commodity prices . A sharp rise in the cost of living between 1897 and 1913 greatly increased support for the idea of income taxes , including in the urban Northeast . A growing number of Republicans also began supporting the idea , notably Theodore Roosevelt and the `` Insurgent '' Republicans ( who would go on to form the Progressive Party ) . These Republicans were driven mainly by a fear of the increasingly large and sophisticated military forces of Japan , Britain and the European powers , their own imperial ambitions and the perceived need to defend American merchant ships . Moreover , these progressive Republicans were , as the name suggests , convinced that central governments could play a positive role in national economies . A bigger government and a bigger military , of course , required a correspondingly larger and steadier source of revenue to support it . Opposition to the Sixteenth Amendment was led by establishment Republicans because of their close ties to wealthy industrialists , although not even they were uniformly opposed to the general idea of a permanent income tax . In 1910 , New York Governor Charles Evans Hughes , shortly before becoming a Supreme Court Justice , spoke out against the income tax amendment . Hughes supported the idea of a federal income tax , but believed the words `` from whatever source derived '' in the proposed amendment implied that the federal government would have the power to tax state and municipal bonds . He believed this would excessively centralize governmental power and `` would make it impossible for the state to keep any property '' . Between 1909 and 1913 , several conditions favored passage of the Sixteenth Amendment . Inflation was high and many blamed federal tariffs for the rising prices . The Republican Party was divided and weakened by the loss of Roosevelt and the Insurgents who joined the Progressive Party , a problem that blunted opposition even in the Northeast . In 1912 , the Democrats won the presidency and control of both houses of Congress . The country was generally in a left - leaning mood , with the Socialist Party winning a seat in the House in 1910 and polling six percent of the popular presidential vote in 1912 . Three advocates for a federal income tax ran in the presidential election of 1912 . On February 25 , 1913 , Secretary of State Philander Knox proclaimed that the amendment had been ratified by three - fourths of the states and so had become part of the Constitution . The Revenue Act of 1913 was enacted shortly thereafter . According to the United States Government Publishing Office , the following states ratified the amendment : Alabama ( August 10 , 1909 ) Kentucky ( February 8 , 1910 ) South Carolina ( February 19 , 1910 ) Illinois ( March 1 , 1910 ) Mississippi ( March 7 , 1910 ) Oklahoma ( March 10 , 1910 ) Maryland ( April 8 , 1910 ) Georgia ( August 3 , 1910 ) Texas ( August 16 , 1910 ) Ohio ( January 19 , 1911 ) Idaho ( January 20 , 1911 ) Oregon ( January 23 , 1911 ) Washington ( January 26 , 1911 ) Montana ( January 27 , 1911 ) Indiana ( January 30 , 1911 ) California ( January 31 , 1911 ) Nevada ( January 31 , 1911 ) South Dakota ( February 1 , 1911 ) Nebraska ( February 9 , 1911 ) North Carolina ( February 11 , 1911 ) Colorado ( February 15 , 1911 ) North Dakota ( February 17 , 1911 ) Michigan ( February 23 , 1911 ) Iowa ( February 24 , 1911 ) Kansas ( March 2 , 1911 ) Missouri ( March 16 , 1911 ) Maine ( March 31 , 1911 ) Tennessee ( April 7 , 1911 ) Arkansas ( April 22 , 1911 ) , after having previously rejected the amendment Wisconsin ( May 16 , 1911 ) New York ( July 12 , 1911 ) Arizona ( April 3 , 1912 ) Minnesota ( June 11 , 1912 ) Louisiana ( June 28 , 1912 ) West Virginia ( January 31 , 1913 ) Delaware ( February 3 , 1913 ) Ratification ( by the requisite 36 states ) was completed on February 3 , 1913 with the ratification by Delaware . The amendment was subsequently ratified by the following states , bringing the total number of ratifying states to forty - two of the forty - eight then existing : New Mexico ( February 3 , 1913 ) Wyoming ( February 3 , 1913 ) New Jersey ( February 4 , 1913 ) Vermont ( February 19 , 1913 ) Massachusetts ( March 4 , 1913 ) New Hampshire ( March 7 , 1913 ) , after rejecting the amendment on March 2 , 1911 The legislatures of the following states rejected the amendment without ever subsequently ratifying it : Connecticut Rhode Island Utah Virginia The legislatures of the following states never considered the proposed amendment : Florida Pennsylvania Pollock overruled This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Sixteenth Amendment removed the precedent set by the Pollock decision . Professor Sheldon D. Pollack at the University of Delaware wrote : On February 25 , 1913 , in the closing days of the Taft administration , Secretary of State Philander C. Knox , a former Republican senator from Pennsylvania and attorney general under McKinley and Roosevelt , certified that the amendment had been properly ratified by the requisite number of state legislatures . Three more states ratified the amendment soon after , and eventually the total reached 42 . The remaining six states either rejected the amendment or took no action at all . Notwithstanding the many frivolous claims repeatedly advanced by so - called tax protestors , the Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution was duly ratified as of February 3 , 1913 . With that , the Pollock decision was overturned , restoring the status quo ante . Congress once again had the `` power to lay and collect taxes on incomes , from whatever source derived , without apportionment among the several States , and without regard to any census or enumeration '' . From William D. Andrews , Professor of Law , Harvard Law School : In 1913 the Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution was adopted , overruling Pollock , and the Congress then levied an income tax on both corporate and individual incomes . From Professor Boris Bittker , who was a tax law professor at Yale Law School : As construed by the Supreme Court in the Brushaber case , the power of Congress to tax income derives from Article I , Section 8 , Clause 1 , of the original Constitution rather than from the Sixteenth Amendment ; the latter simply eliminated the requirement that an income tax , to the extent that it is a direct tax , must be apportioned among the states . A corollary of this conclusion is that any direct tax that is not imposed on `` income '' remains subject to the rule of apportionment . Because the Sixteenth Amendment does not purport to define the term `` direct tax , '' the scope of that constitutional phrase remains as debatable as it was before 1913 ; but the practical significance of the issue was greatly reduced once income taxes , even if direct , were relieved from the requirement of apportionment . Professor Erik Jensen at Case Western Reserve University Law School has written : ( The Sixteenth Amendment ) was a response to the Income Tax Cases ( Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co . ) , and it exempts only `` taxes on incomes '' from the apportionment rule that otherwise applies to direct taxes . Professor Calvin H. Johnson , a tax professor at the University of Texas School of Law , has written : The Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution , ratified in 1913 , was written to allow Congress to tax income without the hobbling apportionment requirement . ... Pollock was itself overturned by the Sixteenth Amendment as to apportionment of income ... From Gale Ann Norton : Courts have essentially abandoned the permissive interpretation created in Pollock . Subsequent cases have viewed the Sixteenth Amendment as a rejection of Pollock 's definition of `` direct tax '' . The apportionment requirement again applies only to real estate and capitation taxes . Even if the Sixteenth Amendment is not viewed as narrowing the definition of direct taxes , it at least introduces an additional consideration to analysis under the Apportionment Clause . For the Court to strike an unapportioned tax , plaintiffs must establish not only that a tax is a direct tax , but also that it is not in the subset of direct taxes known as an income tax . From Alan O. Dixler : In Brushaber , the Supreme Court validated the first post - 16th Amendment income tax . Chief Justice White , who as an associate justice had dissented articulately in Pollock , wrote for a unanimous Court . Upholding the income tax provisions of the tariff act of October 3 , 1913 , Chief Justice White observed that the 16th Amendment did not give Congress any new power to lay and collect an income tax ; rather , the 16th Amendment permitted Congress to do so without apportionment ... Congress may impose taxes on income from any source without having to apportion the total dollar amount of tax collected from each state according to each state 's population in relation to the total national population . In Wikoff v. Commissioner , the United States Tax Court said : ( I ) t is immaterial , with respect to Federal income taxes , whether the tax is a direct or an indirect tax . Mr. Wikoff ( the taxpayer ) relied on the Supreme Court 's decision in Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co ... but the effect of that decision has been nullified by the enactment of the 16th Amendment . In Abrams v. Commissioner , the Tax Court said : Since the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment , it is immaterial with respect to income taxes , whether the tax is a direct or indirect tax . The whole purpose of the Sixteenth Amendment was to relieve all income taxes when imposed from ( the requirement of ) apportionment and from ( the requirement of ) a consideration of the source whence the income was derived . Case Law The federal courts ' interpretations of the Sixteenth Amendment have changed considerably over time and there have been many disputes about the applicability of the amendment . The Brushaber case In Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad , 240 U.S. 1 ( 1916 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that ( 1 ) the Sixteenth Amendment removes the Pollock requirement that certain income taxes ( such as taxes on income `` derived from real property '' that were the subject of the Pollock decision ) , be apportioned among the states according to population ; ( 2 ) the federal income tax statute does not violate the Fifth Amendment 's prohibition against the government taking property without due process of law ; ( 3 ) the federal income tax statute does not violate the Article I , Section 8 , Clause 1 requirement that excises , also known as indirect taxes , be imposed with geographical uniformity . The Kerbaugh - Empire Co. case In Bowers v. Kerbaugh - Empire Co. , 271 U.S. 170 ( 1926 ) , the Supreme Court , through Justice Pierce Butler , stated : It was not the purpose or the effect of that amendment to bring any new subject within the taxing power . Congress already had the power to tax all incomes . But taxes on incomes from some sources had been held to be `` direct taxes '' within the meaning of the constitutional requirement as to apportionment . ( citations omitted ) The Amendment relieved from that requirement and obliterated the distinction in that respect between taxes on income that are direct taxes and those that are not , and so put on the same basis all incomes `` from whatever source derived '' . ( citations omitted ) `` Income '' has been taken to mean the same thing as used in the Corporation Excise Tax of 1909 ( 36 Stat. 112 ) , in the Sixteenth Amendment , and in the various revenue acts subsequently passed . ( citations omitted ) After full consideration , this court declared that income may be defined as gain derived from capital , from labor , or from both combined , including profit gained through sale or conversion of capital . The Glenshaw Glass case In Commissioner v. Glenshaw Glass Co. , 348 U.S. 426 ( 1955 ) , the Supreme Court laid out what has become the modern understanding of what constitutes `` gross income '' to which the Sixteenth Amendment applies , declaring that income taxes could be levied on `` accessions to wealth , clearly realized , and over which the taxpayers have complete dominion '' . Under this definition , any increase in wealth -- whether through wages , benefits , bonuses , sale of stock or other property at a profit , bets won , lucky finds , awards of punitive damages in a lawsuit , qui tam actions -- are all within the definition of income , unless the Congress makes a specific exemption , as it has for items such as life insurance proceeds received by reason of the death of the insured party , gifts , bequests , devises and inheritances , and certain scholarships . Income Taxation of wages , etc. . Federal courts have ruled that the Sixteenth Amendment allows a direct tax on `` wages , salaries , commissions , etc. without apportionment '' . The Penn Mutual case Although the Sixteenth Amendment is often cited as the `` source '' of the congressional power to tax incomes , at least one court has reiterated the point made in Brushaber and other cases that the Sixteenth Amendment itself did not grant the Congress the power to tax incomes , a power the Congress had since 1789 , but only removed the possible requirement that any income tax be apportioned among the states according to their respective populations . In Penn Mutual Indemnity , the United States Tax Court stated : In dealing with the scope of the taxing power the question has sometimes been framed in terms of whether something can be taxed as income under the Sixteenth Amendment . This is an inaccurate formulation ... and has led to much loose thinking on the subject . The source of the taxing power is not the Sixteenth Amendment ; it is Article I , Section 8 , of the Constitution . The United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit agreed with the Tax Court , stating : It did not take a constitutional amendment to entitle the United States to impose an income tax . Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. , 157 U.S. 429 , 158 U.S. 601 ( 1895 ) , only held that a tax on the income derived from real or personal property was so close to a tax on that property that it could not be imposed without apportionment . The Sixteenth Amendment removed that barrier . Indeed , the requirement for apportionment is pretty strictly limited to taxes on real and personal property and capitation taxes . It is not necessary to uphold the validity of the tax imposed by the United States that the tax itself bear an accurate label . Indeed , the tax upon the distillation of spirits , imposed very early by federal authority , now reads and has read in terms of a tax upon the spirits themselves , yet the validity of this imposition has been upheld for a very great many years . It could well be argued that the tax involved here ( an income tax ) is an `` excise tax '' based upon the receipt of money by the taxpayer . It certainly is not a tax on property and it certainly is not a capitation tax ; therefore , it need not be apportioned . We do not think it profitable , however , to make the label as precise as that required under the Food and Drug Act . Congress has the power to impose taxes generally , and if the particular imposition does not run afoul of any constitutional restrictions then the tax is lawful , call it what you will . The Murphy case On December 22 , 2006 , a three - judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit vacated its unanimous decision ( of August 2006 ) in Murphy v. Internal Revenue Service and United States . In an unrelated matter , the court had also granted the government 's motion to dismiss Murphy 's suit against the Internal Revenue Service . Under federal sovereign immunity , a taxpayer may sue the federal government , but not a government agency , officer , or employee ( with some exceptions ) . The Court ruled : Insofar as the Congress has waived sovereign immunity with respect to suits for tax refunds under 28 U.S.C. § 1346 ( a ) ( 1 ) , that provision specifically contemplates only actions against the `` United States '' . Therefore , we hold the IRS , unlike the United States , may not be sued eo nomine in this case . An exception to federal sovereign immunity is in the United States Tax Court , in which a taxpayer may sue the Commissioner of Internal Revenue . The original three - judge panel then agreed to rehear the case itself . In its original decision , the Court had ruled that 26 U.S.C. § 104 ( a ) ( 2 ) was unconstitutional under the Sixteenth Amendment to the extent that the statute purported to tax , as income , a recovery for a nonphysical personal injury for mental distress and loss of reputation not received in lieu of taxable income such as lost wages or earnings . Because the August 2006 opinion was vacated , the Court of Appeals did not hear the case en banc . On July 3 , 2007 , the Court ( through the original three - judge panel ) ruled ( 1 ) that the taxpayer 's compensation was received on account of a nonphysical injury or sickness ; ( 2 ) that gross income under section 61 of the Internal Revenue Code does include compensatory damages for nonphysical injuries , even if the award is not an `` accession to wealth '' , ( 3 ) that the income tax imposed on an award for nonphysical injuries is an indirect tax , regardless of whether the recovery is restoration of `` human capital '' , and therefore the tax does not violate the constitutional requirement of Article I , Section 9 , Clause 4 , that capitations or other direct taxes must be laid among the states only in proportion to the population ; ( 4 ) that the income tax imposed on an award for nonphysical injuries does not violate the constitutional requirement of Article I , Section 8 , Clause 1 , that all duties , imposts and excises be uniform throughout the United States ; ( 5 ) that under the doctrine of sovereign immunity , the Internal Revenue Service may not be sued in its own name . The Court stated that `` ( a ) lthough the ' Congress can not make a thing income which is not so in fact ' , ... it can label a thing income and tax it , so long as it acts within its constitutional authority , which includes not only the Sixteenth Amendment but also Article I , Sections 8 and 9 . '' The court ruled that Ms. Murphy was not entitled to the tax refund she claimed , and that the personal injury award she received was `` within the reach of the Congressional power to tax under Article I , Section 8 of the Constitution '' -- even if the award was `` not income within the meaning of the Sixteenth Amendment '' . See also the Penn Mutual case cited above . On April 21 , 2008 , the U.S. Supreme Court declined to review the decision by the Court of Appeals . See also Tax protester Sixteenth Amendment arguments Notes Jump up ^ Knowlton v. Moore 178 U.S. 41 ( 1900 ) and Flint v. Stone Tracy Co. 220 U.S. 107 ( 1911 ) Jump up ^ Hylton v. United States 3 U.S. 171 ( 1796 ) Jump up ^ Buenker , John D. 1981 . `` The Ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment . '' The Cato Journal . 1 : 1 . PDF Jump up ^ Baack , Bennet T. and Edward John Ray . 1985 . `` Special Interests and the Adoption of the Income Tax in the United States . '' The Journal of Economic History V. 45 , No. 3 . pp. 607 - 625 . Jump up ^ `` On This Day : Congress Passes Act Creating First Income Tax '' . Findingdulcinea.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Baack and Ray , p. 608 . Jump up ^ `` Socialist Labor Party Platform '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Populist Party Platform , 1892 '' . Historymatters.gmu.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Speeches of William Jennings Bryan , pp. 159 - 179 . Books.google.com. 1909 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ 1908 Democratic party platform Archived January 13 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Commentary , James W. Ely , Jr. , on the case of Springer v. United States , in answers.com , at ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Again the situation is aptly illustrated by the various acts taxing incomes derived from property of every kind and nature which were enacted beginning in 1861 , and lasting during what may be termed the Civil War period . It is not disputable that these latter tax laws were classed under the head of excises , duties , and imposts because it was assumed that they were of that character , although putting a tax burden on income of every kind , including that derived from property real or personal , since they were not taxes directly on property because of its ownership . '' Brushaber v. Union Pac . Railroad , 240 U.S. 1 ( 1916 ) , at 15 Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Baack and Ray , p. 610 Jump up ^ `` Mr. Cockran 's Final Effort '' ( PDF ) . New York Times . 1894 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Read a description of the decision at the Tax History Museum Archived 2010 - 08 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Justice Harlan 's dissenting opinion in ' ' Pollock ' ' '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ See the quotes from Theodore Roosevelt at the Tax History Museum Archived 2010 - 08 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Taft Address of June 16 , 1909 ( American Presidency Project ) '' . Presidency.ucsb.edu. 1909 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ President Taft Presidential addresses . Books.google.com. 1910 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Volume 36 , Statutes at Large , 61st Congress Session I , Senate Joint Resolution No. 40 , p. 184 , approved July 31 , 1909 Jump up ^ Senate Joint Resolution 40 , 36 Stat. 184 . Jump up ^ `` The Ratification of the Federal Income Tax Amendment , John D. Buenker '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Buenker , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Buenker , p. 189 Jump up ^ Baack and Jay , p. 613 - 614 Jump up ^ Buenker , p. 184 Jump up ^ `` Arthur A. Ekirch , Jr. , `` The Sixteenth Amendment : The Historical Background , '' p. 175 , ' ' Cato Journal ' ' , Vol. 1 , No. 1 , Spring 1981 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Buenker , pp. 219 - 221 Jump up ^ Adam Young , `` The Origin of the Income Tax '' , Ludwig von Mises Institute , Sept. 7 , 2004 Jump up ^ `` FindLaw : U.S. Constitution : Amendments '' . FindLaw . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Ratification of Constitutional Amendments '' . U.S. Constitution Online . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 ... Jump up ^ See Senate Document # 108 - 17 , 108th Congress , Second Session , The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation : Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 28 , 2002 , at pp. 33 - 34 , footnote 8 , Congressional Research Service , Library of Congress , U.S. Gov 't Printing Office ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ `` Virginia House Opposes Federal Clause by 54 to 37 '' , The Washington Post , March 8 , 1910 Jump up ^ Boris Bittker , `` Constitutional Limits on the Taxing Power of the Federal Government , '' The Tax Lawyer , Fall 1987 , Vol. 41 , No. 1 , p. 3 ( American Bar Association ) ( Pollock case `` was in effect reversed by the sixteenth amendment '' ) Jump up ^ `` The Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution overruled Pollock ... '' Graf v. Commissioner , 44 T.C.M. ( CCH ) 66 , TC Memo. 1982 - 317 , CCH Dec . 39,080 ( M ) ( 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Sheldon D. Pollack , `` Origins of the Modern Income Tax , 1894 - 1913 , '' 66 Tax Lawyer 295 , 323 - 324 , Winter 2013 ( Amer . Bar Ass'n ) ( footnotes omitted ; italics in original ) . Jump up ^ William D. Andrews , Basic Federal Income Taxation , p. 2 , Little , Brown and Company ( 3d ed. 1985 ) . Jump up ^ Boris I. Bittker , Martin J. McMahon , Jr. and Lawrence A. Zelenak , Federal Income Taxation of Individuals ( 2d ed. 2006 ) ( emphasis added ) . Jump up ^ Erik M. Jensen , `` The Taxing Power , The Sixteenth Amendment , And the Meaning of ' Incomes ' '' , Oct. 4 , 2002 , Tax Analysts ( footnotes not reproduced ) . Jump up ^ Calvin H. Johnson , `` Purging Out Pollock : The Constitutionality of Federal Wealth or Sales Tax '' , Dec. 27 , 2002 , Tax Analysts . Jump up ^ Gale Ann Norton , `` The Limitless Federal Taxing Power , '' Vol. 8 Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 591 ( Summer , 1985 ) ( footnotes omitted ) . Jump up ^ Alan O. Dixler , `` Direct Taxes Under the Constitution : A Review of the Precedents '' , Nov. 20 , 2006 , Tax Analysts . Jump up ^ `` Findlaw : Sixteenth Amendment , History and Purpose of the Amendment '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Wikoff v. Commissioner , 37 T.C.M. ( CCH ) 1539 , T.C. Memo. 1978 - 372 ( 1978 ) . Jump up ^ 82 T.C. 403 , CCH Dec. 41,031 ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ `` As construed by the Supreme Court in the Brushaber case , the power of Congress to tax income derives from Article I , Section 8 , Clause 1 of the Constitution , rather than from the Sixteenth Amendment ; the latter simply eliminated the requirement that an income tax , to the extent that it is a direct tax , must be apportioned among the states . '' Boris I. Bittker , Martin J. McMahon , Jr . & Lawrence A. Zelenak , Federal Income Taxation of Individuals , ch. 1 , paragr. 1.01 ( 1 ) ( a ) , Research Institute of America ( 2d ed. 2005 ) , as retrieved from 2002 WL 1454829 ( W.G. & L . ) . Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 101 . Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 102 . Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 117 . Jump up ^ Parker v. Commissioner , 724 F. 2d 469 , 84 - 1 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 9209 ( 5th Cir. 1984 ) ( closing parenthesis in original has been omitted ) . For other court decisions upholding the taxability of wages , salaries , etc. see United States v. Connor , 898 F. 2d 942 , 90 - 1 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 50,166 ( 3d Cir. 1990 ) ; Perkins v. Commissioner , 746 F. 2d 1187 , 84 - 2 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 9898 ( 6th Cir. 1984 ) ; White v. United States , 2005 - 1 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 50,289 ( 6th Cir. 2004 ) , cert . denied , ____ U.S. ____ ( 2005 ) ; Granzow v. Commissioner , 739 F. 2d 265 , 84 - 2 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 9660 ( 7th Cir. 1984 ) ; Waters v. Commissioner , 764 F. 2d 1389 , 85 - 2 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 9512 ( 11th Cir. 1985 ) ; United States v. Buras , 633 F. 2d 1356 , 81 - 1 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 9126 ( 9th Cir. 1980 ) . Jump up ^ Penn Mutual Indemnity Co. v. Commissioner , 32 T.C. 653 at 659 ( 1959 ) , aff 'd , 277 F. 2d 16 , 60 - 1 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 9389 ( 3d Cir. 1960 ) . Jump up ^ Penn Mutual Indemnity Co. v. Commissioner , 277 F. 2d 16 , 60 - 1 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶. 9389 ( 3d Cir. 1960 ) ( footnotes omitted ) . Jump up ^ Order , Dec. 22 , 2006 , the ruling of Murphy v. Internal Revenue Service and United States , U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit . Jump up ^ 460 F. 3d 79 , 2006 - 2 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 50,476 , 2006 WL 2411372 ( D.C. Cir . August 22 , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ ( Murphy v. United States ) Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 61 ( Murphy v United States , on rehearing ) Jump up ^ Opinion on rehearing , July 3 , 2007 , Murphy v. Internal Revenue Service and United States , case no . 05 - 5139 , U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit , 2007 - 2 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 50,531 ( D.C. Cir. 2007 ) Jump up ^ Opinion on rehearing , July 3 , 2007 , p. 16 , Murphy v. Internal Revenue Service and United States , case no . 05 - 5139 , U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit , 2007 - 2 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 50,531 ( D.C. Cir. 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Opinion on rehearing , July 3 , 2007 , p. 5 - 6 , Murphy v. Internal Revenue Service and United States , case no . 05 - 5139 , U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit , 2007 - 2 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 50,531 ( D.C. Cir. 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Denniston , Lyle ( April 21 , 2008 ) . `` Court to hear anti-dumping , sentencing cases '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved 21 April 2008 . External links Sixteenth Amendment and 1913 tax return form Images of original documents CRS Annotated Constitution : Sixteenth Amendment Pollock Decision The decision nullified by the Sixteenth Amendment Brushaber Decision Supreme Court opinion on the apportionment clause of the Constitution . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixteenth%20Amendment%20to%20the%20United%20States%20Constitution
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who conducted the orchestra at the opening festivities of the carnegie hall in 1891
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Carnegie Hall
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carnegie hall
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Carnegie Hall ( / ˈkɑːrnɪɡi / , also frequently / kɑːrˈneɪɡi / or / kɑːrˈnɛɡi / ) is a concert venue in Midtown Manhattan in New York City , United States , located at 881 Seventh Avenue , occupying the east side of Seventh Avenue between West 56th Street and West 57th Street , two blocks south of Central Park .
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Designed by architect William Burnet Tuthill and built by philanthropist Andrew Carnegie in 1891 , it is one of the most prestigious venues in the world for both classical music and popular music . Carnegie Hall has its own artistic programming , development , and marketing departments , and presents about 250 performances each season . It is also rented out to performing groups . The hall has not had a resident company since 1962 , when the New York Philharmonic moved to Lincoln Center 's Philharmonic Hall ( renamed Avery Fisher Hall in 1973 and David Geffen Hall in 2015 ) . Carnegie Hall has 3,671 seats , divided among its three auditoriums . Contents ( hide ) 1 Venues 1.1 Main Hall ( Stern Auditorium / Perelman Stage ) 1.2 Zankel Hall 1.3 Weill Recital Hall 1.4 Other facilities 2 Architecture 3 History 3.1 Renovations and additions 3.2 Management 3.3 Carnegie Hall Archives 3.4 Carnegie Hall joke 4 Finances 5 World premieres 6 Other buildings named Carnegie Hall 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Venues ( edit ) Carnegie Hall contains three distinct , separate performance spaces . Main Hall ( Stern auditorium / Perelman stage ) ( edit ) Isaac Stern Auditorium The Isaac Stern Auditorium seats 2,804 on five levels and was named after violinist Isaac Stern in 1997 to recognize his efforts to save the hall from demolition in the 1960s . The hall is enormously high , and visitors to the top balcony must climb 137 steps . All but the top level can be reached by elevator . The main hall was home to the performances of the New York Philharmonic from 1892 until 1962 . Known as the most prestigious concert stage in the U.S. , almost all of the leading classical music , and more recently , popular music , performers since 1891 have performed there . After years of heavy wear and tear , the hall was extensively renovated in 1986 ( see below ) . The Ronald O. Perelman Stage is 42 feet deep . The five levels of seating in the Stern Auditorium begin with the Parquet level , which has twenty - five full rows of thirty - eight seats and four partial rows at stage level , for a total of 1,021 seats . The First Tier and Second Tier consist of sixty - five boxes ; the First Tier has 264 seats at eight seats per box and the Second Tier seats 238 , with boxes ranging from six to eight seats each . Second from the top is the Dress Circle , seating 444 in six rows ; the first two rows form an almost - complete semicircle . At the top , the balcony seats 837 . Although seats with obstructed views exist throughout the auditorium , only the Dress Circle level has structural columns . Zankel Hall ( edit ) Zankel Hall , which seats 599 , is named after Judy and Arthur Zankel . Originally called simply Recital Hall , this was the first auditorium to open to the public in April 1891 . Following renovations made in 1896 , it was renamed Carnegie Lyceum . It was leased to the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in 1898 , converted into a cinema , which opened as the Carnegie Hall Cinema in May 1961 with the film White Nights by Luchino Visconti and was reclaimed for use as an auditorium in 1997 . The completely reconstructed Zankel Hall is flexible in design and can be reconfigured in several different arrangements to suit the needs of the performers . It opened in September 2003 . The 599 seats in Zankel Hall are arranged in two levels . The Parterre level seats a total of 463 and the Mezzanine level seats 136 . Each level has a number of seats which are situated along the side walls , perpendicular to the stage . These seats are designated as boxes ; there are 54 seats in six boxes on the Parterre level and 48 seats in four boxes on the Mezzanine level . The boxes on the Parterre level are raised above the level of the stage . Zankel Hall is accessible and its stage is 44 feet wide and 25 feet deep -- the stage occupies approximately one fifth of the performance space . Weill Recital Hall ( edit ) The Joan and Sanford I. Weill Recital Hall seats 268 and is named after Sanford I. Weill , a former chairman of the board , and his wife Joan . This auditorium , in use since the hall opened in 1891 , was originally called Chamber Music Hall ( later Carnegie Chamber Music Hall ) ; the name was changed to Carnegie Recital Hall in the late 1940s , and finally became Joan and Sanford I. Weill Recital Hall in 1986 . The Weill Recital Hall is the smallest of the three performance spaces , with a total of 268 seats . The Orchestra level contains fourteen rows of fourteen seats , a total of 196 , and the Balcony level contains 72 seats in five rows . Other facilities ( edit ) The building also contains the Carnegie Hall Archives , established in 1986 , and the Rose Museum , which opened in 1991 . Until 2009 studios above the Hall contained working spaces for artists in the performing and graphic arts including music , drama , dance , as well as architects , playwrights , literary agents , photographers and painters . The spaces were unusual in being purpose - designed for artistic work , with very high ceilings , skylights and large windows for natural light . In 2007 the Carnegie Hall Corporation announced plans to evict the 33 remaining studio residents , some of whom had been in the building since the 1950s , including celebrity portrait photographer Editta Sherman and fashion photographer Bill Cunningham . The organization 's research showed that Andrew Carnegie had always considered the spaces as a source of income to support the hall and its activities . The space has been re-purposed for music education and corporate offices . Architecture ( edit ) Closeup view of Carnegie Hall Carnegie Hall is one of the last large buildings in New York built entirely of masonry , without a steel frame ; however , when several flights of studio spaces were added to the building near the turn of the 20th century , a steel framework was erected around segments of the building . The exterior is rendered in narrow Roman bricks of a mellow ochre hue , with details in terracotta and brownstone . The foyer avoids typical 19th century Baroque theatrical style with the Florentine Renaissance manner of Filippo Brunelleschi 's Pazzi Chapel : white plaster and gray stone form a harmonious system of round - headed arched openings and Corinthian pilasters that support an unbroken cornice , with round - headed lunettes above it , under a vaulted ceiling . The famous white and gold auditorium interior is similarly restrained . The firm of Adler and Sullivan of Chicago , noted for the acoustics of their theaters , were hired as consultant architects though their contributions are not known . History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Andrew Carnegie , 1913 Carnegie Hall is named after Andrew Carnegie , who funded its construction . It was intended as a venue for the Oratorio Society of New York and the New York Symphony Society , on whose boards Carnegie served . Construction began in 1890 , and was carried out by Isaac A. Hopper and Company . Although the building was in use from April 1891 , the official opening night was May 5 , with a concert conducted by maestro Walter Damrosch and great Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky . Originally known simply as `` Music Hall '' ( the words `` Music Hall founded by Andrew Carnegie '' still appear on the façade above the marquee ) , the hall was renamed Carnegie Hall in 1893 after board members of the Music Hall Company of New York ( the hall 's original governing body ) persuaded Carnegie to allow the use of his name . Several alterations were made to the building between 1893 and 1896 , including the addition of two towers of artists ' studios , and alterations to the smaller auditorium on the building 's lower level . Carnegie Hall in 1895 Carnegie Hall in 1910 The hall was owned by the Carnegie family until 1925 , when Carnegie 's widow sold it to a real estate developer , Robert E. Simon . When Simon died in 1935 , his son , Robert E. Simon , Jr. , became owner . By the mid-1950s , changes in the music business prompted Simon to offer Carnegie Hall for sale to the New York Philharmonic , which booked a majority of the hall 's concert dates each year . The orchestra declined , since it planned to move to Lincoln Center , then in the early stages of planning . At the time , it was widely believed that New York City could not support two major concert venues . Facing the loss of the hall 's primary tenant , Simon was forced to offer the building for sale . A deal with a commercial developer fell through , and by 1960 , with the New York Philharmonic on the move to Lincoln Center , the building was slated for demolition to make way for a commercial skyscraper . Under pressure from a group led by violinist Isaac Stern and many of the artist residents , special legislation was passed that allowed the City of New York to buy the site from Simon for $5 million ( which he would use to establish Reston , VA ) , and in May 1960 the nonprofit Carnegie Hall Corporation was created to run the venue . It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1962 . Most of the greatest performers of classical music since the time Carnegie Hall was built have performed in the Main Hall , and its lobbies are adorned with signed portraits and memorabilia . The NBC Symphony Orchestra , conducted by Arturo Toscanini , frequently recorded in the Main Hall for RCA Victor . On November 14 , 1943 , the 25 - year old Leonard Bernstein had his major conducting debut when he had to substitute for a suddenly ill Bruno Walter in a concert that was broadcast by CBS , making him instantly famous . In the fall of 1950 , the orchestra 's weekly broadcast concerts were moved there until the orchestra disbanded in 1954 . Several of the concerts were televised by NBC , preserved on kinescopes , and have been released on home video . Many legendary jazz and popular music performers have also given memorable performances at Carnegie Hall including Benny Goodman , Duke Ellington , Glenn Miller , Billie Holiday , the Dave Brubeck Quartet , Violetta Villas , Judy Garland , Harry Belafonte , Charles Aznavour , Ike & Tina Turner , Paul Robeson , Nina Simone , Shirley Bassey , James Gang and Stevie Ray Vaughan , all of whom made celebrated live recordings of their concerts there . The hall has also been the site of many famous lectures , including the Tuskegee Institute Silver Anniversary Lecture by Booker T. Washington , and the last public lecture by Mark Twain , both in 1906 . Sissieretta Jones became the first African - American to sing at the Music Hall ( renamed Carnegie Hall the following year ) , June 15 , 1892 . The Benny Goodman Orchestra gave a sold - out swing and jazz concert January 16 , 1938 . The bill also featured , among other guest performers , Count Basie and members of Duke Ellington 's orchestra . Rock and roll music first came to Carnegie Hall when Bill Haley & His Comets appeared in a variety benefit concert on May 6 , 1955 . Rock acts were not regularly booked at the Hall however , until February 12 , 1964 , when The Beatles performed two shows during their historic first trip to the United States . Promoter Sid Bernstein convinced Carnegie officials that allowing a Beatles concert at the venue `` would further international understanding '' between the United States and Great Britain . `` Led Zeppelin became the first hard rock act to play Carnegie Hall since the Rolling Stones tore the place up some five years ago . '' Two concerts were performed October 17 , 1969 . Since then numerous rock , blues , jazz and country performers have appeared at the hall every season . Jethro Tull released the tapes recorded on its presentation in a 1970 Benefit concert , in the 2010 re-release of the Stand Up album . Ike & Tina Turner performed a concert April 1 , 1971 , which resulted in their album What You Hear is What You Get . The Beach Boys played concerts in 1971 and 1972 , and two songs from the show appeared on their Endless Harmony Soundtrack . Chicago recorded its 4 - LP box set Chicago at Carnegie Hall in 1971 . Renovations and additions ( edit ) The building was extensively renovated in 1986 and 2003 , by James Polshek , who became better known through his post-modern planetarium at the American Museum of Natural History . Polshek and his firm , Polshek Partnership , were involved since 1978 in four phases of the Hall 's renovation and expansion including the creation of a Master Plan in 1980 ; the actual renovation of the main hall , the Stern Auditorium , and the creation of the Weill Recital Hall and Kaplan Rehearsal Space , all in 1986 ; the creation of the Rose Museum , East Room and Club Room ( later renamed Rohatyn Room and Shorin Club Room , respectively ) , all in 1991 ; and , most recently , the creation of Zankel Hall in 2003 . The renovation was not without controversy . Following completion of work on the main auditorium in 1986 , there were complaints that the famous acoustics of the hall had been diminished . Although officials involved in the renovation denied that there was any change , complaints persisted for the next nine years . In 1995 , the cause of the problem was discovered to be a slab of concrete under the stage . The slab was subsequently removed . Carnegie Hall Tower In 1987 -- 1989 , a 60 - floor office tower , named Carnegie Hall Tower , designed by César Pelli & Associates , was completed next to the hall on the same block . New backstage space and banquet spaces , contained within the tower , connect with the main Carnegie Hall building . In June 2003 , tentative plans were made for the Philharmonic to return to Carnegie Hall beginning in 2006 , and for the orchestra to merge its business operations with those of the venue . However , the two groups abandoned these plans later in 2003 . In 2014 , Carnegie Hall opened its Judith and Burton Resnick Education Wing , which houses 24 music rooms , one of which is large enough to hold an orchestra or a chorus . The $230 million project was funded with gifts from Joan and Sanford I. Weill and the Weill Family Fund , Judith and Burton Resnick , Lily Safra and other donors , as well as $52.2 million from the city , $11 million from the state and $56.5 million from bonds issued through the Trust for Cultural Resources of the City of New York . The 2015 -- 2016 Season celebrates a 125th Anniversary and the launch of an unprecedented commissioning project of at least 125 new works with ' Fifty for the Future '' coming from Kronos ( 25 by female composers and 25 by male composers . ) Management ( edit ) Since July 2005 , the Executive and Artistic Director of Carnegie Hall is Sir Clive Gillinson , formerly managing director of the London Symphony Orchestra . Carnegie Hall Archives ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Unexpectedly , for most concert - goers , it emerged in 1986 that Carnegie Hall had never consistently maintained an archive . Without a central repository , a significant portion of Carnegie Hall 's documented history had been dispersed . In preparation for the celebration of Carnegie Hall 's centennial in 1991 , the management established the Carnegie Hall Archives . Carnegie Hall joke ( edit ) Rumor is that a pedestrian on Fifty - seventh Street , Manhattan , stopped Jascha Heifetz and inquired , `` Could you tell me how to get to Carnegie Hall ? '' `` Yes , '' said Heifetz . `` Practice ! '' This old joke has become part of the folklore of the hall , but its origins remain a mystery . According to The New York Times , the main player in the story has been described at various times as either an unnamed man , violinist Jascha Heifetz or the pianist Arthur Rubinstein . On its webpage , Carnegie Hall quotes the wife of violinist Mischa Elman as having perhaps the best story of its origin : `` One day , after a rehearsal that had n't pleased Elman , the couple was leaving Carnegie Hall by the backstage entrance when they were approached by two tourists looking for the hall 's entrance . Seeing his violin case , they asked , ' How do you get to Carnegie Hall ? ' Without looking up and continuing on his way , Elman simply replied , ' Practice . ' '' Finances ( edit ) The hall 's operating budget for the 2008 -- 2009 season was $84 million . For 2007 -- 2008 , operating costs exceeded revenues from operations by $40.2 million . With funding from donors , investment income and government grants , the hall ended that season with $1.9 million more in total revenues than total costs . World premieres ( edit ) Main article : World premieres at Carnegie Hall Other buildings named Carnegie Hall ( edit ) Several other concert halls also bear the Carnegie name . Carnegie Hall , a 540 - seat venue in Andrew Carnegie 's native Dunfermline , Scotland , opened in 1937 . 420 - seat Carnegie Hall in Lewisburg , West Virginia . Carnegie Library and Theatre in Covington , Kentucky . 1928 - seat Carnegie Music Hall on the main site of the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh and the main branch of the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh . Carnegie Hall on the North Side of Pittsburgh , formerly known as Allegheny , Pennsylvania , attached to the Carnegie Library . Carnegie Music Hall attached to the Carnegie library in the suburb of Braddock , Pennsylvania . This was built as part of an 1893 addition to the Braddock Carnegie Library . As of April 2014 , it is undergoing restoration . 1022 - seat Carnegie Music Hall annexed to the Carnegie library in the suburb of Homestead , Pennsylvania . Carnegie Music Hall attached to the Carnegie library in the suburb of Carnegie , Pennsylvania . Carnegie also built a Library and Music Hall in the suburb of Duquesne , Pennsylvania that was demolished in 1968 . See also ( edit ) Carnegie Hall -- a 1947 film featuring the venue as the setting for the plot and numerous performances List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City List of concert halls Judy at Carnegie Hall Benny Goodman and his Orchestra at Carnegie Hall , January 16 , 1938 Chicago at Carnegie Hall 1971 four LP vinyl box set by the rock band Chicago Matilda Sissieretta Joyner Jones , first African - American to sing at Carnegie Hall Alliance for the Arts Advocacy organization for Carnegie Hall National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets List of National Historic Landmarks in New York City List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2007 - 01 - 23 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : `` Carnegie Hall '' . National Historic Landmark summary listing . National Park Service . September 9 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Although Andrew Carnegie pronounced his name with the stress on the second syllable , the building is generally pronounced with the stress on the first syllable . Jump up ^ Pollack , Michael ( June 20 , 2004 ) . `` F.Y.I. : Tomato , Tomahto '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Mr. Carnegie was , of course , born Scottish , and the correct pronunciation of his name is car - NAY - gie , Jump up ^ Thomasini , Anthony ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Music : Lang Lang opens Philharmonic Season as Avery Fisher Hall is Renamed '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The A to Z of Carnegie Hall : S is for Stern '' . Carnegie Hall . September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Information : Accessibility '' . Carnegie Hall . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Carnegie Hall . `` Stern Auditorium - Perelman Stage Rentals '' . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dunlap , David W. ( January 30 , 2000 ) . `` Carnegie Hall Grows the Only Way It Can ; Burrowing Into Bedrock , Crews Carve Out a New Auditorium '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Muschamp , Herbert ( September 12 , 2003 ) . `` Architecture Review ; Zankel Hall , Carnegie 's Buried Treasure '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Carnegie Hall . `` Zankel Hall Rental '' . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carnegie Hall . `` Weill Recital Hall '' . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Wendy ( December 30 , 2007 ) . `` Great Rooms : Bohemia in Midtown '' . New York . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pressler , Jessica ( October 20 , 2008 ) . `` Editta Sherman , 96 - Year - Old Squatter '' . New York . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tchaikovsky in America '' . Carnegie Hall official website . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ 1891 Andrew Carnegie 's new Music Hall opens Jump up ^ Greenwood , Richard ( May 30 , 1975 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory : Carnegie Hall '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory : Carnegie Hall -- Accompanying Photos '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . May 30 , 1975 . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Playbill and CBS announcement , concert on November 14 , 1943 Jump up ^ Lee , Maureen D. ( May 2012 ) . Sissierettta Jones , `` The Greatest Singer of Her Race , '' 1868 -- 1933 . University of South Carolina Press . Jump up ^ Hudson , Rob . `` From Opera , Minstrelsy and Ragtime to Social Justice : An Overview of African American Performers at Carnegie Hall , 1892 -- 1943 '' . The Black Past : Remembered and Reclaimed . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stars assist the blind '' . The New York Times . May 7 , 1955 . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles at Carnegie Hall '' . It All Happened -- A Living History of Live Music . Jump up ^ Wilson , John S. ( February 13 , 1964 ) . `` 2,900 - Voice Chorus Joins The Beatles '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schaffner , Nicholas ( July 1977 ) . The Beatles Forever . New York : Fine Communications . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 1567310085 . Jump up ^ `` October 17 , 1969 , New York , NY US '' . Led Zeppelin Timeline . ledzeppelin.com . October 17 , 1969 . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` This installment of our A to Z of Carnegie Hall series looks at the letter R -- for `` Rock ' '' . The A to Z of Carnegie Hall : R is for Rock ' n ' Roll . September 22 , 2012 . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Hall : Timeline -- 1986 Full interior renovation completed '' . Carnegie Hall . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Michael ( February 16 , 1987 ) . `` Sounds in the night '' . Time . 129 ( 7 ) . Jump up ^ Kozinn , Alan ( September 14 , 1995 ) . `` A Phantom Exposed : Concrete at Carnegie '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` N.Y. Philharmonic , Carnegie Merger Off '' . Billboard . Associated Press . October 8 , 2003 . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Michael ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` Carnegie Hall Makes Room for Future Stars : Resnick Education Wing Prepares to Open at Carnegie Hall '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cerf , Bennett ( 1956 ) . The Life of the Party : A New Collection of Stories and Anecdotes . Garden City , New York : Doubleday . p. 335 . Jump up ^ Pollak , Michael ( November 29 , 2009 ) . `` The Origins of That Famous Carnegie Hall Joke '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` History FAQ : Who created the `` How do you get to Carnegie Hall ? '' joke ? `` . Carnegie Hall . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Richard Schickel , The World of Carnegie Hall , 1960 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carnegie Hall . Official website Carnegie Hall at Google Cultural Institute Carnegie Hall and its events on NYC-ARTS.org Honors Performance Series , Carnegie Hall performance opportunity for elite student musicians New York City Historic Sites NRHP Manhattan Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Bronx NHL New York State NYC Manhattan Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Bronx U.S. National Register of Historic Places in New York Topics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings ( Brooklyn ) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York ( Manhattan ) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond ( Staten Island ) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Lists by city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St . 14th -- 59th St . 59th -- 110th St . Above 110th St . Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers Other lists Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks Category : National Register of Historic Places in New York ( state ) Portal : National Register of Historic Places VIAF : 151394261 LCCN : n87810289 ISNI : 0000 0001 2185 5022 GND : 4256673 - 3 BNF : cb13879277q ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carnegie_Hall&oldid=813736910 '' Categories : Music venues completed in 1891 Andrew Carnegie Carnegie Hall Concert halls in New York City Music venues in New York City National Historic Landmarks in Manhattan Theatres on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan Midtown Manhattan 1891 establishments in New York ( state ) Italian Renaissance Revival architecture in the United States Event venues on the National Register of Historic Places in New York City Seventh Avenue ( Manhattan ) Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from August 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 December 2017 , at 23 : 59 . 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charlie and the great glass elevator character description
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Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator
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charlie and the great glass elevator
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This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator Original book cover of Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator with illustrations by Joseph Schindelman Author Roald Dahl Illustrator Joseph Schindelman ( 1st US edition ) Faith Jaques ( 1st UK edition ) Michael Foreman ( 2nd edition ) Quentin Blake ( 3rd edition ) Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Science fantasy Children 's novel Publisher Alfred A. Knopf Publication date 1972 Media type Print ( Hardback & Paperback ) Pages 159 ISBN 0 - 394 - 82472 - 5 ( first edition , hardback ) OCLC 314239 LC Class PZ7. D1515 Ck3 Preceded by Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Followed by Charlie in the White House ( unfinished ) Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator is a children 's book by British author Roald Dahl . It is the sequel to Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , continuing the story of young Charlie Bucket and chocolatier Willy Wonka as they travel in the Great Glass Elevator . The book was first published in the United States by Alfred A. Knopf , Inc. in 1972 , and in the United Kingdom by George Allen & Unwin in 1973 . Although the original book has been filmed twice , in 1971 and 2005 , The Great Glass Elevator has never been adapted on a visual medium ; however it was adapted for audio by Puffin Audio Books starring Neil Answych as Charlie Bucket and Gordan Fairclough as Willy Wonka . Dahl began writing a third book in the series , titled Charlie in the White House , but did not complete it . Contents 1 Plot 2 Unfinished sequel 3 Editions 4 References Plot ( edit ) The story picks up immediately where the previous book left off , with Charlie and his whole family aboard the flying Great Glass Elevator . The Elevator goes into orbit by accident , where Mr Wonka docks them at the U.S. Space Hotel . Shortly after their arrival , the hotel 's elevators open , revealing man - eating monsters , known as Vermicious Knids , which form a letter of the word ' SCRAM ' . Recognising the danger , Mr Wonka orders everybody off the Space Hotel . Upon the Elevator 's departure , the monsters consumed some people aboard . Charlie suggests towing the shuttle back to Earth . Whereupon Willy Wonka returns the Elevator with the shuttle to Earth , the monsters are incinerated in the atmosphere . Mr Wonka releases the shuttle , and the Elevator then crashes down through the roof of the chocolate factory . Back in the chocolate factory , three of Charlie 's grandparents refuse to leave their bed . Mr Wonka gives them a rejuvenation formula . They take much more than they need , and they each lose eighty years . 78 - year - old Grandma Georgina vanishes , having become `` - 2 '' . Charlie and Mr Wonka journey to ' Minusland ' , then Mr. Wonka restores her with a sprayable compound that makes people older . Grandma Georgina has become 358 years old . Using a cautious dose , the three are restored to their original age . Finally , the President of the U.S. invites the family and Mr Wonka to the White House , as a thank you for their space rescue . Unfinished sequel ( edit ) A follow - up to the book was planned , called Charlie in the White House . Charlie 's family and Mr. Wonka are invited by President Gilligrass to have dinner at the White House , as thanks for rescuing the spacecraft from its attack by the Vermicious Knids . Dahl only wrote the first chapter , which is on display at the Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre in Great Missenden . Editions ( edit ) ISBN 0 - 394 - 82472 - 5 ( hardcover , 1972 ) ISBN 0 - 394 - 92472 - X ( library servings , 1972 ) ISBN 0 - 04 - 823106 - 1 ( board book , 1973 ) ISBN 0 - 14 - 030755 - 9 ( paperback , 1975 ) ISBN 0 - 14 - 032043 - 1 ( paperback , 1986 , illustrated by Michael Foreman ) ISBN 0 - 14 - 032870 - X ( paperback , 1988 ) ISBN 0 - 670 - 85249 - X ( hardcover , 1995 ) ISBN 0 - 14 - 037155 - 9 ( paperback , 1995 ) ISBN 0 - 14 - 038533 - 9 ( paperback , 1997 ) ISBN 0 - 375 - 91525 - 7 ( library binding , 2001 ) ISBN 0 - 14 - 131143 - 6 ( paperback , 2001 ) ISBN 0 - 375 - 81525 - 2 ( hardcover , 2001 ) ISBN 0 - 14 - 240412 - 8 ( paperback , 2005 ) ISBN 0 - 141 - 80780 - 6 ( audio CD read by Eric Idle ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.roalddahlfans.com/dahls-work/audio-books/charlie-and-the-great-glass-elevator-3/ Jump up ^ Chilton , Martin ( 18 November 2010 ) . `` The 25 best children 's books '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie in the White House '' . Roald Dahl 's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Books Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator Films Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory Charlie and the Chocolate Factory soundtrack Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Characters Willy Wonka Theater Roald Dahl 's Willy Wonka ( 2004 musical ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2013 musical ) The Golden Ticket Music Charlie and the Chocolate Factory : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Pure Imagination '' `` The Candy Man '' Miscellaneous The Ride Video games Wonka Bar Everlasting Gobstopper Primus & the Chocolate Factory with the Fungi Ensemble The Willy Wonka Candy Company Roald Dahl Children 's fiction The Gremlins ( 1943 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1961 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 1964 ) The Magic Finger ( 1966 ) Fantastic Mr Fox ( 1970 ) Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator ( 1972 ) Danny , the Champion of the World ( 1975 ) The Enormous Crocodile ( 1978 ) The Twits ( 1980 ) George 's Marvellous Medicine ( 1981 ) The BFG ( 1982 ) The Witches ( 1983 ) The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me ( 1985 ) Matilda ( 1988 ) Esio Trot ( 1990 ) The Vicar of Nibbleswicke ( 1991 ) The Minpins ( 1991 ) Children 's poetry Revolting Rhymes ( 1982 ) Dirty Beasts ( 1983 ) Rhyme Stew ( 1989 ) Adult novels Sometime Never : A Fable for Supermen ( 1948 ) My Uncle Oswald ( 1979 ) Adult short story collections Over to You : Ten Stories of Flyers and Flying ( 1946 ) Someone Like You ( 1953 ) Kiss Kiss ( 1960 ) Lamb to the Slaughter ( 1953 ) Switch Bitch ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar and Six More ( 1977 ) The Best of Roald Dahl ( 1978 ) Tales of the Unexpected ( 1979 ) More Tales of the Unexpected ( 1980 ) The Roald Dahl Omnibus ( 1986 ) Two Fables ( 1986 ) Ah , Sweet Mystery of Life : The Country Stories of Roald Dahl ( 1989 ) The Collected Short Stories of Roald Dahl ( 1991 ) The Roald Dahl Treasury ( 1997 ) The Great Automatic Grammatizator ( 1998 ) Skin and Other Stories ( 2000 ) Roald Dahl : Collected Stories ( 2006 ) Non-fiction The Mildenhall Treasure ( 1946 ) Boy : Tales of Childhood ( 1984 ) Going Solo ( 1986 ) Memories with Food at Gipsy House ( 1991 ) Roald Dahl 's Guide to Railway Safety ( 1991 ) My Year ( 1993 ) Film adaptations 36 Hours ( 1965 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) Danny , the Champion of the World ( 1989 ) The BFG ( 1989 ) The Witches ( 1990 ) Four Rooms ( 1995 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Matilda ( 1996 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2005 ) Fantastic Mr. Fox ( 2009 ) Roald Dahl 's Esio Trot ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) Revolting Rhymes ( 2016 ) Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 2017 ) Film scripts The Bells of Hell Go Ting - a-ling - a-ling ( 1966 , unfinished ) You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) The Night Digger ( 1971 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) Television series ' Way Out ( 1961 ) Tales of the Unexpected ( 1979 -- 88 ) Musicals and plays The Honeys ( 1955 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 2010 ) Matilda ( 2010 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2013 ) Fantastic Mr Fox ( 2016 ) See also Quentin Blake Roald Dahl bibliography Roald Dahl short stories bibliography Roald Dahl 's Book of Ghost Stories ( 1983 ) List of Tales of the Unexpected episodes Related Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre Roald Dahl Children 's Gallery Patricia Neal ( wife ) Tessa Dahl ( daughter ) Ophelia Dahl ( daughter ) Lucy Dahl ( daughter ) Sophie Dahl ( granddaughter ) Phoebe Dahl ( granddaughter ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlie_and_the_Great_Glass_Elevator&oldid=854256101 '' Categories : 1972 British novels 1972 in fiction Children 's books by Roald Dahl Willy Wonka Venus in fiction Science fantasy novels Sequel novels Alfred A. Knopf books British children 's novels Novels by Roald Dahl Rapid human age change in fiction Works set in elevators White House in fiction 1972 children 's books Hidden categories : Use British English from December 2012 Use dmy dates from December 2012 Articles needing additional references from April 2014 All articles needing additional references Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands Norsk Simple English Svenska Türkçe 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 01 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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most exotic species are introduced into a new environment accidentally as a result of
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Unintentional introductions occur when species are transported by human vectors . Increasing rates of human travel are providing accelerating opportunities for species to be accidentally transported into areas in which they are not considered native . For example , three species of rat ( the black , Norway and Polynesian ) have spread to most of the world as hitchhikers on ships . There are also numerous examples of marine organisms being transported in ballast water , one being the zebra mussel . Over 200 species have been introduced to the San Francisco Bay in this manner making it the most heavily invaded estuary in the world . There is also the accidental release of the Africanized honey bees ( AHB ) , known colloquially as `` killer bees '' or Africanized bee to Brazil in 1957 and the Asian carps to the United States . The insect commonly known as the brown marmorated stink bug ( Halyomorpha halys ) was introduced accidentally in Pennsylvania . Another form of unintentional introductions is when an intentionally introduced plant carries a parasite or herbivore with it . Some become invasive , for example the oleander aphid , accidentally introduced with the ornamental plant , oleander .
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human travel
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Introduced species
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introduced species
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An introduced species ( alien species , exotic species , non-indigenous species , or non-native species ) is a species living outside its native distributional range , which has arrived there by human activity , either deliberate or accidental . Non-native species can have various effects on the local ecosystem . Introduced species that become established and spread beyond the place of introduction are called invasive species . The impact of introduced species is highly variable . Some have a negative effect on a local ecosystem , while other introduced species may have no negative effect or only minor impact . Some species have been introduced intentionally to combat pests . They are called biocontrols and may be regarded as beneficial as an alternative to pesticides in agriculture for example . In some instances the potential for being beneficial or detrimental in the long run remains unknown .
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The effects of introduced species on natural environments have gained much scrutiny from scientists , governments , farmers and others . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology : introduced species and subsets 1.1 Invasive species 2 Nature of introductions 2.1 Intentional introductions 2.1. 1 Motivations for intentional introductions 2.1. 2 Human enjoyment 2.1. 3 Addressing environmental problems 2.2 Unintentional introductions 3 Introduced plants 4 Introduced animals 4.1 Most commonly introduced species 5 Genetics 6 On a planetary body 7 See also 8 Notes 9 External links Terminology : introduced species and subsets ( edit ) Life timeline view discuss edit - 4500 -- -- - 4000 -- -- - 3500 -- -- - 3000 -- -- - 2500 -- -- - 2000 -- -- - 1500 -- -- - 1000 -- -- - 500 -- -- 0 -- water Single - celled life photosynthesis Eukaryotes Multicellular life Land life Dinosaurs Mammals Flowers ← Earliest Earth ( − 4540 ) ← Earliest water ← Earliest life ← LHB meteorites ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Oxygen crisis ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Ediacara biota ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest humans h n r o z o i r o r o z o i r h n d n Pongola Huronian Cryogenian Andean Karoo Quaternary Axis scale : millions of years . Orange labels : known ice ages . Also see : Human timeline and Nature timeline Formal definition from the United States Environmental Protection Agency : A species that has been intentionally or inadvertently brought into a region or area . Also called an exotic or non-native species . There are many terms associated with introduced species that represent subsets of introduced species , and the terminology associated with introduced species is now in flux for various reasons . Examples of these terms are acclimatized , adventive , naturalized , and immigrant species but those terms refer to a subset of introduced species . The term `` invasive '' is used to describe introduced species when the introduced species causes substantial damage to the area in which it was introduced . Subset descriptions : Acclimatized species : Introduced species that have changed physically and / or behaviorally in order to adjust to their new environment . Acclimatized species are not necessarily optimally adjusted to their new environment and may just be physically / behaviorally sufficient for the new environment . Adventive species Naturalized species ( plants ) : A naturalized plant species refers to a non-native plant that does not need human help to reproduce and maintain its population in an area that it is not native to . General description of introduced species : In the broadest and most widely used sense , an introduced species is synonymous with non-native and therefore applies as well to most garden and farm organisms ; these adequately fit the basic definition given above . However , some sources add to that basic definition `` and are now reproducing in the wild '' , which removes from consideration as introduced species that were raised or grown in gardens or farms that do not survive without tending by people . With respect to plants , these latter are in this case defined as either ornamental or cultivated plants . Invasive species ( edit ) Introduction of a species outside its native range is all that is required to be qualified as an `` introduced species '' such that one can distinguish between introduced species that may not occur except in cultivation , under domestication or captivity whereas others become established outside their native range and reproduce without human assistance . Such species might be termed `` naturalized '' , `` established '' , `` wild non-native species '' . If they further spread beyond the place of introduction and cause damage to nearby species , they are called `` invasive '' . The transition from introduction , to establishment and to invasion has been described in the context of plants . Introduced species are essentially `` non-native '' species . Invasive species are those introduced species that spreadwidely or quickly and cause harm , be that to the environment , human health , other valued resources or the economy . There have been calls from scientists to consider a species `` invasive '' only in terms of their spread and reproduction rather than the harm they may cause . According to a practical definition , an invasive species is one that has been introduced and become a pest in its new location , spreading ( invading ) by natural means . The term is used to imply both a sense of urgency and actual or potential harm . For example , U.S. Executive Order 13112 ( 1999 ) defines `` invasive species '' as `` an alien species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health '' . The biological definition of invasive species , on the other hand , makes no reference to the harm they may cause , only to the fact that they spread beyond the area of original introduction . Although some argue that `` invasive '' is a loaded word and harm is difficult to define , the fact of the matter is that organisms have and continue to be introduced to areas in which they are not native , sometimes with but usually without much regard to the harm that could result . From a regulatory perspective , it is neither desirable nor practical to list as undesirable or outright ban all non-native species ( although the State of Hawaii has adopted an approach that comes close to this ) . Regulations require a definitional distinction between non-natives that are deemed especially onerous and all others . Introduced pest species that are officially listed as invasive , best fit the definition of an invasive species . Early detection and rapid response is the most effective strategy for regulating a pest species and reducing economic and environmental impacts of an introduction In Great Britain , the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 prevents the introduction of any animal not naturally occurring in the wild or any of a list of both animals or plants introduced previously and proved to be invasive . Nature of introductions ( edit ) By definition , a species is considered `` introduced '' when its transport into an area outside of its native range is human mediated . Introductions by humans can be described as either intentional or accidental . Intentional introductions have been motivated by individuals or groups who either ( 1 ) believe that the newly introduced species will be in some way beneficial to humans in its new location or , ( 2 ) species are introduced intentionally but with no regard to the potential impact . Unintentional or accidental introductions are most often a byproduct of human movements , and are thus unbound to human motivations . Subsequent range expansion of introduced species may or may not involve human activity . Wheat Triticum introduced worldwide from its place of origin Mesopotamia . Intentional introductions ( edit ) Species that humans intentionally transport to new regions can subsequently become successfully established in two ways . In the first case , organisms are purposely released for establishment in the wild . It is sometimes difficult to predict whether a species will become established upon release , and if not initially successful , humans have made repeated introductions to improve the probability that the species will survive and eventually reproduce in the wild . In these cases it is clear that the introduction is directly facilitated by human desires . Male Lophura nycthemera ( silver pheasant ) , a native of East Asia that has been introduced into parts of Europe for ornamental reasons . In the second case , species intentionally transported into a new region may escape from captive or cultivated populations and subsequently establish independent breeding populations . Escaped organisms are included in this category because their initial transport to a new region is human motivated . Motivations for intentional introductions ( edit ) Economic : Perhaps the most common motivation for introducing a species into a new place is that of economic gain . Non-native species can become such a common part of an environment , culture , and even diet that little thought is given to their geographic origin . For example , soybeans , kiwi fruit , wheat , honey bees , and all livestock except the American bison and the turkey are non-native species to North America . Collectively , non-native crops and livestock comprise 98 % of US food . These and other benefits from non-natives are so vast that , according to the Congressional Research Service , they probably exceed the costs . Other examples of species introduced for the purposes of benefiting agriculture , aquaculture or other economic activities are widespread . Eurasian carp was first introduced to the United States as a potential food source . The apple snail was released in Southeast Asia with the intent that it be used as a protein source , and subsequently to places like Hawaii to establish a food industry . In Alaska , foxes were introduced to many islands to create new populations for the fur trade . About twenty species of African and European dung beetles have established themselves in Australia after deliberate introduction by the Australian Dung Beetle Project in an effort to reduce the impact of livestock manure . The timber industry promoted the introduction of Monterey pine ( Pinus radiata ) from California to Australia and New Zealand as a commercial timber crop . These examples represent only a small subsample of species that have been moved by humans for economic interests . The rise in the use of genetically modified organisms has added another potential economic advantage to introducing new / modified species into different environments . Companies such as Monsanto that earn much of their profit through the selling of genetically modified seeds has added to the controversy surrounding introduced species . The effect of genetically modified organisms varies from organism to organism and is still being researched today , however the rise of genetically modified organisms has added complexity to the conversations surrounding introduced species . Human enjoyment ( edit ) Introductions have also been important in supporting recreation activities or otherwise increasing human enjoyment . Numerous fish and game animals have been introduced for the purposes of sport fishing and hunting ( earthworms as invasive species ) . The introduced amphibian ( Ambystoma tigrinum ) that threatens the endemic California salamander ( Ambystoma californiense ) was introduced to California as a source of bait for fishermen . Pet animals have also been frequently transported into new areas by humans , and their escapes have resulted in several successful introductions , such as those of feral cats and parrots . Many plants have been introduced with the intent of aesthetically improving public recreation areas or private properties . The introduced Norway maple for example occupies a prominent status in many of Canada 's parks . The transport of ornamental plants for landscaping use has and continues to be a source of many introductions . Some of these species have escaped horticultural control and become invasive . Notable examples include water hyacinth , salt cedar , and purple loosestrife In other cases , species have been translocated for reasons of `` cultural nostalgia , '' which refers to instances in which humans who have migrated to new regions have intentionally brought with them familiar organisms . Famous examples include the introduction of starlings to North America by Englishman Eugene Schieffelin , a lover of the works of Shakespeare and the chairman of the American Acclimatization Society , who , it is rumoured , wanted to introduce all of the birds mentioned in Shakespeare 's plays into the United States . He deliberately released eighty starlings into Central Park in New York City in 1890 , and another forty in 1891 . Yet another prominent example of an introduced species that became invasive is the European rabbit in Australia . Thomas Austin , a British landowner had rabbits released on his estate in Victoria because he missed hunting them . A more recent example is the introduction of the common wall lizard to North America by a Cincinnati boy , George Rau , around 1950 after a family vacation to Italy . Addressing environmental problems ( edit ) Intentional introductions have also been undertaken with the aim of ameliorating environmental problems . A number of fast spreading plants such as kudzu have been introduced as a means of erosion control . Other species have been introduced as biological control agents to control invasive species and involves the purposeful introduction of a natural enemy of the target species with the intention of reducing its numbers or controlling its spread . A special case of introduction is the reintroduction of a species that has become locally endangered or extinct , done in the interests of conservation . Examples of successful reintroductions include wolves to Yellowstone National Park in the U.S. , and the red kite to parts of England and Scotland . Introductions or translocations of species have also been proposed in the interest of genetic conservation , which advocates the introduction of new individuals into genetically depauperate populations of endangered or threatened species . The above examples highlight the intent of humans to introduce species as a means of incurring some benefit . While these benefits have in some cases been realized , introductions have also resulted in unforeseen costs , particularly when introduced species take on characteristics of invasive species . Unintentional introductions ( edit ) Unintentional introductions occur when species are transported by human vectors . Increasing rates of human travel are providing accelerating opportunities for species to be accidentally transported into areas in which they are not considered native . For example , three species of rat ( the black , Norway and Polynesian ) have spread to most of the world as hitchhikers on ships . There are also numerous examples of marine organisms being transported in ballast water , one being the zebra mussel . Over 200 species have been introduced to the San Francisco Bay in this manner making it the most heavily invaded estuary in the world . There is also the accidental release of the Africanized honey bees ( AHB ) , known colloquially as `` killer bees '' or Africanized bee to Brazil in 1957 and the Asian carps to the United States . The insect commonly known as the brown marmorated stink bug ( Halyomorpha halys ) was introduced accidentally in Pennsylvania . Another form of unintentional introductions is when an intentionally introduced plant carries a parasite or herbivore with it . Some become invasive , for example the oleander aphid , accidentally introduced with the ornamental plant , oleander . Most accidentally or intentionally introduced species do not become invasive as the ones mentioned above . For instance Some 179 coccinellid species have been introduced to the U.S. and Canada ; about 27 of these non-native species have become established , and only a handful can be considered invasive , including the intentionally introduced Harmonia axyridis , multicolored Asian lady beetle . However the small percentage of introduced species that become invasive can produce profound ecological changes . In North America Harmonia axyridis has become the most abundant lady beetle and probably accounts for more observations than all the native lady beetles put together . Introduced plants ( edit ) Many non-native plants have been introduced into new territories , initially as either ornamental plants or for erosion control , stock feed , or forestry . Whether an exotic will become an invasive species is seldom understood in the beginning , and many non-native ornamentals languish in the trade for years before suddenly naturalizing and becoming invasive . Peaches , for example , originated in China , and have been carried to much of the populated world . Tomatoes are native to the Andes . Squash ( pumpkins ) , maize ( corn ) , and tobacco are native to the Americas , but were introduced to the Old World . Many introduced species require continued human intervention to survive in the new environment . Others may become feral , but do not seriously compete with natives , but simply increase the biodiversity of the area . Dandelions are also introduced species to North America . A very troublesome marine species in southern Europe is the seaweed Caulerpa taxifolia . Caulerpa was first observed in the Mediterranean Sea in 1984 , off the coast of Monaco . By 1997 , it had covered some 50 km2 . It has a strong potential to overgrow natural biotopes , and represents a major risk for sublittoral ecosystems . The origin of the alga in the Mediterranean was thought to be either as a migration through the Suez Canal from the Red Sea , or as an accidental introduction from an aquarium . Another troublesome plant species is the terrestrial plant Phyla canescens , which was intentionally introduced into many countries in North America , Europe , and Africa as an ornamental plant . This species has become invasive in Australia , where it threatens native rare plants and causes erosion and soil slumping around river banks . It has also become invasive in France where it has been listed as an invasive plant species of concern in the Mediterranean region , where it can form monocultures that threaten critical conservation habitats . Japanese knotweed grows profusely in many nations . Human beings introduced it into many places in the 19th century . It is a source of resveratrol , a dietary supplement . Chickens Gallus gallus domesticus , from Asia , introduced in the rest of the world Introduced animals ( edit ) Bear in mind that most introduced species do not become invasive . Examples of introduced animals that have become invasive include the gypsy moth in eastern North America , the zebra mussel and alewife in the Great Lakes , the Canada goose and gray squirrel in Europe , the muskrat in Europe and Asia , the cane toad and red fox in Australia , nutria in North America , Eurasia , and Africa , and the common brushtail possum in New Zealand . In Taiwan , the success of introduced bird species was related to their native range size and body size ; larger species with larger native range sizes were found to have larger introduced range sizes . Most commonly introduced species ( edit ) Some species , such as the brown rat , house sparrow , ring - necked pheasant and European starling , have been introduced very widely . In addition there are some agricultural and pet species that frequently become feral ; these include rabbits , dogs , goats , fish , pigs and cats . Genetics ( edit ) When a new species is introduced , the species could potentially breed with members of native species , producing hybrids . The effect of the creating of hybrids can range from having little effect , a negative effect , to having devastating effects on native species . Potential negative effects include hybrids that are less fit for their environment resulting in a population decrease . This was seen in the Atlantic Salmon population when high levels of escape from Atlantic Salmon farms into the wild populations resulted in hybrids that had reduced survival . Potential positive effects include adding to the genetic diversity of the population which can increase the adaptation ability of the population and increase the number of healthy individuals within a population . This was seen in the introduction of guppies in Trinidad to encourage population growth and introduce new alleles into the population . The results of this introduction included increased levels of heterozygosity and a larger population size . On a planetary body ( edit ) Main article : Interplanetary contamination It has been hypothesized that invasive species of microbial life could contaminate a planetary body after the former is introduced by a space probe or spacecraft , either deliberately or unintentionally . See also ( edit ) Avian range expansion Biodiversity Biological contamination Biological dispersal Burmese pythons in Florida Directed panspermia Genetic pollution Introduced mammals on seabird breeding islands Introduced species in Australia Introduced species of the British Isles Introduced species in New Zealand Invasion biology terminology Invasive species List of introduced bird species List of introduced mammal species List of introduced species Native ( indigenous ) species Terraforming Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dov Sax , Aug 2008 . The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Archived July 6 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment . September 16 , 2003 . Introduced species . Web site at US EPA ^ Jump up to : Carlton , James T. 2002 . Introduced Species in U.S. Coastal Waters . Pew Oceans Commission . Jump up ^ Richardson et al. 2000 Jump up ^ biodiversity Jump up ^ Colautti and MacIsaac 2004 Jump up ^ CEQ ( 1999 ) . Web site page with Executive Order 13112 Archived 2008 - 05 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . text . Jump up ^ 2013 . Invasive Species Program . Clemson University -- DPI . http://www.clemson.edu/public/regulatory/plant_industry/invasive_exotic_programs/ . Accessed 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ David Pimentel , Lori Lach , Rodolfo Zuniga , and Doug Morrison , Environmental and Economic Costs Associated with Non-Indigenous Species in the United States , College of Agriculture and Life Sciences , Cornell University ( Ithaca , New York ) , June 12 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Corn ; Tim Johnson , `` Invasive Species , '' The Burlington Free Press , November 9 , 2003 Jump up ^ Naylor , R.L. , S.L. Williams , and D.R. Strong . 2001 . Aquaculture -- a gateway for exotic species . Science 294 : 1655 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Riley , SPD , H.B. Shaffer , S.R. Voss , B.M. Fitzpatrick . Hybridization between a rare , native tiger salamander and its introduced congener. 2003 . Ecological Applications 13 : 1263 -- 1275 . Jump up ^ Foster , J. and A. Sandberg . Friends or foe ? Invasive species and public green space in Toronto . 2004 . The Geographical Review 94 : 178 -- 198 . Jump up ^ Deichsel , G. & Gist , D.H. On the Origin of the Common Wall Lizards Podarcis muralis ( Reptilia : Lacertidae ) in Cincinnati , Ohio Archived 2009 - 09 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Shirey , P.D. and G.A. Lamberti. 2010 . Assisted colonization under the U.S. Endangered Species Act . Conservation Letters 3 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Moritz , Craig . 1999 . Conservation units and translocations : Strategies for conserving evolutionary processes . Hereditas 130 : 217 -- 228 . Jump up ^ Cohen , A.N. And J.T. Carlton. 1998 . Accelerating invasion rate in a highly invaded estuary . Science 279 : 555 -- 558 . Jump up ^ Field guide to recently introduced species of coccinellidae ( Coleoptera ) in North America , with a revised key to north American genera of coccinellini Jump up ^ http://www.lostladybug.org/summary-page-555.php Lost Ladybug Project Jump up ^ Kennedy , K. 1992 . A systematic study of the genus Phyla Lour ( Verbenaceae : Verbenoideae , Lantanae ) . University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas , USA . Jump up ^ Xu , Cheng - Yuan ; Tang , Shaoqing ; Fatemi , Mohammad ; Gross , Caroline L. ; Julien , Mic H. ; Curtis , Caitlin ; van Klinken , Rieks D. ( 2015 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Population structure and genetic diversity of invasive Phyla canescens : implications for the evolutionary potential '' . Ecosphere. 6 ( 9 ) : 1 -- 21 . ISSN 2150 - 8925 . doi : 10.1890 / ES14 - 00374.1 . Jump up ^ Whalley , R.D.B. ; Price , J.N. ; Macdonald , M.J. ; Berney , P.J. ( 2011 ) . `` Drivers of change in the Social - Ecological Systems of the Gwydir Wetlands and Macquarie Marshes in northern New South Wales , Australia '' . The Rangeland Journal . 33 ( 2 ) : 109 . doi : 10.1071 / rj11002 . Jump up ^ Olivier , L. , J.P. Galland , and H. Maurin , editors. 1995 . Livre Rouge de la flore menacée de France. Tome I. Espèces prioritaires . SPN - IEGB / MNHN , DNP / Ministère Environnement , CBN Porquerolles , Paris , France Jump up ^ Su , S. ; Cassey , P. ; Dyer , E.E. ; Blackburn , T.M. ( 2017 ) . `` Geographical range expansion of alien birds and environmental matching '' . Ibis. 159 ( 1 ) : 193 -- 203 . doi : 10.1111 / ibi. 12418 . Jump up ^ McGinnity , Philip ; Prodöhl , Paulo ; Ferguson , Andy ; Hynes , Rosaleen ; Maoiléidigh , Niall ó ; Baker , Natalie ; Cotter , Deirdre ; O'Hea , Brendan ; Cooke , Declan ( 2003 - 12 - 07 ) . `` Fitness reduction and potential extinction of wild populations of Atlantic salmon , Salmo salar , as a result of interactions with escaped farm salmon '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B : Biological Sciences . 270 ( 1532 ) : 2443 -- 2450 . ISSN 0962 - 8452 . PMC 1691531 . PMID 14667333 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2003.2520 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Sarah W. ; Gerberich , Jill C. ; Angeloni , Lisa M. ; Bailey , Larissa L. ; Broder , Emily D. ; Torres - Dowdall , Julian ; Handelsman , Corey A. ; López - Sepulcre , Andrés ; Reznick , David N. ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Gene flow from an adaptively divergent source causes rescue through genetic and demographic factors in two wild populations of Trinidadian guppies '' . Evolutionary Applications. 9 ( 7 ) : 879 -- 891 . ISSN 1752 - 4571 . PMC 4947150 . PMID 27468306 . doi : 10.1111 / eva. 12356 . Jump up ^ Assessment of Planetary Protection and Contamination Control Technologies for Future Planetary Science Missions , Jet Propulsion Laboratory , January 24 , 2011 3.1. 1 Microbial Reduction Methodologies : `` This protocol was defined in concert with Viking , the first mission to face the most stringent planetary protection requirements ; its implementation remains the gold standard today . '' External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Invasive plants by country . Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Immigrations , Animal and Vegetal . GB Non-native Species Secretariat GB Non-native Species -- information , ID sheets , risk assessments , case studies , resources , free photos , videos and more . Alien Plants in Ireland Database of Alien plants in Ireland Introduced species in the British Isles Alien species in Poland Introduced Species in Eastern United States Pathways for Invasive Species Introduction Species Profile - Invasive Species , National Invasive Species Information Center , United States National Agricultural Library . Lists general information and resources for invasive species . Nonindigenous Species Database Network The Naked Scientists Invasive Species Articles Ecologists challenge the categories that identify some species as natives and others as invaders . Bugguide.net List of non-native arthropods in North America Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Trophic components General Abiotic component Abiotic stress Behaviour Biogeochemical cycle Biomass Biotic component Biotic stress Carrying capacity Competition Ecosystem Ecosystem ecology Ecosystem model Keystone species List of feeding behaviours Metabolic theory of ecology Productivity Resource Producers Autotrophs Chemosynthesis Chemotrophs Foundation species Mixotrophs Myco - heterotrophy Mycotroph Organotrophs Photoheterotrophs Photosynthesis Photosynthetic efficiency Phototrophs Primary nutritional groups Primary production Consumers Apex predator Bacterivore Carnivores Chemoorganotroph Foraging Generalist and specialist species Intraguild predation Herbivores Heterotroph Heterotrophic nutrition Insectivore Mesopredators Mesopredator release hypothesis Omnivores Optimal foraging theory Predation Prey switching Decomposers Chemoorganoheterotrophy Decomposition Detritivores Detritus Microorganisms Archaea Bacteriophage Environmental microbiology Lithoautotroph Lithotrophy Microbial cooperation Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial intelligence Microbial loop Microbial mat Microbial metabolism Phage ecology Food webs Biomagnification Ecological efficiency Ecological pyramid Energy flow Food chain Trophic level Example webs Cold seeps Hydrothermal vents Intertidal Kelp forests Lakes North Pacific Subtropical Gyre Rivers San Francisco Estuary Soil Tide pool Processes Ascendency Bioaccumulation Cascade effect Climax community Competitive exclusion principle Consumer - resource systems Copiotrophs Dominance Ecological network Ecological succession Energy quality Energy Systems Language f - ratio Feed conversion ratio Feeding frenzy Mesotrophic soil Nutrient cycle Oligotroph Paradox of the plankton Trophic cascade Trophic mutualism Trophic state index Defense / counter Animal coloration Antipredator adaptations Camouflage Deimatic behaviour Herbivore adaptations to plant defense Mimicry Plant defense against herbivory Predator avoidance in schooling fish ( hide ) Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Other components Population ecology Abundance Allee effect Depensation Ecological yield Effective population size Intraspecific competition Logistic function Malthusian growth model Maximum sustainable yield Overpopulation in wild animals Overexploitation Population cycle Population dynamics Population modeling Population size Predator -- prey ( Lotka -- Volterra ) equations Recruitment Resilience Small population size Stability Species Biodiversity Density - dependent inhibition Ecological effects of biodiversity Ecological extinction Endemic species Flagship species Gradient analysis Indicator species Introduced species Invasive species Latitudinal gradients in species diversity Minimum viable population Neutral theory Occupancy -- abundance relationship Population viability analysis Priority effect Rapoport 's rule Relative abundance distribution Relative species abundance Species diversity Species homogeneity Species richness Species distribution Species - area curve Umbrella species Species interaction Antibiosis Biological interaction Commensalism Community ecology Ecological facilitation Interspecific competition Mutualism Storage effect Spatial ecology Biogeography Cross-boundary subsidy Ecocline Ecotone Ecotype Disturbance Edge effects Foster 's rule Habitat fragmentation Ideal free distribution Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis Island biogeography Landscape ecology Landscape epidemiology Landscape limnology Metapopulation Patch dynamics r / K selection theory Source -- sink dynamics Niche Ecological niche Ecological trap Ecosystem engineer Environmental niche modelling Guild Habitat Marine habitats Limiting similarity Niche apportionment models Niche construction Niche differentiation Other networks Assembly rules Bateman 's principle Bioluminescence Ecological collapse Ecological debt Ecological deficit Ecological energetics Ecological indicator Ecological threshold Ecosystem diversity Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber 's law Liebig 's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson 's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state Balance of nature Biological data visualization Constructal theory Ecocline Ecological economics Ecological footprint Ecological forecasting Ecological humanities Ecological stoichiometry Ecopath Ecosystem based fisheries Endolith Evolutionary ecology Functional ecology Industrial ecology Macroecology Microecosystem Natural environment Regime shift Systems ecology Urban ecology Theoretical ecology List of ecology topics GND : 4776201 - 9 NDL : 00565774 Earth sciences portal Ecology portal Environment portal Gardening portal Sustainable development portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Introduced_species&oldid=806841429 '' Categories : Introduced species Invasive species Biology terminology Ecology Ecology terminology Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Seeltersk Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 14 : 00 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduced%20species
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how far is dunnellon florida from the gulf of mexico
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Dunnellon , Florida
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dunnellon, florida
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Dunnellon is a city in Marion County , Florida , United States . The population was 1,733 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Ocala Metropolitan Statistical Area .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 Demographics 3 History 4 Transportation 4.1 Major roads 4.2 Other transportation 5 Notable people 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Geography ( edit ) Dunnellon is located at 29 ° 3'N 82 ° 27'W ( 29.0500 , - 82.4555 ) , 76 miles ( 122 km ) due north of Tampa . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 7.4 square miles ( 19 km ) , of which 7.1 square miles ( 18 km ) is land and 0.4 square miles ( 1.0 km ) ( 5.11 % ) is water . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1890 532 -- 1900 700 31.6 % 1910 1,227 75.3 % 1920 1,185 − 3.4 % 1930 1,194 0.8 % 1940 1,066 − 10.7 % 1950 1,110 4.1 % 1960 1,079 − 2.8 % 1970 1,146 6.2 % 1980 1,427 24.5 % 1,624 13.8 % 2000 1,898 16.9 % 1,733 − 8.7 % Est. 2016 1,803 4.0 % U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2000 , there were 1,898 people , 950 households , and 555 families residing in the city . The population density was 269.3 inhabitants per square mile ( 103.9 / km2 ) . There were 1,128 housing units at an average density of 160.0 per square mile ( 61.8 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 85.72 % White , 11.85 % African American , 0.11 % Native American , 0.53 % Asian , 0.05 % Pacific Islander , 0.47 % from other races , and 1.26 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.79 % of the population . There were 950 households out of which 18.5 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 44.6 % were married couples living together , 11.4 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 41.5 % were non-families. 37.3 % of all households were made up of individuals and 24.4 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.00 and the average family size was 2.59 . In the city , the population was spread out with 17.2 % under the age of 18 , 5.1 % from 18 to 24 , 17.7 % from 25 to 44 , 24.6 % from 45 to 64 , and 35.5 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 53 years . For every 100 females there were 80.9 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 75.8 males . The median income for a household in the city was $27,386 , and the median income for a family was $35,313 . Males had a median income of $29,605 versus $22,045 for females . The per capita income for the city was $17,905 . About 10.4 % of families and 15.5 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 26.7 % of those under age 18 and 11.3 % of those age 65 or over . History ( edit ) Plaque marking the discovery of phosphate in Dunnellon Dunnellon was founded in 1887 . In 1889 , phosphate was discovered in the area , leading to an expansion of the area until the early 1910s . The original mining took place in and around the Rainbow River ( formerly called ' Blue Run ' ) , using the river 's natural flow to transport phosphates . What is now the ' Blue Cove ' subdivision , was one of the original mining pits . Areas in and around Dunnellon served as filming locations for the 2001 horror film Jeepers Creepers , with a great deal of location work on Tiger Trail ( a.k.a. High School Road ) , the road to Dunnellon High School , officially known as SW 180th Avenue Rd. , just outside Rainbow Springs State Park . Transportation ( edit ) Major Roads ( edit ) Northbound US 41 where it shares a hidden concurrency with SR 40 . The main road through Dunnellon is US 41 a major south - to - north highway that spans from Miami to the Michigan Upper Peninisula . County Roads include County Roads 40 , 336 , and 484 , all three of which run along Pennsylvania Avenue . County Road 40 is a bi-county road that begins along the Gulf of Mexico in Yankeetown in Levy County , and merges with CR 336 before entering the city limits and turning north onto US 41 as hidden State Road 40 where it branches off on its own in Rainbow Lakes Estates north of the city . County Road 336 is another bi-county road , but this one spans southeast from western Levy County , and merges with CR 40 west of the city limits before terminating at US 41 , where CR 40 turns north and Pennsylvania Avenue becomes CR 484 . County Road 484 , is a major county road in southern Marion County which begins at the terminus of CR 336 and its multiplex with CR 40 . It leads to Marion Oaks , and spans as far east as US 27 - 441 in Summerfield . Other transportation ( edit ) Dunnellon had three railroad lines in the past : two owned by the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad and one owned by the Seaboard Air Line Railroad . Today only one ACL line exists , and is used by the Florida Northern Railroad for freight to the Crystal River Energy Complex in Red Level in Citrus County . A boat launching area exists along the Withlacoochee River . Just outside the city , the Dunnellon / Marion County Airport can be found along CR 484 . Notable people ( edit ) Terry Plumeri , American musician , classical composer , orchestra conductor , double bassist , lecturer , teacher , producer , and film score composer Lerentee McCray , outside linebacker / defensive end for the Denver Broncos . Attended the University of Florida . Terrence Brooks , American football safety for the Philadelphia Eagles Max Lanier , baseball player . Michael Roof , Actor from the XXX films , The Dukes of Hazzard movie , Black Hawk Down and Raising the Roofs . Ernie Mills , Pro Football Player Pittsburgh Steelers See also ( edit ) Dunnellon Boomtown Historic District References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved Jul 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dinkins , J. Lester ( 1969 ) . Dunnellon : Boomtown of the 1890s . Great Outdoors Publishing Co. p. 72 . ISBN 0 - 8200 - 1016 - 2 . Jump up ^ Max Lanier at SABR Baseball Biography Project External links ( edit ) City of Dunnellon Ocala / Marion Visitors ' & Convention Bureau Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dunnellon , Florida . ( hide ) Municipalities and communities of Marion County , Florida , United States County seat : Ocala Cities Belleview Dunnellon Ocala Towns McIntosh Reddick CDPs Silver Springs Shores The Villages ‡ Unincorporated communities Anthony Blitchton Boardman Candler Citra Dallas Early Bird East Lake Weir Emathla Eureka Evinston ‡ Fairfield Fellowship Flemington Fort McCoy Huntington Irvine Kendrick Lowell Lynne Maricamp Marion Oaks Martel Martin Moss Bluff Ocklawaha Orange Lake Orange Springs Rainbow Lakes Estates Romeo Salt Springs Santos Shady Silver Springs Sparr Summerfield Weirsdale Zuber Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dunnellon,_Florida&oldid=804275883 '' Categories : Cities in Marion County , Florida Populated places established in 1887 Cities in Florida Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Ido Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Nederlands नेपाल भाषा Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Volapük 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 22 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunnellon%2C%20Florida
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what motivated the portuguese to find a water route to india
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The plan for working on the Cape Route to India was charted by Portuguese King John II as a cost saving measure in the trade with Asia and also an attempt to monopolize the spice trade . Adding to the increasingly influential Portuguese maritime presence , John II craved for trade routes and for the expansion of the kingdom of Portugal which had already been transformed into an Empire . However , the project would not be realized during his reign . It would be his successor , King Manuel I , who would designate Vasco da Gama for this expedition , while maintaining the original plan .
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Portuguese Discovery of the sea route to India
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portuguese discovery of the sea route to india
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The discovery of the sea route to India is the description sometimes used in Europe and among the Portuguese for the first recorded trip made directly from Europe to India via the Atlantic Ocean . It was undertaken under the command of Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama during the reign of King Manuel I in 1497 - 1499 . Considered by Europe to be one of the most remarkable voyages of the Age of Discovery , it consolidated the Portuguese maritime presence in Pacific Ocean and that country 's dominance of global trade routes .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Preparations of the trip 2 The Context 3 The navy 4 The voyage 5 Arrival in Calicut 6 Back in Portugal 7 See also 8 References Preparations of the trip ( edit ) The plan for working on the Cape Route to India was charted by Portuguese King John II as a cost saving measure in the trade with Asia and also an attempt to monopolize the spice trade . Adding to the increasingly influential Portuguese maritime presence , John II craved for trade routes and for the expansion of the kingdom of Portugal which had already been transformed into an Empire . However , the project would not be realized during his reign . It would be his successor , King Manuel I , who would designate Vasco da Gama for this expedition , while maintaining the original plan . However , this development was not viewed well by the upper classes . In the Cortes de Montemor - o - Novo of 1495 an opposite view was visible over the journey that John II had so painstakingly prepared . This point of view was contented with the trade with Guinea and North Africa and feared the challenges posed by the maintenance of any overseas territories , and the cost involved in the launching and maintenance of sea lanes . This position is embodied in the character of The Old Man of Restelo that appears in Os Lusíadas of the Portuguese epic poet Luís Vaz de Camões , who opposes the boarding of the armada . King Manuel did not share that opinion . Keeping the D. João II plan , he went ahead to equip the ships and chose Vasco da Gama as the leader of this expedition and the captain of the armada . Interestingly , according to the original plan , John II had appointed his father , Stephen da Gama , to head the armada ; but by the time of implementing the plan , both were deceased . This global expedition was launched on 8 July 1497 . It would conclude two years later with the entry of the ships back into the river Tagus , bringing with them the good news that bestowed on Portugal a prestigious maritime position . The context ( edit ) Preste João ( Prester John ) by Diogo Homem , 1558 , in the Biblioteca Britânica Map of the supposed kingdom of Preste João ( Prester John ) , shown as set in the region of Ethiopia . Spices were always considered the gold of the Indies . Cinnamon , ginger , cloves , pepper and turmeric had long been products which were difficult to obtain in Europe and brought in by caravans and experienced merchants coming from the East . A merchant of Lisbon describes the overland spice route as follows : Only the markets of Venice and Genoa then scattered these spices all over Europe , great in cost , and without guaranteed arrival . In 1453 , with the capture of the city of Constantinople by the Ottomans , the trade of Venice and Genoa reduced to a great degree . The advantage of the Portuguese to establish a sea route therefore virtually free of assault - however , covered in perils in the sea - showed itself rewarding and outlined a large income to the Crown in the future . Portugal would directly link the spice producing regions to their markets in Europe . Around the year 1481 , João Afonso of Aveiro attempted to undertake an exploration of the kingdom of Benin , and gathered information about an almost legendary prince Ogané , whose kingdom was located far to the east of Benin . He was thought to be Christian and one who enjoyed great respect and power . It was said the Benin kingdom where Ogané had his headquarters was twenty moons away in distance , which , according to the account of João de Barros , corresponds to two hundred fifty leagues . The important trade routes of the silk and spices , blocked by the Ottoman Empire in 1453 with the fall of Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire , led to the search for a sea route across the Atlantic skirting Africa . Excited with this news , John II sent , in 1487 , Frei António de Lisboa and Pedro de Montarroio to locate in the East new information that could find Prester John , which seemed to correspond , after all , to the description that came about the prince Ogané . But the mission of those sent was merely to Jerusalem , because these two Portuguese were unaware of the Arabic language and hence feared to continue , and instead returned to Portugal . Very carefully and secretly two young men of trust were prepared . They were : Afonso de Paiva , of Castelo Branco , and Pêro da Covilhã . They began their journey and went through Valencia , Barcelona , Naples , Rhodes , Alexandria , Cairo and Aden . Here their paths separated : Afonso de Paiva headed to Ethiopia and Pêro da Covilhã to India . None of the men returned , but the information needed by D. John was brought back to the kingdom , and with this came the support to serve the possible epic maritime adventure that lay ahead . The travel plan then would have predicted the safety of the route . For this , it would be necessary to install trading posts along the way , and build fortresses . The mission would be up to the captain of the armada who was provided with many gifts and equipment to brave the seas and diplomatic credentials and perseverance to create links with unknown monarchs who eventually were found along the way . But it would no longer be in the reign of King John II of Portugal that this project , which was already facing a strong opposition from the court , would be initiated . It would only happen in the time of his successor , King Manuel I who incidentally did not share the general opinion about the sea routes being a good - if not the best - means to dominate trade with the East . The navy ( edit ) Vasco da Gama By António Manuel da Fonseca , 1838 , from the Museu Marítimo Nacional Among the sailors , were two interpreters Fernão Martins and Martim Afonso de Sousa , and two brothers , João Figueira and Pêro da Covilhã . In all , the crews comprised 170 men . The sailors had sailing charts marked with the positions of the African coast known until then , quadrants , astrolabes of various sizes , tables with calculations - such as astronomical tables of Abraham Zacuto - , needle and bobs . One of the ships was carrying groceries sufficient for three years : biscuits , beans , dried meats , wine , flour , olive oil , pickles and other items of pharmacy . Also planned were continuous replenishment along the coast of Africa . The trip to India was performed by three ships and another ship that carried supplies . These three ships had a captain and a pilot . The ship of groceries had only a captain . Two ships also had a scribe or writer . The first ship had a master . The voyage ( edit ) Path taken by the expedition ( marked in black ) . In this figure you can also see , for comparison , the path taken by Pêro da Covilhã ( in orange ) separated from that of Afonso de Paiva ( blue ) after the long trip together ( green ) . Thus began the expedition on 8 July 1497 . The Lisbon shipping line to Cabo Verde was the usual one and the Indian Ocean is described by Álvaro Velho thus : `` The coastal route until Malindi and direct passage from this port to Calicut '' . During this expedition , the latitudes were determined by solar observation , as stated by João de Barros . Reports of the Daily Board ( Diários de Bordo ) of the ships note many unique experiences . Also found were a rich flora and fauna . Contact was made near the bay of St. Helena with tribes who ate sea lions , whales , gazelle meat and herbal roots ; They walked covered with fur and their weapons were simple wooden spears of Zambujo and animal horns ; They saw tribes who played rustic flutes in a coordinated manner , which was a surprising sight for the Europeans . Scurvy ( vitamin C deficiency ) affected the crew . They crossed into Mozambique with palm trees yielding coconuts . Despite the adversities of a trip of this scale , the crew retained their curiosity and courage to achieve the feat and get along with people they encountered . To gather pace , they raided ships in search of pilots . With the prisoners , the Captain - General could trade , or put them to work . It is known , thanks to the Portuguese humanist philosopher Damião de Góis , that during the trip five monuments were set in place . San Rafael , in the Bons Sinais river ; São Jorge , in Mozambique ; the Holy Spirit in Malindi ; Santa Maria , in Ilhéus , and San Gabriel , in Calicut . These monuments were meant to affirm the Portuguese sovereignty in these places so that other explorers who arrived later did not take the land for themselves as discoveries . Arrival in Calicut ( edit ) On May 17 , 1498 , the fleet reached Kappakadavu , near Calicut , in the current Indian state of Kerala , thus having established the route via the Indian Ocean and managing to open the sea route from Europe to India . Negotiations with the local governor , Samutiri Manavikraman Raja , Zamorin of Calicut , were difficult . Vasco da Gama 's efforts to obtain favorable commercial terms have been hampered by the different cultures and the low value of their gifts -- in the West it was customary for kings to offer presents to the foreign envoys ; in the East the kings were expected to be impressed with rich offerings . Goods presented by the Portuguese proved insufficient to impress the Zamorin and representatives of the Zamorin mocked their offers , while the Arab merchants established there resisted the possibility of unwanted competition . Vasco da Gama 's perseverance made him nevertheless initiate negotiations between him and the Zamorin , who was pleased with the letters of King Manuel I. Finally , Vasco da Gama managed to get an ambiguous letter of concession rights to trade , supporting the meeting saying : The Portuguese eventually were able to sell their goods at a low price in order to acquire small amounts of spices and jewels to take to their kingdom . However the fleet eventually departed without warning after the Zamorin and his naval chief Kunjali Marakkar insisted that they left all their assets as collateral . Vasco da Gama kept his goods , but left a few Portuguese with orders to start a trading post . Back in Portugal ( edit ) Vasco da Gama presents to D. Manuel the first fruits of India . National Library of Portugal , c. 1900 On July 12 , 1499 , after more than two years since the beginning of this expedition , the caravel Berrio entered into the river Tagus , commanded by Nicolau Coelho , with the news that would thrill Lisbon : the Portuguese had finally reached India by sea . Vasco da Gama had fallen behind on Terceira Island , preferring to stay on with his brother who was seriously ill , thus foreclosing the celebrations and congratulations by the news . Of the ships involved , only the São Rafael ( St. Raphael ) did not return . It was burnt due to its inability to maneuver , as a result of the reduced number of the crew as a result of diseases which killed about half the crew , such as scurvy ( vitamin C deficiency ) , which was felt acutely while crossing the Indian Ocean . Only 55 of the 148 men who were part of the armada survived the trip . Vasco da Gama returned home on 31 August and was received by King Manuel I with contentment . He assigned him the title of Don and great rewards . Manuel I hastened to break the news to the kings of Spain , both as a display of pride as also to warn that both the routes would now explored by the Portuguese Crown . There is news of an Italian merchant who spread the good news in Florence . The merchant refers to Melinde . With the opening of the sea route to the East Indies , the Venetians , who controlled the trade of the Mediterranean , would buy pepper from the Portuguese , at half the price they paid to the Arabs in Egypt . The fall of the Venetian monopoly on the spice trade in Europe and the resulting drop in prices of spices contributed to the commercial development of the continent . See also ( edit ) Portuguese India Ascot DA Gama Armada References ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_discovery_of_the_sea_route_to_India&oldid=811894144 '' Categories : Portuguese discoveries 1490s in Portuguese India Portugal in the Age of Discovery Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from February 2016 All articles lacking sources All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from November 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Português Slovenščina Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 24 November 2017 , at 18 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese%20discovery%20of%20the%20sea%20route%20to%20India
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who has been ejected from the most nba games
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List of People banned or suspended by the NBA
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list of people banned or suspended by the nba
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This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . Under Article 21 of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) Constitution , the NBA commissioner has the power to hand down disciplinary actions ( either suspensions or fines less than $60,000 ) on players for on - court incidents , conduct that does not conform to standards of fair play , conduct that does not comply with federal or state laws , and conduct that is detrimental to the game of basketball or the league . As defined by the 2005 Collective Bargaining Agreement ( CBA ) between the National Basketball Players Association ( NBPA ) and the NBA , any party ( a player , a team , the NBA or the NBPA ) can appeal to an arbitrator if a suspension is longer than 12 games or a fine is more than $50,000 . If an appeal is filed , the arbitrator would have the power to either uphold or reject the decisions made by the commissioner . If the incident is serious enough , such as point shaving or substance abuse , players can be permanently banned from playing , although players banned for substance abuse are permitted to be reinstated two years later under the anti-drug agreement between the league and the NBPA . In the league 's early years , a handful of players were banned permanently because of their involvement with point shaving in college , although Connie Hawkins was able to overturn the ban through litigation . Several more were banned permanently for abusing banned substances and they usually never returned , though some such as Micheal Ray Richardson and Chris Andersen were able to return to play after the ban . Among those suspended , Metta World Peace ( then Ron Artest ) and Latrell Sprewell faced the most serious punishments for on - court altercations ; they were suspended 86 and 68 games , respectively . Gilbert Arenas was also suspended for more than half of a regular season 's games for bringing firearms into an arena and drawing them during a dispute with teammate Javaris Crittenton . Contents 1 Permanently banned 2 Permanently banned but later reinstated 3 Suspended 4 See also 5 References Permanently banned ( edit ) Name Team ( s ) Year ( s ) Season ( s ) Reason Ralph Beard Indianapolis Olympians 1951 1951 -- 52 In 1951 , Beard and teammate Alex Groza were banned permanently after they admitted that they had shaved points while playing in college . Alex Groza Indianapolis Olympians 1951 1951 -- 52 In 1951 , Groza and teammate Ralph Beard were banned permanently after they admitted that they had shaved points while playing in college . Norm Mager Baltimore Bullets 1951 1950 -- 51 In 1951 , Mager was banned permanently when a hoax was revealed that he had shaved points while playing in college . Alvin Roth -- 1951 1950 -- 51 In 1951 , Roth , a City College of New York player , was banned permanently for his involvement in the CCNY point shaving scandal . Bill Spivey -- 1951 -- In 1951 , Spivey , a University of Kentucky player , was banned permanently for his involvement in the CCNY point shaving scandal . Ed Warner -- 1951 -- In 1951 , Warner , a City College of New York player , was banned permanently for his involvement in the CCNY point shaving scandal . Sherman White -- 1951 -- In 1951 , White , a Long Island University player , was banned permanently for his involvement in the CCNY point shaving scandal . Jack Molinas Fort Wayne Pistons 1954 1953 -- 54 On January 10 , 1954 , Molinas was banned permanently for betting on his own team while playing in college . Roger Brown -- 1966 -- Brown was banned permanently for his association with gambler Jack Molinas . Throughout his entire playing career , he went on to play in the rivaling American Basketball Association ( ABA ) . His number is still retired with the Indiana Pacers for the time spent in the ABA . John Drew Atlanta Hawks Utah Jazz 1986 -- In January 1986 , Drew was banned permanently for repeatedly violating NBA 's substance abuse policy . Chris Washburn Golden State Warriors Atlanta Hawks -- In June 1989 , Washburn was banned permanently after three positive drug tests . Roy Tarpley Dallas Mavericks 1991 1995 1991 -- 92 1995 -- 96 In October 1991 , Tarpley was banned permanently for repeatedly violating NBA 's substance abuse policy . He was reinstated two years later in 1994 but was permanently banned from the league again in December 1995 for using alcohol . Richard Dumas Phoenix Suns Philadelphia 76ers 1991 1995 1991 -- 92 1993 -- 94 1995 -- 96 In 1991 , Dumas was briefly suspended for violating NBA 's substance abuse policy . In 1993 , he was suspended indefinitely after he tested positive for a banned substance and failing to participate in a drug rehabilitation program . After two years , he was reinstated and was subsequently banned for violating a clause in his contract which prohibited him from consuming alcohol . Donald Sterling Los Angeles Clippers 2013 2013 -- 14 In September 2013 , Sterling was recorded making racist remarks privately to his girlfriend . The remarks stemmed from her posting a picture of herself on Instagram with Magic Johnson . He said , `` Do n't put him on an Instagram for the world to have to see so they have to call me . And do n't bring him to my games . Yeah , it bothers me a lot that you want to promo , broadcast that you 're associating with black people . Do you have to ? '' , and , `` You can sleep with ( black people ) . You can bring them in , you can do whatever you want '' , but `` the little I ask you is ... not to bring them to my games '' . On April 25 , 2014 , TMZ leaked an audio recording of the conversation . On April 29 , 2014 , Commissioner Adam Silver banned the Clippers owner for life , as well as fining him $2.5 million . Silver also began the procedure of forcing Sterling out of the league , eventually replacing his position with Steve Ballmer buying the team for around $2 billion . O.J. Mayo Milwaukee Bucks 2016 2016 -- 17 On July 1 , 2016 , Mayo was banned for violating the NBA 's substance abuse policy . He will be eligible to apply for reinstatement on July 1 , 2018 . Permanently banned but later reinstated ( edit ) Most cases where a player has been banned from the NBA but later reinstated are a result of the league 's 1983 anti-drug policy . The policy , developed jointly between the NBA and the Players Association , made a third illegal drug use offense punishable by a ban , although a player could apply for reinstatement after a minimum of two years . Name Team Year Season Reason Connie Hawkins -- 1966 -- During his freshman year in college , Hawkins was linked to a point shaving scandal . As a result of this connection , he was informally banned from the NBA in 1961 , and formally banned in 1966 . Hawkins filed an anti-trust lawsuit against the NBA , claiming that he was unfairly banned from participation when there was no substantial evidence linking him to the scandal . In 1969 , the NBA settled the suit with Hawkins , paying him a cash settlement and lifting his ban to play with the Phoenix Suns . Micheal Ray Richardson New Jersey Nets 1986 1985 -- 86 In February 1986 , Richardson was banned permanently for repeatedly violating the NBA 's substance abuse policy . He was reinstated two years later in July 1988 , although he never played in the NBA on his own accord . Lewis Lloyd Houston Rockets 1986 -- 87 On January 13 , 1987 , Lloyd and teammate Mitchell Wiggins were banned permanently after testing positive for cocaine , a banned substance . Lloyd was reinstated on September 8 , 1989 . Mitchell Wiggins Houston Rockets 1986 -- 87 On January 13 , 1987 , Wiggins and teammate Lewis Lloyd were banned permanently after testing positive for cocaine , a banned substance . Wiggins was reinstated on July 28 , 1989 . Duane Washington New Jersey Nets 1988 -- 89 In October 1988 , Washington was banned permanently after testing positive for cocaine , a banned substance . He was later reinstated , and played briefly for the Clippers in the 1992 -- 93 season . Stanley Roberts Philadelphia 76ers 1999 1999 -- 00 On November 25 , 1999 , Roberts was banned permanently after testing positive for a banned substance . He was reinstated three years later with a brief stint with the Toronto Raptors in 2003 . Chris Andersen New Orleans ( / Oklahoma City ) Hornets 2006 2005 -- 06 On January 25 , 2006 , Andersen was banned permanently for violating the NBA 's substance abuse policy . He subsequently filed a grievance against the NBA , but an arbitrator denied his request in March 2006 . He was reinstated two years later with the New Orleans Hornets on March 4 , 2008 . Suspended ( edit ) Only suspensions lasting six games or more are included . Length Name Team ( s ) Year Season ( s ) Reason 86 games ( 73 regular season games and 13 playoff games ) ( Rest of the 2004 - 05 season ) Ron Artest ( now known as Metta World Peace ) Indiana Pacers 2004 -- 05 On November 19 , 2004 , Artest entered the stands and grabbed a fan after a drink was thrown at him during an NBA game against the Detroit Pistons , causing a large brawl between players and fans . After Artest left the stands , he punched another fan that came onto the court to confront him . 68 games ( originally set to be 82 games ) ( Rest of the 1997 - 98 season ) Latrell Sprewell Golden State Warriors 1997 1997 -- 98 On December 1 , 1997 , Sprewell choked , threatened , and punched Warriors head coach P.J. Carlesimo during team practice after Carlesimo criticized his passing . He was immediately suspended ten games . However , the Warriors terminated Sprewell 's $23.7 million contract two days later , and he was subsequently suspended for a year . Upon appeal , his original contract termination was overturned and his 82 - game suspension was reduced to 68 games . 50 games ( Rest of the 2009 - 10 season ) Gilbert Arenas Washington Wizards 2009 -- 10 On January 27 , 2010 , Arenas was suspended for violating NBA rules and Washington , D.C. laws by storing an unloaded firearm in his locker and drawing it on teammate Javaris Crittenton during an argument regarding gambling debts in December 2009 . Arenas was already on indefinite suspension since January 6 while under investigation for carrying and storing unlicensed firearms . 38 games ( Rest of the 2009 - 10 season ) Javaris Crittenton Washington Wizards 2009 -- 10 On January 27 , 2010 , Crittenton was suspended for violating NBA rules and Washington , D.C. laws by storing an unloaded firearm in his locker and drawing it on teammate Gilbert Arenas during an argument regarding gambling debts in December 2009 . He would be waived from the team after that season and never play another NBA game afterwards . 30 games Stephen Jackson Indiana Pacers 2004 -- 05 On November 19 , 2004 , Jackson entered the stands and punched a fan after a drink was thrown at teammate Ron Artest during an NBA game against the Detroit Pistons . 26 games Kermit Washington Los Angeles Lakers 1977 1977 -- 78 On December 9 , 1977 , Washington punched Houston Rockets player Rudy Tomjanovich in the face during a fight in an NBA game . Tomjanovich was seriously injured and missed the rest of the season . 25 games Jodie Meeks Washington Wizards 2018 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 On April 4 , 2018 , Meeks was suspended after testing positive for Ipamorelin and GHRP - 2 . Meeks will miss all of the playoffs and the start of the 2018 - 19 season . 24 games Jeffery Taylor Charlotte Hornets 2014 2014 -- 15 On November 29 , 2014 , Taylor was suspended after pleading guilty to one count of domestic assault and malicious destruction of property . 20 games Hedo Türkoğlu Orlando Magic 2013 2012 -- 13 On February 13 , 2013 , Türkoğlu was suspended after testing positive for methenolone , a banned substance . 20 games Nick Calathes Memphis Grizzlies 2014 2013 -- 14 On April 18 , 2014 , Calathes was suspended after testing positive for tamoxifen , a banned substance . As a result , Calathes would miss the Grizzlies ' entire playoff run that year , with the rest of the suspension being revoked after it was appealed . 20 games Joakim Noah New York Knicks 2017 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 On March 24 , 2017 , Noah was suspended after testing positive for ligandrol , a banned substance . Noah was suspended for the last 10 games of the Knicks ' 2016 -- 17 regular season , and also for the first 10 games of the 2017 -- 18 season . 15 games ( originally set to be 25 games ) Jermaine O'Neal Indiana Pacers 2004 -- 05 On November 19 , 2004 , O'Neal punched a fan who came onto the court to confront teammate Ron Artest during an NBA game against the Detroit Pistons . Upon appeal , his original 25 game suspension was reduced to 15 games . 15 games Carmelo Anthony Denver Nuggets 2006 2006 -- 07 On December 16 , 2006 , Anthony punched New York Knicks player Mardy Collins in the face during a brawl in an NBA game . 15 games ( originally set to be 5 games ) Mitch McGary Oklahoma City Thunder 2016 2016 -- 17 On July 8 , 2016 , McGary was suspended for five games for violating the NBA 's drug policy . However , on September 13 that same year , McGary was suspended an additional 10 games for non-compliance with the league 's drug policy , thus bringing the number of regular season games he was suspended for to 15 . On October 24 , McGary was waived by the Thunder before the season started . If McGary signs up with an NBA team again , he will still serve his suspension in the regular season before returning to play . 11 games Dennis Rodman Chicago Bulls 1997 1996 -- 97 On January 15 , 1997 , Rodman kicked a courtside cameraman in the groin after tripping over him during an NBA game against the Minnesota Timberwolves . Though he was not assessed a technical foul at the time , he was suspended 2 days later . 10 games Vernon Maxwell Houston Rockets 1995 1995 -- 96 On February 6 , 1995 , Maxwell entered the stands and punched a fan who he claimed was heckling him during an NBA game against the Portland Trail Blazers . 10 games J.R. Smith Denver Nuggets 2006 2006 -- 07 On December 16 , 2006 , Smith fought with New York Knicks player Nate Robinson during a brawl in an NBA game . 10 games Nate Robinson New York Knicks 2006 2006 -- 07 On December 16 , 2006 , Robinson fought with Denver Nuggets player J.R. Smith during a brawl in an NBA game . 10 games Lindsey Hunter Detroit Pistons 2007 2006 -- 07 On March 7 , 2007 , Hunter was suspended after testing positive for phentermine , a banned substance . 10 games Darius Miles Boston Celtics 2008 2008 -- 09 On September 20 , 2008 , Miles was suspended after testing positive for phentermine , a banned substance . 10 games Rashard Lewis Orlando Magic 2009 2009 -- 10 On August 6 , 2009 , Lewis was suspended after testing positive for dehydroepiandrosterone , a banned substance . 10 games Delonte West Boston Celtics 2010 -- 11 On August 20 , 2010 , West was suspended after pleading guilty to weapon charges from September 2009 . 10 games O.J. Mayo Memphis Grizzlies 2011 2010 -- 11 On January 27 , 2011 , Mayo was suspended after testing positive for dehydroepiandrosterone , a banned substance . 10 games Larry Sanders Milwaukee Bucks 2015 2014 -- 15 On January 16 , 2015 , Sanders was suspended after testing positive for marijuana , a banned substance , for the second time . After Sanders ' suspension ended , the Bucks bought him out before he played another game . 8 games Chris Webber Sacramento Kings 2003 -- 04 On February 17 , 2004 , Webber was suspended five games for violating the NBA 's drug policy and suspended three games for pleading guilty to lying to a grand jury about making an illegal loan when he was a college basketball player for University of Michigan . He served both suspensions together . 8 games Darren Collison Sacramento Kings 2016 2016 -- 17 On October 2 , 2016 , Collison was suspended after pleading guilty to a misdemeanor domestic battery charge against his wife in May . 8 games Bobby Portis Chicago Bulls 2017 2017 -- 18 On October 17 , 2017 , Portis punched teammate Nikola Mirotić in the face during an altercation in team practice . Mirotić suffered a concussion and facial fractures , which left him out until December 8 , 2017 . A day after the incident , Portis was suspended for the first eight games of the 2017 -- 18 season . 7 games Nick Van Exel Los Angeles Lakers 1995 -- 96 On April 10 , 1996 , Van Exel shoved referee Ron Garretson onto the scorer 's table after Garretson ejected him for arguing a call during an NBA game against the Denver Nuggets . 7 games Rasheed Wallace Portland Trail Blazers 2003 2002 -- 03 On January 15 , 2003 , Wallace confronted and threatened referee Tim Donaghy in the parking lot outside of the Rose Garden after Donaghy had given him a technical foul earlier during an NBA game against the Memphis Grizzlies . 7 games Ron Artest ( now known as Metta World Peace ) Sacramento Kings 2007 2007 -- 08 On July 15 , 2007 , Artest was suspended after pleading no contest to a misdemeanor domestic violence charge against his wife in May . 7 games Stephen Jackson Golden State Warriors 2007 2007 -- 08 On July 15 , 2007 , Jackson was suspended after pleading guilty to a felony charge of criminal recklessness for firing a gun outside of an Indiana strip club during an altercation in October 2006 . 7 games J.R. Smith Denver Nuggets 2009 2009 -- 10 On August 28 , 2009 , Smith was suspended after pleading guilty to a reckless driving charge for a 2007 traffic collision that resulted in the death of a passenger . He was already suspended two games right after the crash . 7 games Metta World Peace ( formerly known as Ron Artest ) Los Angeles Lakers 2012 2011 -- 12 On April 24 , 2012 , World Peace elbowed Oklahoma City Thunder player James Harden in the head during an NBA game . 6 games Dennis Rodman Chicago Bulls 1995 -- 96 On March 18 , 1996 , Rodman headbutted referee Ted Bernhardt after being ejected during an NBA game against the New Jersey Nets . 6 games ( originally set to be 10 games ) Maurice Taylor Houston Rockets 2003 2003 -- 04 On November 8 , 2003 , Taylor violated the NBA 's drug policy . Upon appeal , his original 10 game suspension was reduced to six games . 6 games Ben Wallace Detroit Pistons 2004 -- 05 On November 19 , 2004 , Wallace shoved Indiana Pacers player Ron Artest after a hard foul during an NBA game , leading to a large brawl between players and fans . 6 games D.J. Mbenga Dallas Mavericks 2006 2005 -- 06 On June 2 , 2006 , Mbenga entered the stands to aid the wife of head coach Avery Johnson , who was in a confrontation with two fans . 6 games Mardy Collins New York Knicks 2006 2006 -- 07 On December 16 , 2006 , Collins flagrantly fouled Denver Nuggets player J.R. Smith and tried to attack Nuggets player Carmelo Anthony during a brawl in an NBA game . 6 games Willie Reed Detroit Pistons 2018 2017 -- 18 On February 6 , 2017 , Reed was suspended following a domestic violence incident against his wife on August 5 of the previous year when he played for the Los Angeles Clippers . After missing the first game a day later against the Brooklyn Nets , the Pistons traded him and future second - round draft picks to the Chicago Bulls for Jameer Nelson on February 8 . He was immediately waived by the Bulls . If Reed signs up with an NBA team again , he will still serve his suspension in the regular season before returning to play . See also ( edit ) List of players and coaches suspended by the NFL List of people banned from Major League Baseball List of Major League Baseball players suspended for domestic violence References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Excerpt From NBA Constitution - Misconduct '' ( PDF ) . National Basketball Players Association . Retrieved February 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Collective Bargaining Agreement '' . National Basketball Players Association . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sports People : Basketball ; A Banned Player Wins Reinstatement '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . July 29 , 1989 . Retrieved February 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Merron , Jeff . `` Top 10 suspensions of all - time '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard . `` Norman Mager , 78 , Player Tarnished by Gambling Scandal , Dies '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved November 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Roth , Al '' . JewsInSports.org. 2013 . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Litsky , Frank ( May 10 , 1995 ) . `` Bill Spivey , 66 , Kentucky Star Implicated In Scandal of 1950 's '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved April 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard ( September 11 , 2002 ) . `` Ed Warner , 73 , College Star Convicted of Shaving Points '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved November 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave ( March 22 , 1998 ) . `` When Sherman White Threw It All Away '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved September 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Littwin , Mike ( March 17 , 1997 ) . `` A League Of His Own - Former Pacers star Roger Brown left behind a legacy as the ultimate ABA player '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sports People ; Drew Arrested Again '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . December 17 , 1986 . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Off - court problems derail Washburn '' . USA Today . Gannett Co. Inc . May 7 , 2002 . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Gives Washburn Lifetime Ban '' . Deseret News . June 30 , 1989 . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Former Mav applies for reinstatement to NBA '' . USA Today . Gannett Co. Inc . June 26 , 2003 . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Suns rise minus Dumas '' . Star - News . September 17 , 1993 . Retrieved October 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wise , Mike ( February 8 , 2000 ) . `` Minimal Use Of Marijuana Found In NBA '' . The Commercial Appeal . p . D. 6 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Shelburne , Ramona ( May 4 , 2014 ) . `` First chaos , then clarity '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cacciola , Scott ; Witz , Billy ( April 26 , 2014 ) . `` N.B.A. probing racial remarks tied to owner '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Alleged Sterling talk being probed '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . April 26 , 2014 . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Sterling receives lifetime ban '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . April 29 , 2014 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nba/2016/07/01/oj-mayo-dismissed-nba-anti-drug/86603780/ Jump up ^ `` Bird : NBA Will Never Be Drug - Free '' . LA Times . 1987 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Flatter , Ron . `` Layups : More Info on Connie Hawkins '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Connie Hawkins Bio '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldaper , Sam ( July 22 , 1987 ) . `` N.B.A. Reinstates Richardson '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Goldaper , Sam ( January 14 , 1987 ) . `` Lloyd and Wiggins of Rockets Banned for Drug Use '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved February 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sports People : Basketball ; Lloyd Reinstated '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . September 9 , 1989 . Retrieved February 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldaper , Sam ( October 1 , 1988 ) . `` N.B.A. ; Nets Guard Banned for Drugs '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Duane Washington NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wyche , Steve ( November 25 , 1999 ) . `` 76ers ' Roberts Expelled by NBA '' . The Washington Post . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 3 Years After Banishment for Failed Drug Test , Roberts Is Reinstated '' . The Washington Post . January 17 , 2003 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Hornets ' Andersen kicked out of NBA for drug use '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . January 27 , 2006 . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Andersen expected to re-sign with Hornets after drug ban lifted '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . March 4 , 2008 . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Suspensions without pay , wo n't be staggered '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . November 21 , 2004 . Retrieved February 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Puma , Mike . `` Sprewell 's Image Remains in a Chokehold '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Steele , David ( December 1 , 1998 ) . `` Sprewell Anniversary Passes Quietly '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Communications Inc . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Stein , Marc ; Chris Sheridan ( January 28 , 2010 ) . `` Stern bans Arenas , Crittenton for year '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Beck , Howard ( January 14 , 2010 ) . `` Wizards ' Arenas Is Charged With Felony '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moore , David Leon ( November 22 , 2004 ) . `` Clash brings back bad memories for Tomjanovich '' . USA Today . Gannett Co. Inc . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Liz ( January 30 , 2005 ) . `` Three Decades Later , Washington Still Feels Effects of His Punch '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wizards-insider/wp/2018/04/13/wizards-jodie-meeks-suspended-for-25-games-will-miss-nba-playoffs/?noredirect=on Jump up ^ `` NBA suspends Hornets forward Jeffery Taylor 24 games '' . Sports Illustrated . Sports Illustrated . November 19 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://espn.go.com/nba/story/_/id/8944820/hedo-turkoglu-orlando-magic-suspended-20-games-positive-test Jump up ^ `` Nick Calathes violates drug policy '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . April 18 , 2014 . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NBA suspends Knicks center Joakim Noah 20 games for violating anti-drug program '' . Yahoo.com . Yahoo Sports . March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Liz ( December 23 , 2004 ) . `` N.B.A. Seeks to Overturn Arbitrator 's Shorter Ban for O'Neal '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved February 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Suspensions total 47 games from Knicks - Nuggets fight '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . December 20 , 2006 . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Slater , Anthony ( 2016 - 07 - 08 ) . `` OKC Thunder : Mitch McGary suspended five games by NBA for failed drug test '' . NewsOK.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( 2016 - 09 - 13 ) . `` Sources : Thunder forward Mitch McGary earns second suspension '' . Yahoo.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ http://www.nba.com/thunder/news/thunder-waives-four-161024 Jump up ^ `` Rodman to Pay Cameraman '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . January 21 , 1997 . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Diamos , Jason ( January 18 , 1997 ) . `` Rodman 's Kick Is Costly : 11 Games and $1 Million '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dennis Rodman Chronology '' . CNN / Sports Illustrated . January 19 , 1999 . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Maxwell Suspended And Is Fined $20,000 '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . February 9 , 1995 . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` N.B.A. Roundup ; Positive Drug Test Brings 10 - Game Ban for Hunter '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . March 8 , 2007 . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pro Basketball ; Celtic Is Suspended '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . September 20 , 2008 . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Michael S. ( August 6 , 2009 ) . `` Rashard Lewis Suspended by N.B.A. for Doping Violation '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Delonte West suspended 10 games '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . August 20 , 2010 . Retrieved November 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` O.J. Mayo suspended 10 games '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . January 27 , 2011 . Retrieved January 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/nba-ball-dont-lie/bucks--larry-sanders-suspended-10-games-for-another-violation-of-league-drug-policy-223028192.html Jump up ^ `` Roundup : N.B.A. ; Anthony Leads Nuggets To Victory Over 76ers '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . February 18 , 2004 . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.foxsports.com/nba/story/report-nba-to-suspend-darren-collison-eight-games-for-domestic-violence-incident-100216 Jump up ^ Litsky , Frank ( April 11 , 1996 ) . `` Van Exel Receives 7 - Game Suspension '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` N.B.A. : Roundup ; Blazers ' Wallace Suspended '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . January 19 , 2003 . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jackson , Artest suspended following court pleas '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . July 15 , 2007 . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hochman , Benjamin ( August 28 , 2009 ) . `` Nuggets ' Smith suspended 7 games '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Metta World Peace suspended for 7 '' . ESPN.com. April 24 , 2012 . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brown , Clifton ( March 19 , 1996 ) . `` Rodman 's Suspension Could Cost Bulls , Too '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Roundup : N.B.A. ; Davis and Hornets Hand Lakers First Loss of Season '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . November 8 , 2003 . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Roundup : N.B.A. ; Rockets Miss Less Often , Defeating Sixers '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . November 18 , 2003 . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mbenga suspended six games for entering stands '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . June 2 , 2006 . Retrieved November 3 , 2010 . National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Eligibility Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game Global Games Africa 2015 Africa 2017 Africa 2018 Playoffs List Finals Champions History Predecessors BAA NBL ABA Merger Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal Lockouts Seasons Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Personalities Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity First overall draft picks Highest paid Retired numbers Banned or suspended NBPA Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches NBCA Owners Referees Awards and honors Larry O'Brien Trophy NBA Awards NBA MVP Finals MVP All - Star Game MVP Hall of Fame Members NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players Others Arenas Business Collective bargaining agreement Salary cap NBA Store Culture Cheerleading Mascots Dress code G League Midwest Division Media TV NBA TV Rivalries Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2018 -- 19 season Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_people_banned_or_suspended_by_the_NBA&oldid=850667994 '' Categories : Banned National Basketball Association players National Basketball Association controversies National Basketball Association lists Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from April 2014 Dynamic lists Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 17 July 2018 , at 09 : 40 ( UTC ) . 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is california in the north east south or west
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Region 1 : Northeast Division 1 : New England ( Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Rhode Island , and Vermont ) Division 2 : Mid-Atlantic ( New Jersey , New York , and Pennsylvania ) Region 2 : Midwest ( Prior to June 1984 , the Midwest Region was designated as the North Central Region . ) Division 3 : East North Central ( Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , Ohio , and Wisconsin ) Division 4 : West North Central ( Iowa , Kansas , Minnesota , Missouri , Nebraska , North Dakota , and South Dakota ) Region 3 : South Division 5 : South Atlantic ( Delaware , Florida , Georgia , Maryland , North Carolina , South Carolina , Virginia , District of Columbia , and West Virginia ) Division 6 : East South Central ( Alabama , Kentucky , Mississippi , and Tennessee ) Division 7 : West South Central ( Arkansas , Louisiana , Oklahoma , and Texas ) Region 4 : West Division 8 : Mountain ( Arizona , Colorado , Idaho , Montana , Nevada , New Mexico , Utah , and Wyoming ) Division 9 : Pacific ( Alaska , California , Hawaii , Oregon , and Washington )
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List of regions of the United States
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list of regions of the united states
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This is a list of some of the regions in the United States .
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Contents 1 Interstate regions 1.1 Official regions of the United States 1.1. 1 Census Bureau - designated regions and divisions 1.1. 2 Standard federal regions 1.1. 3 Federal Reserve banks 1.1. 4 Time zones 1.1. 5 Courts of Appeals circuits 1.1. 6 Bureau of Economic Analysis regions 1.1. 7 Energy Information Administration 1.2 Unofficial U.S. multi-state and multi-territory regions 1.2. 1 The Belts 1.2. 2 Interstate metropolitan areas 1.2. 3 Interstate megalopolises 2 Intrastate and intraterritory regions 2.1 Alabama 2.2 Alaska 2.3 American Samoa 2.4 Arizona 2.5 Arkansas 2.6 California 2.7 Colorado 2.8 Connecticut 2.9 Delaware 2.10 District of Columbia 2.11 Florida 2.12 Georgia 2.12. 1 Physiographic regions 2.13 Guam 2.14 Hawaii 2.15 Idaho 2.16 Illinois 2.17 Indiana 2.18 Iowa 2.19 Kansas 2.20 Kentucky 2.21 Louisiana 2.22 Maine 2.23 Maryland 2.24 Massachusetts 2.25 Michigan 2.26 Minnesota 2.27 Mississippi 2.28 Missouri 2.29 Montana 2.30 Nebraska 2.31 Nevada 2.32 New Hampshire 2.33 New Jersey 2.34 New Mexico 2.35 New York 2.36 North Carolina 2.37 North Dakota 2.38 Northern Mariana Islands 2.39 Ohio 2.40 Oklahoma 2.41 Oregon 2.42 Pennsylvania 2.43 Puerto Rico 2.44 Rhode Island 2.45 South Carolina 2.46 South Dakota 2.47 Tennessee 2.48 Texas 2.49 U.S. Minor Outlying Islands 2.50 Utah 2.51 Vermont 2.52 Virgin Islands 2.53 Virginia 2.54 Washington 2.55 West Virginia 2.56 Wisconsin 2.57 Wyoming 3 Other regional listings 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Interstate regions ( edit ) Official regions of the United States ( edit ) Many regions in the United States are defined in law or regulations by the federal government . Census Bureau - designated regions and Divisions ( edit ) U.S. Census Bureau Regions and Divisions . The United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions , with nine divisions . The Census Bureau region definition is `` widely used ... for data collection and analysis , '' and is the most commonly used classification system . Regional divisions used by the United States Census Bureau : Region 1 : Northeast Division 1 : New England ( Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Rhode Island , and Vermont ) Division 2 : Mid-Atlantic ( New Jersey , New York , and Pennsylvania ) Region 2 : Midwest ( Prior to June 1984 , the Midwest Region was designated as the North Central Region . ) Division 3 : East North Central ( Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , Ohio , and Wisconsin ) Division 4 : West North Central ( Iowa , Kansas , Minnesota , Missouri , Nebraska , North Dakota , and South Dakota ) Region 3 : South Division 5 : South Atlantic ( Delaware , Florida , Georgia , Maryland , North Carolina , South Carolina , Virginia , District of Columbia , and West Virginia ) Division 6 : East South Central ( Alabama , Kentucky , Mississippi , and Tennessee ) Division 7 : West South Central ( Arkansas , Louisiana , Oklahoma , and Texas ) Region 4 : West Division 8 : Mountain ( Arizona , Colorado , Idaho , Montana , Nevada , New Mexico , Utah , and Wyoming ) Division 9 : Pacific ( Alaska , California , Hawaii , Oregon , and Washington ) Puerto Rico and other US territories are not part of any census region or census division . Standard Federal regions ( edit ) Standard federal regions . The ten standard federal regions were established by OMB ( Office of Management and Budget ) Circular A-105 , `` Standard Federal Regions , '' in April , 1974 , and required for all executive agencies . In recent years , some agencies have tailored their field structures to meet program needs and facilitate interaction with local , state , and regional counterparts . However , the OMB must still approve any departures . Region I : Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Rhode Island , Vermont Region II : New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico , US Virgin Islands Region III : Delaware , District of Columbia , Maryland , Pennsylvania , Virginia , West Virginia Region IV : Alabama , Florida , Georgia , Kentucky , Mississippi , North Carolina , South Carolina , Tennessee Region V : Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , Minnesota , Ohio , Wisconsin Region VI : Arkansas , Louisiana , New Mexico , Oklahoma , Texas Region VII : Iowa , Kansas , Missouri , Nebraska Region VIII : Colorado , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Utah , Wyoming Region IX : Arizona , California , Hawaii , Nevada , American Samoa , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands Region X : Alaska , Idaho , Oregon , Washington Federal Reserve Banks ( edit ) Federal Reserve districts . The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 divided the country into twelve districts with a central Federal Reserve Bank in each district . These twelve Federal Reserve Banks together form a major part of the Federal Reserve System , the central banking system of the United States . Missouri is the only U.S. state to have two Federal Reserve locations within its borders . Boston New York Philadelphia Cleveland Richmond Atlanta Chicago St. Louis Minneapolis Kansas City Dallas San Francisco Time zones ( edit ) Main article : Time in the United States U.S. time zones . UTC − 12 : 00 ( Baker Island , Howland Island ) Samoa Time Zone ( American Samoa , Jarvis Island , Kingman Reef , Midway Atoll , Palmyra Atoll ) Hawaii -- Aleutian Time Zone ( Hawaii , Aleutian Islands ( Alaska ) , Johnston Atoll ) Alaska Time Zone ( Alaska , excluding Aleutian Islands ) Pacific Time Zone Mountain Time Zone Central Time Zone Eastern Time Zone Atlantic Time Zone ( Puerto Rico , U.S. Virgin Islands ) Chamorro Time Zone ( Guam , Northern Mariana Islands ) Wake Island Time Zone ( Wake Island ) Courts of appeals circuits ( edit ) Main article : United States courts of appeals U.S. Courts of Appeals circuits . First Circuit Second Circuit Third Circuit Fourth Circuit Fifth Circuit Sixth Circuit Seventh Circuit Eighth Circuit Ninth Circuit Tenth Circuit Eleventh Circuit D.C. Circuit The Federal Circuit is not a regional circuit . Its jurisdiction is nationwide , but based on subject matter . Bureau of Economic Analysis regions ( edit ) Bureau of Economic Analysis regions . The Bureau of Economic Analysis defines regions for comparison of economic data . New England : Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Rhode Island and Vermont Mideast : Delaware , District of Columbia , Maryland , New Jersey , New York , Pennsylvania Great Lakes : Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , Ohio , and Wisconsin Plains : Iowa , Kansas , Minnesota , Missouri , Nebraska , North Dakota , and South Dakota Southeast : Alabama , Arkansas , Florida , Georgia , Kentucky , Louisiana , Mississippi , North Carolina , South Carolina , Tennessee , Virginia , and West Virginia Southwest : Arizona , New Mexico , Oklahoma , and Texas Rocky Mountain : Colorado , Idaho , Montana , Utah , and Wyoming Far West : Alaska , California , Hawaii , Nevada , Oregon , and Washington Energy Information Administration ( edit ) The Energy Information Administration currently uses the PADD system established by Petroleum Administration for War in World War II . It is used for data collection on refining petroleum and its products . Each PADD is subdivided into refining districts . PADD I : East Coast East Coast : Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , Connecticut , New Jersey , Delaware , Maryland , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia , Florida ; along with counties in New York east of , north of and including Cayuga , Tompkins , and Chemung ; and counties in Pennsylvania east of and including Bradford , Sullivan , Columbia , Montour , Northumberland , Dauphin and York . Appalachian No. 1 : West Virginia along with counties of Pennsylvania and New York State not mentioned above . PADD II : Midwest Indiana - Illinois - Kentucky : Indiana , Illinois , Kentucky , Tennessee , Michigan , Ohio Minnesota - Wisconsin - North and South Dakota : Minnesota , Wisconsin , North Dakota , South Dakota Oklahoma - Kansas - Missouri : Oklahoma , Kansas , Missouri , Nebraska , Iowa PADD III : Gulf Coast Texas Gulf Coast : The Texan counties of Newton , Orange , Jefferson , Jasper , Tyler , Hardin , Liberty , Chambers , Polk , San Jacinto , Montgomery , Harris , Galveston , Waller , Fort Bend , Brazoria , Wharton , Matagorda , Jackson , Victoria , Calhoun , Refugio , Aransas , San Patricio , Nueces , Kleberg , Kenedy , Willacy and Cameron Texas Inland : Texan counties not mentioned above . Louisiana Gulf Coast : Parishes of Louisiana south of , and including Vernon , Rapides , Avoyelles , Pointe Coupee , West Feliciana , East Feliciana , Saint Helena , Tangipahoa and Washington ; along with Pearl River , Stone , George , Hancock , Harrison , and Jackson County of Mississippi ; and Alabama 's Mobile and Baldwin County . North Louisiana - Arkansas : Arkansas and parts of Louisiana , Mississippi and Alabama not mentioned above . New Mexico : New Mexico PADD IV : Rocky Mountain : Colorado , Montana , Idaho , Wyoming , Utah PADD V : West Coast : Washington , Oregon , California , Nevada , Arizona , Alaska , Hawaii PADD I can also be subdivided into 3 Subdistricts : Sub-PAD 1A : New England ( Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Rhode Island , Vermont ) Sub-PAD 1B : Central Atlantic ( Delaware , Maryland , New Jersey , New York , Pennsylvania , District of Columbia ) Sub-PAD 1C : Lower Atlantic ( Florida , Georgia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Virginia , West Virginia ) PADD system was established in World War II and therefore do n't accurately reflect current trends . The EIA has updated the PADD system with a complimentary set of regions to reflect this and will change it to suite current needs . ( Note : Region 9 includes countries not part of the USA but is included for the sake of completion since it contains Puerto Rico ) Region 1 : PADD I Region 2 : PADD II `` Inland '' ( States of North Dakota , South Dakota , Nebraska , Kansas , Oklahoma , Missouri , Iowa , Tennessee and Kentucky ) Region 3 : PADD II `` Lakes '' ( States of Minnesota , Wisconsin , Illinois , Michigan , Indiana and Ohio ) Region 4 : PADD III `` Gulf '' ( Refining districts of Texas Gulf Coast and Louisiana Gulf Coast ) Region 5 : PADD III `` Inland '' ( Refining districts of Texas Inland , New Mexico and North Louisiana - Arkansas ) Region 6 : PADD IV Region 7 : PADD V `` California '' ( State of California ) Region 8 : PADD V `` Other '' ( States of Alaska , Arizona , Hawaii , Nevada , Oregon and Washington ) Region 9 : `` International '' Maritime Canada ( Newfoundland , Nova Scotia , New Brunswick ) Caribbean ( Puerto Rico , Trinidad & Tobago ) Unofficial U.S. multi-state and multi-territory regions ( edit ) Appalachia Ark - La - Tex Black Dirt Region Blackstone Valley Border states : Civil War border states International border states Calumet Region The Carolinas Central United States Champlain Valley Coastal states Colorado Plateau Columbia Basin Contiguous United States The Dakotas Deep South Delaware Valley Delmarva Peninsula Dixie Driftless Area East Coast Eastern United States Four Corners Great American Desert Great Appalachian Valley Great Basin Great Lakes Region Great North Woods Great Plains Gulf Coast Gulf South High Plains Inland Northwest Interior Plains Intermountain States Jefferson ( proposed Pacific state ) Lake Tahoe Lehigh Valley Llano Estacado Mid-Atlantic states Mississippi Delta Mojave Desert Mormon Corridor Northern New England Ohio Valley Ozarks Pacific Northwest Pacific States Palouse Piedmont Piney Woods Rocky Mountains Shawnee Hills Shenandoah Valley Siouxland South Shore Southeastern United States Southern New England Southern Rocky Mountains Southern United States Southwestern United States Old Southwest Susquehanna River Tennessee Valley Tornado Alley Trans - Mississippi Twin Tiers Upland South Upper Midwest Virginias Waxhaws West Coast American Frontier Oregon Trail Appalachian Trail There are also multi-territory regions : Mariana Islands ( Guam and Northern Mariana Islands ) Samoan Islands ( American Samoa and independent Samoa ) Virgin Islands ( U.S. Virgin Islands , eastern Puerto Rico , and British Virgin Islands ) The belts ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of belt regions of the United States . Bible Belt Black Belt Corn Belt Cotton Belt Frost Belt Pine Belt Rice Belt Rust Belt Snowbelt Sun Belt Interstate metropolitan areas ( edit ) See also : Tri-state area Central Savannah River Area ( part of Georgia and South Carolina ) Baltimore -- Washington metropolitan area ( District of Columbia and parts of Maryland , Virginia , West Virginia , and Pennsylvania ) Washington metropolitan area ( District of Columbia and parts of Maryland , Virginia , and West Virginia ) Greater Boston ( parts of Massachusetts , Rhode Island , and New Hampshire ) Charlotte metropolitan area ( parts of North Carolina and South Carolina ) Chattanooga Metropolitan Area Chicago metropolitan area ( parts of Illinois , Indiana , and Wisconsin ) Cincinnati metropolitan area ( parts of Ohio , Indiana , and Kentucky ) Columbus - Auburn - Opelika ( GA - AL ) Combined Statistical Area ( parts of Georgia and Alabama ) Delaware Valley ( Philadelphia metropolitan area ) ( parts of Pennsylvania , New Jersey , Delaware , and Maryland ) Evansville , IN -- KY Metropolitan Statistical Area ( parts of Indiana and Kentucky ) Fargo -- Moorhead ( parts of North Dakota and Minnesota ) Fort Smith metropolitan area ( parts of Arkansas and Oklahoma ) Front Range Urban Corridor ( parts of Colorado and Wyoming ) Greater Grand Forks ( part of Minnesota and North Dakota ) Kansas City metropolitan area ( parts of Missouri and Kansas ) Louisville metropolitan area ( Kentuckiana ) ( parts of Kentucky and Indiana ) Memphis metropolitan area ( parts of Tennessee , Arkansas , and Mississippi ) Michiana ( parts of Michigan and Indiana ) Minneapolis -- Saint Paul ( the Twin Cities ) ( parts of Minnesota and Wisconsin ) New York metropolitan area ( parts of New York , New Jersey , Connecticut , and Pennsylvania ) Omaha -- Council Bluffs metropolitan area ( parts of Nebraska and Iowa ) Portland metropolitan area ( parts of Oregon and Washington ) Quad Cities ( parts of Iowa and Illinois ) Sacramento metropolitan area ( parts of California and Nevada ) Greater St. Louis ( parts of Missouri and Illinois ) Texarkana metropolitan area ( parts of Texas and Arkansas ) Tri-Cities ( parts of Tennessee and Virginia ) Twin Ports ( Duluth , Minnesota and Superior , Wisconsin ) Hampton Roads region ( parts of Virginia and North Carolina ) Youngstown -- Warren -- Boardman metropolitan statistical area ( parts of Ohio and Pennsylvania ) Interstate megalopolises ( edit ) See also : Megaregions of the United States and Megalopolis ( city type ) Arizona Sun Corridor California Cascadia Great Lakes Northeast megalopolis Piedmont Atlantic Megaregion ( PAM ) Intrastate and intraterritory regions ( edit ) Alabama ( edit ) A map of Alabama regions . Alabama Gulf Coast Greater Birmingham Black Belt Central Alabama Lower Alabama Mobile Bay North Alabama Northeast Alabama Northwest Alabama South Alabama Alaska ( edit ) The Alaska Panhandle . Alaska Interior Alaska North Slope Alaska Panhandle Aleutian Islands Arctic Alaska The Bush Kenai Peninsula Matanuska - Susitna Valley Seward Peninsula Southcentral Alaska Southwest Alaska Tanana Valley Yukon - Kuskokwim Delta American Samoa ( edit ) American Samoa Ofu - Olosega Rose Atoll Swains Island ( claimed by Tokelau ) Ta'ū Tutuila & Aunu'u Arizona ( edit ) The Arizona Strip . For a more comprehensive list , see List of regions of Arizona . Arizona Strip Grand Canyon North Central Arizona Northeast Arizona Northern Arizona Phoenix metropolitan area Southern Arizona Arkansas ( edit ) Arkansas Delta Arkansas River Valley Arkansas Timberlands Central Arkansas Crowley 's Ridge Northwest Arkansas South Arkansas California ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of regions of California . Colorado ( edit ) An enlargeable map of the Front Range Urban Corridor of Colorado and Wyoming Central Colorado ( part of Southern Rocky Mountains ) Colorado Eastern Plains ( part of High Plains and Great Plains ) Colorado Front Range ( part of Front Range Urban Corridor ) Colorado Mineral Belt ( part of Southern Rocky Mountains ) Colorado Piedmont ( contains parts of the Front Range Urban Corridor and High Plains ) Colorado Western Slope ( part of Southern Rocky Mountains and Colorado Plateau ) Denver - Aurora Metropolitan Area ( part of Front Range Urban Corridor ) High Rockies ( part of Southern Rocky Mountains ) Northwestern Colorado ( part of Southern Rocky Mountains ) San Luis Valley South - Central Colorado ( part of Front Range Urban Corridor ) Southwestern Colorado ( part of Southern Rocky Mountains and Colorado Plateau ) Connecticut ( edit ) The Greater Bridgeport Region in location to other officially recognized Connecticut regions with regional governments . The Connecticut Panhandle and `` The Oblong '' . In Connecticut , there are 14 official regions , each with a regional government that serves for the absence of county government in Connecticut . There are also a fair number of unofficial regions in Connecticut with no regional government . Central Naugatuck Valley Coastal Connecticut Connecticut panhandle Greater Bridgeport Greater New Haven Greater Hartford Housatonic Valley ( shared with Massachusetts ) Litchfield Hills Lower Connecticut River Valley Naugatuck River Valley New York Metropolitan Area / Gold Coast Southeastern Connecticut Western Connecticut Delaware ( edit ) `` Upstate '' or `` Up North '' Delaware Valley also known as `` Above the Canal '' ( referring to the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal ) `` Slower Lower '' Cape Region Central Kent Delaware coast District of Columbia ( edit ) See Neighborhoods in the District of Columbia Florida ( edit ) The First Coast . The Florida Panhandle . Directional regions Central Florida North Florida Northwest Florida North Central Florida Northeast Florida South Florida Southwest Florida Local vernacular regions Big Bend Emerald Coast First Coast Florida Heartland Florida Keys Florida Panhandle Forgotten Coast Glades Gold Coast Halifax area ( also Surf Coast and Fun Coast ) Red Hills Nature Coast Space Coast Suncoast Tampa Bay Area Treasure Coast Georgia ( edit ) Atlanta metropolitan area Central Georgia Central Savannah River Area Colonial Coast Golden Isles of Georgia Historic South North Georgia North Georgia mountains ( Northeast Georgia ) Southern Rivers Southeast Georgia Wiregrass Region Physiographic regions ( edit ) Appalachian Plateau Blue Ridge Mountains Coastal Plain Piedmont Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Guam ( edit ) Guam ( main island ) Tumon Hawaii ( edit ) Hawaiian archipelago Main Hawaiian Islands Hawaiʻi / Big Island Hamakua Coast Kaʻū Desert Kohala Coast Kona Coast Mauna Kea Puna District Waiākea - Uka Kahoʻolawe Kauaʻi Nā Pali Coast Kaʻula Lānai Maui Haleakalā Molokini West Maui Mountains Iao Valley Molokaʻi Kalaupapa Peninsula Niʻihau Lehua Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Nihoa ( Moku Manu ) Necker Island ( Mokumanamana ) French Frigate Shoals ( Kānemiloha ) Gardner Pinnacles ( Pūhāhonu ) Maro Reef ( Nalukākala ) Laysan ( Kauō ) Lisianski ( Papaāpoho ) Pearl and Hermes ( Holoikauaua ) Kure Atoll ( Mokupāpapa ) Oʻahu Kaʻena Point Makapuʻu North Shore Waikīkī Idaho ( edit ) The Idaho Panhandle . Central Idaho Eastern Idaho Idaho Panhandle Magic Valley North Central Idaho Palouse Hills Southern Idaho Southwestern Idaho Treasure Valley Illinois ( edit ) Main article : Regions of Illinois Southern Illinois is also known as `` Little Egypt '' . American Bottom Central Illinois Champaign -- Urbana metropolitan area Chicago metropolitan area Driftless Area Forgottonia Fox Valley Metro - East Metro Lakeland Military Tract of 1812 Mississippi Alluvial Plain North Shore Northern Illinois Northwestern Illinois Peoria , Illinois metropolitan area Quad Cities River Bend Rock River Valley Shawnee Hills Southern Illinois ( sometimes , Little Egypt ) Streatorland Tri-State Area Wabash Valley Indiana ( edit ) Regions of Indiana . Main article : Geography of Indiana East Central Indiana Indianapolis metropolitan area Michiana Northern Indiana Northwest Indiana Southern Indiana Southwestern Indiana Wabash Valley Iowa ( edit ) Regions of Iowa . Coteau des Prairies Des Moines metropolitan area Dissected Till Plains Driftless Area Great River Road Honey Lands Iowa Great Lakes Loess Hills Omaha -- Council Bluffs metropolitan area Quad Cities Siouxland Kansas ( edit ) East - Central Kansas Flint Hills High Plains Kansas City Metropolitan Area North Central Kansas Osage Plains Ozarks Red Hills Santa Fe Trail Smoky Hills Southeast Kansas Kentucky ( edit ) Kentucky 's regions . The Bluegrass Central Kentucky Cumberland Plateau Eastern Kentucky Coalfield Kentucky Bend The Knobs Northern Kentucky Pennyroyal Plateau South Central Kentucky The Purchase Western Coal Fields Louisiana ( edit ) A map of Louisiana 's regions . Acadiana Cajun Heartland River Parishes Central Louisiana ( Cen - La ) Florida Parishes `` French Louisiana '' ( Acadiana + Greater New Orleans ) Greater New Orleans North Louisiana Maine ( edit ) Acadia Down East High Peaks / Maine Highlands Kennebec Valley Maine Highlands Maine Lake Country Maine North Woods Mid Coast Penobscot Bay Southern Maine Coast Western Maine Mountains Maryland ( edit ) Maryland 's regions . Baltimore - Washington Metropolitan Area Capital region Chesapeake Bay Eastern Shore of Maryland Patapsco Valley Southern Maryland Western Maryland Western Shore of Maryland Regions shared with other states : Allegheny Mountains Atlantic coastal plain Blue Ridge Mountains Cumberland Valley Delaware Valley Delmarva Peninsula consists of Maryland 's and Virginia 's Eastern Shore and all of Delaware Piedmont ( United States ) Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Massachusetts ( edit ) The Berkshire region of Massachusetts . Western Massachusetts The Berkshires ( map shown , right ) Housatonic Valley Pioneer Valley Quabbin - Swift River Valley Central Massachusetts MetroWest Montachusett - North County South County Blackstone River Valley Northeastern Massachusetts North Shore Merrimack Valley Cape Ann Greater Boston Southeastern Massachusetts Cape Cod and Islands South Coast South Shore Michigan ( edit ) Michigan 's regions . Main article : Geography of Michigan Lower Peninsula Northern Michigan Leelanau Peninsula Central / Mid-Michigan The Thumb West Michigan Michiana Southeast Michigan Metro Detroit Upper Peninsula Copper Country Keweenaw Peninsula Minnesota ( edit ) Main article : Geography of Minnesota Regions of Minnesota . Arrowhead Region Boundary Waters Buffalo Ridge Central Minnesota Coulee Region Iron Range Minnesota River Valley North Shore Northwest Angle Pipestone Region Red River Valley Southeast Minnesota Twin Cities Metro Mississippi ( edit ) Black Belt Mississippi Alluvial Plain Mississippi East Gulf Coast Plain Missouri ( edit ) The Missouri Bootheel . Bootheel Dissected Till Plains Kansas City Metropolitan Area Lead Belt Little Dixie Natchez Trace Ozarks St. Louis Metropolitan Area Montana ( edit ) Big Horn Mountains Eastern Montana The Flathead Glacier Country Glacier National Park Regional designations of Montana South Central Montana Southwestern Montana Two Medicine Western Montana Yellowstone National Park Nebraska ( edit ) The Nebraska Panhandle . Nebraska Panhandle Northwest Nebraska Pine Ridge Rainwater Basin Sand Hills Southeast Nebraska South Central Nebraska Wildcat Hills Nevada ( edit ) Black Rock Desert Lake Tahoe Las Vegas Valley Mojave Desert Pahranagat Valley Sierra Nevada New Hampshire ( edit ) Connecticut River Valley Dartmouth - Lake Sunapee Region ( overlaps with Connecticut River Valley ) Great North Woods Region Lakes Region Merrimack Valley Golden Triangle Monadnock Region ( overlaps with Connecticut River Valley ) Seacoast Region White Mountains New Jersey ( edit ) North Jersey Skylands Amwell Valley Black Dirt Region ( shared with New York ) Great Valley Sussex County Snow Belt Hunterdon Plateau Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Highlands Somerset Hills The Sourlands Gateway Chemical Coast / Soundshore Hudson Waterfront North Hudson Meadowlands Pascack Valley Raritan Bayshore West Hudson Central Jersey Bayshore Jersey Shore Shore Region South Jersey Shore Region Northern Headlands Irish Riviera Pine Barrens Delaware Valley Pine Barrens The Sourlands Southern Shore Cape May The Glades Tri Cities ( Bridgeton , Millville , Vineland ) Tri-County Farm Belt Greater Atlantic City Pine Barrens Central Corridor Piedmont Region New Mexico ( edit ) Central New Mexico Eastern New Mexico New Mexico Bootheel Northern New Mexico New York ( edit ) Regions of New York as defined by the New York State Department of Economic Development . 1 . Western New York -- counties : Niagara , Erie , Chautauqua , Cattaraugus , Allegany 2 . Finger Lakes -- counties : Orleans , Genesee , Wyoming , Monroe , Livingston , Wayne , Ontario , Yates , Seneca 3 . Southern Tier -- counties : Steuben , Schuyler , Chemung , Tompkins , Tioga , Chenango , Broome , Delaware 4 . Central New York -- counties : Cortland , Cayuga , Onondaga , Oswego , Madison 5 . North Country -- counties : St. Lawrence , Lewis , Jefferson , Hamilton , Essex , Clinton , Franklin 6 . Mohawk Valley -- counties : Oneida , Herkimer , Fulton , Montgomery , Otsego , Schoharie 7 . Capital District -- counties : Albany , Columbia , Greene , Warren , Washington , Saratoga , Schenectady , Rensselaer 8 . Hudson Valley -- counties : Sullivan , Ulster , Dutchess , Orange , Putnam , Rockland , Westchester 9 . New York City -- counties ( boroughs ) : New York ( Manhattan ) , Bronx ( The Bronx ) , Queens ( Queens ) , Kings ( Brooklyn ) , Richmond ( Staten Island ) 10 . Long Island -- counties : Nassau , Suffolk Downstate New York New York metropolitan area The Five Boroughs ( New York City ) Long Island Nassau County Suffolk County The Hamptons North Shore ( Gold Coast ) South Shore Westchester County Rockland County Putnam County Upstate New York Erie Canal Corridor New York State Canal System New York State Canalway Trail Western New York Holland Purchase Burned - over district Finger Lakes former Leatherstocking Country ( now the Central New York Region ) Central New York Central New York Military Tract Phelps and Gorham Purchase Syracuse metropolitan area Mohawk Valley Southern Tier Capital District North Country Adirondack Mountains Adirondack Park Ski country Thousand Islands Tug Hill Catskill Mountains Borscht Belt Hudson Valley Shawangunk Ridge Black Dirt Region ( shared with New Jersey ) North Carolina ( edit ) Regions of North Carolina . Western North Carolina Foothills Region South Mountains The Unifour ( Catawba Valley Area ) High Country ( Boone Area ) Land of the Sky Asheville Metropolitan Area Great Craggy Mountains Blue Ridge Mountains Black Mountains Brushy Mountains Great Balsam Mountains Unaka Mountains Unicoi Mountains Great Smoky Mountains ( ( Western North Carolina # Tennessee Valley Tennessee John just do it Central North Carolina Piedmont Crescent Metropolitan Charlotte ( Metrolina ) Lake Norman Area Metropolitan Piedmont Triad Sauratown Mountains Uwharrie Mountains Yadkin Valley The Research Triangle New Hope Valley Triangle East Eastern North Carolina Fayetteville Metropolitan Area Inner Banks Albemarle Global TransPark Economic Development Area Tidewater Lower Cape Fear ( Wilmington Area ) Outer Banks Crystal Coast Bogue Banks Down East Sandhills North Dakota ( edit ) Badlands Missouri Escarpment Missouri River Corridor Red River Valley Northern Mariana Islands ( edit ) Northern Mariana Islands Anatahan Agrihan Asuncion Island Farallon de Medinilla Farallon de Pajaros Guguan Maug Islands Pagan Rota Saipan Sarigan Tinian Ohio ( edit ) The area roughly covered by the Great Black Swamp Allegheny Plateau Appalachian Ohio Cincinnati - Northern Kentucky metropolitan area Columbus , Ohio metropolitan area Connecticut Western Reserve ( historic , now defunct ) Great Black Swamp ( shared with Indiana ) The Lake Erie Islands Miami Valley Northeast Ohio ( often used interchangeably with Greater Cleveland , but also includes the counties of Ashtabula , Portage , Summit , Trumbull , Mahoning and Columbiana . ) Northwest Ohio Oklahoma ( edit ) The Oklahoma Panhandle . Central Oklahoma Cherokee Outlet Green Country Kiamichi Country Little Dixie Northwestern Oklahoma Panhandle South Central Oklahoma Southwestern Oklahoma Oregon ( edit ) Main article : List of regions of Oregon Oregon 's topography . Oregon 's High Desert . Cascade Range Central Oregon Columbia Plateau Columbia River Columbia River Gorge Eastern Oregon Goose Lake Valley Harney Basin High Desert Hood River Valley Mount Hood Corridor Northwest Oregon Oregon Coast Palouse Portland metropolitan area Rogue Valley Southern Oregon Treasure Valley Tualatin Valley Warner Valley Western Oregon Willamette Valley Pennsylvania ( edit ) Allegheny National Forest Coal Region Cumberland Valley Delaware Valley Dutch Country Endless Mountains Highlands Region Laurel Highlands Lehigh Valley Main Line Northern Tier Northeastern Pennsylvania Northwest Region Pittsburgh metropolitan area The Poconos South Central Pennsylvania Susquehanna Valley Western Pennsylvania Wyoming Valley ( Scranton / Wilkes - Barre Metropolitan Area ) Puerto Rico ( edit ) Puerto Rico Caja de Muertos Culebra Desecheo Island Isla de Mona Puerto Rico ( main island ) Vieques Rhode Island ( edit ) Blackstone Valley Block Island East Bay West Bay South County South Carolina ( edit ) The Lowcountry The Midlands The Upstate Travel / Tourism locations Grand Strand Lake Murray Country The Lowcountry & Resort Islands Old 96 District Olde English District Pee Dee Santee Cooper Country Other geographical distinctions Blue Ridge Mountains Charleston metropolitan area Coastal South Carolina Columbia metropolitan area The Piedmont Rock Hill , South Carolina Area The Sandhills Sea Islands West Ashley South Dakota ( edit ) South Dakota East River West River East River and West River , divided by the Missouri River Badlands Black Hills Coteau des Prairies Tennessee ( edit ) Main article : Grand Divisions of Tennessee East Tennessee Middle Tennessee West Tennessee Other geographical distinctions : Highland Rim Nashville Basin Tennessee Valley Texas ( edit ) Main article : List of geographical regions in Texas The Texas Panhandle . Brazos Valley Central Texas Texas blackland prairies The Hill Country Gulf Coast Galveston Bay Greater Houston East Texas Piney Woods and Northeast Texas North Texas Dallas -- Fort Worth Metroplex Texoma South Texas Mission Country Rio Grande Valley Southeast Texas Golden Triangle Greater Houston Texas Midwest / West - Central Texas ( includes Abilene , San Angelo , Brownwood , Texas ) Texas Urban Triangle ( Houston to San Antonio to Dallas - Fort Worth ) West Texas Concho Valley Edwards Plateau Llano Estacado ( a portion of northwest Texas ) Permian Basin South Plains ( includes 24 counties south of the Texas Panhandle and north of the Permian Basin ) Texas Panhandle ( pictured ) Trans - Pecos Great Plains U.S. Minor Outlying Islands ( edit ) The United States Minor Outlying Islands ( Navassa Island not on map ) Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Island Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island ( claimed by Haiti ) Palmyra Atoll Wake Island Utah ( edit ) Cache Valley Colorado Plateau Dixie Great Salt Lake Desert Mojave Desert San Rafael Swell Southeastern Utah Southwestern Utah Uinta Mountains Wasatch Back Wasatch Front Wasatch Range Vermont ( edit ) Burlington metropolitan area Champlain Valley Green Mountains Mount Mansfield Northeast Kingdom Virgin Islands ( edit ) Minor islands of the U.S. Virgin Islands Saint Croix Saint John Saint Thomas Virginia ( edit ) A map of the Shenandoah Valley . Eastern Shore Hampton Roads Historic Triangle Piedmont region of Virginia Northern Neck Northern Virginia Greater Richmond Region Shenandoah Valley South Hampton Roads Southside Virginia Southwest Virginia Tidewater Tri-Cities Virginia Peninsula Washington ( edit ) Central Washington Columbia Plateau Eastern Washington Kitsap Peninsula Long Beach Peninsula Okanagan Country Olympic Mountains Olympic Peninsula Puget Sound Rocky Mountains San Juan Islands Skagit Valley Tri-Cities Walla Walla Valley Western Washington Yakima Valley West Virginia ( edit ) Eastern Panhandle North - Central West Virginia Northern Panhandle Potomac Highlands Southern West Virginia Wisconsin ( edit ) Wisconsin 's Door Peninsula . Apostle Islands Central Plain Chippewa Valley Door Peninsula Driftless Region Eastern Ridges and Lowlands Four Lakes Region Fox River Valley Kettle Moraine Lake Superior Lowland Menomonee Valley Northern Highland Southeastern Wisconsin Western Upland Wyoming ( edit ) Bighorn Basin Grand Teton Powder River Country Yellowstone National Park Other regional listings ( edit ) Boy Scouts of America regions in 1992 Regions of the Boy Scouts of America Central Region Northeast Region Southern Region Western Region See also ( edit ) United States portal Geography of the United States Historic regions of the United States List of metropolitan areas of the United States Media market , e.g. , Nielsen Designated Market Area The Nine Nations of North America Political divisions of the United States United States territory Vernacular geography Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Midway Atoll , part of the Northwest Hawaiian Islands , is not politically part of Hawaii ; it is one of the United States Minor Outlying Islands References ( edit ) Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau , Geography Division . `` Census Regions and Divisions of the United States '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The National Energy Modeling System : An Overview 2003 '' ( Report # : DOE / EIA - 0581 , October 2009 ) . United States Department of Energy , Energy Information Administration . Jump up ^ `` The most widely used regional definitions follow those of the U.S. Bureau of the Census . '' Seymour Sudman and Norman M. Bradburn , Asking Questions : A Practical Guide to Questionnaire Design ( 1982 ) . Jossey - Bass : p. 205 . Jump up ^ `` Perhaps the most widely used regional classification system is one developed by the U.S. Census Bureau . '' Dale M. Lewison , Retailing , Prentice Hall ( 1997 ) : p. 384 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 461427 - 4 Jump up ^ `` ( M ) ost demographic and food consumption data are presented in this four - region format . '' Pamela Goyan Kittler , Kathryn P. Sucher , Food and Culture , Cengage Learning ( 2008 ) : p. 475 . ISBN 9780495115410 ^ Jump up to : `` Census Bureau Regions and Divisions with State FIPS Codes '' ( PDF ) . US Census Bureau . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 September 2013 . Retrieved 20 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Geographic Terms and Concepts - Census Divisions and Census Regions '' . US Census Bureau . Retrieved 19 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BEA Regions '' . Bureau of Economic Analysis . February 18 , 2004 . Retrieved December 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Records of Petroleum Administration for War '' . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Appedix A : District Description and Maps '' ( PDF ) . Energy Information Administration . October 2012 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` PADD Definitions '' . Energy Information Administration . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2011 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Energy Outlook 2012 '' . Energy Information Administration . June 25 , 2012 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) U.S. Library of Congress Map of the US Regions Regions of the United States Administrative ( political ) Units U.S. state District of Columbia Insular area Minor Outlying Island Maritime territory Time zones Hawaii -- Aleutian Alaska Pacific Mountain Central Eastern Census West Pacific Mountain Midwest EN Central WN Central Northeast New England Middle Atlantic South S Atlantic ES Central WS Central Courts of appeals 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th Physical Physiographic Pacific Mountain Intermontane Plateaus Rocky Mountain Superior Upland Interior Plains Interior Highlands Appalachian Atlantic Plain Coastal Arctic West Great Lakes Gulf East Historical Acquisitions Thirteen Colonies Northwest Territory Southwest Territory Louisiana Purchase Gadsden Purchase Texas annexation Oregon Treaty Mexican Cession Alaska Purchase Newlands Resolution Civil War Union Border states Confederacy Old South Dixie Slave and free states Theaters Pacific Western Trans - Mississippi Lower Seaboard Eastern Divided Pacific Northwest Atlantic Northeast Prairie Pothole Columbia Oregon Other Appalachia Border states Red states and blue states Central Eastern Four Corners Great Plains High Plains Intermountain Interior Northern Northwest South Central Southern Deep New Upland Southeast Southwest Upper Midwest List Category United States political regions States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. 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when does carrie and sebastian get back together in season 2
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No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( million ) 14 `` Win Some , Lose Some '' Andy Wolk Amy B. Harris October 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 25 ) 4X5201 0.78 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Carrie has been living at Larissa 's apartment in Manhattan for the past three or four weeks of the summer with Walt as her platonic roommate . With Larissa still out of the country , Carrie has been filling in for her at Interview magazine full - time during the day and partying at local nightclubs at night . She has not seen or spoken to either Sebastian or Maggie since their falling out . But by chance during the Fourth of July weekend , Carrie runs into Sebastian when he tags along with Donna to the city to meet Donna 's cousin Samantha Jones , an older woman in her late 20s , who co-manages a rock music nightclub . Carrie declines going with Walt , Sebastian , and Donna and instead goes to her regular hangout where , due to a combination of bad luck and carelessness , her valued purse gets stolen . She later has a chance meeting with Samantha who agrees to help her out of being locked out of her apartment . Back in Castlebury , Mouse invites West as her date to the local golf and tennis club 's July 4th fireworks display where they find Maggie working as a waitress . Mouse is openly hostile towards Maggie for interfering with Carrie and Sebastian 's relationship , but they eventually reconcile after Maggie confides in Mouse that she is only working at the country club to help herself pay for college and fears being stuck in Castlebury for the rest of her life like her parents . Elsewhere , Tom finds out about Dorrit dating Miller and wants to meet him . Dorrit tries to prevent her father from meeting Miller fearing that Tom may find out that she and Miller are in a sexual relationship and that they both take recreational drugs . Miller eventually goes behind Dorrit 's back and meets with Tom where he makes a good impression upon Tom who allows Miller and Dorrit to date . Samantha crashes at Larissas loft with Carrie and Walt and Carrie finds herself with a lifelong friend . 15 `` Express Yourself '' Amy Heckerling Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin November 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 01 ) 4X5202 0.89 With the brash and man - hungry Samantha having crashed with Carrie and Walt for the past three weeks , they are both faced with kicking out Samantha when she makes herself too comfortable . Later , Walt summons the courage to tell Bennet how he feels about him when Bennet takes Walt out to a VIP Z100 concert to celebrate Walt 's 18th birthday . Things go horribly wrong before Bennet can respond when Walt , Bennet , Donna , Mouse , and Carrie come down with a case of food poisoning . Meanwhile , Samantha and Mouse meet and Samantha wastes no time giving Mouse sex tips over how to `` go at it '' with West . Back in Castlebury , Sebastian and Maggie run into each other after three months apart . Sebastian also deals with his estranged father who comes back into town , but is more interested in business then father - son bonding . Elsewhere , Tom invites his girlfriend , Deb , to spend the weekend with him , which does n't go exactly as planned . 16 `` Strings Attached '' Daisy von Scherler Mayer Doug Stockstill November 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 08 ) 4X5203 0.77 Larissa returns from her overseas vacation and gives Carrie and Walt inspiration with zen to take the next step with their lives . Larissa and Samantha take an instant dislike to each other when they first meet since Samantha 's streetwise demeanor and attitude clashes with Larissa 's prim and proper routine . On Carrie 's first day back at school for her senior year , Sebastian asks Doritt for a little help to try to get Carrie to talk with him . Walt fears that Maggie will out his true sexual orientation . Mouse tries to get Maggie to look at more college options despite her lack of interest . Meanwhile , Samantha hooks up with a masked karate instructor as an outlet to her troubled feelings . Elsewhere , Tom is offered a job back at Harlan 's law firm . 17 `` Borderline '' Michael Fields Heney Alonso Myers November 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 15 ) 4X5204 0.78 Carrie pitches Larissa a profile on New York wunderkind playwright Adam Weaver , but when he proves a difficult , yet fascinating , interview , Carrie 's job is on the line . Bennet 's rules in his relationship with Walt force Bennet to acknowledge his real feelings . Carrie and Dorrit are surprised to find a common enemy in Tom 's girlfriend Deb 's ill - behaved son . Meanwhile , Sebastian seeks comfort in the arms of an older woman . 18 5 `` Too Close for Comfort '' Zetna Fuentes Jessica Queller November 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 22 ) 4X5205 0.71 When Sebastian learns that his mother is getting remarried , he asks Carrie 's dad , Tom , for help to make sure she is legally protected . Meanwhile , Carrie is furious when she discovers that Weaver has secretly read her journal . After reading that Carrie is a virgin and apologizing relentlessly , Carrie and Weaver have SEX and Carrie experiences intimacy for the first time . Mouse volunteers to help with the Homecoming float , but tries to distance herself when West wins Homecoming King . Samantha finds herself a new place to live and another unusual job . Elsewhere , Dorrit begins to feel smothered by Miller , especially when he befriends her dad , and Donna gives Dorrit some advice resulting in Dorrit and Millers relationship ending . 19 6 `` The Safety Dance '' David Warren Sascha Rothchild December 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 06 ) 4X5206 0.90 Carrie struggles with what she should write about in her essay . Weaver encourages her to write about what she fears the most but when Carrie decides to write about sex , Weaver tries to help her figure out something better and just ends up getting in the way leading them to later break up . Maggie and Sebastian start to grow closer as Maggie discovers some shocking news : she 's pregnant ! Carrie feels a potential love interest in Sebastian once again after seeing his jacket in her closet and drives to his house to tell him her feelings but instead leaves he jacket on his front foor after seeing Maggie asleep on the couch . Meanwhile , Mouse is apprehensive about applying to safety schools but West thinks it 's good to be on the safe side . Walt takes drastic measures to keep himself safe when Bennet moves to a dangerous neighborhood . Also , Larissa and Samantha plan to have a threesome with Harlan but instead make a sex tape with each other after finding out Harlan is stuck in traffic . 20 7 `` I Heard a Rumor '' Norman Buckley Amy B. Harris December 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 13 ) 4X5207 0.70 Weaver makes some false accusations to the press about Carrie to prevent people from thinking anything bad about him . Samantha brings Carrie , Walt , and Bennet to an event with a raffle with a free trip to Paris as the prize . Carrie meets the journalist who wrote about her , and in spite says awful things about Weaver . Meanwhile , Sebastian lets people think that he 's the father to Maggie 's baby just to keep Maggie 's secret about who the real father is . This makes Carrie decide to call the journalist and tells the truth , that she is the ex that Weaver had said awful words about in the paper . Maggie collapses and ends up in the hospital where she has to partake a major surgery . Elsewhere , Mouse is worried that she and West are boring and therefore tries to spice up their relationship by planting a surprise in West 's backback but then starts to freak out when the `` surprise '' ( a topless Polaroid photo of herself ) is missing . 21 8 `` The Second Time Around '' Janice Cooke Terri Minsky December 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 20 ) 4X5208 0.73 Carrie is excited when she gets the chance to interview the CEO of Bongo Jeans . But Larissa tells Carrie that the interview is Carrie 's last chance to land a piece in Interview magazine or she will be let go . Meanwhile , Mouse gets some news that drives an unexpected wedge between her and West . Sebastian 's estranged father delivers other news that could forever change Sebastian and Carrie 's relationship . Elsewhere , Walt finds himself homeless after his conservative parents kick him out when he 's forced to confess to them his sexual orientation . He moves in with Carrie where he finds a surprising father figure in Carrie 's father Tom . Also , Maggie tries to muster the courage to tell her neglectful father the truth about her past relations with Simon , resulting in him getting fired . He goes to Maggies school and confronts her about his unemployment while Sebastian and Carrie are there . Sebastian and Simon end up fighting , resulting in Sebastian getting expelled . His father supports him for fighting for Maggie and Carrie and tells him they are both moving to California since Sebastian is no longer in school . Carrie and Sebastian decide that they will have a long - distance relationship and hope things work out . Carries article is published in Interview magazie , Sebastian arrives in California with his dad and Walt and Bennet celebrate Christmas with Samantha and Larissa . 22 9 `` Under Pressure '' Andy Wolk Logan Slakter January 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 03 ) 4X5209 0.99 When her father 's away on business for the weekend , Dorrit and her friends have a party . Carrie tries to maintain a long - distance relationship with Sebastian , only to have him show up a month later claiming that he is back for good . Mouse and Donna find common ground to talk and bond over their respective lives . Meanwhile , Tom is invited into the city by Harlan where he asks him to draw up a pre-nuptial agreement after Harlan announces his engagement to Larissa . Larissa lets Sebastian stay in her loft in Manhattan which gives him a chance to start anew . 23 10 `` Date Expectations '' Amy Heckerling Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin January 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 10 ) 4X5210 0.81 On Valentine 's Day , Carrie becomes resentful when Sebastian breaks their dinner date in New York because of a work opportunity for him to meet an investor for his new skateboard clothing business . Walt and Bennet get devastating news that changes their future together , when Bennet learns that one of his former boyfriends has AIDS . The news sends Walt into such a panic that he flees from Bennet and the city , refusing to deal with anything or get tested for the virus . Larissa and Samantha continue their personal feud over Samantha being hired as a nude model of Lady Godiva . Meanwhile , the insecure Maggie accidentally enlists in the US Army , and she 's forced to ask Mouse and Donna for help to retrieve her consent form . Elsewhere , Tom decides to use reverse psychology on Dorrit to encourage her to start dating again by play - acting as the bad parent . 24 11 `` Hungry Like the Wolf '' Sarah Price Henry Alonso Myers January 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 17 ) 4X5211 0.86 Larissa blames Bennet for slacking off since his breakup with Walt , forcing Carrie to cover for him . But when Bennet takes advantage of Carrie 's generosity by continuing to skip work , she takes it upon herself to interview a professional ballerina whom Bennet was assigned to interview . Meanwhile , Samantha makes an unruly decision by seducing a married man while she is looking for a lost parakeet to claim a reward . Sebastian 's future could change forever when his father arrives in town and asks for money , claiming that he is broke from a lifetime of bad investments . Meanwhile , Tom gets taken advantage of by a female lawyer which prompts Doritt to offer Tom her help . Elsewhere , Maggie seeks Mouse and Donna 's advice when her potentially new boyfriend , Pete , comes to visit during his R&R . 25 12 `` This Is the Time '' Jason Reilly Sascha Rothchild January 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 24 ) 4X5212 0.90 Carrie and her friends get together for perhaps the last time before graduation from high school : the senior prom . Since all of them are dateless they attend as a group . Dorrit also tags along with her boyfriend Scott to try to stir up trouble and drama . Meanwhile , Larissa convinces Carrie to rethink her college plans by offering her a full - time job at Interview magazine . Tom learns about this and threatens to financially cut Carrie off if she does not choose to attend college first . Mouse threatens Donna with revealing a secret about Donna 's future plans that could bring Donna to her knees . Walt re-thinks his current situation and decides to reconcile with Bennet . Maggie finds herself uncertain over her future with her Army boyfriend Pete . Elsewhere , Sebastian tries to hide something from Carrie when he is offered a career opportunity to move to California to further his skateboard clothing company . 26 13 `` Run to You '' Andrew McCarthy Amy B. Harris January 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 31 ) 4X5213 0.86 Carrie and all of her friends finally graduate from high school . As a result of Larissa 's firing , Carrie loses her job at Interview magazine and worse still , can not get into NYU for at least a year . Meanwhile , Maggie tries to uncover a secret about her new military man , Pete . Mouse and West get thrown together as co-valedictorians as they prepare to leave for their separate colleges . While attempting to get her life back in order , Carrie temporarily moves in with Sebastian , who 's keeping a secret from her . Elsewhere , Samantha tries to get out of New York City when she has a run - in with her one - time married lover Elliot . After Larissa reveals Carrie 's secret about being fired to her father Tom , he confronts Carrie about her poor judgment and refuses to take her back home . After learning about Carrie 's situation , Sebastian tells her that he is moving to California to further his business and asks her to come . Larissa and Harlan have the biggest wedding of all : at the TWA terminal at JFK International Airport . In the end , Carrie makes a life changing decision to stay in New York City and try to rebuild her life by focusing on writing as well as waitressing .
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The Carrie Diaries ( season 2 )
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the carrie diaries ( season 2 )
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The second and final season of The Carrie Diaries aired from October 25 , 2013 , through January 31 , 2014 , on The CW . The series serves as a prequel to the HBO series Sex and the City .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Recurring cast 2 Episodes 3 Ratings 4 References Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) AnnaSophia Robb as Carrie Bradshaw ( 13 episodes ) Austin Butler as Sebastian Kydd ( 13 episodes ) Lindsey Gort as Samantha Jones ( 10 episodes ) Katie Findlay as Maggie Landers ( 11 episodes ) Brendan Dooling as Walt Reynolds ( 10 episodes ) Ellen Wong as Jill `` Mouse '' Chen ( 13 episodes ) Freema Agyeman as Larissa Loughlin ( 10 episodes ) Stefania Owen as Dorrit Bradshaw ( 10 episodes ) Matt Letscher as Tom Bradshaw ( 12 episodes ) Chloe Bridges as Donna LaDonna ( 10 episodes ) Recurring cast ( edit ) Jake Robinson as Bennet Wilcox ( 9 episodes ) Chris Wood as Adam Weaver ( 4 episodes ) Josh Salatin as Simon Byrnes ( 3 episodes ) Scott Cohen as Harlan Silver ( 4 episodes ) Nadia Dajani as Deb ( 3 episodes ) R.J. Brown as Thomas West ( 7 episodes ) Whitney Vance and Alexandra Miller as the Jens ( 3 episodes ) Evan Crooks as Miller ( 3 episodes ) Giullian Yao Gioiello as Scott ( 3 episodes ) Terry Serpico as Mr. Kydd ( 3 episodes ) Noelle Beck as Mrs. Kydd ( 3 episodes ) Kate Nowlin as Barbara ( 2 episodes ) Molly Sims as Vicky Donovan ( 2 episodes ) Boris McGiver as Eddie Landers ( 2 episodes ) John Boyd as Elliot ( 2 episodes ) Claybourne Elder as Pete ( 3 episodes ) Episodes ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( million ) 14 `` Win Some , Lose Some '' Andy Wolk Amy B. Harris October 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 25 ) 4X5201 0.78 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Carrie has been living at Larissa 's apartment in Manhattan for the past three or four weeks of the summer with Walt as her platonic roommate . With Larissa still out of the country , Carrie has been filling in for her at Interview magazine full - time during the day and partying at local nightclubs at night . She has not seen or spoken to either Sebastian or Maggie since their falling out . But by chance during the Fourth of July weekend , Carrie runs into Sebastian when he tags along with Donna to the city to meet Donna 's cousin Samantha Jones , an older woman in her late 20s , who co-manages a rock music nightclub . Carrie declines going with Walt , Sebastian , and Donna and instead goes to her regular hangout where , due to a combination of bad luck and carelessness , her valued purse gets stolen . She later has a chance meeting with Samantha who agrees to help her out of being locked out of her apartment . Back in Castlebury , Mouse invites West as her date to the local golf and tennis club 's July 4th fireworks display where they find Maggie working as a waitress . Mouse is openly hostile towards Maggie for interfering with Carrie and Sebastian 's relationship , but they eventually reconcile after Maggie confides in Mouse that she is only working at the country club to help herself pay for college and fears being stuck in Castlebury for the rest of her life like her parents . Elsewhere , Tom finds out about Dorrit dating Miller and wants to meet him . Dorrit tries to prevent her father from meeting Miller fearing that Tom may find out that she and Miller are in a sexual relationship and that they both take recreational drugs . Miller eventually goes behind Dorrit 's back and meets with Tom where he makes a good impression upon Tom who allows Miller and Dorrit to date . Samantha crashes at Larissas loft with Carrie and Walt and Carrie finds herself with a lifelong friend . 15 `` Express Yourself '' Amy Heckerling Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin November 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 01 ) 4X5202 0.89 With the brash and man - hungry Samantha having crashed with Carrie and Walt for the past three weeks , they are both faced with kicking out Samantha when she makes herself too comfortable . Later , Walt summons the courage to tell Bennet how he feels about him when Bennet takes Walt out to a VIP Z100 concert to celebrate Walt 's 18th birthday . Things go horribly wrong before Bennet can respond when Walt , Bennet , Donna , Mouse , and Carrie come down with a case of food poisoning . Meanwhile , Samantha and Mouse meet and Samantha wastes no time giving Mouse sex tips over how to `` go at it '' with West . Back in Castlebury , Sebastian and Maggie run into each other after three months apart . Sebastian also deals with his estranged father who comes back into town , but is more interested in business then father - son bonding . Elsewhere , Tom invites his girlfriend , Deb , to spend the weekend with him , which does n't go exactly as planned . 16 `` Strings Attached '' Daisy von Scherler Mayer Doug Stockstill November 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 08 ) 4X5203 0.77 Larissa returns from her overseas vacation and gives Carrie and Walt inspiration with zen to take the next step with their lives . Larissa and Samantha take an instant dislike to each other when they first meet since Samantha 's streetwise demeanor and attitude clashes with Larissa 's prim and proper routine . On Carrie 's first day back at school for her senior year , Sebastian asks Doritt for a little help to try to get Carrie to talk with him . Walt fears that Maggie will out his true sexual orientation . Mouse tries to get Maggie to look at more college options despite her lack of interest . Meanwhile , Samantha hooks up with a masked karate instructor as an outlet to her troubled feelings . Elsewhere , Tom is offered a job back at Harlan 's law firm . 17 `` Borderline '' Michael Fields Heney Alonso Myers November 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 15 ) 4X5204 0.78 Carrie pitches Larissa a profile on New York wunderkind playwright Adam Weaver , but when he proves a difficult , yet fascinating , interview , Carrie 's job is on the line . Bennet 's rules in his relationship with Walt force Bennet to acknowledge his real feelings . Carrie and Dorrit are surprised to find a common enemy in Tom 's girlfriend Deb 's ill - behaved son . Meanwhile , Sebastian seeks comfort in the arms of an older woman . 18 5 `` Too Close for Comfort '' Zetna Fuentes Jessica Queller November 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 22 ) 4X5205 0.71 When Sebastian learns that his mother is getting remarried , he asks Carrie 's dad , Tom , for help to make sure she is legally protected . Meanwhile , Carrie is furious when she discovers that Weaver has secretly read her journal . After reading that Carrie is a virgin and apologizing relentlessly , Carrie and Weaver have SEX and Carrie experiences intimacy for the first time . Mouse volunteers to help with the Homecoming float , but tries to distance herself when West wins Homecoming King . Samantha finds herself a new place to live and another unusual job . Elsewhere , Dorrit begins to feel smothered by Miller , especially when he befriends her dad , and Donna gives Dorrit some advice resulting in Dorrit and Millers relationship ending . 19 6 `` The Safety Dance '' David Warren Sascha Rothchild December 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 06 ) 4X5206 0.90 Carrie struggles with what she should write about in her essay . Weaver encourages her to write about what she fears the most but when Carrie decides to write about sex , Weaver tries to help her figure out something better and just ends up getting in the way leading them to later break up . Maggie and Sebastian start to grow closer as Maggie discovers some shocking news : she 's pregnant ! Carrie feels a potential love interest in Sebastian once again after seeing his jacket in her closet and drives to his house to tell him her feelings but instead leaves he jacket on his front foor after seeing Maggie asleep on the couch . Meanwhile , Mouse is apprehensive about applying to safety schools but West thinks it 's good to be on the safe side . Walt takes drastic measures to keep himself safe when Bennet moves to a dangerous neighborhood . Also , Larissa and Samantha plan to have a threesome with Harlan but instead make a sex tape with each other after finding out Harlan is stuck in traffic . 20 7 `` I Heard a Rumor '' Norman Buckley Amy B. Harris December 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 13 ) 4X5207 0.70 Weaver makes some false accusations to the press about Carrie to prevent people from thinking anything bad about him . Samantha brings Carrie , Walt , and Bennet to an event with a raffle with a free trip to Paris as the prize . Carrie meets the journalist who wrote about her , and in spite says awful things about Weaver . Meanwhile , Sebastian lets people think that he 's the father to Maggie 's baby just to keep Maggie 's secret about who the real father is . This makes Carrie decide to call the journalist and tells the truth , that she is the ex that Weaver had said awful words about in the paper . Maggie collapses and ends up in the hospital where she has to partake a major surgery . Elsewhere , Mouse is worried that she and West are boring and therefore tries to spice up their relationship by planting a surprise in West 's backback but then starts to freak out when the `` surprise '' ( a topless Polaroid photo of herself ) is missing . 21 8 `` The Second Time Around '' Janice Cooke Terri Minsky December 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 20 ) 4X5208 0.73 Carrie is excited when she gets the chance to interview the CEO of Bongo Jeans . But Larissa tells Carrie that the interview is Carrie 's last chance to land a piece in Interview magazine or she will be let go . Meanwhile , Mouse gets some news that drives an unexpected wedge between her and West . Sebastian 's estranged father delivers other news that could forever change Sebastian and Carrie 's relationship . Elsewhere , Walt finds himself homeless after his conservative parents kick him out when he 's forced to confess to them his sexual orientation . He moves in with Carrie where he finds a surprising father figure in Carrie 's father Tom . Also , Maggie tries to muster the courage to tell her neglectful father the truth about her past relations with Simon , resulting in him getting fired . He goes to Maggies school and confronts her about his unemployment while Sebastian and Carrie are there . Sebastian and Simon end up fighting , resulting in Sebastian getting expelled . His father supports him for fighting for Maggie and Carrie and tells him they are both moving to California since Sebastian is no longer in school . Carrie and Sebastian decide that they will have a long - distance relationship and hope things work out . Carries article is published in Interview magazie , Sebastian arrives in California with his dad and Walt and Bennet celebrate Christmas with Samantha and Larissa . 22 9 `` Under Pressure '' Andy Wolk Logan Slakter January 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 03 ) 4X5209 0.99 When her father 's away on business for the weekend , Dorrit and her friends have a party . Carrie tries to maintain a long - distance relationship with Sebastian , only to have him show up a month later claiming that he is back for good . Mouse and Donna find common ground to talk and bond over their respective lives . Meanwhile , Tom is invited into the city by Harlan where he asks him to draw up a pre-nuptial agreement after Harlan announces his engagement to Larissa . Larissa lets Sebastian stay in her loft in Manhattan which gives him a chance to start anew . 23 10 `` Date Expectations '' Amy Heckerling Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin January 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 10 ) 4X5210 0.81 On Valentine 's Day , Carrie becomes resentful when Sebastian breaks their dinner date in New York because of a work opportunity for him to meet an investor for his new skateboard clothing business . Walt and Bennet get devastating news that changes their future together , when Bennet learns that one of his former boyfriends has AIDS . The news sends Walt into such a panic that he flees from Bennet and the city , refusing to deal with anything or get tested for the virus . Larissa and Samantha continue their personal feud over Samantha being hired as a nude model of Lady Godiva . Meanwhile , the insecure Maggie accidentally enlists in the US Army , and she 's forced to ask Mouse and Donna for help to retrieve her consent form . Elsewhere , Tom decides to use reverse psychology on Dorrit to encourage her to start dating again by play - acting as the bad parent . 24 11 `` Hungry Like the Wolf '' Sarah Price Henry Alonso Myers January 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 17 ) 4X5211 0.86 Larissa blames Bennet for slacking off since his breakup with Walt , forcing Carrie to cover for him . But when Bennet takes advantage of Carrie 's generosity by continuing to skip work , she takes it upon herself to interview a professional ballerina whom Bennet was assigned to interview . Meanwhile , Samantha makes an unruly decision by seducing a married man while she is looking for a lost parakeet to claim a reward . Sebastian 's future could change forever when his father arrives in town and asks for money , claiming that he is broke from a lifetime of bad investments . Meanwhile , Tom gets taken advantage of by a female lawyer which prompts Doritt to offer Tom her help . Elsewhere , Maggie seeks Mouse and Donna 's advice when her potentially new boyfriend , Pete , comes to visit during his R&R . 25 12 `` This Is the Time '' Jason Reilly Sascha Rothchild January 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 24 ) 4X5212 0.90 Carrie and her friends get together for perhaps the last time before graduation from high school : the senior prom . Since all of them are dateless they attend as a group . Dorrit also tags along with her boyfriend Scott to try to stir up trouble and drama . Meanwhile , Larissa convinces Carrie to rethink her college plans by offering her a full - time job at Interview magazine . Tom learns about this and threatens to financially cut Carrie off if she does not choose to attend college first . Mouse threatens Donna with revealing a secret about Donna 's future plans that could bring Donna to her knees . Walt re-thinks his current situation and decides to reconcile with Bennet . Maggie finds herself uncertain over her future with her Army boyfriend Pete . Elsewhere , Sebastian tries to hide something from Carrie when he is offered a career opportunity to move to California to further his skateboard clothing company . 26 13 `` Run to You '' Andrew McCarthy Amy B. Harris January 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 31 ) 4X5213 0.86 Carrie and all of her friends finally graduate from high school . As a result of Larissa 's firing , Carrie loses her job at Interview magazine and worse still , can not get into NYU for at least a year . Meanwhile , Maggie tries to uncover a secret about her new military man , Pete . Mouse and West get thrown together as co-valedictorians as they prepare to leave for their separate colleges . While attempting to get her life back in order , Carrie temporarily moves in with Sebastian , who 's keeping a secret from her . Elsewhere , Samantha tries to get out of New York City when she has a run - in with her one - time married lover Elliot . After Larissa reveals Carrie 's secret about being fired to her father Tom , he confronts Carrie about her poor judgment and refuses to take her back home . After learning about Carrie 's situation , Sebastian tells her that he is moving to California to further his business and asks her to come . Larissa and Harlan have the biggest wedding of all : at the TWA terminal at JFK International Airport . In the end , Carrie makes a life changing decision to stay in New York City and try to rebuild her life by focusing on writing as well as waitressing . Ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR Viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) 14 `` Win Some , Lose Some '' 000000002013 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 , 2013 0.3 / 1 0.78 0.2 N / A 0.5 N / A 15 `` Express Yourself '' 000000002013 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 2013 0.3 / 1 0.89 0.2 N / A 0.5 N / A 16 `` Strings Attached '' 000000002013 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2013 0.3 / 1 0.77 0.2 N / A 0.5 N / A 17 `` Borderline '' 000000002013 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2013 0.3 / 1 0.78 0.2 N / A 0.5 N / A 18 5 `` Too Close for Comfort '' 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 0.3 / 1 0.71 0.2 N / A 0.5 N / A 19 6 `` The Safety Dance '' 000000002013 - 12 - 06 - 0000 December 6 , 2013 0.3 / 1 0.90 0.2 N / A 0.5 N / A 20 7 `` I Heard a Rumor '' 000000002013 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2013 0.2 / 1 0.70 0.2 N / A 0.4 N / A 21 8 `` The Second Time Around '' 000000002013 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 2013 0.3 / 1 0.73 0.2 0.32 0.5 1.16 22 9 `` Under Pressure '' 000000002014 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2014 0.4 / 1 0.99 0.1 0.28 0.5 1.28 23 10 `` Date Expectations '' 000000002014 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2014 0.3 / 1 0.81 0.2 N / A 0.5 N / A 24 11 `` Hungry Like the Wolf '' 000000002014 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 2014 0.4 / 1 0.86 N / A N / A N / A N / A 25 12 `` This Is the Time '' 000000002014 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 2014 0.3 / 1 0.90 0.2 N / A 0.5 N / A 26 13 `` Run to You '' 000000002014 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2014 0.3 / 1 0.86 0.2 N / A 0.5 N / A In the netlet 's target demo W18 - 34 , the season premiere averaged 0.3 , doubling the numbers with the following episode to 0.6 . The third episode of the season slipped to 0.5 points . The fourth episode surged to 0.7 , a new season high in that demo . The fifth episode of the season fell to 0.3 . However , the sixth episode rose to 0.5 . The seventh episode dropped to 0.4 . The midseason finale rose to 0.5 . The ninth episode rose again , this time to 0.6 . The tenth episode dropped to 0.4 . The eleventh episode rose to 0.5 . The penultimate episode scored a 0.6 . The season finale tumbled to 0.4 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Nikita ' Renewed For A Short ( Final ? ) 4th Season & ' The Carrie Diaries ' Renewed For 2nd Season '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` The Carrie Diaries Casts Samantha Jones For Season 2 '' . E ! Online . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Slezak , Michael ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` The Carrie Diaries Scoop : Meet Young Samantha ! '' . TV Line . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Carrie Diaries ' Scoop : Chris Wood Cast As Carrie 's New Love '' . Hollywood Life . August 16 , 2013 . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Final TV Ratings : No Adjustments to ' Grimm , ' Dracula ' or ' The Carrie Diaries ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 4 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Shark Tank ' Adjusted Up , ' Blue Bloods ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' Grimm ' or ' Dracula ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Dracula ' & ' The Neighbors ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 18 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' , ' Undercover Boss ' , ' Grimm ' & ' Raising Hope ' Adjusted Up ; ' Last Man Standing ' , ' The Carrie Diaries ' & ' The Neighbors ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 25 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Raising Hope ' & ' Where Were You When JFK Died ? ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' Nikita ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 9 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Bones ' & ' Raising Hope ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Neighbors ' & ' The Carrie Diaries ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for ' Last Man Standing ' , ' Raising Hope ' or ' The Carrie Diaries ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' & ' Blue Bloods ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 6 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Grimm ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dracula ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 21 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : No Adjustments to ' Grimm ' , ' Dracula ' , ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' or ' The Carrie Diaries ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 27 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' The Neighbors ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' Enlisted ' or ' The Carrie Diaries ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 3 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Carrie Diaries ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase , ' Beauty and the Beast ' Earns Biggest Percentage Gain , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Increases in Week 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 18 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Blacklist ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Top Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase , ' Beauty and the Beast ' , ' Parenthood ' & ' Nashville ' Lead Percentage Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Increases in Week 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 25 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase , ' Dracula ' Leads Percentage Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Increases in Week 7 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase , ' Elementary ' Leads Percentage Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Increases in Week 8 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : DarkUFO ( December 10 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings - Week 9 ( 18th Nov - 24th Nov 2013 ) '' . Spoiler TV . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 Ratings , ' Glee ' Leads Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Wins Total Viewer Increase in Week 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 30 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains , ' Grimm ' Leads Percentage Increase in Week 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 6 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' How I Met Your Mother ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 , ' Almost Human ' & ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' Lead Percentage Increase , ' Person of Interest ' Biggest Viewership Gains in Week 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 21 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings & Total Viewership Increase , ' Elementary ' Tops Percentage Gains in Week 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 26 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings & Total Viewer Increase , ' Enlisted ' Tops Percentage Gains in Week 16 ( Updated ) '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 10 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings Gain , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage & Total Viewer Increase in Week 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings Gain , ' Beauty and the Beast ' Tops Percentage Gain & ' The Blacklist ' Has Largest Total Viewer Increase in Week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - The CW Is Up + 9 % Year to Year in Total Viewers and + 10 % in Adults 18 - 49 '' . The Futon Critic . November 5 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Friday 's Broadcast Ratings : CBS Tops Viewers , Shares Demo Crown with ABC '' . The Futon Critic . November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Broadcast Ratings : CBS Pulls in Front Among Viewers , Demos '' . The Futon Critic . November 16 , 2013 . Retrieved November 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Broadcast Ratings : CBS Tops Viewers , Splits Demos with ABC '' . The Futon Critic . November 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Broadcast Ratings : ABC Tops Viewers , Shares Demos with NBC '' . The Futon Critic . December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Broadcast Ratings : `` I Love Lucy Christmas Special '' Sparks CBS Victory `` . The Futon Critic . December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Broadcast Ratings : FOX Rides the Cotton Bowl to Victory '' . The Futon Critic . January 3 , 2014 . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Broadcast Ratings : ABC Wins Demo Race with `` Shark Tank '' `` . The Futon Critic . January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Broadcast Ratings : ABC Tops Demos Once Again with `` Shark Tank '' `` . The Futon Critic . January 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Broadcast Ratings : `` Shark Tank '' Powers Another Demo Victory for ABC `` . The Futon Critic . January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Broadcast Ratings : `` Shark Tank '' Helps ABC Hold Off CBS in Demos `` . The Futon Critic . February 1 , 2014 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Carrie_Diaries_(season_2)&oldid=819020949 '' Categories : 2013 American television seasons 2014 American television seasons Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from January 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 23 : 14 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Carrie%20Diaries%20%28season%202%29
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from the notebooks of a middle school princess summary
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From the Notebooks of a Middle School Princess
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from the notebooks of a middle school princess
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From the Notebooks of a Middle School Princess is a 2015 children 's novel written and illustrated by Meg Cabot and a spinoff of the author 's popular young adult fiction series , The Princess Diaries . The book was released on May 19 , 2015 through Feiwel & Friends and follows Olivia , a bi-racial 12 - year - old who finds out she is the half - sister of Princess Mia Thermopolis .
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The story of Olivia 's adventures is written diary - style with the author 's illustrations mixed in . Of the novel , Cabot has stated that the character of Olivia differs from Mia in that she 's `` much less neurotic , much more stable '' and that her upbringing made the character have a greater appreciation for discovering that she 's a princess with previously unknown family members , as she `` has n't been loved to the degree that Mia has . I mean , Olivia actually likes her grandmother , really appreciates her , and she 's very excited to have this happen to her . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Reception 3 References 4 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Olivia , full name `` Olivia Grace Clarisse Mignonette Harrison '' , has always been completely average at everything other than art . Other than being an orphan , her life has been fairly uneventful . This all changes when Princess Mia arrives and invites her to come and meet the father that she 's never met , Prince Phillipe , which makes Mia her half sister . Now Olivia is being whisked off to live with her father and half - sister in a world where she is now a princess in training . How will this change her and will it require leaving everything and more specifically everyone she has ever known behind ? Reception ( edit ) Critical reception has been positive . The School Library Journal and the Horn Book Guide both reviewed From the Notebooks of a Middle School Princess , with the School Library Journal writing that the `` bubble - gum flavored contemporary tale will be a perfect fit for Fancy Nancy alumni and readers not quite ready for Cabot 's longer novels '' . Booklist and Kirkus Reviews also gave favorable reviews , and Booklist felt that `` this entertaining , quickly absorbing read will have readers anticipating the sequel . '' The Bulletin of the Center for Children 's Books was more critical , as they commented that `` fans of the earlier series may find this too familiar of a retread '' but also stated that `` Olivia has an amusing and self - deprecating wit that makes the narration breezy and accessible , and Cabot 's black and white illustrations liven up the tale . '' Children 's literature portal Novels portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kozinn , Allan ( 2 May 2014 ) . `` New ' Princess Diaries ' Books Coming , for Older and Younger Readers '' . ArtsBeat . New York Times . Retrieved 28 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Sellers , John . `` PW KidsCast : A Conversation with Meg Cabot '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenfeld , Shelle ( 1 May 2015 ) . `` Booklist Review - From the Notebooks of a Middle School Princess '' . Booklist . Jump up ^ Maggs , Sam . `` The Mary Sue Interview : Meg Cabot on Her Middle - School Princess , and Her First - Ever Princess Diaries Novel for Adults '' . The Mary Sue . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Langlie , Laura ( 9 March 2015 ) . `` From the Notebooks of a Middle School Princess . Meg Cabot , Author '' . Publishers Weekly . Jump up ^ `` From the Notebooks of a Middle School Princess - Book Review '' . Commonsensemedia . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` From the Notebooks of a Middle School Princess ( review ) '' . School Library Journal . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` From the Notebooks of a Middle School Princess ( review ) '' . Horn Book Guide . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` From the Notebooks of a Middle School Princess - Kirkus Review '' . Kirkus Reviews . 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Quealy - Gainer , Kate ( 2015 ) . `` From the Notebooks of a Middle School Princess ( review ) '' . Bulletin of the Center for Children 's Books . 68 ( 11 ) : 539 . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Princess Diaries series by Meg Cabot Novels The Princess Diaries Princess in the Spotlight Princess in Love Princess in Waiting Princess in Pink Princess in Training Party Princess Princess on the Brink Princess Mia Forever Princess Royal Wedding Novellas Project Princess The Princess Present Sweet Sixteen Princess Valentine Princess Spin - off From the Notebooks of a Middle School Princess Royal Wedding Disaster Related articles Mia Thermopolis The Princess Diaries movie The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement Works by Meg Cabot The Princess Diaries novel series The Princess Diaries ( 2000 ) Princess in the Spotlight ( 2001 ) Princess in Love ( 2002 ) Princess in Waiting ( 2003 ) Project Princess ( 2003 ) Princess in Pink ( 2004 ) The Princess Present ( 2004 ) Princess in Training ( 2005 ) Party Princess ( 2006 ) Sweet Sixteen Princess ( 2006 ) Valentine Princess ( 2006 ) Princess on the Brink ( 2007 ) Princess Mia ( 2008 ) Forever Princess ( 2009 ) The Princess Diaries , Volume XI : Royal Wedding ( 2015 ) The Mediator novel series Shadowland ( 2000 ) Ninth Key ( 2001 ) Reunion ( 2001 ) Darkest Hour ( 2001 ) Haunted ( 2003 ) Twilight ( 2004 ) All - American Girl novel series All - American Girl ( 2002 ) Ready or Not : An All - American Girl Novel ( 2005 ) Avalon High novel series Avalon High ( 2005 ) Airhead novel series Airhead ( 2008 ) Being Nikki ( 2009 ) Runaway ( 2010 ) `` Boy '' novel series The Boy Next Door ( 2002 ) Boy Meets Girl ( 2004 ) Every Boy 's Got One ( 2005 ) Other novels Teen Idol ( 2004 ) How to Be Popular ( 2006 ) Jinx ( 2007 ) Pants on Fire ( 2007 ) Allie Finkle 's Rules for Girls This article about a children 's novel of the 2010s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . See guidelines for writing about novels . Further suggestions might be found on the article 's talk page . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=From_the_Notebooks_of_a_Middle_School_Princess&oldid=787384971 '' Categories : 2015 American novels Novels by Meg Cabot American children 's novels 2015 children 's books Children 's novel stubs 2010s novel stubs Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Official website not in Wikidata All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 June 2017 , at 02 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From%20the%20Notebooks%20of%20a%20Middle%20School%20Princess
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sketch the character of rosalind in as you like it
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Rosalind ( as You Like It )
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rosalind ( as you like it )
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Rosalind is the heroine and protagonist of the play As You Like It ( 1600 ) by William Shakespeare .
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She is the beautiful daughter of the exiled Duke Senior and niece to his usurping brother Duke Frederick . Her father is banished from the kingdom which breaks her heart . She then meets Orlando , one of her father 's friends ' son and falls in love with him . After angering her uncle , she leaves his court for exile in the Forest of Arden . Disguised as a shepherd named Ganymede , Rosalind lives with her sweet and devoted cousin , Celia ( who is disguised as Ganymede 's sister , Aliena ) , and Duke Frederick 's fool Touchstone . Eventually , Rosalind is reunited with her father and married to her faithful lover , Orlando . Rosalind is one of Shakespeare 's most recognized heroines . Admired for her intelligence , quick wit , and beauty , Rosalind is a vital character in `` As You Like It . '' Most commonly seen next to her beloved cousin Celia , Rosalind is also a faithful friend , leader , and schemer . She stays true to her family and friends throughout the entire story , no matter how dangerous the consequences . Rosalind dominates the stage . Her true decision - making skills can be seen in the last scene of Act V ( 5 ) where she has to present herself as Rosalind to her father and to Orlando , but at the same time change Phebe 's opinion to marry Silvius . She is the main character of the play who extracts the clarity of important traits in other characters . Art and stage depictions ( edit ) Rosalind has been played by various notable actresses including Elizabeth Bergner in a 1936 film opposite Laurence Olivier as Orlando , Vanessa Redgrave rose to fame playing the part in 1960 with the Royal Shakespeare Company , Helena Bonham Carter in the 2000 BBC Radio 4 version , Helen Mirren in the 1978 BBC version of the play directed by Basil Coleman , and Bryce Dallas Howard in the 2006 production directed by Kenneth Branagh . American actress Patti LuPone played the role at the Guthrie Theatre in Minneapolis , after her award - winning portrayal of Eva Peron in the original Broadway run of Evita . This caused much speculation because LuPone was leaving the Broadway stage and moving to `` regional '' work . Adrian Lester won a Time Out Award for his performance as Rosalind in Cheek by Jowl 's 1991 production of As You Like It . A male actor in the role ( as would have been the norm in Shakespeare 's time ) underlines the confusion of gender roles within the play : at one point , a male actor is playing a woman who is pretending to be a man acting the part of a woman . Source of the name ( edit ) Rosalynde is the heroine of Lodge 's Euphues ' Golden Legacy . ' Faire Rosalind ' had , however , at this time , acquired a fresh poetic fame as the object of Spenser 's attachment , celebrated in his Shephearde 's Calendar , 1579 , and Colin Clouts Come Home Againe , 1595 . ' Of all the sweet feminine names compounded from Rosa , that of Rosa - linda seems to be the most elegant , and therefore most befitting that particular character of ideal beauty which the dramatist here assigns to his imaginary princess . Ganymede , the name she assumes in her disguise as a forest youth , is that of ' Jove 's own page ' ( I , iii , 127 ) , the most beautiful of all mortals , son of Tros and Callirrhoe , chosen by Jupiter to be his cup - bearer , and to dwell among the gods as his chosen servant . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Elizabeth Bergner Jump up ^ As You Like It ( 1978 ) at the Internet Movie Database , http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0077180/ William Shakespeare 's As You Like It Characters Rosalind Orlando Celia Jaques Touchstone Screen 1912 1936 1978 ( TV ) 1994 ( TV ) 2006 Related `` All the world 's a stage '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosalind_(As_You_Like_It)&oldid=779462158 '' Categories : Female Shakespearean characters Fictional characters introduced in 1600 Fictional androgynes Fictional cross-dressers Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 May 2017 , at 01 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind%20%28As%20You%20Like%20It%29
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when do they find out charlie is ivy
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Ivy Dickens
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ivy dickens
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Ivy Dickens ( former alias : Charlotte `` Charlie '' Rhodes ) is a fictional character who exclusively appears in the Gossip Girl television adaptation , portrayed by Kaylee DeFer . She first appears in `` The Kids Stay in the Picture , '' initially appearing as Serena 's estranged cousin , Charlie Rhodes , whom Serena takes under her wing and introduces to the Upper East Side . The fourth season finale `` The Wrong Goodbye , '' reveals her true identity as Ivy Dickens , a struggling actress and con artist hired by Carol Rhodes to pose as her daughter in order to gain access to the real Charlie Rhodes ' trust fund .
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DeFer was promoted to series regular for the fifth season in light of cast members Taylor Momsen and Jessica Szohr 's departure . She is the newest addition to the female cast of Gossip Girl villains , joining the likes of Georgina Sparks and Juliet Sharp . Contents ( hide ) 1 Television series 1.1 Casting and characterization 1.2 Season 4 1.3 Season 5 1.4 Season 6 2 Reception 3 References Television series ( edit ) Casting and characterization ( edit ) Introduced in the fourth season , DeFer was set to join the cast as Carol 's daughter and Serena and Eric 's cousin , Charlie Rhodes . DeFer 's contract with the show also included the possibility of her becoming a series regular for the fifth season . She first auditioned for the role of Raina Thorpe . However , that role went to Tika Sumpter . DeFer was called back for the role of Charlie Rhodes , with the show 's writers stating that they were writing something new for her character . DeFer had also previously worked with Gossip Girl executive producers , Stephanie Savage and Joe Lazarov as well as Penn Badgley in The Mountain . Executive producer Joshua Safran later commented on her introduction and the perception that the character brought to the show . `` We always like it when we have new people who are witnessing this world for the first time ... For Charlie , it 's like trial by fire . From reading Gossip Girl for the first time or going to your first event , all that stuff we get to do over again in a new way . '' Charlie 's integration also made her a voice for the audience and critics of Gossip Girl . TV Fanatic warmly welcomed her character , stating that she `` good - naturedly mocked the show and its often convoluted plot lines . '' DeFer would later reveal details behind her character 's involvement in the fourth season finale , `` As far as I know I 'm just in the next five episodes until the season finale , and then I have no idea . But I really hope we get the opportunity to finish what Charlie started as I think it 's going to be a story - line that people will really want to follow . '' DeFer also states that Charlie is more relatable in comparison to other characters that have appeared in the show . `` She is such a real person , not being from that life and what not ... '' Season 4 ( edit ) The character is first introduced in the second half of season four as Charlotte `` Charlie '' Rhodes , the estranged cousin of Serena and Eric van der Woodsen . Under the guise of Charlie Rhodes , she experiences the world of the Upper East Side , becoming particularly close with Dan Humphrey , though Dan puts a stop to the budding relationship because of his history with Serena . However , upon learning that Vanessa Abrams had intentionally sabotaged a meeting Charlie had organized , Dan allows himself to become closer to Charlie while severing his ties with Vanessa . The two then begin an awkward relationship which concludes in the season 's penultimate episode when Charlie , dressed like Serena , demands that Dan call her by Serena 's name . It is later revealed that Charlie suffers from bi-polar disorder and she has stopped taking her medication . She leaves the Upper East Side and meets up with her mother , Carol . In the season 's final moments , `` Charlie Rhodes '' is revealed to be Ivy Dickens , an aspiring actress that Carol hired to gain access to her daughter 's trust fund . In her final scene she puts a napkin with Georgina 's number in her bag which hints that the two will team up in the fifth season . With regard to her involvement in the finale , DeFer discussed her character 's involvement . `` Charlie has a great deal to do with the season finale ... but what I am allowed to say is that Charlie does mix it up with every character . '' Season 5 ( edit ) In between the fourth and fifth seasons , after returning to Miami , Ivy moved to Los Angeles with her boyfriend , Max , in order to become an actress . Ivy later runs into Serena at a restaurant that she and her boyfriend both work at and Serena , under the impression that Ivy is Charlie , offers to have Ivy move in with her . Ivy declines , looking for several ways to get out of the situation , but Serena convinces her to move back to New York with her . After she and Serena return to New York , Charlie overhears that Carol is returning to New York and that Lily refuses to deceive her and she tells Serena that she is leaving . Serena , however , has seen this coming and asks her to return her tickets to a fashion show . When Charlie arrives , she discovers that Serena actually had her take her place as a model . After a conversation with Blair , she decides to stay . Her excitement does not last as she runs into Carol with Lily and Rufus , who had no idea that she had returned . After a confrontation with Carol , Ivy states that the family that Carol hates has been kinder to her than her own and that everything in New York ' sparkles ' and she refuses to give that up and that the van der Woodsens would have a problem should it ever come out that Carol had hired her to impersonate Charlie in order to gain access to her trust fund . After this conversation , Carol tells Ivy that she is on her own and that Carol will not help Ivy any more should her real identity ever be discovered before returning to Miami . Ivy later panics when she learns that she has left her cell phone at the fashion show , as she believes her true identity will be discovered . She is unaware , however , that her phone , along with several others , had been stolen by Nate Archibald and his shrewd boss Diana . After a conversation with Nate about the phone , she offers to help him find the owner in attempt to retrieve it . After she has accomplished this , however , Diana has discovered the connection between Ivy and Charlie and agrees to keep silent as long as Ivy works for her . Under Diana 's control , Ivy is forced to procure gossip for Diana 's use . She later finds the files that Bart Bass kept on Serena , Lily , Eric and himself , while Nate convinces her to leave them , she does not and in turn hands them over to Diana . Ivy later competes to become a bridesmaid for Blair in order to get the scoop on her wedding for Diana , where her final task is to secure a kiss from Nate . They later attend the launch party of Diana 's revamped ' Spectator ' where they use each other to reach their own ends ; Ivy to win Blair 's bridesmaid spot and Nate to make Diana jealous , unknown to the other . Diana later confronts Ivy and threatens to reveal her secret , while Ivy is adamant that she had no idea that she was the one Nate wanted to make jealous . Diana later reveals to Nate and Ivy that they had been deceiving each other , leaving them angry at one another . Although Ivy has developed feelings for Nate , Diana has threatened her to stay away from him . This changes , however , when she finds out that Ivy 's ex-boyfriend , Max , is in town looking for her and sets up an elaborate plot that very nearly causes her secret to be revealed . Max finds Gossip Girl 's website , along with a picture of Ivy under ' Charlie Rhodes ' . He tracks Ivy down at the Van der Woodsen loft and Ivy is backed into a corner where she tells Lily and Max that her mother made her change her name to Ivy in order to avoid being used for her money . While discussing this later , Ivy offers Max money to leave town and start his restaurant in Portland , Oregon . When he finds out that Ivy is actually impersonating Charlie Rhodes , he blackmails Ivy into giving him more money than she had originally offered before deciding to stay in town . When Carol and CeCe return to town however , Carol tries to help Ivy out of her trouble with Max by getting CeCe to unlock the rest of Charlie 's trust fund , which she does . After Ivy convinces Serena to drop her date with Max on Carol 's advice , Max shows up to the party and attempts to out Charlie as Ivy to the rest of the Rhodes / Van der Woodsen family . It is Carol , however , that convinces the family that Max is lying , later telling Ivy that if the family found out what has happened to the real Charlie Rhodes , Ivy would n't be the only one out . Carol tells Ivy that she may now leave New York and start a new life with the wealth she now possesses . Ivy , however , tells her that she does n't care about the wealth and luxury of being a part of the family , and that Carol can have the trust fund , since all she really wants is a family to call her own . Max continues to threaten Ivy , taking her story to Nate , who has already been warned by the Van der Woodsens . When this fails , Max takes his story to Nate 's cousin Trip who is a congressman , on the eve of Charlie 's debut into the Upper East Side society . When Max shows up at her party , Ivy sends a blast to Gossip Girl about Blair and Chuck being there as well , sending the paparazzi into the party as well . When Blair and Chuck get into a life - threatening car accident after being tailed by the paparazzi , Ivy confesses to Rufus that she is a fraud , but before he can respond , Lily arrives with news that Blair is awake and responding , but Chuck is not . Overwhelmed with guilt , Ivy calls Carol and asks her to help her leave the Upper East Side for good . A few weeks later , concerned by Charlie 's long absence , Lily hires a private investigator to find her , but the private investigator instead finds the real Charlie Rhodes , who is attending school at Juilliard . When Lily and the `` real Charlie '' meet , they do not recognize each other and nor do they seem to be aware of each other 's existence . Ivy returns briefly , looking for Lily . She finds Rufus instead , but is told where Lily can be found . Georgina discovers that Ivy is back and blackmails her into attending Nate 's party . While at Nate 's party , Ivy runs into the real Charlie Rhodes , who goes by the alias ' Lola ' and it is revealed that they took the same acting class where they grew up in Florida . Ivy attempts to leave again , but is spotted by Nate , still not knowing the truth about either of them . Nate makes a comment to Charlie about Ivy leading Charlie to get suspicious . When Ivy can finally leave , it is revealed that she has been visiting CeCe the whole time she was away . CeCe 's condition worsens and Ivy is forced to take her to the hospital , where she has a run in with the Van der Woodsens and Carol . When Charlie arrives , Ivy and Carol finally tell the truth about Carol 's scheme and Ivy 's role in it . Ivy is turned away by the Van der Woodsens . Following this , Ivy turns to Georgina and the two later crash CeCe 's wake , during which , through the reading of CeCe 's will , Ivy is left everything under her legal name instead of her alias Charlie Rhodes , revealing that CeCe knew about the fact that Ivy is n't her real granddaughter . After this revelation , Ivy kicks Lily and Rufus out of the apartment as it had been paid for by CeCe and was now hers . Ivy throws a party to commemorate the Celia Rhodes Foundation and to gain acceptance in the Upper East Side . She believes she has found an ally in William van der Woodsen after he agrees to persuade people to attend the party in exchange for money , however , it is later revealed he is working with Lily to gather evidence against Ivy to take her to court and contest CeCe 's will . After a courtroom hearing , Ivy loses all of her inheritance after Lily bribes CeCe 's nurse to testify against Ivy so she can re-claim Ivy 's share of the inheritance . Rufus takes pity on Ivy being without a home and family , and pays for her stay at a hotel . Lily finds this out later on and they fight , and Rufus returns to Brooklyn . Ivy later visits Lily and tries to seek her acceptance , confessing that she really wanted to be part of her family . Lily rejects her but offers her a cheque of 1 million dollars , asking her to leave and never return . Ivy leaves the apartment and tears up the cheque , revealing her confession was genuine . Later , Lily has Carol Rhodes arrested and charged with fraud in order to acquire her share of CeCe 's estate for herself . After William van der Woodsen takes pity on Charlie ' Lola ' Rhodes , he gives her Carol 's share of CeCe 's wealth so she can live on . In the final episode of the season , Lola signs over her entire half of Cece 's estate to Ivy and asks her to do one favor in return : Take Lily down in revenge for Carol 's imprisonment and her manipulation of events . Ivy accepts , more than happy to help after her rejection . Season 6 ( edit ) Ivy looks in on Rufus after Lilly annuls their marriage and the two soon become lovers . However , Ivy is actually sleeping with Lilly 's ex-husband William and using Bart in a plot to take down Lilly . When Rufus sees the two kissing ( although not seeing William 's face ) , he breaks up with Ivy . Ivy helps Blair in her plans to try and take down Chuck 's father and when the man dies , she believes it 's finally time she and William come out in public as a couple . However , when she meets William , he is with Lilly and claims to have never met Ivy before . Ivy tries to tell Lilly of their relationship but Lilly does n't believe her . After Lilly leaves , William informs Ivy he was using her all along to break up Lilly and Rufus so he could finally have Lilly to himself . He coldly informs Ivy nobody wants her around and she should just take her money and leave . In the final scene ( set five years later ) Ivy has written a book about her experiences that 's being made into a movie . Reception ( edit ) The critical reception of the character had been positive until the start of Season 5 . During the series fourth season , Charlie became the subject of praise with her successful integration into the Upper East Side . TV Fanatic praised and welcomed her presence on the show . In the episode The Princesses and the Frog , Steve Marsi praised her choice of confronting Vanessa alone , calling her `` a natural '' at schemes and that `` even an outsider can thoroughly outshine an outcast . '' TV Guide praised the ousting of Vanessa by Charlie , stating that `` it did n't take her long to cross over to `` the other side '' `` . Beginning in the fifth season , however , her character began to receive less than favorable reviews . NY Mag and The Baltimore Sun referred to the Charlie / Ivy plot as `` ridiculous '' . The Wall Street Journal suggested that the storyline was repetitive , baring too much of a resemblance to the Juliet and Vanessa plot in the previous season . Sharon Tharp of Ology wrote that the Charlie / Ivy plot was predictable and earned `` too much screentime '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Gossip Girl - Season 5 - Kaylee DeFer '' . CWTelevision . YouTube . 2011 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 9 , 2011 ) . `` Gossip Girl Exclusive : Taylor Momsen and Jessica Szohr Not Returning For Season 5 '' . TV Line . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( March 1 , 2011 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on Glee , House , Gossip Girl , HIMYM , Modern Family and More ! '' . TV Line . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` We Shine the Spotlight on the Newest GOSSIP GIRL Kaylee DeFer '' . the TV addict. 2011 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( 2011 - 04 - 18 ) . `` ' Gossip Girl ' scoop : Meet Serena 's cousin , Charlie '' . EW.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Marsi , Steve ( April 25 , 2011 ) . `` Gossip Girl Review : You and I Are Not Friends '' . Tv Fanatic . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Marsi , Steve ( 2011 - 05 - 03 ) . `` Gossip Girl Review : Royal Wedding Dreams , Awful Schemes '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Ostlie , Ashley ( 2011 - 05 - 03 ) . `` Gossip Girl Episode Recap : `` The Princesses and the Frog '' `` . TV Guide . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Pressler , Jessica ( 2011 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Gossip Girl Recap : I 'd Hoped Denial Would Last Longer As a Coping Mechanism '' . NY Magazine . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Lefavor , Laura ( 2011 - 10 - 04 ) . `` ' Gossip Girl ' recap : Beauty and the Feast '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Fallik , Dawn ( 2011 - 10 - 03 ) . `` ' Gossip Girl ' Season 5 , Episode 2 , ' Beauty and The Feast ' : TV Recap '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Tharp , Sharon ( 2011 - 10 - 03 ) . `` ' Gossip Girl ' Recap : `` The Jewel Of Denial '' `` . Ology . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Tharp , Sharon ( 2011 - 10 - 04 ) . `` ' Gossip Girl ' Recap : `` Beauty And The Feast '' `` . Ology . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 14 . ( hide ) Gossip Girl Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Wild Brunch '' `` Victor , Victrola '' `` Hi , Society '' `` The Thin Line Between Chuck and Nate '' `` Desperately Seeking Serena '' `` All About My Brother '' `` Much ' I Do ' About Nothing '' Season 2 `` Summer , Kind of Wonderful '' `` Never Been Marcused '' `` The Dark Night '' `` The Ex Files '' `` The Serena Also Rises '' `` Seder Anything '' `` Valley Girls '' `` The Goodbye Gossip Girl '' Season 3 `` Reversals of Fortune '' `` The Freshman '' `` The Lost Boy '' `` Enough About Eve '' `` They Shoot Humphreys , Do n't They ? '' `` The Last Days of Disco Stick '' `` The Debarted '' `` The Hurt Locket '' `` Last Tango , Then Paris '' Season 4 `` Belles de Jour '' `` Double Identity '' `` The Undergraduates '' `` Touch of Eva '' `` Easy J '' `` Gaslit '' `` The Townie '' `` Petty in Pink '' `` The Princesses and the Frog '' `` The Wrong Goodbye '' Season 5 `` Yes , Then Zero '' `` All the Pretty Sources '' `` Rhodes to Perdition '' `` Riding in Town Cars with Boys '' `` The End of the Affair ? '' `` Father and the Bride '' `` G.G. '' `` The Backup Dan '' Season 6 `` Gone Maybe Gone '' `` New York , I Love You XOXO '' Characters Serena van der Woodsen Blair Waldorf Dan Humphrey Nate Archibald Jenny Humphrey Chuck Bass Vanessa Abrams Eric van der Woodsen Lily van der Woodsen Rufus Humphrey Georgina Sparks Juliet Sharp Ivy Dickens Lola Rhodes Related Gossip Girl novel series The It Girl novel series OMFGG -- Original Music Featured on Gossip Girl No. 1 Gossip Girl : Acapulco episodes Gossip Girl : Thailand The Transcenders Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_Dickens&oldid=793894621 '' Categories : Gossip Girl characters Fictional characters from New York City Fictional socialites Fictional characters introduced in 2011 Fictional con artists Fictional impostors Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2017 , at 16 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy%20Dickens
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what college newspaper refers to itself as the oldest college newspaper in michigan
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The Collegian is the oldest college newspaper in Michigan . The paper 's history traces back to 1878 , when the Hillsdale Herald was first published . The administration started The Collegian in 1893 as a rival paper to the Herald .
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The Collegian
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The Collegian ( Hillsdale College )
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the collegian ( hillsdale college )
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The Collegian , of Hillsdale College , has been the weekly student newspaper of record published by Hillsdale College and its students in Hillsdale , Michigan in one form or another since 1878 . The publication is staffed by students , many of whom are members of the Herbert H. Dow II program in American journalism . In addition to its weekly printing , the paper is available online .
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History and description ( edit ) The Collegian is the oldest college newspaper in Michigan . The paper 's history traces back to 1878 , when the Hillsdale Herald was first published . The administration started The Collegian in 1893 as a rival paper to the Herald . In 1896 , the two papers merged and became the Herald - Collegian . Eventually , the newspaper dropped the Herald and became The Collegian of Hillsdale College . Today it is known simply as The Collegian . In 2014 , staff at the Kalamazoo College Index claimed that the Index predated the Collegian . But , after an investigation by the Collegian 's Editor - in - Chief at the time , it was determined that Hillsdale is Michigan 's oldest college newspaper . The Index began as a publication in 1877 , which predates the Hillsdale Herald , but did not become a newspaper until 1916 , 20 years after the Herald had merged with the Collegian to become the Hillsdale Herald - Collegian . The Collegian has won several Michigan Press Association awards including General Excellence in 2011 . The newspaper had a three - year streak in 2007 , 2008 and 2009 where editors of the paper were named Journalists of the Year by the Michigan Press Association . Reporters for the newspaper have gone on to write for The Wall Street Journal , the Washington Times , the Washington Examiner , National Review , The Daily , Congressional Quarterly , The Daily Caller , The Hill , the New York Times , Gannett newspapers and more . Several of its reporters have gone on to become Pulliam Fellows . The paper asserts itself as a training ground for journalists as well as a service to the campus , alumni community , and supporters of the college . External links ( edit ) The Hillsdale Collegian References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.kzoo.edu/index/article/index-throwback/ Hillsdale College Facilities Frank `` Muddy '' Waters Stadium Hillsdale Academy Slayton Arboretum Athletics Hillsdale Chargers Media The Collegian Imprimis People List of Hillsdale College alumni List of Presidents of Hillsdale College This article about a university or college in Michigan is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article about a Michigan newspaper is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Collegian_(Hillsdale_College)&oldid=793736435 '' Categories : Hillsdale College Student newspapers published in Michigan Publications established in 1878 Midwestern United States university stubs Michigan school stubs Midwestern United States newspaper stubs Michigan stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 August 2017 , at 16 : 36 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Collegian%20%28Hillsdale%20College%29
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when you combine an egg with the material in pollen you get
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Once a pollen grain settles on a compatible pistil , it may germinate in response to a sugary fluid secreted by the mature stigma of certain plants . Lipids at the surface of the stigma may also stimulate pollen tube growth for compatible pollen . Plants that are self - sterile often inhibit the pollen grains from their own flowers from growing pollen tubes . The presence of multiple grains of pollen has been observed to stimulate quicker pollen tube growth in some plants . The vegetative cell then produces the pollen tube , a tubular protrusion from the pollen grain , which carries the sperm cells within its cytoplasm . The sperm cells are the male gametes that will join with the egg cell and the central cell in double fertilization .
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double fertilization
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Pollen tube
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pollen tube
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A pollen tube is part of the male gametophyte of seed plants . It acts as a conduit to transport the male gamete cells from the pollen grain , either from the stigma ( in flowering plants ) to the ovules . In maize , this single cell can grow longer than 12 inches to traverse the length of the pistil .
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Pollen tubes were first discovered by Giovanni Battista Amici . Contents ( hide ) 1 The pollen tube in Angiosperms 2 Pollen tubes used to study cell physiology 3 Pollen tube guidance 4 DNA repair 5 See also 6 References 7 External links The pollen tube in angiosperms ( edit ) Angiosperm life cycle . Angiosperm reproduction is a complex process that includes several steps that may vary among species . Each step is a vast procedure in its own right . Pollen is produced by the stamen , the male reproductive organ of the flower . Each pollen grain contains a vegetative cell , and a generative cell that divides to form two sperm cells . The pollen is delivered by the opening of anthers for subsequent pollination , that is , for the transfer of pollen grains to the pistil , the female reproductive organ . Pollination is usually carried out by wind , water or insects . The ovaries hold the ovules that produce the female gamete : the egg cell , which waits in place for fertilization . Once a pollen grain settles on a compatible pistil , it may germinate in response to a sugary fluid secreted by the mature stigma of certain plants . Lipids at the surface of the stigma may also stimulate pollen tube growth for compatible pollen . Plants that are self - sterile often inhibit the pollen grains from their own flowers from growing pollen tubes . The presence of multiple grains of pollen has been observed to stimulate quicker pollen tube growth in some plants . The vegetative cell then produces the pollen tube , a tubular protrusion from the pollen grain , which carries the sperm cells within its cytoplasm . The sperm cells are the male gametes that will join with the egg cell and the central cell in double fertilization . The germinated pollen tube must then drill its way through the nutrient - rich style and curl to the bottom of the ovary to reach the ovule . Once the pollen tube successfully attains an ovule , it delivers the two sperm cells with a burst . One of them fertilizes the egg cell to form an embryo , which will become the future plant . The other one fuses with both polar nuclei of the central cell to form the endosperm , which serves as the embryo 's food supply . Finally , the ovary will develop into a fruit and the ovules will develop into seeds . Pollen tubes used to study cell physiology ( edit ) Pollen tubes are an excellent model for the understanding of plant cell behavior . They are easily cultivated in vitro and have a very dynamic cytoskeleton that polymerizes at very high rates , providing the pollen tube with interesting mechanical properties . The pollen tube has an unusual kind of growth ; it extends exclusively at its apex . Extending the cell wall only at the tip minimizes friction between the tube and the invaded tissue . This tip growth is performed in a pulsating manner rather than in a steady fashion . Remarkably , the pollen tube 's journey through the style often results in depth - to - diameter ratios above 100 : 1 and up to 1000 : 1 in certain species . The internal machinery and the external interactions that govern the dynamics of pollen tube growth are far from being fully understood . Pollen tube guidance ( edit ) Extensive work has been dedicated to comprehend how the pollen tube responds to extracellular guidance signals to achieve fertilization . It is believed that pollen tubes react to a combination of chemical , electrical , and mechanical cues during its journey through the pistil . However , it is not clear how these external cues work or how they are processed internally . Moreover , sensory receptors for any external cue have not been identified yet . Nevertheless , several aspects have already been identified as central in the process of pollen tube growth . The actin filaments in the cytoskeleton , the peculiar cell wall , secretory vesicle dynamics , and the flux of ions , to name a few , are some of the fundamental features readily identified as crucial , but whose role has not yet been completely elucidated . DNA repair ( edit ) During pollen tube growth , DNA damages that arise need to be repaired in order for the male genomic information to be transmitted intact to the next generation . In the plant Cyrtanthus mackenii , bicellular mature pollen contains a generative cell and a vegetative cell . Sperm cells are derived by mitosis of the generative cell during pollen tube elongation . The vegetative cell is responsible for pollen tube development . Double - strand breaks in DNA that arise appear to be efficiently repaired in the generative cell , but not in the vegetative cell , during the transport process to the female gametophyte . See also ( edit ) Evolutionary history of plants Flowering plant Self incompatibility in plants Siphonogamy References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Geitmann , Anja ; Palanivelu Ravishankar ( 2007 ) . `` Fertilization requires communication : Signal generation and perception during pollen tube guidance '' . Floriculture and Ornamental Biotechnology . 1 : 77 -- 89 . ^ Jump up to : Malhó , Rui ( 2006 ) . The pollen tube : a cellular and molecular perspective . Springer . Jump up ^ Gossot , Olivier ; Geitmann Anja ( 2007 ) . `` Pollen tube growth : coping with mechanical obstacles involves the cytoskeleton '' . Planta. 226 ( 2 ) : 405 -- 416 . PMID 17318608 . doi : 10.1007 / s00425 - 007 - 0491 - 5 . Jump up ^ Messerli , Mark ; et al. ( 2000 ) . `` Periodic increases in elongation rate precede increases in cytosolic Ca2+ during pollen tube growth '' . Developmental Biology . 222 ( 1 ) : 84 -- 98 . PMID 10885748 . doi : 10.1006 / dbio. 2000.9709 . Jump up ^ Malhó , Rui ( 1998 ) . `` Pollen tube guidance -- the long and winding road '' . Sexual Plant Reproduction. 11 ( 5 ) : 242 -- 244 . doi : 10.1007 / s004970050148 . Jump up ^ Okuda , Satohiro ; Higashiyama Tetsuya ( 2010 ) . `` Pollen tube guidance by attractant molecules : LUREs '' . Cell Structure and Function. 35 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 52 . PMID 20562497 . doi : 10.1247 / csf. 10003 . Jump up ^ Mascarenhas , Joseph ; Machlis Leonard ( 1964 ) . `` Chemotropic response of the pollen of Antirrhinum majus to calcium '' . Plant Physiology. 39 ( 1 ) : 70 -- 77 . PMC 550029 . PMID 16655882 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 39.1. 70 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Kenneth ( 1985 ) . `` The Responses of Cells to Electrical Fields : A Review '' . The Journal of Cell Biology . 101 . PMC 2114002 . PMID 3905820 . doi : 10.1083 / jcb. 101.6. 2023 . Jump up ^ Chebli , Youssef ; Geitmann Anja ( 2007 ) . `` Mechanical principles governing pollen tube growth '' . Functional Plant Science and Biotechnology . 1 : 232 -- 245 . ^ Jump up to : Hirano T , Takagi K , Hoshino Y , Abe T ( 2013 ) . `` DNA damage response in male gametes of Cyrtanthus mackenii during pollen tube growth '' . AoB Plants . 5 : plt004 . PMC 3583183 . PMID 23550213 . doi : 10.1093 / aobpla / plt004 . External links ( edit ) Pollen tube primer Images : Pollen tetrad and Pollen tube Calanthe discolor Lindl . - Flavon 's Secret Flower Garden ( hide ) Botany History of botany Subdisciplines Plant systematics Ethnobotany Paleobotany Plant anatomy Plant ecology Phytogeography Geobotany Flora Phytochemistry Plant pathology Bryology Phycology Floristics Dendrology Plant groups Algae Archaeplastida Bryophyte Non-vascular plants Vascular plants Spermatophytes Pteridophyte Gymnosperm Angiosperm Plant morphology ( glossary ) Plant cells Cell wall Phragmoplast Plastid Plasmodesmata Vacuole Tissues Meristem Vascular tissue Vascular bundle Ground tissue Mesophyll Cork Wood Storage organs Vegetative Root Rhizoid Bulb Rhizome Shoot Stem Leaf Petiole Cataphyll Bud Sessility Reproductive ( Flower ) Flower development Inflorescence Umbel Raceme Bract Pedicellate Flower Whorl Floral symmetry Floral diagram Floral formula Receptacle Hypanthium ( Floral cup ) Perianth Tepal Petal Sepal Sporophyll Gynoecium Ovary Ovule Stigma Archegonium Androecium Stamen Staminode Pollen Tapetum Gynandrium Gametophyte Sporophyte Plant embryo Fruit Fruit anatomy Berry Capsule Seed Seed dispersal Endosperm Surface structures Epicuticular wax Plant cuticle Epidermis Stoma Nectary Trichome Prickle Plant physiology Materials Nutrition Photosynthesis Chlorophyll Plant hormone Transpiration Turgor pressure Bulk flow Aleurone Phytomelanin Sugar Sap Starch Cellulose Plant growth and habit Secondary growth Woody plants Herbaceous plants Habit Vines Lianas Shrubs Subshrubs Trees Succulent plants Reproduction Evolution Ecology Alternation of generations Sporangium Spore Microsporangia Microspore Megasporangium Megaspore Pollination Pollinators Pollen tube Double fertilization Germination Evolutionary development Evolutionary history timeline Hardiness zone Plant taxonomy History of plant systematics Herbarium Biological classification Botanical nomenclature Botanical name Correct name Author citation International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants ( ICN ) - for Cultivated Plants ( ICNCP ) Taxonomic rank International Association for Plant Taxonomy ( IAPT ) Plant taxonomy systems Cultivated plant taxonomy Citrus taxonomy cultigen cultivar Group grex Practice Agronomy Floriculture Forestry Horticulture Lists Related topics Botanical terms Botanists by author abbreviation Botanical expedition Commons Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pollen_tube&oldid=802387633 '' Categories : Pollination Plant physiology Botany Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Galego Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 21 : 17 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen%20tube
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who are we where did we come from where are we going
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Where Do We Come from ? What Are We ? Where Are We Going ?
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where do we come from? what are we? where are we going?
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Where Do We Come From ? What Are We ? Where Are We Going ? is a painting by French artist Paul Gauguin . Gauguin inscribed the original French title in the upper left corner : D'où Venons Nous / Que Sommes Nous / Où Allons Nous . The inscription the artist wrote on his canvas has no question mark , no dash , and all words are capitalized . In the upper right corner he signed and dated the painting : P. Gauguin / 1897 . The painting was created in Tahiti , and is in the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston , Massachusetts , US .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Style and analysis 3 Reception and provenance 4 References and sources 5 Further reading 6 External links Background ( edit ) Gauguin had been a student at the Petit Séminaire de La Chapelle - Saint - Mesmin , just outside Orléans , from the age of eleven to the age of sixteen . His subjects there included a class in Catholic liturgy ; the teacher for this class was the Bishop of Orléans , Félix - Antoine - Philibert Dupanloup . Dupanloup had devised his own catechism to be lodged in the minds of the young schoolboys , and to lead them towards proper spiritual reflections on the nature of life . The three fundamental questions in this catechism were : `` Where does humanity come from ? '' `` Where is it going to ? '' , `` How does humanity proceed ? '' . Although in later life Gauguin was vociferously anticlerical , these questions from Dupanloup 's catechism obviously had lodged in his mind , and `` where ? '' became the key question that Gauguin asked in his art . Looking for a society more simple and elemental than that of his native France , Gauguin left for Tahiti in 1891 . In addition to several other paintings that express his highly individualistic mythology , he completed this painting in 1897 or 1898 . Gauguin considered it a masterpiece and the grand culmination of his thought . He was in despair when he undertook the painting , mourning the tragic death of his favourite daughter earlier in the year and oppressed by debts , and had planned to kill himself on finishing it . He subsequently made an unsuccessful attempt with an overdose of arsenic . Thomson thinks it quite possible that he only painted in the inscription while recovering from the attempt . Style and analysis ( edit ) Gauguin indicated that the painting should be read from right to left , with the three major figure groups illustrating the questions posed in the title . The three women with a child represent the beginning of life ; the middle group symbolizes the daily existence of young adulthood ; and in the final group , according to the artist , `` an old woman approaching death appears reconciled and resigned to her thoughts '' ; at her feet , `` a strange white bird ... represents the futility of words . '' The blue idol in the background apparently represents what Gauguin described as `` the Beyond . '' Of its entirety he said , `` I believe that this canvas not only surpasses all my preceding ones , but that I shall never do anything better -- or even like it . '' The painting is an accentuation of Gauguin 's trailblazing post-impressionistic style ; his art stressed the vivid use of colors and thick brushstrokes , tenets of the impressionists ( though the Impressionists focused on quick brushstrokes ) , while it aimed to convey an emotional or expressionistic strength . It emerged in conjunction with other avant - garde movements of the twentieth century , including cubism and fauvism . Reception and provenance ( edit ) In 1898 , Gauguin sent the painting to Georges - Daniel de Monfreid in Paris . Monfreid passed it to Ambroise Vollard along with eight other thematically related pictures shipped earlier . They went on view at Vollard 's gallery from November to December 1898 . The exhibition was a success , although D'où Venons Nous ? received mixed reviews . The critic Andre Fontainas of the Mercure de France acknowledged a grudging respect for the work but thought the allegory impenetrable were it not for the inscription , and compared the painting unfavourably to the murals of Pierre Puvis de Chavannes who had died recently . Vollard had already purchased the other works as a job lot from Monfreid for 1,000 francs ( Gauguin was furious when he found out ) , but refrained from purchasing the larger monumental work and had difficulty selling it on . Charles Morice ( fr ) two years later tried to raise a public subscription to purchase the painting for the nation . To assist this endeavour , Gauguin wrote a detailed description of the work concluding with the messianic remark that he spoke in parables : `` Seeing they see not , hearing they hear not '' . The subscription nevertheless failed . Vollard eventually sold the painting for 2,500 francs ( about $10,000 in year 2000 US dollars ) in 1901 to Gabriel Frizeau ( fr ) , of which Vollard 's commission was perhaps as much as 500 francs . Subsequently , the painting was consigned and sold to several other Parisian and European merchants and collectors until it was purchased by the Marie Harriman Gallery in New York City in 1936 . The Museum of Fine Arts , Boston , acquired it from the Marie Harriman Gallery on 16 April 1936 . References and sources ( edit ) References ^ Jump up to : Where Do We Come From ? What Are We ? Where Are We Going ? , Museum of Fine Arts , Boston . Retrieved 23 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Gayford pp. 99 - 100 . Jump up ^ Stuckey p. 129 . Jump up ^ Mathews pp. 225 - 6 . Jump up ^ Thomson p. 194 . Jump up ^ Boime p. 143 . Jump up ^ `` Gauguin - Tahiti , The Workshop of the Tropics '' . musee-orsay.fr . Musée d'Orsay . Jump up ^ Mathews p. 229 . Jump up ^ Thomson pp. 198 - 200 . Sources Boime , Albert . ( 2008 ) Revelation of Modernism : Responses to the Cultural Crisis in Fin - de-Siécle . University of Missouri Press , ISBN 9780826266255 Gayford , Martin . ( 2006 ) The Yellow House : Van Gogh , Gauguin , and Nine Turbulent Weeks in Arles , London : Penguin Books , ISBN 0 - 670 - 91497 - 5 . Mathews , Nancy Mowll ( 2001 ) . Paul Gauguin , an Erotic Life . New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press , ISBN 0 - 300 - 09109 - 5 Stuckey , Charles . `` Gauguin Inside Art '' in Eric M. Zafran . Ed. , Gauguin 's Nirvana : Painters at Le Pouldu 1889 - 90 . New Haven : Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art , Hartford in association with Yale University Press , 2001 , ISBN 0300089546 . Thomson , Belinda ( 1987 ) . Gauguin . London : Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 20220 - 6 . Further reading ( edit ) Rewald , John ( 1956 ; revised 1978 ) . History of Post-Impressionism : From Van Gogh to Gauguin , London : Secker & Warburg . Rewald , John . ( 1946 ) History of Impressionism . External links ( edit ) Media related to Paul Gauguin at Wikimedia Commons ( hide ) Paul Gauguin Paintings Study of a Nude ( 1880 ) Still Life with Profile of Laval ( 1886 ) Vision after the Sermon ( 1888 ) The Painter of Sunflowers ( 1888 ) Landscape near Arles ( 1888 ) Fruits on a Table ( 1889 ) The Flageolet Player on the Cliff ( 1889 ) The Yellow Christ ( 1889 ) The Green Christ ( 1889 ) Christ on the Mount of Olives ( 1889 ) Self - Portrait with Halo and Snake ( 1889 ) Still Life with Head - Shaped Vase and Japanese Woodcut ( 1889 ) Tahitian Women on the Beach ( 1891 ) Vahine no te vi ( 1892 ) Fatata te Miti ( By the Sea ) ( 1892 ) Arearea ( 1892 ) Spirit of the Dead Watching ( 1892 ) When Will You Marry ? ( 1892 ) Aha Oe Feii ? ( 1892 ) Arii Matamoe ( 1892 ) Merahi metua no Tehamana ( 1893 ) Nave Nave Mahana ( 1896 ) Where Do We Come From ? What Are We ? Where Are We Going ? ( 1897 / 1898 ) Two Tahitian Women ( 1899 ) Other works Jug in the Form of a Head , Self - Portrait ( 1889 ) Soyez amoureuses vous serez heureuses ( wood panel , 1889 ) Objet décoratif carré avec dieux tahitiens ( sculpture , 1893 - 1895 ) Oviri ( ceramic sculpture , 1895 ) Periodicals Le Sourire ( 1899 - 1900 ) Exhibitions Les XX , 1889 The Volpini Exhibition , 1889 Museums Paul Gauguin Museum ( Tahiti ) Paul Gauguin Cultural Center People Jean René Gauguin ( son ) Flora Tristan ( grandmother ) Émile Bernard Vincent van Gogh Meijer de Haan Charles Laval George - Daniel de Monfreid Camille Pissarro Émile Schuffenecker Theo van Gogh Ambroise Vollard Related Lust for Life ( 1956 film ) Rebel in Paradise ( 1960 film ) The Wolf at the Door ( 1986 film ) Paradise Found ( 2003 film ) BNF : cb13750370t ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Where_Do_We_Come_From%3F_What_Are_We%3F_Where_Are_We_Going%3F&oldid=828567570 '' Categories : Paintings by Paul Gauguin Paintings of the Museum of Fine Arts , Boston Tahitian art 1897 paintings Birds in art Cats in art Dogs in art Hidden categories : Interlanguage link template link number Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Nedersaksies 日本 語 Polski Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 March 2018 , at 10 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when the urinary bladder is empty the typical uterine position is described as
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Urinary bladder
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urinary bladder
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The urinary bladder is a hollow muscular organ in many animals , that collects and stores urine from the kidneys before disposal by urination . In the human the bladder is a hollow muscular , and distensible ( or elastic ) organ , that sits on the pelvic floor . Urine enters the bladder via the ureters and exits via the urethra . The typical human bladder will hold between 300 and 500 mL ( 10.14 and 16.91 fl oz ) before the urge to empty occurs , but can hold considerably more .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Microanatomy 1.2 Detrusor muscle 1.3 Blood - and lymph - supply 1.4 Nerve supply 1.5 Development 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Inflammation and infection 3.2 Incontinence and retention 3.3 Cancer 3.4 Investigation 4 Other animals 4.1 Reptiles 4.2 Amphibians 4.3 Fish 4.4 Mammals 4.5 Birds 5 Additional images 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Structure ( edit ) Further information : Urination § Anatomy of the bladder and outlet Bladder location and associated structures in the male In humans the bladder is a hollow muscular organ situated at the base of the pelvis . Urine collects in the bladder , fed from the two ureters that connect the bladder with the kidneys . Urine leaves the bladder via the urethra , a single muscular tube which ends in an opening -- the urinary meatus , where it exits the body . Anatomists divide the bladder into : . a broad fundus a body an apex a neck The apex ( prev. vertex ) is directed forward toward the upper part of the pubic symphysis , and from there the median umbilical ligament continues upward on the back of the anterior abdominal wall to the umbilicus . The peritoneum is carried by it from the apex on to the abdominal wall to form the middle umbilical fold . The neck of the bladder is the area at the base of the trigone that surrounds the internal urethral orifice that leads to the urethra . In males the neck of the urinary bladder is adjacent to the prostate gland . The three openings , two ureteric orifices , and the internal urethral orifice mark the triangular area called the trigone of the bladder . These openings have mucosal flaps in front of them that act as valves in preventing the backflow of urine into the ureters , known as vesicoureteral reflux . Between the two ureteric openings is a raised area of tissue called the interureteric crest . This makes the upper boundary of the trigone . The trigone is a smooth - muscle area that forms the floor of the bladder above the urethra . It is an area of smooth tissue for the easy flow of urine into and from this part of the bladder - in contrast to the irregular surface formed by the rugae . In men , the prostate gland lies outside the opening for the urethra . The middle lobe of the prostate causes an elevation in the mucous membrane behind the internal urethral orifice called the uvula of urinary bladder . The uvula can enlarge when the prostate becomes enlarged . The bladder is situated below the peritoneal cavity near the pelvic floor and behind the pubic symphysis . In men , it lies in front of the rectum , separated by the recto - vesical pouch , and is supported by fibres of the levator ani and of the prostate gland . In women , it lies in front of the uterus , separated by the vesico - uterine pouch , and is supported by the elevator ani and the upper part of the vagina . The wall of the urinary bladder is normally 3 -- 5 mm thick . When well distended , the wall is normally less than 3 mm . The inner walls have a series of ridges , thick mucosal folds known as rugae that allow for the expansion of the bladder . The Latin phrase for `` urinary bladder '' is vesica urinaria , and the term vesical or prefix vesico - appear in connection with associated structures such as vesical veins . The modern Latin word for `` bladder '' - cystis - appears in associated terms such as cystitis ( inflammation of the bladder ) . Microanatomy ( edit ) The outside of the bladder is protected by a serous membrane . The bladder wall itself is smooth muscle . The inner side of the bladder is lined with a mucosal membrane consisting of a surface glycocalyx that protects the cells beneath it from urine , the urothelium ( a form of transitional epithelium ) , a basement membrane , and the lamina propria . The mucosal lining also offers a urothelial barrier against the passing of infections . Vertical section of bladder wall . Layers of the urinary bladder wall and cross section of the detrusor muscle . Anatomy of the male bladder , showing transitional epithelium and part of the wall in a histological cut - out . Detrusor muscle ( edit ) The detrusor muscle is a layer of the urinary bladder wall made of smooth muscle fibers arranged in spiral , longitudinal , and circular bundles . Stretch receptors in the bladder signal the parasympathetic nervous system to stimulate the muscarinic receptors in the detrusor to contract the muscle when the bladder is extended . This encourages the bladder to expel urine through the urethra . The main receptor activated is the M3 receptor , although M2 receptors are also involved and whilst outnumbering the M3 receptors they are not so responsive . The main relaxant pathway is via the adenylyl cyclase cAMP pathway , activated by β2 adrenergic receptors . The detrusor muscle is unusually able to change its length . It can also contract for a long time whilst voiding , and it stays relaxed whilst the bladder is filling . Blood - and lymph - supply ( edit ) The bladder is supplied by the vesical arteries and drained by the vesical veins . The superior vesical artery supplies blood to the upper part of the bladder , and the inferior vesical artery , supplies the lower part . Both are branches of the internal iliac arteries . The uterine arteries and vaginal arteries also supply blood in females . Venous drainage of blood supplying the bladder begins in a network of small vessels on the outer and back surfaces of the bladder . These coalesce and pass backwards along the lateral ligaments of the bladder into the internal iliac veins . The lymph drained from the bladder begins in a series of networks throughout the mucosal , muscular and serosal layers . These then form three sets of vessels : one set near the trigone draining the bottom of the bladder ; one set draining the top of the bladder ; and another set draining the outer undersurface of the bladder . The majority of these vessels drain into the external iliac lymph nodes . Nerve supply ( edit ) The bladder receives motor innervation from both sympathetic fibers , most of which arise from the superior and inferior hypogastric plexuses and nerves , and from parasympathetic fibers , which come from the pelvic splanchnic nerves . Sensation from the bladder is transmitted to the central nervous system ( CNS ) via general visceral afferent fibers ( GVA ) . GVA fibers on the superior surface follow the course of the sympathetic efferent nerves back to the CNS , while GVA fibers on the inferior portion of the bladder follow the course of the parasympathetic efferents . For the urine to exit the bladder , both the autonomically controlled internal sphincter ( in the male ) and the voluntarily controlled external sphincter must be opened . Problems with these muscles can lead to incontinence . Development ( edit ) The human urinary bladder derives from the urogenital sinus , and it is initially continuous with the allantois . The upper and lower parts of the bladder develop separately and join together around the middle part of development . At this time the ureters move from the mesonephric ducts to the trigone . In males , the base of the bladder lies between the rectum and the pubic symphysis . It is superior to the prostate , and separated from the rectum by the recto - vesical pouch . In females , the bladder sits inferior to the uterus and anterior to the vagina ; thus its maximum capacity is lower than in males . It is separated from the uterus by the vesico - uterine pouch . In infants and young children the urinary bladder is in the abdomen even when empty . Function ( edit ) Main article : Urination Urine , excreted by the kidneys , collects in the bladder before disposal by urination ( micturition ) . The urinary bladder usually holds 300 - 350 ml of urine . As urine accumulates , the rugae flatten and the wall of the bladder thins as it stretches , allowing the bladder to store larger amounts of urine without a significant rise in internal pressure . Urination is controlled by the pontine micturition center in the brainstem . Clinical significance ( edit ) See also : Urinary bladder disease Inflammation and infection ( edit ) Calcifiications on bladder wall caused by urinary schistosomiasis Bacteriuria is the presence of bacteria in the urine which can indicate a urinary tract infection such as cystitis . Interstitial cystitis Incontinence and retention ( edit ) Frequent urination can be due to excessive urine production , small bladder capacity , irritability or incomplete emptying . Males with an enlarged prostate urinate more frequently . One definition of an overactive bladder is when a person urinates more than eight times per day . An overactive bladder can often cause urinary incontinence . Though both urinary frequency and volumes have been shown to have a circadian rhythm , meaning day and night cycles , it is not entirely clear how these are disturbed in the overactive bladder . Urodynamic testing can help to explain the symptoms . An underactive bladder is the condition where there is a difficulty in passing urine and is the main symptom of a neurogenic bladder . Frequent urination at night may indicate the presence of bladder stones . Disorders of or related to the bladder include : Bladder exstrophy Bladder sphincter dyssynergia , a condition in which the sufferer can not coordinate relaxation of the urethra sphincter with the contraction of the bladder muscles Paruresis Trigonitis Urinary retention Disorders of bladder function may be dealt with surgically , by re-directing the flow of urine or by replacement with an artificial urinary bladder . The volume of the bladder may be increased by bladder augmentation . An obstruction of the bladder neck may be severe enough to warrant surgery . Cancer ( edit ) Bladder cancer Investigation ( edit ) A diverticulum of the bladder Urodynamic testing can help to explain the symptoms . Other animals ( edit ) Reptiles ( edit ) In all reptiles the urinogenital ducts and the anus both empty into an organ called a cloaca . In some reptiles , a midventral wall in the cloaca may open into a urinary bladder , but not all . It is present in all turtles and tortoises as well as most lizards , but is lacking in the monitor lizard , the legless lizards . It is absent in the snakes , alligators , and crocodiles . Many turtles , tortoises , and lizards have proportionally very large bladders . Charles Darwin noted that the Galapagos tortoise had a bladder which could store up to 20 % of its body weight . Such adaptations are the result of environments such as remote islands and deserts where water is very scarce . Other desert - dwelling reptiles have large bladders that can store a long - term reservoir of water for up to several months and aid in osmoregulation . Turtles have two or more accessory urinary bladders , located lateral to the neck of the urinary bladder and dorsal to the pubis , occupying a significant portion of their body cavity . Their bladder is also usually bilobed with a left and right section . The right section is located under the liver , which prevents large stones from remaining in that side while the left section is more likely to have calculi . Amphibians ( edit ) Most aquatic and semi-aquatic amphibians have a membranous skin which allows them to absorb water directly through it . Some semi-aquatic animals also have similarly permeable bladder membrane . As as result , they tend to have high rates of urine production to offset this high water intake , and have urine which is low in dissolved salts . The urinary bladder assists such animals to retain salts . Some aquatic amphibian such as Xenopus do not reabsorb water , to prevent excessive water influx . For land - dwelling amphibians , dehydration results in reduced urine output . The amphibian bladder is usually highly distensible and among some land - dwelling species of frogs and salamanders may account for between 20 % and 50 % of their total body weight . Fish ( edit ) Although the gills of most teleost fish assist with the elimination of ammonia from the body and although fish virtually by definition live in an environment surrounded by water , most still have a distinct bladder for storing waste fluid . The urinary bladder of teleosts is permeable to water , though this is less true for freshwater dwelling species than saltwater ones . Most fish also have an organ called a swim - bladder which is unrelated to the urinary bladder except in its membranous nature . The loaches , pilchards , and herrings are among the few types of fish in which a urinary bladder is poorly developed . It is largest in those fish which lack an air bladder , and is situated in front of the oviducts and behind the rectum . Mammals ( edit ) All mammals have a urinary bladder . This structure begins as an embryonic cloaca . In the vast majority , this eventually becomes differentiated into a dorsal part connected to the intestine and a ventral part which becomes associated with the urinogenital passage and urinary bladder . The only mammals in which this does not take place are the platypus and the anteater both of which retain the cloaca into adulthood . The mammalian bladder is an organ that regularly stores a hyperosmotic concentration of urine . It therefore is relatively impermeable and has multiple epithelial layers . The urinary bladder of the cetaceans ( whales and dolphins ) is proportionally smaller than that of land - dwelling mammals . Birds ( edit ) In the whole class of Aves there is no urinary bladder per se . Although all birds have kidneys , the ureters open directly into a cloaca which serves as a reservoir for urine , fecal matter , and eggs . Additional images ( edit ) Urinary bladder ( black butterfly - like shape ) and hyperplastic prostate ( BPH ) visualized by medical ultrasound . See also ( edit ) Alpha blocker Cystitis glandularis Ureterocele References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Boron , Walter F. ; Boulpaep , Emile L. ( 2016 ) . Medical Physiology. 3 : Elsevier Health Sciences . p. 738 . ISBN 9781455733286 . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Walker - Smith , John ; Murch , Simon ( 1999 ) . Cardozo , Linda , ed . Diseases of the Small Intestine in Childhood ( 4 ed . ) . CRC Press . p. 16 . ISBN 9781901865059 . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Netter , Frank H. ( 2014 ) . Atlas of Human Anatomy Including Student Consult Interactive Ancillaries and Guides ( 6th edition . ed . ) . Philadelphia , Penn. : WB Saunders Co. pp. 346 -- 348 . ISBN 978 - 14557 - 0418 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` SEER Training : Urinary Bladder '' . training.seer.cancer.gov . ^ Jump up to : Viana , R ; et al. ( October 2007 ) . `` The development of the bladder trigone , the center of the anti-reflux mechanism . '' . Development . 134 ( 20 ) : 3763 -- 9 . PMID 17881488 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Page 12 in : Uday Patel ( 2010 ) . Imaging and Urodynamics of the Lower Urinary Tract . Springer Science & Business Media . ISBN 9781848828360 . ^ Jump up to : Fry , CH ; Vahabi , B ( October 2016 ) . `` The Role of the Mucosa in Normal and Abnormal Bladder Function . '' . Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology . 119 Suppl 3 : 57 -- 62 . PMID 27228303 . doi : 10.1111 / bcpt. 12626 . Jump up ^ Merrill , L ; et al. ( April 2016 ) . `` Receptors , channels , and signalling in the urothelial sensory system in the bladder '' . Nature reviews . Urology. 13 ( 4 ) : 193 -- 204 . PMID 26926246 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Janssen , DA ( January 2013 ) . `` The distribution and function of chondroitin sulfate and other sulfated glycosaminoglycans in the human bladder and their contribution to the protective bladder barrier . '' . The Journal of urology. 189 ( 1 ) : 336 -- 42 . PMID 23174248 . Jump up ^ Giglio , D ; Tobin , G ( 2009 ) . `` Muscarinic receptor subtypes in the lower urinary tract '' . Pharmacology . 83 ( 5 ) : 259 -- 69 . PMID 19295256 . Jump up ^ Uchiyama , T ; Chess - Williams , R ( December 2004 ) . `` Muscarinic receptor subtypes of the bladder and gastrointestinal tract '' . Journal of smooth muscle research = Nihon Heikatsukin Gakkai kikanshi. 40 ( 6 ) : 237 -- 47 . PMID 15725706 . ^ Jump up to : Andersson , K. - E. ( 1 July 2004 ) . `` Urinary Bladder Contraction and Relaxation : Physiology and Pathophysiology '' . Physiological Reviews . 84 ( 3 ) : 935 -- 986 . doi : 10.1152 / physrev. 00038.2003 . ^ Jump up to : Gray 's 2008 , p. 1249 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Keith ; Anne Agur ( 2007 ) . Essential Clinical Anatomy , Third Edition . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . pp. 227 -- 228 . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 6274 - X . Jump up ^ `` Urinary Incontinence - Causes '' . NHS . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Moore , Keith L. ; Dalley , Arthur F ( 2006 ) . Clinically Oriented Anatomy ( 5th ed . ) . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . Jump up ^ Marieb , Mallatt. `` 23 '' . Human Anatomy ( 5th ed . ) . Pearson International . p. 700 . Jump up ^ Purves , Dale ( 2011 ) . Neuroscience ( 5 . ed. ed . ) . Sunderland , Mass. : Sinauer . p. 471 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87893 - 695 - 3 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Overactive Bladder '' . Cornell Medical College . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Negoro , Hiromitsu ( 2012 ) . `` Involvement of urinary bladder Connexin43 and the circadian clock in coordination of diurnal micturition rhythm '' . doi : 10.1038 / ncomms1812 . ^ Jump up to : Herbert W. Rand ( 1950 ) . The Chordates . Balkiston . ^ Jump up to : P.J. Bentley ( 14 March 2013 ) . Endocrines and Osmoregulation : A Comparative Account in Vertebrates . Springer Science & Business Media . ISBN 978 - 3 - 662 - 05014 - 9 . Jump up ^ Paré , Jean ( January 11 , 2006 ) . `` Reptile Basics : Clinical Anatomy 101 '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference . 20 : 1657 -- 1660 . Jump up ^ Davis , Jon R. ; DeNardo , Dale F. ( 2007 - 04 - 15 ) . `` The urinary bladder as a physiological reservoir that moderates dehydration in a large desert lizard , the Gila monster Heloderma suspectum '' . Journal of Experimental Biology . 210 ( 8 ) : 1472 -- 1480 . ISSN 0022 - 0949 . PMID 17401130 . doi : 10.1242 / jeb. 003061 . Jump up ^ Wyneken , Jeanette ; Witherington , Dawn ( February 2015 ) . `` Urogenital System '' ( PDF ) . Anatomy of Sea Turtles. 1 : 153 -- 165 . Jump up ^ Divers , Stephen J. ; Mader , Douglas R. ( 2005 ) . Reptile Medicine and Surgery . Amsterdam : Elsevier Health Sciences . pp. 481 , 597 . ISBN 9781416064770 . Jump up ^ Urakabe , Shigeharu ; Shirai , Dairoku ; Yuasa , Shigekazu ; Kimura , Genjiro ; Orita , Yoshimasa ; Abe , Hiroshi . `` Comparative study of the effects of different diuretics on the permeability properties of the toad bladder '' . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C : Comparative Pharmacology . 53 ( 2 ) : 115 -- 119 . doi : 10.1016 / 0306 - 4492 ( 76 ) 90063 - 0 . Jump up ^ Shibata , Yuki ; Katayama , Izumi ; Nakakura , Takashi ; Ogushi , Yuji ; Okada , Reiko ; Tanaka , Shigeyasu ; Suzuki , Masakazu . `` Molecular and cellular characterization of urinary bladder - type aquaporin in Xenopus laevis '' . General and Comparative Endocrinology. 222 : 11 -- 19 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ygcen. 2014.09. 001 . ^ Jump up to : Laurie J. Vitt ; Janalee P. Caldwell ( 25 March 2013 ) . Herpetology : An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles . Academic . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 386920 - 3 . Jump up ^ Owen , Richard ( 1843 ) . Lectures on the comparative anatomy and physiology of the invertebrate animals . London : Longman , Brown , Green , and Longmans . pp. 283 -- 284 . Jump up ^ John Hunter ( 26 March 2015 ) . The Works of John Hunter , F.R.S. Cambridge University . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 108 - 07960 - 0 . Jump up ^ Charles Knight ( 1854 ) . The English Cyclopaedia : A New Dictionary of Universal Knowledge . Bradbury and Evans . p. 136 . Books editor - in - chief , Susan Standring ; section editors , Neil R. Borley ; et al. ( 2008 ) . Gray 's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice ( 40th ed . ) . London : Churchill Livingstone . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8089 - 2371 - 8 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Britton , the editors Nicki R. Colledge , Brian R. Walker , Stuart H. Ralston ; illustated by Robert ( 2010 ) . Davidson 's principles and practice of medicine . ( 21st ed. ed . ) . Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 3085 - 7 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Urinary bladder . Histology at KUMC epithel - epith09 `` Urinary Bladder '' Anatomy photo : Urinary / mammal / bladder / bladder1 - Comparative Organology at University of California , Davis -- `` Mammal , bladder ( LM , Medium ) '' Virtual Slidebox at Univ . Iowa Slide 445 Anatomy photo : 43 : 07 - 0100 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center -- `` The Female Pelvis : The Urinary bladder '' Anatomy photo : 44 : 04 - 0103 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center -- `` The Male Pelvis : The Urinary bladder '' Bladder ( ISSN 2327 - 2120 ) -- An open - access journal on bladder biology and diseases . Human systems and organs Musculoskeletal Skeletal system Bone Carpus Collar bone ( clavicle ) Thigh bone ( femur ) Fibula Humerus Mandible Metacarpus Metatarsus Ossicles Patella Phalanges Radius Skull ( cranium ) Tarsus Tibia Ulna Rib Vertebra Pelvis Sternum Cartilage Joints Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint Muscular system Muscle Tendon Diaphragm Circulatory system Cardiovascular system peripheral Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Heart Lymphatic system primary Bone marrow Thymus secondary Spleen Lymph node CNS equivalent Glymphatic system Nervous system Brain Spinal cord Nerve Sensory system Ear Eye Integumentary system Skin Subcutaneous tissue Breast Mammary gland Immune system Myeloid Myeloid immune system Lymphoid Lymphoid immune system Respiratory system Upper Nose Nasopharynx Larynx Lower Trachea Bronchus Lung Digestive system Mouth Salivary gland Tongue upper GI Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus Stomach lower GI Small intestine Appendix Colon Rectum Anus accessory Liver Biliary tract Pancreas Urinary system Genitourinary system Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra Reproductive system Female Uterus Vagina Vulva Ovary Placenta Male Scrotum Penis Prostate Testicle Seminal vesicle Endocrine system Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Islets of Langerhans General anatomy : systems and organs , regional anatomy , planes and lines , superficial axial anatomy , superficial anatomy of limbs Anatomy of the urinary system Kidneys Layers Fascia Capsule Cortex column Medulla sinus pyramids medullary interstitium Lobe Cortical lobule Medullary ray Nephron Circulation Arteries Renal artery segmental interlobar arcuate interlobular afferent Veins Renal vein Peritubular capillaries Vasa recta arcuate interlobar efferent Nephron Renal corpuscle Glomerulus Bowman 's capsule Glomerular basement membrane Podocyte Filtration slits Mesangium Intraglomerular mesangial cell Renal tubule Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Descending Thin ascending Thick ascending Distal convoluted tubule Connecting tubule Collecting ducts Tubular fluid Renal papilla Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis Juxtaglomerular apparatus Macula densa Juxtaglomerular cells Mesangium Extraglomerular mesangial cell Ureters Orifice of ureter Ureteropelvic junction Bladder Apex Uvula Neck Median umbilical ligament Muscular layer Trigone Detrusor Mucosa Submucosa Urethra Urethral sphincters External sphincter male female Internal sphincter GND : 4072323 - 9 NDL : 00560840 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urinary_bladder&oldid=802169714 '' Categories : Pelvis Organs ( anatomy ) Urinary system Urinary bladder Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . CS1 maint : Extra text Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Use dmy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 12 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary%20bladder
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what is the significance of the detection of aso in serum
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Antistreptolysin O
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antistreptolysin o
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Anti-streptolysin O ( ASO or ASLO ) is the antibody made against streptolysin O , an immunogenic , oxygen - labile streptococcal hemolytic exotoxin produced by most strains of group A and many strains of groups C and G Streptococcus bacteria . The `` O '' in the name stands for oxygen - labile ; the other related toxin being oxygen - stable streptolysin - S . The main function of streptolysin O is to cause hemolysis ( the breaking open of red blood cells ) -- in particular , beta - hemolysis .
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Increased levels of aso titre in the blood could cause damage to the heart and joints . In most cases , penicillin is used to treat patients with increased levels of aso titre . Contents ( hide ) 1 Clinical significance 2 Estimation 3 Mechanism of action 4 Antistreptolysin O titre 5 References 6 External links Clinical significance ( edit ) When the body is infected with streptococci , it produces antibodies against the various antigens that the streptococci produce . ASO is one such antibody . A raised or rising levels can indicate past or present infection . Historically it was one of the first bacterial markers used for diagnosis and follow up of rheumatic fever or scarlet fever . Its importance in this regard has not diminished . Since these antibodies are produced as a delayed antibody reaction to the above - mentioned bacteria , there is no normal value . The presence of these antibodies indicates an exposure to these bacteria . However , as many people are exposed to these bacteria and remain asymptomatic , the mere presence of ASO does not indicate disease . Acceptable values , where there is no clinical suspicion of rheumatism are as follows : Adults : less than 200 units Children : less than 400 units This titre has a significance only if it is greatly elevated ( > 200 ) , or if a rise in titre can be demonstrated in paired blood samples taken days apart . The antibody levels begin to rise after 1 to 3 weeks of strep infection , peaks in 3 to 5 weeks and falls back to insignificant levels in 6 months . Values need to be correlated with a clinical diagnosis . Estimation ( edit ) Further information : serology It is done by serological methods like latex agglutination or slide agglutination . ELISA may be performed to detect the exact titre value . To detect the titre value , by a non-ELISA method , one has to perform the above agglutination using a serial dilution technique . Mechanism of action ( edit ) Further information : rheumatic fever These antibodies produced against the bacteria cross-react with human antigens ( mainly collagen ) and hence attack the cellular matrix of various organs , mainly the heart , joints , skin , brain , etc . Antistreptolysin O titre ( edit ) Antistreptolysin O titer ( AS ( L ) O titer or AS ( L ) OT ) is a measure of the blood plasma levels of antistreptolysin O antibodies used in tests for the diagnosis of a streptococcal infection or indicate a past exposure to streptococci . The ASOT helps direct antimicrobial treatment and is used to assist in the diagnosis of scarlet fever , rheumatic fever , and post infectious glomerulonephritis . A positive test usually is > 200 units / mL , but normal ranges vary from laboratory to laboratory and by age . The false negatives rate is 20 - 30 % . If a false negative is suspected , then an anti-DNase B titre should be sought . False positives can result from liver disease and tuberculosis . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Antistreptococcal antibody titres . gpnotebook . URL : http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/cache/-1630535637.htm Archived January 26 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Accessed on : March 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Danchin M , Carlin J , Devenish W , Nolan T , Carapetis J ( 2005 ) . `` New normal ranges of antistreptolysin O and antideoxyribonuclease B titres for Australian children '' . J Paediatr Child Health . 41 ( 11 ) : 583 -- 6 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 1754.2005. 00726. x . PMID 16398843 . External links ( edit ) Antistreptococcal antibody titres - GPnotebook.co.uk . Antistreptolysin O Titer - medterms.com . Antistreptolysin O Titer , Serum Streptococcal antibody tests - healthAtoZ.com ( hide ) Medical test : Infectious disease blood tests ( CPT 87001 -- 87999 ) Bacterial infection syphilis VDRL rapid plasma reagin Wassermann test FTA - ABS Rickettsia Weil -- Felix test Helicobacter HelicoCARE direct Streptococcus antistreptolysin O titre Viral infection HIV HIV test BDNA test mChip Epstein -- Barr virus monospot test Dengue fever NS1 antigen test Protozoan infection toxoplasmosis Sabin -- Feldman dye test Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-streptolysin_O&oldid=813345747 '' Categories : Antibodies Infectious disease blood tests Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español Italiano עברית Polski Русский Türkçe 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 December 2017 , at 05 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-streptolysin%20O
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what is south africa number one in the world for
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South Africa
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south africa
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in the African Union ( light blue )
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Capital Pretoria ( executive ) Bloemfontein ( judicial ) Cape Town ( legislative ) Largest city Johannesburg Official languages 11 languages ( show ) English Southern Ndebele Northern Sotho Southern Sotho Swazi Tsonga Tswana Venda Xhosa Zulu Afrikaans Ethnic groups ( 2014 ) 80.2 % Black 8.8 % Coloured 8.4 % White 2.5 % Asian Religion See Religion in South Africa Demonym South African Government Unitary dominant - party parliamentary constitutional republic President Cyril Ramaphosa Deputy President David Mabuza Legislature Parliament Upper house National Council Lower house National Assembly Independence from the United Kingdom Union 31 May 1910 Self - governance 11 December 1931 Republic 31 May 1961 Current constitution 4 February 1997 Area Total 1,221,037 km ( 471,445 sq mi ) ( 24th ) Water ( % ) 0.380 Population 2016 estimate 55,653,654 ( 25th ) 2011 census 51,770,560 Density 42.4 / km ( 109.8 / sq mi ) ( 169th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2018 estimate Total $742.461 billion ( 30th ) Per capita $13,591 ( 90th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2018 estimate Total $326.541 billion ( 35th ) Per capita $6,292 ( 88th ) Gini ( 2009 ) 63.1 very high HDI ( 2014 ) 0.666 medium 116th Currency South African rand ( ZAR ) Time zone SAST ( UTC + 2 ) Drives on the left Calling code + 27 ISO 3166 code ZA Internet TLD . za South Africa , officially the Republic of South Africa ( RSA ) , is the southernmost country in Africa . It is bounded on the south by 2,798 kilometres ( 1,739 mi ) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans ; on the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia , Botswana , and Zimbabwe ; and on the east and northeast by Mozambique and Swaziland ; and surrounds the kingdom of Lesotho . South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 25th - largest country in the world by land area and , with close to 56 million people , is the world 's 24th-most populous nation . It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere . About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry , divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages , nine of which have official status . The remaining population consists of Africa 's largest communities of African ( black ) , European ( white ) , Asian ( Indian ) , and multiracial ( coloured ) ancestry . South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures , languages , and religions . Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution 's recognition of 11 official languages , which is among the highest number of any country in the world . Two of these languages are of European origin : Afrikaans developed from Dutch and serves as the first language of most white and coloured South Africans ; English reflects the legacy of British colonialism , and is commonly used in public and commercial life , though it is fourth - ranked as a spoken first language . The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état , and regular elections have been held for almost a century . However , the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994 . During the 20th century , the black majority sought to recover its rights from the dominant white minority , with this struggle playing a large role in the country 's recent history and politics . The National Party imposed apartheid in 1948 , institutionalising previous racial segregation . After a long and sometimes violent struggle by the African National Congress and other anti-apartheid activists both inside and outside the country , the repeal of discriminatory laws began in 1990 . Since 1994 , all ethnic and linguistic groups have held political representation in the country 's democracy , which comprises a parliamentary republic and nine provinces . South Africa is often referred to as the `` rainbow nation '' to describe the country 's multicultural diversity , especially in the wake of apartheid . The World Bank classifies South Africa as an upper - middle - income economy , and a newly industrialised country . Its economy is the second - largest in Africa , and the 34th - largest in the world . In terms of purchasing power parity , South Africa has the seventh - highest per capita income in Africa . However , poverty and inequality remain widespread , with about a quarter of the population unemployed and living on less than US $1.25 a day . Nevertheless , South Africa has been identified as a middle power in international affairs , and maintains significant regional influence . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 History 2.1 Prehistoric archaeology 2.2 Bantu expansion 2.3 Portuguese contacts 2.4 Dutch colonisation 2.5 British colonisation 2.5. 1 Independence 2.5. 2 Beginning of apartheid 2.6 Republic 2.6. 1 End of apartheid 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 3.2 Biodiversity 3.2. 1 Animals 3.2. 2 Fungi 3.2. 3 Plants 3.3 Conservation issues 4 Politics and government 4.1 Law 4.2 Foreign relations 4.3 Military 4.4 Administrative divisions 5 Economy 5.1 Labour market 5.2 Science and technology 5.3 Water supply and sanitation 6 Demographics 6.1 Languages 6.2 Urban centres 6.3 Religion 7 Culture 7.1 Arts 7.2 Popular culture 7.3 Cuisine 7.4 Sports 8 Education 9 Health 9.1 HIV / AIDS 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Name See also : Official names of South Africa The name `` South Africa '' is derived from the country 's geographic location at the southern tip of Africa . Upon formation the country was named the Union of South Africa in English , reflecting its origin from the unification of four formerly separate British colonies . Since 1961 the long form name in English has been the `` Republic of South Africa '' . In Dutch the country was named Republiek van Zuid - Afrika , replaced in 1983 by the Afrikaans Republiek van Suid - Afrika . Since 1994 the Republic has had an official name in each of its 11 official languages . Mzansi , derived from the Xhosa noun umzantsi meaning `` south '' , is a colloquial name for South Africa , while some Pan-Africanist political parties prefer the term `` Azania '' . History Main article : History of South Africa Prehistoric archaeology South Africa contains some of the oldest archaeological and human - fossil sites in the world . Archaeologists have recovered extensive fossil remains from a series of caves in Gauteng Province . The area , a UNESCO World Heritage site , has been termed `` the Cradle of Humankind '' . The sites include Sterkfontein , one of the richest sites for hominin fossils in the world . Other sites include Swartkrans , Gondolin Cave Kromdraai , Coopers Cave and Malapa . Raymond Dart identified the first hominin fossil discovered in Africa , the Taung Child ( found near Taung ) in 1924 . Further hominin remains have come from the sites of Makapansgat in Limpopo , Cornelia and Florisbad in the Free State , Border Cave in KwaZulu - Natal , Klasies River Mouth in Eastern Cape and Pinnacle Point , Elandsfontein and Die Kelders Cave in Western Cape . These finds suggest that various hominid species existed in South Africa from about three million years ago , starting with Australopithecus africanus . There followed species including Australopithecus sediba , Homo ergaster , Homo erectus , Homo rhodesiensis , Homo helmei , Homo naledi and modern humans ( Homo sapiens ) . Modern humans have inhabited Southern Africa for at least 170,000 years . Various researchers have located pebble tools within the Vaal River valley . Bantu expansion Mapungubwe Hill , the site of the former capital of the Kingdom of Mapungubwe Settlements of Bantu - speaking peoples , who were iron - using agriculturists and herdsmen , were already present south of the Limpopo River ( now the northern border with Botswana and Zimbabwe ) by the 4th or 5th century CE . ( See Bantu expansion . ) They displaced , conquered and absorbed the original Khoisan speakers , the Khoikhoi and San peoples . The Bantu slowly moved south . The earliest ironworks in modern - day KwaZulu - Natal Province are believed to date from around 1050 . The southernmost group was the Xhosa people , whose language incorporates certain linguistic traits from the earlier Khoisan people . The Xhosa reached the Great Fish River , in today 's Eastern Cape Province . As they migrated , these larger Iron Age populations displaced or assimilated earlier peoples . In Mpumalanga , several stone circles have been found along with the stone arrangement that has been named Adam 's Calendar . Portuguese contacts At the time of European contact , the dominant ethnic group were Bantu - speaking peoples who had migrated from other parts of Africa about one thousand years before . The two major historic groups were the Xhosa and Zulu peoples . In 1487 , the Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias led the first European voyage to land in southern Africa . On 4 December , he landed at Walfisch Bay ( now known as Walvis Bay in present - day Namibia ) . This was south of the furthest point reached in 1485 by his predecessor , the Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão ( Cape Cross , north of the bay ) . Dias continued down the western coast of southern Africa . After 8 January 1488 , prevented by storms from proceeding along the coast , he sailed out of sight of land and passed the southernmost point of Africa without seeing it . He reached as far up the eastern coast of Africa as , what he called , Rio do Infante , probably the present - day Groot River , in May 1488 , but on his return he saw the Cape , which he first named Cabo das Tormentas ( Cape of Storms ) . His King , John II , renamed the point Cabo da Boa Esperança , or Cape of Good Hope , as it led to the riches of the East Indies . Dias ' feat of navigation was later immortalised in Luís de Camões ' Portuguese epic poem , The Lusiads ( 1572 ) . Dutch colonisation See also : History of Cape Colony and Dutch Cape Colony Charles Davidson Bell 's 19th - century painting of Jan van Riebeeck , who founded the first European settlement in South Africa , arrives in Table Bay in 1652 . By the early 17th century , Portugal 's maritime power was starting to decline , and English and Dutch merchants competed to oust Lisbon from its lucrative monopoly on the spice trade . Representatives of the British East India Company did call sporadically at the Cape in search of provisions as early as 1601 , but later came to favour Ascension Island and St. Helena as alternative ports of refuge . Dutch interest was aroused after 1647 , when two employees of the Dutch East India Company ( VOC ) were shipwrecked there for several months . The sailors were able to survive by obtaining fresh water and meat from the natives . They also sowed vegetables in the fertile soil . Upon their return to Holland they reported favourably on the Cape 's potential as a `` warehouse and garden '' for provisions to stock passing ships for long voyages . In 1652 , a century and a half after the discovery of the Cape sea route , Jan van Riebeeck established a victualing station at the Cape of Good Hope , at what would become Cape Town , on behalf of the Dutch East India Company . In time , the Cape become home to a large population of `` vrijlieden '' , also known as `` vrijburgers '' ( free citizens ) , former Company employees who stayed in Dutch territories overseas after serving their contracts . Dutch traders also imported thousands of slaves to the fledgling colony from Indonesia , Madagascar , and parts of eastern Africa . Some of the earliest mixed race communities in the country were later formed through unions between vrijburgers , their slaves , and various indigenous peoples . This led to the development of a new ethnic group , the Cape Coloureds , most of whom adopted the Dutch language and Christian faith . The eastward expansion of Dutch colonists ushered in a series of wars with the southwesterly migrating Xhosa tribe , as both sides competed for the pastureland necessary to graze their cattle near the Great Fish River . Vrijburgers who became independent farmers on the frontier were known as Boers , with some adopting semi-nomadic lifestyles being denoted as trekboers . The Boers formed loose militias , which they termed commandos , and forged alliances with Khoisan groups to repel Xhosa raids . Both sides launched bloody but inconclusive offensives , and sporadic violence , often accompanied by livestock theft , remained common for several decades . British colonisation Great Britain occupied Cape Town between 1795 and 1803 to prevent it from falling under the control of the French First Republic , which had invaded the Low Countries . Despite briefly returning to Dutch rule under the Batavian Republic in 1803 , the Cape was occupied again by the British in 1806 . Following the end of the Napoleonic Wars , it was formally ceded to Great Britain and became an integral part of the British Empire . British immigration to South Africa began around 1818 , subsequently culminating in the arrival of the 1820 Settlers . The new colonists were induced to settle for a variety of reasons , namely to increase the size of the European workforce and to bolster frontier regions against Xhosa incursions . Depiction of a Zulu attack on a Boer camp in February 1838 In the first two decades of the 19th century , the Zulu people grew in power and expanded their territory under their leader , Shaka . Shaka 's warfare led indirectly to the Mfecane ( `` crushing '' ) , killing 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 people , that devastated and depopulated the inland plateau in the early 1820s . An offshoot of the Zulu , the Matabele people created a larger empire that included large parts of the highveld under their king Mzilikazi . During the early 1800s , many Dutch settlers departed from the Cape Colony , where they had been subjected to British control . They migrated to the future Natal , Orange Free State , and Transvaal regions . The Boers founded the Boer Republics : the South African Republic ( now Gauteng , Limpopo , Mpumalanga and North West provinces ) and the Orange Free State ( Free State ) . The discovery of diamonds in 1867 and gold in 1884 in the interior started the Mineral Revolution and increased economic growth and immigration . This intensified British efforts to gain control over the indigenous peoples . The struggle to control these important economic resources was a factor in relations between Europeans and the indigenous population and also between the Boers and the British . The Anglo - Zulu War was fought in 1879 between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom . Following Lord Carnarvon 's successful introduction of federation in Canada , it was thought that similar political effort , coupled with military campaigns , might succeed with the African kingdoms , tribal areas and Boer republics in South Africa . In 1874 , Sir Henry Bartle Frere was sent to South Africa as High Commissioner for the British Empire to bring such plans into being . Among the obstacles were the presence of the independent states of the South African Republic and the Kingdom of Zululand and its army . The Zulu nation spectacularly defeated the British at the Battle of Isandlwana . Eventually though the war was lost resulting in the end of the Zulu nation 's independence . Boers in combat ( 1881 ) The Boer Republics successfully resisted British encroachments during the First Boer War ( 1880 -- 1881 ) using guerrilla warfare tactics , which were well suited to local conditions . The British returned with greater numbers , more experience , and new strategy in the Second Boer War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) but suffered heavy casualties through attrition ; nonetheless , they were ultimately successful . Independence Within the country , anti-British policies among white South Africans focused on independence . During the Dutch and British colonial years , racial segregation was mostly informal , though some legislation was enacted to control the settlement and movement of native people , including the Native Location Act of 1879 and the system of pass laws . Eight years after the end of the Second Boer War and after four years of negotiation , an act of the British Parliament ( South Africa Act 1909 ) granted nominal independence , while creating the Union of South Africa on 31 May 1910 . The Union was a dominion that included the former territories of the Cape and Natal colonies , as well as the republics of Orange Free State and Transvaal . The Natives ' Land Act of 1913 severely restricted the ownership of land by blacks ; at that stage natives controlled only 7 % of the country . The amount of land reserved for indigenous peoples was later marginally increased . In 1931 the union was fully sovereign from the United Kingdom with the passage of the Statute of Westminster , which abolished the last powers of the British Government on the country . In 1934 , the South African Party and National Party merged to form the United Party , seeking reconciliation between Afrikaners and English - speaking `` Whites '' . In 1939 the party split over the entry of the Union into World War II as an ally of the United Kingdom , a move which the National Party followers strongly opposed . Beginning of apartheid `` For use by white persons '' -- apartheid sign In 1948 , the National Party was elected to power . It strengthened the racial segregation begun under Dutch and British colonial rule . Taking Canada 's Indian Act as a framework , The Nationalist Government classified all peoples into three races and developed rights and limitations for each . The white minority ( less than 20 % ) controlled the vastly larger black majority . The legally institutionalized segregation became known as apartheid . While whites enjoyed the highest standard of living in all of Africa , comparable to First World Western nations , the black majority remained disadvantaged by almost every standard , including income , education , housing , and life expectancy . The Freedom Charter , adopted in 1955 by the Congress Alliance , demanded a non-racial society and an end to discrimination . Republic On 31 May 1961 , the country became a republic following a referendum in which white voters narrowly voted in favour thereof ( the British - dominated Natal province rallied against the issue ) . Queen Elizabeth II was stripped of the title Queen of South Africa , and the last Governor - General , Charles Robberts Swart , became State President . As a concession to the Westminster system , the presidency remained parliamentary appointed and virtually powerless until P.W. Botha 's Constitution Act of 1983 , which ( intact in these regards ) eliminated the office of Prime Minister and instated a near - unique `` strong presidency '' responsible to parliament . Pressured by other Commonwealth of Nations countries , South Africa withdrew from the organisation in 1961 , and rejoined it only in 1994 . Despite opposition both within and outside the country , the government legislated for a continuation of apartheid . The security forces cracked down on internal dissent , and violence became widespread , with anti-apartheid organisations such as the African National Congress , the Azanian People 's Organisation , and the Pan-Africanist Congress carrying out guerrilla warfare and urban sabotage . The three rival resistance movements also engaged in occasional inter-factional clashes as they jockeyed for domestic influence . Apartheid became increasingly controversial , and several countries began to boycott business with the South African government because of its racial policies . These measures were later extended to international sanctions and the divestment of holdings by foreign investors . F.W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela shake hands in January 1992 In the late 1970s , South Africa initiated a programme of nuclear weapons development . In the following decade , it produced six deliverable nuclear weapons . End of apartheid The Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith , signed by Mangosuthu Buthelezi and Harry Schwarz in 1974 , enshrined the principles of peaceful transition of power and equality for all , the first of such agreements by black and white political leaders in South Africa . Ultimately , F.W. de Klerk opened bilateral discussions with Nelson Mandela in 1993 for a transition of policies and government . In 1990 the National Party government took the first step towards dismantling discrimination when it lifted the ban on the African National Congress and other political organisations . It released Nelson Mandela from prison after 27 years ' serving a sentence for sabotage . A negotiation process followed . With approval from a predominantly white referendum , the government repealed apartheid legislation . South Africa also destroyed its nuclear arsenal and acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty . South Africa held its first universal elections in 1994 , which the ANC won by an overwhelming majority . It has been in power ever since . The country rejoined the Commonwealth of Nations and became a member of the Southern African Development Community ( SADC ) . Nelson Mandela , first black African President of Republic of South Africa In post-apartheid South Africa , unemployment has been extremely high as the country has struggled with many changes . While many blacks have risen to middle or upper classes , the overall unemployment rate of blacks worsened between 1994 and 2003 . Poverty among whites , previously rare , increased . In addition , the current government has struggled to achieve the monetary and fiscal discipline to ensure both redistribution of wealth and economic growth . Since the ANC - led government took power , the United Nations Human Development Index of South Africa has fallen , while it was steadily rising until the mid-1990s . Some may be attributed to the HIV / AIDS pandemic , and the failure of the government to take steps to address it in the early years . In May 2008 , riots left over 60 people dead . The Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions estimates over 100,000 people were driven from their homes . The targets were mainly migrants and refugees seeking asylum , but a third of the victims were South African citizens . In a 2006 survey , the South African Migration Project concluded that South Africans are more opposed to immigration than anywhere else in the world . The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in 2008 reported over 200,000 refugees applied for asylum in South Africa , almost four times as many as the year before . These people were mainly from Zimbabwe , though many also come from Burundi , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Rwanda , Eritrea , Ethiopia and Somalia . Competition over jobs , business opportunities , public services and housing has led to tension between refugees and host communities . While xenophobia is still a problem , recent violence has not been as widespread as initially feared . Geography Main article : Geography of South Africa A map of South Africa showing the main topographic features : the Central Plateau edged by the Great Escarpment , and the Cape Fold Belt in the south - west corner of the country Important geographical regions in South Africa . The thick line traces the course of the Great Escarpment which edges the central plateau . The eastern portion of this line , coloured red , is known as the Drakensberg . The Escarpment rises to its highest point , at over 3000 m , where the Drakensberg forms the border between KwaZulu - Natal and Lesotho . None of the regions indicated on the map has a sharp well - defined border , except where the Escarpment , or a range of mountains forms a clear dividing line between two regions . Some of the better known regions are coloured in ; the others are simply indicated by their names , as they would be in an atlas . South Africa is located at the southernmost region of Africa , with a long coastline that stretches more than 2,500 km ( 1,553 mi ) and along two oceans ( the South Atlantic and the Indian ) . At 1,219,912 km ( 471,011 sq mi ) , According to the UN Demographic Yearbook , South Africa is the 25th - largest country in the world . It is about the same size as Colombia , twice the size of France , three times as big as Japan , four times the size of Italy and five times the size of the United Kingdom . Mafadi in the Drakensberg at 3,450 m ( 11,320 ft ) is the highest peak in South Africa . Excluding the Prince Edward Islands , the country lies between latitudes 22 ° and 35 ° S , and longitudes 16 ° and 33 ° E . The interior of South Africa consists of a vast , in most places almost flat , plateau with an altitude of between 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) and 2,100 m ( 6,900 ft ) , highest in the east and sloping gently downwards towards the west and north , and slightly less noticeably so to the south and south - west . This plateau is surrounded by the Great Escarpment whose eastern , and highest , stretch is known as the Drakensberg . The south and south - western parts of the plateau ( at approximately 1100 -- 1800 m above sea level ) , and the adjoining plain below ( at approximately 700 -- 800 m above sea level -- see map on the right ) is known as the Great Karoo , which consists of sparsely populated scrubland . To the north the Great Karoo fades into the even drier and more arid Bushmanland , which eventually becomes the Kalahari desert in the very north - west of the country . The mid-eastern , and highest part of the plateau is known as the Highveld . This relatively well - watered area is home to a great proportion of the country 's commercial farmlands , and contains its largest conurbation ( Gauteng Province ) . To the north of Highveld , from about the 25 ° 30 ' S line of latitude , the plateau slopes downwards into the Bushveld , which ultimately gives way to the Limpopo lowlands or Lowveld . Flat topped hills ( called Karoo Koppies ) are highly characteristic of the southern and southwestern Karoo landscape . These hills are capped by hard , erosion resistant dolerite sills . This is solidified lava that was forced under high pressure between the horizontal strata of the sedimentary rocks that make up most of the Karoo 's geology about 180 million years ago . Since then Southern Africa has undergone a prolonged period of erosion removing the relatively soft Karoo rocks , except where they are protected by a cap of dolerite . This photograph was taken near Cradock in the Eastern Cape . The coastal belt , below the Great Escarpment , moving clockwise from the northeast , consists of the Limpopo Lowveld , which merges into the Mpumalanga Lowveld , below the Mpumalanga Drakensberg ( the eastern portion of the Great Escarpment ) . This is hotter , drier and less intensely cultivated than the Highveld above the escarpment . The Kruger National Park , located in the provinces of Limpopo and Mpumalanga in northeastern South Africa , occupies a large portion of the Lowveld covering 19,633 square kilometres ( 7,580 sq mi . ) South of the Lowveld the annual rainfall increases as one enters KwaZulu - Natal Province , which , especially near the coast , is subtropically hot and humid . The KwaZulu - Natal -- Lesotho international border is formed by the highest portion of the Great Escarpment , or Drakensberg , which reaches an altitude of over 3,000 m ( 9,800 ft ) . The climate at the foot of this part of the Drakensberg is temperate . Drakensberg , the eastern and highest portion of the Great Escarpment which surrounds the east , south and western borders of the central plateau of Southern Africa The coastal belt below the south and south - western stretches of the Great Escarpment contains several ranges of Cape Fold Mountains which run parallel to the coast , separating the Great Escarpment from the ocean . ( These parallel ranges of fold mountains are shown on the map , above left . Note the course of the Great Escarpment to the north of these mountain ranges . ) The land ( at approximately 400 -- 500 m above sea level ) between two of these ranges of fold mountains in the south ( i.e. between the Outeniqua and Langeberg ranges to the south and the Swartberg range to the north ) is known as the Little Karoo , which consists of semi-desert scrubland similar to that of the Great Karoo , except that its northern strip along the foothills of the Swartberg Mountains , has a somewhat higher rainfall and is therefore more cultivated than the Great Karoo . The Little Karoo is historically , and still , famous for its ostrich farming around the town of Oudtshoorn . The lowland area ( 700 -- 800 m above sea level ) to the north of the Swartberg mountain range up to the Great Escarpment is the lowland part of the Great Karoo ( see map at top right ) , which is climatically and botanically almost indistinguishable from the Karoo above the Great Escarpment . The narrow coastal strip between the most seaward Cape Fold Mountain range ( i.e. , the Langeberg -- Outeniqua mountains ) and the ocean has a moderately high year - round rainfall , especially in the George - Knysna - Plettenberg Bay region , which is known as the Garden Route . It is famous for the most extensive areas of indigenous forests in South Africa ( a generally forest - poor country ) . In the south - west corner of the country the Cape Peninsula forms the southernmost tip of the coastal strip which borders the Atlantic Ocean , and ultimately terminates at the country 's border with Namibia at the Orange River . The Cape Peninsula has a Mediterranean climate , making it and its immediate surrounds the only portion of Africa south of the Sahara which receives most of its rainfall in winter . The greater Cape Town metropolitan area is situated on the Cape Peninsula and is home to 3.7 million people according to the 2011 population census . It is the country 's legislative capital . Spring flowers in Namaqualand The coastal belt to the north of the Cape Peninsula is bounded on the west by the Atlantic Ocean and the first row of north - south running Cape Fold Mountains to the east . The Cape Fold Mountains peter out at about the 32 ° S line of latitude , after which the coastal plain is bounded by the Great Escarpment itself . The most southerly portion of this coastal belt is known as the Swartland and Malmesbury Plain , which is an important wheat growing region , relying on winter rains . The region further north is known as Namaqualand , which becomes more and more arid as one approaches the Orange River . The little rain that falls , tends to fall in winter , which results in one of the world 's most spectacular displays of flowers carpeting huge stretches of veld in spring ( August -- September ) . Cape Floral Region Protected Areas . South Africa also has one possession , the small sub-Antarctic archipelago of the Prince Edward Islands , consisting of Marion Island ( 290 km or 110 sq mi ) and Prince Edward Island ( 45 km or 17 sq mi ) ( not to be confused with the Canadian province of the same name ) . Climate Main article : Climate of South Africa Köppen climate types of South Africa South Africa has a generally temperate climate , due in part to being surrounded by the Atlantic and Indian Oceans on three sides , by its location in the climatically milder Southern Hemisphere and due to the average elevation rising steadily towards the north ( towards the equator ) and further inland . Due to this varied topography and oceanic influence , a great variety of climatic zones exist . The climatic zones range from the extreme desert of the southern Namib in the farthest northwest to the lush subtropical climate in the east along the Mozambique border and the Indian Ocean . Winters in South Africa occur between June and August . The extreme southwest has a climate remarkably similar to that of the Mediterranean with wet winters and hot , dry summers , hosting the famous fynbos biome of shrubland and thicket . This area also produces much of the wine in South Africa . This region is also particularly known for its wind , which blows intermittently almost all year . The severity of this wind made passing around the Cape of Good Hope particularly treacherous for sailors , causing many shipwrecks . Further east on the south coast , rainfall is distributed more evenly throughout the year , producing a green landscape . This area is popularly known as the Garden Route . The Free State is particularly flat because it lies centrally on the high plateau . North of the Vaal River , the Highveld becomes better watered and does not experience subtropical extremes of heat . Johannesburg , in the centre of the Highveld , is at 1,740 m ( 5,709 ft ) and receives an annual rainfall of 760 mm ( 29.9 in ) . Winters in this region are cold , although snow is rare . The high Drakensberg mountains , which form the south - eastern escarpment of the Highveld , offer limited skiing opportunities in winter . The coldest place on mainland South Africa is Sutherland in the western Roggeveld Mountains , where midwinter temperatures can reach as low as − 15 ° C ( 5 ° F ) . The Prince Edward Islands have colder average annual temperatures , but Sutherland has colder extremes . The deep interior of mainland South Africa has the hottest temperatures : a temperature of 51.7 ° C ( 125.06 ° F ) was recorded in 1948 in the Northern Cape Kalahari near Upington , but this temperature is unofficial and was not recorded with standard equipment , the official highest temperature is 48.8 ° C ( 119.84 ° F ) at Vioolsdrif in January 1993 . Biodiversity See also : Wildlife of South Africa and Protected areas of South Africa South Africa signed the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity on 4 June 1994 , and became a party to the convention on 2 November 1995 . It has subsequently produced a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan , which was received by the convention on 7 June 2006 . The country is ranked sixth out of the world 's seventeen megadiverse countries . Animals South African giraffe , Kruger National Park African buffalo ( Syncerus caffer ) male with red - billed oxpecker ( Buphagus erythrorhynchus ) , Phinda Private Game Reserve , KwaZulu Natal , South Africa Numerous mammals are found in the bushveld including Transvaal lions , African leopards , South African cheetahs , southern white rhinos , blue wildebeest , kudus , impalas , hyenas , hippopotamuses and South African giraffes . A significant extent of the bushveld exists in the north - east including Kruger National Park and the Sabi Sand Game Reserve , as well as in the far north in the Waterberg Biosphere . South Africa houses many endemic species , among them the critically endangered riverine rabbit ( Bunolagus monticullaris ) in the Karoo . Fungi Up to 1945 , more than 4900 species of fungi ( including lichen - forming species ) had been recorded . In 2006 , the total number of fungi which occur in South Africa was conservatively estimated at about 200,000 species , but that did not take into account fungi associated with insects . If correct , then the number of South African fungi dwarfs that of its plants . In at least some major South African ecosystems , an exceptionally high percentage of fungi are highly specific in terms of the plants with which they occur . The country 's biodiversity strategy and action plan does not mention fungi ( including lichen - forming fungi ) . Plants Sub-tropical forest near Durban Lowveld vegetation of the Kruger National Park With more than 22,000 different higher plants , or about 9 % of all the known species of plants on Earth , South Africa is particularly rich in plant diversity . The most prevalent biome in South Africa is the grassland , particularly on the Highveld , where the plant cover is dominated by different grasses , low shrubs , and acacia trees , mainly camel - thorn and whitethorn . Vegetation becomes even more sparse towards the northwest due to low rainfall . There are several species of water - storing succulents like aloes and euphorbias in the very hot and dry Namaqualand area . The grass and thorn savannah turns slowly into a bush savannah towards the north - east of the country , with denser growth . There are significant numbers of baobab trees in this area , near the northern end of Kruger National Park . The fynbos biome , which makes up the majority of the area and plant life in the Cape floristic region , one of the six floral kingdoms , is located in a small region of the Western Cape and contains more than 9,000 of those species , making it among the richest regions on earth in terms of plant diversity . Most of the plants are evergreen hard - leaf plants with fine , needle - like leaves , such as the sclerophyllous plants . Another uniquely South African flowering plant group is the genus Protea . There are around 130 different species of Protea in South Africa . While South Africa has a great wealth of flowering plants , only 1 % of South Africa is forest , almost exclusively in the humid coastal plain of KwaZulu - Natal , where there are also areas of Southern Africa mangroves in river mouths . There are even smaller reserves of forests that are out of the reach of fire , known as montane forests . Plantations of imported tree species are predominant , particularly the non-native eucalyptus and pine . Conservation issues South Africa has lost a large area of natural habitat in the last four decades , primarily due to overpopulation , sprawling development patterns and deforestation during the 19th century . South Africa is one of the worst affected countries in the world when it comes to invasion by alien species with many ( e.g. black wattle , Port Jackson willow , Hakea , Lantana and Jacaranda ) posing a significant threat to the native biodiversity and the already scarce water resources . The original temperate forest found by the first European settlers was exploited ruthlessly until only small patches remained . Currently , South African hardwood trees like real yellowwood ( Podocarpus latifolius ) , stinkwood ( Ocotea bullata ) , and South African black ironwood ( Olea laurifolia ) are under government protection . Statistics from the South African Environmental Affairs department show a record 1215 rhinos have been killed in 2014 . Climate change is expected to bring considerable warming and drying to much of this already semi-arid region , with greater frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as heatwaves , flooding and drought . According to computer generated climate modelling produced by the South African National Biodiversity Institute parts of southern Africa will see an increase in temperature by about one degree Celsius along the coast to more than four degrees Celsius in the already hot hinterland such as the Northern Cape in late spring and summertime by 2050 . The Cape Floral Kingdom , been identified as one of the global biodiversity hotspots , it will be hit very hard by climate change . Drought , increased intensity and frequency of fire and climbing temperatures are expected to push many rare species towards extinction . Biodiversity of South Africa King protea , national flower Fynbos , Cape Floristic Region Blue crane , national bird Flowers in the West Coast National Park Politics and government Main articles : Government of South Africa , Politics of South Africa , Law of South Africa , and Human rights in South Africa Union Buildings in Pretoria , seat of the executive Houses of Parliament in Cape Town , seat of the legislature South Africa is a parliamentary republic , although unlike most such republics the President is both head of state and head of government , and depends for his tenure on the confidence of Parliament . The executive , legislature and judiciary are all subject to the supremacy of the Constitution , and the superior courts have the power to strike down executive actions and acts of Parliament if they are unconstitutional . The National Assembly , the lower house of Parliament , consists of 400 members and is elected every five years by a system of party - list proportional representation . The National Council of Provinces , the upper house , consists of ninety members , with each of the nine provincial legislatures electing ten members . After each parliamentary election , the National Assembly elects one of its members as President ; hence the President serves a term of office the same as that of the Assembly , normally five years . No President may serve more than two terms in office . The President appoints a Deputy President and Ministers , who form the Cabinet which consists of Departments and Ministries . The President and the Cabinet may be removed by the National Assembly by a motion of no confidence . In the most recent election , held on 7 May 2014 , the African National Congress ( ANC ) won 62.2 % of the vote and 249 seats , while the main opposition , the Democratic Alliance ( DA ) won 22.2 % of the vote and 89 seats . The Economic Freedom Fighters , founded by Julius Malema , the former President of the ANC 's Youth Wing who was later expelled from the ANC , won 6.4 % of the vote and 25 seats . The ANC has been the governing political party in South Africa since the end of apartheid . South Africa has no legally defined capital city . The fourth chapter of the Constitution of South Africa , states that `` The seat of Parliament is Cape Town , but an Act of Parliament enacted in accordance with section 76 ( 1 ) and ( 5 ) may determine that the seat of Parliament is elsewhere . '' The country 's three branches of government are split over different cities . Cape Town , as the seat of Parliament , is the legislative capital ; Pretoria , as the seat of the President and Cabinet , is the administrative capital ; and Bloemfontein , as the seat of the Supreme Court of Appeal , is the judicial capital , while the Constitutional Court of South Africa sits in Johannesburg . Most foreign embassies are located in Pretoria . Since 2004 , South Africa has had many thousands of popular protests , some violent , making it , according to one academic , the `` most protest - rich country in the world '' . There have been a number of incidents of political repression as well as threats of future repression in violation of the constitution , leading some analysts and civil society organisations to conclude that there is or could be a new climate of political repression , or a decline in political tolerance . In 2008 , South Africa placed 5th out of 48 sub-Saharan African countries on the Ibrahim Index of African Governance . South Africa scored well in the categories of Rule of Law , Transparency & Corruption and Participation & Human Rights , but was let down by its relatively poor performance in Safety & Security . In November 2006 , South Africa became the first African country to legalise same - sex marriage . Law See also : Crime in South Africa Constitutional Court in Johannesburg The Constitution of South Africa is the supreme rule of law in the country . The primary sources of South African law are Roman - Dutch mercantile law and personal law with English Common law , as imports of Dutch settlements and British colonialism . The first European based law in South Africa was brought by the Dutch East India Company and is called Roman - Dutch law . It was imported before the codification of European law into the Napoleonic Code and is comparable in many ways to Scots law . This was followed in the 19th century by English law , both common and statutory . After unification in 1910 , South Africa had its own parliament which passed laws specific for South Africa , building on those previously passed for the individual member colonies . The judicial system consists of the magistrates ' courts , which hear lesser criminal cases and smaller civil cases ; the High Courts , which are courts of general jurisdiction for specific areas ; the Supreme Court of Appeal , which is the highest court in all but constitutional matters ; and the Constitutional Court , which hears only constitutional matters . Soweto Pride 2012 participants protest against violence against lesbians . The country has strong human rights laws but some groups are still discriminated against . It is the first country in Africa to recognise same sex marriage . Nearly 50 murders are committed each day in South Africa . In the year ended March 2014 there were 17,068 murders and the murder rate was 32.2 per 100,000 -- about five times higher than the global average of 6 per 100,000 . Middle - class South Africans seek security in gated communities . The private security industry in South Africa is the largest in the world , with nearly 9,000 registered companies and 400,000 registered active private security guards , more than the South African police and army combined . Many emigrants from South Africa also state that crime was a major factor in their decision to leave . Crime against the farming community has continued to be a major problem . It is estimated that 500,000 women are raped in South Africa every year with the average woman more likely to be raped than complete secondary school . A 2009 survey found one in four South African men admitted to raping someone and another survey found one in three women out of 4000 surveyed said they had been raped in the past year . Rapes are also perpetrated by children ( some as young as ten ) . Child and baby rape incidences are some of the highest in the world , largely as a result of the virgin cleansing myth , and a number of high - profile cases ( sometimes as young as eight months ) have outraged the nation . Foreign Relations Main article : Foreign relations of South Africa Leaders of the BRICS nations at the G - 20 summit in Hangzhou , 2016 As the Union of South Africa , the country was a founding member of the United Nations . The then Prime Minister Jan Smuts wrote the preamble to the United Nations Charter . South Africa is one of the founding members of the African Union ( AU ) , and has the second largest economy of all the members . It is also a founding member of the AU 's New Partnership for Africa 's Development ( NEPAD ) . South Africa has played a key role as a mediator in African conflicts over the last decade , such as in Burundi , the Democratic Republic of Congo , the Comoros , and Zimbabwe . After apartheid ended , South Africa was readmitted to the Commonwealth of Nations . The country is a member of the Group of 77 and chaired the organisation in 2006 . South Africa is also a member of the Southern African Development Community , South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone , Southern African Customs Union , Antarctic Treaty System , World Trade Organization , International Monetary Fund , G20 , G8 + 5 , and the Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa . South African President Jacob Zuma and Chinese President Hu Jintao upgraded bilateral ties between the two countries on 24 August 2010 , when they signed the Beijing Agreement , which elevated South Africa 's earlier `` strategic partnership '' with China to the higher level of `` comprehensive strategic partnership '' in both economic and political affairs , including the strengthening of exchanges between their respective ruling parties and legislatures . In April 2011 , South Africa formally joined the Brazil - Russia - India - China ( BRICS ) grouping of countries , identified by President Zuma as the country 's largest trading partners , and also the largest trading partners with Africa as a whole . Zuma asserted that BRICS member countries would also work with each other through the UN , the Group of Twenty ( G20 ) and the India , Brazil South Africa ( IBSA ) forum . Military Main article : South African National Defence Force SANDF soldiers The South African National Defence Force ( SANDF ) was created in 1994 , as an all volunteer force composed of the former South African Defence Force , the forces of the African nationalist groups ( Umkhonto we Sizwe and Azanian People 's Liberation Army ) , and the former Bantustan defence forces . The SANDF is subdivided into four branches , the South African Army , the South African Air Force , the South African Navy , and the South African Military Health Service . In recent years , the SANDF has become a major peacekeeping force in Africa , and has been involved in operations in Lesotho , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , and Burundi , amongst others . It has also served in multi-national UN peacekeeping forces such as the United Nations Force Intervention Brigade for example . South Africa is the only African country to have successfully developed nuclear weapons . It became the first country ( followed by Ukraine ) with nuclear capability to voluntarily renounce and dismantle its programme and in the process signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1991 . South Africa undertook a nuclear weapons programme in the 1970s According to former state president FW de Klerk , the decision to build a `` nuclear deterrent '' was taken `` as early as 1974 against a backdrop of a Soviet expansionist threat . '' South Africa is alleged to have conducted a nuclear test over the Atlantic in 1979 , although this is officially denied . Former president FW de Klerk maintained that South Africa had `` never conducted a clandestine nuclear test . '' Six nuclear devices were completed between 1980 and 1990 , but all were dismantled before South Africa signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1991 . Administrative divisions Main article : Provinces of South Africa Provinces of South Africa Each of the nine provinces is governed by a unicameral legislature , which is elected every five years by party - list proportional representation . The legislature elects a Premier as head of government , and the Premier appoints an Executive Council as a provincial cabinet . The powers of provincial governments are limited to topics listed in the Constitution ; these topics include such fields as health , education , public housing and transport . The provinces are in turn divided into 52 districts : 8 metropolitan and 44 district municipalities . The district municipalities are further subdivided into 226 local municipalities . The metropolitan municipalities , which govern the largest urban agglomerations , perform the functions of both district and local municipalities . Province Provincial capital Largest city Area ( km ) Population ( 2016 ) Eastern Cape Bhisho Port Elizabeth 168,966 6,996,976 Free State Bloemfontein Bloemfontein 129,825 2,834,714 Gauteng Johannesburg Johannesburg 18,178 13,399,724 KwaZulu - Natal Pietermaritzburg Durban 94,361 11,065,240 Limpopo Polokwane Polokwane 125,754 5,799,090 Mpumalanga Nelspruit Mbombela 76,495 4,335,964 North West Mahikeng Rustenburg 104,882 3,748,435 Northern Cape Kimberley Kimberley 372,889 1,193,780 Western Cape Cape Town Cape Town 129,462 6,279,730 Economy Annual per capita personal income by race group in South Africa relative to white levels Main article : Economy of South Africa The JSE is the largest stock exchange on the African continent . South Africa has a mixed economy , the second largest in Africa after Nigeria . It also has a relatively high GDP per capita compared to other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa ( $11,750 at PPP as of 2012 ) . Despite this , South Africa is still burdened by a relatively high rate of poverty and unemployment , and is also ranked in the top 10 countries in the world for income inequality , measured by the Gini coefficient . Unlike most of the world 's poor countries , South Africa does not have a thriving informal economy . Only 15 % of South African jobs are in the informal sector , compared with around half in Brazil and India and nearly three - quarters in Indonesia . The OECD attributes this difference to South Africa 's widespread welfare system . World Bank research shows that South Africa has one of the widest gaps between per capita GNP versus its Human Development Index ranking , with only Botswana showing a larger gap . After 1994 government policy brought down inflation , stabilised public finances , and some foreign capital was attracted , however growth was still subpar . From 2004 onward economic growth picked up significantly ; both employment and capital formation increased . During the presidency of Jacob Zuma , the government has begun to increase the role of state - owned enterprises . Some of the biggest state - owned companies are Eskom , the electric power monopoly , South African Airways ( SAA ) , and Transnet , the railroad and ports monopoly . Some of these state - owned companies have not been profitable , such as SAA , which has required bailouts totaling 30 billion rand ( $2.3 billion ) over 20 years . South Africa is a popular tourist destination , and a substantial amount of revenue comes from tourism . Illegal immigrants are involved in informal trading . Many immigrants to South Africa continue to live in poor conditions , and the immigration policy has become increasingly restrictive since 1994 . Principal international trading partners of South Africa -- besides other African countries -- include Germany , the United States , China , Japan , the United Kingdom and Spain . The South African agricultural industry contributes around 10 % of formal employment , relatively low compared to other parts of Africa , as well as providing work for casual labourers and contributing around 2.6 % of GDP for the nation . Due to the aridity of the land , only 13.5 % can be used for crop production , and only 3 % is considered high potential land . In August 2013 , South Africa was ranked as the top African Country of the Future by FDi magazine based on the country 's economic potential , labour environment , cost - effectiveness , infrastructure , business friendliness , and Foreign direct investment Strategy . The FSI ranks South Africa as the 36th safest tax haven in the world , ahead of the Philippines but behind the Bahamas . Labour market Workers packing pears for export in the Ceres valley During 1995 -- 2003 , the number of formal jobs decreased and informal jobs increased ; overall unemployment worsened . The government 's Black Economic Empowerment policies have drawn criticism from Neva Makgetla , lead economist for research and information at the Development Bank of Southern Africa , for focusing `` almost exclusively on promoting individual ownership by black people ( which ) does little to address broader economic disparities , though the rich may become more diverse . '' Official affirmative action policies have seen a rise in black economic wealth and an emerging black middle class . Other problems include state ownership and interference , which impose high barriers to entry in many areas . Restrictive labour regulations have contributed to the unemployment malaise . Along with many African nations , South Africa has been experiencing a `` brain drain '' in the past 20 years . This is believed to be potentially damaging for the regional economy , and is almost certainly detrimental for the well - being of those reliant on the healthcare infrastructure . The skills drain in South Africa tends to demonstrate racial contours given the skills distribution legacy of South Africa and has thus resulted in large white South African communities abroad . However , the statistics which purport to show a brain drain are disputed and also do not account for repatriation and expiry of foreign work contracts . According to several surveys there has been a reverse in brain drain following the global financial crisis of 2008 -- 2009 and expiration of foreign work contracts . In the first quarter of 2011 , confidence levels for graduate professionals were recorded at a level of 84 % in a PPS survey . Science and technology Main article : Science and technology in South Africa Mark Shuttleworth in space Several important scientific and technological developments have originated in South Africa . The first human - to - human heart transplant was performed by cardiac surgeon Christiaan Barnard at Groote Schuur Hospital in December 1967 , Max Theiler developed a vaccine against yellow fever , Allan McLeod Cormack pioneered X-ray computed tomography , and Aaron Klug developed crystallographic electron microscopy techniques . With the exception of that of Barnard , all of these advancements were recognised with Nobel Prizes . Sydney Brenner won most recently , in 2002 , for his pioneering work in molecular biology . Mark Shuttleworth founded an early Internet security company Thawte , that was subsequently bought out by world - leader VeriSign . Despite government efforts to encourage entrepreneurship in biotechnology , IT and other high technology fields , no other notable groundbreaking companies have been founded in South Africa . It is the expressed objective of the government to transition the economy to be more reliant on high technology , based on the realisation that South Africa can not compete with Far Eastern economies in manufacturing , nor can the republic rely on its mineral wealth in perpetuity . South Africa has cultivated a burgeoning astronomy community . It hosts the Southern African Large Telescope , the largest optical telescope in the Southern Hemisphere . South Africa is currently building the Karoo Array Telescope as a pathfinder for the € 1.5 billion Square Kilometre Array project . On 25 May 2012 it was announced that hosting of the Square Kilometer Array Telescope will be split over both the South African and the Australia / New Zealand sites . Water supply and sanitation Main article : Water supply and sanitation in South Africa Two distinctive features of the South African water sector are the policy of free basic water and the existence of water boards , which are bulk water supply agencies that operate pipelines and sell water from reservoirs to municipalities . These features have led to significant problems concerning the financial sustainability of service providers , leading to a lack of attention to maintenance . Notwithstanding , in May 2014 , Durban 's Water and Sanitation Department won the Stockholm Industry Water Award `` for its transformative and inclusive approach '' , calling it `` one of the most progressive utilities in the world '' . The city was South Africa 's first municipality to put free basic water for the poor into practice connecting 1.3 million additional people to piped water and provided 700,000 with access to toilets in 14 years . The city has also promoted Rainwater harvesting and mini hydropower . Following the end of Apartheid , the country had made improvements in the levels of access to water as those with access increased from 66 % to 79 % from 1990 to 2010 . Sanitation access increased from 71 % to 79 % during the same period . However , water supply and sanitation in South Africa has come under increasing pressure in recent years despite a commitment made by the government to improve service standards and provide investment subsidies to the water industry . On February 13 , 2018 , the country declared a national disaster in Cape Town as the city 's water supply was predicted to run dry before the end of June . With its dams only 24.9 % full , water - saving measures were in effect that required each citizen to use less than 50 litres a day . All nine of the country 's provinces were affected by what the government characterized as the `` magnitude and severity '' of a three - year drought . The city is one of 11 major world cities that are predicted to run out of water according to UN-endorsed projections . Demographics Main article : Demographics of South Africa Migrations that formed the modern Rainbow nation Map of population density in South Africa < 1 / km 1 -- 3 / km 3 -- 10 / km 10 -- 30 / km 30 -- 100 / km 100 -- 300 / km 300 -- 1000 / km 1000 -- 3000 / km > 3000 / km South Africa is a nation of about 55 million ( 2016 ) people of diverse origins , cultures , languages , and religions . The last census was held in 2011 , with a more recent intercensal national survey conducted in 2016 . South Africa is home to an estimated 5 million illegal immigrants , including some 3 million Zimbabweans . A series of anti-immigrant riots occurred in South Africa beginning on 11 May 2008 . Statistics South Africa asks people to describe themselves in the census in terms of five racial population groups . The 2011 census figures for these groups were Black African at 79.2 % , White at 8.9 % , Coloured at 8.9 % , Asian at 2.5 % , and Other / Unspecified at 0.5 % . The first census in South Africa in 1911 showed that whites made up 22 % of the population ; it declined to 16 % in 1980 . South Africa hosts a sizeable refugee and asylum seeker population . According to the World Refugee Survey 2008 , published by the US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants , this population numbered approximately 144,700 in 2007 . Groups of refugees and asylum seekers numbering over 10,000 included people from Zimbabwe ( 48,400 ) , The Democratic Republic of the Congo ( 24,800 ) , and Somalia ( 12,900 ) . These populations mainly lived in Johannesburg , Pretoria , Durban , Cape Town , and Port Elizabeth . Many refugees have now also started to work and live in rural areas in provinces such as Mpumalanga , KwaZulu - Natal and the Eastern Cape . Languages Main article : Languages of South Africa A map showing the dominant South African languages . Afrikaans English Ndebele Xhosa Zulu Northern Sotho Sotho Tswana Swazi Venda Tsonga None dominant South Africa has 11 official languages : Afrikaans , English , Ndebele , Northern Sotho , Sotho , Swazi , Tswana , Tsonga , Venda , Xhosa , and Zulu . In this regard it is third only to Bolivia and India in number . While all the languages are formally equal , some languages are spoken more than others . According to the 2011 census , the three most spoken first languages are Zulu ( 22.7 % ) , Xhosa ( 16.0 % ) , and Afrikaans ( 13.5 % ) . Despite the fact that English is recognised as the language of commerce and science , it ranked fourth , and was listed as the first language of only 9.6 % of South Africans in 2011 ; but it remains the de facto lingua franca of the nation . The country also recognises several unofficial languages , including Fanagalo , Khoe , Lobedu , Nama , Northern Ndebele , Phuthi , and South African Sign Language . These unofficial languages may be used in certain official uses in limited areas where it has been determined that these languages are prevalent . Many of the unofficial languages of the San and Khoikhoi people contain regional dialects stretching northwards into Namibia and Botswana , and elsewhere . These people , who are a physically distinct population from other Africans , have their own cultural identity based on their hunter - gatherer societies . They have been marginalised to a great extent , and the remainder of their languages are in danger of becoming extinct . Many white South Africans also speak European languages , including Portuguese ( also spoken by black Angolans and Mozambicans ) , German , and Greek , while some Asians in South Africa speak Asian languages , such as Gujarati , Hindi , Tamil , Telugu , and Urdu. French is spoken in South Africa by migrants from Francophone Africa . Urban centres Largest cities or towns in South Africa 2016 Community Survey Rank Name Province Pop . City of Johannesburg City of Cape Town City of Johannesburg Gauteng 4,949,347 EThekwini Metropolitan Municipality Ekurhuleni City of Cape Town Western Cape 4,004,793 EThekwini Metropolitan Municipality KwaZulu - Natal 3,661,911 Ekurhuleni Gauteng 3,379,104 5 City of Tshwane Gauteng 3,275,152 6 Nelson Mandela Bay Eastern Cape 1,263,051 7 Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality Eastern Cape 810,528 8 Mangaung Free State 759,693 9 Emfuleni Gauteng 733,445 10 Polokwane Local Municipality Limpopo 702,190 Religion Main article : Religion in South Africa Nederduits Gereformeerde Kerk in Wolmaransstad Religion in South Africa ( 2010 ) religion percent Protestant 73.2 % No religion 14.9 % Catholic 7.4 % Muslim 1.7 % Hindu 1.1 % Other faith 1.7 % According to the 2001 census , Christians accounted for 79.8 % of the population , with a majority of them being members of various Protestant denominations ( broadly defined to include syncretic African initiated churches ) and a minority of Roman Catholics and other Christians . Christian category includes Zion Christian ( 11.1 % ) , Pentecostal ( Charismatic ) ( 8.2 % ) , Roman Catholic ( 7.1 % ) , Methodist ( 6.8 % ) , Dutch Reformed ( Nederduits Gereformeerde Kerk ; 6.7 % ) , Anglican ( 3.8 % ) . Members of remaining Christian churches accounted for another 36 % of the population . Muslims accounted for 1.5 % of the population , Hindus 1.2 % , traditional African religion 0.3 % and Judaism 0.2 % . 15.1 % had no religious affiliation , 0.6 % were other and 1.4 % were unspecified . African initiated churches formed the largest of the Christian groups . It was believed that many of the persons who claimed no affiliation with any organised religion adhered to traditional African religion . There are an estimated 200,000 indigenous traditional healers in South Africa , and up to 60 % of South Africans consult these healers , generally called sangomas or inyangas . These healers use a combination of ancestral spiritual beliefs and a belief in the spiritual and medicinal properties of local fauna and flora , commonly known as muti , to facilitate healing in clients . Many peoples have syncretic religious practices combining Christian and indigenous influences . South African Muslims comprise mainly those who are described as Coloureds and those who are described as Indians . They have been joined by black or white South African converts as well as others from other parts of Africa . South African Muslims claim that their faith is the fastest - growing religion of conversion in the country , with the number of black Muslims growing sixfold , from 12,000 in 1991 to 74,700 in 2004 . South Africa is also home to a substantial Jewish population , descended from European Jews who arrived as a minority among other European settlers . This population peaked in the 1970s at 120,000 , though only around 67,000 remain today , the rest having emigrated . Even so , these numbers make the Jewish community in South Africa the twelfth largest in the world . Ethnic Indian Hindus form another significant portion of the population . Culture Main article : Culture of South Africa Decorated houses , Drakensberg The South African black majority still has a substantial number of rural inhabitants who lead largely impoverished lives . It is among these people that cultural traditions survive most strongly ; as blacks have become increasingly urbanised and Westernised , aspects of traditional culture have declined . Members of the middle class , who are predominantly white but whose ranks include growing numbers of black , coloured and Indian people , have lifestyles similar in many respects to that of people found in Western Europe , North America and Australasia . The South African Scout Association was one of the first youth organisations to open its doors to youth and adults of all races in South Africa . This happened on 2 July 1977 at a conference known as Quo Vadis . Arts Eland , rock painting , Drakensberg South African art includes the oldest art objects in the world , which were discovered in a South African cave , and dated from 75,000 years ago . The scattered tribes of Khoisan peoples moving into South Africa from around 10000 BC had their own fluent art styles seen today in a multitude of cave paintings . They were superseded by Bantu / Nguni peoples with their own vocabularies of art forms . New forms of art evolved in the mines and townships : a dynamic art using everything from plastic strips to bicycle spokes . The Dutch - influenced folk art of the Afrikaner Trekboers and the urban white artists earnestly following changing European traditions from the 1850s onwards also contributed to this eclectic mix , which continues to evolve today . Olive Schreiner South African literature emerged from a unique social and political history . One of the first well known novels written by a black author in an African language was Solomon Thekiso Plaatje 's Mhudi , written in 1930 . During the 1950s , Drum magazine became a hotbed of political satire , fiction , and essays , giving a voice to urban black culture . Notable white South African authors include Alan Paton , who published the acclaimed novel Cry , the Beloved Country in 1948 . Nadine Gordimer became the first South African to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1991 . Her most famous novel , July 's People , was released in 1981 . J.M. Coetzee won the Nobel Prize for Literature , in 2003 . When awarding the prize , the Swedish Academy stated that Coetzee `` in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider '' . The plays of Athol Fugard have been regularly premiered in fringe theatres in South Africa , London ( The Royal Court Theatre ) and New York . Olive Schreiner 's The Story of an African Farm ( 1883 ) was a revelation in Victorian literature : it is heralded by many as introducing feminism into the novel form . Breyten Breytenbach was jailed for his involvement with the guerrilla movement against apartheid . Andre Brink was the first Afrikaner writer to be banned by the government after he released the novel A Dry White Season . Popular culture The South African media sector is large , and South Africa is one of Africa 's major media centres . While South Africa 's many broadcasters and publications reflect the diversity of the population as a whole , the most commonly used language is English . However , all ten other official languages are represented to some extent or another . There is great diversity in South African music . Black musicians have developed a unique style called Kwaito . Kwaito is said to have taken over radio , television , and magazines . Of note is Brenda Fassie , who launched to fame with her song `` Weekend Special '' , which was sung in English . More famous traditional musicians include Ladysmith Black Mambazo , while the Soweto String Quartet performs classic music with an African flavour . South Africa has produced world - famous jazz musicians , notably Hugh Masekela , Jonas Gwangwa , Abdullah Ibrahim , Miriam Makeba , Jonathan Butler , Chris McGregor , and Sathima Bea Benjamin . Afrikaans music covers multiple genres , such as the contemporary Steve Hofmeyr , the punk rock band Fokofpolisiekar and the singer - songwriter Jeremy Loops . Although few South African film productions are known outside South Africa itself , many foreign films have been produced about South Africa . Arguably , the most high - profile film portraying South Africa in recent years was District 9 . Other notable exceptions are the film Tsotsi , which won the Academy Award for Foreign Language Film at the 78th Academy Awards in 2006 as well as U-Carmen e-Khayelitsha , which won the Golden Bear at the 2005 Berlin International Film Festival . In 2015 , Oliver Hermanus film The Endless River became the first South African film selected for the Venice Film Festival . Cuisine Main article : South African cuisine Meat on a traditional South African braai South African culture is diverse ; foods from many cultures are enjoyed by all and especially marketed to tourists who wish to sample the large variety of South African cuisine . In addition to food , music and dance feature prominently . South African cuisine is heavily meat - based and has spawned the distinctively South African social gathering known as a braai , or barbecue . South Africa has also developed into a major wine producer , with some of the best vineyards lying in valleys around Stellenbosch , Franschhoek , Paarl and Barrydale . Sports Main article : Sport in South Africa South Africa 's most popular sports are soccer , rugby and cricket . Other sports with significant support are swimming , athletics , golf , boxing , tennis , ringball , and netball . Although soccer commands the greatest following among the youth , other sports like basketball , surfing and skateboarding are increasingly popular . Soccer players who have played for major foreign clubs include Steven Pienaar , Lucas Radebe and Philemon Masinga , Benni McCarthy , Aaron Mokoena , and Delron Buckley . South Africa hosted the 2010 FIFA World Cup , and FIFA president Sepp Blatter awarded South Africa a grade 9 out of 10 for successfully hosting the event . The Springboks in a bus parade after winning the 2007 Rugby World Cup Famous boxing personalities include Baby Jake Jacob Matlala , Vuyani Bungu , Welcome Ncita , Dingaan Thobela , Gerrie Coetzee and Brian Mitchell . Durban Surfer Jordy Smith won the 2010 Billabong J - Bay competition making him the no 1 ranked surfer in the world . South Africa produced Formula One motor racing 's 1979 world champion Jody Scheckter . Famous current cricket players include AB de Villiers , Hashim Amla , Dale Steyn , Vernon Philander , Faf du Plessis etc . Most of them also participate in the Indian Premier League . South Africa has also produced numerous world class rugby players , including Francois Pienaar , Joost van der Westhuizen , Danie Craven , Frik du Preez , Naas Botha and Bryan Habana . South Africa hosted and won the 1995 Rugby World Cup and won the 2007 Rugby World Cup in France . It followed the 1995 Rugby World Cup by hosting the 1996 African Cup of Nations , with the national team going on to win the tournament . It also hosted the 2003 Cricket World Cup , the 2007 World Twenty20 Championship . South Africa has also won the inaugural edition of the 1998 ICC KnockOut Trophy by defeating West Indies in the final. South Africa team also went onto win the inaugural edition of the Blind Cricket World Cup in 1998 . In 2004 , the swimming team of Roland Schoeman , Lyndon Ferns , Darian Townsend and Ryk Neethling won the gold medal at the Olympic Games in Athens , simultaneously breaking the world record in the 4x100 freestyle relay . Penny Heyns won Olympic Gold in the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games . In 2012 Oscar Pistorius became the first double amputee sprinter to compete at the Olympic Games in London . In golf , Gary Player is generally regarded as one of the greatest golfers of all time , having won the Career Grand Slam , one of five golfers to have done so . Other South African golfers to have won major tournaments include Bobby Locke , Ernie Els , Retief Goosen , Tim Clark , Trevor Immelman , Louis Oosthuizen and Charl Schwartzel . Education Main article : Education in South Africa Schoolchildren in Mitchell 's Plain The adult literacy rate in 2007 was 88.7 % . South Africa has a 3 tier system of education starting with primary school , followed by high school and tertiary education in the form of ( academic ) universities and universities of technology . Learners have twelve years of formal schooling , from grade 1 to 12 . Grade R is a pre-primary foundation year . Primary schools span the first seven years of schooling . High School education spans a further five years . The Senior Certificate examination takes place at the end of grade 12 and is necessary for tertiary studies at a South African university . Public universities in South Africa are divided into three types : traditional universities , which offer theoretically oriented university degrees ; universities of technology ( `` Technikons '' ) , which offer vocational oriented diplomas and degrees ; and comprehensive universities , which offer both types of qualification . There are 23 public universities in South Africa : 11 traditional universities , 6 universities of technology and 6 comprehensive universities . Under apartheid , schools for blacks were subject to discrimination through inadequate funding and a separate syllabus called Bantu Education which was only designed to give them sufficient skills to work as labourers . In 2004 South Africa started reforming its higher education system , merging and incorporating small universities into larger institutions , and renaming all higher education institutions `` university '' to redress these imbalances . By 2015 , 1.4 million students in higher education have benefited from a financial aid scheme which was promulgated in 1999 . Public expenditure on education was at 5.4 % of the 2002 -- 05 GDP . Health Main article : Health in South Africa AIDS has caused a fall in life expectancy . According to the South African Institute of Race Relations , the life expectancy in 2009 was 71 years for a white South African and 48 years for a black South African . The healthcare spending in the country is about 9 % of GDP . Only 16 % of the population is covered by medical schemes . About 20 % use private healthcare . The rest pay `` out of pocket '' or through hospital cash plans . The three dominant hospital groups , Mediclinic , Life Healthcare and Netcare , together control 75 % of the market . About 84 % of the population depend on the public healthcare system , which is beset with chronic human resource shortages and limited resources . South Africa is home to the third largest hospital in the world , the Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital . HIV / AIDS Main article : HIV / AIDS in South Africa According to the 2015 UNAIDS Report , South Africa has an estimated 7 million people living with HIV -- more than any other country in the world . A 2008 study revealed that HIV / AIDS infection in South Africa is distinctly divided along racial lines : 13.6 % of blacks are HIV - positive , whereas only 0.3 % of whites have the disease . Most deaths are experienced by economically active individuals , resulting in many AIDS orphans who in many cases depend on the state for care and financial support . It is estimated that there are 1,200,000 orphans in South Africa . The link between HIV , a virus spread primarily by sexual contact , and AIDS was long denied by prior president Thabo Mbeki and then health minister Manto Tshabalala - Msimang , who insisted that the many deaths in the country are due to malnutrition , and hence poverty , and not HIV . In 2007 , in response to international pressure , the government made efforts to fight AIDS . After the 2009 General Elections , President Jacob Zuma appointed Dr Aaron Motsoaledi as the new minister and committed his government to increasing funding for and widening the scope of AIDS treatment . See also South Africa portal Book : South Africa Index of South Africa - related articles Outline of South Africa Notes Jump up ^ The Khoi , Nama and San languages , South African Sign Language , German , Greek , Gujarati , Hindi , Portuguese , Telugu , Tamil , Urdu , Arabic , Hebrew , Sanskrit and `` other languages used for religious purposes in South Africa '' have a special status ( Chapter 1 , Article 6 of the South African Constitution ) . References Jump up ^ `` The Constitution '' . Constitutional Court of South Africa . Retrieved 3 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Principal Agglomerations of the World '' . Citypopulation.de . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Mid-year population estimates 2014 . Statistics South Africa ^ Jump up to : `` Community Survey 2016 In Brief '' ( PDF ) . Statistics South Africa . Retrieved 28 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Census 2011 : Census in brief ( PDF ) . Pretoria : Statistics South Africa . 2012 . pp. 23 -- 25 . ISBN 9780621413885 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 13 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` South Africa '' . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gini Index '' . World Bank . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2015 . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` South African Maritime Safety Authority '' . South African Maritime Safety Authority . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Coastline '' . The World Factbook . CIA . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` South Africa Fast Facts '' . SouthAfrica.info. April 2007 . Archived from the original on 19 July 2008 . Retrieved 14 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Guy Arnold . `` Lesotho : Year In Review 1996 -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Schenoni Luis . `` The Southern African Unipolarity : Year In Review 2017 -- Journal of Contemporary African Studies '' . JCAS . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rainbow Nation -- dream or reality ? '' . BBC News . 18 July 2008 . Retrieved 10 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa '' . World Bank . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ David Waugh ( 2000 ) . `` Manufacturing industries ( chapter 19 ) , World development ( chapter 22 ) '' . Geography : An Integrated Approach . Nelson Thornes . pp. 563 , 576 -- 579 , 633 , 640 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 17 - 444706 - 1 . Retrieved 24 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa 's Unemployment Rate Increases to 23.5 % '' . Bloomberg. 5 May 2009 . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` HDI '' ( PDF ) . UNDP . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Andrew F ; Antkiewicz , Agata ; Shaw , Timothy M ( 10 December 2007 ) . `` Lessons from / for BRICSAM about South - North Relations at the Start of the 21st Century : Economic Size Trumps All Else ? '' . International Studies Review . 9 ( 4 ) : 675 , 687 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 2486.2007. 00730. x . Jump up ^ David A. Lynch ( 2010 ) . Trade and Globalization : An Introduction to Regional Trade Agreements . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 6689 - 7 . Retrieved 25 August 2013 . Southern Africa is home to the other of sub-Saharan Africa 's regional powers : South Africa . South Africa is more than just a regional power ; it is currently the most developed and economically powerful country in Africa , and now it is able to use that influence in Africa more than during the days of apartheid ( white rule ) , when it was ostracised . Jump up ^ Livermon , Xavier ( 2008 ) . `` Sounds in the City '' . In Nuttall , Sarah ; Mbembé , Achille . Johannesburg : The Elusive Metropolis . Durham : Duke University Press . p. 283 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 8121 - 1 . Mzansi is another black urban vernacular term popular with the youth and standing for South Africa . Jump up ^ `` Mzansi DiToloki '' . Deaf Federation of South Africa . Archived from the original on 16 January 2014 . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . uMzantsi in Xhosa means ' south ' , Mzansi means this country , South Africa Jump up ^ Taylor , Darren . `` South African Party Says Call Their Country ' Azania ' '' . VOA . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Wymer , John ; Singer , R ( 1982 ) . The Middle Stone Age at Klasies River Mouth in South Africa . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 76103 - 7 . Jump up ^ Deacon , HJ ( 2001 ) . `` Guide to Klasies River '' ( PDF ) . Stellenbosch University . p. 11 . Retrieved 5 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fossil Hominid Sites of Sterkfontein , Swartkrans , Kromdraai , and Environs '' . Jump up ^ Stephen P. Broker . `` Hominid Evolution '' . Yale - New Haven Teachers Institute . Retrieved 19 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Langer , William L. , ed. ( 1972 ) . An Encyclopedia of World History ( 5th ed . ) . Boston , MA : Houghton Mifflin Company . p. 9 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 13592 - 3 . Jump up ^ Leakey , Louis Seymour Bazett ( 1936 ) . `` Stone Age cultures of South Africa '' . Stone age Africa : an outline of prehistory in Africa ( reprint ed . ) . Negro Universities Press . p. 79 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 21 . In 1929 , during a brief visit to the Transvaal , I myself found a number of pebble tools in some of the terrace gravels of the Vaal River , and similar finds have been recorded by Wayland , who visited South Africa , and by van Riet Lowe and other South African prehistorians . Jump up ^ Domville - Fife , C.W. ( 1900 ) . The encyclopedia of the British Empire the first encyclopedic record of the greatest empire in the history of the world ed . London : Rankin . p. 25 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , W. Douglas ; Stead , Alfred ( 1899 ) . South Africa : Its History , Heroes , and Wars . Chicago : The Co-Operative Publishing Company . Jump up ^ Pakeman , SA . Nations of the Modern World : Ceylon ( 1964 ed . ) . Frederick A Praeger , Publishers . pp. 18 -- 19 . ASIN B0000CM2VW . ^ Jump up to : Alexander Wilmot & John Centlivres Chase . History of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope : From Its Discovery to the Year 1819 ( 2010 ed . ) . Claremont : David Philip ( Pty ) Ltd . pp. 1 -- 548 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 144 - 83015 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Irving . Area Handbook for the Republic of South Africa ( PDF ) . pp. 46 -- 771 . Jump up ^ `` African History Timeline '' . West Chester University of Pennsylvania . ^ Jump up to : Hunt , John ( 2005 ) . Campbell , Heather - Ann , ed . Dutch South Africa : Early Settlers at the Cape , 1652 -- 1708 . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. 13 -- 35 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904744 - 95 - 5 . Jump up ^ Worden , Nigel . Slavery in Dutch South Africa ( 2010 ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 40 -- 43 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 15266 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Harold . 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A Anturalist 's Guide to the Tropics ( Revised edition ( May 15 , 2000 ) ed . ) . University Of Chicago Press . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 46828 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Plants and Vegetation in South Africa '' . Southafrica-travel.net . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Environmental Affairs ( 22 January 2015 ) . `` Progress in the war against poaching '' . Environmental Affairs . South Africa . Archived from the original on 23 January 2015 . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` South African National Biodiversity Institute '' . Sanbi.org. 30 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Term Limits in Africa '' . The Economist. 6 April 2006 . Retrieved 26 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 4 -- Parliament '' . 19 August 2009 . Archived from the original on 30 May 2013 . Retrieved 3 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Abahlali baseMjondolo . `` Mercury : Rethinking the crisis of local democracy '' . Abahlali.org . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ J. 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( 2002 ) . `` Skilled Labour Migration from Developing Countries : Study on South and Southern Africa '' ( PDF ) . International Labour Office . Retrieved 26 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa 's brain - drain generation returning home '' . CNN World . 22 April 2009 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2010 . Retrieved 4 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa 's brain drain reversing '' . Times Live . Retrieved 4 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Graduates confident about SA '' . Times Live . Retrieved 4 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SKA announces Founding Board and selects Jodrell Bank Observatory to host Project Office '' . SKA 2011 . 2 April 2011 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Africa and Australasia to share Square Kilometre Array '' . BBC . 25 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Most progressive water utility in Africa '' wins 2014Stockholm Industry Water Award `` . Stockholm International Water Institute ( SIWI ) . 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If the post-apartheid order was committed to remedying this , race would have to be included in surveys and censuses , so that progress in eradicating the consequences of apartheid could be measured and monitored . This was the reasoning that led to a ' self - identifying ' question about ' race ' or ' population group ' in both the 1996 and 2001 population censuses , and in Statistics SA 's household survey programme . Jump up ^ Study Commission on U.S. Policy toward Southern Africa ( U.S. ) ( 1981 ) . South Africa : time running out : the report of the Study Commission on U.S. Policy Toward Southern Africa . University of California Press . p. 42 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 04547 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Refugee Survey 2008 '' . U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants. 19 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of South Africa , Chapter 1 , Section 6 '' . Fs.gov.za . Archived from the original on 13 November 2012 . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . 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Leonard Thompson . Yale University Press . 1 March 2001 . 384 pages . ISBN 0 - 300 - 08776 - 4 . Economic Analysis and Policy Formulation for Post-Apartheid South Africa : Mission Report , Aug. 1991 . International Development Research Centre . IDRC Canada , 1991 . vi , 46 p . Without ISBN Emerging Johannesburg : Perspectives on the Postapartheid City . Richard Tomlinson , et al. 1 January 2003 . 336 pages . ISBN 0 - 415 - 93559 - 8 . Making of Modern South Africa : Conquest , Segregation and Apartheid . Nigel Worden. 1 July 2000 . 194 pages . ISBN 0 - 631 - 21661 - 8 . South Africa : A Narrative History . Frank Welsh . Kodansha America . 1 February 1999 . 606 pages . ISBN 1 - 56836 - 258 - 7 . South Africa in Contemporary Times . Godfrey Mwakikagile . New Africa Press . February 2008 . 260 pages . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9802587 - 3 - 8 . The Atlas of Changing South Africa . A.J. Christopher . 1 October 2000 . 216 pages . ISBN 0 - 415 - 21178 - 6 . The Politics of the New South Africa . Heather Deegan. 28 December 2000 . 256 pages . ISBN 0 - 582 - 38227 - 0 . Twentieth - Century South Africa . William Beinart Oxford University Press 2001 , 414 pages , ISBN 0 - 19 - 289318 - 1 External links Find more aboutSouth Africaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Government of South Africa `` South Africa '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Africa
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who founded the hindu balika vidyalaya in calcutta
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Hindu Mahila Vidyalaya ( School for Hindu Women ) was a boarding school located at 22 Beniapukur Lane , Entally , Kolkata , India , founded by Annette Akroyd The school made a break with the idea of a less taxing curricula for girls , and provided the same kind of learning for its students as was available for boys . Sources record different dates for the establishment of the school . While Jogesh C. Bagal , records the date of establishment as 18 November 1873 David Kopf mentions it as 18 September 1873 .
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Annette Akroyd
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Hindu Mahila Vidyalaya
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hindu mahila vidyalaya
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Hindu Mahila Vidyalaya ( School for Hindu Women ) was a boarding school located at 22 Beniapukur Lane , Entally , Kolkata , India , founded by Annette Akroyd The school made a break with the idea of a less taxing curricula for girls , and provided the same kind of learning for its students as was available for boys . Sources record different dates for the establishment of the school . While Jogesh C. Bagal , records the date of establishment as 18 November 1873 David Kopf mentions it as 18 September 1873 .
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Dwarkanath Ganguly was the headmaster . Ananda Mohan Bose and Durga Mohan Das bore the expenses of the institution . Others involved in the school were Sivanath Sastri and Monomohun Ghose . Mrs. J.B. Phear was an honorary teacher . She went to the extent of teaching her students how to eat at table with cutlery . After the marriage of Annette Akroyd , the school was closed in March 1876 for a short time and was revived on 1 June 1876 as Banga Mahila Vidyalaya ( Bengali Women 's College ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bagal , Jogesh Chandra , History of the Bethune School and College ( 1849 - 1949 ) in Bethune College and School Centenary Volume , edited by Dr. Kalidas Nag , 1949 , p33 ^ Jump up to : Karlekar , Malavika . `` Lessons in a Sari - Did women 's education in India change the way they dressed ? '' . The Telegraph , 4 February 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Kopf , David , The Brahmo Samaj and the Shaping of the Modern Indian Mind , 1979 , pp. 34 - 39 , Princeton University Press , ISBN 0 - 691 - 03125 - 8 Jump up ^ Sastri , Sivanath , History of the Brahmo Samaj , 1911 - 12 / 1993 , p. 164 , Sadharan Brahmo Samaj . Jump up ^ Amin , Sonia ( 2012 ) . `` Beveridge , Annette Susannah Akroyd '' . In Islam , Sirajul ; Jamal , Ahmed A. Banglapedia : National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh ( Second ed . ) . Asiatic Society of Bangladesh . External links ( edit ) There is a picture of Annette Akroyd with the students of Hindu Mahila Vidyalaya , 1875 , from Henry Beveridge 's India Called Them ( 1947 ) . - Karlekar , Malavika . `` Frozen Frames '' . Spectrum . The Tribune , 8 May 2005 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 19 . Bengali renaissance People Sri Aurobindo Atul Prasad Sen Rajnarayan Basu Jagadish Chandra Bose Subhash Chandra Bose Satyendra Nath Bose Bethune Upendranath Brahmachari Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay Akshay Kumar Datta Henry Derozio Alexander Duff Michael Madhusudan Dutt Romesh Chunder Dutt Anil Kumar Gain Dwarkanath Ganguly Kadambini Ganguly Monomohun Ghose Ramgopal Ghosh Aghore Nath Gupta David Hare Kazi Nazrul Islam Eugène Lafont Ashutosh Mukherjee Kalikrishna Mitra Harish Chandra Mukherjee Ramakrishna Paramahamsa Gour Govinda Ray Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury Raja Ram Mohan Roy Meghnad Saha Akshay Chandra Sarkar Mahendralal Sarkar Brajendra Nath Seal Girish Chandra Sen Keshub Chandra Sen Haraprasad Shastri Debendranath Tagore Rabindranath Tagore Satyendranath Tagore Jnanadanandini Devi Sitanath Tattwabhushan Brahmabandhav Upadhyay Ram Chandra Vidyabagish Dwarkanath Vidyabhusan Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar Swami Vivekananda Paramahansa Yogananda Begum Rokeya Culture Adi Dharm Bengali literature Bengali poetry Bengali music Brahmo Samaj British Raj British Indian Association History of Bengal Nazrul geeti Rabindra Nritya Natya Rabindra Sangeet Sambad Prabhakar Socialism in Bengal Swadeshi Satyagraha Tattwabodhini Patrika Tagore family Bangiya Sahitya Parishad Young Bengal Institutions Anandamohan College Asiatic Society Banga Mahila Vidyalaya Bangabasi College Bethune College Bengal Engineering and Science University , Shibpur Calcutta Madrasah College Calcutta Medical College Fort William College General Assembly 's Institution Hindu Mahila Vidyalaya Hindu Theatre Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Midnapore College National Council of Education , Bengal Oriental Seminary Presidency College Ripon College Sanskrit College Scottish Church College Serampore College St. Xavier 's College , Kolkata Vidyasagar College Visva - Bharati University University of Calcutta University of Dhaka Other renaissance and revolutionary movements Bhakti movement Gaudiya Vaishnavism Brahmoism Fakir - Sannyasi rebellion Indian independence movement Kalighat painting Jugantar movement Bengal School of Art Hindu -- German Conspiracy Kallol Gananatya Andolan Bratachari movement Bengali Little Magazine Movement Parallel cinema Indian Communism Naxalism Hungryalism Prakalpana Movement This article about a school in West Bengal , India is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindu_Mahila_Vidyalaya&oldid=853195290 '' Categories : Boarding schools in West Bengal Girls ' schools in Kolkata Academic institutions associated with the Bengal Renaissance Educational institutions established in 1873 1873 establishments in India West Bengal school stubs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2018 Use Indian English from August 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English West Bengal articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia বাংলা Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 02 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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the island that canada and denmark fight over
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`` Google fight '' or `` Google war '' is the name given to a number of advertisements on the Internet search engine Google which promoted either Danish or Canadian sovereignty over Hans Island .
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Hans Island
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Hans Island
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hans island
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Hans Island Disputed island Native name : Tartupaluk , ᑕᕐᑐᐸᓗᒃ Other names : Hans Ø , Île Hans Hans Island from the east ( Greenland ) side Geography Map of part of Kennedy Channel , with the disputed Island . Location Kennedy Channel of the Nares Strait Coordinates 80 ° 49 ′ 41 '' N 66 ° 27 ′ 35 '' W / 80.82806 ° N 66.45972 ° W / 80.82806 ; - 66.45972 Coordinates : 80 ° 49 ′ 41 '' N 66 ° 27 ′ 35 '' W / 80.82806 ° N 66.45972 ° W / 80.82806 ; - 66.45972 Area 1.3 km ( 0.5 sq mi ) Length 1,290 m ( 0.8 mi ) Width 1,199 m ( 0.745 mi ) Administered by Disputed , affairs de facto handled by Danish Realm Claimed by Canada Denmark Demographics Population Uninhabited Hans Island ( Greenlandic : Tartupaluk ; Inuktitut : ᑕᕐᑐᐸᓗᒃ ; French : Île Hans pronounced ( il ɑ̃ ) ; Danish : Hans Ø ) is a small , uninhabited barren knoll measuring 1.3 km ( 0.5 sq mi ) , 1,290 m ( 4,230 ft ) long and 1,199 m ( 3,934 ft ) wide , located in the centre of the Kennedy Channel of Nares Strait -- the strait that separates Ellesmere Island from northern Greenland and connects Baffin Bay with the Lincoln Sea . Hans Island is the smallest of three islands located in Kennedy Channel ; the others are Franklin Island and Crozier Island . The strait at this point is 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) wide , placing the island within the territorial waters of both Canada and Greenland . A theoretical line in the middle of the strait goes through the island . The island has likely been part of Inuit hunting grounds since the 14th century . It is claimed by Denmark on behalf of Greenland 's home rule government and also by Canada . In accordance with the Greenland home rule treaty , Denmark handles certain foreign affairs , such as border disputes , on behalf of the entire commonwealth . The nearest populated places are Alert , Canada ( 198 km or 123 - mile distance , pop . 62 ) , Siorapaluk , Greenland ( 349 km or 217 - mile distance , pop . 68 ) and Qaanaaq , Greenland ( 379 km or 235 - mile distance , pop . 656 ) . Contents 1 Name 2 History and disputed sovereignty 2.1 Early history 2.2 1972 -- 73 border treaty 2.3 Joint administration 2.4 Media attention and continuing negotiations 2.4. 1 Google fight 2.5 Timeline 3 See also 4 Notes 5 Sources 6 External links Name ( edit ) The island is named after Hans Hendrik , whose native Greenlandic name was Suersaq . Hendrik was an Arctic traveller and translator who worked on the American and British Arctic expeditions of Elisha Kent Kane , Charles Francis Hall , Isaac Israel Hayes and George Strong Nares , from 1853 to 1876 . Prior to 2005 , the island was thought to have been named during Charles Francis Hall 's third North Pole expedition between 1871 and 1873 . The first written reference to the name and the island itself appears in Charles Henry Davis 's book Narrative of the North Polar expedition ( 1876 ) , which is a narrative of Hall 's third North Pole expedition . On page 407 it appears , without any previous mention . The island made its first cartographic appearance on a map accompanying the book . Charles Henry Davis writes , The ship was tied to a large floe , and drifted slowly down the channel with the pack ; about noon , she was quite near Hans Island and west of it . The latitude by observation was 80 ° 48 ′ N ; longitude 68 ° 38 ′ W . The ship continued to drift , and at 7 p.m. was midway between Hans and Franklin Islands , which are ten miles distant from each other . Soundings were taken at a depth of 203 fathoms , with a bottom of black limestone . He was referring to the ship Polaris 's return voyage southward down the Kennedy channel . This does not answer when it was named . However , the ship 's doctor and leader of the scientific part of the expedition , Emil Bessels , wrote of it in his own book , Die amerikanische Nordpol - Expedition ( 1879 ) . On page 124 he tells that on August 29 , 1871 , on the voyage north through Kennedy Channel , the Polaris sailed between Grinnell - land ( Ellesmere Island ) and a small unknown island which they later named Hans Island , after his native Greenlandic helper , Hans Hendrik . An earlier mention of a Hans Island expedition is in Elisha Kent Kane 's Arctic Explorations : The Second Grinnell Expedition , 1853 , ' 54 , ' 55 , ( published 1857 ) , in pages 317 -- 319 . Thus the year 1853 is now often cited as the date of the discovery and naming of the island , including in a letter by the Danish Ambassador to Canada in the Ottawa Citizen on July 28 , 2005 . We now neared the Litteton Island of Captain Inglefield where a piece of good fortune awaited us . We saw a number of ducks , both eiders and hareldas ; and it occurred to me that by tracking their flight we should reach their breeding - grounds . There was no trouble in doing so , for they flew in a bee - line to a group of rocky islets , ( ... snip ... ) A rugged little ledge , which I named Eider Island , was so thickly colonized that we could hardly walk without treading on a nest ( ... snip ... ) Nearby was a low and isolated rock - ledge , which we called Hans Island . The glaucous gulls , those cormorants of the Arctic seas , had made it their peculiar homestead . Littleton Island ( Greenlandic : Pikiuleq ) is approximately 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) from Greenland 's coast right in Smith Sound . It is about 300 km ( 190 mi ) south of the island today called Hans Island . Around it and the coast of Greenland lay dozens of tiny Islands , and Kane names one of them Hans Island after Hans Hendrik , the native Greenlandic helper he had with him on the trip . That this is the current Littleton Island is confirmed by Kane mentioning Edward Augustus Inglefield , who named Littleton Island . The names of many places in this region have changed or been altered during the last 100 years . For example , the name of Nares Strait ( named after George Strong Nares ) , separating Ellesmere Island and Northern Greenland , was not agreed upon between the Danish and Canadian governments until 1964 . History and disputed sovereignty ( edit ) Early history ( edit ) Inuit living in northern Greenland or Canada would have known the island for centuries . In the mid 19th century , Nares Strait was likely unknown to Europeans . It is not known whether Vikings visited the island in the centuries when Greenland was inhabited by Norsemen . From 1850 to 1880 , the area in which Hans Island is situated was explored by American and British expeditions . These expeditions were a response partly due to the popular search for the missing British explorer John Franklin , and partly to search for the elusive Northwest Passage and / or reach the North Pole . The Danish `` Celebration Expedition '' of 1920 to 1923 accurately mapped the whole region of the Northern Greenland coast from Cape York ( Kap York ) to Denmark Sound ( Danmark fjord ) . In 1933 , the Permanent Court of International Justice declared the legal status of Greenland in favour of Denmark . Denmark claims that geological evidence points to Hans Island being part of Greenland , and therefore that it belongs to Denmark by extension of the Court 's ruling . Since the 1960s , numerous surveys have been undertaken in the Nares Strait region , including seismic , ice flow , mapping , archeological and economic surveys . Canadian - based Dome Petroleum Ltd. made surveys on and around Hans Island from 1980 to 1983 , to investigate the movement of ice masses . 1972 -- 73 border treaty ( edit ) In 1972 , a team consisting of personnel from the Canadian Hydrographic Service and Danish personnel working in the Nares Strait determined the geographic coordinates for Hans Island . During negotiations between Canada and Denmark on their maritime boundary in 1973 , both states claimed that Hans Island was part of their territory . No agreement was reached between the two governments on the issue . The maritime boundary immediately north and south of Hans Island was established in the continental shelf treaty ratified by Greenland and Canada and then submitted to the United Nations on December 17 , 1973 , in force since March 13 , 1974 . At that time , it was the longest shelf boundary treaty ever negotiated and may have been the first ever continental shelf boundary developed by a computer . The Government of the Kingdom of Denmark and the Government of Canada , Having decided to establish in the area between Greenland and the Canadian Arctic Islands a dividing line beyond which neither Party exercising its rights under the Convention on the Continental Shelf of April / 29 / 1958 will extend its sovereign rights for the purpose of exploration and exploitation of the natural resources of the continental shelf ... The treaty lists 127 points ( latitude and longitude ) from the Davis Strait to the end of the Robeson Channel , where the Nares Strait runs into the Lincoln Sea , to draw geodesic lines between , to form the border . The treaty does not , however , draw a line from point 122 ( 80 ° 49 ′ 12 `` N , 66 ° 29 ′ 00 '' W ) to point 123 ( 80 ° 49 ′ 48 `` N , 66 ° 26 ′ 18 '' W ) , a distance of 1,370 m ( 4,490 ft ) , because Hans Island is situated in between those two points . Joint administration ( edit ) In 1984 Kenn Harper , a historian from Iqaluit , wrote an article about Hans Island which was published in the local newspaper Hainang in Qaanaaq ( Thule ) in northwestern Greenland . This article was picked up by a Danish newspaper in Copenhagen , and by CBC Radio in Canada . This article was sparked because of a chance encounter on the ice near Resolute , in the Canadian Arctic in the autumn of 1983 . According to Kenn Harper he met a man wearing a hat with bold letters around the side of the hat saying `` HANS ISLAND , N.W.T. '' This man was a scientist with Dome Petroleum who had just spent the summer on the island doing ice research . Dome Petroleum did research on and around the island from 1980 to 1983 . Simultaneously , the Danish and Canadian governments were in the process of signing a cooperation agreement in relation to the marine environment in Nares Strait . The agreement was signed and put into force on August 26 , 1983 . ( The treaty was extended in 1991 . ) The Agreement aims at developing further bilateral cooperation in respect of the protection of the marine environment of the waters lying between Canada and Greenland and of its living resources , particularly with respect to preparedness measures as a contingency against pollution incidents resulting from offshore hydrocarbon exploration or exploitation ( Annex A ) and from shipping activities ( Annex B) that may affect the marine environment of these waters . One of the items also discussed was the possibility of establishing a reciprocal arrangement for processing applications to conduct research on and around Hans Island . This was never signed ; however , Canadian John Munro , at that time Minister for Northern Affairs and Development , and Dane Tom Høyem , at that time Minister for Greenland , agreed , in common interest , to avoid acts that might prejudice future negotiations . However , unknown to the politicians , Dome Petroleum was already doing research on the island . According to Kenn Harper , the Canadian Department of External Affairs conducting these negotiations with the Danes might not even have been aware that Dome Petroleum was already doing research on the island . Kenn Harper claims that in 1984 a senior official of Energy Mines and Resources , Canada , wrote him , saying , `` To my knowledge the Department of Energy , Mines & Resources did not confer with the Department of External Affairs over the use of the island by Dome Petroleum . '' In 1984 , the Danish Minister for Greenland planted the Danish flag on the Island and left a little message saying `` Velkommen til den danske ø '' ( English : Welcome to the Danish Island ) . It is also said he left a bottle of brandy , however this seems to have been Schnapps , which unlike brandy is a traditional Danish spirit . The Canadians have reciprocated with their own sign , the flag of Canada and a bottle of Canadian Club . Media attention and continuing negotiations ( edit ) Hans Island . NASA Landsat 7 image Though CBC and others had done some reporting in the 1980s , the dispute came to popular attention through Canadian press stories during late March 2004 . Within days , it spread to other newspapers worldwide . On March 25 , 2004 , when Adrian Humphreys of the Canadian National Post newspaper wrote an article entitled `` Five - year plan to ' put footprints in the snow ' and assert northern sovereignty '' , Humphreys made a brief mention of the dispute over Hans Island , and that the Danes had sent warships to the island . The Arctic sea region has long been a subject of the dispute . In this matter , Canada , Denmark , Iceland , Russia , and Norway share a common interest because they regard parts of the Arctic seas as `` national waters '' . The United States and most European Union countries , on the other hand , officially regard the region as international waters . Further items in the Canadian media led to the issue being picked up by international news organizations . The Canadian federal government 's 2004 budget was introduced on March 23 , 2004 , two days before the issue gained widespread attention . It proposed minimal increases to spending on national defence . The issue of Hans Island was raised in the Canadian Parliament by opposition foreign affairs critic Stockwell Day to highlight the government 's failure to provide more funding for the military . A new article by Adrian Humphreys on March 30 , 2004 , also in the National Post , entitled `` Danes summon envoy over Arctic fight -- the solution of the dispute is not going to be military '' , drew even more attention to the issue . The article claimed that Brian Herman , Canada 's only diplomat in Denmark ( ambassador Alfonso Gagliano having been recently recalled as a result of an unrelated Canadian scandal ) , was called before the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs , to comment about his country 's intentions in the dispute , which had , according to the article , recently been inflamed by Danish sailors occupying Hans Island . On March 31 , 2004 , the Danish and Canadian governments denied that Herman or any other Canadian official was summoned to the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Both governments stated that the dispute was a long - standing issue , and that nothing had changed in the matter . A Canadian military exercise , named `` Narwhal 04 '' , inflamed the issue further . However , this exercise had been in the planning stage since September 2003 , and it took place around Pangnirtung , Baffin Island , 2,000 km ( 1,240 mi ) south of Hans Island . The Canadian military denied that the exercise had anything to do with the Danish -- Canadian territorial dispute . The exercise took place from August 9 to 30 , 2004 , involving about 160 soldiers from the army , various aircraft , helicopters and one frigate , HMCS Montréal . About 600 Canadian Forces personnel were involved in total . A new development came to light after Canadian Defence Minister Bill Graham visited the island on July 20 , 2005 . Peter Taksø - Jensen , the head of the International Law department at Denmark 's foreign ministry , said the following in an interview with Reuters on July 25 in response to the event : We consider Hans Island to be part of Danish territory and will therefore hand over a complaint about the Canadian minister 's unannounced visit . -- Peter Taksø - Jensen , Danish Foreign Office On August 18 , 2005 , Canadian frigate HMCS Fredericton left Halifax for an Arctic cruise . Canadian officials said the month - long patrol was unrelated to the Hans Island dispute . The Kingston - class coastal defence vessels HMCS Glace Bay and HMCS Shawinigan were also scheduled to patrol the Arctic in 2005 . In July 2007 , owing to updated satellite imagery , Canadian authorities realized that the line constructed as a basis for the maritime boundary ( but not for land ) would have run roughly across the middle of the island , but the boundary did not `` move '' as that required a bilateral agreement by the two states for which negotiations continued . The two countries maintain a sense of humour in the dispute . Peter Taksøe - Jensen has stated `` when Danish military go there , they leave a bottle of Schnapps . And when Canadian military forces come there , they leave a bottle of Canadian Club and a sign saying , ' Welcome to Canada . ' '' Negotiations in 2012 between Canada and Denmark , not yet finalized , call for either a condominium or splitting the disputed island 's sovereignty in half . If the island were to be split by a boundary , it would create a second land neighbour for Canada and Denmark , each of which currently only has one , with the United States and Germany respectively . On May 23 , 2018 , Canada and Denmark announced the creation of a Joint Task Force to determine the boundary between Canada and Greenland , including the fate of Hans Island . Google fight ( edit ) `` Google fight '' or `` Google war '' is the name given to a number of advertisements on the Internet search engine Google which promoted either Danish or Canadian sovereignty over Hans Island . According to an article in the Ottawa Citizen on July 27 , 2005 , Toronto resident Rick Broadhead saw an advertisement on Google stating `` Hans Island is Greenland . Greenland natives have used the island for centuries '' and which linked to a Danish foreign affairs webpage that stated that the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs had sent a note to Canada 's ambassador to Denmark on July 25 , 2005 expressing Denmark 's regret that `` the Canadian Minister of National Defence had paid a visit to Hans Island without prior notification of the Danish Government . '' Poul Erik Dam Kristensen , Denmark 's ambassador to Canada , told the press that the paid advertisement was not a Danish government initiative and whoever placed it was acting alone . According to the article , this prompted Broadhead to put up his own advertisement on Google which linked to his own site , which promoted the Canadian claim to the island , on July 26 . Timeline ( edit ) 1980 -- 1983 -- Canadian firm Dome Petroleum did research on and around the island . 1984 -- Tom Høyem , Danish Minister for Greenland , chartered a helicopter to the island . 1988 -- The Danish Arctic Ocean patrol cutter HDMS Tulugaq ( Y388 ) arrived at the island , built a cairn and placed a flagpole and Danish flag on the island . 1995 -- The Danish liaison officer and geodesists Geodesy flew in and placed another flagpole and flag . Late August 1997 -- The Danish Arctic / Ocean patrol cutter HDMS Agpa ( Y387 ) tried to reach the island , but was forced to turn around 241 km ( 150 mi ) from the Island , owing to extreme ice . 2001 -- Keith Dewing and Chris Harrison , geologists with the Geological Survey of Canada who were mapping northern Ellesmere Island , flew by helicopter to the island . August 13 , 2002 -- The Danish inspection ship HDMS Vædderen ( F359 ) arrived and erected a new cairn , flagpole and flag , finding the 1988 flag missing and the 1995 flag in pieces . August 1 , 2003 -- The crew of the Danish frigate HDMS Triton ( F358 ) landed on the island and replaced the Danish flag again . July 13 , 2005 -- Canadian soldiers land on the Island , placing a traditional Inuit stone marker ( Inukshuk ) with a plaque and a Canadian flag . July 20 , 2005 -- As a symbolic move , Canadian Defence Minister Bill Graham set foot on the island . July 25 , 2005 -- A Danish government official announced that Denmark would issue a letter of protest to Canada . July 25 , 2005 -- Deputy premier of Greenland , Josef Motzfeldt , stated that the island had been occupied by Canada , stating that experts should determine which country the island belongs to . July 28 , 2005 -- The Danish Ambassador to Canada published an article in the Ottawa Citizen newspaper regarding the Danish view on the Hans Island issue . August 4 , 2005 -- The Danish Arctic / Ocean patrol cutter HDMS Tulugaq ( Y388 ) was sent from Naval Station Grønnedal to Hans Island to assert Danish sovereignty . The cutter was expected to arrive in three weeks ' time . August 8 , 2005 -- Danish newspapers reported that Canada wished to open negotiations regarding the future of Hans Island . The news was welcomed by Danish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen who stated that `` It is time to stop the flag war . It has no place in a modern , international world . Countries like Denmark and Canada must be able to find a peaceful solution in a case such as this . '' August 16 , 2005 -- According to Danish Foreign Minister Per Stig Møller , Denmark and Canada agreed to reopen negotiations regarding the future of Hans Island . Denmark would immediately begin geological surveys in the area , and Per Stig Møller would meet his Canadian counterpart Pierre Pettigrew in New York City in the middle of September . Should they fail to reach an agreement , both governments have agreed to submit the dispute to the International Court of Justice in The Hague . The government of Greenland agreed to this course of action . Regarding the Danish patrol cutter HDMS Tulugaq ( Y388 ) then en route to Hans Island , the minister stated `` I have instructed the ship to sail there , but they will not go ashore tearing down ( the Canadian ) flag and replacing it with a new one . It would be a somewhat childish ( behaviour ) between two NATO allies . '' August 20 , 2005 -- Canada 's Foreign Affairs Minister , Pierre Pettigrew , stated that Canada 's claim to the island had a firm basis in international law and would likely not end up before a world court . `` Our sovereignty over the island has a very strong foundation , '' the minister said in a telephone interview with a Canadian Press journalist . September 19 , 2005 -- According to Canada 's Foreign Affairs Minister , Pierre Pettigrew , Canada and Denmark have agreed on a process to resolve the dispute over the island . Pettigrew and his Danish counterpart , Per Stig Møller , met in New York on this day . Pettigrew said the two countries would work together `` to put this issue behind us . '' However Pettigrew reiterated that Canada has sovereignty over the island . August 16 , 2006 -- A Vancouver geologist receives a prospecting permit for Hans Island from the Canadian government . March 17 , 2007 -- Scientists from the University of Toronto and the Technical University of Denmark announced plans to install an automated weather station on the island , some time in the summer of 2007 . July , 2007 -- Canada updates satellite photos and recognizes that its line constructed for the earlier maritime agreement would have run roughly through the middle of the island ; negotiations continue with Denmark over establishing an international land boundary or island sovereignty . May 4 , 2008 -- An international group of scientists from Australia , Canada , Denmark , and the UK installed an automated weather station on Hans Island . April 11 , 2012 -- Proposal for Canada and Denmark to split Hans Island . November 29 , 2012 -- Canada and Denmark settle an agreement on the exact border between them , though without defining the border near Hans Island . May 23 , 2018 - Canada and Denmark announce a Joint Task Force to settle the dispute over Hans Island See also ( edit ) Arctic portal Greenland portal Islands portal Nunavut portal List of islands of Canada List of islands of Denmark Operation Hurricane ( Canada ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : McKernan , Bethan ( 13 November 2015 ) . `` Canada and Denmark are locked in an adorable war '' . i100.co.uk . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Whose Hans ? '' . Canadian Geographic . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ They are 19 km from each other , so he must have meant nautical miles , 10 nmi ( 19 km ; 12 mi ) Jump up ^ 203 fathoms ( 1,218 ft ; 371 m ) Jump up ^ Stevenson , Christopher ( 2007 ) . `` Hans Off ! : The Struggle for Hans Island and the Potential Ramifications for International Border Dispute Resolution '' . Boston College International and Comparative Law Review . p. 265 . By most accounts , the first western explorer to discover and name Hans Island was American Charles Francis Hall . Jump up ^ `` Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of Denmark and the Government of Canada relating to the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Greenland and Canada ( 17 December 1973 ) '' ( PDF ) . Delimitation Treaties Infobase . United Nations . 13 March 2002 . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Limits in the Seas No. 72 - Continental Shelf Boundary - Canada -- Greenland '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of State . 4 August 1976 . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Hainang newspaper , Qaanaaq -- according to `` Newspapers on microfilm '' , 24th edition , 2004 , Statsbiblioteket , Denmark -- existed 1964 -- 1982 , so it might have been named different in 1984 , or it might be a different newspaper altogether . ^ Jump up to : Canada , Denmark agree to resolve dispute over Arctic island , CBC News September 19 , 2005 Archived January 27 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Byers , Michael ( 2009 ) . Who owns the Arctic ? : understanding sovereignty disputes in the North ( 1st U.S. ed . ) . Vancouver : Douglas & McIntyre . pp. 26 -- 27 . ISBN 9781553654995 . Jump up ^ `` Canada and Denmark Whiskey War Over Hans Island '' . Business Insider . January 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` April 11 , 2012 audio report on Hans Island '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Europe Canada island visit angers Danes '' . BBC News . July 25 , 2005 . Retrieved November 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` HMCS Fredericton leaves Halifax for Arctic patrol '' . CTV.ca . August 18 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2005 . Retrieved November 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canada has claim to Hans Island : Pettigrew '' . CTV.ca . August 20 , 2005 . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2005 . Retrieved November 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : The Canadian Press ( July 26 , 2007 ) . `` Satellite imagery moves Hans Island boundary : report '' . Cbc.ca . Retrieved November 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Weber , Bob ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) . `` Canada , Denmark should turn Hans Island into a condominium : academics '' . CBC News . ^ Jump up to : `` Canada and the Kingdom of Denmark ( with Greenland ) announce the establishment of a Joint Task Force on Boundary Issues '' ( Press release ) . Ottawa : Government of Canada . Global Affairs Canada . 2018 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` HANS ISLAND : DANISH NOTE TO CANADIAN AMBASSADOR '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2005 . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Island squabble goes Google '' . Reuters . cnn.com . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2005 . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hans Island Belongs to Canada '' . Rickbroadhead.com . July 26 , 2005 . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2009 . Retrieved November 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hans Island '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Lynge , Mads ( 25 July 2005 ) . `` Josef Motzfeldt : Uforskammet af Canada '' ( in Danish ) . Kalaallit Nunaata Radioa . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Article about the Hans Island issue -- Embassy of Denmark Canada '' . Ambottawa.um.dk . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved November 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ? '' . Jump up ^ `` ? '' . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Ø - farcen er slut '' . Jump up ^ Canada , Denmark agree to resolve dispute over Arctic island Archived December 29 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Geologist to prospect on disputed Hans Island in Arctic '' . Cbc.ca . August 16 , 2006 . Retrieved November 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian , Danish scientists join Hans '' . globeandmail.com. 15 March 2007 . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2007 . Retrieved November 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Arctic Weather Station '' . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canada , Denmark closer to settling border dispute '' . The Globe and Mail . November 29 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Sources ( edit ) United Nations : Delimitation Treaties . Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of Denmark and the Government of Canada relating to the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Greenland and Canada , December 17 , 1973 , U.S. Department of State : Bureau of Intelligence and Research Limits in the Seas No. 72 Continental shelf Boundary : Canada -- Greenland , Issued by the Geographer , August 4 , 1976 . Hans Island rightfully belongs to Greenland , Denmark -- Kenn Harper , Article , Nunatsiaq News , April 9 , 2004 . Agreement between the Government of Canada and the Kingdom of Denmark for Cooperation relating to the Marine Environment , August 26 , 1983 . Narrative of the North Polar expedition : U.S Ship Polaris , Captain Charles Francis Hall commanding , edited under the direction of G.M. Robeson by C.H. Davis . Washington , G.P.O. , 1876 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hans Island . Hans Island in the Atlas of Canada -- Toporama ; Natural Resources Canada Hans Island : A border dispute between Denmark and Canada -- Background , maps , timeline about the Hans Island dispute . NPR 's Morning Edition , Friday , Aug 12 , 2005 -- Summary of the dispute . Newsletter No. 3 HDMS Triton -- about the August 1 , 2003 landing on the island . CASR -- article on the dispute by the Canadian American Strategic Review . Caryophyllaceae of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago Canadian Archipelago Throughflow Study Crisis in the Arctic ! Canadian perspective , March 29 , 2004 ( updated ) The Globe and Mail : Denmark wo n't provoke ' flag war ' over Hans Island Queen Elizabeth Islands , Nunavut and Northwest Territories , Canada Ellesmere Island Ellesmere Ward Hunt Island Parry Islands major Devon Melville Bathurst Prince Patrick Cornwallis Mackenzie King Borden Cornwall Eglinton Graham Lougheed Byam Martin Île Vanier Cameron Brock North Kent Emerald Isle Alexander Massey Little Cornwallis Coburg Helena Baillie - Hamilton Griffith Hoved Lowther Buckingham minor Beechey Berkeley Browne Cheyne Cocked Hat Crescent Des Voeux Dundas Edmund Walker Eight Bears Ekins Fairholme Fitzwilliam Owen Findlay Group Grosvenor Hans ( disputed by Denmark ) Houston Stewart Hyde Parker Île Marc John Barrow Margaret Nookap Norman Lockyer Patterson Philpots Pim Princess Royal Skraeling Stupart Table Thor Truro Sverdrup Islands major Axel Heiberg Ellef Ringnes Amund Ringnes King Christian Meighen Stor minor Fay Gretha Haig - Thomas Hat Ulvingen Islands of the Qikiqtaaluk Region Adams Akpatok Alfred Allen Amherst Arvalik Aulitivik Aulitiving Baffin Barth Beloeil Bergesen Bjarnason Bylot Curry Davids Dexterity Diana Edgeworth Eider Elder Emmerson Fraser Frechette Gyrfalcon Hamilton Imiqqutailaqtuuq Kaigosuiyat Kilian Lady Franklin Landslip Liddon Lock Low Marvin Nakoaiyet Nova Zembla Old Squaw Ormonde Otrick Pandora Payne Peter Richards Pisiktarfik Plover Prescott Prince Leopold Prince of Wales Ragged Round Russell Salikuit Saneruarsuk Scott Sillem Somerset Spicer Stephens Trinity Vesey Hamilton Vivian Ward Hunt Wollaston Yeoman Young Belcher Islands Bradbury Broomfield Bun Cake Camsell Dove Fair Flaherty Innetalling Karlay La Duke Loaf Mata Mavor Moore Nero Ney O'Leary Range Renouf Snape Split Tukarak Twin Cairns Walton Wiegand Islands of Cumberland Sound Akulagok Anarnittuq Aupaluktok Aupaluktut Beacon Blacklead Clear Passage Drum Ekallulik Iglunga Imigen Ivisa Kaigosuit Kangigutsak Kekertelung Kekerten Kekertukdjuak Kudjak Maktaktujanak Miliakdjuin Moodie Nimigen Nunatak Nuvujen Opingivik Sanigut Saunik Shakshukowshee Shakshukuk Tesseralik Tuapait Ugpitimik Utsusivik Wareham Islands of Davis Strait Akuglek Alikdjuak Angijak Durban Idjuniving Kekertaluk Kekertuk Kekerturnak Manitung Monumental Nedlukseak Nudlung Nunatsiaq Nuvuktik Padloping Pilektuak Qaqaluit Rock Satigsun Islands of Foxe Basin Air Force Bird Bray Deer Foley Igloolik Jens Munk Koch Neerlonakto North Tweedsmuir Prince Charles Rowley South Tweedsmuir Tern White Winter Islands of Frobisher Bay Algerine Alligator Anchorage Aubrey Augustus Bear Beveridge Bishop Brigus Brook Bruce Cairn Camp Carter Chase Coffin Crimmins Crowell Culbertson Daniel Dog Eden Emerick Falk Faris Field Fletcher Frobisher 's Farthest Gabriel Gardiner Gay Gross Halford Hantzsch Harper Hill Jenvey Kudlago Kungo Lefferts Leopold Loks Land Long Low Luella Mair Mark Mary McAllister McBride McLaren McLean Metela Mitchell Monument Nest Nouyarn Ogden Pan Peak Pichit Pike Pink Lady Pope Potter Precipice Ptarmigan Pugh Qarsau Quadrifid Redan Resor Sale Scalene Sliver Smith Sybil Thompson Whiskukun Islands of the Gulf of Boothia Crown Prince Frederik Glen Honeyman Lavoie Sabine Wales Islands of Hudson Bay Awrey Big Booth Bronson Commodore Cox Digges Eddy Elsie Fraley Frazier Gilmour Harrison J. Gordon Johnnys Kugong Long Mansel Marcopeet McCormack Nuvuk Ottawa Pattee Perley Smith Islands of Hudson Strait Alareak Aulassivik Avingasittuit Siqinirsipangat Beacon Big Black Bluff Bush Button Charles Clark Dolphin Dorset Edgell Emma Erhardt Forder Glasgow Glencoe Goodwin Gudmusson Hector High Bluff Holdridge Ijjurittiak Ivisaat Juet King Lacy Lavoie Lawson Leading Lee Lower Savage MacColl Mallik Middle Savage Mill Niels Nottingham Nunajuak Nuvursiit Nuvursirpaaraaluk Observation Okolli Point Poodlatee Rabbit Resolution Sakkiak Salisbury Sheer Strathcona Uugalautiit Wishart Islands of James Bay Akimiski Bear Big Cape Hope Carey Charlton Grey Goose Gull Jacob North Twin Paint Hills Solomons Temple South Twin Spencer Stag Strutton Sunday Trodely Twin Walter Weston Islands of the Labrador Sea Brevoort Cape Chidley Christopher Hall Hozier Hudson Ilikok Jackson Killiniq Knight Leybourne Little Hall Muingmak Rogers Queen Elizabeth Islands Alexander Baillie - Hamilton Bathurst Beechey Berkeley Borden Brock Browne Buckingham Byam Martin Cameron Cheyne Coburg Cocked Hat Cornwall Cornwallis Crescent Des Voeux Devon Dundas Edmund Walker Eglinton Ekins Ellesmere Emerald Exmouth Fairholme Findlay Group Garrett Graham Griffith Grosvenor Hans Helena Houston Stewart Hoved Hyde Parker John Barrow Little Cornwallis Lougheed Lowther Mackenzie King Marc Margaret Massey Melville Nookap Norman Lockyer North Kent Patterson Philpots Pim Pioneer Prince Patrick Princess Royal Seymour Skraeling Spit Stupart Table Thor Truro Vanier Sverdrup Islands Amund Ringnes Axel Heiberg Ellef Ringnes Fay Gretha Haig - Thomas Hat King Christian Meighen Stor Ulvingen See also Islands of the Kitikmeot Region , Islands of the Kivalliq Region . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Island&oldid=853303891 '' Categories : Canada -- Greenland border Disputed islands Islands of the Queen Elizabeth Islands Territorial disputes of Canada Territorial disputes of Denmark Uninhabited islands of Greenland Uninhabited islands of Qikiqtaaluk Region Avannaata Islands of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago Canada -- Denmark relations Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Use mdy dates from August 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Danish - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles containing Greenlandic - language text All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Articles with dead external links from August 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 20 : 05 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Island
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what kind of policies (under fiscal policy) might you suggest to the government mention three
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Economic policy
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economic policy
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The economic policy of governments covers the systems for setting levels of taxation , government budgets , the money supply and interest rates as well as the labor market , national ownership , and many other areas of government interventions into the economy .
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Most factors of economic policy can be divided into either fiscal policy , which deals with government actions regarding taxation and spending , or monetary policy , which deals with central banking actions regarding the money supply and interest rates . Such policies are often influenced by international institutions like the International Monetary Fund or World Bank as well as political beliefs and the consequent policies of parties . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types of economic policy 2 Macroeconomic stabilization policy 3 Tools and goals 3.1 Selecting tools and goals 3.2 Demand - side vs. supply - side tools 4 Discretionary policy vs policy rules 5 Economic policy through history 5.1 The first fiscal policy 5.2 Business cycles 6 See also 7 References Types of economic policy ( edit ) Almost every aspect of government has an important economic component . A few examples of the kinds of economic policies that exist include : Macroeconomic stabilization policy , which attempts to keep the money supply growing at a rate that does not result in excessive inflation , and attempts to smooth out the business cycle . Trade policy , which refers to tariffs , trade agreements and the international institutions that govern them . Policies designed to create economic growth Policies related to development economics Policies dealing with the redistribution of income , property and / or wealth As well as : regulatory policy , anti-trust policy , industrial policy and technology - based economic development policy Macroeconomic stabilization policy ( edit ) Stabilization policy attempts to stimulate an economy out of recession or constrain the money supply to prevent excessive inflation . Fiscal policy , often tied to Keynesian economics , uses government spending and taxes to guide the economy . Fiscal stance : The size of the deficit or surplus Tax policy : The taxes used to collect government income . Government spending on just about any area of government Monetary policy controls the value of currency by lowering the supply of money to control inflation and raising it to stimulate economic growth . It is concerned with the amount of money in circulation and , consequently , interest rates and inflation . Interest rates , if set by the Government Incomes policies and price controls that aim at imposing non-monetary controls on inflation Reserve requirements which affect the money multiplier Tools and goals ( edit ) Policy is generally directed to achieve particular objectives , like targets for inflation , unemployment , or economic growth . Sometimes other objectives , like military spending or nationalization are important . These are referred to as the policy goals : the outcomes which the economic policy aims to achieve . To achieve these goals , governments use policy tools which are under the control of the government . These generally include the interest rate and money supply , tax and government spending , tariffs , exchange rates , labor market regulations , and many other aspects of government . Selecting tools and goals ( edit ) Government and central banks are limited in the number of goals they can achieve in the short term . For instance , there may be pressure on the government to reduce inflation , reduce unemployment , and reduce interest rates while maintaining currency stability . If all of these are selected as goals for the short term , then policy is likely to be incoherent , because a normal consequence of reducing inflation and maintaining currency stability is increasing unemployment and increasing interest rates . Demand - side vs. supply - side tools ( edit ) This dilemma can in part be resolved by using microeconomics , supply - side policy to help adjust markets . For instance , unemployment could potentially be reduced by altering laws relating to trade unions or unemployment insurance , as well as by macroeconomic ( demand - side ) factors like interest rates . Discretionary policy vs policy rules ( edit ) For much of the 20th century , governments adopted discretionary policies like demand management designed to correct the business cycle . These typically used fiscal and monetary policy to adjust inflation , output and unemployment . However , following the stagflation of the 1970s , policymakers began to be attracted to policy rules . A discretionary policy is supported because it allows policymakers to respond quickly to events . However , discretionary policy can be subject to dynamic inconsistency : a government may say it intends to raise interest rates indefinitely to bring inflation under control , but then relax its stance later . This makes policy non-credible and ultimately ineffective . A rule - based policy can be more credible , because it is more transparent and easier to anticipate . Examples of rule - based policies are fixed exchange rates , interest rate rules , the stability and growth pact and the Golden Rule . Some policy rules can be imposed by external bodies , for instance the Exchange Rate Mechanism for currency . A compromise between strict discretionary and strict rule - based policy is to grant discretionary power to an independent body . For instance , the Federal Reserve Bank , European Central Bank , Bank of England and Reserve Bank of Australia all set interest rates without government interference , but do not adopt rules . Another type of non-discretionary policy is a set of policies which are imposed by an international body . This can occur ( for example ) as a result of intervention by the International Monetary Fund . Economic policy through history ( edit ) Main article : Economic history The first economic problem was how to gain the resources it needed to be able to perform the functions of an early government : the military , roads and other projects like building the Pyramids . Early governments generally relied on tax in kind and forced labor for their economic resources . However , with the development of money came the first policy choice . A government could raise money through taxing its citizens . However , it could now also debase the coinage and so increase the money supply . Early civilizations also made decisions about whether to permit and how to tax trade . Some early civilizations , such as Ptolemaic Egypt adopted a closed currency policy whereby foreign merchants had to exchange their coin for local money . This effectively levied a very high tariff on foreign trade . By the early modern age , more policy choices had been developed . There was considerable debate about mercantilism and other restrictive trade practices like the Navigation Acts , as trade policy became associated with both national wealth and with foreign and colonial policy . Throughout the 19th Century , monetary standards became an important issue . Gold and silver were in supply in different proportions . Which metal was adopted influenced the wealth of different groups in society . The first fiscal policy ( edit ) With the accumulation of private capital in the Renaissance , states developed methods of financing deficits without debasing their coin . The development of capital markets meant that a government could borrow money to finance war or expansion while causing less economic hardship . This was the beginning of modern fiscal policy . The same markets made it easy for private entities to raise bonds or sell stock to fund private initiatives . Business cycles ( edit ) The business cycle became a predominant issue in the 19th century , as it became clear that industrial output , employment , and profit behaved in a cyclical manner . One of the first proposed policy solutions to the problem came with the work of Keynes , who proposed that fiscal policy could be used actively to ward off depressions , recessions and slumps . The Austrian School of economics argues that central banks create the business cycle . See also ( edit ) Stabilization policy Budget process Constitutional economics References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Walter Plosila , `` State Science - and Technology - Based Economic Development Policy : History , Trends and Developments , and Future Directions , '' Economic Development Quarterly , Vol. 18 , No. 2 , May 2004 , pp. 113 - 126 This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . 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( December 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( hide ) Public policy Fields Agricultural Commercial Cultural Domestic Drug reform Economic Fiscal Incomes Industrial Investment Monetary Tax Education Energy Nuclear energy Renewable energy Environmental Food Foreign Health Pharmaceutical Vaccination Housing Immigration Knowledge Language Military Science Climate change Stem cell Space Technology Social Other topics Public administration Public policy doctrine Public policy school Policy analysis Policy studies Regulation Public policy by country GND : 4066493 - 4 HDS : 13759 NDL : 00565454 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic_policy&oldid=808830450 '' Categories : Economic policy Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2007 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Lietuvių Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 13 : 01 . 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when does tokyo ghoul re episode 2 release
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No . Title Original air date `` START : Those Who Hunt '' `` Karu Monotachi START '' ( 狩る 者 たち START ) April 3 , 2018 Quinx squad leader Kuki Urie and his frustrating underling Ginshi Shirazu are surveying Tokyo in search of the ghoul serial killer Torso , who has been killing women and eating their torsos but leaving the rest of their bodies . Eventually , they meet with photographer Chie Hori , who gives them valuable information in exchange for the underpants of senior Quinx Haise Sasaki . Hinami , now an Aogiri Tree member , warns Torso to be careful because they are close to catching him . Learning that the culprit is a taxi driver , Toru Mutsuki discovers him and is brutally attacked in his car . However , this allows Ginshi and Urie to locate the killer and lure him into a roadblock trap . While they face the killer , however , a mysterious and exceptionally strong ghoul named Orochi attacks , massacring all of the officers maintaining the roadblock , and allowing the taxi driver to escape . Sasaki appears and faces Orochi , but then suffers a hallucination of Ken Kaneki telling him to `` accept '' him in order to kill Orochi brutally . Sasaki then unleashes his kagune . `` member : Fragments '' `` Kakera member '' ( 欠片 member ) April 10 , 2018 When Sasaki removes Orochi 's mask during their fight he is shocked to see the face of Nishio underneath , who calls him `` Kaneki '' , prompting his memories to flicker back and forth and drive him insane . To prevent Sasaki from killing his fellow CCG agents , Akira Mado tranquilizes him . After returning to his senses , Sasaki demotes Urie for endangering his squadmates and promotes Ginshi to Quinx Squad leader . Sasaki then spars with Kisho Arima , before telling him that he was worried that the memories of his past self `` Kaneki '' were returning and that they might drive him away from his family with the Quinx Squad . Later , Torso meets with The Rabbit ( Ayato Kirishima ) , to become a member of Aogiri Tree . Sasaki , Ginshi , and Mutsuki then begin investigating a ghoul nicknamed `` Nutcracker '' who has been crushing the testicles of her victims and stop by in the coffee shop : re . While at the shop , Sasaki recognizes and is recognized by Touka . After tasting the coffee she makes for him , he begins to cry , subconsciously recalling his time at Anteiku . He then thinks to himself that he had never before seen anyone so beautiful . `` fresh : Eve '' `` Zen'yasai fresh '' ( 前夜祭 fresh ) April 17 , 2018 Kanae von Rosewald brings Shu Tsukiyama the underwear that Chie Hori had collected from Haise Sasaki , but the latter falls into despair after realizing that he could n't recognize the scent as Kaneki 's . Later , the Quinx Squad continue their investigation of Nutcracker and cross-dress to disguise themselves at a nightclub where she had been sighted . At the nightclub , two members of the Clowns recognize Sasaki as Kaneki and note that `` for Kaneki to come out , Sasaki will have to ' die . ' '' The squad , alongside Juzo Suzuya , then follow up on a lead that takes them to the auction where the Nutcracker had been selling her victims to the gourmets . Note : This episode features an insert song by popular American youtuber and singer Amanda Lee `` MAIN : Auction '' `` Ōkushon MAIN '' ( オークション MAIN ) April 24 , 2018 Kidnapped and entered into a circus - themed gourmet auction , Toru is sold off to Big Madam . However , Suzuya initiates an assault on the auction in which many ghouls and CCG operatives are killed . Eto watches the chaos from afar in amusement , and sends in a mysterious ghoul called Takizawa , who brutally kills a squad leader . During the fray , Torso and Kanae fight over who gets to keep Toru . 5 `` PresS : Night of Scattering '' `` Chiri Yuku Yoru Press '' ( 散り ゆく 夜 Press ) May 1 , 2018 Takizawa , revealed to be former Investigator Takizawa , now a crazed one - eyed ghoul , slaughters an entire squad of CCG operatives , while another squad is killed by Nutcracker . Meanwhile , Sasaki and the Quinx Squad face off against Kanae , who furiously blames him for Tsukiyama 's reduced mental state , but is critically injured and rescued by a mysterious ghoul named Matsumae . Big Madam and the other auctioneers are attacked by Suzuya and Urie , but mid-way through the fight , Urie is critically injured and swallowed by Big Madam . The episode ends with Takizawa leaping from above and attacking Sasaki , who is forced by his superiors to fight the SS - rated one - eyed ghoul alone . 6 `` turn : In the End '' `` Sono , Hate ni turn '' ( その 、 果て に turn ) May 8 , 2018 Sasaki suffers multiple hallucinations of Ken Kaneki , while Takizawa is beating him inside the auction room . Meanwhile , the Nutcracker is killed by Quinx Squad members Ginshi Shirazu and Saiko Yonebayashi . Big Madam fights both Urie , who nearly goes insane , and Mutsuki , who unleashes his kagune . She comes face to face with Juzo , who despite that he was tortured by her , is unable to kill her . She is eventually wounded by fellow Suzuya squad member Hanbee Abara , who covers Juzo 's ears while the CCG investigators kill her . Meanwhile Hinami , realizing that Sasaki is Kaneki , and Saiko hearing Sasaki 's screams , they both rush into the auction room , where Hinami fights Takizawa in order to save Sasaki . Sasaki fearfully accepts his Kaneki side and fights Takizawa . They both pierce each other with their kagunes and fall down . 7 `` mind : Days of Recollections '' `` Kokorooboe Arishi Hibi mind '' ( 心 覚え 在りし 日々 mind ) May 15 , 2018 Hinami is arrested by CCG operators led by Kisho Arima . Sasaki , having survived his encounter with Takizawa , saves her from execution by asking to take her into custody . She is imprisoned in Cochlea ghoul prison . In the following weeks after the operation , the members of the Quinx Squad are being promoted while Sasaki becomes senior investigator . At the next morning , he hallucinates that an investigator is Yamori . The same night , Eto delivers him a package with Kaneki 's old mask and a book signed by her in it . He goes to the : re cafe where he is served coffee by Touka . After he leaves , Touka , Uta , Yomo and Nishio discuss about Kaneki . Sasaki starts searching about Kaneki and then suffers a hallucination of Yoshimura and Anteiku . On the same night , Tsukiyama is in terrible pain despite eating many people . 8 `` TAKe : One Who Writhes '' `` Ugomeku Mono TAKe '' ( 蠢く モノ TAKe ) May 22 , 2018 Tsukiyama is always hungry and ca n't control his kagune.In the meantine , Tatara refuses Ayato 's request to rescue Hinami from Cochlea . Sasaki is approached by the ghoul investigators Nimura Furuta and Shiki Kijima who tell him that he is going to work them on the upcoming Rose Investigation . In CCG HQ , Sasaki and the Quinx Squad are informed by the investigator Kori Ui about the Rose ghoul gang ( actually members of the Tsukiyama crime family ) , who attack Furuta and Kijima . They are saved by the investigator Hairu Ihei . Gang member Yuuma is arrested and tortured by Kijima in Cochlea . Sasaki visits Uta to learn more about the mask and Takatsuki 's book . Uta lies about both of them . Sasaki then asks him to make him a new mask . Chie Hori delivers Sasaki 's photos to Kanae von Rosewald and Tsukiyama recognizes him to be Kaneki . 9 `` play : Departed Spirit '' `` Bōrei play '' ( 亡霊 play ) May 29 , 2018 Tsukiyama wants to make Sasaki remember that he is Kaneki . He and Kanae find him on the street , along with the Quinx Squad , and Tsukiyama runs towards him but fells down . Sasaki hears him saying `` Kaneki '' but he does n't recognise him . Sasaki goes to Uta 's shop and orders masks for the entire Quinx Squad , in order to impersonate ghouls for the upcoming Rose Investigation . Kori Ui rejects the plan , knowing that Sasaki is a ghoul . In the meantime , Kijima 's video of him torturing Yuuma brutally and provoking Rose gang to kill him has gone viral . Tsukiyama plans to release him and to use Kaneki / Sasaki as a key person by restoring his memories . Tsukiyama makes many failed attempts to speak to Sasaki , so Kanae bribes some Aogiri members to attack the Squad in order to isolate Sasaki . However , Yamori 's old gang attacks Sasaki by accident and Mutsuki battles with Torso but he is attacked by the ghoul Grave Robber . Sasaki kills his attackers with his kagune . Saiko is almost killed but she is saved by Amon Kotaru who is revealed to be alive . Eto watches the entire scene . 10 `` think : Sway '' `` Yureru think '' ( ゆれる think ) June 5 , 2018 Kanae comes face to face with Eto who first toys with him and then attacks him with her full power . It 's revealed that Kanae loves Tsukiyama but he does n't , so Kanae wishes he could kill Sasaki . Eto tells him that she will `` be his god '' and captures him . Back on the CCG HQ , Sasaki asks Ui to reconsider his plan about ghoul impersonation and Ui agrees . The same night , Sasaki wears Kaneki 's mask and along with the Quinx Squad start a patrol . Sasaki is recognised by ghouls as Eyepatch , so he starts finding information about him . He learns that the Eyepatch was the one who `` killed '' Amon and he sees again a Kaneki hallucination crying about killing Amon . Tsukiyama meets again with Sasaki who asks him if he is a ghoul and if he knows Ken Kaneki . Tsukiyama refuses to tell him . CCG 's chairman , Tsuneyoshi Washu , gives Ui permission to kill Tsukiyama 's family . On the same night , Tsukiyama 's father drugs him in order to keep him safe . The CCG are at the front of the Tsukiyama mansion ready to attack . Tsukiyama 's father allows himself to be arrested while Tsukiyama takes control of the family as the CCG arrives in his hideout . In the meantime , Kanae is tortured and mutilated by Eto . 11 `` writE : The Absent One '' `` Ketsuraku - sha write '' ( 欠落 者 writE ) June 12 , 2018 Kijima , Nimura Furuta , Sasaki , and the Quinx Squad are killing ghouls on the Tsukiyama hideout . In the meantime , Tsukiyama says goodbye to his friends who tell him to go to the rooftop where a helicopter is going to take him away . Kori Ui sends Sasaki on the roof . Tsukiyama arrives there too and comes face to face with Sasaki . Sasaki tells Tsukiyama to surrender but Tsukiyama attacks him . Meanwhile , Kanae is now insane and attacks CCG investigators on the hideout . Hariu Ihei is wounded badly by Matsumae and makes a final stand but Matsumae decapitates her . Kijima arrives on the scene but Matsumae slices him up and cuts him in two with his own quinque killing him . Furuta protects himself from one of Matsumae 's attacks by using another agent as a human shield , and then kills Matsumae with Kijima 's quinque . The Quinx Squad come face to face with Noro . Sasaki fights with Tsukiyama and in a moment of weakness , he loses his hand by Kanae . Noro is destroyed by Ginshi Shirazu but he does n't die . Kanae tries to kill Sasaki , who starts to remember that Arima was mocking him for his defeat at his hands . Sasuki escapes Kanae who is revealed to be a woman named Karren . Eto arrives on the scene with her form as the One Eyed Owl . 12 `` Beautiful Dream : Daybreak '' `` Yoake Beautiful Dream '' ( 夜明け Beautiful Dream ) June 19 , 2018 As the battle on the hideout still continues , Sasaki is attacked by Eto who reveals her identity as Sen Takatsuki to him and calls him Kaneki . She watches as Karren brutally attacks Sasaki and kicks him in the head multiple times . Inside his head , Sasaki sees a child version of Kaneki whom he strangles . As the child curses him , Sasaki realizes that he is Kaneki as he sees a memory of his mother abusing him . He remembers Hide and his battle with Arima who pierced him in the head with his quinque . With his memories back , and his hair completely black again , Kaneki ditches his Sasaki identity and cuts off Karren 's arm . Meanwhile , Kori Ui and the rest of CCG find Furuta , who killed all the other CCG investigators that were there with him , claiming to be the sole survivor . Kaneki fights with Karen , piercing her mersilessly with his kagune as Tsukiyama watches . Although Kaneki recognizes Tsukiyama he stabs him . Meanwhile , Shirazu still fights Noro who remembers when Yoshimura gave him Eto to take care of her . Urie and Shirzu kill Noro but Shirazu also dies due to his injuries . Kaneki and Eto fight and Kaneki calls her a piece of trash who does n't deserve to be saved . They run from the windows towards the roof of the hideout and Kaneki destroys her kakuja and her Owl form while she licks her blood from his face . Kaneki rips her apart and she falls from the building while declaring her love for him . Kori Ui finds Kaneki devouring Eto 's kakuja on the roof . Kaneki pretends to still be Sasaki and throws Tsukiyama from the building . Karren falls along with him in order to save him . She does save him , however she falls down to her death . Kaneki meets the Quinx Squad and sees Shirazu 's body . Kaneki coldly tells Urie that this is his fault and that he is weak . Tsukiyama is saved by Touka , Yomo and Chie Hori . Naki 's goons steal Shirazu 's corpse .
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April 10 , 2018
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List of Tokyo ghoul episodes
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list of tokyo ghoul episodes
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Tokyo Ghoul is an anime television series by Studio Pierrot aired on Tokyo MX between July and September 2014 with a second season titled Tokyo Ghoul √ A that aired January 8 , 2015 , to March 26 , 2015 , and a third season titled Tokyo Ghoul : re , currently airing from April 3 , 2018 . Studio Pierrot also produced an OVA for Tokyo Ghoul : JACK along with a portion of the light novel Tokyo Ghoul : Hibi titled Tokyo Ghoul : PINTO .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Episode list 1.1 Tokyo Ghoul 1.2 Tokyo Ghoul √ A 1.3 Tokyo Ghoul : re 1.4 OVA 2 Home release 2.1 Tokyo Ghoul 3 Notes 4 References Episode list ( edit ) Tokyo ghoul ( edit ) No . Title Original air date English air date `` Tragedy '' `` Higeki '' ( 悲劇 ) July 4 , 2014 March 26 , 2017 Ken Kaneki is a young man who befriends the beautiful and enigmatic Rize Kamishiro , unaware that she is a ghoul . Rize reveals her intentions to eat Kaneki but by a stroke of luck Kaneki survives her attack but is mortally wounded . He is saved by an emergency operation , transferring Rize 's organs into himself . This subsequently turns him into a half - ghoul half - human hybrid and Kaneki struggles to survive and cope by himself . `` Incubation '' `` Fuka '' ( 孵化 ) July 11 , 2014 April 2 , 2017 Kaneki struggles to adapt to his new nature with no success , until another ghoul , Nishiki Nishio , attempts to prey on his friend , Hideyoshi Nagachika , and he must fight to protect him . `` Dove '' `` Shirohato '' ( 白 鳩 ) July 18 , 2014 April 9 , 2017 After saving his friend , Kaneki is taken in by Yoshimura , a ghoul who runs the Cafe `` Anteiku '' , who teaches him to blend in human society while hiding his true nature . However , he gets bullied by another ghoul named Touka . `` Supper '' `` Bansan '' ( 晩餐 ) July 25 , 2014 April 23 , 2017 A ghoul named Tsukiyama approaches Kaneki with unknown intentions and the two start hanging out . However , Tsukiyama has prepared a mortal trap where Kaneki is to be killed and eaten . Kaneki finds himself in an arena facing a giant ghoul executioner , Taro , but Tsukiyama intervenes and kills Taro as he wants Kaneki for himself . 5 `` Scars '' `` Zankon '' ( 残 痕 ) August 1 , 2014 April 30 , 2017 Intending to consume Kaneki himself , Tsukiyama prepares another trap , using Nishio 's human girlfriend Nishino Kimi as a hostage . Kaneki confronts Tsukiyama and is assisted by Nishio and then Touka . They are no match for Tsukiyama as their kagune are not as strong because they do not consume human flesh , so Touka bites Kaneki , restoring her kagune . 6 `` Cloudburst '' `` Shūu '' ( 驟雨 ) August 8 , 2014 May 7 , 2017 Tsukiyama is defeated by Touka with Nishio 's help . Meanwhile , recent developments in the 20th ward draw the attention of the Commission of Counter Ghoul ( CCG ) , who sends two of their investigators , Kureo Mado & Kōtarō Amon to hunt down all ghouls in the area . They find Hinami 's father , Fueguchi and kill him . They then use some of Fueguchi 's blood to attract ghouls and trap Hinami and her mother , Ryouko . 7 `` Captivity '' `` Yūshū '' ( 幽囚 ) August 15 , 2014 May 14 , 2017 Hinami 's mother Ryouka is killed by Mado . An angry and vengeful Touka attacks members of the CCG . She kills Kusaba and attacks Amon , but Mado intervenes , using his kagune - like quinque and wounds Touka . Kaneki tells Touka that he wants to fight the ghoul investigators , much to Touka 's chagrin , and is given his mask by Uta . 8 `` Circular '' `` Enkan '' ( 円 環 ) August 22 , 2014 May 21 , 2017 Mado lures Hinami into a trap , but she is followed by Kaneki and Touka . Touka attacks Mado while Kaneki confronts Amon . During the fight with Amon , Kaneki realizes that he 's the only one that understands the plight of both humans and ghouls . Kaneki bites Amon , releasing his kagune , but then tells Amon to escape , to his surprise . Meanwhile as Mado fights Touka , he reveals that the quinque used by the CCG are made from the kagune of dead ghouls . Hinami eventually uses her kagune to save Touka fatally wounding Mado , but refusing to kill him . 9 `` Birdcage '' `` Torikago '' ( 鳥 籠 ) August 29 , 2014 June 4 , 2017 Amon recalls his early days in the CCG when he was partnered with the experienced Mado . Meanwhile , Touka looks after Hinami above the cafe . Still mourning the loss of his partner , Amon is relocated to the 11th ward , where the CCG have trouble facing dangerous ghouls who do not fear them . 10 `` Aogiri '' ( 青桐 ) September 5 , 2014 June 11 , 2017 In the 11th ward , Aogiri Tree ghouls attack a CCG branch and kill all the investigators , to the concern of Yoshimura and Yomo . Banjou Kazuichi from the 11th Ward comes to the cafe looking for Rize , then Touka 's brother Ayato arrives , and then Yamori ( Jason ) who brutally beats and then kidnaps Kaneki . While the CCG plan an attack on the Aogiri Tree , Touka , Nishio and Hinami prepare to rescue Kaneki . 11 `` High Spirits '' `` Shōten '' ( 衝天 ) September 12 , 2014 June 18 , 2017 As Kaneki is tortured mercilessly by Yamori , the CCG storm the Aogiri Tree hideout . Meanwhile the Anteiku group infiltrate the building to rescue Kaneki . The CCG gain the upper hand , but are then confronted by the One - Eyed Owl , the leader of Aogiri Tree . 12 `` Ghoul '' `` Kushu '' ( 喰 種 ) September 19 , 2014 June 25 , 2017 During the physical and mental tortures he suffers at the hands of Jason , Kaneki 's hair turns white and he sees a vision of Rize . Eventually he comes to accept his ghoul - half and fights back and mortally wounds Yamori . Tokyo ghoul √ a ( edit ) No . Title Original air date English air date `` New Surge '' `` Shinkō '' ( 新 洸 ) January 9 , 2015 July 9 , 2017 An all - out battle takes place between the CCG and the Aogiri led by the One - Eyed Owl . Shinohara and Iwa take on the One - Eyed Owl using new quinque armour called aratas , but are unable to defeat him . As the building collapses , the CCG lose about half of their troops and suspect that it was a trap . Meanwhile , Touka fights her brother Ayato but she is badly injured and saved by Kaneki . To her surprise , Kaneki leaves the Anteiku group to join the Aogiri Tree . `` Dancing Flowers '' `` Buka '' ( 舞花 ) January 16 , 2015 July 16 , 2017 The 9th and 10th wards are lost to the Aogiri , apparently led by a ghoul with an eyepatch . Meanwhile Mado 's daughter Akira , is assigned to become Amon 's new partner . She suggests that a ghoul organization is in control of the 20th ward , but also causes some friction among the investigators because of her abrupt manner . Kaneki has now joined the Aogiri . `` Hangman '' `` Tsurushibito '' ( 吊 人 ) January 23 , 2015 July 23 , 2017 Kaneki and Ayato lead an Aogiri attack on a CCG convoy to rescue Naki , one of Jason 's old cohorts who is being taken to the maximum security prison for ghouls known as Cochlea . During the mission , they are attacked by two one - eyed ghouls in black and white striped masks . Touka pays a visit to the university which Kaneki used to attend , where she has an encounter with Hideyoshi Nagachika ( Hide ) who is now working as a messenger for the CCG . `` Deeper Layers '' `` Shinsō '' ( 深層 ) January 30 , 2015 July 30 , 2017 While Amon and Akira visit Cochlea prison to learn more about Aogiri 's plan from Donato Porpora , the Aogiri commence their invasion of Cochlea and free a majority of the imprisoned ghouls . The two one - eyed ghouls , Kurona and Nashiro Yasuhisa , meet up with the idiosyncratic inspector Juzo Suzuya . Kaneki frees the powerful ghoul Matasaka Kamishiro , but is attacked by him and badly beaten . 5 `` Rift '' `` Sakeme '' ( 裂 目 ) February 6 , 2015 August 6 , 2017 The battle at Cochlea intensifies on several fronts . Juzo defeats Kurona and Nashiro Yasuhisa , and Shinohara in his arata armour almost kills Ayato . Kaneki undergoes a transformation , generating an additional kagune after consuming dead ghouls , however he is beaten by Amon . Amon recalls the time Kaneki spared him and so he hesitates , reluctant to kill Kaneki . At that moment , the One - Eyed - Owl arrives , grabs Ayato and Kaneki , then departs . 6 `` Thousand Paths '' `` Senro '' ( 千 路 ) February 13 , 2015 August 13 , 2017 Juzo recalls the time when he was known as Rei , an arena executioner for the ghoul Big Madam , and then his acceptance into the CCG by Shinohara . Amon and Akira spend some time together and develop a better understanding of each other . Meanwhile the CCG prepare a task force to combat the One - Eyed - Owl and the Aogiri . Kaneki painfully tries to gain control his new kagune . 7 `` Permeation '' `` Tōka '' ( 透過 ) February 20 , 2015 August 20 , 2017 Hinami misses Kaneki but is uncertain what to do about it . Sen Takatsuki , Kaneki 's and Hinami 's favourite author , shows up at the Anteiku coffee shop and tells Hinami that in her current state , she can not help her Onii - chan ( Kaneki ) . Takatsuki visits the CCG , and tells Shinohara about Anteiku so he pays a visit with Juzo and meets Yoshimura . Later , Kaneki appears at Anteiku and although Touka rushes there to see him , she beats him up instead of revealing her true feelings for him . 8 `` Old Nines '' `` Kyūkyū '' ( 旧 九 ) February 27 , 2015 August 27 , 2017 Yoshimura tells Kaneki about his early life as the killer Kuzen and that the One - Eyed - Owl is actually his child , Eto , with a human woman , Ukina . Yoshimura then sends Touka and Hinami to safety with Yomo , suspecting that the CCG has discovered the truth about Anteiku and is planning an attack . 9 `` City In Waiting '' `` Gaibō '' ( 街 望 ) March 6 , 2015 September 10 , 2017 The CCG staff prepare their testamentary notes in their own personal ways in preparation for a potentially fatal full scale assault on Anteiku . They launch the attack using conventional and specialized weapons and are greeted by the Devil Apes and Black Dober groups with Yoshimura and his friends - Yoshimura pretending to be the One - Eyed Owl . Despite being warned of the danger , Touka and Kaneki head to the 20th ward to assist their friends . 10 `` Last Rain '' `` Shūu '' ( 終 雨 ) March 13 , 2015 September 17 , 2017 Kaneki 's friends from Anteiku are defeated one by one but he arrives to help them . Juzo , Shinohara and a few other investigators finally defeat Yoshimura after a long , fierce battle . Amon faces off against Kaneki , but with victory in sight for the CCG the real One - Eyed Owl appears before the investigators . 11 `` Deluge of Flowers '' `` Itsuka '' ( 溢 花 ) March 20 , 2015 September 24 , 2017 The One - Eyed Owl easily defeats Shinohara and Juzo , and when the Aogiri Tree joins the battle , the CCG is driven into a corner . Kaneki and Amon face off , and reluctantly engage in battle . Eventually the strongest investigator , Kishō Arima appears and attacks the One - Eyed Owl giving the CCG renewed hope to fight on . Badly wounded , the One - Eyed Owl consumes Yoshimura 's body and escapes . Also wounded , Kaneki struggles towards Anteiku . He wakes up in the cafe and finds Hide trying to make coffee for him . In a post-credits scene , the Owl regurgitates a still alive Yoshimura behind an alley and goes back to her original form , revealing herself to be both Sen Takatsuki and the Owl / Eto . 12 `` Ken '' ( 研 ) March 27 , 2015 October 1 , 2017 Kaneki thinks back to happier times in Anteiku . Hide reveals that he knew Kaneki was a ghoul after Nishiki attacked the two of them . As they talk , Hide collapses from loss of blood and passes out in Kaneki 's arms , having been mortally wounded on the battlefield . Touka sobs when she arrives to see Anteiku burning down . She chases after Kaneki when she sees him walking out , but is stopped by Yomo , who states that Yoshimura 's last request to him was for him to protect her . Kaneki walks toward the CCG , carrying Hide 's body in his arms , and comes face - to - face with Arima . At the next morning , both Kaneki and Amon have disappeared . After the credits , it is shown that Touka has opened up a new café . Tokyo ghoul : re ( edit ) No . Title Original air date `` START : Those Who Hunt '' `` Karu Monotachi START '' ( 狩る 者 たち START ) April 3 , 2018 Quinx squad leader Kuki Urie and his frustrating underling Ginshi Shirazu are surveying Tokyo in search of the ghoul serial killer Torso , who has been killing women and eating their torsos but leaving the rest of their bodies . Eventually , they meet with photographer Chie Hori , who gives them valuable information in exchange for the underpants of senior Quinx Haise Sasaki . Hinami , now an Aogiri Tree member , warns Torso to be careful because they are close to catching him . Learning that the culprit is a taxi driver , Toru Mutsuki discovers him and is brutally attacked in his car . However , this allows Ginshi and Urie to locate the killer and lure him into a roadblock trap . While they face the killer , however , a mysterious and exceptionally strong ghoul named Orochi attacks , massacring all of the officers maintaining the roadblock , and allowing the taxi driver to escape . Sasaki appears and faces Orochi , but then suffers a hallucination of Ken Kaneki telling him to `` accept '' him in order to kill Orochi brutally . Sasaki then unleashes his kagune . `` member : Fragments '' `` Kakera member '' ( 欠片 member ) April 10 , 2018 When Sasaki removes Orochi 's mask during their fight he is shocked to see the face of Nishio underneath , who calls him `` Kaneki '' , prompting his memories to flicker back and forth and drive him insane . To prevent Sasaki from killing his fellow CCG agents , Akira Mado tranquilizes him . After returning to his senses , Sasaki demotes Urie for endangering his squadmates and promotes Ginshi to Quinx Squad leader . Sasaki then spars with Kisho Arima , before telling him that he was worried that the memories of his past self `` Kaneki '' were returning and that they might drive him away from his family with the Quinx Squad . Later , Torso meets with The Rabbit ( Ayato Kirishima ) , to become a member of Aogiri Tree . Sasaki , Ginshi , and Mutsuki then begin investigating a ghoul nicknamed `` Nutcracker '' who has been crushing the testicles of her victims and stop by in the coffee shop : re . While at the shop , Sasaki recognizes and is recognized by Touka . After tasting the coffee she makes for him , he begins to cry , subconsciously recalling his time at Anteiku . He then thinks to himself that he had never before seen anyone so beautiful . `` fresh : Eve '' `` Zen'yasai fresh '' ( 前夜祭 fresh ) April 17 , 2018 Kanae von Rosewald brings Shu Tsukiyama the underwear that Chie Hori had collected from Haise Sasaki , but the latter falls into despair after realizing that he could n't recognize the scent as Kaneki 's . Later , the Quinx Squad continue their investigation of Nutcracker and cross-dress to disguise themselves at a nightclub where she had been sighted . At the nightclub , two members of the Clowns recognize Sasaki as Kaneki and note that `` for Kaneki to come out , Sasaki will have to ' die . ' '' The squad , alongside Juzo Suzuya , then follow up on a lead that takes them to the auction where the Nutcracker had been selling her victims to the gourmets . Note : This episode features an insert song by popular American youtuber and singer Amanda Lee `` MAIN : Auction '' `` Ōkushon MAIN '' ( オークション MAIN ) April 24 , 2018 Kidnapped and entered into a circus - themed gourmet auction , Toru is sold off to Big Madam . However , Suzuya initiates an assault on the auction in which many ghouls and CCG operatives are killed . Eto watches the chaos from afar in amusement , and sends in a mysterious ghoul called Takizawa , who brutally kills a squad leader . During the fray , Torso and Kanae fight over who gets to keep Toru . 5 `` PresS : Night of Scattering '' `` Chiri Yuku Yoru Press '' ( 散り ゆく 夜 Press ) May 1 , 2018 Takizawa , revealed to be former Investigator Takizawa , now a crazed one - eyed ghoul , slaughters an entire squad of CCG operatives , while another squad is killed by Nutcracker . Meanwhile , Sasaki and the Quinx Squad face off against Kanae , who furiously blames him for Tsukiyama 's reduced mental state , but is critically injured and rescued by a mysterious ghoul named Matsumae . Big Madam and the other auctioneers are attacked by Suzuya and Urie , but mid-way through the fight , Urie is critically injured and swallowed by Big Madam . The episode ends with Takizawa leaping from above and attacking Sasaki , who is forced by his superiors to fight the SS - rated one - eyed ghoul alone . 6 `` turn : In the End '' `` Sono , Hate ni turn '' ( その 、 果て に turn ) May 8 , 2018 Sasaki suffers multiple hallucinations of Ken Kaneki , while Takizawa is beating him inside the auction room . Meanwhile , the Nutcracker is killed by Quinx Squad members Ginshi Shirazu and Saiko Yonebayashi . Big Madam fights both Urie , who nearly goes insane , and Mutsuki , who unleashes his kagune . She comes face to face with Juzo , who despite that he was tortured by her , is unable to kill her . She is eventually wounded by fellow Suzuya squad member Hanbee Abara , who covers Juzo 's ears while the CCG investigators kill her . Meanwhile Hinami , realizing that Sasaki is Kaneki , and Saiko hearing Sasaki 's screams , they both rush into the auction room , where Hinami fights Takizawa in order to save Sasaki . Sasaki fearfully accepts his Kaneki side and fights Takizawa . They both pierce each other with their kagunes and fall down . 7 `` mind : Days of Recollections '' `` Kokorooboe Arishi Hibi mind '' ( 心 覚え 在りし 日々 mind ) May 15 , 2018 Hinami is arrested by CCG operators led by Kisho Arima . Sasaki , having survived his encounter with Takizawa , saves her from execution by asking to take her into custody . She is imprisoned in Cochlea ghoul prison . In the following weeks after the operation , the members of the Quinx Squad are being promoted while Sasaki becomes senior investigator . At the next morning , he hallucinates that an investigator is Yamori . The same night , Eto delivers him a package with Kaneki 's old mask and a book signed by her in it . He goes to the : re cafe where he is served coffee by Touka . After he leaves , Touka , Uta , Yomo and Nishio discuss about Kaneki . Sasaki starts searching about Kaneki and then suffers a hallucination of Yoshimura and Anteiku . On the same night , Tsukiyama is in terrible pain despite eating many people . 8 `` TAKe : One Who Writhes '' `` Ugomeku Mono TAKe '' ( 蠢く モノ TAKe ) May 22 , 2018 Tsukiyama is always hungry and ca n't control his kagune.In the meantine , Tatara refuses Ayato 's request to rescue Hinami from Cochlea . Sasaki is approached by the ghoul investigators Nimura Furuta and Shiki Kijima who tell him that he is going to work them on the upcoming Rose Investigation . In CCG HQ , Sasaki and the Quinx Squad are informed by the investigator Kori Ui about the Rose ghoul gang ( actually members of the Tsukiyama crime family ) , who attack Furuta and Kijima . They are saved by the investigator Hairu Ihei . Gang member Yuuma is arrested and tortured by Kijima in Cochlea . Sasaki visits Uta to learn more about the mask and Takatsuki 's book . Uta lies about both of them . Sasaki then asks him to make him a new mask . Chie Hori delivers Sasaki 's photos to Kanae von Rosewald and Tsukiyama recognizes him to be Kaneki . 9 `` play : Departed Spirit '' `` Bōrei play '' ( 亡霊 play ) May 29 , 2018 Tsukiyama wants to make Sasaki remember that he is Kaneki . He and Kanae find him on the street , along with the Quinx Squad , and Tsukiyama runs towards him but fells down . Sasaki hears him saying `` Kaneki '' but he does n't recognise him . Sasaki goes to Uta 's shop and orders masks for the entire Quinx Squad , in order to impersonate ghouls for the upcoming Rose Investigation . Kori Ui rejects the plan , knowing that Sasaki is a ghoul . In the meantime , Kijima 's video of him torturing Yuuma brutally and provoking Rose gang to kill him has gone viral . Tsukiyama plans to release him and to use Kaneki / Sasaki as a key person by restoring his memories . Tsukiyama makes many failed attempts to speak to Sasaki , so Kanae bribes some Aogiri members to attack the Squad in order to isolate Sasaki . However , Yamori 's old gang attacks Sasaki by accident and Mutsuki battles with Torso but he is attacked by the ghoul Grave Robber . Sasaki kills his attackers with his kagune . Saiko is almost killed but she is saved by Amon Kotaru who is revealed to be alive . Eto watches the entire scene . 10 `` think : Sway '' `` Yureru think '' ( ゆれる think ) June 5 , 2018 Kanae comes face to face with Eto who first toys with him and then attacks him with her full power . It 's revealed that Kanae loves Tsukiyama but he does n't , so Kanae wishes he could kill Sasaki . Eto tells him that she will `` be his god '' and captures him . Back on the CCG HQ , Sasaki asks Ui to reconsider his plan about ghoul impersonation and Ui agrees . The same night , Sasaki wears Kaneki 's mask and along with the Quinx Squad start a patrol . Sasaki is recognised by ghouls as Eyepatch , so he starts finding information about him . He learns that the Eyepatch was the one who `` killed '' Amon and he sees again a Kaneki hallucination crying about killing Amon . Tsukiyama meets again with Sasaki who asks him if he is a ghoul and if he knows Ken Kaneki . Tsukiyama refuses to tell him . CCG 's chairman , Tsuneyoshi Washu , gives Ui permission to kill Tsukiyama 's family . On the same night , Tsukiyama 's father drugs him in order to keep him safe . The CCG are at the front of the Tsukiyama mansion ready to attack . Tsukiyama 's father allows himself to be arrested while Tsukiyama takes control of the family as the CCG arrives in his hideout . In the meantime , Kanae is tortured and mutilated by Eto . 11 `` writE : The Absent One '' `` Ketsuraku - sha write '' ( 欠落 者 writE ) June 12 , 2018 Kijima , Nimura Furuta , Sasaki , and the Quinx Squad are killing ghouls on the Tsukiyama hideout . In the meantime , Tsukiyama says goodbye to his friends who tell him to go to the rooftop where a helicopter is going to take him away . Kori Ui sends Sasaki on the roof . Tsukiyama arrives there too and comes face to face with Sasaki . Sasaki tells Tsukiyama to surrender but Tsukiyama attacks him . Meanwhile , Kanae is now insane and attacks CCG investigators on the hideout . Hariu Ihei is wounded badly by Matsumae and makes a final stand but Matsumae decapitates her . Kijima arrives on the scene but Matsumae slices him up and cuts him in two with his own quinque killing him . Furuta protects himself from one of Matsumae 's attacks by using another agent as a human shield , and then kills Matsumae with Kijima 's quinque . The Quinx Squad come face to face with Noro . Sasaki fights with Tsukiyama and in a moment of weakness , he loses his hand by Kanae . Noro is destroyed by Ginshi Shirazu but he does n't die . Kanae tries to kill Sasaki , who starts to remember that Arima was mocking him for his defeat at his hands . Sasuki escapes Kanae who is revealed to be a woman named Karren . Eto arrives on the scene with her form as the One Eyed Owl . 12 `` Beautiful Dream : Daybreak '' `` Yoake Beautiful Dream '' ( 夜明け Beautiful Dream ) June 19 , 2018 As the battle on the hideout still continues , Sasaki is attacked by Eto who reveals her identity as Sen Takatsuki to him and calls him Kaneki . She watches as Karren brutally attacks Sasaki and kicks him in the head multiple times . Inside his head , Sasaki sees a child version of Kaneki whom he strangles . As the child curses him , Sasaki realizes that he is Kaneki as he sees a memory of his mother abusing him . He remembers Hide and his battle with Arima who pierced him in the head with his quinque . With his memories back , and his hair completely black again , Kaneki ditches his Sasaki identity and cuts off Karren 's arm . Meanwhile , Kori Ui and the rest of CCG find Furuta , who killed all the other CCG investigators that were there with him , claiming to be the sole survivor . Kaneki fights with Karen , piercing her mersilessly with his kagune as Tsukiyama watches . Although Kaneki recognizes Tsukiyama he stabs him . Meanwhile , Shirazu still fights Noro who remembers when Yoshimura gave him Eto to take care of her . Urie and Shirzu kill Noro but Shirazu also dies due to his injuries . Kaneki and Eto fight and Kaneki calls her a piece of trash who does n't deserve to be saved . They run from the windows towards the roof of the hideout and Kaneki destroys her kakuja and her Owl form while she licks her blood from his face . Kaneki rips her apart and she falls from the building while declaring her love for him . Kori Ui finds Kaneki devouring Eto 's kakuja on the roof . Kaneki pretends to still be Sasaki and throws Tsukiyama from the building . Karren falls along with him in order to save him . She does save him , however she falls down to her death . Kaneki meets the Quinx Squad and sees Shirazu 's body . Kaneki coldly tells Urie that this is his fault and that he is weak . Tsukiyama is saved by Touka , Yomo and Chie Hori . Naki 's goons steal Shirazu 's corpse . OVA ( edit ) No . Title Release date `` Tokyo Ghoul : JACK '' `` Tōkyō Gūru ( JACK ) '' ( 東京 喰 種 トーキョー グール ( JACK ) ) September 30 , 2015 The story features a serious young Special Investigator Kishou Arima at high school where he first meets the carefree Taishi Fura who joins him in hunting ghouls in the 13th ward . Later , they both become Special Investigators in the CCG , but retain their original opposite attitudes . `` Tokyo Ghoul : PINTO '' `` Tōkyō Gūru ( PINTO ) '' ( 東京 喰 種 トーキョー グール ( PINTO ) ) December 25 , 2015 The story features Shuu Tsukiyama the `` Gourmet '' during his high school years and Chie Hori . They meet when she photographs Tsukiyama killing a jogger and then about to eat him because of the tone of his body . She being uninterested in exposing him as a Ghoul and seems completely lost in a world of her own , photographing anything that takes her interest . Home release ( edit ) The series was released to DVD and Blu - Ray format in four volumes . Tokyo Ghoul ( edit ) TC Entertainment ( Japan , Region 2 / A ) Episodes DVD / Blu - ray Release date Volume 1 1 - 3 000000002014 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 2014 Volume 2 4 - 6 000000002014 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 , 2014 Volume 3 7 - 9 000000002014 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 2014 Volume 4 10 - 12 000000002014 - 12 - 26 - 0000 December 26 , 2014 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tokyo Ghoul did not air on Toonami the weekend of April 15 -- 16 , 2017 due to special scheduling . Jump up ^ Tokyo Ghoul did not air on Toonami the weekend of May 27 -- 28 , 2017 due to a Samurai Jack marathon . Jump up ^ Tokyo Ghoul √ A did not air on the weekend for September 2 -- 3 , 2017 due to a Dragon Ball Z Kai marathon . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 東京 喰 種 トーキョー グール '' . Media Artis Database ( in Japanese ) . Agency for Cultural Affairs . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adult Swim Schedule '' . AdultSwim.com . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami Premieres Attack on Titan Season 2 on April 22 '' . animenewsnetwork.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 東京 喰 種 トーキョー グール √ A '' . Media Arts Database ( in Japanese ) . Agency for Cultural Affairs . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tōkyō Kushu : re no Hōsō Jōhō '' 東京 喰 種 : re の 放送 情報 ( Tokyo Ghoul : re Broadcast Information ) . Tokyo MX . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV アニメ 『 東京 喰 種 トーキョー グール 』 公式 サイト '' ( TV Anime Tokyo Ghoul Official Site - Products - Blu - ray & DVD ) . Tokyo Ghoul Anime Official Site ( in Japanese ) . Marvelous Entertainment . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved August 8 , 2014 . hide Tokyo Ghoul by Sui Ishida Chapters Characters Episodes Film Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Tokyo_Ghoul_episodes&oldid=846604375 '' Categories : Lists of anime episodes Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) Use mdy dates from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Română Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 19 : 56 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Tokyo%20Ghoul%20episodes
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who is the president of the ohio senate
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Term Name Party Home County District 1979 -- 1981 Oliver R. Ocasek Democratic Summit 27th 1981 -- 1983 Paul E. Gillmor Republican Ottawa 2nd 1983 -- 1985 Harry Meshel Democratic Mahoning 33rd 1985 -- 1989 Paul E. Gillmor ( 2nd ) Republican Ottawa 2nd 1989 -- 1997 Stanley J. Aronoff Republican Hamilton 8th 1997 -- 2003 Richard Finan Republican Hamilton 7th 2003 -- 2005 Doug White Republican Adams 14th 2005 -- 2011 Bill Harris Republican Ashland 19th 2011 -- 2013 Tom Niehaus Republican Clermont 14th 2013 -- 2017 Keith Faber Republican Mercer 12th 2017 -- Present Larry Obhof Republican Medina 22nd
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Larry Obhof
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List of presidents of the Ohio senate
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list of presidents of the ohio senate
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The President of the Ohio State Senate is the leader of the Ohio State Senate . Under Ohio 's first constitution , in effect from 1803 to 1851 , the presiding officer of the Senate was called the speaker . Starting in 1851 , when the second constitution took effect , a new office of lieutenant governor was created . The new position of lieutenant governor carried with it the office of president of the senate , and was nominally the presiding officer of the senate . During this time , the actual legislative leader of the senate majority was the President pro tempore of the Ohio Senate . In the 1970s , another change was made , which made the office of lieutenant governor elected jointly with the Governor . At this time , the duty of presiding over the senate was removed from the lieutenant governor 's portfolio and the majority party of the senate began electing its own president starting in 1979 . The President is second in line to the office of the Governor .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Speakers of the Ohio Senate , 1803 - 1851 2 Presidents Pro Tempore of the Ohio Senate , 1852 - 1978 3 Presidents of the Ohio Senate , 1979 - present 4 References Speakers of the Ohio Senate , 1803 - 1851 ( edit ) Term Name Party Home County 1803 - 03 - 01 -- 1803 - 12 - 04 Nathaniel Massie Democratic - Republican Ross 1803 - 12 - 05 -- 1805 - 02 - 21 Daniel Symmes Democratic - Republican Hamilton 1805 - 02 - 21 -- 1806 - 11 - 30 James Pritchard Democratic - Republican Jefferson 1806 - 12 - 01 -- 1809 - 12 - 03 Thomas Kirker Democratic - Republican Adams 1809 - 12 - 04 -- 1810 - 12 - 02 Duncan McArthur Democratic - Republican Ross 1810 - 12 - 03 -- 1813 - 12 - 05 Thomas Kirker ( 2nd ) Democratic - Republican Adams 1813 - 12 - 06 -- 1814 - 12 - 04 Othniel Looker Democratic - Republican Hamilton 1814 - 12 - 05 -- 1815 - 12 - 03 Thomas Kirker ( 3rd ) Democratic - Republican Adams 1815 - 12 - 04 -- 1816 - 12 - 01 Peter Hitchcock Democratic - Republican Geauga 1816 - 12 - 02 -- 1818 - 12 - 06 Abraham Shepherd Democratic - Republican Adams 1818 - 12 - 07 -- 1819 - 12 - 05 Robert Lucas Democratic - Republican Pike 1819 - 12 - 06 -- 1826 - 12 - 03 Allen Trimble National Republican Highland 1826 - 12 - 04 -- 1827 - 12 - 02 Abraham Shepherd ( 2nd ) Democratic Brown 1827 - 12 - 03 -- 1829 - 12 - 06 Samuel Wheeler National Republican Geauga 1829 - 12 - 07 -- 1830 - 12 - 05 Robert Lucas ( 2nd ) Democratic Pike 1830 - 12 - 06 -- 1831 - 12 - 04 Samuel R. Miller Democratic Hamilton 1831 - 12 - 05 -- 1832 - 12 - 02 William Doherty Whig Franklin 1832 - 12 - 03 -- 1833 - 12 - 01 Samuel R. Miller ( 2nd ) Democratic Hamilton 1833 - 12 - 02 -- 1834 - 11 - 30 David T. Disney Democratic Hamilton 1834 - 12 - 01 -- 1835 - 03 - 06 Peter Hitchcock ( 2nd ) Whig Geauga 1835 - 03 - 06 - 1835 - 06 - 07 Charles Anthony Whig Clark 1835 - 06 - 08 - 1835 - 12 - 06 David T. Disney ( 2nd ) Democratic Hamilton 1835 - 12 - 07 -- 1837 - 12 - 03 Elijah Vance Democratic Butler 1837 - 12 - 04 -- 1838 - 12 - 02 George J. Smith Whig Warren 1838 - 12 - 03 -- 1839 - 12 - 01 William Hawkins Democratic Morgan 1839 - 12 - 02 -- 1841 - 12 - 05 William McLaughlin Democratic Richland 1841 - 12 - 06 -- 1843 - 12 - 03 James J. Faran Democratic Hamilton 1843 - 12 - 04 -- 1844 - 12 - 01 Thomas W. Bartley Democratic Richland 1844 - 12 - 02 -- 1845 - 11 - 30 David Chambers Whig Muskingum 1845 - 12 - 01 -- 1846 - 12 - 06 Seabury Ford Whig Geauga 1846 - 12 - 07 -- 1847 - 12 - 05 Edson B. Olds Democratic Pickaway 1847 - 12 - 06 -- 1848 - 12 - 03 Charles B. Goddard Whig Muskingum 1848 - 12 - 04 -- 1849 - 12 - 02 Brewster Randall Free Soil Ashtabula 1849 - 12 - 03 -- 1850 - 12 - 01 Harrison G.O. Blake Whig Medina 1850 - 12 - 02 -- 1852 - 01 - 04 Charles Cleveland Convers Whig Muskingum Presidents pro tempore of the Ohio senate , 1852 - 1978 ( edit ) ( At this time , the nominal presiding officer of the senate was the Lieutenant Governor of Ohio . ) Term Name Party Home County 1852 - 01 - 05 -- 1854 - 01 - 01 Joel W. Wilson George Rex Democratic Sandusky Wayne 1854 - 01 - 02 -- 1856 - 01 - 06 Robert J. Atkinson Democratic Carroll 1856 - 01 - 07 -- 1858 - 01 - 03 Robert Walker Tayler Republican Trumbull 1858 - 01 - 04 -- 1860 - 01 - 01 Edward M. Phelps Democratic Defiance 1860 - 01 - 02 -- 1862 - 01 - 05 Richard A. Harrison Republican Madison 1862 - 01 - 06 -- 1864 - 01 - 03 James Monroe Republican Lorain 1864 - 01 - 04 -- 1865 - 12 - 31 Samuel Humphreville Republican Medina 1866 - 01 - 01 -- 1868 - 01 - 05 H.S. Martin Republican Stark 1868 - 01 - 06 -- 1870 - 01 - 02 Thomas J. Godfrey Democratic Mercer 1870 - 01 - 03 -- 1871 - 12 - 31 Samuel Furman Hunt Democratic Hamilton 1872 - 01 - 01 -- 1874 - 01 - 04 Allen T. Brinsmade Republican Cuyahoga 1874 - 01 - 05 -- 1876 - 01 - 02 Emery D. Potter Democratic Lucas 1876 - 01 - 03 -- 1878 - 01 - 06 H.W. Curtiss Republican Cuyahoga 1878 - 01 - 07 -- 1880 - 01 - 03 James W. Owens Democratic Licking 1880 - 01 - 04 -- 1882 - 01 - 01 Rees G. Richards Republican Jefferson 1882 - 01 - 02 -- 1884 - 01 - 06 Roland A. Horr Republican Lorain 1884 - 01 - 07 -- 1886 - 01 - 03 Elmer White Democratic Defiance 1886 - 01 - 04 -- 1888 - 01 - 01 John O'Neill Silas A. Conrad Democratic Republican Muskingum Stark 1888 - 01 - 02 -- 1890 - 01 - 05 Theodore F. Davis Republican Washington 1890 - 01 - 06 -- 1892 - 01 - 03 Perry M. Adams Democratic Seneca 1892 - 01 - 04 -- 1894 - 01 - 02 Elbert L. Lampson Republican Ashtabula 1894 - 01 - 03 -- 1896 - 01 - 05 Thomas H. McConica Republican Hancock 1896 - 01 - 06 -- 1898 - 01 - 02 John C. Hutsinpiller Republican Gallia 1898 - 01 - 03 -- 1899 - 12 - 31 Thaddeus E. Cromley Democratic Pickaway 1900 - 01 - 01 -- 1902 - 01 - 05 Oscar Sheppard Republican Preble 1902 - 01 - 06 -- 1904 - 01 - 03 Frank B. Archer Republican Belmont 1904 - 01 - 04 -- 1905 - 12 - 31 George Henry Chamberlain Republican Lorain 1906 - 01 - 01 -- 1909 - 01 - 03 James M. Williams Democratic Cuyahoga 1909 - 01 - 04 -- 1911 - 01 - 01 Nation O. Mather Republican Summit 1911 - 01 - 02 -- 1915 - 01 - 03 William Green Democratic Coshocton 1915 - 01 - 04 -- 1916 - 12 - 31 Charles John Howard Republican Belmont 1917 - 01 - 01 -- 1919 - 01 - 05 J.H. Miller Democratic Licking 1919 - 01 - 06 -- 1922 - 12 - 31 Frank E. Whittemore Republican Summit 1923 - 01 - 01 -- 1925 - 01 - 04 George E. Kryder Republican Henry 1925 - 01 - 05 -- 1927 - 01 - 02 Joseph R. Gardner Republican Hamilton 1927 - 01 - 03 -- 1929 - 01 - 06 Chester C. Bolton Republican Cuyahoga 1929 - 01 - 07 -- 1931 - 01 - 04 Allan G. Aigler Republican Sandusky 1931 - 01 - 05 -- 1933 - 01 - 01 Earl R. Lewis Republican Belmont 1933 - 01 - 02 -- 1935 - 01 - 06 D.H. DeArmond Democratic Hamilton 1935 - 01 - 07 -- 1937 - 01 - 03 Paul P. Yoder Democratic Montgomery 1937 - 01 - 04 -- 1939 - 01 - 01 Keith Lawrence Democratic Cuyahoga 1939 - 01 - 02 -- 1949 - 01 - 02 Frank E. Whittemore ( 2nd ) Republican Summit 1949 - 01 - 03 -- 1950 - 12 - 31 Margaret A. Mahoney Democratic Cuyahoga 1951 - 01 - 01 -- 1953 - 01 - 04 Roscoe R. Walcutt Republican Franklin 1953 - 01 - 05 -- 1959 - 01 - 04 C. Stanley Mechem Republican Athens 1959 - 01 - 05 -- 1961 - 01 - 01 Frank W. King Democratic Lucas 1961 - 01 - 02 -- 1965 - 01 - 03 C. Stanley Mechem ( 2nd ) Republican Athens 1965 - 01 - 04 -- 1975 - 01 - 05 Theodore M. Gray Republican Miami 1975 - 01 - 06 -- 1979 - 01 - 01 Oliver R. Ocasek Democratic Summit Presidents of the Ohio Senate , 1979 - present ( edit ) Term Name Party Home County District 1979 -- 1981 Oliver R. Ocasek Democratic Summit 27th 1981 -- 1983 Paul E. Gillmor Republican Ottawa 2nd 1983 -- 1985 Harry Meshel Democratic Mahoning 33rd 1985 -- 1989 Paul E. Gillmor ( 2nd ) Republican Ottawa 2nd 1989 -- 1997 Stanley J. Aronoff Republican Hamilton 8th 1997 -- 2003 Richard Finan Republican Hamilton 7th 2003 -- 2005 Doug White Republican Adams 14th 2005 -- 2011 Bill Harris Republican Ashland 19th 2011 -- 2013 Tom Niehaus Republican Clermont 14th 2013 -- 2017 Keith Faber Republican Mercer 12th 2017 -- Present Larry Obhof Republican Medina 22nd References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Taylor , William Alexander ; Taylor , Aubrey Clarence ( 1899 ) . Ohio statesmen and annals of progress : from the year 1788 to the year 1900 ... State of Ohio . p. 42 . - Symmes resigned February 21 , 1805 , and was replaced by Pritchard Jump up ^ Hitchcock resigned March 6th , 1835 and was replaced by Charles Anthony of Clark County , sources : Ohio General Assembly ( 1917 ) . Manual of legislative practice in the General Assembly . State of Ohio . p. 230 . and Bell , William , Jr. ( 1876 ) . Annual report of the Secretary of State to the Governor and General Assembly for the year 1875 ... Ohio Secretary of State . p. 66 . Bell , William Jr. ( 1876 ) . Annual report of the Secretary of State to the Governor and General Assembly for the year 1875 ... Ohio Secretary of State . - pre-1874 party affiliations ( hide ) Years in Ohio ( 1803 -- present ) 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 2020 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Presidents_of_the_Ohio_Senate&oldid=798962397 '' Categories : Presidents of the Ohio State Senate Lists of Ohio politicians Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 20 : 48 . 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the pin valley national park (pvnp) is located in which state
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Pin Valley National Park is a National park of India located within the Lahaul and Spiti district , in the state of Himachal Pradesh , in far Northern India .
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Himachal Pradesh
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Pin Valley National park
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pin valley national park
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Pin Valley National Park is a National park of India located within the Lahaul and Spiti district , in the state of Himachal Pradesh , in far Northern India .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 3 Ecology 3.1 Flora and fauna 3.1. 1 Medicinal Plants 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Steeped in historical and present day Buddhist Tibetan culture , the area has many Tibetan Buddhist influences , evident architecturally in monasteries and stupas , and in the daily living of its residents and lamas . Pin Valley National Park was established by India in 9January1987 . Geography ( edit ) The park is located in the desert habitat of the Spiti Valley , within the Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve , in the Himalayas region . Spreading south of Dhankar Gompa near the Tibetan border , the park marks the border between the formerly separate districts of Lahaul and Spiti . The elevation of the park ranges from about 3,500 metres ( 11,500 ft ) near Ka Dogri to more than 6,000 metres ( 20,000 ft ) at its highest point . Ecology ( edit ) With its snow laden unexplored higher reaches and slopes , the Park forms a natural habitat for a number of endangered animals including the snow leopard and Siberian ibex . Flora and fauna ( edit ) Because of the park 's high altitude and extreme temperatures , the vegetation density is sparse , consisting mostly of alpine trees and groves of Himalayan cedar ( Cedrus deodara ) . In summer , rare birds such as the Himalayan snowcock , chukar partridge , snow partridge and snowfinch flourish in the park . Medicinal plants ( edit ) Some plants within the park 's alpine habitats have significant medicinal properties . Twenty - two rare and endangered medicinal plant species , have been discovered in and around Pin Valley National Park , which are distributed over 10 different habitat types . Aconitum rotundifolium , Arnebia euchroma , Ephedra gerardiana , Ferula jaeschkeana , Hyoscymus niger are the threatened but medicinally important plants occur in this national park . See also ( edit ) National parks of Himachal Pradesh References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tourism , Lahaul & Spiti District , Himachal Pradesh , India Jump up ^ Kala , Chandra Prakash 2000 . Status and conservation of rare and endangered medicinal plants in the Indian trans - Himalaya . Biological Conservation , 93 : 371 - 379 . Jump up ^ Kala , Chandra Prakash 2005 ; Indigenous uses , population density , and conservation of threatened medicinal plants in protected areas of the Indian Himalayas . Conservation Biology , 19 ( 2 ) : 368 - 378 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pin Valley National Park . himachaltourism.nic.in ( 1 ) Protected areas of Himachal Pradesh National parks Great Himalayan Pin Valley Wildlife Sanctuaries Chail Churdhar Daranghati Kalatop Khajjiar Kanwar Maharana Pratap Majthal Manali Nargu Renuka National parks of India Protected areas of India Ministry of Environment and Forests ( India ) Andaman & Nicobar Islands Campbell Bay Galathea Mahatma Gandhi Middle Button Island Mt . Harriet Island North Button Island Rani Jhansi Saddle Peak South Button Island Andhra Pradesh Sri Venkateswara Arunachal Pradesh Mouling Namdapha Assam Dibru - Saikhowa Kaziranga Manas Nameri Orang Bihar Valmiki Chhattisgarh Indravati Kanger Ghati Goa Mollem Gujarat Blackbuck Gir Gulf of Kutch Vansda Haryana Kalesar Sultanpur Himachal Pradesh Great Himalayan Pin Valley Khirganga Jammu & Kashmir Dachigam Hemis Kishtwar Jharkhand Betla Karnataka Anshi Bandipur Bannerghatta Nagarhole Kerala Anamudi Shola Eravikulam Mathikettan Shola Pampadam Shola Periyar Silent Valley Madhya Pradesh Bandhavgarh Fossil Kanha Madhav Panna Pench Sanjay Satpura Van Vihar Maharashtra Chandoli Gilbert Hill Gugamal Karnala Navegaon Pench Sanjay Gandhi Tadoba Manipur Keibul Lamjao Sirohi Meghalaya Balphakram Nokrek Mizoram Murlen Phawngpui Nagaland Intangki Odisha Bhitarkanika Simlipal Rajasthan Darrah Desert Keoladeo Ranthambhore Sariska Sikkim Khangchendzonga Tamil Nadu Guindy Gulf of Mannar Anamalai Mudumalai Mukurthi Palani Hills Telangana Kasu Brahmananda Reddy Mahavir Harina Vanasthali Mrugavani Tripura Clouded Leopard Rajbari Uttar Pradesh Dudhwa Uttarakhand Corbett Gangotri Govind Nanda Devi Rajaji Valley of Flowers West Bengal Buxa Gorumara Neora Valley Singalila Sundarbans Jaldapara This Himachal Pradesh location article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pin_Valley_National_Park&oldid=801973968 '' Categories : National parks of Himachal Pradesh Geography of Lahaul and Spiti district Protected areas established in 1987 1987 establishments in India Himachal Pradesh geography stubs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2017 Use Indian English from February 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Coordinates on Wikidata All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी മലയാളം پنجابی தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 04 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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are leeks and onions in the same family
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The leek is a vegetable , a cultivar of Allium ampeloprasum , the broadleaf wild leek . The edible part of the plant is a bundle of leaf sheaths that is sometimes erroneously called a stem or stalk . The genus Allium also contains the onion , garlic , shallot , scallion , chive , and Chinese onion .
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Leek
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leek
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The leek is a vegetable , a cultivar of Allium ampeloprasum , the broadleaf wild leek . The edible part of the plant is a bundle of leaf sheaths that is sometimes erroneously called a stem or stalk . The genus Allium also contains the onion , garlic , shallot , scallion , chive , and Chinese onion .
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Historically , many scientific names were used for leeks , but they are now all treated as cultivars of A. ampeloprasum . The name ' leek ' developed from the Old English word leac . Two closely related vegetables , elephant garlic and kurrat , are also cultivars of A. ampeloprasum , although different in their uses as food . Contents ( hide ) 1 Form 2 Cultivars 3 Growing 4 Cuisine 5 Historical consumption 6 Cultural significance 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Form ( edit ) Rather than forming a tight bulb like the onion , the leek produces a long cylinder of bundled leaf sheaths that are generally blanched by pushing soil around them ( trenching ) . They are often sold as small seedlings in flats that are started off early in greenhouses , to be planted out as weather permits . Once established in the garden , leeks are hardy ; many varieties can be left in the ground during the winter to be harvested as needed . Cultivars ( edit ) Leek cultivars may be treated as a single cultivar group , e.g. as A. ampeloprasum ' Leek Group ' . The cultivars can be subdivided in several ways , but the most common types are `` summer leeks '' , intended for harvest in the season when planted , and overwintering leeks , meant to be harvested in the spring of the year following planting . Summer leek types are generally smaller than overwintering types ; overwintering types are generally more strongly flavored . Cultivars include ' King Richard ' and ' Tadorna Blue ' . Growing ( edit ) Leeks are easy to grow from seed and tolerate standing in the field for an extended harvest , which takes place up to 6 months from planting . The soil in which it is grown has to be loose and drained well ; leek can be grown in the same regions where onions can be grown . Leeks usually reach maturity in the autumn months . Leeks can be bunched and harvested early when they are about the size of a finger or pencil , or they can be thinned and allowed to grow to a much larger mature size . Hilling leeks can produce better specimens . Leeks suffer from insect pests including the thrips species Thrips tabaci and the leek moth . Leeks are also susceptible to leek rust ( Puccinia allii ) . Cuisine ( edit ) Fresh leek sautéing Leeks have a mild , onion - like taste . In its raw state , the vegetable is crunchy and firm . The edible portions of the leek are the white base of the leaves ( above the roots and stem base ) , the light green parts , and to a lesser extent the dark green parts of the leaves . The dark green portion is usually discarded because it has a tough texture , but it can be sautéed , or more commonly added to stock for flavor . A few leaves are sometimes tied with twine and other herbs to form a bouquet garni . Leeks are typically chopped into slices 5 -- 10 mm thick . The slices have a tendency to fall apart , due to the layered structure of the leek . The different ways of preparing the vegetable are : Boiling turns it soft and mild in taste . ( Care should be taken to chop the vegetable , or else the intact fibers that run the length of the vegetable will tangle into a ball while chewing . ) Frying leaves it crunchier and preserves the taste . Raw leeks can be used in salads , doing especially well when they are the prime ingredient . In Turkish cuisine , leeks are chopped into thick slices , then boiled and separated into leaves , and finally filled with a filling usually containing rice , herbs ( generally parsley and dill ) , onion , and black pepper . For sarma with olive oil , currants , pine nuts , and cinnamon are added , and for sarma with meat , minced meat is added to the filling . In Turkey , especially zeytinyağlı pırasa ( leek with olive oil ) , ekşili pırasa ( sour leek ) , etli pırasa ( leek with meat ) , pırasa musakka ( leek musakka ) , pırasalı börek ( börek with leek ) , and pırasa köftesi leek meatball are also cooked . Leeks are an ingredient of cock - a-leekie soup , leek and potato soup , and vichyssoise , as well as plain leek soup . Because of their symbolism in Wales ( see below ) , they have come to be used extensively in that country 's cuisine . Elsewhere in Britain , leeks have come back into favor only in the last 50 years or so , having been overlooked for several centuries . Historical consumption ( edit ) The Hebrew Bible talks of חציר , identified by commentators as leek , and says it is abundant in Egypt . Dried specimens from archaeological sites in ancient Egypt , as well as wall carvings and drawings , indicate that the leek was a part of the Egyptian diet from at least the second millennium BCE . Texts also show that it was grown in Mesopotamia from the beginning of the second millennium BCE . The leek was the favorite vegetable of the Emperor Nero , who consumed it in soup or in oil , believing it beneficial to the quality of his voice . Cultural significance ( edit ) Still life with leeks by Carl Schuch ( National Museum in Warsaw ) The leek is one of the national emblems of Wales , worn along with the daffodil ( in Welsh , the daffodil is known as `` Peter 's leek '' , Cenhinen Bedr ) on St. David 's Day . According to one legend , King Cadwaladr of Gwynedd ordered his soldiers to identify themselves by wearing the vegetable on their helmets in an ancient battle against the Saxons that took place in a leek field . The Elizabethan poet Michael Drayton stated , in contrast , that the tradition was a tribute to Saint David , who ate only leeks when he was fasting . Whatever the case , the leek has been known to be a symbol of Wales for a long time ; Shakespeare , for example , refers to the custom of wearing a leek as an `` ancient tradition '' in Henry V. In the play , Henry tells the Welsh officer Fluellen that he , too , is wearing a leek `` for I am Welsh , you know , good countryman . '' The 1985 and 1990 British one pound coins bear the design of a leek in a coronet , representing Wales . Alongside the other national floral emblems of countries currently and formerly in the Commonwealth or part of the United Kingdom ( including the English Tudor Rose , Scottish thistle , Irish shamrock , Canadian maple leaf , and Indian lotus ) , the Welsh leek appeared on the coronation gown of Elizabeth II . It was designed by Norman Hartnell ; when Hartnell asked if he could exchange the leek for the more aesthetically pleasing Welsh daffodil , he was told no . Perhaps the most visible use of the leek , however , is as the cap badge of the Welsh Guards , a regiment within the Household Division of the British Army . In Romania , the leek is also widely considered a symbol of Oltenia , a historical region in the southwestern part of the country . In early 1990s Albania , protestors waved leeks in defiance of the Communists whose policies had virtually reduced many to this staple . Gallery ( edit ) Two blooming flower heads A largely spent flower head showing open flowers , as well as developing seed pods Leek field in Houthulst , Belgium Still life of leeks and thyme Section and root base Leek sold in a supermarket Leek seeds See also ( edit ) Allium tricoccum , a North American plant commonly known as `` wild leek '' Culture of Wales Farfetch 'd , a Pokémon that carries a spring leek Hatsune Miku , whose character item , Green Onion , is often confused with a leek Kurrat , Egyptian leek Laukaz , a rune that has been speculated to mean `` leek '' List of vegetables Loituma Girl , also known as `` Leekspin '' Scallion Welsh onion References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Block , E. ( 2010 ) . Garlic and Other Alliums : The Lore and the Science . Royal Society of Chemistry . ISBN 0 - 85404 - 190 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` AllergyNet -- Allergy Advisor Find '' . Allallergy.net . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2010 . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Allium ampeloprasum '' , World Checklist of Selected Plant Families , Royal Botanic Gardens , Kew , retrieved 2013 - 02 - 01 Jump up ^ Caroline Foley ( 2006 ) . The A-Z of Allotment Vegetables . New Holland Publishers . p. 75 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84537 - 283 - 5 . Jump up ^ Brewster , James L. ( 2008 ) . Onions and other vegetable alliums ( 2nd ed . ) . Wallingford , UK : CABI International . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84593 - 399 - 9 . p. 30 Jump up ^ Marie Iannotti ( 25 February 2014 ) . The Timber Press Guide to Vegetable Gardening in the Northeast . Timber Press . pp. 186 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60469 - 595 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : K.V. Peter ( 25 August 2006 ) . Handbook of Herbs and Spices . Elsevier Science . pp. 370 -- 371 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84569 - 171 - 4 . Jump up ^ Theunissen , J. ; Legutowska , H. ( 1991 ) . `` Thrips tabaciLindeman ( Thysanoptera , Thripidae ) in leek : symptoms , distribution and population estimates '' . Journal of Applied Entomology. 112 ( 1 - 5 ) : 163 -- 170 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0418.1991. tb01042. x . ISSN 0931 - 2048 . Jump up ^ Mason , P.g. ; Appleby , M. ; Juneja , S. ; Allen , J. ; Landry , J. - F. ( 2010 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Biology and Development of Acrolepiopsis assectella ( Lepidoptera : Acrolepiidae ) in Eastern Ontario '' . The Canadian Entomologist. 142 ( 4 ) : 393 -- 404 . doi : 10.4039 / n10 - 026 . ISSN 0008 - 347X . Jump up ^ Librarie Larousse , ed. ( 1984 ) . Larousse Gastronomique : The World 's Greatest Cooking Encyclopedia . The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited . Jump up ^ http://www.takvim.com.tr/Yemek/Diger/2013/01/02/zeytinyagli-pirasa-sarmasi Leek sarma with olive oil recipe Jump up ^ http://www.turkish-media.com/yemektarifleri/viewrecipe.php?id=859&ord=id&asc=DESC Leek sarma with meat recipe Jump up ^ Jane Grigson , Jane Grigson 's Vegetable Book , ( Penguin Books , 1978 , ISBN 0 - 14 - 046859 - 5 ) p 291 Jump up ^ Glantz , Animal and plant life in the Torah , חי וצומח בתורה , p. 204 Jump up ^ Zohary , Daniel ; Hopf , Maria ; Weiss , Ehud ( 2012 ) . Domestication of plants in the Old World : the origin and spread of domesticated plants in Southwest Asia , Europe , and the Mediterranean Basin ( 4th ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 195 . ISBN 9780199549061 . Jump up ^ Pliny , Historia Naturalis , XIX , 33 . Jump up ^ The Mirror of Literature , Amusement , and Instruction. 5 . London : J Limbard. 1825 . Jump up ^ Cumo , Christopher , Encyclopedia of Cultivated Plants : From Acacia to Zinnia , ABC - CLIO , 2013 , p. 561 . Jump up ^ Rosemary Goulding ( June 1998 ) . `` SILVER AND GOLD '' . Waterlooville Parish Church . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Wolf D. Storl ( 14 June 2016 ) . A Curious History of Vegetables : Aphrodisiacal and Healing Properties , Folk Tales , Garden Tips , and Recipes . North Atlantic Books . pp. 155 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62317 - 040 - 0 . Jump up ^ Vladimir Mirodan ( 1987 ) . The Balkan Cookbook . Pelican Publishing Company . p. 63 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88289 - 738 - 7 . Jump up ^ Clarissa de Waal ( 17 September 2005 ) . Albania Today : A Portrait of Post-Communist Turbulence . I.B. Tauris . pp. 39 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85043 - 859 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Allium ampeloprasum . Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe / module on Leek Allium ampeloprasum L. on US National PLANTS Database Allium porrum L. on US National PLANTS Database Allium ampeloprasum , Porrum on Floridata Leek : Plants For a Future database Food Museum page National Symbols of Wales ( hide ) Allium Allium species Chives Garlic Leek Onion Onion cultivars Calçot Cocktail Common / Bulb Yellow Red White Pearl Potato Scallion Shallot Sweet Tree Vidalia Welsh Onion species Allium ... ... abramsii ... acuminatum ... aflatunense ... ampeloprasum ... amplectens ... anceps ... atrorubens ... bisceptrum ... bolanderi ... burlewii ... caeruleum ... campanulatum ... cernuum ... chinense ... cratericola ... crispum ... cristophii ... koreanum ... monanthum ... platycaule ... praecox ... punctum ... sanbornii ... shevockii ... siskiyouense ... sphaerocephalon ... stellatum ... stipitatum ... textile ... tribracteatum ... tricoccum ... triquetrum ... tuolumnense ... unifolium ... validum ... victorialis ... yosemitense Onion food List of onion dishes Blooming Fried Onion cake Onion ring Pickled Sogan - dolma Garlic cultivars Elephant Garlic chives Snow Mountain Solo Garlic species Allium ... ... canadense ... drummondii ... moly ... neapolitanum ... nigrum ... roseum ... sphaerocephalon ... triquetrum ... ursinum ... vineale Garlic food List of garlic dishes Black garlic Persillade Pistou Garlic oil Garlic press Garlic bread Garlic chutney Beurre à la bourguignonne ( garlic butter ) Garlic soup Garlic and onion constituents Allicin Diallyl disulfide Diallyl trisulfide Allyl mercaptan Related Garlic Is as Good as Ten Mothers ( 1980 documentary ) Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leek&oldid=828102127 '' Categories : Allium Leaf vegetables National symbols of Wales Root vegetables Welsh cuisine Welsh folklore Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български བོད ་ ཡིག Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kinyarwanda Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Napulitano Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan پنجابی Picard Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon West - Vlams ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 15 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leek
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the highest oxidation state in transition metal is
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List of oxidation states of the elements
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list of oxidation states of the elements
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This is a list of known oxidation states of the chemical elements , excluding nonintegral values . The most common states appear in bold . The table is based on that of Greenwood and Earnshaw , with additions noted . Oxidation state 0 , which occurs for all elements , is implied by the column with the symbol of the element . The format of the table , which was devised by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1889 , shows the periodicity of the oxidation states of the elements .
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List ( edit ) Element Noble gas Z Element Negative oxidation states Positive oxidation states Group Notes − 9 − 5 − 9 − 4 − 9 − 3 − 9 − 2 − 9 − 1 _0 _ + 1 _ + 2 _ + 3 _ + 4 _ + 5 _ + 6 _ + 7 _ + 8 _ + 9 hydrogen − 1 − 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 helium He 18 lithium Li + 1 + 1 + 1 beryllium Be + 1 + 2 + 2 5 boron − 5 − 1 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 3 13 6 carbon − 4 − 4 − 3 − 3 − 2 − 2 − 1 − 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 4 + 4 14 7 nitrogen − 3 − 3 − 2 − 1 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 5 15 8 oxygen − 2 − 2 − 1 O + 1 + 2 16 9 fluorine − 1 − 1 17 10 neon Ne 18 11 sodium − 1 Na + 1 + 1 + 1 12 magnesium Mg + 1 + 2 + 2 13 aluminium − 2 − 1 Al + 1 + 2 + 3 + 3 13 14 silicon − 4 − 4 − 3 − 2 − 1 Si + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 4 14 15 phosphorus − 3 − 3 − 2 − 1 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 5 15 16 sulfur − 2 − 2 − 1 + 1 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 6 16 17 chlorine − 1 − 1 Cl + 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 7 17 18 argon Ar 18 19 potassium − 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 20 calcium Ca + 1 + 2 + 2 21 scandium Sc + 1 + 2 + 3 + 3 22 titanium − 2 − 1 Ti + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 4 23 vanadium − 3 − 1 V + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 5 5 24 chromium − 4 − 2 − 1 Cr + 1 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 6 6 25 manganese − 3 − 2 − 1 Mn + 1 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 7 7 26 iron − 4 − 2 − 1 Fe + 1 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 6 + 7 8 27 cobalt − 3 − 1 Co + 1 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 4 + 5 9 28 nickel − 2 − 1 Ni + 1 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 4 10 29 copper − 2 Cu + 1 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 4 11 30 zinc − 2 Zn + 1 + 2 + 2 12 31 gallium − 5 − 4 − 2 − 1 Ga + 1 + 2 + 3 + 3 13 32 germanium − 4 − 4 − 3 − 2 − 1 Ge + 1 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 4 14 33 arsenic − 3 − 3 − 2 − 1 As + 1 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 5 15 34 selenium − 2 − 2 − 1 Se + 1 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 6 16 35 bromine − 1 − 1 Br + 1 + 1 + 1 + 3 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 5 + 7 + 7 17 36 krypton Kr + 2 + 2 18 37 rubidium − 1 Rb + 1 + 1 + 1 38 strontium Sr + 1 + 2 + 2 39 yttrium Y + 1 + 2 + 3 + 3 40 zirconium − 2 Zr + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 4 41 niobium − 3 − 1 Nb + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 5 5 42 molybdenum − 4 − 2 − 1 Mo + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 6 6 43 technetium − 3 − 1 Tc + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 7 7 44 ruthenium − 4 − 2 Ru + 1 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 4 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 8 45 rhodium − 3 − 1 Rh + 1 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 9 46 palladium Pd + 1 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 4 10 47 silver − 2 − 1 Ag + 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 3 11 48 cadmium − 2 Cd + 1 + 2 + 2 12 49 indium − 5 − 2 − 1 In + 1 + 2 + 3 + 3 13 50 tin − 4 − 4 − 3 − 2 − 1 Sn + 1 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 4 14 51 antimony − 3 − 3 − 2 − 1 Sb + 1 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 5 15 52 tellurium − 2 − 2 − 1 Te + 1 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 6 16 53 iodine − 1 − 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 3 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 7 17 54 xenon Xe + 2 + 2 + 4 + 4 + 6 + 6 + 8 18 55 caesium − 1 Cs + 1 + 1 + 1 56 barium Ba + 1 + 2 + 2 57 lanthanum La + 1 + 2 + 3 + 3 58 cerium Ce + 2 + 3 + 3 + 4 + 4 59 praseodymium Pr + 2 + 3 + 3 + 4 + 5 60 neodymium Nd + 2 + 3 + 3 + 4 61 promethium Pm + 2 + 3 + 3 62 samarium Sm + 2 + 3 + 3 63 europium Eu + 2 + 2 + 3 + 3 64 gadolinium Gd + 1 + 2 + 3 + 3 65 terbium Tb + 1 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 4 66 dysprosium Dy + 2 + 3 + 3 + 4 67 holmium Ho + 2 + 3 + 3 68 erbium Er + 2 + 3 + 3 69 thulium Tm + 2 + 3 + 3 70 ytterbium Yb + 2 + 3 + 3 71 lutetium Lu + 2 + 3 + 3 72 hafnium − 2 Hf + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 4 73 tantalum − 3 − 1 Ta + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 5 5 74 tungsten − 4 − 2 − 1 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 6 6 75 rhenium − 3 − 1 Re + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 7 76 osmium − 4 − 2 − 1 Os + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 8 77 iridium − 3 − 1 Ir + 1 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 4 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 9 78 platinum − 3 − 2 − 1 Pt + 1 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 4 + 5 + 6 10 79 gold − 3 − 2 − 1 Au + 1 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 5 11 80 mercury − 2 Hg + 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 2 12 81 thallium − 5 − 2 − 1 Tl + 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 3 13 82 lead − 4 − 2 − 1 Pb + 1 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 4 14 83 bismuth − 3 − 2 − 1 Bi + 1 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 4 + 5 15 84 polonium − 2 − 2 Po + 2 + 2 + 4 + 4 + 5 + 6 16 85 astatine − 1 − 1 At + 1 + 1 + 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 17 86 radon Rn + 2 + 2 + 6 18 87 francium Fr + 1 + 1 + 1 88 radium Ra + 2 + 2 89 actinium Ac + 3 + 3 90 thorium Th + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 4 91 protactinium Pa + 3 + 4 + 5 + 5 92 uranium U + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 6 93 neptunium Np + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 5 + 6 + 7 94 plutonium Pu + 2 + 3 + 4 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 95 americium Am + 2 + 3 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 96 curium Cm + 3 + 3 + 4 + 6 97 berkelium Bk + 3 + 3 + 4 98 californium Cf + 2 + 3 + 3 + 4 99 einsteinium Es + 2 + 3 + 3 + 4 100 fermium Fm + 2 + 3 + 3 101 mendelevium Md + 2 + 3 + 3 102 nobelium No + 2 + 2 + 3 103 lawrencium Lr + 3 + 3 104 rutherfordium Rf + 4 + 4 105 dubnium Db + 5 + 5 5 106 seaborgium Sg + 6 + 6 6 107 bohrium Bh + 7 + 7 7 108 hassium Hs + 8 + 8 8 109 meitnerium Mt 9 110 darmstadtium Ds 10 111 roentgenium Rg 11 112 copernicium Cn + 2 12 113 nihonium Nh 13 114 flerovium Fl 14 115 moscovium Mc 15 116 livermorium Lv 16 117 tennessine Ts 17 118 oganesson Og 18 A figure with a similar format ( shown below ) was used by Irving Langmuir in 1919 in one of the early papers about the octet rule . The periodicity of the oxidation states was one of the pieces of evidence that led Langmuir to adopt the rule . References and notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Greenwood , Norman N. ; Earnshaw , Alan ( 1997 ) . Chemistry of the Elements ( 2nd ed . ) . Butterworth - Heinemann . pp. 27 -- 28 . ISBN 0 - 08 - 037941 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Na ( − 1 ) , K ( − 1 ) , Rb ( − 1 ) , and Cs ( − 1 ) are known in alkalides ; the table by Greenwood and Earnshaw shows − 1 only for Na and also erroneously for Li ; no lithides are described . Jump up ^ Be ( I ) has been observed in beryllium monohydride ( BeH ) ; see Shayesteh , A. ; Tereszchuk , K. ; Bernath , P.F. ; Colin , R. ( 2003 ) . `` Infrared Emission Spectra of BeH and BeD '' ( PDF ) . J. Chem. Phys . bernath.uwaterloo.ca. 118 ( 3 ) : 1158 . Bibcode : 2003JChPh. 118.1158 S . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1528606 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ B ( − 1 ) has been observed in magnesium diboride ( MgB ) , see James Keeler , Peter Wothers ( 2014 ) . Chemical Structure and Reactivity : An Integrated Approach . Oxford University Press . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ B ( − 5 ) has been observed in Al BC , see Melanie Schroeder . `` Eigenschaften von borreichen Boriden und Scandium - Aluminium - Oxid - Carbiden '' ( PDF ) ( in German ) . p. 139 . Jump up ^ Low valent magnesium compounds with Mg ( I ) have been obtained using bulky ligands ; see Green , S.P. ; Jones C. ; Stasch A. ( December 2007 ) . `` Stable Magnesium ( I ) Compounds with Mg - Mg Bonds '' . Science . 318 ( 5857 ) : 1754 -- 1757 . Bibcode : 2007Sci ... 318.1754 G . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1150856 . PMID 17991827 . Jump up ^ Al ( II ) has been observed in aluminium ( II ) oxide ( AlO ) ; see D.C. Tyte ( 1964 ) . `` Red ( B2Π -- A2σ ) Band System of Aluminium Monoxide '' . Nature . 202 ( 4930 ) : 383 -- 384 . Bibcode : 1964Natur. 202 ... 383T . doi : 10.1038 / 202383a0. , and in dialanes ( R Al -- AlR ) ; see Uhl , Werner `` Organoelement Compounds Possessing Al -- Al , Ga -- Ga , In -- In , and Tl -- Tl Single Bonds '' Advances in Organometallic Chemistry Volume 51 , 2004 , Pages 53 -- 108 . doi : 10.1016 / S0065 - 3055 ( 03 ) 51002 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Negative oxidation states of p - block metals ( Al , Ga , In , Sn , Tl , Pb , Bi , Po ) and metalloids ( Si , Ge , As , Sb , Te , At ) may occur in Zintl phases , see : ( 1 ) , p. 259 and ( 2 ) ( both in German ) . Jump up ^ Al ( − 2 ) has been observed in Sr ( Al ) ( Ge ) , see Wemdorff , Marco ; Röhr , Caroline ( 2007 ) . `` Sr ( Al ) ( Ge ) : Eine Zintl - Phase mit isolierten ( Ge ) - und ( Al ) - Anionen / Sr ( Al ) ( Ge ) : A Zintl Phase with Isolated ( Ge ) - and ( Al ) Anions '' . Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B ( in German ) . 62 ( 10 ) : 1227 . doi : 10.1515 / znb - 2007 - 1001 . Jump up ^ The equilibrium Cl O ⇌ 2ClO is mentioned by Greenwood and Earnshaw , but it has been refuted , see Lopez , Maria ; Juan E. Sicre ( 1990 ) . `` Physicochemical properties of chlorine oxides. 1 . Composition , ultraviolet spectrum , and kinetics of the thermolysis of gaseous dichlorine hexoxide '' . J. Phys . Chem. 94 ( 9 ) : 3860 -- 3863 . doi : 10.1021 / j100372a094. , and Cl O is actually chlorine ( V , VII ) oxide . However , ClO has been observed , see Grothe , Hinrich ; Willner , Helge ( 1994 ) . `` Chlorine Trioxide : Spectroscopic Properties , Molecular Structure , and Photochemical Behavior '' . Angew . Chem. Int . Ed . 33 ( 14 ) : 1482 -- 1484 . doi : 10.1002 / anie. 199414821 . Jump up ^ Ca ( I ) has been observed ; see Krieck , Sven ; Görls , Helmar ; Westerhausen , Matthias ( 2010 ) . `` Mechanistic Elucidation of the Formation of the Inverse Ca ( I ) Sandwich Complex ( ( thf ) Ca ( μ - C H - 1 , 3 , 5 - Ph ) Ca ( thf ) ) and Stability of Aryl - Substituted Phenylcalcium Complexes '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 132 ( 35 ) : 12492 -- 501 . doi : 10.1021 / ja105534w . PMID 20718434 . Jump up ^ Sc ( I ) has been observed ; see Polly L. Arnold ; F. Geoffrey ; N. Cloke ; Peter B. Hitchcock & John F. Nixon ( 1996 ) . `` The First Example of a Formal Scandium ( I ) Complex : Synthesis and Molecular Structure of a 22 - Electron Scandium Triple Decker Incorporating the Novel 1 , 3 , 5 - Triphosphabenzene Ring '' . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118 ( 32 ) : 7630 -- 7631 . doi : 10.1021 / ja961253o . Jump up ^ Sc ( II ) has been observed ; see Woen , David H. ; Chen , Guo P. ; Ziller , Joseph W. ; Boyle , Timothy J. ; Furche , Filipp ; Evans , William J. ( January 2017 ) . `` Solution Synthesis , Structure , and CO Reduction Reactivity of a Scandium ( II ) Complex '' . Angewandte Chemie International Edition . 56 : 2050 -- 2053 . doi : 10.1002 / anie. 201611758 . Jump up ^ Ti ( I ) has been observed in ( Ti ( η - 1 , 3 , 5 - C H Pr ) 2 ) ( BAr ) ( Ar = C H , p - C H F , 3 , 5 - C H ( CF ) ) ; see Fausto Calderazzo , Isabella Ferri , Guido Pampaloni , Ulli Englert , Malcolm L.H. Green ( 1997 ) . `` Synthesis of ( Ti ( η - 1 , 3 , 5 - C H iPr ) ) ( BAr ) ( Ar = C H , p-C H F , 3 , 5 - C H ( CF ) ) , the First Titanium ( I ) Derivatives '' . Organometallics. 16 ( 14 ) : 3100 -- 3101 . doi : 10.1021 / om970155o . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Ti ( − 2 ) , V ( − 3 ) , Cr ( − 4 ) , Co ( − 3 ) , Zr ( − 2 ) , Nb ( − 3 ) , Mo ( − 4 ) , Ru ( − 2 ) , Rh ( − 3 ) , Hf ( − 2 ) , Ta ( − 3 ) , and W ( − 4 ) occur in anionic binary metal carbonyls ; see ( 3 ) , p. 4 ( in German ) ; ( 4 ) , pp. 97 -- 100 ; ( 5 ) , p. 239 Jump up ^ Ti ( − 1 ) has been reported in ( Ti ( bipy ) ) , but was later shown to be Ti ( + 3 ) ; see Bowman , A.C. ; England , J. ; Sprouls , S. ; Weihemüller , T. ; Wieghardt , K. ( 2013 ) . `` Electronic structures of homoleptic ( tris ( 2 , 2 ' - bipyridine ) M ) n complexes of the early transition metals ( M = Sc , Y , Ti , Zr , Hf , V , Nb , Ta ; n = 1 + , 0 , 1 - , 2 - , 3 - ) : an experimental and density functional theoretical study '' . Inorganic Chemistry . 52 ( 4 ) : 2242 -- 56 . doi : 10.1021 / ic302799s . PMID 23387926 . However , Ti ( − 1 ) occurs in ( Ti ( η - C H ) and ( Ti ( η - C H CH ) ) , see Bandy , J.A. ; Berry , A. ; Green , M.L.H. ; Perutz , R.N. ; Prout , K. ; Verpeautz , J. - N. ( 1984 ) . `` Synthesis of anionic sandwich compounds : ( Ti ( η - C H R ) ) and the crystal structure of ( K ( 18 - crown - 6 ) ( μ - H ) Mo ( η - C H ) ) '' . Inorganic Chemistry . 52 ( 4 ) : 729 -- 731 . doi : 10.1039 / C39840000729 . Jump up ^ Fe ( VII ) has been observed in ( FeO ) ; see Lu , Jun - Bo ; Jian , Jiwen ; Huang , Wei ; Lin , Hailu ; Zhou , Mingfei ( 2016 ) . `` Experimental and theoretical identification of the Fe ( VII ) oxidation state in FeO '' . Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 18 : 31125 -- 31131 . Bibcode : 2016PCCP ... 1831125L . doi : 10.1039 / C6CP06753K . Jump up ^ Fe ( VIII ) has been reported ; see Yurii D. Perfiliev ; Virender K. Sharma ( 2008 ) . `` Higher Oxidation States of Iron in Solid State : Synthesis and Their Mössbauer Characterization -- Ferrates -- ACS Symposium Series ( ACS Publications ) '' . Platinum Metals Review . 48 ( 4 ) : 157 -- 158 . doi : 10.1595 / 147106704X10801 . However , its existence has been disputed . ^ Jump up to : Fe ( − 4 ) , Ru ( − 4 ) , and Os ( − 4 ) have been observed in metal - rich compounds containing octahedral complexes ( MIn Sn ) ; Pt ( − 3 ) ( as a dimeric anion ( Pt -- Pt ) ) , Cu ( − 2 ) , Zn ( − 2 ) , Ag ( − 2 ) , Cd ( − 2 ) , Au ( − 2 ) , and Hg ( − 2 ) have been observed ( as dimeric and monomeric anions ; dimeric ions were initially reported to be ( T -- T ) for Zn , Cd , Hg , but later shown to be ( T -- T ) for all these elements ) in La Pt In , La Cu In , Ca Au , Ca Ag , Ca Hg , Sr Cd , Ca Zn ( structure ( AE ) ( T -- T ) T ⋅ 4e ) , Yb Ag , Ca Au , and Ca Hg ; Au ( -- 3 ) has been observed in ScAuSn and in other 18 - electron half - Heusler compounds . See Changhoon Lee ; Myung - Hwan Whangbo ( 2008 ) . `` Late transition metal anions acting as p - metal elements '' . Solid State Sciences . 10 ( 4 ) : 444 -- 449 . Bibcode : 2008SSSci ... 10 ... 444K . doi : 10.1016 / j. solidstatesciences. 2007.12. 001 . and Changhoon Lee ; Myung - Hwan Whangbo ; Jürgen Köhler ( 2010 ) . `` Analysis of Electronic Structures and Chemical Bonding of Metal - rich Compounds. 2 . Presence of Dimer ( T -- T ) and Isolated T Anions in the Polar Intermetallic Cr B - Type Compounds AE T ( AE = Ca , Sr ; T = Au , Ag , Hg , Cd , Zn ) '' . ZAAC. 636 ( 1 ) : 36 -- 40 . doi : 10.1002 / zaac. 200900421 . Jump up ^ Ni ( − 2 ) has been observed in Li ( Ni ( 1 , 5 - COD ) ) , see Jonas , Klaus ( 1975 ) . `` Dilithium - Nickel - Olefin Complexes . Novel Bimetal Complexes Containing a Transition Metal and a Main Group Metal '' . Angew . Chem. Int . Ed . 14 ( 11 ) : 752 -- 753 . doi : 10.1002 / anie. 197507521 . and Ellis , John E. ( 2006 ) . `` Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States '' . Inorganic Chemistry . 45 ( 8 ) : 3167 -- 86 . doi : 10.1021 / ic052110i . Jump up ^ Zn ( I ) has been observed in decamethyldizincocene ( Zn ( η -- C Me ) ) ; see Resa , I. ; Carmona , E. ; Gutierrez - Puebla , E. ; Monge , A. ( 2004 ) . `` Decamethyldizincocene , a Stable Compound of Zn ( I ) with a Zn - Zn Bond '' . Science . 305 ( 5687 ) : 1136 -- 8 . Bibcode : 2004Sci ... 305.1136 R . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1101356 . PMID 15326350 . Jump up ^ Ga ( − 2 ) , Ga ( − 4 ) , and Ga ( − 5 ) have been observed in the magnesium gallides MgGa , Mg Ga , and Mg Ga , respectively ; see Patrick Hofmann . `` Colture . Ein Programm zur interaktiven Visualisierung von Festkörperstrukturen sowie Synthese , Struktur und Eigenschaften von binären und ternären Alkali - und Erdalkalimetallgalliden '' ( PDF ) ( in German ) . p. 72 . Jump up ^ Ge ( − 1 ) , Ge ( − 2 ) , and Ge ( − 3 ) have been observed in germanides ; see Holleman , Arnold F. ; Wiberg , Egon ; Wiberg , Nils ( 1995 ) . `` Germanium '' . Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie ( in German ) ( 101 ed . ) . Walter de Gruyter . pp. 953 -- 959 . ISBN 3 - 11 - 012641 - 9 ... Jump up ^ As ( I ) has been observed in arsenic ( I ) iodide ( AsI ) ; see Ellis , Bobby D. ; MacDonald , Charles L.B. ( 2004 ) . `` Stabilized Arsenic ( I ) Iodide : A Ready Source of Arsenic Iodide Fragments and a Useful Reagent for the Generation of Clusters '' . Inorganic Chemistry . 43 ( 19 ) : 5981 -- 6 . doi : 10.1021 / ic049281s . PMID 15360247 . Jump up ^ As ( IV ) has been observed in arsenic ( IV ) hydroxide ( As ( OH ) ) and HAsO ; see Kläning , Ulrik K. ; Bielski , Benon H.J. ; Sehested , K. ( 1989 ) . `` Arsenic ( IV ) . A pulse - radiolysis study '' . Inorganic Chemistry . 28 ( 14 ) : 2717 -- 24 . doi : 10.1021 / ic00313a007 . Jump up ^ Se ( − 1 ) has been observed in diselenides ( 2 − ) ( Se ) . Jump up ^ Se ( I ) has been observed in selenium ( I ) chloride ( Se Cl ) ; see `` Selenium : Selenium ( I ) chloride compound data '' . WebElements.com . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Se ( III ) has been observed in Se NBr ; see Lau , Carsten ; Neumüller , Bernhard ; Vyboishchikov , Sergei F. ; Frenking , Gernot ; Dehnicke , Kurt ; Hiller , Wolfgang ; Herker , Martin ( 1996 ) . `` Se NBr , Se NCl , Se NCl : New Nitride Halides of Selenium ( III ) and Selenium ( IV ) '' . Chemistry : A European Journal . 2 : 1393 -- 1396 . doi : 10.1002 / chem. 19960021108 . Jump up ^ Se ( V ) has been observed in SeO and HSeO ; see Kläning , Ulrik K. ; Sehested , K. ( 1986 ) . `` Selenium ( V ) . A pulse radiolysis study '' . Inorganic Chemistry . 90 ( 21 ) : 5460 -- 4 . doi : 10.1021 / j100412a112 . Jump up ^ Sr ( I ) has been observed in strontium monofluoride ( SrF ) ; see P. Colarusso ; Guo , B. ; Zhang , K. - Q. ; Bernath , P.F. ; et al. ( 1996 ) . `` High - Resolution Infrared Emission Spectrum of Strontium Monofluoride '' ( PDF ) . J. Molecular Spectroscopy. 175 : 158 -- 171 . Bibcode : 1996JMoSp. 175 ... 158C . doi : 10.1006 / jmsp. 1996.0019 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Y ( I ) has been observed in yttrium ( I ) bromide ( YBr ) ; see `` Yttrium : yttrium ( I ) bromide compound data '' . OpenMOPAC.net . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Y ( II ) has been observed in ( ( 18 - crown - 6 ) K ) ( ( C H SiMe ) Y ) ; see MacDonald , M.R. ; Ziller , J.W. ; Evans , W.J. ( 2011 ) . `` Synthesis of a Crystalline Molecular Complex of Y , ( ( 18 - crown - 6 ) K ) ( ( C H SiMe ) Y ) '' . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 ( 40 ) : 15914 -- 17 . doi : 10.1021 / ja207151y . Jump up ^ Zr ( − 1 ) has been reported in ( Zr ( bipy ) ) ( see Greenwood , Norman N. ; Earnshaw , Alan ( 1997 ) . Chemistry of the Elements ( 2nd ed . ) . Butterworth - Heinemann . p. 960 . ISBN 0 - 08 - 037941 - 9 . and Holleman , Arnold F. ; Wiberg , Egon ; Wiberg , Nils ( 1995 ) . `` Zirconium '' . Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie ( in German ) ( 101 ed . ) . Walter de Gruyter . p. 1413 . ISBN 3 - 11 - 012641 - 9 . ) , but was later shown to be Zr ( + 4 ) ; see Bowman , A.C. ; England , J. ; Sprouls , S. ; Weihemüller , T. ; Wieghardt , K. ( 2013 ) . `` Electronic structures of homoleptic ( tris ( 2 , 2 ' - bipyridine ) M ) n complexes of the early transition metals ( M = Sc , Y , Ti , Zr , Hf , V , Nb , Ta ; n = 1 + , 0 , 1 - , 2 - , 3 - ) : an experimental and density functional theoretical study '' . Inorganic Chemistry . 52 ( 4 ) : 2242 -- 56 . doi : 10.1021 / ic302799s . PMID 23387926 . ^ Jump up to : Nb ( I ) and Ta ( I ) occur in Cp Nb ( CO ) and Cp Ta ( CO ) , see Holleman , Arnold F. ; Wiberg , Egon ; Wiberg , Nils ( 1995 ) . `` Tantal '' . Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie ( in German ) ( 101 ed . ) . Walter de Gruyter . p. 1430 . ISBN 3 - 11 - 012641 - 9 . and King , R. Bruce ( 1969 ) . Transition - Metal Organometallic Chemistry : An Introduction . Academic Press . p. 11 . ISBN 0 - 32 - 315996 - 6 . Jump up ^ Pd ( I ) has been observed ; see Crabtree , R.H. ( 2002 ) . `` CHEMISTRY : A New Oxidation State for Pd ? '' . Science . 295 ( 5553 ) : 288 -- 289 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1067921 . Jump up ^ Pd ( III ) has been observed ; see Powers , D.C. ; Ritter , T. ( 2011 ) . `` Palladium ( III ) in Synthesis and Catalysis '' ( PDF ) . Top . Organomet . Chem. Topics in Organometallic Chemistry . 35 : 129 -- 156 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 17429 - 2_6 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 17428 - 5 . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ The Ag ion has been observed in metal ammonia solutions : see Tran , N.E. ; Lagowski , J.J. ( 2001 ) . `` Metal Ammonia Solutions : Solutions Containing Argentide Ions '' . Inorganic Chemistry . 40 ( 5 ) : 1067 -- 68 . doi : 10.1021 / ic000333x . Jump up ^ Cd ( I ) has been observed in cadmium ( I ) tetrachloroaluminate ( Cd ( AlCl ) ) ; see Holleman , Arnold F. ; Wiberg , Egon ; Wiberg , Nils ( 1985 ) . `` Cadmium '' . Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie ( in German ) ( 91 -- 100 ed . ) . Walter de Gruyter . pp. 1056 -- 1057 . ISBN 3 - 11 - 007511 - 3 . Jump up ^ In ( -- 5 ) has been observed in La InGe , see Guloy , A.M. ; Corbett , J.D. ( 1996 ) . `` Synthesis , Structure , and Bonding of Two Lanthanum Indium Germanides with Novel Structures and Properties '' . Inorganic Chemistry . 35 ( 9 ) : 2616 -- 22 . doi : 10.1021 / ic951378e . Jump up ^ In ( − 2 ) has been observed in Na In , see ( 6 ) , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Sn ( − 3 ) has been observed in ( Sn ) , e.g. in ( Ba ) ( Mg ) Sn ( Sn ) Sn ( with square ( Sn ) sheets ) , see Papoian , Garegin A. ; Hoffmann , Roald ( 2000 ) . `` Hypervalent Bonding in One , Two , and Three Dimensions : Extending the Zintl -- Klemm Concept to Nonclassical Electron - Rich Networks '' ( PDF ) . Angew . Chem. Int . Ed . 2000 ( 39 ) : 2408 -- 2448 . doi : 10.1002 / 1521 - 3773 ( 20000717 ) 39 : 14 3.0.co ; 2 - u . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Sn ( I ) and Sn ( III ) have been observed in organotin compounds Jump up ^ Sb ( − 2 ) has been observed in ( Sb ) , e.g. in RbBa ( Sb ) ( Sb ) ( O ) , see Boss , Michael ; Petri , Denis ; Pickhard , Frank ; Zönnchen , Peter ; Röhr , Caroline ( 2005 ) . `` Neue Barium - Antimonid - Oxide mit den Zintl - Ionen ( Sb ) , ( Sb ) und ( Sb ) / New Barium Antimonide Oxides containing Zintl Ions ( Sb ) , ( Sb ) and ( Sb ) '' . Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie ( in German ) . 631 ( 6 -- 7 ) : 1181 -- 1190 . doi : 10.1002 / zaac. 200400546 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Sb ( I ) and Sb ( II ) have been observed in organoantimony compounds ; for Sb ( I ) , see Šimon , Petr ; de Proft , Frank ; Jambor , Roman ; Růžička , Aleš ; Dostál , Libor ( 2010 ) . `` Monomeric Organoantimony ( I ) and Organobismuth ( I ) Compounds Stabilized by an NCN Chelating Ligand : Syntheses and Structures '' . Angewandte Chemie International Edition . 49 ( 32 ) : 5468 -- 5471 . doi : 10.1002 / anie. 201002209 . PMID 20602393 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Sb ( IV ) has been observed in ( SbCl , see Nobuyoshi Shinohara ; Masaaki Ohsima ( 2000 ) . `` Production of Sb ( IV ) Chloro Complex by Flash Photolysis of the Corresponding Sb ( III ) and Sb ( V ) Complexes in CH3CN and CHCl3 '' . Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan . 73 ( 7 ) : 1599 -- 1604 . doi : 10.1246 / bcsj. 73.1599 . Jump up ^ Te ( I ) has been observed in tellurium iodide ( TeI ) , see `` Tellurium : tellurium iodide '' . WebElements.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Te ( III ) has been observed in ( Te ( N ( Si Me ) ) ) , see Heinze , Thorsten ; Roesky , Herbert W. ; Pauer , Frank ; Stalke , Dietmar ; Sheldrick , George M. ( 1991 ) . `` Synthesis and Structure of the First Tellurium ( III ) Radical Cation '' . Angewandte Chemie International Edition . 30 ( 12 ) : 1678 . doi : 10.1002 / anie. 199116771 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 ... Jump up ^ Te ( V ) is mentioned by Greenwood and Earnshaw , but they do not give any example of a Te ( V ) compound . What was long thought to be ditellurium decafluoride ( Te F ) is actually bis ( pentafluorotelluryl ) oxide , F TeOTeF : see Watkins , P.M. ( 1974 ) . `` Ditellurium decafluoride - A Continuing Myth '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 51 ( 9 ) : 520 -- 521 . doi : 10.1021 / ed051p520 . However , Te ( V ) has been observed in H TeO , TeO , HTeO , and TeO ; see Kläning , Ulrik K. ; Sehested , K. ( 2001 ) . `` Tellurium ( V ) . A Pulse Radiolysis Study '' . The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 105 ( 27 ) : 6637 -- 45 . Bibcode : 2001JPCA ... 105.6637 K . doi : 10.1021 / jp010577i . Jump up ^ I ( IV ) has been observed in iodine dioxide ( IO ) ; see Pauling , Linus ( 1988 ) . `` Oxygen Compounds of Nonmetallic Elements '' . General Chemistry ( 3rd ed . ) . Dover Publications , Inc. p. 259 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 65622 - 5 . Jump up ^ I ( VI ) has been observed in IO , IO , H IO , H IO , H IO , and HIO ; see Kläning , Ulrik K. ; Sehested , Knud ; Wolff , Thomas ( 1981 ) . `` Laser flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis of iodate and periodate in aqueous solution . Properties of iodine ( VI ) '' . J. Chem. Soc. , Faraday Trans . 1 . 77 : 1707 -- 18 . doi : 10.1039 / F19817701707 . Jump up ^ Xe ( I ) has been reported in xenon hexafluoroplatinate and xenon hexafluororhodate ( see Pauling , Linus ( 1988 ) . General Chemistry ( 3rd ed . ) . Dover Publications , Inc. p. 250 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 65622 - 5 . ) , however these compounds were later found to contain Xe ( II ) . Jump up ^ Ba ( I ) has been observed in barium monofluoride ( BaF ) ; see P. Colarusso ; Guo , B. ; Zhang , K. - Q. ; Bernath , P.F. ; et al. ( 1995 ) . `` High - Resolution Fourier Transform Infrared Emission Spectrum of Barium Monofluoride '' ( PDF ) . J. Molecular Spectroscopy. 170 : 59 . Bibcode : 1996JMoSp. 175 ... 158C . doi : 10.1006 / jmsp. 1996.0019 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2005 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ La ( I ) has been observed in lanthanum monohydride ( LaH ) ; see Ram , R.S. ; Bernath , P.F. ( 1996 ) . `` Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of New Infrared Systems of LaH and LaD '' ( PDF ) . J. Molecular Spectroscopy. 104 : 6444 . Bibcode : 1996JChPh. 104.6444 R . doi : 10.1063 / 1.471365 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2005 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Pr ( V ) has been observed in ( PrO ) ; see Zhang , Qingnan ; Hu , Shu - Xian ; Qu , Hui ; Su , Jing ; Wang , Guanjun ; Lu , Jun - Bo ; Chen , Mohua ; Zhou , Mingfei ; Li , Jun ( 2016 - 06 - 06 ) . `` Pentavalent Lanthanide Compounds : Formation and Characterization of Praseodymium ( V ) Oxides '' . Angewandte Chemie International Edition . 55 ( 24 ) : 6896 -- 6900 . doi : 10.1002 / anie. 201602196 . ISSN 1521 - 3773 . PMID 27100273 . Jump up ^ Nd ( IV ) has been observed in unstable solid state compounds ; see Holleman , Arnold Frederik ; Wiberg , Egon ( 2001 ) , Wiberg , Nils , ed. , Inorganic Chemistry , translated by Eagleson , Mary ; Brewer , William , San Diego / Berlin : Academic Press / De Gruyter , ISBN 0 - 12 - 352651 - 5 ^ Jump up to : All the lanthanides ( La -- Lu ) in the + 2 oxidation state have been observed ( except La , Gd , Lu ) in dilute , solid solutions of dihalides of these elements in alkaline earth dihalides ( see Holleman , Arnold Frederik ; Wiberg , Egon ( 2001 ) , Wiberg , Nils , ed. , Inorganic Chemistry , translated by Eagleson , Mary ; Brewer , William , San Diego / Berlin : Academic Press / De Gruyter , ISBN 0 - 12 - 352651 - 5 ) and ( except Pm ) in organometallic molecular complexes , see Lanthanides Topple Assumptions and Meyer , G. ( 2014 ) . `` All the Lanthanides Do It and Even Uranium Does Oxidation State + 2 '' . Angewandte Chemie International Edition . 53 ( 14 ) : 3550 -- 51 . doi : 10.1002 / anie. 201311325 . PMID 24616202 ... Additionally , all the lanthanides ( La -- Lu ) form dihydrides ( LnH ) , dicarbides ( LnC ) , monosulfides ( LnS ) , monoselenides ( LnSe ) , and monotellurides ( LnTe ) , but for most elements these compounds have Ln ions with electrons delocalized into conduction bands , e. g . Ln ( H ) ( e ) . Jump up ^ Dy ( IV ) has been observed in unstable solid state compounds ; see Holleman , Arnold Frederik ; Wiberg , Egon ( 2001 ) , Wiberg , Nils , ed. , Inorganic Chemistry , translated by Eagleson , Mary ; Brewer , William , San Diego / Berlin : Academic Press / De Gruyter , ISBN 0 - 12 - 352651 - 5 Jump up ^ Hf ( I ) has been observed in hafnium monobromide ( HfBr ) , see Marek , G.S. ; Troyanov , S.I. ; Tsirel'nikov , V.I. ( 1979 ) . `` Кристаллическое строение и термодинамические характеристики монобромидов циркония и гафния / Crystal structure and thermodynamic characteristics of monobromides of zirconium and hafnium '' . Журнал неорганической химии / Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry ( in Russian ) . 24 ( 4 ) : 890 -- 893 . Jump up ^ Os ( − 1 ) has been observed in Na ( Os ( CO ) ) ; see Krause , J. ; Siriwardane , Upali ; Salupo , Terese A. ; Wermer , Joseph R. ; Knoeppel , David W. ; Shore , Sheldon G. ( 1993 ) . `` Preparation of ( Os ( CO ) ) and its reactions with Os ( CO ) ; structures of ( Et N ) ( HOs ( CO ) ) and H OsS ( CO ) '' . Journal of Organometallic Chemistry . 454 : 263 -- 271 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 328X ( 93 ) 83250 - Y. and Carter , Willie J. ; Kelland , John W. ; Okrasinski , Stanley J. ; Warner , Keith E. ; Norton , Jack R. ( 1982 ) . `` Mononuclear hydrido alkyl carbonyl complexes of osmium and their polynuclear derivatives '' . Inorganic Chemistry . 21 ( 11 ) : 3955 -- 3960 . doi : 10.1021 / ic00141a019 . Jump up ^ Ir ( − 3 ) has been observed in Ir ( CO ) ; see Greenwood , Norman N. ; Earnshaw , Alan ( 1997 ) . Chemistry of the Elements ( 2nd ed . ) . Butterworth - Heinemann . p. 1117 . ISBN 0 - 08 - 037941 - 9 . Jump up ^ Ir ( VII ) has been observed in ( ( η - O ) IrO ) ; see C&EN : Iridium dressed to the nines . Jump up ^ Ir ( VIII ) has been observed in iridium tetroxide ( IrO ) ; see Gong , Yu ; Zhou , Mingfei ; Kaupp , Martin ; Riedel , Sebastian ( 2009 ) . `` Formation and Characterization of the Iridium Tetroxide Molecule with Iridium in the Oxidation State + VIII '' . Angewandte Chemie International Edition . 48 ( 42 ) : 7879 -- 7883 . doi : 10.1002 / anie. 200902733 . Jump up ^ Ir ( IX ) has been observed in IrO ; see Wang , Guanjun ; Zhou , Mingfei ; Goettel , James T. ; Schrobilgen , Gary G. ; Su , Jing ; Li , Jun ; Schlöder , Tobias ; Riedel , Sebastian ( 21 August 2014 ) . `` Identification of an iridium - containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX '' . Nature . 514 : 475 -- 477 . Bibcode : 2014Natur. 514 ... 475W . doi : 10.1038 / nature13795 . PMID 25341786 . Jump up ^ Pt ( − 1 ) and Pt ( − 2 ) have been observed in the barium platinides Ba Pt and BaPt , respectively : see Karpov , Andrey ; Konuma , Mitsuharu ; Jansen , Martin ( 2006 ) . `` An experimental proof for negative oxidation states of platinum : ESCA - measurements on barium platinides '' . Chemical Communications ( 8 ) : 838 -- 840 . doi : 10.1039 / b514631c . PMID 16479284 . Jump up ^ Pt ( I ) and Pt ( III ) have been observed in bimetallic and polymetallic species ; see Kauffman , George B. ; Thurner , Joseph J. ; Zatko , David A. ( 1967 ) . `` Ammonium Hexachloroplatinate ( IV ) '' . Inorganic Syntheses . Inorganic Syntheses. 9 : 182 -- 185 . doi : 10.1002 / 9780470132401. ch51 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 13240 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hg ( IV ) has been reported in mercury ( IV ) fluoride ( HgF ) ; see Xuefang Wang ; Lester Andrews ; Sebastian Riedel ; Martin Kaupp ( 2007 ) . `` Mercury Is a Transition Metal : The First Experimental Evidence for HgF '' . Angew . Chem. Int . Ed . 46 ( 44 ) : 8371 -- 8375 . doi : 10.1002 / anie. 200703710 . PMID 17899620 . However , it could not be confirmed by later experiments ; see Is mercury a transition metal ? Archived 2016 - 10 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Tl ( − 5 ) has been observed in Na K Tl , see Dong , Z. - C. ; Corbett , J.D. ( 1996 ) . `` Na K Tl : An Unusual Zintl Compound Containing Apparent Tl , Tl , Tl , and Tl Anions '' . Inorganic Chemistry . 35 ( 11 ) : 3107 -- 12 . doi : 10.1021 / ic960014z . Jump up ^ Tl ( − 1 ) has been observed in caesium thallide ( CsTl ) ; see King , R.B. ; Schleyer , R. ( 2004 ) . `` Theory and concepts in main - group cluster chemistry '' . In Driess , M. ; Nöth , H. Molecular clusters of the main group elements . Wiley - VCH , Chichester . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 527 - 61437 - 0 . Jump up ^ Tl ( + 2 ) has been observed in tetrakis ( hypersilyl ) dithallium ( ( ( Me Si ) Si ) Tl -- Tl ( Si ( SiMe ) ) ) , see Sonja Henkel ; Dr. Karl Wilhelm Klinkhammer ; Dr. Wolfgang Schwarz ( 1994 ) . `` Tetrakis ( hypersilyl ) dithallium ( Tl -- Tl ) : A Divalent Thallium Compound '' . Angew . Chem. Int . Ed . 33 ( 6 ) : 681 -- 683 . doi : 10.1002 / anie. 199406811 ... Jump up ^ Pb ( − 2 ) has been observed in BaPb , see Ferro , Riccardo ( 2008 ) . Nicholas C. Norman , ed . Intermetallic Chemistry . Elsevier . p. 505 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 044099 - 6 . and Todorov , Iliya ; Sevov , Slavi C. ( 2004 ) . `` Heavy - Metal Aromatic Rings : Cyclopentadienyl Anion Analogues Sn and Pb in the Zintl Phases Na BaPb , Na BaSn , and Na EuSn '' . Inorganic Chemistry . 43 ( 20 ) : 6490 -- 94 . doi : 10.1021 / ic000333x . Jump up ^ Pb ( + 1 ) and Pb ( + 3 ) have been observed in organolead compounds , e.g. hexamethyldiplumbane Pb ( CH ) ; for Pb ( I ) , see Siew - Peng Chia ; Hong - Wei Xi ; Yongxin Li ; Kok Hwa Lim ; Cheuk - Wai So ( 2013 ) . `` A Base - Stabilized Lead ( I ) Dimer and an Aromatic Plumbylidenide Anion '' . Angew . Chem. Int . Ed . 52 ( 24 ) : 6298 -- 6301 . doi : 10.1002 / anie. 201301954 ... Jump up ^ Bi ( − 2 ) and Bi ( − 1 ) occur in Zintl phases , e.g. ( Ca ) ( Bi ) ( ( Bi ) ) ( Bi ) ; see Ponou , Siméon ( 2006 ) . `` Germanides , Germanide - Tungstate Double Salts and Substitution Effects in Zintl Phases '' . Technische Universität München . Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie mit Schwerpunkt Neue Materialien . p. 68 . Jump up ^ Bi ( I ) has been observed in bismuth monobromide ( BiBr ) and bismuth monoiodide ( BiI ) ; see Godfrey , S.M. ; McAuliffe , C.A. ; Mackie , A.G. ; Pritchard , R.G. ( 1998 ) . Nicholas C. Norman , ed . Chemistry of arsenic , antimony , and bismuth . Springer . pp. 67 -- 84 . ISBN 0 - 7514 - 0389 - X . Jump up ^ Bi ( + 2 ) has been observed in dibismuthines ( R Bi -- BiR ) , see Arthur J. Ashe III ( 1990 ) . `` Thermochromic Distibines and Dibismuthines '' . Advances in Organometallic Chemistry . 30 : 77 -- 97 . doi : 10.1016 / S0065 - 3055 ( 08 ) 60499 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bi ( IV ) has been observed ; see A.I. Aleksandrov , I.E. Makarov ( 1987 ) . `` Formation of Bi ( II ) and Bi ( IV ) in aqueous hydrochloric solutions of Bi ( III ) '' . Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR , Division of chemical science . 36 ( 2 ) : 217 -- 220 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00959349 . Jump up ^ Po ( V ) has been observed in dioxidopolonium ( 1 + ) ( PoO ) ; see Thayer , John S. ( 2010 ) . Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements . p. 78 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4020 - 9975 - 5_2 . Jump up ^ Rn ( II ) has been observed in radon difluoride ( RnF ) ; see Stein , L. ( 1970 ) . `` Ionic Radon Solution '' . Science . 168 ( 3929 ) : 362 -- 4 . Bibcode : 1970Sci ... 168 ... 362S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 168.3929. 362 . PMID 17809133 . and Kenneth S. Pitzer ( 1975 ) . `` Fluorides of radon and element 118 '' . J. Chem. Soc. , Chem. Commun. ( 18 ) : 760b -- 761 . doi : 10.1039 / C3975000760b . Jump up ^ Rn ( IV ) is reported by Greenwood and Earnshaw , but is not known to exist ; see Sykes , A.G. ( 1998 ) . `` Recent Advances in Noble - Gas Chemistry '' . Advances in Inorganic Chemistry . 46 . Academic Press . pp. 91 -- 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 023646 - 6 . Retrieved 22 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Rn ( VI ) is known in radon trioxide ( RnO ) ; see Sykes , A.G. ( 1998 ) . `` Recent Advances in Noble - Gas Chemistry '' . Advances in Inorganic Chemistry . 46 . Academic Press . pp. 91 -- 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 023646 - 6 . Retrieved 22 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Th ( I ) is known in thorium ( I ) bromide ( ThBr ) ; see Wickleder , Mathias S. ; Fourest , Blandine ; Dorhout , Peter K. ( 2006 ) . `` Thorium '' . In Morss , Lester R. ; Edelstein , Norman M. ; Fuger , Jean . The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements ( PDF ) . 3 ( 3rd ed . ) . Dordrecht , the Netherlands : Springer . pp. 52 -- 160 . doi : 10.1007 / 1 - 4020 - 3598 - 5_3 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Th ( II ) and Th ( III ) are observed in ( Th ( η - C H ( SiMe ) ) ) and ( Th ( η - C H ( SiMe ) ) ) , see Langeslay , Ryan R. ; Fieser , Megan E. ; Ziller , Joseph W. ; Furche , Philip ; Evans , William J. ( 2015 ) . `` Synthesis , structure , and reactivity of crystalline molecular complexes of the ( ( C H ( SiMe ) ) Th ) anion containing thorium in the formal + 2 oxidation state '' . Chem. Sci. 6 : 517 -- 521 . doi : 10.1039 / C4SC03033H . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ U ( I ) has been observed in uranium monofluoride ( UF ) and uranium monochloride ( UCl ) , see Sykes , A.G. ( 1990 ) . `` Compounds of Thorium and Uranium '' . Advances in Inorganic Chemistry . 34 . Academic Press . pp. 87 -- 88 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 023634 - 6 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ U ( II ) has been observed in ( K ( 2.2. 2 - Cryptand ) ) ( ( C H SiMe ) U ) , see MacDonald , Matthew R. ; Fieser , Megan E. ; Bates , Jefferson E. ; Ziller , Joseph W. ; Furche , Filipp ; Evans , William J. ( 2013 ) . `` Identification of the + 2 Oxidation State for Uranium in a Crystalline Molecular Complex , ( K ( 2.2. 2 - Cryptand ) ) ( ( C H SiMe ) U ) '' . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 ( 36 ) : 13310 -- 13313 . doi : 10.1021 / ja406791t . Jump up ^ Np ( II ) has been observed , see Dutkiewicz , Michał S. ; Apostolidis , Christos ; Walter , Olaf ; Arnold , Polly L ( 2017 ) . `` Reduction chemistry of neptunium cyclopentadienide complexes : from structure to understanding '' . Chem. Sci. 8 : 2553 -- 2561 . doi : 10.1039 / C7SC00034K . Jump up ^ Pu ( II ) has been observed in ( Pu ( C H ( SiMe ) ) ) − ; see Windorff , Cory J. ; Chen , Guo P ; Cross , Justin N ; Evans , William J. ; Furche , Filipp ; Gaunt , Andrew J. ; Janicke , Michael T. ; Kozimor , Stosh A. ; Scott , Brian L. ( 2017 ) . `` Identification of the Formal + 2 Oxidation State of Plutonium : Synthesis and Characterization of ( Pu ( C H ( SiMe ) ) ) − '' . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139 ( 11 ) : 3970 -- 3973 . doi : 10.1021 / jacs. 7b00706 . Jump up ^ Am ( VII ) has been observed in AmO ; see Americium , Das Periodensystem der Elemente für den Schulgebrauch ( The periodic table of elements for schools ) chemie-master.de ( in German ) , Retrieved 28 November 2010 and Greenwood , Norman N. ; Earnshaw , Alan ( 1997 ) . Chemistry of the Elements ( 2nd ed . ) . Butterworth - Heinemann . p. 1265 . ISBN 0 - 08 - 037941 - 9 . Jump up ^ Cm ( VI ) has been observed in curium trioxide ( CmO ) and dioxidocurium ( 2 + ) ( CmO ) ; see Domanov , V.P. ; Lobanov , Yu . V. ( October 2011 ) . `` Formation of volatile curium ( VI ) trioxide CmO '' . Radiochemistry . SP MAIK Nauka / Interperiodica. 53 ( 5 ) : 453 -- 6 . doi : 10.1134 / S1066362211050018 . Jump up ^ Cm ( VIII ) has been reported to possibly occur in curium tetroxide ( CmO ) ; see Domanov , V.P. ( January 2013 ) . `` Possibility of generation of octavalent curium in the gas phase in the form of volatile tetraoxide CmO '' . Radiochemistry . SP MAIK Nauka / Interperiodica. 55 ( 1 ) : 46 -- 51 . doi : 10.1134 / S1066362213010098 . However , new experiments seem to indicate its nonexistence : Zaitsevskii , Andréi ; Schwarz , WH Eugen ( April 2014 ) . `` Structures and stability of AnO4 isomers , An = Pu , Am , and Cm : a relativistic density functional study '' . Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2014 ( 16 ) : 8997 -- 9001 . Bibcode : 2014PCCP ... 16.8997 Z . doi : 10.1039 / c4cp00235k . Jump up ^ Es ( IV ) is known in einsteinium ( IV ) fluoride ( EsF ) ; see Kleinschmidt , P ( 1994 ) . `` Thermochemistry of the actinides '' . Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 213 -- 214 : 169 -- 172 . doi : 10.1016 / 0925 - 8388 ( 94 ) 90898 - 2 . Jump up ^ Db ( V ) has been observed in dubnium pentachloride ( DbCl ) ; see H.W. Gäggeler ( 2007 ) . `` Gas Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements '' ( PDF ) . Paul Scherrer Institute . pp. 26 -- 28 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Sg ( VI ) has been observed in seaborgium oxide hydroxide ( SgO ( OH ) ) ; see Huebener ; Taut , S. ; Vahle , A. ; Dressler , R. ; Eichler , B. ; Gäggeler , H.W. ; Jost , D.T. ; Piguet , D. ; et al. ( 2001 ) . `` Physico - chemical characterization of seaborgium as oxide hydroxide '' ( PDF ) . Radiochim . Acta. 89 ( 11 -- 12_2001 ) : 737 -- 741 . doi : 10.1524 / ract. 2001.89. 11 - 12.737 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 10 - 25 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Bh ( VII ) has been observed in bohrium oxychloride ( BhO Cl ) ; see `` Gas chemical investigation of bohrium ( Bh , element 107 ) '' Archived 2008 - 02 - 28 at the Wayback Machine. , Eichler et al. , GSI Annual Report 2000 . Retrieved on 2008 - 02 - 29 Jump up ^ Hs ( VIII ) has been observed in hassium tetroxide ( HsO ) ; see `` Chemistry of Hassium '' ( PDF ) . Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung mbH. 2002 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Cn ( II ) has been observed in copernicium selenide ( CnSe ) ; see Paul Scherrer Institute ( 2015 ) . `` Annual Report 2015 : Laboratory of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry '' ( PDF ) . Paul Scherrer Institute . p. 3 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Langmuir , Irving ( 1919 ) . `` The arrangement of electrons in atoms and molecules '' . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 41 ( 6 ) : 868 -- 934 . doi : 10.1021 / ja02227a002 . See also ( edit ) Chemical elements data Elements List of chemical elements -- atomic mass , atomic number , symbol , name Periodic table Data Abundance of the chemical elements in Earth 's crust , sea water , Sun and solar system data page Atomic radius empirical , calculated , van der Waals radius , covalent radius data page Boiling point data page Critical point data page Density solid , liquid , gas data page Elastic properties of the elements : Young 's modulus , Poisson 's ratio , bulk modulus , shear modulus data page Electrical resistivity data page Electron affinity data page Electron configuration data page Electronegativity ( Pauling scale ) data page Hardness : Mohs hardness , Vickers hardness , Brinell hardness data page Heat capacity data page Heat of fusion data page Heat of vaporization data page Ionization energy ( in eV ) and molar ionization energies ( in kJ / mol ) data page Melting point data page Molar ionization energy Oxidation state data page Speed of sound data page Standard atomic weight Thermal conductivity data page Thermal expansion data page Vapor pressure data page Periodic table Periodic table forms Standard 18 - column 18 - column , large cells 32 - column , large cells Alternative Alternatives Chemical Galaxy Janet 's left step table Extended Extension beyond the 7th period Fricke model large cells Pyykkö model Sets of elements By periodic table structure Groups 1 ( Alkali metals ) 2 ( Alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( Pnictogens ) 16 ( Chalcogens ) 17 ( Halogens ) 18 ( Noble gases ) Periods 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks s - block p - block d - block f - block g - block Aufbau principle By metallicity Metals Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Lanthanides Actinides Superactinides Transition metals Post-transition metals Metalloids Lists of metalloids by source Dividing line Nonmetals Polyatomic nonmetals Diatomic nonmetals Noble gases Other sets Nutritional elements Platinum - group metals ( PGM ) Rare - earth elements Refractory metals Precious metals Coinage metals Noble metal Heavy metals Native metals Transuranium elements Transactinide elements Major actinides Minor actinides Elements Lists By : Abundance ( in humans ) Atomic properties Nuclear stability Production Symbol Properties Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Allen Pauling Goldschmidt classification Maximum valence Data pages Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion coefficient Vapor pressure History Element discoveries Mendeleev 's predictions Naming Etymology controversies places scientists in East Asia See also IUPAC nomenclature systematic element name Trivial name Dmitri Mendeleev Book Chemistry Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_oxidation_states_of_the_elements&oldid=828108850 '' Categories : Lists of chemical elements Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 maint : Unfit url CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Talk About Wikipedia Bosanski Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Italiano Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 16 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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actor that played dumbledore in harry potter movies
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Albus Dumbledore Harry Potter character Dumbledore as portrayed by Michael Gambon in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire First appearance Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Last appearance Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Created by J.K. Rowling Portrayed by Richard Harris ( adult , films 1 & 2 ) Michael Gambon ( adult , films 3 -- 8 ) Jude Law ( adult , Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald ) Toby Regbo ( youth , film 7 ) House Gryffindor Information Species Wizard
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Albus Dumbledore
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albus dumbledore
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Albus Dumbledore Harry Potter character Dumbledore as portrayed by Michael Gambon in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire First appearance Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Last appearance Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Created by J.K. Rowling Portrayed by Richard Harris ( adult , films 1 & 2 ) Michael Gambon ( adult , films 3 -- 8 ) Jude Law ( adult , Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald ) Toby Regbo ( youth , film 7 ) House Gryffindor Information Species Wizard Professor Albus Percival Wulfric Brian Dumbledore is a fictional character in J.K. Rowling 's Harry Potter series . For most of the series , he is the headmaster of the wizarding school Hogwarts . As part of his backstory , it is revealed that he is the founder and leader of the Order of the Phoenix , an organisation dedicated to fighting Lord Voldemort . Dumbledore is portrayed by Richard Harris in the film adaptations of Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone and Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets . After Harris ' death , Michael Gambon portrayed Dumbledore for all of the remaining Harry Potter films . Jude Law will portray Dumbledore in Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald . Rowling stated she chose the name Dumbledore , which is a dialectal word for `` bumblebee '' , because of Dumbledore 's love of music : she imagined him walking around `` humming to himself a lot '' . Contents 1 Character development 2 Appearances 2.1 Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone 2.2 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets 2.3 Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 2.4 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 2.5 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix 2.6 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince 2.7 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows 3 Portrayals within films 4 Characterisation 4.1 Appearance 4.2 Personality 4.3 Magical abilities and skills 4.4 Possessions 4.5 Family 5 Reception 5.1 Sexuality 6 In popular culture 7 References 8 External links Character development The author has stated that she enjoys writing Dumbledore because he `` is the epitome of goodness . '' Rowling said that Dumbledore speaks for her , as he `` knows pretty much everything '' about the Harry Potter universe . Rowling mentioned that Dumbledore regrets `` that he has always had to be the one who knew , and who had the burden of knowing . And he would rather not know . '' As a mentor to the central character Harry Potter , `` Dumbledore is a very wise man who knows that Harry is going to have to learn a few hard lessons to prepare him for what may be coming in his life . He allows Harry to get into what he would n't allow another pupil to do , and he also unwillingly permits Harry to confront things he 'd rather protect him from . '' In a 1999 interview , Rowling stated that she imagined Dumbledore `` more as a John Gielgud type , you know , quite elderly and -- and quite stately . '' During his time as a student , Dumbledore was in Gryffindor House . Rowling said in an interview that Dumbledore was about 150 years old . However , on her website , she states that Dumbledore was born in 1881 , making him either 115 or 116 when he died . On 19 October 2007 , Rowling was asked by a young fan whether Dumbledore finds `` true love . '' Rowling said that she always thought of Dumbledore as being homosexual and that he had fallen in love with Gellert Grindelwald , which was Dumbledore 's `` great tragedy '' ; Rowling did not explicitly state whether Grindelwald returned his affections . Rowling explains this further by elaborating on the motivations behind Dumbledore 's flirtation with the idea of wizard domination of Muggles : `` He lost his moral compass completely when he fell in love and I think subsequently became very mistrustful of his own judgement in those matters so became quite asexual . He led a celibate and a bookish life . '' Appearances This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone In the opening chapter of the first novel of the series , Dumbledore arrives at number four , Privet Drive in Little Whinging , Surrey . When the evil wizard Lord Voldemort kills Harry 's parents before being reduced to a lesser form , Dumbledore decides to place the now - orphaned Harry in the home of Vernon and Petunia Dursley . He knows that Harry will be protected by the special magic caused by his mother 's sacrifice , after he evokes the magic of the bond of blood and Harry 's aunt , his mother 's sister - Petunia Evans Dursley , sealed it by accepting her nephew into her home . This old magic of binding love renders Voldemort incapable of touching Harry . Dumbledore leaves Harry upon the doorstep of the Dursley home with a letter explaining the situation . He departs with the final phrase , `` Good luck , Harry . '' When Harry arrives at Hogwarts , Dumbledore tells him about the secrets of the Mirror of Erised , claiming that when he looks into it , he sees himself `` holding a pair of thick , woollen socks . '' Harry later recalls in the final book that this was probably the only dishonest answer Dumbledore ever gave him . He is also responsible for somehow enchanting the Mirror so that it hides the Philosopher 's Stone and only someone who looked into the Mirror and whose desire was `` to find the Stone ... but not use it '' would receive it , as anybody else would only see themselves using the Stone due to the Mirror 's special magic . He is called out to the Ministry of Magic by a false message on the night when Professor Quirinus Quirrell , Harry Potter , Ron Weasley , and Hermione Granger enter the dungeons to retrieve the Stone , but realises during the trip that he is needed at Hogwarts and returns in time to rescue Harry from Quirrell and Voldemort . He also has a final conversation with Harry after the events down in the dungeons and tells him that he is too young to comprehend the information about why Voldemort attempts to kill him . Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets In the second novel , Dumbledore suspects that Tom Riddle is somehow involved in the attacks on the muggle born students , as he says , when asked who is the culprit , `` not who , but how ? '' A younger Dumbledore appears in Riddle 's diary , when Harry sees his memory , and asks Riddle if he knows anything about the attacks on the students . During the last half of the novel , Lucius Malfoy forces the school 's other eleven governors to suspend Dumbledore as Headmaster in the wake of attacks by a basilisk in the school when the Chamber of Secrets is opened . Dumbledore is reinstated when the governors discover that Ginny Weasley was taken into the Chamber of Secrets and Lucius is found to have coerced the other governors into suspending him . Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban At the beginning of the third novel , Dumbledore is forced to accept Dementors onto his school 's grounds for the protection of his students from Sirius Black , the supposed murderer and accessory to murder , who had escaped from Azkaban . After Black 's breach into Hogwarts , Dumbledore issues orders to close every entrance to the school and grounds . After Harry falls off his broomstick during a Quidditch match because of the Dementors , Dumbledore becomes uncharacteristically angry with them and uses his wand to cause Harry to levitate safely to the ground . Later in that book , Dumbledore suggests Hermione Granger use her Ministry - approved Time - Turner to go back three hours to save Buckbeak the hippogriff and Sirius from their unjust executions . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire In the fourth novel , Dumbledore introduces the Triwizard Tournament . He also serves as a judge during the entire event . When Harry 's name comes out of the Goblet of Fire , Dumbledore is not enraged , but remains calm ; simply asking Harry whether he had himself , or had asked an older student to submit his name ( although in the film version he does get angry to the point of manhandling Harry ) . When Harry answers no , he believes him . By the end of the book , Dumbledore 's fears are realised when Harry returns from his encounter with Voldemort clutching the dead body of Cedric Diggory and when Mad - Eye Moody ( being impersonated by Barty Crouch Jr , through Polyjuice Potion ) takes Harry away from Dumbledore and to his office inside the castle . Dumbledore immediately becomes suspicious and heads straight towards Moody 's office with Minerva McGonagall and Severus Snape to save Harry and to interrogate Crouch . Afterwards , Dumbledore listens to Harry 's eyewitness account about Voldemort 's return . Harry though , only wakes up later to find Minister for Magic Cornelius Fudge in the hospital wing arguing with McGonagall and Dumbledore . In the end , Fudge and Dumbledore `` part ways '' after an argument about the situation of Voldemort 's return and the consequences that would follow should Fudge remain in denial of this fact . Harry Potter and the Order of the phoenix In the fifth book , Dumbledore is demoted from Chief Warlock of the Wizengamot , voted out of the Chairmanship of the International Confederation of Wizards , and is almost stripped of his Order of Merlin First Class due to his speeches regarding the return of Voldemort , although it is reported that he is unconcerned as long as he is not taken off the Chocolate Frog cards . Meanwhile , the Ministry of Magic does everything they can to discredit him and Harry -- mainly through the Daily Prophet . At the beginning of the book , Dumbledore enrages Fudge when he stops by at Harry 's hearing with a witness ( Arabella Figg ) to ensure that he is not expelled . While Harry feels better when Dumbledore assists him , he becomes annoyed to the point of being angry that the headmaster refuses to speak to or even look at him . During the following year at Hogwarts , the Ministry passes Educational Decree Twenty - two , allowing Fudge to place Dolores Umbridge to the post of Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher ( after Dumbledore failed to find a suitable candidate ) . Through her , Fudge gradually gains power over Hogwarts and Dumbledore , who he fears is building an under - age wizard army to overthrow the Ministry . Umbridge forbids practical defence practice in her classes , forcing Harry , Ron , and Hermione to form Dumbledore 's Army ( a defence group led by Harry ) with fellow friends . It is when the Ministry discovers the D.A. that Dumbledore , choosing to accept the responsibility , falsely claims that the organisation was his own subversive creation , and allows himself to be removed as headmaster ( for the second time ) rather than allow Harry to be expelled . Dumbledore is not heard of again in the book until he arrives in the Department of Mysteries to aid the Order in the battle against the Death Eaters . He subdues all the Death Eaters , except for Bellatrix Lestrange , and binds them with an Anti-Disapparition Jinx to prevent them from magically escaping . He then saves Harry from the Avada Kedavra curse conjured by Voldemort and engages in a ferocious duel with the Dark Lord . This culminates in Voldemort 's attempting to possess Harry in an attempt to make Dumbledore kill the boy . Voldemort is forced to leave Harry 's body and flee with Bellatrix after this ruse fails . Many ministry officials having witnessed the end of the battle , Dumbledore is reinstated as headmaster and retrieves all his distinctions . Towards the end of the book , Dumbledore explains to Harry that Voldemort chose him as his equal and that one must kill the other in the end , and confesses that his great affection for Harry has clouded his judgement . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince In the sixth book , Dumbledore fetches Harry from Privet Drive and takes him to persuade Horace Slughorn to rejoin the Hogwarts staff . Harry notices that Dumbledore 's right hand is shrivelled and black . During the school year , Dumbledore teaches Harry of events in Voldemort 's past that he feels are of immense importance . Using the Pensieve , they visit the memories of others , which contain important information about Voldemort 's life and his genocidal rise to power . While using the pensieve , Harry sees a vision of Dumbledore 's first encounter with Voldemort , then a disturbed young orphan named Tom Riddle ; Dumbledore had known from the beginning that the boy was dangerous , but believed that Hogwarts would change him . It is learned that Voldemort created six Horcruxes to gain immortality and that they must all be destroyed before Harry goes after the final piece of Voldemort 's soul in the Dark Lord 's body . Harry also repeatedly warns Dumbledore in most of their lessons that Draco Malfoy is working for Voldemort . Dumbledore refuses to take any action against Draco , and instead tells Harry that he already knows more about what is happening than Harry does . By the end of the book , Dumbledore and Harry set out to the cave where Dumbledore believes a Horcrux resides . In the cave , Dumbledore drinks a potion inside the Horcrux 's container ; while drinking it , he begins to scream , seemingly enduring mental torture and being weakened . Dumbledore begins to call out for water after he finishes the potion , and Harry , realising he has no other choice , dips the goblet into the lake to give him a drink . When he does this though , all the Inferi that reside in the lake grab at Harry and attempt to drag him down and drown him in the lake . Dumbledore suddenly recovers , thanks to the water , and conjures a fire lasso around them . Dumbledore takes the horcrux ( a locket ) and both make their way back out of the cave and back to Hogsmeade . When they return , Madam Rosmerta informs them that the Dark Mark was conjured over the Astronomy Tower . In the tower , Dumbledore enjoins Harry not to interfere in the events that are about to take place there , and places him in a body - binding curse under his invisibility cloak . Hidden , Harry is unable to intervene as Dumbledore ( now extremely weak ) is disarmed by Draco . Dumbledore is conversing with Draco about the plot to kill him , when several other Death Eaters enter the tower and try to persuade Draco to kill Dumbledore . When Draco hesitates , Snape appears and performs the Killing Curse on Dumbledore , only after Dumbledore pleads with Snape saying , `` Severus , please ... '' . To what Dumbledore was referring is not revealed until the seventh book . Dumbledore dies in Hogwarts ' grounds . Shortly after his death , Dumbledore 's portrait magically appears in the Headmaster 's office . His funeral is attended by students , Hogwarts staff , members of the Ministry of Magic , ghosts , centaurs , merpeople and others who wish to pay their respects . Shrouded in purple velvet , he is entombed in a white marble sarcophagus beside the lake at Hogwarts , and it is said that he is the only headmaster to be buried on the school grounds . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Rowling used several chapters in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows to reveal two main matters concerning Dumbledore : his early life and his death . The book introduces his parents , Percival and Kendra Dumbledore , as well as his little sister , Ariana ; his brother , Aberforth Dumbledore , was mentioned in previous books . At six years old , Ariana was attacked by three Muggle boys who had witnessed her doing magic . Because of this attack , Ariana was seriously traumatised and never able to control her magic again , having recurring outbursts of magic . Enraged , Percival mercilessly attacked the Muggle boys ( killing them in the film version ) , and was sentenced to life in Azkaban . After this , Kendra moved her family to the village of Godric 's Hollow . In one of her outbursts , Ariana accidentally kills Kendra around the time Albus has completed his education . Albus becomes the head of the family and is forced to remain in his house with his sister Ariana while Aberforth completes his education . The Elder Wand , as reproduced in Harry Potter Warner Bros. films Soon afterward , a young Gellert Grindelwald arrived in Godric 's Hollow to live with his great - aunt , Bathilda Bagshot , author of A History of Magic . The two young men took to each other immediately , and together they dreamed of a world ruled by wizards over Muggles by uniting the legendary Deathly Hallows . They believed that if they were forced to destroy a few along the way , it would still be `` for the greater good '' , and the sufferings and losses would be rewarded a hundredfold in the end . This scenario would never happen , though . A discussion between Albus , Aberforth , and Grindelwald led to a duel that resulted in Ariana 's death . For the rest of his life , Albus felt guilty , never certain whether it was his own curse or another 's that had killed his sister . Grindelwald stormed back to Bagshot 's home and departed to begin his own rule , leaving the country hours later . As a result of his mistakes , Albus felt that he was not to be trusted with power and , because of this , never took the position of Minister for Magic , despite being offered it several times . Dumbledore returned to Hogwarts as professor of Transfiguration , and he served in recruiting students for the school . Decades later , in 1945 , Dumbledore finally defeated the now - Dark wizard Grindelwald , who had come to possess the Elder Wand . Grindelwald 's defeat made Dumbledore the master of the Elder Wand , which remained his until just before his death , when Draco used the Disarming Charm on him . Dumbledore had another Hallow in his keeping since the death of James Potter : the Invisibility Cloak , which he had borrowed to examine . When James died , Dumbledore kept the cloak and decided to pass it on to Harry , James 's son . The truth about Dumbledore 's death is revealed through Snape 's last memories in the Pensieve . Harry learns that Dumbledore made a terrible error by placing a cursed ring on his right hand , sometime between the fifth and sixth book , forgetting the curses that must be on the ring . The ring held the Resurrection Stone , which Dumbledore hoped to use to allow him to apologise to his sister and parents . Dumbledore called Snape to help him ; however , when Snape arrived and assessed the curse , all he could do was contain it . Snape told Dumbledore that he had little more than a year to live . After hearing this news , Dumbledore revealed to Snape that he knew about Voldemort 's plan to have Draco kill him . He asked Snape to use the Killing Curse on him when the time came because he did not want Draco to have to kill him , saying that the boy 's soul was still intact ; Draco 's soul would have been damaged in killing Dumbledore out of malice , whereas Snape was fully aware that he would be merely sparing Dumbledore pain and humiliation . He also intended for Snape to be the one to kill him and for the Elder Wand to be buried with him , in order to prevent the wand from being passed on again . Dumbledore 's spirit appears to Harry towards the end of the book in a limbo - like King 's Cross , after Harry is struck with the Killing Curse which was conjured by Voldemort . During the last book , Harry finds out that he must die because he is a Horcrux . When Voldemort conjures the Killing Curse , Harry does not fight back , which stops him from dying . When they meet again , the boy comforts Dumbledore as he confesses all of his many regrets . Dumbledore then informs Harry of the choice he still has : of moving on to the next life or returning to his body to face Voldemort one last time . After returning from the mystical King 's Cross and defeating Voldemort for good , Harry has a short conversation with Dumbledore 's portrait in the Headmaster 's office about the fate of each of the three Deathly Hallows . He keeps the Cloak , leaves the Stone in the Forbidden Forest where he dropped it , and returns the Elder Wand to Dumbledore 's tomb ( from which Voldemort had stolen it ) . In the epilogue , it is revealed that Harry names his second son Albus Severus Potter after Dumbledore and Snape . Portrayals within films Dumbledore as portrayed in film . Clockwise from upper left : Richard Harris , Michael Gambon and Jude Law . In the film adaptations of Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) and Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) , Dumbledore was played by Richard Harris , who was expected to play the character throughout the series . Harris mentioned that he was originally not going to take the role , since he knew his own health was in decline . He accepted because his then - 11 - year - old granddaughter threatened never to speak to him again if he did not take it . Harris was determined to portray Dumbledore again in Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) , despite having been diagnosed with Hodgkin 's lymphoma , and asked David Heyman not to recast the role . However , his death on 25 October 2002 necessitated recasting . Ian McKellen was offered the role , but he turned it down , having played the similar character Gandalf in The Lord of the Rings trilogy , as well as feeling it would have been inappropriate to take Harris 's role , as Harris had called McKellen a `` dreadful '' actor . Harris 's family had expressed an interest in seeing Peter O'Toole being chosen as his replacement . Michael Gambon was cast as Harris 's replacement four months after Harris 's death . Gambon was not concerned about bettering Harris , and he portrayed the character in his own way , putting on a slight Irish accent for the role , as well as completing his scenes in three weeks . Gambon reprised his role in all the remaining films . Toby Regbo was chosen to portray Dumbledore in his youth in Deathly Hallows Part 1 and Part 2 , for flashbacks scenes which provide essential information on the character 's backstory . Jude Law will be playing the role of a younger Dumbledore in the second prequel film , Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald . Characterisation This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Appearance Albus Dumbledore is tall and thin , with silver hair and beard ( auburn in his youth ) so long that they can be tucked into his belt . He has a very long and crooked nose that looks as if it has been broken at least twice . ( It is speculated that his brother 's punch during their sister 's funeral may have played a role in shaping his nose . ) He is also said to have long and skillful fingers . His eyes are described as being a brilliant , soul - piercing shade of blue , and usually twinkled with kindness and mischief . Dumbledore wears half - moon spectacles and a colourful array of robes , ranging from purple to bright orange . He once claimed to have a scar above his left knee in the precise shape of a map of the London Underground , but whether or not he actually does is unknown . His demeanour is often -- if not always -- serene and ethereal , and he usually speaks in a calm , pleasant voice even when Harry thought that he is actually furious . During the last year of his life , Dumbledore 's right hand is scarred when he dons Marvolo Gaunt 's Ring , which was cursed . Had Snape not intervened with a counter-curse , Dumbledore would have died much more quickly . Regardless , the curse left his hand blackened and dead - looking , and no amount of healing could repair the appearance . According to Snape , the curse would eventually spread itself from the contained hand , and Dumbledore was doomed to die in no more than one year 's time . Whether this means the blackening dead - look appearance would spread throughout the entire body is unknown . Personality Considered the most powerful wizard in the world , Dumbledore is benevolent and wise , a good wizard in the style of Merlin . He almost constantly gives off an aura of serenity and composure , rarely displaying intense emotions of anger or fear . Yet despite his benign nature , it is said that Dumbledore was the only wizard Lord Voldemort ever truly feared . Dumbledore is very eccentric and even slightly effeminate ; he is very fond of knitting patterns and frequently wears flamboyant clothing ( at one point , he is seen wearing a flowered bonnet ) . He is also known for his odd displays of whimsicality ; he often uses humour to make people feel comfortable in his presence . As a supremely talented wizard , Dumbledore displays numerous examples of extraordinary powers . His abilities as a wizard are combined with a kind of cunning and subtlety of mind that allowed him to comprehend human nature and turn the better aspects of humanity ( trust , love , and friendship ) to Voldemort 's disadvantage in particular . More than anything else , Dumbledore has a deep capacity for love , frequently reminding Harry that love was the greatest magic of all . Dumbledore believes in the good in everyone and insists on giving second chances . The greatest example of this is Dumbledore 's relationship with Snape , in whom Dumbledore is willing to place a considerable amount of faith because he showed remorse . Dumbledore is highly perceptive and emotionally intelligent ; his knowledge of a person 's true personality goes beyond simply being a good judge of character . This is never more apparent than in his complex insights into Voldemort 's psyche , which he pieces together with Harry to deduce where Voldemort 's horcruxes are hidden . However , in spite of Dumbledore 's many extraordinary qualities , he was no saint . According to Rowling , `` Although Dumbledore seems to be so benign for six books , he 's quite a Machiavellian figure , really . He 's been pulling a lot of strings . '' In a 2005 interview , Rowling commented : `` Immense brainpower does not protect you from emotional mistakes , and I think Dumbledore really exemplifies that . '' Dumbledore 's greatest personality flaw , which he explained to Harry , was his desire for power . He eventually found that those best suited for power are those who do not seek it . When he and Grindelwald met each other , they made plans to enslave Muggles and re-establish wizards as the natural rulers of the world . However , Dumbledore was disillusioned of this fantasy after his sister Ariana was killed during a duel between himself , his brother Aberforth , and Grindelwald . Dumbledore was haunted by his sad family history . In particular , he was riddled with guilt over the circumstances surrounding the death of his sister . He felt enormous remorse for his selfishness and was tortured for the rest of his life by the possibility that he might have been the one who cast the spell that killed his sister . When he looked into the Mirror of Erised , he saw himself redeemed in the eyes of his brother and his entire family alive and together . Magical abilities and skills Since a young age , Dumbledore has always shown great magical abilities . During his education at Hogwarts , Dumbledore was known as the most brilliant student to have ever stepped into the school , winning `` every prize of note that the school offered '' , and in his N.E.W.T.s , `` ... did things with a wand ( the examiner had ) never seen before '' . Rowling has said that Dumbledore is primarily self - taught , although he `` had access to superb teachers at Hogwarts , '' and , as far as his education is concerned , `` Dumbledore 's family would be a profitable line of inquiry . '' While he is not vain , Dumbledore also exhibits no false modesty , readily acknowledging that he is unusually intelligent and an exceptionally powerful wizard . He admits a number of times to Harry in their occasional meetings in Half - Blood Prince that he makes mistakes , and since he is smarter than most men , his mistakes `` tend to be correspondingly huger . '' Dumbledore is an expert at nonverbal spells and is famous as an alchemist who has worked with Nicolas Flamel , the only known maker of the Philosopher 's Stone , and is credited with discovering the twelve uses of dragon 's blood . His Patronus takes the form of a phoenix , a recurring symbol in the books . His knowledge of the most powerful kind of magic , love , is extensive . He taught Harry about its very essence , and the innate power of his ability to love his parents , which eventually helped Harry realise his destiny to kill Lord Voldemort . He is known to be able to conjure Gubraithian fire ( magical everlasting fire ) . He has claimed to be able to become invisible without using an invisibility cloak , which is a powerful Disillusionment Charm . Dumbledore is also skilled in Occlumency and Legilimency . Dumbledore is an expert at Transfiguration too , having taught the subject before becoming headmaster . He frequently creates complex objects like sofa chairs out of thin air ( or from less comfortable chairs ) . Dumbledore is also proficient at Charms and Potions ; according to the obituary written by Elphias Doge , his papers were published in journals such as Achievements in Charming and The Practical Potioneer . Dumbledore is famous for defeating Grindelwald , who is second on a list of Most Dangerous Dark Wizards of All Time only to Voldemort himself , in a `` spectacular duel of legend '' , succeeding in doing so despite the fact that Grindelwald possessed the Elder Wand , which supposedly guarantees invincibility in duels due to its power . His skill at duelling is further shown when he calmly engages Voldemort in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , overpowering him and eventually forcing him to possess Harry to be spared from total defeat . ( It is known in retrospect that Dumbledore possessed the Elder Wand when duelling Voldemort , having taken it from Grindelwald . ) Unlike most wizards who make a distinct popping sound when they apparate , Dumbledore notably is able to apparate silently ; the only other wizard shown to possess this skill is Voldemort . Dumbledore is known to be able to understand Mermish and Gobbledegook ( Goblin language ) and Parseltongue . Possessions Dumbledore 's office houses `` a number of curious ( ... ) instruments . '' Among them is a Pensieve , a stone receptacle used to store and review memories , which witches and wizards are able to extract from their heads as a type of fluid . Harry first discovers this device in Goblet of Fire , and it is frequently used for flashback scenes throughout the remainder of the series . In the first chapter of Philosopher 's Stone , Dumbledore is seen using the Deluminator , a device for removing and later returning light , and for use as a homing device . It is confirmed in Deathly Hallows when the object is inherited by Ron that the Deluminator is of Dumbledore 's own design . Dumbledore is the possessor and master of the Elder Wand , an extremely powerful object known also as the `` Wand of Destiny '' or the `` Deathstick '' , and one of the Deathly Hallows . Unlike many of the wand 's previous owners , Dumbledore keeps its identity a closely guarded secret . He also has a pet phoenix named Fawkes . It is revealed in Philosopher 's Stone by Mr. Ollivander that Harry 's wand carries a phoenix feather as its magical core and that particular phoenix only gave one other feather , the one in Voldemort 's wand that gave Harry his scar . It is later revealed in Goblet of Fire that Fawkes was the phoenix whose feathers provide the magical core in Harry 's and Voldemort 's wands . Family Through various interviews and discussions about the character , Rowling has established that Albus Dumbledore was born in July or August 1881 to Percival and Kendra Dumbledore . The character had previously referenced his brother Aberforth , and in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , it is revealed that Albus is three years older than Aberforth . The same book established their sister Ariana who , at six years old , suffered a vicious attack by three male Muggle youths who had witnessed her doing magic . Frightened , they first tried to get her to repeat what they had seen , and upon her failure to recreate it due to her young age , they tried to stop her from being `` different '' . It is not explicitly stated in the novel what form this attack took , but Percival was sentenced to life in Azkaban for tracking down and hexing the boys who seriously traumatised his daughter . The severe trauma of the attack left Ariana unable to function socially or to properly perform magic again . To prevent her being institutionalised in St. Mungo 's Hospital , or hurting someone accidentally with her uncontrolled magic , Kendra moved the family to Godric 's Hollow , and her illness was concealed . Neighbours assumed that Ariana was a non-magical squib . When Dumbledore and his friend Elphias left Hogwarts , they planned to take their `` then - traditional '' tour of the world . On the eve of their trip , the eighteen - year - old Dumbledore suffered the death of his mother Kendra , who was accidentally killed by Ariana during one of her uncontrolled outbursts of magic . Because Dumbledore 's parents were absent ( his father in Azkaban and his mother dead ) , Albus became the head of the family and it became his duty to put food on the table , as they were not left with much gold . He was forced to remain in his house with his sister Ariana while Aberforth completed his education . Aberforth knew of his brother 's resentment and offered to care for Ariana himself , saying that she preferred him , but Albus refused by stating that it was his duty as eldest to care for the family . When Grindelwald arrived at Godric 's Hollow , he immediately became friends with Dumbledore and together dreamed of a new world order in which wizards ruled over Muggles `` for the greater good '' . Dumbledore and Grindelwald suggested that they had to move to carry on their plans , but Aberforth refused because Ariana 's state did not allow her to be moved . The discussion between Albus , Aberforth and Grindelwald turned into a duel that resulted in Ariana 's accidental death . According to the author , as a result of this incident , Albus 's boggart became Ariana 's corpse . In Philosopher 's Stone , he mentions to Harry that the deepest desire of his heart , revealed by the Mirror of Erised , is to have a pair of woollen socks . In the seventh novel , Harry realises that he and Dumbledore see the same thing in the Mirror : their reunited families . Reception The character of Albus Dumbledore has been compared to other archetypal `` wise old man '' characters . Dumbledore acts much like Merlin from The Sword in the Stone , in the manner of an `` absent - minded professor '' ; both Merlin and Dumbledore educate a story 's main character in a castle . As writer Evelyn Perry notes , `` Dumbledore resembles Merlin both personally and physically ; he is an avid lover of books and wisdom who wears flowing robes and a long , white beard . '' Dumbledore has also been compared with Gandalf from Tolkien 's Lord of the Rings . Dave Kopel draws comparisons between Rowling 's writing and John Bunyan 's The Pilgrim 's Progress and states that , among the Christian symbols that Rowling has used in her books , Dumbledore acts like `` the bearded God the Father '' figure in which Harry puts his faith to be saved from Voldemort and his servants . IGN also listed Dumbledore as their fifth favourite Harry Potter character , saying that `` ( f ) or a character that was introduced into popular culture a mere twelve years ago , it speaks volumes that Professor Dumbledore has already taken his place among the great mentor figures in literature and film '' . IGN 's Joe Utichi called Dumbledore his third favourite Harry Potter character , calling the revelation that he was n't so `` infallible '' one of the most heartbreaking themes of the final book . Actor Michael Gambon received some criticism for his louder , more aggressive , portrayal of the character , who is depicted as exhibiting a more subdued , unflappable calm in the books . This has been attributed to Gambon 's policy of not reading the source material from which his films are adapted . As a main character of the series , major facts relating to Dumbledore have generated a vast number of essays and discussions . The death of Dumbledore at the end of Half - Blood Prince was discussed by fans and critics alike . A website named DumbledoreIsNotDead.com sought to understand the events of the sixth book in a different way and provided arguments to claim that the character did not really die . However , Rowling confirmed on 2 August 2006 that Dumbledore was , in fact , dead , humorously apologising to the website as she did so . Along with DumbledoreIsNotDead.com , a collection of essays , Who Killed Albus Dumbledore ? : What Really Happened in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ? Six Expert Harry Potter Detectives Examine the Evidence , was published by Zossima Press in November 2006 . In NextMovie. com 's Harry Potter Mega Poll , Dumbledore 's death was voted as the most unforgettable moment in the whole series . In the Chamber of Secrets DVD interview , screenwriter Steve Kloves stated that he considers Dumbledore a fascinating character because of the wisdom he provides , but he feels that `` Dumbledore bears such a tremendous dark burden , and he knows secrets and I think in many ways he bears the weight of the future of the wizard world '' and the `` only way that he can keep that at bay , the darkness , is to be whimsical and humorous '' . Sexuality The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rowling 's statement that Dumbledore was gay caused a great debate among critics . Melissa Anelli , webmaster of the fan site The Leaky Cauldron , told The Associated Press , `` J.K. Rowling calling any Harry Potter character gay would make wonderful strides in tolerance toward homosexuality ... By dubbing someone so respected , so talented and so kind , as someone who just happens to be also homosexual , she 's reinforcing the idea that a person 's gayness is not something of which they should be ashamed . '' Entertainment Weekly 's Mark Harris said `` her choice to make a beloved professor - mentor gay in a world where gay teachers are still routinely slandered as malign influences was , I am certain , no accident . '' The stars and director of the Harry Potter films were supportive of Rowling 's revelation as well . Some critics discussed the implications of this statement . The New York Times columnist Edward Rothstein said that `` Ms. Rowling may think of Dumbledore as gay '' ; however , `` there is no reason why anyone else should '' . The East Tennessee State University 's student newspaper accused Rowling of lying , saying her answer was a publicity stunt . Michelle Smith quoted the Death of the Author principle , stating that Rowling 's subsequent commentary is irrelevant to the understanding of the books . Dumbledore 's sexuality was also condemned by several right - wing Christian groups , such as Mission America and the Christian Coalition of America . Slate quotes an attendee of the book talk who said , `` It was clear that JKR did n't plan to out Dumbledore . She just cares about being true to her readers . '' Mike Thomas of the Orlando Sentinel said that upon reflection , Dumbledore was gay from the beginning , and that this neatly explains the behaviour of his character and his relationship with Grindelwald . Thomas notes the skill Rowling displays in writing a gay character without having to put a gay label on him . Gay rights campaigner Peter Tatchell stated that `` It 's good that children 's literature includes the reality of gay people , since we exist in every society . But I am disappointed that she did not make Dumbledore 's sexuality explicit in the Harry Potter book . Making it obvious would have sent a much more powerful message of understanding and acceptance . '' A spokesperson for Stonewall praised Rowling , saying `` It 's great that JK has said this . It shows that there 's no limit to what gay and lesbian people can do , even being a wizard headmaster . '' Regarding Dumbledore 's sexuality in the Fantastic Beasts series , Rowling said in 2016 that , `` As far as his sexuality is concerned , watch the space . '' In popular culture Dumbledore has been parodied in several sketches and animated series : In The Simpsons episode `` The Haw - Hawed Couple '' , Lisa asks Homer to read her Angelica Button book to her for bedtime . Homer , learning that the character Headmaster Greystash will die ( as Dumbledore did in Half - Blood Prince ) , hides the fact from Lisa by inventing a happier ending , though Lisa does read the real ending and decides that Homer 's was better . Dumbledore also stars in Neil Cicierega 's Potter Puppet Pals , in which he frequently strips completely naked , except for his hat , randomly in the story . Also , in half of the `` Potter Puppet Pals '' videos Dumbledore is using the exclamation `` Alas ! '' in an apparently incorrect place , parodying Rowling 's love for unusual words . In the episode `` Ron 's Disease '' , Dumbledore reveals himself to be `` a gay android '' . Albus Dumbledore appears in some episodes of Robot Chicken voiced by Seth Green . In `` Password : Swordfish '' , when the threat of the puberty creature Pubertis is known , Dumbledore gives Harry a stone that might help him fight Pubertis . During this appearance , Dumbledore is an African - American who states that he is played by a different actor in each of the movies . Upon confrontation with Pubertis , Harry rubs the stone two times , which summons ghosts to punch it . When it comes to the third time , Dumbledore appears and tells Harry that the stone can only be warmed up three times a day ( four if he takes a week off ) and that Pubertis can not be destroyed since it lives in everyone just like his own demon Wandus Limpus prevents him from having meaningful relationships . In `` I Love Her '' , Dumbledore tells the students that Professor Snape suffered a `` minor potion accident '' and has enlisted Criss Angel as their substitute teacher . In 2003 , Comic Relief performed a spoof story called Harry Potter and the Secret Chamberpot of Azerbaijan , in which Dumbledore is portrayed by Nigel Planer , who wore the beard and costume of late Richard Harris . Dumbledore also appears in one of the Harry Bladder sketches in All That , portrayed by Kenan Thompson 's old character Principal Williame Banes Pimpell ( who appeared as Headmaster Pimpell ) . After the revelation of Dumbledore 's sexuality , the American skit comedy Saturday Night Live featured a sketch featuring Rowling ( played by Amy Poehler ) showing deleted scenes from Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban where Dumbledore ( played by Bill Hader ) acts stereotypically gay . In A Very Potter Musical , Dumbledore is played by actor Dylan Saunders . Dumbledore appears in an episode of Icons of Teen from the YouTube channel , Shut Up ! Cartoons voiced by Justin Roiland . As a teenager , Dumbledore liked to do magic and make robotic copies of himself . One day , he went scuba diving to earn his scuba diving badge for scouts . Dumbledore gets scared and stays on the boat while his crush Charlene and the scoutmaster go diving . They run into a giant sea monster and Charlene closes her eyes and says Dumbledore , a trick he taught her . Dumbledore receives her distress signal and dives in after them . He meets a talking dolphin who agrees to help Dumbledore if he can eat him in the end . Dumbledore suggests he eat the scoutmaster and the dolphin takes him to his friends . Dumbledore makes a robotic copy and sends it into the creature 's stomach , distracting the creature long enough for Dumbledore , Charlene and the scoutmaster to escape . Charlene thanks Dumbledore for saving them . Dumbledore makes a sexual comment but plays it off like she said it . Charlene asks where the scoutmaster is ; Dumbledore says he 's gone somewhere , when really the dolphin ate him . Dumbledore then decides to build a robot copy of the scoutmaster to prevent anyone from finding out what happened to him . Albus Dumbledore appears in The Lego Movie , though his voice actor is not credited . He is seen among the Master Builders who meet with Vitruvius in Cloud Cuckoo Land , including a Lego version of Gandalf from The Lord of the Rings . References Jump up ^ Hirsch , Anne - Christin ( 2008 ) . Names and Their Underlying Mythology in J.K. Rowling 's Harry Potter - Novels . GRIN Verlag . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 640 - 16412 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Jude Law to Play Young Dumbledore in ' Fantastic Beasts ' Sequel ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Dumbledore '' in Merriam -- Webster `` . Machaut.uchicago.edu . Archived from the original on 17 October 2015 . Retrieved 27 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 19 March 1999 ) . `` Barnes and Noble interview , 19 March 1999 '' . AccioQuote ! . Archived from the original on 28 February 2007 . Retrieved 28 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` WBUR radio interview 12 October 1999 '' . Accio-quote.org. 12 October 1999 . Retrieved 27 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Evan ( Interviewer ) ( 13 July 2000 ) . `` J.K. Rowling Interview '' . CBC Newsworld : Hot Type . Archived from the original on 23 April 2011 . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mzimba , Lizo ( moderator ) ( February 2003 ) . `` Chamber of Secrets DVD interview with Steve Kloves and J.K. Rowling '' . Archived from the original on 23 April 2011 . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Fry , Stephen ( interviewer ) ( 10 December 2005 ) . `` Living with Harry Potter '' . BBC Radio4 . Archived from the original on 22 April 2011 . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Fry , Stephen ( interviewer ) ( 26 June 2003 ) . `` J.K. Rowling at the Royal Albert Hall '' . MSN.com . Archived from the original on 23 April 2011 . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Lydon , Christopher ( 12 October 1999 ) . `` J.K. Rowling interview transcript '' . The Connection ( WBUR Radio ) . Archived from the original on 22 April 2011 . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 1997 ) . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone . London : Bloomsbury / New York City : Scholastic , et al. UK ISBN 0 - 7475 - 3269 - 9 / U.S. ISBN 0 - 590 - 35340 - 3 . , page 106 ^ Jump up to : `` About the Books : transcript of J.K. Rowling 's live interview on Scholastic.com '' . Scholastic.com. 16 October 2000 . Archived from the original on 23 April 2011 . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K , . `` Wizard of the Month Archive '' . J.K. Rowling Official Site . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rowling dubs Dumbledore of ' Harry Potter ' books as gay '' . Daily News . New York . 19 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 21 October 2007 . Retrieved 20 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling outs Hogwarts character '' . Associated Press . 20 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 21 October 2007 . Retrieved 22 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling says wizard Dumbledore is gay '' . Reuters. 20 October 2007 . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Amini , Adeel ( 9 March 2008 ) . `` Minister of Magic '' . Mugglenet.com . Archived from the original on 12 March 2008 . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . Jump up ^ This is mentioned in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone . Jump up ^ Late Show with David Letterman interview , 2001 Jump up ^ Jeff Jensen ( 28 October 2005 ) . `` A Look Back '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 10 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Richard Harris dies '' . BBC News . 25 October 2002 . Archived from the original on 6 December 2002 . Retrieved 3 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael Hinman ( 29 November 2007 ) . `` No Regrets For McKellen In Turning Down Harry Potter '' . SyFy Portal . Archived from the original on 1 December 2007 . Retrieved 30 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Whitty , Stephen ( 15 July 2011 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' : The best could - have beens ... '' NJ.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Dumbledore and Sirius cast for Azkaban '' . Newsround. 21 February 2003 . Retrieved 10 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Vaughan , Johnny ; Henry , Lenny ( 2004 ) . Head to Shrunken Head ( DVD ) . Warner Bros. Pictures . Jump up ^ Siobhan Synnot ( 30 May 2004 ) . `` Olivier , Dumbledore and two broken ribs '' . The Scotsman . UK . Retrieved 30 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jude Law to Play Young Dumbledore in ' Fantastic Beasts ' Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Jude Law cast as Albus Dumbledore in next Fantastic Beasts film - Pottermore '' . Pottermore . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Harry Potter 's Author J.K. Rowling Meets With L.A. Students , Plots Her Next Move Retrieved on 16 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Spartz , Emerson , and Melissa Anelli . `` MuggleNet and The Leaky Cauldron interview Joanne Kathleen Rowling '' Archived 12 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Part 1 , 16 July 2005 . Retrieved on 21 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Spartz , Emerson ; Anelli , Melissa ( 16 July 2005 ) . `` MuggleNet and The Leaky Cauldron interview Joanne Kathleen Rowling : Part 3 '' . MuggleNet . Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 21 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling at the Edinburgh Book Festival '' . Accio Quote ! . 15 August 2004 . Archived from the original on 25 October 2007 . Retrieved 21 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Webchat with J.K. Rowling '' , Harry Potter at Bloomsbury , 30 July 2007 . Retrieved on 21 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Birthdate : 1881 ( JKR ) , probably in July or August . This date supersedes Rowling 's statement in 2001 that Dumbledore was `` about 150 years old '' ( Blue Nose Day ) and fits better with the dates that appear in Book 7 . Regarding his month of birth , Rita Skeeter states in The Life and Lies of Albus Dumbledore that Dumbledore was `` nearing '' his 18th birthday when he left Hogwarts in June , but was still 17 when he met Grindelwald ( DH18 ) . Basically , at some point during Grindelwald 's stay at Godric 's Hollow Dumbledore turned 18 , so the month of his birth appears to be July or August . '' ( 1 ) retrieved 10 July 2008 Jump up ^ Time Line of Dumbledore 's Life retrieved July - 09 - 2008 Jump up ^ J.K. Rowling . `` J.K. Rowling Official Site '' . Archived from the original on 31 March 2008 . Jump up ^ J.K. Rowling Web Chat Transcript -- The Leaky Cauldron Jump up ^ `` Real Wizards : The Search for Harry 's Ancestors '' . Channel4.com. 2001 . Archived from the original on 18 October 2012 . Retrieved 1 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Evelyn M Perry . `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone Novel '' . Farmingham State College . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 1 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Sue ( 24 November 2007 ) . `` Gandalf vs Dumbledore : Ian McKellen Talks Wizards '' . The Leaky Cauldron . Jump up ^ J.K. Rowling . `` Some Random Facts About The Weasley Family '' . J.K. Rowling Official Site . Archived from the original on 24 June 2007 . Retrieved 10 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Brian Linder ; Phil Pirrello ; Eric Goldman ; Matt Fowler ( 14 July 2009 ) . `` Top 25 Harry Potter Characters '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 19 July 2009 . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Joe Utichi ( 3 November 2010 ) . `` The Top 10 Harry Potter Characters '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 6 November 2010 . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Rosenfield , Kat . `` A Brief History Of The Worst ' Harry Potter And The Goblet Of Fire ' Mistake Ever '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Haber , David ( 19 July 2005 ) . `` Dumbledore Is Not Dead ! '' . Beyond Hogwarts . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dumbledore ' definitely ' dead , says Rowling '' . HPANA. 2 August 2006 . Archived from the original on 8 February 2011 . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Who Killed Albus Dumbledore ? : What Really Happened in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ? Six Expert Harry Potter Detectives Examine the Evidence '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Scott Harris ( 14 July 2011 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' Mega Poll : The Mega Results ! '' . NextMovie.com . Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 . Retrieved 25 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dumbledore 's outing gives text new meaning '' . MSNBC. 21 October 2007 . Retrieved 4 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Evans , Mark ( 30 October 2007 ) . `` Dumbledore : A Lovely Outing '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Masters , Tim ( 12 November 2007 ) . `` Potter stars react to gay twist '' . BBC News . BBC . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Rothstein , Edward ( 29 October 2007 ) . `` Is Dumbledore Gay ? Depends on Definitions of ' Is ' and ' Gay ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Life and Lies of Albus Dumbledore '' . East Tennessean. 22 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 30 January 2010 . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Michelle ( 22 December 2014 ) . `` The ' death ' of J.K. Rowling : Why it does n't matter what she has to say about Harry Potter '' . The Conversation . Jump up ^ Linda Harvey ( 24 October 2007 ) . `` Christian parents : Stop trusting Harry Potter '' . WorldNetDaily . Archived from the original on 26 October 2007 . Retrieved 26 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Wamsley , Laurel . `` Bloggerson Stephen Colbert 's presidential run '' . Slate Magazine . Archived from the original on 24 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Mike ( 22 October 2007 ) . `` So Dumbledore is Gay '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on 22 May 2011 . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling outs Dumbledore as gay '' . BBC News . BBC . 20 October 2007 . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling Addresses Whether Dumbledore Will Be Openly Gay in ' Fantastic Beasts ' Sequel '' . EW.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Haw - Hawed Couple Epison Recap '' . tv.com . Archived from the original on 6 February 2008 . Retrieved 15 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Potter Puppet Pals '' . The Potter Puppet Pals Official Website . Archived from the original on 16 July 2007 . Retrieved 15 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Secret Chamberpot of Azerbaijan '' . tv.com . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` French and Saunders : Harry Potter and the Secret Chamberpot of Azerbaijan '' ... frenchandsaunders.com. 19 February 2003 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` SNL Videos '' . Bill Hader Online . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . External links Harry Potter portal Fictional characters portal Book : Harry Potter Albus Dumbledore on Harry Potter Wiki , an external wiki J.K. Rowling quotes about Dumbledore at Accio-Quote.org Dumbledore 's page at the Harry Potter Lexicon J.K. Rowling defines Dumbledore 's sexuality Nancy Podcast # 5 : There Are No Gay Wizards The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Novels The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Ginny Weasley Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Lego Creator : Harry Potter Creator : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Hogwarts Mystery Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. Studio Tour London Exhibitions Harry Potter : The Exhibition Harry Potter : A History of Magic Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock The Methods of Rationality Severus Snape and the Marauders Voldemort : Origins of the Heir My Immortal Related Wizarding World Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Portkey Games List of organisms named after the Harry Potter series Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albus_Dumbledore&oldid=854393057 '' Categories : Harry Potter characters Fictional characters introduced in 1997 Fictional English people Fictional gay males Fictional principals and headteachers Fictional alchemists Fictional members of secret societies Fictional professors Fictional LGBT characters in film Male characters in film Male characters in literature Hidden categories : All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from March 2011 Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from August 2016 Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from October 2013 Use British English from August 2011 Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles with limited geographic scope from February 2018 USA - centric Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Žemaitėška 中文 56 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 00 : 58 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albus%20Dumbledore
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what is the distance to space from earth
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Outer space does not begin at a definite altitude above the Earth 's surface . However , the Kármán line , at an altitude of 100 km ( 62 mi ) above sea level , is conventionally used as the start of outer space in space treaties and for aerospace records keeping . The framework for international space law was established by the Outer Space Treaty , which entered into force on 10 October 1967 . This treaty precludes any claims of national sovereignty and permits all states to freely explore outer space . Despite the drafting of UN resolutions for the peaceful uses of outer space , anti-satellite weapons have been tested in Earth orbit .
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100 km ( 62 mi ) above sea level
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Outer space
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outer space
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Outer space , or just space , is the expanse that exists beyond the Earth and between celestial bodies . Outer space is not completely empty -- it is a hard vacuum containing a low density of particles , predominantly a plasma of hydrogen and helium as well as electromagnetic radiation , magnetic fields , neutrinos , dust , and cosmic rays . The baseline temperature , as set by the background radiation from the Big Bang , is 2.7 kelvins ( K ) ( − 270.45 ° C ; − 454.81 ° F ) . The plasma between galaxies accounts for about half of the baryonic ( ordinary ) matter in the universe ; it has a number density of less than one hydrogen atom per cubic metre and a temperature of millions of kelvins ; local concentrations of this plasma have condensed into stars and galaxies . Studies indicate that 90 % of the mass in most galaxies is in an unknown form , called dark matter , which interacts with other matter through gravitational but not electromagnetic forces . Observations suggest that the majority of the mass - energy in the observable universe is a poorly understood vacuum energy of space , which astronomers label dark energy . Intergalactic space takes up most of the volume of the Universe , but even galaxies and star systems consist almost entirely of empty space ...
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Outer space does not begin at a definite altitude above the Earth 's surface . However , the Kármán line , at an altitude of 100 km ( 62 mi ) above sea level , is conventionally used as the start of outer space in space treaties and for aerospace records keeping . The framework for international space law was established by the Outer Space Treaty , which entered into force on 10 October 1967 . This treaty precludes any claims of national sovereignty and permits all states to freely explore outer space . Despite the drafting of UN resolutions for the peaceful uses of outer space , anti-satellite weapons have been tested in Earth orbit . Humans began the physical exploration of space during the 20th century with the advent of high - altitude balloon flights , followed by manned rocket launches . Earth orbit was first achieved by Yuri Gagarin of the Soviet Union in 1961 , and unmanned spacecraft have since reached all of the known planets in the Solar System . Due to the high cost of getting into space , manned spaceflight has been limited to low Earth orbit and the Moon . Outer space represents a challenging environment for human exploration because of the dual hazards of vacuum and radiation . Microgravity also has a negative effect on human physiology that causes both muscle atrophy and bone loss . In addition to these health and environmental issues , the economic cost of putting objects , including humans , into space is very high . Contents ( hide ) 1 Discovery 2 Formation and state 3 Environment 3.1 Effect on human bodies 4 Boundary 5 Legal status 6 Earth orbit 7 Regions 7.1 Geospace 7.1. 1 Cislunar space 7.2 Interplanetary space 7.3 Interstellar space 7.4 Intergalactic space 8 Exploration and applications 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Bibliography 11 External links Discovery ( edit ) In 350 BCE , Greek philosopher Aristotle suggested that nature abhors a vacuum , a principle that became known as the horror vacui . This concept built upon a 5th - century BCE ontological argument by the Greek philosopher Parmenides , who denied the possible existence of a void in space . Based on this idea that a vacuum could not exist , in the West it was widely held for many centuries that space could not be empty . As late as the 17th century , the French philosopher René Descartes argued that the entirety of space must be filled . In ancient China , the 2nd century astronomer Zhang Heng became convinced that space must be infinite , extending well beyond the mechanism that supported the Sun and the stars . The surviving books of the Hsüan Yeh school said that the heavens were boundless , `` empty and void of substance '' . Likewise , the `` sun , moon , and the company of stars float in the empty space , moving or standing still '' . The Italian scientist Galileo Galilei knew that air had mass and so was subject to gravity . In 1640 , he demonstrated that an established force resisted the formation of a vacuum . However , it would remain for his pupil Evangelista Torricelli to create an apparatus that would produce a partial vacuum in 1643 . This experiment resulted in the first mercury barometer and created a scientific sensation in Europe . The French mathematician Blaise Pascal reasoned that if the column of mercury was supported by air , then the column ought to be shorter at higher altitude where the air pressure is lower . In 1648 , his brother - in - law , Florin Périer , repeated the experiment on the Puy de Dôme mountain in central France and found that the column was shorter by three inches . This decrease in pressure was further demonstrated by carrying a half - full balloon up a mountain and watching it gradually expand , then contract upon descent . The original Magdeburg hemispheres ( lower left ) used to demonstrate Otto von Guericke 's vacuum pump ( right ) In 1650 , German scientist Otto von Guericke constructed the first vacuum pump : a device that would further refute the principle of horror vacui . He correctly noted that the atmosphere of the Earth surrounds the planet like a shell , with the density gradually declining with altitude . He concluded that there must be a vacuum between the Earth and the Moon . Back in the 15th century , German theologian Nicolaus Cusanus speculated that the Universe lacked a center and a circumference . He believed that the Universe , while not infinite , could not be held as finite as it lacked any bounds within which it could be contained . These ideas led to speculations as to the infinite dimension of space by the Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno in the 16th century . He extended the Copernican heliocentric cosmology to the concept of an infinite Universe filled with a substance he called aether , which did not resist the motion of heavenly bodies . English philosopher William Gilbert arrived at a similar conclusion , arguing that the stars are visible to us only because they are surrounded by a thin aether or a void . This concept of an aether originated with ancient Greek philosophers , including Aristotle , who conceived of it as the medium through which the heavenly bodies move . The concept of a Universe filled with a luminiferous aether remained in vogue among some scientists until the early 20th century . This form of aether was viewed as the medium through which light could propagate . In 1887 , the Michelson -- Morley experiment tried to detect the Earth 's motion through this medium by looking for changes in the speed of light depending on the direction of the planet 's motion . However , the null result indicated something was wrong with the concept . The idea of the luminiferous aether was then abandoned . It was replaced by Albert Einstein 's theory of special relativity , which holds that the speed of light in a vacuum is a fixed constant , independent of the observer 's motion or frame of reference . The first professional astronomer to support the concept of an infinite Universe was the Englishman Thomas Digges in 1576 . But the scale of the Universe remained unknown until the first successful measurement of the distance to a nearby star in 1838 by the German astronomer Friedrich Bessel . He showed that the star 61 Cygni had a parallax of just 0.31 arcseconds ( compared to the modern value of 0.287 '' ) . This corresponds to a distance of over 10 light years . In 1917 , Heber Curtis noted that novae in spiral nebulae were , on average , 10 magnitudes fainter than galactic novae , suggesting that the former are 100 times further away . The distance to the Andromeda Galaxy was determined in 1923 by American astronomer Edwin Hubble by measuring the brightness of cepheid variables in that galaxy , a new technique discovered by Henrietta Leavitt . This established that the Andromeda galaxy , and by extension all galaxies , lay well outside the Milky Way . The earliest known estimate of the temperature of outer space was by the Swiss physicist Charles É . Guillaume in 1896 . Using the estimated radiation of the background stars , he concluded that space must be heated to a temperature of 5 -- 6 K. British physicist Arthur Eddington made a similar calculation to derive a temperature of 3.18 K in 1926 . German physicist Erich Regener used the total measured energy of cosmic rays to estimate an intergalactic temperature of 2.8 K in 1933 . The modern concept of outer space is based on the `` Big Bang '' cosmology , first proposed in 1931 by the Belgian physicist Georges Lemaître . This theory holds that the universe originated from a very dense form that has since undergone continuous expansion . The background energy released during the initial expansion has steadily decreased in density , leading to a 1948 prediction by American physicists Ralph Alpher and Robert Herman of a temperature of 5 K for the temperature of space . The term outward space was used in 1842 by the English poet Lady Emmeline Stuart - Wortley in her poem `` The Maiden of Moscow '' . The expression outer space was used as an astronomical term by Alexander von Humboldt in 1845 . It was later popularized in the writings of H.G. Wells in 1901 . The shorter term space is older , first used to mean the region beyond Earth 's sky in John Milton 's Paradise Lost in 1667 . Formation and state ( edit ) This is an artist 's concept of the metric expansion of space , where a volume of the Universe is represented at each time interval by the circular sections . At left is depicted the rapid inflation from the initial state , followed thereafter by steady expansion to the present day , shown at right . Main article : Big Bang According to the Big Bang theory , the very early Universe was an extremely hot and dense state about 13.8 billion years ago which rapidly expanded . About 380,000 years later the Universe had cooled sufficiently to allow protons and electrons to combine and form hydrogen -- the so - called recombination epoch . When this happened , matter and energy became decoupled , allowing photons to travel freely through space . Matter that remained following the initial expansion has since undergone gravitational collapse to create stars , galaxies and other astronomical objects , leaving behind a deep vacuum that forms what is now called outer space . As light has a finite velocity , this theory also constrains the size of the directly observable universe . This leaves open the question as to whether the Universe is finite or infinite . The present day shape of the universe has been determined from measurements of the cosmic microwave background using satellites like the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe . These observations indicate that the observable universe is `` flat '' , meaning that photons on parallel paths at one point remain parallel as they travel through space to the limit of the observable universe , except for local gravity . The flat Universe , combined with the measured mass density of the Universe and the accelerating expansion of the Universe , indicates that space has a non-zero vacuum energy , which is called dark energy . Estimates put the average energy density of the Universe at the equivalent of 5.9 protons per cubic meter , including dark energy , dark matter , and baryonic matter ( ordinary matter composed of atoms ) . The atoms account for only 4.6 % of the total energy density , or a density of one proton per four cubic meters . The density of the Universe , however , is clearly not uniform ; it ranges from relatively high density in galaxies -- including very high density in structures within galaxies , such as planets , stars , and black holes -- to conditions in vast voids that have much lower density , at least in terms of visible matter . Unlike matter and dark matter , dark energy seems not to be concentrated in galaxies : although dark energy may account for a majority of the mass - energy in the Universe , dark energy 's influence is 5 orders of magnitude smaller than the influence of gravity from matter and dark matter within the Milky Way . Environment ( edit ) Part of the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field image showing a typical section of space containing galaxies interspersed by deep vacuum . Given the finite speed of light , this view covers the last 13 billion years of the history of outer space . Outer space is the closest known approximation to a perfect vacuum . It has effectively no friction , allowing stars , planets , and moons to move freely along their ideal orbits . However , even the deep vacuum of intergalactic space is not devoid of matter , as it contains a few hydrogen atoms per cubic meter . By comparison , the air humans breathe contains about 10 molecules per cubic meter . The low density of matter in outer space means that electromagnetic radiation can travel great distances without being scattered : the mean free path of a photon in intergalactic space is about 10 km , or 10 billion light years . In spite of this , extinction , which is the absorption and scattering of photons by dust and gas , is an important factor in galactic and intergalactic astronomy . Stars , planets , and moons retain their atmospheres by gravitational attraction . Atmospheres have no clearly delineated upper boundary : the density of atmospheric gas gradually decreases with distance from the object until it becomes indistinguishable from outer space . The Earth 's atmospheric pressure drops to about 0.032 Pa at 100 kilometres ( 62 miles ) of altitude , compared to 100,000 Pa for the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) definition of standard pressure . Above this altitude , isotropic gas pressure rapidly becomes insignificant when compared to radiation pressure from the Sun and the dynamic pressure of the solar wind . The thermosphere in this range has large gradients of pressure , temperature and composition , and varies greatly due to space weather . The temperature of outer space is measured in terms of the kinetic activity of the gas , as it is on Earth . However , the radiation of outer space has a different temperature than the kinetic temperature of the gas , meaning that the gas and radiation are not in thermodynamic equilibrium . All of the observable universe is filled with photons that were created during the Big Bang , which is known as the cosmic microwave background radiation ( CMB ) . ( There is quite likely a correspondingly large number of neutrinos called the cosmic neutrino background . ) The current black body temperature of the background radiation is about 3 K ( − 270 ° C ; − 454 ° F ) . The gas temperatures in outer space are always at least the temperature of the CMB but can be much higher . For example , the corona of the Sun reaches temperatures over 1.2 -- 2.6 million K . Magnetic fields have been detected in the space around just about every class of celestial object . Star formation in spiral galaxies can generate small - scale dynamos , creating turbulent magnetic field strengths of around 5 -- 10 μ G . The Davis -- Greenstein effect causes elongated dust grains to align themselves with a galaxy 's magnetic field , resulting in weak optical polarization . This has been used to show ordered magnetic fields exist in several nearby galaxies . Magneto - hydrodynamic processes in active elliptical galaxies produce their characteristic jets and radio lobes . Non-thermal radio sources have been detected even among the most distant , high - z sources , indicating the presence of magnetic fields . Outside a protective atmosphere and magnetic field , there are few obstacles to the passage through space of energetic subatomic particles known as cosmic rays . These particles have energies ranging from about 10 eV up to an extreme 10 eV of ultra-high - energy cosmic rays . The peak flux of cosmic rays occurs at energies of about 10 eV , with approximately 87 % protons , 12 % helium nuclei and 1 % heavier nuclei . In the high energy range , the flux of electrons is only about 1 % of that of protons . Cosmic rays can damage electronic components and pose a health threat to space travelers . According to astronauts , like Don Pettit , space has a burned / metallic odor that clings to their suits and equipment , similar to the scent of an arc welding torch . Despite the harsh environment , several life forms have been found that can withstand extreme space conditions for extended periods . Species of lichen carried on the ESA BIOPAN facility survived exposure for ten days in 2007 . Seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum germinated after being exposed to space for 1.5 years . A strain of bacillus subtilis has survived 559 days when exposed to low - Earth orbit or a simulated martian environment . The lithopanspermia hypothesis suggests that rocks ejected into outer space from life - harboring planets may successfully transport life forms to another habitable world . A conjecture is that just such a scenario occurred early in the history of the Solar System , with potentially microorganism - bearing rocks being exchanged between Venus , Earth , and Mars . Effect on human bodies ( edit ) See also : Space exposure and Weightlessness Because of the hazards of a vacuum , astronauts must wear a pressurized space suit while off - Earth and outside their spacecraft . Even at relatively low altitudes in the Earth 's atmosphere , conditions are hostile to the human body . The altitude where atmospheric pressure matches the vapor pressure of water at the temperature of the human body is called the Armstrong line , named after American physician Harry G. Armstrong . It is located at an altitude of around 19.14 km ( 11.89 mi ) . At or above the Armstrong line , fluids in the throat and lungs boil away . More specifically , exposed bodily liquids such as saliva , tears , and liquids in the lungs boil away . Hence , at this altitude , human survival requires a pressure suit , or a pressurized capsule . Once in space , sudden exposure of unprotected humans to very low pressure , such as during a rapid decompression , can cause pulmonary barotrauma -- a rupture of the lungs , due to the large pressure differential between inside and outside the chest . Even if the subject 's airway is fully open , the flow of air through the windpipe may be too slow to prevent the rupture . Rapid decompression can rupture eardrums and sinuses , bruising and blood seep can occur in soft tissues , and shock can cause an increase in oxygen consumption that leads to hypoxia . As a consequence of rapid decompression , oxygen dissolved in the blood empties into the lungs to try to equalize the partial pressure gradient . Once the deoxygenated blood arrives at the brain , humans lose consciousness after a few seconds and die of hypoxia within minutes . Blood and other body fluids boil when the pressure drops below 6.3 kPa , and this condition is called ebullism . The steam may bloat the body to twice its normal size and slow circulation , but tissues are elastic and porous enough to prevent rupture . Ebullism is slowed by the pressure containment of blood vessels , so some blood remains liquid . Swelling and ebullism can be reduced by containment in a pressure suit . The Crew Altitude Protection Suit ( CAPS ) , a fitted elastic garment designed in the 1960s for astronauts , prevents ebullism at pressures as low as 2 kPa . Supplemental oxygen is needed at 8 km ( 5.0 mi ) to provide enough oxygen for breathing and to prevent water loss , while above 20 km ( 12 mi ) pressure suits are essential to prevent ebullism . Most space suits use around 30 -- 39 kPa of pure oxygen , about the same as on the Earth 's surface . This pressure is high enough to prevent ebullism , but evaporation of nitrogen dissolved in the blood could still cause decompression sickness and gas embolisms if not managed . Humans evolved for life in Earth gravity , and exposure to weightlessness has been shown to have deleterious effects on human health . Initially , more than 50 % of astronauts experience space motion sickness . This can cause nausea and vomiting , vertigo , headaches , lethargy , and overall malaise . The duration of space sickness varies , but it typically lasts for 1 -- 3 days , after which the body adjusts to the new environment . Longer - term exposure to weightlessness results in muscle atrophy and deterioration of the skeleton , or spaceflight osteopenia . These effects can be minimized through a regimen of exercise . Other effects include fluid redistribution , slowing of the cardiovascular system , decreased production of red blood cells , balance disorders , and a weakening of the immune system . Lesser symptoms include loss of body mass , nasal congestion , sleep disturbance , and puffiness of the face . For long - duration space travel , radiation can pose an acute health hazard . Exposure to high - energy , ionizing cosmic rays can result in fatigue , nausea , vomiting , as well as damage to the immune system and changes to the white blood cell count . Over longer durations , symptoms include an increased risk of cancer , plus damage to the eyes , nervous system , lungs and the gastrointestinal tract . On a round - trip Mars mission lasting three years , a large fraction of the cells in an astronaut 's body would be traversed and potentially damaged by high energy nuclei . Fortunately , the energy of such particles is significantly diminished by the shielding provided by the walls of a spacecraft and can be further diminished by water containers and other barriers . However , the impact of the cosmic rays upon the shielding produces additional radiation that can affect the crew . Further research is needed to assess the radiation hazards and determine suitable countermeasures . Boundary ( edit ) SpaceShipOne completed the first manned private spaceflight in 2004 , reaching an altitude of 100.12 km ( 62.21 mi ) . There is no clear boundary between Earth 's atmosphere and space , as the density of the atmosphere gradually decreases as the altitude increases . There are several standard boundary designations , namely : The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale has established the Kármán line at an altitude of 100 km ( 62 mi ) as a working definition for the boundary between aeronautics and astronautics . This is used because at an altitude of about 100 km ( 62 mi ) , as Theodore von Kármán calculated , a vehicle would have to travel faster than orbital velocity to derive sufficient aerodynamic lift from the atmosphere to support itself . The United States designates people who travel above an altitude of 50 miles ( 80 km ) as astronauts . NASA 's Space Shuttle used 400,000 feet ( 76 mi , 122 km ) as its re-entry altitude ( termed the Entry Interface ) , which roughly marks the boundary where atmospheric drag becomes noticeable , thus beginning the process of switching from steering with thrusters to maneuvering with aerodynamic control surfaces . In 2009 , scientists reported detailed measurements with a Supra - Thermal Ion Imager ( an instrument that measures the direction and speed of ions ) , which allowed them to establish a boundary at 118 km ( 73 mi ) above Earth . The boundary represents the midpoint of a gradual transition over tens of kilometers from the relatively gentle winds of the Earth 's atmosphere to the more violent flows of charged particles in space , which can reach speeds well over 268 m / s ( 600 mph ) . Legal Status ( edit ) Main article : Space law 2008 launch of the SM - 3 missile used to destroy American reconnaissance satellite USA - 193 The Outer Space Treaty provides the basic framework for international space law . It covers the legal use of outer space by nation states , and includes in its definition of outer space the Moon and other celestial bodies . The treaty states that outer space is free for all nation states to explore and is not subject to claims of national sovereignty . It also prohibits the deployment of nuclear weapons in outer space . The treaty was passed by the United Nations General Assembly in 1963 and signed in 1967 by the USSR , the United States of America and the United Kingdom . As of 2017 , 105 state parties have either ratified or acceded to the treaty . An additional 25 states signed the treaty , without ratifying it. . Since 1958 , outer space has been the subject of multiple United Nations resolutions . Of these , more than 50 have been concerning the international co-operation in the peaceful uses of outer space and preventing an arms race in space . Four additional space law treaties have been negotiated and drafted by the UN 's Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space . Still , there remains no legal prohibition against deploying conventional weapons in space , and anti-satellite weapons have been successfully tested by the US , USSR and China . The 1979 Moon Treaty turned the jurisdiction of all heavenly bodies ( including the orbits around such bodies ) over to the international community . However , this treaty has not been ratified by any nation that currently practices manned spaceflight . In 1976 , eight equatorial states ( Ecuador , Colombia , Brazil , Congo , Zaire , Uganda , Kenya , and Indonesia ) met in Bogotá , Colombia . With their `` Declaration of the First Meeting of Equatorial Countries '' , or `` the Bogotá Declaration '' , they claimed control of the segment of the geosynchronous orbital path corresponding to each country . These claims are not internationally accepted . Earth orbit ( edit ) A spacecraft enters orbit when its centripetal acceleration due to gravity is less than or equal to the centrifugal acceleration due to the horizontal component of its velocity . For a low Earth orbit , this velocity is about 7,800 m / s ( 28,100 km / h ; 17,400 mph ) ; by contrast , the fastest manned airplane speed ever achieved ( excluding speeds achieved by deorbiting spacecraft ) was 2,200 m / s ( 7,900 km / h ; 4,900 mph ) in 1967 by the North American X-15 . To achieve an orbit , a spacecraft must travel faster than a sub-orbital spaceflight . The energy required to reach Earth orbital velocity at an altitude of 600 km ( 370 mi ) is about 36 MJ / kg , which is six times the energy needed merely to climb to the corresponding altitude . Spacecraft with a perigee below about 2,000 km ( 1,200 mi ) are subject to drag from the Earth 's atmosphere , which decreases the orbital altitude . The rate of orbital decay depends on the satellite 's cross-sectional area and mass , as well as variations in the air density of the upper atmosphere . Below about 300 km ( 190 mi ) , decay becomes more rapid with lifetimes measured in days . Once a satellite descends to 180 km ( 110 mi ) , it has only hours before it vaporizes in the atmosphere . The escape velocity required to pull free of Earth 's gravitational field altogether and move into interplanetary space is about 11,200 m / s ( 40,300 km / h ; 25,100 mph ) . Regions ( edit ) Space is a partial vacuum : its different regions are defined by the various atmospheres and `` winds '' that dominate within them , and extend to the point at which those winds give way to those beyond . Geospace extends from Earth 's atmosphere to the outer reaches of Earth 's magnetic field , whereupon it gives way to the solar wind of interplanetary space . Interplanetary space extends to the heliopause , whereupon the solar wind gives way to the winds of the interstellar medium . Interstellar space then continues to the edges of the galaxy , where it fades into the intergalactic void . Geospace ( edit ) Aurora australis observed from the Space Shuttle Discovery , on STS - 39 , May 1991 ( orbital altitude : 260 km ) Geospace is the region of outer space near Earth , including the upper atmosphere and magnetosphere . The Van Allen radiation belts lies within the geospace . The outer boundary of geospace is the magnetopause , which forms an interface between the Earth 's magnetosphere and the solar wind . The inner boundary is the ionosphere . The variable space - weather conditions of geospace are affected by the behavior of the Sun and the solar wind ; the subject of geospace is interlinked with heliophysics -- the study of the Sun and its impact on the planets of the Solar System . The day - side magnetopause is compressed by solar - wind pressure -- the subsolar distance from the center of the Earth is typically 10 Earth radii . On the night side , the solar wind stretches the magnetosphere to form a magnetotail that sometimes extends out to more than 100 -- 200 Earth radii . For roughly four days of each month , the lunar surface is shielded from the solar wind as the Moon passes through the magnetotail . Geospace is populated by electrically charged particles at very low densities , the motions of which are controlled by the Earth 's magnetic field . These plasmas form a medium from which storm - like disturbances powered by the solar wind can drive electrical currents into the Earth 's upper atmosphere . Geomagnetic storms can disturb two regions of geospace , the radiation belts and the ionosphere . These storms increase fluxes of energetic electrons that can permanently damage satellite electronics , interfering with shortwave radio communication and GPS location and timing . Magnetic storms can also be a hazard to astronauts , even in low Earth orbit . They also create aurorae seen at high latitudes in an oval surrounding the geomagnetic poles . Although it meets the definition of outer space , the atmospheric density within the first few hundred kilometers above the Kármán line is still sufficient to produce significant drag on satellites . This region contains material left over from previous manned and unmanned launches that are a potential hazard to spacecraft . Some of this debris re-enters Earth 's atmosphere periodically . Cislunar space ( edit ) Proposed spacecraft for manned cislunar travel in 2020s Earth 's gravity keeps the Moon in orbit at an average distance of 384,403 km ( 238,857 mi ) . The region outside Earth 's atmosphere and extending out to just beyond the Moon 's orbit , including the Lagrangian points , is sometimes referred to as cis - lunar space . The region of space where the gravity of the Earth remains dominant against gravitational perturbations from the Sun is called the Hill sphere . This extends well out into translunar space to a distance of roughly 1 % of the mean distance from the Earth to the Sun , or 1.5 million km ( 0.93 million mi ) . Deep space has different definitions as to where it starts . It has been defined by the United States government and others as any region beyond cislunar space . The International Telecommunication Union responsible for radio communication ( including satellites ) defines the beginning of deep space at about 5 times that distance ( 7009200000000000000 ♠ 2 × 10 km ) . Interplanetary space ( edit ) Main article : Interplanetary medium The sparse plasma ( blue ) and dust ( white ) in the tail of comet Hale -- Bopp are being shaped by pressure from solar radiation and the solar wind , respectively Interplanetary space is defined by the solar wind , a continuous stream of charged particles emanating from the Sun that creates a very tenuous atmosphere ( the heliosphere ) for billions of kilometers into space . This wind has a particle density of 5 -- 10 protons / cm and is moving at a velocity of 350 -- 400 km / s ( 780,000 -- 890,000 mph ) . Interplanetary space extends out to the heliopause where the influence of the galactic environment starts to dominate over the magnetic field and particle flux from the Sun . The distance and strength of the heliopause varies depending on the activity level of the solar wind . The volume of interplanetary space is a nearly total vacuum , with a mean free path of about one astronomical unit at the orbital distance of the Earth . However , this space is not completely empty , and is sparsely filled with cosmic rays , which include ionized atomic nuclei and various subatomic particles . There is also gas , plasma and dust , small meteors , and several dozen types of organic molecules discovered to date by microwave spectroscopy . A cloud of interplanetary dust is visible at night as a faint band called the zodiacal light . Interplanetary space contains the magnetic field generated by the Sun . There are also magnetospheres generated by planets such as Jupiter , Saturn , Mercury and the Earth that have their own magnetic fields . These are shaped by the influence of the solar wind into the approximation of a teardrop shape , with the long tail extending outward behind the planet . These magnetic fields can trap particles from the solar wind and other sources , creating belts of charged particles such as the Van Allen radiation belts . Planets without magnetic fields , such as Mars , have their atmospheres gradually eroded by the solar wind . Interstellar space ( edit ) Main article : Interstellar medium `` Interstellar space '' redirects here . For the album , see Interstellar Space . Bow shock formed by the magnetosphere of the young star LL Orionis ( center ) as it collides with the Orion Nebula flow Interstellar space is the physical space within a galaxy beyond the influence each star has upon the encompassed plasma . The contents of interstellar space are called the interstellar medium . Approximately 70 % of the mass of the interstellar medium consists of lone hydrogen atoms ; most of the remainder consists of helium atoms . This is enriched with trace amounts of heavier atoms formed through stellar nucleosynthesis . These atoms are ejected into the interstellar medium by stellar winds or when evolved stars begin to shed their outer envelopes such as during the formation of a planetary nebula . The cataclysmic explosion of a supernova generates an expanding shock wave consisting of ejected materials that further enrich the medium . The density of matter in the interstellar medium can vary considerably : the average is around 10 particles per m , but cold molecular clouds can hold 10 -- 10 per m . A number of molecules exist in interstellar space , as can tiny 0.1 μm dust particles . The tally of molecules discovered through radio astronomy is steadily increasing at the rate of about four new species per year . Large regions of higher density matter known as molecular clouds allow chemical reactions to occur , including the formation of organic polyatomic species . Much of this chemistry is driven by collisions . Energetic cosmic rays penetrate the cold , dense clouds and ionize hydrogen and helium , resulting , for example , in the trihydrogen cation . An ionized helium atom can then split relatively abundant carbon monoxide to produce ionized carbon , which in turn can lead to organic chemical reactions . The local interstellar medium is a region of space within 100 parsecs ( pc ) of the Sun , which is of interest both for its proximity and for its interaction with the Solar System . This volume nearly coincides with a region of space known as the Local Bubble , which is characterized by a lack of dense , cold clouds . It forms a cavity in the Orion Arm of the Milky Way galaxy , with dense molecular clouds lying along the borders , such as those in the constellations of Ophiuchus and Taurus . ( The actual distance to the border of this cavity varies from 60 to 250 pc or more . ) This volume contains about 10 -- 10 stars and the local interstellar gas counterbalances the astrospheres that surround these stars , with the volume of each sphere varying depending on the local density of the interstellar medium . The Local Bubble contains dozens of warm interstellar clouds with temperatures of up to 7,000 K and radii of 0.5 -- 5 pc . When stars are moving at sufficiently high peculiar velocities , their astrospheres can generate bow shocks as they collide with the interstellar medium . For decades it was assumed that the Sun had a bow shock . In 2012 , data from Interstellar Boundary Explorer ( IBEX ) and NASA 's Voyager probes showed that the Sun 's bow shock does not exist . Instead , these authors argue that a subsonic bow wave defines the transition from the solar wind flow to the interstellar medium . A bow shock is the third boundary of an astrosphere after the termination shock and the astropause ( called the heliopause in the Solar System ) . Intergalactic space ( edit ) A star forming region in the Large Magellanic Cloud , perhaps the closest Galaxy to Earth 's Milky Way See also : Intracluster medium Intergalactic space is the physical space between galaxies . Studies of the large scale distribution of galaxies show that the Universe has a foam - like structure , with clusters and groups of galaxies lying along filaments that occupy about a tenth of the total space . The remainder forms huge voids that are mostly empty of galaxies . Typically , a void spans a distance of ( 10 -- 40 ) h Mpc , where h is the Hubble constant in units of 100 km s Mpc . Surrounding and stretching between galaxies , there is a rarefied plasma that is organized in a galactic filamentary structure . This material is called the intergalactic medium ( IGM ) . The density of the IGM is 5 -- 200 times the average density of the Universe . It consists mostly of ionized hydrogen ; i.e. a plasma consisting of equal numbers of electrons and protons . As gas falls into the intergalactic medium from the voids , it heats up to temperatures of 10 K to 10 K , which is high enough so that collisions between atoms have enough energy to cause the bound electrons to escape from the hydrogen nuclei ; this is why the IGM is ionized . At these temperatures , it is called the warm -- hot intergalactic medium ( WHIM ) . ( Although the plasma is very hot by terrestrial standards , 10 K is often called `` warm '' in astrophysics . ) Computer simulations and observations indicate that up to half of the atomic matter in the Universe might exist in this warm -- hot , rarefied state . When gas falls from the filamentary structures of the WHIM into the galaxy clusters at the intersections of the cosmic filaments , it can heat up even more , reaching temperatures of 10 K and above in the so - called intracluster medium . Exploration and applications ( edit ) Main articles : Space exploration , Space colonization , and Space manufacturing The first image taken of the entire Earth by astronauts was shot during the Apollo 8 mission For the majority of human history , space was explored by observations made from the Earth 's surface -- initially with the unaided eye and then with the telescope . Prior to the advent of reliable rocket technology , the closest that humans had come to reaching outer space was through the use of balloon flights . In 1935 , the U.S. Explorer II manned balloon flight had reached an altitude of 22 km ( 14 mi ) . This was greatly exceeded in 1942 when the third launch of the German A-4 rocket climbed to an altitude of about 80 km ( 50 mi ) . In 1957 , the unmanned satellite Sputnik 1 was launched by a Russian R - 7 rocket , achieving Earth orbit at an altitude of 215 -- 939 kilometres ( 134 -- 583 mi ) . This was followed by the first human spaceflight in 1961 , when Yuri Gagarin was sent into orbit on Vostok 1 . The first humans to escape Earth orbit were Frank Borman , Jim Lovell and William Anders in 1968 on board the U.S. Apollo 8 , which achieved lunar orbit and reached a maximum distance of 377,349 km ( 234,474 mi ) from the Earth . The first spacecraft to reach escape velocity was the Soviet Luna 1 , which performed a fly - by of the Moon in 1959 . In 1961 , Venera 1 became the first planetary probe . It revealed the presence of the solar wind and performed the first fly - by of Venus , although contact was lost before reaching Venus . The first successful planetary mission was the 1962 fly - by of Venus by Mariner 2 . The first fly - by of Mars was by Mariner 4 in 1964 . Since that time , unmanned spacecraft have successfully examined each of the Solar System 's planets , as well their moons and many minor planets and comets . They remain a fundamental tool for the exploration of outer space , as well as observation of the Earth . In August 2012 , Voyager 1 became the first man - made object to leave the Solar System and enter interstellar space . The absence of air makes outer space an ideal location for astronomy at all wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum . This is evidenced by the spectacular pictures sent back by the Hubble Space Telescope , allowing light from more than 13 billion years ago -- almost to the time of the Big Bang -- to be observed . However , not every location in space is ideal for a telescope . The interplanetary zodiacal dust emits a diffuse near - infrared radiation that can mask the emission of faint sources such as extrasolar planets . Moving an infrared telescope out past the dust increases its effectiveness . Likewise , a site like the Daedalus crater on the far side of the Moon could shield a radio telescope from the radio frequency interference that hampers Earth - based observations . Unmanned spacecraft in Earth orbit are an essential technology of modern civilization . They allow direct monitoring of weather conditions , relay long - range communications like television , provide a means of precise navigation , and allow remote sensing of the Earth . The latter role serves a wide variety of purposes , including tracking soil moisture for agriculture , prediction of water outflow from seasonal snow packs , detection of diseases in plants and trees , and surveillance of military activities . The deep vacuum of space could make it an attractive environment for certain industrial processes , such as those requiring ultraclean surfaces . However , like asteroid mining , space manufacturing requires significant investment with little prospect of immediate return . An important factor in the total expense is the high cost of placing mass into Earth orbit : $7,000 -- 24,000 per kg in inflation - adjusted dollars , according to a 2006 estimate . Proposed concepts for addressing this issue include non-rocket spacelaunch , momentum exchange tethers , and space elevators . Interstellar travel for a human crew remains at present only a theoretical possibility . The distances to the nearest stars will require new technological developments and the ability to safely sustain crews for journeys lasting several decades . For example , the Daedalus Project study , which proposed a spacecraft powered by the fusion of Deuterium and He , would require 36 years to reach the nearby Alpha Centauri system . Other proposed interstellar propulsion systems include light sails , ramjets , and beam - powered propulsion . More advanced propulsion systems could use antimatter as a fuel , potentially reaching relativistic velocities . See also ( edit ) Astronomy portal Cosmology portal Space portal Spaceflight portal Earth 's location in the universe List of government space agencies List of topics in space Outline of space science Panspermia Space and survival Space race Space station Space technology Timeline of knowledge about the interstellar and intergalactic medium Timeline of Solar System exploration Timeline of spaceflight References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chuss , David T. ( June 26 , 2008 ) , Cosmic Background Explorer , NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , archived from the original on May 9 , 2013 , retrieved 2013 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Freedman & Kaufmann 2005 , pp. 573 , 599 -- 601 . Jump up ^ Trimble , V. ( 1987 ) , `` Existence and nature of dark matter in the universe '' , Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics , 25 : 425 -- 472 , Bibcode : 1987ARA&A ... 25 ... 425T , doi : 10.1146 / annurev. aa. 25.090187. 002233 . 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Norton & Company , pp. 114 -- 115 , ISBN 0 - 393 - 05992 - 8 Von Humboldt , Alexander ( 1845 ) , Cosmos : a survey of the general physical history of the Universe , New York : Harper & Brothers Publishers Webb , Stephen ( 1999 ) , Measuring the universe : the cosmological distance ladder , Springer , ISBN 1 - 85233 - 106 - 2 Williamson , Mark ( 2006 ) , Spacecraft Technology : The Early Years , History and Management of Technology Series , 33 , IET , ISBN 0863415539 Wong , Wilson ; Fergusson , James Gordon ( 2010 ) , Military space power : a guide to the issues , Contemporary military , strategic , and security issues , ABC - CLIO , ISBN 0 - 313 - 35680 - 7 Wszolek , Bogdan ( 2013 ) , `` Is there Matter in Voids ? 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pandora's box it's all coming back to me now lyrics
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It 's All Coming Back to Me Now
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it's all coming back to me now
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`` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' is a power ballad written by Jim Steinman . According to Steinman , the song was inspired by Wuthering Heights , and was an attempt to write `` the most passionate , romantic song '' he could ever create . The Sunday Times posits that `` Steinman protects his songs as if they were his children '' . Meat Loaf had wanted to record `` It 's All Coming Back ... '' for years , but Steinman saw it as a `` woman 's song . '' Steinman won a court movement preventing Meat Loaf from recording it . Girl group Pandora 's Box went on to record it and it was subsequently made famous through a cover by Celine Dion , which upset Meat Loaf because he was going to use it for a planned album with the working title Bat Out of Hell III . Alternately , Meat Loaf has said the song was intended for Bat Out of Hell II and given to the singer in 1986 , but that they both decided to use `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' for Bat II , and save this song for Bat III .
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The song has had three major releases . The first version appeared on the concept album Original Sin , recorded by Pandora 's Box . It was then recorded by Celine Dion for her album Falling into You , and her version was a commercial hit , reaching No. 2 in the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and No. 3 in the UK Singles Chart . Meat Loaf eventually recorded it as a duet with Norwegian singer Marion Raven for Bat III and released it as a single in 2006 . A music video was produced for each of the three versions ; death is a recurring theme in all of these videos , fitting in with the suggestion in Virgin 's press release for Original Sin that `` in Steinman 's songs , the dead come to life and the living are doomed to die . '' This is particularly evident when the dead characters seem to be resurrected in the memories of the main vocalist . Although in the case of Celine Dion 's video , the theme is less about the living being doomed and more about a lost love . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inspiration 2 Pandora 's Box 2.1 Charts 3 Celine Dion 3.1 Personnel 3.2 Critical reception 3.3 Music video 3.4 Official versions 3.5 Charts 3.5. 1 Weekly charts 3.5. 2 Year - end charts 3.5. 3 Decade - end charts 3.6 Certifications and sales 3.7 Release history 4 Meat Loaf and Marion Raven 4.1 Charts 5 Uses in popular culture 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Inspiration ( edit ) Pandora 's Box ( 1989 ) This sample features some of the guitar mid-section , along with Elaine Caswell 's vocals . Celine Dion ( 1996 ) This extract from near the beginning of the song shows Dion 's vocals , Bittan 's grand piano , and the use of backing vocals . Meat Loaf featuring Marion Raven ( 2006 ) This clip features the beginning of the final chorus , displaying Raven 's harmonies . Problems playing these files ? See media help . Influenced by Emily Brontë 's novel Wuthering Heights , Steinman compared the song to ' Heathcliff digging up Cathy 's corpse and dancing with it in the cold moonlight ' . In the Jim Steinman Opens Pandora 's Box promotional video , he says that the novel : is always made much too polite ; it always has been in movies . This is n't the Wuthering Heights of Kate Bush -- that little fanciful Wuthering Heights . The scene they always cut out is the scene when Heathcliff digs up Catherine 's body and dances in the moonlight and on the beach with it . I think you ca n't get much more operatic or passionate than that . I was trying to write a song about dead things coming to life . I was trying to write a song about being enslaved and obsessed by love , not just enchanted and happy with it . It was about the dark side of love ; about the ability to be resurrected by it ... I just tried to put everything I could into it , and I 'm real proud of it . In another interview , Steinman expands on his comments about the song being about the ' dark side of love ' . It 's about obsession , and that can be scary because you 're not in control and you do n't know where it 's going to stop . It says that , at any point in somebody 's life , when they loved somebody strongly enough and that person returns , a certain touch , a certain physical gesture can turn them from being defiant and disgusted with this person to being subservient again . And it 's not just a pleasurable feeling that comes back , it 's the complete terror and loss of control that comes back . And I think that 's ultimately a great weapon . The website Allmusic called the song ' a tormented ballad about romantic loss and regret built on a spooky yet heart - wrenching piano melody ' . The torment is present in the song 's opening ( ' There were nights when the wind was so cold ' ) , from which the singer recovers ( ' I finished crying in the instant that you left ... And I banished every memory you and I had ever made ' ) . However , the defiance in the verses are replaced by the return of the ' subservient ' feelings in the chorus ( ' when you touch me like this , and you hold me like that ... ' ) ; this juxtaposition continues throughout the song . ' There were those empty threats and hollow lies ' And whenever you tried to hurt me ' I just hurt you even worse and so much deeper . ' Eroticism is implied in the lines ' There were nights of endless pleasure ' and ' The flesh and the fantasies : all coming back to me ' . The song ends with a passionate , quiet reprise of the chorus . Critics have also identified Wagner , of whom Steinman is an admirer , as an inspiration . Specifying this song , the Sunday Times said `` the theme of Wagner 's opera Tristan and Isolde , with its extreme passions and obsessive love , informs all his best work . '' A 2007 article in the Toronto Star claims that the song was written as Steinman 's `` tryout '' as lyricist for Andrew Lloyd Webber 's Sunset Boulevard . Pandora 's Box ( edit ) `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' Single by Pandora 's Box from the album Original Sin B - side `` I 've Been Dreaming Up a Storm Lately '' Released October 25 , 1989 Format 7 '' single 12 '' single CD single Recorded Genre Soft rock Length 8 : 22 Label Virgin Songwriter ( s ) Jim Steinman Producer ( s ) Jim Steinman Pandora 's Box singles chronology `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( 1989 ) `` Good Girls Go to Heaven ( Bad Girls Go Everywhere ) '' ( 1990 ) `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( 1989 ) `` Good Girls Go to Heaven ( Bad Girls Go Everywhere ) '' ( 1990 ) In 1989 , Steinman produced a concept album , Original Sin , with an all - female group called Pandora 's Box . The album featured many tracks that would later be recorded by other artists , particularly Meat Loaf . Elaine Caswell was the lead vocalist for `` It 's All Coming Back To Me Now '' , who apparently collapsed five times during its recording . Caswell has since performed the song as part of The Dream Engine at Joe 's Pub in New York City . For the track , Roy Bittan performed on the grand piano , with Steinman and Jeff Bova on keyboards . Guitars were by Eddie Martinez , with Steve Buslowe on bass guitar . Todd Rundgren arranged the background vocals , which were performed by Ellen Foley , Gina Taylor and Deliria Wilde . The song was released as a single in the United Kingdom during October 1989 , but only reached No. 51 in the singles charts . In its review of the album , Kerrang ! magazine called the song ' excruciatingly operatic ' . Ken Russell directed the video , which was filmed at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire . Steinman wrote the script , based on Russell 's `` Nessun Dorma '' segment in the compilation opera movie Aria . Scholar Joseph Lanza describes the video : a woman 's near - death experience ( from a motorcycle crash ) is set amid operatic excesses and black leather . In a simulated city engulfed by an apocalyptic blaze , British vocalist Elaine Caswell sings and participates in a ritual to celebrate the song 's `` nights of sacred pleasure '' ... ( The soundtstage ) is stocked with gravestones , motorcycles , python and dancers ( allegedly from the London production of Cats ) , strapped in chaps , studded bras , and spiked codpieces . The girl , near death , is being ministered to by paramedics , fantasizing and being ' sexually aroused by a large python and writhing on a bed that lit up in time with the music , while surrounded by a group of bemused , semi-naked dancers ' . When Steinman 's manager saw it , he responded ' It 's a porno movie ! ' The two - day shoot ran over schedule and budget , costing £ 35,000 an hour . Russell and Steinman even designed a sequence where a motorcyclist would cycle up the steps of a local church - tower , jump out of the turrets at the top , and then explode ; alas , the wardens of the church refused permission . The 7 `` , 12 '' and CD singles featured Steven Margoshes 's piano solo `` Pray Lewd '' ( containing elements of `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ) , Steinman 's monologue `` I 've Been Dreaming Up a Storm Lately '' , and `` Requiem Metal '' , a sample from Verdi 's Requiem Mass , all from the album Original Sin . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 51 Celine Dion ( edit ) `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' Single by Celine Dion from the album Falling into You B - side `` The Power of the Dream '' Released 29 July 1996 ( 1996 - 07 - 29 ) Format 7 '' CD cassette Recorded 1995 ; The Hit Factory ( New York City , New York ) Genre Pop soft rock Length 7 : 37 ( album version ) 6 : 06 ( radio edit 1 ) 5 : 31 ( radio edit 2 ) Label Columbia Epic Songwriter ( s ) Jim Steinman Producer ( s ) Jim Steinman Steven Rinkoff Roy Bittan Celine Dion singles chronology `` J'irai où tu iras '' ( 1996 ) `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( 1996 ) `` The Power of the Dream '' ( 1996 ) `` J'irai où tu iras '' ( 1996 ) `` It 's All Coming Back To Me Now '' ( 1996 ) `` The Power of the Dream '' ( 1996 ) Music video `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' on YouTube The song is the first on Dion 's album Falling into You . Jim Steinman produced the track , with Steven Rinkoff and Roy Bittan as co-producers . Bat Out of Hell and Meat Loaf collaborators Todd Rundgren , Eric Troyer , Rory Dodd , Glen Burtnick and Kasim Sulton provided backing vocals . An edited version of the song was then released on Dion 's album All the Way ... A Decade of Song . On Falling into You album the song 's original length is seven minutes and thirty - seven seconds while on All the Way ... A Decade of Song it is only five minutes and thirty - one seconds . In 2008 , `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' was included on Dion 's greatest hits compilation My Love : Essential Collection . Live performances can be found on the A New Day ... Live in Las Vegas , Taking Chances World Tour : The Concert , and Céline ... une seule fois / Live 2013 albums . Dion also performed this song during her Summer Tour 2016 and her 2017 European tour . Personnel ( edit ) Roy Bittan - grand piano Jeff Bova - keyboards , programming Jimmy Bralower - drums , percussion Steve Buslowe - bass Tim Pierce - guitar Eddie Martinez - additional guitars Kenny Aronoff - additional drums Bashiri Johnson - additional percussion Todd Rundgren , Eric Troyer , Rory Dodd , Glen Burtnick , Kasim Sulton - background vocals Critical reception ( edit ) The cover has received acclaim from international critics . The Calgary Sun stated : `` ( The song ) is undoubtedly the highlight of her English - language recording career . Dion 's over-the - top vocals soar and swoop around Steinman 's epic , ostentatious arrangement . Not surprisingly , everything else that follows ... pales in comparison . '' Toronto 's Eye Weekly said Steinman 's `` fatal absence from the last Meat Loaf record is finally justified here , '' and The Miami Herald said `` Dion knocks a couple out of the ballpark ... ( the song ) features seven minutes of Wagnerian bombast , thunderclap piano chords and emoting that would wither an opera diva . Sure , it 's over-the - top but it 's passionate and musical . '' Allmusic senior editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine marked this song as a standout along with `` Falling Into You '' and praised it : `` Dion shines on mock epics like Jim Steinman 's `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now . '' The New York Times ' Stephen Holden wrote : `` The melodrama peaks with two overblown Jim Steinman productions : `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' , a romantic flashback replete with thunderclaps ... `` Dave Sholin from the Gavin Report wrote : `` On this track , Jim Steinman 's dramatic writing style melds perfectly with her powerful vocal , giving this production an incredibly passionate quality . '' Some other reviews were less enthusiastic . After labelling Dion `` a Madonna - meets - Meat Loaf vocal freak '' , The Vancouver Sun called the song `` intensely self - indulgent , pompously self - important and mediocre beyond belief , the song just never ends . '' The Ottawa Sun called it ' turgid ' , while The Toronto Sun , coincidentally , said that it `` sounds like a Meat Loaf reject . '' According to the Sunday Times , Andrew Lloyd Webber told Steinman he thought this song was `` the greatest love song ever written , '' and on hearing the Dion version reportedly said : `` This will be the record of the millennium . '' Music video ( edit ) Nigel Dick directed the music video for Dion 's version , with Simon Archer as cinematographer and Jaromir Svarc as art director . It was shot between 29 June and 3 July 1996 in the summer palace of the Austrian Emperor , Ploskovice and Barandov Studios , Prague , Czech Republic ; it was later released in July 1996 . Castle Ploskovice in Ploskovice supplied the exterior of the gothic mansion . There are two versions of this music video ; the full version ( about 7 : 44 in length ) and the single version ( about 6 : 00 in length ) . Both of them are included on Dion 's 2001 DVD video collection All the Way ... A Decade of Song & Video . The video opens with a man being thrown off his motorcycle , after lightning strikes a tree down in his path - eventually killing him in the process . Dion 's character is haunted by her lover 's image , which she sees through a mirror , and images of them together through picture frames . There are stylistic similarities to Russell Mulcahy 's video for Steinman 's `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' , to the extent that Slant Magazine calls Dick 's video an update . Official versions ( edit ) Several versions of the CD single were released in 1996 . They featured the songs `` The Power of the Dream '' , `` Le fils de Superman '' , `` Fly '' , `` To Love You More '' , and a live version of `` Where Does My Heart Beat Now '' ; a cassette and 7 '' vinyl version were also released . Another CD contained several dance remixes , although these attracted negative reviews . While praising its original form , Allmusic said that ' as a dance song , it misses the mark ... the final ' Moran ' mix is a little better ( than the other dance mixes ) because the vocals do n't pop up until three and a half minutes into the song ' . `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Classic Paradise radio mix # 1 ) -- 4 : 20 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Classic Paradise radio mix # 2 ) -- 3 : 47 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Classic Paradise mix ) -- 8 : 17 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Moran anthem 7 '' edit ) -- 4 : 20 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Moran anthem mix ) -- 14 : 38 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Moran anthem mix part 1 ) -- 10 : 32 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Moran breakdown dub ) -- 9 : 09 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Prophet mix ) -- 7 : 04 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Aphrodisiac mix ) -- 7 : 47 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Amnesia mix ) -- 7 : 33 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Live version 2004 from A New Day ... Live in Las Vegas ) -- 3 : 37 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Live version 2008 from Taking Chances World Tour : The Concert ) -- 3 : 33 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now / The Power of Love '' ( Medley ) ( Live version 2013 from Céline ... une seule fois / Live 2013 ) -- 9 : 26 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( radio edit # 1 ) -- 5 : 31 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( radio edit # 2 ) -- 6 : 06 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( album version ) -- 7 : 37 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 -- 97 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 10 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Canada ( Canadian Singles Chart ) Canada ( The Record 's Hit Parade Chart ) Canada ( The Record 's Contemporary Hit Radio ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 8 France ( SNEP ) 13 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 62 Iceland ( Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Spain ( Top 40 Radio ) 31 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 19 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 15 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 16 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 42 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 19 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 57 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 17 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 20 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 29 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 35 US Billboard Hot 100 18 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 22 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 25 Chart ( 1997 ) Position France ( SNEP ) 94 US Billboard Hot 100 50 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 22 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 99 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 77 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 5,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 425,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,563,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format United States 30 July 1996 CD cassette 7 '' United Kingdom 23 September 1996 CD cassette Meat Loaf and Marion Raven ( edit ) `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' Single by Meat Loaf featuring Marion Raven from the album Bat Out of Hell III : The Monster Is Loose B - side `` Whore '' Released 16 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 16 ) Format CD , DVD , 7 '' Genre Rock Length 6 : 07 ( album version ) 4 : 32 ( single edit ) Label Mercury Songwriter ( s ) Jim Steinman Producer ( s ) Desmond Child Meat Loaf singles chronology `` Man of Steel '' ( 2003 ) Man of Steel 2003 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( 2006 ) It 's All Coming Back to Me Now2006 `` Cry Over Me '' ( 2007 ) Cry Over Me 2007 Marion Raven singles chronology `` Here I Am '' ( 2004 ) Here I Am2004 `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( 2006 ) It 's All Coming Back to Me Now2006 `` Heads Will Roll '' ( 2006 ) Heads Will Roll2006 In interviews , Meat Loaf has said that , in his mind , the song was always meant to be a duet . It was recorded as a duet by Meat Loaf and Marion Raven for the album Bat Out of Hell III : The Monster Is Loose , produced by Desmond Child . Raven had been working on her solo album with Child , and was chosen because the timbre of her voice starkly contrasts to Meat Loaf 's . In promotional interviews , Meat Loaf said that `` I believe that the version that Marion Raven and myself did on this album is the definitive version . '' Meat Loaf cried when he first heard the song , which `` is the only time that 's happened . '' He has also said that the song could refer to Steinman and himself , with an array of emotions coming back every time they work together . Referring to lines like ' when I kiss you like that ' , he said that although `` I love Jim Steinman '' , he would n't French kiss him . To me it was n't a song about romance , it was about me and Jim Steinman . We 'd had a load of problems with managers in the early ' 80s and all of a sudden after five years we started to communicate . After I 'd been to his house , he sent me the song , and it was `` It 's All Coming Back To Me Now '' . Not the line ' When you kiss me like that ' , but the emotional connection . It does n't have to be literal . P.R. Brown directed this video , which premiered on VH1 Classic on 8 August 2006 . There are similarities between the video for Meat Loaf 's version of the song , and that the video for that of Celine Dion , with Meat Loaf being haunted by the memory of his lover . It is structured differently , however , with the story being told through flashback . Shots when Raven 's character is alive have a distinct yellow tint , with a darker , blue tint for those after her death . Whereas the motorcyclist dies before the first verse in the Dion version , Raven 's crash and resulting death is not shown until the final chorus . Meat Loaf becomes angry with Raven because the ghost of Raven 's former lover appears at a masquerade ball they are attending ( some reviewers have compared this to the Stanley Kubrick film Eyes Wide Shut ) . Meat Loaf 's character mourning that of Marion Raven , in the 2006 video directed by P.R. Brown . This version of the song replaces the word ' nights ' with ' lights ' , in the line ' There were nights of endless pleasure ' . The ending of the single version is different , concluding with an additional ' We forgive and forget and it 's all coming back to me now ' . The album version , following those recorded by Pandora 's Box and Celine Dion , ends with the female voice whispering ' And if we ... ' , followed by four piano notes . The track was available to download from iTunes in the United Kingdom in August 2006 , two months before its UK release on 16 October . The CD single includes the song `` Black Betty '' , with the limited edition 7 '' featuring `` Whore '' , a rock duet with Patti Russo ; it was also released as a DVD single . The album version was made available on Meat Loaf and Marion Raven 's respective MySpace sites in August , with the single version being played during some of their promotional interviews , such as that on BBC Radio 2 . The cover art is by Julie Bell , who is also the artist for the album Bat out Of Hell III . The single entered the UK charts at No. 6 on 22 October 2006 , giving Meat Loaf his highest position in the UK charts since `` I 'd Lie for You ( And That 's the Truth ) '' reached No. 2 in 1995 . The song also reached No. 1 in Raven 's native Norway , as well as No. 7 in Germany . Critical reaction was generally positive , with The Guardian saying that the song is `` ostensibly a reflection on love , but imbued with the delicacy of aircraft carriers colliding at sea . '' Marion Raven joined Meat Loaf for his 2007 tour of Europe . She was the supporting act , promoting her album Set Me Free . Meat Loaf introduced her again on stage at the latter stages of the concerts to duet on `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' . A performance was recorded and released on DVD as 3 Bats Live . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 17 Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 14 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 7 Ireland ( IRMA ) 34 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 15 Norway ( VG - lista ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 21 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 Uses in popular culture ( edit ) Dion 's version appears in a 2018 TV commercial for Applebee 's . See also ( edit ) 1996 in British music Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1996 Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1997 List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number - one songs of the 1990s List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 1996 List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 1997 List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1996 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles of 1996 ( Canada ) List of number - one songs in Norway List of UK top 10 singles in 1996 List of UK top 10 singles in 2006 Ultratop 50 number - one hits of 1996 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ According to Meat Loaf as indicated in `` this Reuters report ( 31 July 2006 , accessed 11 September 2006 ) '' . Archived from the original on 10 October 2007 . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . , it was written for the first album in the Bat Out of Hell trilogy , recorded by Meat Loaf . ^ Jump up to : `` Jim Steinman on `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' `` . JimSteinman.com . Retrieved 4 September 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Bright , Spencer ( 8 December 1996 ) . `` Jim 'll Fix It '' . Sunday Times . Retrieved 9 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Meat Loaf ( 4 August 2006 ) . Steve Wright in the Afternoon ( Interview ) . Interview with Steve Wright . London : BBC Radio 2 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Othman , Zul ( 26 October 2006 ) . `` Man out of hell '' . Channel NewsAsia . Retrieved 26 October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pandora 's Box Press Kit '' ( Reprint on website ) ( Press release ) . Virgin Records . 1989 . Retrieved 4 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Jim Steinman ( 1989 ) . Jim Steinman Opens Pandora 's Box ( DVD ) . Virgin Records . Jump up ^ Guarisco , Donald A. `` Original Sin : Pandora 's Box review '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 29 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Ouzounian , Richard ( 29 December 2007 ) . `` Whistle blower '' . thestar.com . Toronto . Retrieved 30 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Murray , Richard . `` It 's all coming back to me now '' . Rick 's World . Retrieved 20 September 2006 . Jump up ^ British Hit Singles , Guinness Jump up ^ Jeffries , Neil ( 1989 ) . `` Jim In A Box '' ( Reprint on website ) . Kerrang ! . Retrieved 4 September 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Simmons , Sylvie ( 1989 ) . `` Sex , Lies & Videotape '' ( Reprint on website ) . RAW magazine . Retrieved 4 September 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Lanza , Joseph ( 2007 ) . Phallic Frenzy : Ken Russell and His Films . Chicago Review Press . p. 299 . ISBN 1 - 55652 - 669 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Hotten , Jon ( September 2000 ) . `` Bat Out Of Hell - The Story Behind The Album '' ( Reprint on website ) . Classic Rock Magazine . Retrieved 3 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Pandora 's Box Discography & Collectibles '' . JimSteinman.com . Retrieved 3 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Pandora 's Box : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Céline Dion , bouleversée , lance sa tournée hommage à René ( VIDÉOS ) ^ Jump up to : All of these quotations from reviews are borrowed from `` Hedonists & Heretics '' . JimSteinman.com . Retrieved 20 September 2006 . Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/falling-into-you-mw0000647077 Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( 14 April 1996 ) . `` New Releases '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Sholin , Dave ( 26 July 1996 ) . `` Gavin Picks > Singles '' ( PDF ) . Gavin Report . No. 2115 . p. 78 . Retrieved 16 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion `` It 's All Coming Back To Me Now '' `` . Nigel Dick . Retrieved 25 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Castle Ploskovice * A visit of the Castle * '' . BOEHMISCHER KULTUR KLUB . Archived from the original on 2 May 2006 . Retrieved 6 September 2006 . This site does not mention the video , but a comparison of the photographs on that site to the video are conclusive . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Music Videos '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved 20 September 2006 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) & ( 2 ) , Amazon.co.uk ' . ' Retrieved 6 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Promis , Jose . `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 22 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Céline Dion -- It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Céline Dion -- It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Céline Dion -- It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 9815 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 9933 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' ( PDF ) . Billboard. 16 November 1996 . p. 56 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nanda Lwin ( 1999 ) . Top 40 Hits : The Essential Chart Guide . Music Data Canada . ISBN 1 - 896594 - 13 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' ( PDF ) . Billboard. 9 November 1996 . p. 50 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Céline Dion -- It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Céline Dion -- It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 4 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ( 14.09. 1996 - 20.09. 1996 ) '' ( PDF ) ( in Icelandic ) . Dagblaðið Vísir - Tónlist . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 41 , 1996 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Céline Dion -- It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Céline Dion -- It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Fernando Salaverri ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Céline Dion -- It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 50 Singles 1996 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1996 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports annuels 1996 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Year End Top 100 Hit Tracks '' . RPM. 16 December 1996 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Year End Top 100 Adult Contemporary Tracks '' . RPM. 16 December 1996 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Single Top 100 Van 1996 '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - single 1996 '' . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Najlepsze single na UK Top 40 - 1996 wg sprzedaży '' ( in Polish ) . Official Charts Company . Archived from the original on 4 June 2015 . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Year in Music : 1996 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard. 28 December 1996 . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Classement Singles - année 1997 '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Archived from the original on 7 March 2012 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Year in Music '' ( PDF ) . Billboard. 27 December 1997 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Singles of the ' 90s '' ( PDF ) . Billboard. 25 December 1999 . p. 20 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Gavin Ryan ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Celine Dion -- It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Celine Dion -- It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Enter It 's All Coming Back to Me Now in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion 's Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles revealed '' . Official Charts Company . 14 November 2013 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Celine Dion -- It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( 8 April 2012 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Does Lionel Richie Make Billboard Chart History ? '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celine Dion -- It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' . Discogs . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ The Making of Bat Out of Hell III ( DVD ) . Mercury Records . 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Bat out of Hell III '' . Liner Notes . 11 September 2006 . XM Satellite Radio . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Cameron ( 26 October 2006 ) . `` Meat Loaf 's a Hell raiser '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 26 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Meat Loaf ( 18 October 2006 ) . Ken Bruce ( Interview ) . Interview with Ken Bruce . London : BBC Radio 2 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Meat Loaf and Marion Raven `` It 's All Coming Back To Me Now '' dir . P.R. Brown `` . videos.antville.org . Retrieved 29 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Latest headlines '' . Virginrecords.com . Archived from the original on 28 August 2006 . Retrieved 29 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Phipps , Keith . `` Newswire : Watch : First video from BAT OUT OF HELL III '' . A.V. Club . Retrieved 20 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' 2006 . Label : Mercury . Jump up ^ https://www.myspace.com/meatloaf ; https://www.myspace.com/marionraven Jump up ^ `` Bat out of hell iii - info update '' . MeatLoaf.net . Archived from the original on 8 July 2006 . Retrieved 20 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Caroline ( 20 October 2006 ) . `` Meat Loaf , Bat Out of Hell III '' ( Guardian Unlimited ( online ) ) . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 25 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian singer tours UK with Meat Loaf '' . norway.org.uk . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 25 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Meat Loaf feat . Marion Raven -- It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' ( PDF ) . Billboard. 4 November 2006 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Meat Loaf feat . Marion Raven -- It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 4 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 42 , 2006 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Meat Loaf feat . Marion Raven -- It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Meat Loaf feat . Marion Raven -- It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 16 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Meat Loaf feat . Marion Raven -- It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Meat Loaf : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Applebee 's All You Can Eat TV Commercial , ' Romance ' Song by Celine Dion '' . ispot.tv . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Pandora 's Box -- `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' on YouTube Celine Dion -- `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Long Version ) on YouTube Celine Dion -- `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' ( Single Version ) on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Celine Dion singles Singles discography Albums discography 1980s `` Listen to the Magic Man '' `` Michael 's Song '' `` Ca n't Live with You , Ca n't Live Without You '' 1990s `` ( If There Was ) Any Other Way '' `` Unison '' `` Where Does My Heart Beat Now '' `` The Last to Know '' `` Have a Heart '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` If You Asked Me To '' `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' `` Love Can Move Mountains '' `` Water from the Moon '' `` Did You Give Enough Love '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` The Power of Love '' `` Misled '' `` Love Lights the World '' `` Think Twice '' `` Only One Road '' `` Calling You '' `` Next Plane Out '' `` Just Walk Away '' `` To Love You More '' `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' `` Falling into You '' `` Because You Loved Me '' `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' `` The Power of the Dream '' `` All by Myself '' `` Send Me a Lover '' `` Call the Man '' `` Make You Happy '' `` Dreamin ' of You '' `` Tell Him '' `` Be the Man '' `` The Reason '' `` My Heart Will Go On '' `` Immortality '' `` When I Need You '' `` I Hate You Then I Love You '' `` Miles to Go ( Before I Sleep ) '' `` It 's Hard to Say Goodbye '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` I 'm Your Angel '' `` The Prayer '' `` Treat Her Like a Lady '' `` That 's the Way It Is '' `` Then You Look at Me '' 2000s `` Live ( for the One I Love ) '' `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' `` I Want You to Need Me '' `` If Walls Could Talk '' `` Do n't Save It All for Christmas Day '' `` God Bless America '' `` A New Day Has Come '' `` I 'm Alive '' `` Goodbye 's ( The Saddest Word ) '' `` At Last '' `` I Drove All Night '' `` Have You Ever Been in Love '' `` One Heart '' `` Stand by Your Side '' `` Faith '' `` You and I '' `` Beautiful Boy '' `` Miracle '' `` In Some Small Way '' `` Taking Chances '' `` Eyes on Me '' `` A World to Believe In '' `` Alone '' `` My Love '' 2010s `` Loved Me Back to Life '' `` Breakaway '' `` Incredible '' `` Water and a Flame '' `` Hymn '' `` The Show Must Go On '' `` Recovering '' `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' Other `` Voices That Care '' `` What More Can I Give '' `` Come Together Now '' `` Sing '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' Book Portal Meat Loaf Studio albums Stoney & Meatloaf ( 1971 ) Bat Out of Hell ( 1977 ) Dead Ringer ( 1981 ) Midnight at the Lost and Found ( 1983 ) Bad Attitude ( 1984 ) Blind Before I Stop ( 1986 ) Bat Out of Hell II : Back into Hell ( 1993 ) Welcome to the Neighbourhood ( 1995 ) Could n't Have Said It Better ( 2003 ) Bat Out of Hell III : The Monster Is Loose ( 2006 ) Hang Cool Teddy Bear ( 2010 ) Hell in a Handbasket ( 2011 ) Braver Than We Are ( 2016 ) Live albums Live at Wembley ( 1987 ) Live Around the World ( 1996 ) VH1 : Storytellers ( 1999 ) Bat Out of Hell : Live with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra ( 2004 ) 3 Bats Live ( 2008 ) Compilations Hits Out of Hell ( 1984 ) Heaven & Hell ( 1989 ) Heaven Can Wait -- The Best Ballads of Meat Loaf Vol. 1 ( 1996 ) The Very Best of Meat Loaf ( 1998 ) Videography Live Hits Out of Hell Bad Attitude -- Live ! Bat Out of Hell II : Picture Show VH1 : Storytellers To Hell and Back Bat Out of Hell : Live with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra 3 Bats Live Meat Loaf : In Search of Paradise Tours The Seize the Night Tour ( 2006 -- 07 ) The Casa de Carne Tour ( 2008 ) The Hang Cool Tour ( 2010 -- 11 ) Guilty Pleasure Tour ( 2011 ) Mad , Mad World Tour ( 2012 ) Last at Bat Tour ( 2013 ) Singles `` What You See Is What You Get '' `` It Takes All Kinds of People '' `` You Took the Words Right Out of My Mouth '' `` Paradise by the Dashboard Light '' `` Two Out of Three Ai n't Bad '' `` Bat Out of Hell '' `` I 'm Gonna Love Her for Both of Us '' `` Dead Ringer for Love '' `` Read ' Em and Weep '' `` Peel Out '' `` In Europe ' 82 '' `` If You Really Want To '' `` Razor 's Edge '' `` Midnight at the Lost and Found '' `` Modern Girl '' `` Nowhere Fast '' `` Rock ' n ' Roll Mercenaries '' `` Blind Before I Stop '' `` Special Girl '' `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' `` Life Is a Lemon and I Want My Money Back '' `` Rock and Roll Dreams Come Through '' `` Objects in the Rear View Mirror May Appear Closer than They Are '' `` I 'd Lie for You ( And That 's the Truth ) '' `` Not a Dry Eye in the House '' `` Runnin ' for the Red Light ( I Gotta Life ) '' `` A Kiss Is a Terrible Thing to Waste '' `` No Matter What '' `` Is Nothing Sacred '' `` Did I Say That ? '' `` Could n't Have Said It Better '' `` Man of Steel '' `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' `` Cry Over Me '' `` Los Angeloser '' Related articles Discography Neverland Express Stoney & Meatloaf Ted Nugent Jim Steinman Patti Russo Shaun Murphy Amanda Aday Pearl Aday Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_All_Coming_Back_to_Me_Now&oldid=836726308 '' Categories : 1980s ballads 1989 singles 1996 singles 2006 singles Pandora 's Box ( band ) songs Celine Dion songs Meat Loaf songs Songs written by Jim Steinman Marion Raven songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Number - one singles in Norway Vocal duets Music videos directed by Nigel Dick RPM Adult Contemporary number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Rock ballads Pop ballads Song recordings produced by Jim Steinman 1989 songs Columbia Records singles Epic Records singles Mercury Records singles Works based on Wuthering Heights Music based on novels Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Use dmy dates from November 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Switzerland Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 14 : 10 . 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the deviation of any variable (x) from the mean measured in terms of standard deviations is
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Standard deviation
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standard deviation
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In statistics , the standard deviation ( SD , also represented by the Greek letter sigma σ or the Latin letter s ) is a measure that is used to quantify the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of data values . A low standard deviation indicates that the data points tend to be close to the mean ( also called the expected value ) of the set , while a high standard deviation indicates that the data points are spread out over a wider range of values .
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The standard deviation of a random variable , statistical population , data set , or probability distribution is the square root of its variance . It is algebraically simpler , though in practice less robust , than the average absolute deviation . A useful property of the standard deviation is that , unlike the variance , it is expressed in the same units as the data . In addition to expressing the variability of a population , the standard deviation is commonly used to measure confidence in statistical conclusions . For example , the margin of error in polling data is determined by calculating the expected standard deviation in the results if the same poll were to be conducted multiple times . This derivation of a standard deviation is often called the `` standard error '' of the estimate or `` standard error of the mean '' when referring to a mean . It is computed as the standard deviation of all the means that would be computed from that population if an infinite number of samples were drawn and a mean for each sample were computed . It is very important to note that the standard deviation of a population and the standard error of a statistic derived from that population ( such as the mean ) are quite different but related ( related by the inverse of the square root of the number of observations ) . The reported margin of error of a poll is computed from the standard error of the mean ( or alternatively from the product of the standard deviation of the population and the inverse of the square root of the sample size , which is the same thing ) and is typically about twice the standard deviation -- the half - width of a 95 percent confidence interval . In science , many researchers report the standard deviation of experimental data , and only effects that fall much farther than two standard deviations away from what would have been expected are considered statistically significant -- normal random error or variation in the measurements is in this way distinguished from likely genuine effects or associations . The standard deviation is also important in finance , where the standard deviation on the rate of return on an investment is a measure of the volatility of the investment . When only a sample of data from a population is available , the term standard deviation of the sample or sample standard deviation can refer to either the above - mentioned quantity as applied to those data or to a modified quantity that is an unbiased estimate of the population standard deviation ( the standard deviation of the entire population ) . Contents 1 Basic examples 1.1 Sample standard deviation of metabolic rate of Northern Fulmars 1.2 Population standard deviation of grades of eight students 1.3 Standard deviation of average height for adult men 2 Definition of population values 2.1 Discrete random variable 2.2 Continuous random variable 3 Estimation 3.1 Uncorrected sample standard deviation 3.2 Corrected sample standard deviation 3.3 Unbiased sample standard deviation 3.4 Confidence interval of a sampled standard deviation 4 Identities and mathematical properties 5 Interpretation and application 5.1 Application examples 5.1. 1 Experiment , industrial and hypothesis testing 5.1. 2 Weather 5.1. 3 Finance 5.2 Geometric interpretation 5.3 Chebyshev 's inequality 5.4 Rules for normally distributed data 6 Relationship between standard deviation and mean 6.1 Standard deviation of the mean 7 Rapid calculation methods 7.1 Weighted calculation 8 History 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Basic examples ( edit ) Sample standard deviation of metabolic rate of Northern fulmars ( edit ) Logan gives the following example . Furness and Bryant measured the resting metabolic rate for 8 male and 6 female breeding Northern fulmars . The table shows the Furness data set . Furness data set on metabolic rates of Northern fulmars Sex Metabolic rate Sex Metabolic rate Male 525.8 Female 727.7 Male 605.7 Female 1086.5 Male 843.3 Female 1091.0 Male 1195.5 Female 1361.3 Male 1945.6 Female 1490.5 Male 2135.6 Female 1956.1 Male 2308.7 Male 2950.0 The graph shows the metabolic rate for males and females . By visual inspection , it appears that the variability of the metabolic rate is greater for males than for females . The sample standard deviation of the metabolic rate for the female fulmars is calculated as follows . The formula for the sample standard deviation is s = ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − x _̄ ) 2 N − 1 . ( \ displaystyle s = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( N - 1 ) ) ) . ) where ( x 1 , x 2 , ... , x N ) ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle \ ( x_ ( 1 ) , \ , x_ ( 2 ) , \ , \ ldots , \ , x_ ( N ) \ ) ) are the observed values of the sample items , x _̄ ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) is the mean value of these observations , and N is the number of observations in the sample . In the sample standard deviation formula , for this example , the numerator is the sum of the squared deviation of each individual animal 's metabolic rate from the mean metabolic rate . The table below shows the calculation of this sum of squared deviations for the female fulmars . For females , the sum of squared deviations is 886047.09 , as shown in the table . Sum of squares calculation for female fulmars Animal Sex Metabolic rate Mean Difference from mean Squared difference from mean Female 727.7 1285.5 - 557.8 311140.84 Female 1086.5 1285.5 - 199.0 39601.00 Female 1091.0 1285.5 - 194.5 37830.25 Female 1361.3 1285.5 75.8 5745.64 5 Female 1490.5 1285.5 205.0 42025.00 6 Female 1956.1 1285.5 670.6 449704.36 Mean of metabolic rates 1285.5 Sum of squared differences 886047.09 The denominator in the sample standard deviation formula is N -- 1 , where N is the number of animals . In this example , there are N = 6 females , so the denominator is 6 -- 1 = 5 . The sample standard deviation for the female fulmars is therefore s = ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − x _̄ ) 2 N − 1 = 886047.09 5 = 420.96 . ( \ displaystyle s = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( N - 1 ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( 886047.09 ) ( 5 ) ) ) = 420.96 . ) For the male fulmars , a similar calculation gives a sample standard deviation of 894.37 , approximately twice as large as the standard deviation for the females . The graph shows the metabolic rate data , the means ( red dots ) , and the standard deviations ( red lines ) for females and males . Use of the sample standard deviation implies that these 14 fulmars are a sample from a larger population of fulmars . If these 14 fulmars comprised the entire population ( perhaps the last 14 surviving fulmars ) , then instead of the sample standard deviation , the calculation would use the population standard deviation . In the population standard deviation formula , the denominator is N instead of N - 1 . It is rare that measurements can be taken for an entire population , so , by default , statistical software packages calculate the sample standard deviation . Similarly , journal articles report the sample standard deviation unless otherwise specified . Population standard deviation of grades of eight students ( edit ) Suppose that the entire population of interest was eight students in a particular class . For a finite set of numbers , the population standard deviation is found by taking the square root of the average of the squared deviations of the values subtracted from their average value . The marks of a class of eight students ( that is , a statistical population ) are the following eight values : 2 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 9 . ( \ displaystyle 2 , \ 4 , \ 4 , \ 4 , \ 5 , \ 5 , \ 7 , \ 9 . ) These eight data points have the mean ( average ) of 5 : μ = 2 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 5 + 5 + 7 + 9 8 = 5 . ( \ displaystyle \ mu = ( \ frac ( 2 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 5 + 5 + 7 + 9 ) ( 8 ) ) = 5 . ) First , calculate the deviations of each data point from the mean , and square the result of each : ( 2 − 5 ) 2 = ( − 3 ) 2 = 9 ( 5 − 5 ) 2 = 0 2 = 0 ( 4 − 5 ) 2 = ( − 1 ) 2 = 1 ( 5 − 5 ) 2 = 0 2 = 0 ( 4 − 5 ) 2 = ( − 1 ) 2 = 1 ( 7 − 5 ) 2 = 2 2 = 4 ( 4 − 5 ) 2 = ( − 1 ) 2 = 1 ( 9 − 5 ) 2 = 4 2 = 16 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( array ) ( lll ) ( 2 - 5 ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( - 3 ) ^ ( 2 ) = 9&& ( 5 - 5 ) ^ ( 2 ) = 0 ^ ( 2 ) = 0 \ \ ( 4 - 5 ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( - 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) = 1&& ( 5 - 5 ) ^ ( 2 ) = 0 ^ ( 2 ) = 0 \ \ ( 4 - 5 ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( - 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) = 1&& ( 7 - 5 ) ^ ( 2 ) = 2 ^ ( 2 ) = 4 \ \ ( 4 - 5 ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( - 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) = 1&& ( 9 - 5 ) ^ ( 2 ) = 4 ^ ( 2 ) = 16. \ \ \ end ( array ) ) ) The variance is the mean of these values : σ 2 = 9 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 0 + 0 + 4 + 16 8 = 4 . ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( 9 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 0 + 0 + 4 + 16 ) ( 8 ) ) = 4 . ) and the population standard deviation is equal to the square root of the variance : σ = 4 = 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ sigma = ( \ sqrt ( 4 ) ) = 2 . ) This formula is valid only if the eight values with which we began form the complete population . If the values instead were a random sample drawn from some large parent population ( for example , they were 8 marks randomly and independently chosen from a class of 2 million ) , then one often divides by 7 ( which is n − 1 ) instead of 8 ( which is n ) in the denominator of the last formula . In that case the result of the original formula would be called the sample standard deviation . Dividing by n − 1 rather than by n gives an unbiased estimate of the variance of the larger parent population . This is known as Bessel 's correction . Standard deviation of average height for adult men ( edit ) If the population of interest is approximately normally distributed , the standard deviation provides information on the proportion of observations above or below certain values . For example , the average height for adult men in the United States is about 70 inches ( 177.8 cm ) , with a standard deviation of around 3 inches ( 7.62 cm ) . This means that most men ( about 68 % , assuming a normal distribution ) have a height within 3 inches ( 7.62 cm ) of the mean ( 67 -- 73 inches ( 170.18 -- 185.42 cm ) ) -- one standard deviation -- and almost all men ( about 95 % ) have a height within 6 inches ( 15.24 cm ) of the mean ( 64 -- 76 inches ( 162.56 -- 193.04 cm ) ) -- two standard deviations . If the standard deviation were zero , then all men would be exactly 70 inches ( 177.8 cm ) tall . If the standard deviation were 20 inches ( 50.8 cm ) , then men would have much more variable heights , with a typical range of about 50 -- 90 inches ( 127 -- 228.6 cm ) . Three standard deviations account for 99.7 % of the sample population being studied , assuming the distribution is normal ( bell - shaped ) . ( See the 68 - 95 - 99.7 rule , or the empirical rule , for more information . ) Definition of population values ( edit ) Let X be a random variable with mean value μ : E ( X ) = μ . ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ) = \ mu . \ , \ ! ) Here the operator E denotes the average or expected value of X . Then the standard deviation of X is the quantity σ = E ( ( X − μ ) 2 ) = E ( X 2 ) + E ( − 2 μ X ) + E ( μ 2 ) = E ( X 2 ) − 2 μ E ( X ) + μ 2 = E ( X 2 ) − 2 μ 2 + μ 2 = E ( X 2 ) − μ 2 = E ( X 2 ) − ( E ( X ) ) 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ sigma & = ( \ sqrt ( \ operatorname ( E ) ( ( X - \ mu ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) \ \ & = ( \ sqrt ( \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ^ ( 2 ) ) + \ operatorname ( E ) ( - 2 \ mu X ) + \ operatorname ( E ) ( \ mu ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) \ \ & = ( \ sqrt ( \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ^ ( 2 ) ) - 2 \ mu \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ) + \ mu ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ \ & = ( \ sqrt ( \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ^ ( 2 ) ) - 2 \ mu ^ ( 2 ) + \ mu ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ \ & = ( \ sqrt ( \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ^ ( 2 ) ) - \ mu ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ \ & = ( \ sqrt ( \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ^ ( 2 ) ) - ( \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) ( derived using the properties of expected value ) . In other words , the standard deviation σ ( sigma ) is the square root of the variance of X ; i.e. , it is the square root of the average value of ( X − μ ) . The standard deviation of a ( univariate ) probability distribution is the same as that of a random variable having that distribution . Not all random variables have a standard deviation , since these expected values need not exist . For example , the standard deviation of a random variable that follows a Cauchy distribution is undefined because its expected value μ is undefined . Discrete random variable ( edit ) In the case where X takes random values from a finite data set x , x , ... , x , with each value having the same probability , the standard deviation is σ = 1 N ( ( x 1 − μ ) 2 + ( x 2 − μ ) 2 + ⋯ + ( x N − μ ) 2 ) , w h e r e μ = 1 N ( x 1 + ⋯ + x N ) , ( \ displaystyle \ sigma = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ left ( ( x_ ( 1 ) - \ mu ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( x_ ( 2 ) - \ mu ) ^ ( 2 ) + \ cdots + ( x_ ( N ) - \ mu ) ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) ) ) , ( \ rm ( \ \ where \ \ ) ) \ mu = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) ( x_ ( 1 ) + \ cdots + x_ ( N ) ) , ) or , using summation notation , σ = 1 N ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − μ ) 2 , w h e r e μ = 1 N ∑ i = 1 N x i . ( \ displaystyle \ sigma = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - \ mu ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) , ( \ rm ( \ \ where \ \ ) ) \ mu = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) x_ ( i ) . ) If , instead of having equal probabilities , the values have different probabilities , let x have probability p , x have probability p , ... , x have probability p . In this case , the standard deviation will be σ = ∑ i = 1 N p i ( x i − μ ) 2 , w h e r e μ = ∑ i = 1 N p i x i . ( \ displaystyle \ sigma = ( \ sqrt ( \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) p_ ( i ) ( x_ ( i ) - \ mu ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) , ( \ rm ( \ \ where \ \ ) ) \ mu = \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) p_ ( i ) x_ ( i ) . ) Continuous random variable ( edit ) The standard deviation of a continuous real - valued random variable X with probability density function p ( x ) is σ = ∫ X ( x − μ ) 2 p ( x ) d x , w h e r e μ = ∫ X x p ( x ) d x , ( \ displaystyle \ sigma = ( \ sqrt ( \ int _ ( \ mathbf ( X ) ) ( x - \ mu ) ^ ( 2 ) \ , p ( x ) \ , ( \ rm ( d ) ) x ) ) , ( \ rm ( \ \ where \ \ ) ) \ mu = \ int _ ( \ mathbf ( X ) ) x \ , p ( x ) \ , ( \ rm ( d ) ) x , ) and where the integrals are definite integrals taken for x ranging over the set of possible values of the random variable X . In the case of a parametric family of distributions , the standard deviation can be expressed in terms of the parameters . For example , in the case of the log - normal distribution with parameters μ and σ , the standard deviation is ( e σ 2 − 1 ) e 2 μ + σ 2 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( ( e ^ ( \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) ) - 1 ) e ^ ( 2 \ mu + \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) . ) Estimation ( edit ) See also : Sample variance Main article : Unbiased estimation of standard deviation One can find the standard deviation of an entire population in cases ( such as standardized testing ) where every member of a population is sampled . In cases where that can not be done , the standard deviation σ is estimated by examining a random sample taken from the population and computing a statistic of the sample , which is used as an estimate of the population standard deviation . Such a statistic is called an estimator , and the estimator ( or the value of the estimator , namely the estimate ) is called a sample standard deviation , and is denoted by s ( possibly with modifiers ) . However , unlike in the case of estimating the population mean , for which the sample mean is a simple estimator with many desirable properties ( unbiased , efficient , maximum likelihood ) , there is no single estimator for the standard deviation with all these properties , and unbiased estimation of standard deviation is a very technically involved problem . Most often , the standard deviation is estimated using the corrected sample standard deviation ( using N − 1 ) , defined below , and this is often referred to as the `` sample standard deviation '' , without qualifiers . However , other estimators are better in other respects : the uncorrected estimator ( using N ) yields lower mean squared error , while using N − 1.5 ( for the normal distribution ) almost completely eliminates bias . Uncorrected sample standard deviation ( edit ) The formula for the population standard deviation ( of a finite population ) can be applied to the sample , using the size of the sample as the size of the population ( though the actual population size from which the sample is drawn may be much larger ) . This estimator , denoted by s , is known as the uncorrected sample standard deviation , or sometimes the standard deviation of the sample ( considered as the entire population ) , and is defined as follows : s N = 1 N ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − x _̄ ) 2 , ( \ displaystyle s_ ( N ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) , ) where ( x 1 , x 2 , ... , x N ) ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle \ ( x_ ( 1 ) , \ , x_ ( 2 ) , \ , \ ldots , \ , x_ ( N ) \ ) ) are the observed values of the sample items and x _̄ ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) is the mean value of these observations , while the denominator N stands for the size of the sample : this is the square root of the sample variance , which is the average of the squared deviations about the sample mean . This is a consistent estimator ( it converges in probability to the population value as the number of samples goes to infinity ) , and is the maximum - likelihood estimate when the population is normally distributed . However , this is a biased estimator , as the estimates are generally too low . The bias decreases as sample size grows , dropping off as 1 / N , and thus is most significant for small or moderate sample sizes ; for N > 75 ( \ displaystyle N > 75 ) the bias is below 1 % . Thus for very large sample sizes , the uncorrected sample standard deviation is generally acceptable . This estimator also has a uniformly smaller mean squared error than the corrected sample standard deviation . Corrected sample standard deviation ( edit ) If the biased sample variance ( the second central moment of the sample , which is a downward - biased estimate of the population variance ) is used to compute an estimate of the population 's standard deviation , the result is s N = 1 N ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − x _̄ ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle s_ ( N ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) Here taking the square root introduces further downward bias , by Jensen 's inequality , due to the square root being a concave function . The bias in the variance is easily corrected , but the bias from the square root is more difficult to correct , and depends on the distribution in question . An unbiased estimator for the variance is given by applying Bessel 's correction , using N − 1 instead of N to yield the unbiased sample variance , denoted s : s 2 = 1 N − 1 ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − x _̄ ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle s ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N - 1 ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) . ) This estimator is unbiased if the variance exists and the sample values are drawn independently with replacement . N − 1 corresponds to the number of degrees of freedom in the vector of deviations from the mean , ( x 1 − x _̄ , ... , x n − x _̄ ) . ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle ( x_ ( 1 ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) , \ ; \ dots , \ ; x_ ( n ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) . ) Taking square roots reintroduces bias ( because the square root is a nonlinear function , which does not commute with the expectation ) , yielding the corrected sample standard deviation , denoted by s : s = 1 N − 1 ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − x _̄ ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle s = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N - 1 ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) As explained above , while s is an unbiased estimator for the population variance , s is still a biased estimator for the population standard deviation , though markedly less biased than the uncorrected sample standard deviation . This estimator is commonly used and generally known simply as the `` sample standard deviation '' . The bias may still be large for small samples ( N less than 10 ) . As sample size increases , the amount of bias decreases . We obtain more information and the difference between 1 N ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) ) and 1 N − 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N - 1 ) ) ) becomes smaller . Unbiased sample standard deviation ( edit ) For unbiased estimation of standard deviation , there is no formula that works across all distributions , unlike for mean and variance . Instead , s is used as a basis , and is scaled by a correction factor to produce an unbiased estimate . For the normal distribution , an unbiased estimator is given by s / c , where the correction factor ( which depends on N ) is given in terms of the Gamma function , and equals : c 4 ( N ) = 2 N − 1 Γ ( N 2 ) Γ ( N − 1 2 ) . ( \ displaystyle c_ ( 4 ) ( N ) \ , = \ , ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( N - 1 ) ) ) \ , \ , \ , ( \ frac ( \ Gamma \ left ( ( \ frac ( N ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ) ( \ Gamma \ left ( ( \ frac ( N - 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ) ) . ) This arises because the sampling distribution of the sample standard deviation follows a ( scaled ) chi distribution , and the correction factor is the mean of the chi distribution . An approximation can be given by replacing N − 1 with N − 1.5 , yielding : σ ^ = 1 N − 1.5 ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − x _̄ ) 2 , ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( \ sigma ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N - 1.5 ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - ( \ bar ( x ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) , ) The error in this approximation decays quadratically ( as 1 / N ) , and it is suited for all but the smallest samples or highest precision : for N = 3 the bias is equal to 1.3 % , and for N = 9 the bias is already less than 0.1 % . For other distributions , the correct formula depends on the distribution , but a rule of thumb is to use the further refinement of the approximation : σ ^ = 1 N − 1.5 − 1 4 γ 2 ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − x _̄ ) 2 , ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( \ sigma ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N - 1.5 - ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) \ gamma _ ( 2 ) ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - ( \ bar ( x ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) , ) where γ denotes the population excess kurtosis . The excess kurtosis may be either known beforehand for certain distributions , or estimated from the data . Confidence interval of a sampled standard deviation ( edit ) See also : Margin of error , Variance § Distribution of the sample variance , and Student's_t - distribution § Robust_parametric_modeling The standard deviation we obtain by sampling a distribution is itself not absolutely accurate , both for mathematical reasons ( explained here by the confidence interval ) and for practical reasons of measurement ( measurement error ) . The mathematical effect can be described by the confidence interval or CI . To show how a larger sample will make the confidence interval narrower , consider the following examples : A small population of N = 2 has only 1 degree of freedom for estimating the standard deviation . The result is that a 95 % CI of the SD runs from 0.45 × SD to 31.9 × SD ; the factors here are as follows : Pr ( q α / 2 < k s 2 σ 2 < q 1 − α / 2 ) = 1 − α , ( \ displaystyle \ Pr \ left ( q_ ( \ alpha / 2 ) < k ( \ frac ( s ^ ( 2 ) ) ( \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) ) ) < q_ ( 1 - \ alpha / 2 ) \ right ) = 1 - \ alpha , ) where q p ( \ displaystyle q_ ( p ) ) is the p - th quantile of the chi - square distribution with k degrees of freedom , and 1 − α ( \ displaystyle 1 - \ alpha ) is the confidence level . This is equivalent to the following : Pr ( k s 2 q 1 − α / 2 < σ 2 < k s 2 q α / 2 ) = 1 − α . ( \ displaystyle \ Pr \ left ( k ( \ frac ( s ^ ( 2 ) ) ( q_ ( 1 - \ alpha / 2 ) ) ) < \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) < k ( \ frac ( s ^ ( 2 ) ) ( q_ ( \ alpha / 2 ) ) ) \ right ) = 1 - \ alpha . ) With k = 1 , q 0.025 = 0.000982 ( \ displaystyle q_ ( 0.025 ) = 0.000982 ) and q 0.975 = 5.024 ( \ displaystyle q_ ( 0.975 ) = 5.024 ) . The reciprocals of the square roots of these two numbers give us the factors 0.45 and 31.9 given above . A larger population of N = 10 has 9 degrees of freedom for estimating the standard deviation . The same computations as above give us in this case a 95 % CI running from 0.69 × SD to 1.83 × SD . So even with a sample population of 10 , the actual SD can still be almost a factor 2 higher than the sampled SD . For a sample population N = 100 , this is down to 0.88 × SD to 1.16 × SD . To be more certain that the sampled SD is close to the actual SD we need to sample a large number of points . These same formulae can be used to obtain confidence intervals on the variance of residuals from a least squares fit under standard normal theory , where k is now the number of degrees of freedom for error . Identities and mathematical properties ( edit ) The standard deviation is invariant under changes in location , and scales directly with the scale of the random variable . Thus , for a constant c and random variables X and Y : σ ( c ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ( c ) = 0 \ , ) σ ( X + c ) = σ ( X ) , ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ( X + c ) = \ sigma ( X ) , \ , ) σ ( c X ) = c σ ( X ) . ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ( cX ) = c \ sigma ( X ). \ , ) The standard deviation of the sum of two random variables can be related to their individual standard deviations and the covariance between them : σ ( X + Y ) = var ( X ) + var ( Y ) + 2 cov ( X , Y ) . ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ( X + Y ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ operatorname ( var ) ( X ) + \ operatorname ( var ) ( Y ) + 2 \ , \ operatorname ( cov ) ( X , Y ) ) ). \ , ) where var = σ 2 ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle \ operatorname ( var ) \ , = \ , \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) ) and cov ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle \ operatorname ( cov ) ) stand for variance and covariance , respectively . The calculation of the sum of squared deviations can be related to moments calculated directly from the data . In the following formula , the letter E is interpreted to mean expected value , i.e. , mean . σ ( X ) = E ( ( X − E ( X ) ) 2 ) = E ( X 2 ) − ( E ( X ) ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ( X ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ operatorname ( E ) ( ( X - \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ^ ( 2 ) ) - ( \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) The sample standard deviation can be computed as : s ( X ) = N N − 1 E ( ( X − E ( X ) ) 2 ) . ( \ displaystyle s ( X ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( N ) ( N - 1 ) ) ) ( \ sqrt ( \ operatorname ( E ) ( ( X - \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) . ) For a finite population with equal probabilities at all points , we have 1 N ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − x _̄ ) 2 = 1 N ( ∑ i = 1 N x i 2 ) − x _̄ 2 = ( 1 N ∑ i = 1 N x i 2 ) − ( 1 N ∑ i = 1 N x i ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ left ( \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) x_ ( i ) ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) x_ ( i ) ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) - \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) x_ ( i ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) This means that the standard deviation is equal to the square root of the difference between the average of the squares of the values and the square of the average value . See computational formula for the variance for proof , and for an analogous result for the sample standard deviation . Interpretation and application ( edit ) Further information : Prediction interval and Confidence interval Example of samples from two populations with the same mean but different standard deviations . Red population has mean 100 and SD 10 ; blue population has mean 100 and SD 50 . A large standard deviation indicates that the data points can spread far from the mean and a small standard deviation indicates that they are clustered closely around the mean . For example , each of the three populations ( 0 , 0 , 14 , 14 ) , ( 0 , 6 , 8 , 14 ) and ( 6 , 6 , 8 , 8 ) has a mean of 7 . Their standard deviations are 7 , 5 , and 1 , respectively . The third population has a much smaller standard deviation than the other two because its values are all close to 7 . It will have the same units as the data points themselves . If , for instance , the data set ( 0 , 6 , 8 , 14 ) represents the ages of a population of four siblings in years , the standard deviation is 5 years . As another example , the population ( 1000 , 1006 , 1008 , 1014 ) may represent the distances traveled by four athletes , measured in meters . It has a mean of 1007 meters , and a standard deviation of 5 meters . Standard deviation may serve as a measure of uncertainty . In physical science , for example , the reported standard deviation of a group of repeated measurements gives the precision of those measurements . When deciding whether measurements agree with a theoretical prediction , the standard deviation of those measurements is of crucial importance : if the mean of the measurements is too far away from the prediction ( with the distance measured in standard deviations ) , then the theory being tested probably needs to be revised . This makes sense since they fall outside the range of values that could reasonably be expected to occur , if the prediction were correct and the standard deviation appropriately quantified . See prediction interval . While the standard deviation does measure how far typical values tend to be from the mean , other measures are available . An example is the mean absolute deviation , which might be considered a more direct measure of average distance , compared to the root mean square distance inherent in the standard deviation . Application examples ( edit ) The practical value of understanding the standard deviation of a set of values is in appreciating how much variation there is from the average ( mean ) . Experiment , industrial and hypothesis testing ( edit ) Standard deviation is often used to compare real - world data against a model to test the model . For example , in industrial applications the weight of products coming off a production line may need to comply with a legally required value . By weighing some fraction of the products an average weight can be found , which will always be slightly different to the long - term average . By using standard deviations , a minimum and maximum value can be calculated that the averaged weight will be within some very high percentage of the time ( 99.9 % or more ) . If it falls outside the range then the production process may need to be corrected . Statistical tests such as these are particularly important when the testing is relatively expensive . For example , if the product needs to be opened and drained and weighed , or if the product was otherwise used up by the test . In experimental science , a theoretical model of reality is used . Particle physics conventionally uses a standard of `` 5 sigma '' for the declaration of a discovery . A five - sigma level translates to one chance in 3.5 million that a random fluctuation would yield the result . This level of certainty was required in order to assert that a particle consistent with the Higgs boson had been discovered in two independent experiments at CERN , and this was also the significance level leading to the declaration of the first detection of gravitational waves . Weather ( edit ) As a simple example , consider the average daily maximum temperatures for two cities , one inland and one on the coast . It is helpful to understand that the range of daily maximum temperatures for cities near the coast is smaller than for cities inland . Thus , while these two cities may each have the same average maximum temperature , the standard deviation of the daily maximum temperature for the coastal city will be less than that of the inland city as , on any particular day , the actual maximum temperature is more likely to be farther from the average maximum temperature for the inland city than for the coastal one . Finance ( edit ) In finance , standard deviation is often used as a measure of the risk associated with price - fluctuations of a given asset ( stocks , bonds , property , etc . ) , or the risk of a portfolio of assets ( actively managed mutual funds , index mutual funds , or ETFs ) . Risk is an important factor in determining how to efficiently manage a portfolio of investments because it determines the variation in returns on the asset and / or portfolio and gives investors a mathematical basis for investment decisions ( known as mean - variance optimization ) . The fundamental concept of risk is that as it increases , the expected return on an investment should increase as well , an increase known as the risk premium . In other words , investors should expect a higher return on an investment when that investment carries a higher level of risk or uncertainty . When evaluating investments , investors should estimate both the expected return and the uncertainty of future returns . Standard deviation provides a quantified estimate of the uncertainty of future returns . For example , assume an investor had to choose between two stocks . Stock A over the past 20 years had an average return of 10 percent , with a standard deviation of 20 percentage points ( pp ) and Stock B , over the same period , had average returns of 12 percent but a higher standard deviation of 30 pp. On the basis of risk and return , an investor may decide that Stock A is the safer choice , because Stock B 's additional two percentage points of return is not worth the additional 10 pp standard deviation ( greater risk or uncertainty of the expected return ) . Stock B is likely to fall short of the initial investment ( but also to exceed the initial investment ) more often than Stock A under the same circumstances , and is estimated to return only two percent more on average . In this example , Stock A is expected to earn about 10 percent , plus or minus 20 pp ( a range of 30 percent to − 10 percent ) , about two - thirds of the future year returns . When considering more extreme possible returns or outcomes in future , an investor should expect results of as much as 10 percent plus or minus 60 pp , or a range from 70 percent to − 50 percent , which includes outcomes for three standard deviations from the average return ( about 99.7 percent of probable returns ) . Calculating the average ( or arithmetic mean ) of the return of a security over a given period will generate the expected return of the asset . For each period , subtracting the expected return from the actual return results in the difference from the mean . Squaring the difference in each period and taking the average gives the overall variance of the return of the asset . The larger the variance , the greater risk the security carries . Finding the square root of this variance will give the standard deviation of the investment tool in question . Population standard deviation is used to set the width of Bollinger Bands , a widely adopted technical analysis tool . For example , the upper Bollinger Band is given as x + nσ . The most commonly used value for n is 2 ; there is about a five percent chance of going outside , assuming a normal distribution of returns . Financial time series are known to be non-stationary series , whereas the statistical calculations above , such as standard deviation , apply only to stationary series . To apply the above statistical tools to non-stationary series , the series first must be transformed to a stationary series , enabling use of statistical tools that now have a valid basis from which to work . Geometric interpretation ( edit ) To gain some geometric insights and clarification , we will start with a population of three values , x , x , x . This defines a point P = ( x , x , x ) in R. Consider the line L = ( ( r , r , r ) : r ∈ R ) . This is the `` main diagonal '' going through the origin . If our three given values were all equal , then the standard deviation would be zero and P would lie on L. So it is not unreasonable to assume that the standard deviation is related to the distance of P to L. That is indeed the case . To move orthogonally from L to the point P , one begins at the point : M = ( x _̄ , x _̄ , x _̄ ) ( \ displaystyle M = ( ( \ overline ( x ) ) , ( \ overline ( x ) ) , ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) ) whose coordinates are the mean of the values we started out with . show Derivation of M = ( x _̄ , x _̄ , x _̄ ) ( \ displaystyle M = ( ( \ overline ( x ) ) , ( \ overline ( x ) ) , ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) ) M ( \ displaystyle M ) is on L ( \ displaystyle L ) therefore M = ( l , l , l ) ( \ displaystyle M = ( l , l , l ) ) with l ∈ R ( \ displaystyle l \ in ( \ textbf ( R ) ) ) The line L ( \ displaystyle L ) is to be orthogonal to the vector from M ( \ displaystyle M ) to P ( \ displaystyle P ) . Therefore : L ⋅ ( P − M ) = 0 ( r , r , r ) ⋅ ( x 1 − l , x 2 − l , x 3 − l ) = 0 r ( x 1 − l + x 2 − l + x 3 − l ) = 0 r ( ∑ i x i − 3 l ) = 0 ∑ i x i − 3 l = 0 1 3 ∑ i x i = l x _̄ = l ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) L \ cdot ( P-M ) & = 0 \ \ ( r , r , r ) \ cdot ( x_ ( 1 ) - l , x_ ( 2 ) - l , x_ ( 3 ) - l ) & = 0 \ \ r ( x_ ( 1 ) - l + x_ ( 2 ) - l + x_ ( 3 ) - l ) & = 0 \ \ r ( \ sum \ limits _ ( i ) x_ ( i ) - 3l ) & = 0 \ \ \ sum \ limits _ ( i ) x_ ( i ) - 3l& = 0 \ \ ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) \ sum \ limits _ ( i ) x_ ( i ) & = l \ \ ( \ overline ( x ) ) & = l \ end ( aligned ) ) ) A little algebra shows that the distance between P and M ( which is the same as the orthogonal distance between P and the line L ) ∑ i ( x i − x _̄ ) 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( \ sum \ limits _ ( i ) ( x_ ( i ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) is equal to the standard deviation of the vector ( x , x , x ) , multiplied by the square root of the number of dimensions of the vector ( 3 in this case ) . Chebyshev 's inequality ( edit ) Main article : Chebyshev 's inequality An observation is rarely more than a few standard deviations away from the mean . Chebyshev 's inequality ensures that , for all distributions for which the standard deviation is defined , the amount of data within a number of standard deviations of the mean is at least as much as given in the following table . Distance from mean Minimum population 2 σ ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) \ , \ sigma ) 50 % 2σ 75 % 3σ 89 % 4σ 94 % 5σ 96 % 6σ 97 % k σ ( \ displaystyle k \ sigma ) 1 − 1 k 2 ( \ displaystyle 1 - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( k ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) 1 1 − l σ ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ sqrt ( 1 - \ ell ) ) ) \ , \ sigma ) l ( \ displaystyle \ ell ) Rules for normally distributed data ( edit ) Dark blue is one standard deviation on either side of the mean . For the normal distribution , this accounts for 68.27 percent of the set ; while two standard deviations from the mean ( medium and dark blue ) account for 95.45 percent ; three standard deviations ( light , medium , and dark blue ) account for 99.73 percent ; and four standard deviations account for 99.994 percent . The two points of the curve that are one standard deviation from the mean are also the inflection points . The central limit theorem states that the distribution of an average of many independent , identically distributed random variables tends toward the famous bell - shaped normal distribution with a probability density function of f ( x ; μ , σ 2 ) = 1 σ 2 π e − 1 2 ( x − μ σ ) 2 ( \ displaystyle f ( x ; \ mu , \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ sigma ( \ sqrt ( 2 \ pi ) ) ) ) e ^ ( - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( x - \ mu ) ( \ sigma ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) where μ is the expected value of the random variables , σ equals their distribution 's standard deviation divided by n , and n is the number of random variables . The standard deviation therefore is simply a scaling variable that adjusts how broad the curve will be , though it also appears in the normalizing constant . If a data distribution is approximately normal , then the proportion of data values within z standard deviations of the mean is defined by : Proportion = erf ( z 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( Proportion ) ) = \ operatorname ( erf ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( z ) ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) ) where erf ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle \ operatorname ( erf ) ) is the error function . The proportion that is less than or equal to a number , x , is given by the cumulative distribution function : Proportion ≤ x = 1 2 ( 1 + erf ( x − μ σ 2 ) ) = 1 2 ( 1 + erf ( z 2 ) ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( Proportion ) ) \ leq x = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ left ( 1 + \ operatorname ( erf ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( x - \ mu ) ( \ sigma ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) ) \ right ) \ right ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ left ( 1 + \ operatorname ( erf ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( z ) ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) \ right ) ) . If a data distribution is approximately normal then about 68 percent of the data values are within one standard deviation of the mean ( mathematically , μ ± σ , where μ is the arithmetic mean ) , about 95 percent are within two standard deviations ( μ ± 2σ ) , and about 99.7 percent lie within three standard deviations ( μ ± 3σ ) . This is known as the 68 - 95 - 99.7 rule , or the empirical rule . For various values of z , the percentage of values expected to lie in and outside the symmetric interval , CI = ( − zσ , zσ ) , are as follows : Percentage within ( z ) z ( Percentage within ) Confidence interval Proportion within Proportion without Percentage Percentage Fraction 0.318 639σ 25 % 75 % 3 / 4 6999674490000000000 ♠ 0.674 490 σ 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 % 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 % 1 / 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 6999994458000000000 ♠ 0.994 458 σ 68 % 32 % 1 / 3.125 1σ 7001682689492000000 ♠ 68.268 9492 % 7001317310508000000 ♠ 31.731 0508 % 1 / 7000315148720000000 ♠ 3.151 4872 7000128155200000000 ♠ 1.281 552 σ 80 % 20 % 1 / 5 7000164485400000000 ♠ 1.644 854 σ 90 % 10 % 1 / 10 7000195996400000000 ♠ 1.959 964 σ 95 % 5 % 1 / 20 2σ 7001954499736000000 ♠ 95.449 9736 % 7000455002640000000 ♠ 4.550 0264 % 1 / 7001219778950000000 ♠ 21.977 895 7000257582900000000 ♠ 2.575 829 σ 99 % 1 % 1 / 100 3σ 7001997300204000000 ♠ 99.730 0204 % 6999269979600000000 ♠ 0.269 9796 % 1 / 370.398 7000329052700000000 ♠ 3.290 527 σ 99.9 % 0.1 % 1 / 7003100000000000000 ♠ 1000 7000389059200000000 ♠ 3.890 592 σ 99.99 % 0.01 % 1 / 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10 000 4σ 7001999936660000000 ♠ 99.993 666 % 6997633400000000000 ♠ 0.006 334 % 1 / 7004157870000000000 ♠ 15 787 7000441717300000000 ♠ 4.417 173 σ 99.999 % 0.001 % 1 / 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100 000 7000450000000000000 ♠ 4.5 σ 99.999 320 465 3751 % 0.000 679 534 6249 % 3.4 / 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1000000 ( on each side of mean ) 7000489163800000000 ♠ 4.891 638 σ 7001999999000000000 ♠ 99.9999 % 6996100000000000000 ♠ 0.0001 % 1 / 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1000000 5σ 7001999999426697000 ♠ 99.999 942 6697 % 6995573303000000000 ♠ 0.000 057 3303 % 1 / 7006174427800000000 ♠ 1744278 7000532672399999999 ♠ 5.326 724 σ 7001999999900000000 ♠ 99.999 99 % 6995100000000000000 ♠ 0.000 01 % 1 / 7007100000000000000 ♠ 10 000 000 7000573072900000000 ♠ 5.730 729 σ 7001999999990000000 ♠ 99.999 999 % 6994100000000000000 ♠ 0.000 001 % 1 / 7008100000000000000 ♠ 100 000 000 6σ 7001999999998027000 ♠ 99.999 999 8027 % 6993197300000000000 ♠ 0.000 000 1973 % 1 / 7008506797346000000 ♠ 506 797 346 7000610941000000000 ♠ 6.109 410 σ 7001999999999000000 ♠ 99.999 9999 % 6993100000000000000 ♠ 0.000 0001 % 1 / 7009100000000000000 ♠ 1000000000 7000646695100000000 ♠ 6.466 951 σ 7001999999999900000 ♠ 99.999 999 99 % 6992100000000000000 ♠ 0.000 000 01 % 1 / 7010100000000000000 ♠ 10 000 000 000 7000680650200000000 ♠ 6.806 502 σ 7001999999999990000 ♠ 99.999 999 999 % 6991100000000000000 ♠ 0.000 000 001 % 1 / 7011100000000000000 ♠ 100 000 000 000 7σ 99.999 999 999 7440 % 6990256000000000000 ♠ 0.000 000 000 256 % 1 / 7011390682215445000 ♠ 390 682 215 445 Relationship between standard deviation and mean ( edit ) The mean and the standard deviation of a set of data are descriptive statistics usually reported together . In a certain sense , the standard deviation is a `` natural '' measure of statistical dispersion if the center of the data is measured about the mean . This is because the standard deviation from the mean is smaller than from any other point . The precise statement is the following : suppose x , ... , x are real numbers and define the function : σ ( r ) = 1 N − 1 ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − r ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ( r ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N - 1 ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - r ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) Using calculus or by completing the square , it is possible to show that σ ( r ) has a unique minimum at the mean : r = x _̄ . ( \ displaystyle r = ( \ overline ( x ) ). \ , ) Variability can also be measured by the coefficient of variation , which is the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean . It is a dimensionless number . Standard deviation of the mean ( edit ) Main article : Standard error of the mean Often , we want some information about the precision of the mean we obtained . We can obtain this by determining the standard deviation of the sampled mean . Assuming statistical independence of the values in the sample , the standard deviation of the mean is related to the standard deviation of the distribution by : σ mean = 1 N σ ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( \ text ( mean ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ sqrt ( N ) ) ) \ sigma ) where N is the number of observations in the sample used to estimate the mean . This can easily be proven with ( see basic properties of the variance ) : var ( X ) ≡ σ X 2 var ( X 1 + X 2 ) ≡ var ( X 1 ) + var ( X 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ operatorname ( var ) ( X ) & \ equiv \ sigma _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) \ \ \ operatorname ( var ) ( X_ ( 1 ) + X_ ( 2 ) ) & \ equiv \ operatorname ( var ) ( X_ ( 1 ) ) + \ operatorname ( var ) ( X_ ( 2 ) ) \ \ \ end ( aligned ) ) ) ( Statistical Independence is assumed . ) var ( c X 1 ) ≡ c 2 var ( X 1 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ operatorname ( var ) ( cX_ ( 1 ) ) & \ equiv c ^ ( 2 ) \ , \ operatorname ( var ) ( X_ ( 1 ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) hence var ( mean ) = var ( 1 N ∑ i = 1 N X i ) = 1 N 2 var ( ∑ i = 1 N X i ) = 1 N 2 ∑ i = 1 N var ( X i ) = N N 2 var ( X ) = 1 N var ( X ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ operatorname ( var ) ( ( \ text ( mean ) ) ) & = \ operatorname ( var ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) X_ ( i ) \ right ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ operatorname ( var ) \ left ( \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) X_ ( i ) \ right ) \ \ & = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) \ operatorname ( var ) ( X_ ( i ) ) = ( \ frac ( N ) ( N ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ operatorname ( var ) ( X ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ operatorname ( var ) ( X ). \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Resulting in : σ mean = σ N . ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( \ text ( mean ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ sigma ) ( \ sqrt ( N ) ) ) . ) It should be emphasized that in order to estimate the standard deviation of the mean σ mean ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( \ text ( mean ) ) ) it is necessary to know the standard deviation of the entire population σ ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ) beforehand . However , in most applications this parameter is unknown . For example , if a series of 10 measurements of a previously unknown quantity is performed in a laboratory , it is possible to calculate the resulting sample mean and sample standard deviation , but it is impossible to calculate the standard deviation of the mean . Rapid calculation methods ( edit ) See also : Algorithms for calculating variance The following two formulas can represent a running ( repeatedly updated ) standard deviation . A set of two power sums s and s are computed over a set of N values of x , denoted as x , ... , x : s j = ∑ k = 1 N x k j . ( \ displaystyle \ s_ ( j ) = \ sum _ ( k = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( k ) ^ ( j ) ) . ) Given the results of these running summations , the values N , s , s can be used at any time to compute the current value of the running standard deviation : σ = N s 2 − s 1 2 N ( \ displaystyle \ sigma = ( \ frac ( \ sqrt ( Ns_ ( 2 ) - s_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ( N ) ) ) Where N , as mentioned above , is the size of the set of values ( or can also be regarded as s ) . Similarly for sample standard deviation , s = N s 2 − s 1 2 N ( N − 1 ) . ( \ displaystyle s = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( Ns_ ( 2 ) - s_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( N ( N - 1 ) ) ) ) . ) In a computer implementation , as the three s sums become large , we need to consider round - off error , arithmetic overflow , and arithmetic underflow . The method below calculates the running sums method with reduced rounding errors . This is a `` one pass '' algorithm for calculating variance of n samples without the need to store prior data during the calculation . Applying this method to a time series will result in successive values of standard deviation corresponding to n data points as n grows larger with each new sample , rather than a constant - width sliding window calculation . For k = 1 , ... , n : A 0 = 0 A k = A k − 1 + x k − A k − 1 k ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) A_ ( 0 ) & = 0 \ \ A_ ( k ) & = A_ ( k - 1 ) + ( \ frac ( x_ ( k ) - A_ ( k - 1 ) ) ( k ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) where A is the mean value . Q 0 = 0 Q k = Q k − 1 + k − 1 k ( x k − A k − 1 ) 2 = Q k − 1 + ( x k − A k − 1 ) ( x k − A k ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) Q_ ( 0 ) & = 0 \ \ Q_ ( k ) & = Q_ ( k - 1 ) + ( \ frac ( k - 1 ) ( k ) ) ( x_ ( k ) - A_ ( k - 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) = Q_ ( k - 1 ) + ( x_ ( k ) - A_ ( k - 1 ) ) ( x_ ( k ) - A_ ( k ) ) \ \ \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Note : Q 1 = 0 ( \ displaystyle Q_ ( 1 ) = 0 ) since k − 1 = 0 ( \ displaystyle k - 1 = 0 ) or x 1 = A 1 ( \ displaystyle x_ ( 1 ) = A_ ( 1 ) ) Sample variance : s n 2 = Q n n − 1 ( \ displaystyle s_ ( n ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( Q_ ( n ) ) ( n - 1 ) ) ) Population variance : σ n 2 = Q n n ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( n ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( Q_ ( n ) ) ( n ) ) ) Weighted calculation ( edit ) When the values x are weighted with unequal weights w , the power sums s , s , s are each computed as : s j = ∑ k = 1 N w k x k j . ( \ displaystyle \ s_ ( j ) = \ sum _ ( k = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( w_ ( k ) x_ ( k ) ^ ( j ) ). \ , ) And the standard deviation equations remain unchanged . Note that s is now the sum of the weights and not the number of samples N . The incremental method with reduced rounding errors can also be applied , with some additional complexity . A running sum of weights must be computed for each k from 1 to n : W 0 = 0 W k = W k − 1 + w k ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) W_ ( 0 ) & = 0 \ \ W_ ( k ) & = W_ ( k - 1 ) + w_ ( k ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) and places where 1 / n is used above must be replaced by w / W : A 0 = 0 A k = A k − 1 + w k W k ( x k − A k − 1 ) Q 0 = 0 Q k = Q k − 1 + w k W k − 1 W k ( x k − A k − 1 ) 2 = Q k − 1 + w k ( x k − A k − 1 ) ( x k − A k ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) A_ ( 0 ) & = 0 \ \ A_ ( k ) & = A_ ( k - 1 ) + ( \ frac ( w_ ( k ) ) ( W_ ( k ) ) ) ( x_ ( k ) - A_ ( k - 1 ) ) \ \ Q_ ( 0 ) & = 0 \ \ Q_ ( k ) & = Q_ ( k - 1 ) + ( \ frac ( w_ ( k ) W_ ( k - 1 ) ) ( W_ ( k ) ) ) ( x_ ( k ) - A_ ( k - 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) = Q_ ( k - 1 ) + w_ ( k ) ( x_ ( k ) - A_ ( k - 1 ) ) ( x_ ( k ) - A_ ( k ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) In the final division , σ n 2 = Q n W n ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( n ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( Q_ ( n ) ) ( W_ ( n ) ) ) \ , ) and s n 2 = Q n W n − 1 , ( \ displaystyle s_ ( n ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( Q_ ( n ) ) ( W_ ( n ) - 1 ) ) , ) or s n 2 = n ′ n ′ − 1 σ n 2 , ( \ displaystyle s_ ( n ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( n ' ) ( n ' - 1 ) ) \ sigma _ ( n ) ^ ( 2 ) , ) where n is the total number of elements , and n ' is the number of elements with non-zero weights . The above formulas become equal to the simpler formulas given above if weights are taken as equal to one . History ( edit ) The term standard deviation was first used in writing by Karl Pearson in 1894 , following his use of it in lectures . This was as a replacement for earlier alternative names for the same idea : for example , Gauss used mean error . See also ( edit ) Statistics portal 68 -- 95 -- 99.7 rule Accuracy and precision Chebyshev 's inequality An inequality on location and scale parameters Cumulant Deviation ( statistics ) Distance correlation Distance standard deviation Error bar Geometric standard deviation Mahalanobis distance generalizing number of standard deviations to the mean Mean absolute error Pooled standard deviation Propagation of uncertainty Percentile Raw score Relative standard deviation Robust standard deviation Root mean square Sample size Samuelson 's inequality Six Sigma Standard error Standard score Volatility ( finance ) Yamartino method for calculating standard deviation of wind direction References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bland , J.M. ; Altman , D.G. ( 1996 ) . `` Statistics notes : measurement error '' . BMJ. 312 ( 7047 ) : 1654 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 312.7047. 1654 . PMC 2351401 . PMID 8664723 . Jump up ^ Gauss , Carl Friedrich ( 1816 ) . `` Bestimmung der Genauigkeit der Beobachtungen '' . Zeitschrift für Astronomie und verwandte Wissenschaften. 1 : 187 -- 197 . Jump up ^ Walker , Helen ( 1931 ) . Studies in the History of the Statistical Method . Baltimore , MD : Williams & Wilkins Co. pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Logan , Murray ( 2010 ) , Biostatistical Design and Analysis Using R ( First ed . ) , Wiley - Blackwell Jump up ^ Furness , R.W. ; Bryant , D.M. ( 1996 ) . `` Effect of wind on field metabolic rates of breeding Northern fulmars '' . Ecology. 77 : 1181 -- 1188 . doi : 10.2307 / 2265587 . Jump up ^ Weisstein , Eric W. `` Bessel 's Correction '' . MathWorld . Jump up ^ `` CERN Accelerating science '' . Public.web.cern.ch . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` CERN experiments observe particle consistent with long - sought Higgs boson CERN press office '' . Press.web.cern.ch. 2012 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ LIGO Scientific Collaboration , Virgo Collaboration ( 2016 ) , `` Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger '' , Physical Review Letters , 116 ( 6 ) : 061102 , arXiv : 1602.03837 , Bibcode : 2016PhRvL. 116f1102A , doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 116.061102 , PMID 26918975 Jump up ^ `` What is Standard Deviation '' . Pristine . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Ghahramani , Saeed ( 2000 ) . Fundamentals of Probability ( 2nd Edition ) . Prentice Hall : New Jersey . p. 438 . Jump up ^ Eric W. Weisstein . `` Distribution Function '' . MathWorld -- A Wolfram Web Resource . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Welford , BP ( August 1962 ) . `` Note on a Method for Calculating Corrected Sums of Squares and Products '' ( PDF ) . Technometrics. 4 ( 3 ) : 419 -- 420 . doi : 10.1080 / 00401706.1962. 10490022 . Jump up ^ Dodge , Yadolah ( 2003 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 920613 - 9 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Karl ( 1894 ) . `` On the dissection of asymmetrical frequency curves '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 185 : 71 -- 110 . Bibcode : 1894RSPTA. 185 ... 71P . doi : 10.1098 / rsta. 1894.0003 . Jump up ^ Miller , Jeff . `` Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics '' . External links ( edit ) Hazewinkel , Michiel , ed. ( 2001 ) ( 1994 ) , `` Quadratic deviation '' , Encyclopedia of Mathematics , Springer Science + Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55608 - 010 - 4 A simple way to understand Standard Deviation Standard Deviation -- an explanation without maths The concept of Standard Deviation is shown in this 8 - foot - tall ( 2.4 m ) Probability Machine ( named Sir Francis ) comparing stock market returns to the randomness of the beans dropping through the quincunx pattern . on YouTube from Index Funds Advisors IFA.com hide Statistics Outline Index hide Descriptive statistics Continuous data Center Mean arithmetic geometric harmonic Median Mode Dispersion Variance Standard deviation Coefficient of variation Percentile Range Interquartile range Shape Central limit theorem Moments Skewness Kurtosis L - moments Count data Index of dispersion Summary tables Grouped data Frequency distribution Contingency table Dependence Pearson product - moment correlation Rank correlation Spearman 's rho Kendall 's tau Partial correlation Scatter plot Graphics Bar chart Biplot Box plot Control chart Correlogram Fan chart Forest plot Histogram Pie chart Q -- Q plot Run chart Scatter plot Stem - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard%20deviation
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nba 3 point percentage leaders of all time
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Rank Name Position ( s ) Team ( s ) played for ( years ) Total 3 - point field goals made Total 3 - point field goals attempted 3 - point field goal percentage Ray Allen * SG Milwaukee Bucks ( 1996 -- 2003 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Boston Celtics ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Miami Heat ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 2,973 7,429 . 400 Reggie Miller * SG Indiana Pacers ( 1987 -- 2005 ) 2,560 6,486 . 395 Jason Terry ^ SG / PG Atlanta Hawks ( 1999 -- 2004 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2004 -- 2012 ) Boston Celtics ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Houston Rockets ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2016 - 2018 ) 2,282 6,010 . 380 Kyle Korver ^ SG / SF Philadelphia 76ers ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Utah Jazz ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Chicago Bulls ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2017 -- present ) 2,213 5,130 . 431 Jamal Crawford ^ SG / PG Chicago Bulls ( 2000 -- 2004 ) New York Knicks ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( 2017 -- 2018 ) 2,153 6,175 . 349 6 Paul Pierce SF Boston Celtics ( 1999 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Washington Wizards ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 2,143 5,816 . 368 7 Stephen Curry ^ PG Golden State Warriors ( 2009 -- present ) 2,129 4,880 . 436 8 Vince Carter ^ SG / SF Toronto Raptors ( 1999 -- 2004 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Orlando Magic ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Sacramento Kings ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2018 -- present ) 2,106 5,650 . 373 9 Jason Kidd * PG Dallas Mavericks ( 1994 -- 1996 , 2008 -- 2012 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1996 -- 2001 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2001 -- 2008 ) New York Knicks ( 2012 -- 2013 ) 1,988 5,701 . 349 10 Joe Johnson ^ SG / SF Boston Celtics ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2005 -- 2012 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Miami Heat ( 2016 ) Utah Jazz ( 2016 -- 2018 ) Houston Rockets ( 2018 -- present ) 1,978 5,331 . 371 11 Dirk Nowitzki ^ PF Dallas Mavericks ( 1999 -- present ) 1,918 5,005 . 383 12 J.R. Smith ^ SG New Orleans ( / Oklahoma City ) Hornets ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2006 -- 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 -- 2015 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2015 -- present ) 1,917 5,128 . 374 13 Chauncey Billups PG / SG Boston Celtics ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Toronto Raptors ( 1998 ) Denver Nuggets ( 19 99 , 2008 -- 2011 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2002 -- 2008 , 2013 -- 2014 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2011 -- 2013 ) 1,830 4,725 . 387 14 Kobe Bryant SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2016 ) 1,827 5,546 . 330 15 Rashard Lewis SF / PF Seattle SuperSonics ( 1999 -- 2007 ) Orlando Magic ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Washington Wizards ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Miami Heat ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 1,787 4,625 . 386 16 Peja Stojaković SF Sacramento Kings ( 1999 -- 2006 ) Indiana Pacers ( 2006 ) New Orleans ( / Oklahoma City ) Hornets ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Toronto Raptors ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2011 ) 1,760 4,392 . 401 17 Dale Ellis SF / SG Dallas Mavericks ( 1983 -- 1986 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1986 -- 1991 , 1997 -- 1999 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1991 -- 1992 , 1999 -- 2000 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1992 -- 1994 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1994 -- 1997 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 2000 ) 1,719 4,266 . 403 18 Steve Nash * PG Phoenix Suns ( 1996 -- 1998 , 2004 -- 2012 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1999 -- 2004 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 1,685 3,939 . 428 19 James Harden ^ SG Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Houston Rockets ( 2012 -- present ) 1,647 4,523 . 364 20 LeBron James ^ SF Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2003 -- 2010 , 2014 -- 2018 ) Miami Heat ( 2010 -- 2014 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2018 -- present ) 1,616 4,701 . 344 21 Jason Richardson SG Golden State Warriors ( 2001 -- 2007 ) Charlotte Bobcats ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Orlando Magic ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 2012 -- 2015 ) 1,608 4,344 . 370 22 Mike Miller SF / SG Orlando Magic ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2003 -- 2008 , 2013 -- 2014 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Washington Wizards ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Miami Heat ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 1,590 3,910 . 407 23 Glen Rice SF Miami Heat ( 1989 -- 1995 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1999 -- 2000 ) New York Knicks ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Houston Rockets ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 1,559 3,896 . 400 24 Klay Thompson ^ SG Golden State Warriors ( 2011 -- present ) 1,557 3,691 . 422 25 Eddie Jones SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1994 -- 1999 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Miami Heat ( 2000 -- 2005 , 2007 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2007 -- 2008 ) 1,546 4,147 . 373 26 Tim Hardaway PG Golden State Warriors ( 1989 -- 1993 , 1994 -- 1996 ) Miami Heat ( 1996 -- 2001 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2002 ) Indiana Pacers ( 2003 ) 1,542 4,345 . 355 27 Nick Van Exel PG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1993 -- 1998 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 2004 -- 2005 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2005 -- 2006 ) 1,528 4,278 . 357 28 Mike Bibby PG Vancouver Grizzlies ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Sacramento Kings ( 2001 -- 2008 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Washington Wizards ( 2011 ) Miami Heat ( 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 -- 2012 ) 1,517 3,999 . 379 29 Manu Ginóbili ^ SG San Antonio Spurs ( 2002 -- present ) 1,495 4,055 . 369 30 J.J. Redick ^ SG Orlando Magic ( 2006 -- 2013 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2013 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 2017 -- present ) 1,464 3,524 . 415 31 Michael Finley SF Phoenix Suns ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1996 -- 2005 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2005 -- 2010 ) Boston Celtics ( 2010 ) 1,454 3,880 . 375 32 Kevin Durant ^ SF / SG Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2016 -- present ) 1,433 3,734 . 384 33 Wesley Matthews ^ SG Utah Jazz ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2015 -- present ) 1,405 3,667 . 383 34 Brent Barry SG Los Angeles Clippers ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Miami Heat ( 1998 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1999 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1999 -- 2004 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Houston Rockets ( 2008 -- 2009 ) 1,395 3,442 . 405 35 Antoine Walker PF Boston Celtics ( 1996 -- 2003 , 2005 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Miami Heat ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( 2007 -- 2008 ) 1,386 4,264 . 325 36 Kyle Lowry ^ PG Memphis Grizzlies ( 2006 -- 2009 ) Houston Rockets ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Toronto Raptors ( 2012 -- present ) 1,375 3,717 . 370 37 Dan Majerle SG / SF Phoenix Suns ( 1988 -- 1995 , 2001 -- 2002 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Miami Heat ( 1996 -- 2001 ) 1,360 3,798 . 358 38 Carmelo Anthony ^ SF Denver Nuggets ( 2003 -- 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2017 -- 2018 ) 1,341 3,861 . 347 39 Baron Davis PG Charlotte Hornets ( 1999 -- 2002 ) New Orleans Hornets ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2012 ) 1,332 4,159 . 320 40 Mitch Richmond * SG Golden State Warriors ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Sacramento Kings ( 1991 -- 1998 ) Washington Wizards ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 1,326 3,419 . 388 41 Ryan Anderson ^ PF New Jersey Nets ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Orlando Magic ( 2009 -- 2012 ) New Orleans Hornets / Pelicans ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Houston Rockets ( 2016 -- present ) 1,315 3,446 . 382 42 Trevor Ariza ^ SF New York Knicks ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Orlando Magic ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Houston Rockets ( 2009 -- 2010 , 2014 -- 2018 ) New Orleans Hornets ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Washington Wizards ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2018 -- present ) 1,313 3,721 . 353 43 Allan Houston SG Detroit Pistons ( 1993 -- 1996 ) New York Knicks ( 1996 -- 2005 ) 1,305 3,247 . 402 44 Mike Dunleavy Jr . SF / SG Golden State Warriors ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Indiana Pacers ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Chicago Bulls ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2017 ) 1,304 3,460 . 377 45 Terry Porter PG Portland Trail Blazers ( 1985 -- 1995 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Miami Heat ( 1999 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 1,297 3,360 . 386 46 Mookie Blaylock PG New Jersey Nets ( 1989 -- 1992 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 1992 -- 1999 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 1,283 3,816 . 336 47 Damian Lillard ^ PG Portland Trail Blazers ( 2012 -- present ) 1,269 3,447 . 368 48 Vernon Maxwell SG San Antonio Spurs ( 1988 -- 1990 , 1996 -- 1997 ) Houston Rockets ( 1990 -- 1995 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1995 -- 1996 , 2000 ) Orlando Magic ( 1998 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1998 ) Sacramento Kings ( 1999 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2001 ) 1,256 3,931 . 320 49 Clifford Robinson PF / SF Portland Trail Blazers ( 1989 -- 1997 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2003 -- 2005 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 1,253 3,515 . 356 50 Stephen Jackson SG / SF New Jersey Nets ( 2000 -- 2001 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2001 -- 2003 , 2012 -- 2013 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Indiana Pacers ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Charlotte Bobcats ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2013 -- 2014 ) 1,252 3,763 . 333
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Stephen Curry
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List of National Basketball Association career 3 - point scoring leaders
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list of national basketball association career 3 - point scoring leaders
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This article provides two lists :
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A list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular season three - point field goals made . A progressive list of three - point leaders showing how the record has increased through the years . Contents 1 Three - point field goals made leaders 2 Progressive list of 3 - point scoring leaders 3 Notes 4 External links Three - point field goals made leaders ( edit ) This is a list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular - season three - point field goals made . Statistics accurate as of the conclusion of the 2017 -- 18 NBA season on April 11 , 2018 . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration § 1st time nominee for Hall of Fame in 2018 Rank Name Position ( s ) Team ( s ) played for ( years ) Total 3 - point field goals made Total 3 - point field goals attempted 3 - point field goal percentage Ray Allen * SG Milwaukee Bucks ( 1996 -- 2003 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Boston Celtics ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Miami Heat ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 2,973 7,429 . 400 Reggie Miller * SG Indiana Pacers ( 1987 -- 2005 ) 2,560 6,486 . 395 Jason Terry ^ SG / PG Atlanta Hawks ( 1999 -- 2004 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2004 -- 2012 ) Boston Celtics ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Houston Rockets ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2016 - 2018 ) 2,282 6,010 . 380 Kyle Korver ^ SG / SF Philadelphia 76ers ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Utah Jazz ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Chicago Bulls ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2017 -- present ) 2,213 5,130 . 431 Jamal Crawford ^ SG / PG Chicago Bulls ( 2000 -- 2004 ) New York Knicks ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( 2017 -- 2018 ) 2,153 6,175 . 349 6 Paul Pierce SF Boston Celtics ( 1999 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Washington Wizards ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 2,143 5,816 . 368 7 Stephen Curry ^ PG Golden State Warriors ( 2009 -- present ) 2,129 4,880 . 436 8 Vince Carter ^ SG / SF Toronto Raptors ( 1999 -- 2004 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Orlando Magic ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Sacramento Kings ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2018 -- present ) 2,106 5,650 . 373 9 Jason Kidd * PG Dallas Mavericks ( 1994 -- 1996 , 2008 -- 2012 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1996 -- 2001 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2001 -- 2008 ) New York Knicks ( 2012 -- 2013 ) 1,988 5,701 . 349 10 Joe Johnson ^ SG / SF Boston Celtics ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2005 -- 2012 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Miami Heat ( 2016 ) Utah Jazz ( 2016 -- 2018 ) Houston Rockets ( 2018 -- present ) 1,978 5,331 . 371 11 Dirk Nowitzki ^ PF Dallas Mavericks ( 1999 -- present ) 1,918 5,005 . 383 12 J.R. Smith ^ SG New Orleans ( / Oklahoma City ) Hornets ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2006 -- 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 -- 2015 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2015 -- present ) 1,917 5,128 . 374 13 Chauncey Billups PG / SG Boston Celtics ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Toronto Raptors ( 1998 ) Denver Nuggets ( 19 99 , 2008 -- 2011 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2002 -- 2008 , 2013 -- 2014 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2011 -- 2013 ) 1,830 4,725 . 387 14 Kobe Bryant SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2016 ) 1,827 5,546 . 330 15 Rashard Lewis SF / PF Seattle SuperSonics ( 1999 -- 2007 ) Orlando Magic ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Washington Wizards ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Miami Heat ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 1,787 4,625 . 386 16 Peja Stojaković SF Sacramento Kings ( 1999 -- 2006 ) Indiana Pacers ( 2006 ) New Orleans ( / Oklahoma City ) Hornets ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Toronto Raptors ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2011 ) 1,760 4,392 . 401 17 Dale Ellis SF / SG Dallas Mavericks ( 1983 -- 1986 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1986 -- 1991 , 1997 -- 1999 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1991 -- 1992 , 1999 -- 2000 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1992 -- 1994 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1994 -- 1997 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 2000 ) 1,719 4,266 . 403 18 Steve Nash * PG Phoenix Suns ( 1996 -- 1998 , 2004 -- 2012 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1999 -- 2004 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 1,685 3,939 . 428 19 James Harden ^ SG Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Houston Rockets ( 2012 -- present ) 1,647 4,523 . 364 20 LeBron James ^ SF Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2003 -- 2010 , 2014 -- 2018 ) Miami Heat ( 2010 -- 2014 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2018 -- present ) 1,616 4,701 . 344 21 Jason Richardson SG Golden State Warriors ( 2001 -- 2007 ) Charlotte Bobcats ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Orlando Magic ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 2012 -- 2015 ) 1,608 4,344 . 370 22 Mike Miller SF / SG Orlando Magic ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2003 -- 2008 , 2013 -- 2014 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Washington Wizards ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Miami Heat ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 1,590 3,910 . 407 23 Glen Rice SF Miami Heat ( 1989 -- 1995 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1999 -- 2000 ) New York Knicks ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Houston Rockets ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 1,559 3,896 . 400 24 Klay Thompson ^ SG Golden State Warriors ( 2011 -- present ) 1,557 3,691 . 422 25 Eddie Jones SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1994 -- 1999 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Miami Heat ( 2000 -- 2005 , 2007 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2007 -- 2008 ) 1,546 4,147 . 373 26 Tim Hardaway PG Golden State Warriors ( 1989 -- 1993 , 1994 -- 1996 ) Miami Heat ( 1996 -- 2001 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2002 ) Indiana Pacers ( 2003 ) 1,542 4,345 . 355 27 Nick Van Exel PG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1993 -- 1998 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 2004 -- 2005 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2005 -- 2006 ) 1,528 4,278 . 357 28 Mike Bibby PG Vancouver Grizzlies ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Sacramento Kings ( 2001 -- 2008 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Washington Wizards ( 2011 ) Miami Heat ( 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 -- 2012 ) 1,517 3,999 . 379 29 Manu Ginóbili ^ SG San Antonio Spurs ( 2002 -- present ) 1,495 4,055 . 369 30 J.J. Redick ^ SG Orlando Magic ( 2006 -- 2013 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2013 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 2017 -- present ) 1,464 3,524 . 415 31 Michael Finley SF Phoenix Suns ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1996 -- 2005 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2005 -- 2010 ) Boston Celtics ( 2010 ) 1,454 3,880 . 375 32 Kevin Durant ^ SF / SG Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2016 -- present ) 1,433 3,734 . 384 33 Wesley Matthews ^ SG Utah Jazz ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2015 -- present ) 1,405 3,667 . 383 34 Brent Barry SG Los Angeles Clippers ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Miami Heat ( 1998 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1999 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1999 -- 2004 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Houston Rockets ( 2008 -- 2009 ) 1,395 3,442 . 405 35 Antoine Walker PF Boston Celtics ( 1996 -- 2003 , 2005 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Miami Heat ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( 2007 -- 2008 ) 1,386 4,264 . 325 36 Kyle Lowry ^ PG Memphis Grizzlies ( 2006 -- 2009 ) Houston Rockets ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Toronto Raptors ( 2012 -- present ) 1,375 3,717 . 370 37 Dan Majerle SG / SF Phoenix Suns ( 1988 -- 1995 , 2001 -- 2002 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Miami Heat ( 1996 -- 2001 ) 1,360 3,798 . 358 38 Carmelo Anthony ^ SF Denver Nuggets ( 2003 -- 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2017 -- 2018 ) 1,341 3,861 . 347 39 Baron Davis PG Charlotte Hornets ( 1999 -- 2002 ) New Orleans Hornets ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2012 ) 1,332 4,159 . 320 40 Mitch Richmond * SG Golden State Warriors ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Sacramento Kings ( 1991 -- 1998 ) Washington Wizards ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 1,326 3,419 . 388 41 Ryan Anderson ^ PF New Jersey Nets ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Orlando Magic ( 2009 -- 2012 ) New Orleans Hornets / Pelicans ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Houston Rockets ( 2016 -- present ) 1,315 3,446 . 382 42 Trevor Ariza ^ SF New York Knicks ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Orlando Magic ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Houston Rockets ( 2009 -- 2010 , 2014 -- 2018 ) New Orleans Hornets ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Washington Wizards ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2018 -- present ) 1,313 3,721 . 353 43 Allan Houston SG Detroit Pistons ( 1993 -- 1996 ) New York Knicks ( 1996 -- 2005 ) 1,305 3,247 . 402 44 Mike Dunleavy Jr . SF / SG Golden State Warriors ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Indiana Pacers ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Chicago Bulls ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2017 ) 1,304 3,460 . 377 45 Terry Porter PG Portland Trail Blazers ( 1985 -- 1995 ) Minnesota Timberwolves ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Miami Heat ( 1999 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 1,297 3,360 . 386 46 Mookie Blaylock PG New Jersey Nets ( 1989 -- 1992 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 1992 -- 1999 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 1,283 3,816 . 336 47 Damian Lillard ^ PG Portland Trail Blazers ( 2012 -- present ) 1,269 3,447 . 368 48 Vernon Maxwell SG San Antonio Spurs ( 1988 -- 1990 , 1996 -- 1997 ) Houston Rockets ( 1990 -- 1995 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1995 -- 1996 , 2000 ) Orlando Magic ( 1998 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1998 ) Sacramento Kings ( 1999 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2001 ) 1,256 3,931 . 320 49 Clifford Robinson PF / SF Portland Trail Blazers ( 1989 -- 1997 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2003 -- 2005 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 1,253 3,515 . 356 50 Stephen Jackson SG / SF New Jersey Nets ( 2000 -- 2001 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2001 -- 2003 , 2012 -- 2013 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Indiana Pacers ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Charlotte Bobcats ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2013 -- 2014 ) 1,252 3,763 . 333 Progressive list of 3 - point scoring leaders ( edit ) This is a progressive list of 3 - point scoring leaders showing how the record has increased through the years . Statistics accurate as of the conclusion of the 2017 -- 18 NBA season on April 11 , 2018 . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration § 1st time nominee for Hall of Fame in 2018 Team abbreviations Team ( s ) listed is the one player was on when he established the record . BOS Boston Celtics HOU Houston Rockets ORL Orlando Magic SEA Seattle SuperSonics CHA Charlotte Bobcats IND Indiana Pacers PHI Philadelphia 76ers TOR Toronto Raptors CHI Chicago Bulls LAL Los Angeles Lakers PHO Phoenix Suns UTA Utah Jazz CLE Cleveland Cavaliers MIA Miami Heat SAC Sacramento Kings WAS Washington Wizards DEN Denver Nuggets MIL Milwaukee Bucks SAS San Antonio Spurs WSB Washington Bullets GSW Golden State Warriors NYK New York Knicks SDC San Diego Clippers Progressive 3 - point leaders Season Year - by - year leader 3P Active player leader 3P Career record 3P Single - season record 3P Season 1979 -- 80 Brian Taylor 000SDC 90 Brian Taylor 000SDC 90 Brian Taylor 000SDC 90 Brian Taylor 000SDC 90 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 Mike Bratz 000CLE 57 134 134 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 Don Buse 000IND 73 Joe Hassett 000GSW 193 Joe Hassett 000GSW 193 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 Mike Dunleavy 000 SAS 67 194 194 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 Darrell Griffith 000UTA 91 Darrell Griffith 000UTA 154 Darrell Griffith 000UTA 91 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 92 246 Darrell Griffith 000UTA 246 92 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 Larry Bird * 000BOS 82 Larry Bird * 000BOS 267 Larry Bird * 000BOS 267 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 90 357 357 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 Danny Ainge 000BOS 148 455 455 Danny Ainge 000BOS 148 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 Michael Adams 000DEN 166 Dale Ellis 000SEA 472 Dale Ellis 000SEA 472 Michael Adams 000DEN 166 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 158 568 568 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 Vernon Maxwell 000HOU 172 Michael Adams 000DEN 1990 -- 91 000WSB 1991 -- 92 658 Michael Adams 000DEN 1990 -- 91 000WSB 1991 -- 92 658 Vernon Maxwell 000HOU 172 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 162 783 783 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 Reggie Miller * 000IND Dan Majerle 000PHO 167 Dale Ellis 000 SAS 1992 -- 94 000 DEN 1994 -- 97 882 Dale Ellis 000 SAS 1992 -- 94 000 DEN 1994 -- 97 882 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 Dan Majerle 000PHO 192 1,013 1,013 Dan Majerle 000PHO 192 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 John Starks 000NYK 217 1,119 1,119 John Starks 000NYK 217 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 Dennis Scott 000ORL 267 1,269 1,269 Dennis Scott 000ORL 267 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 Reggie Miller * 000IND 229 1,461 1,461 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 Wesley Person 000CLE 192 Reggie Miller * 000IND 1,596 Reggie Miller * 000IND 1,596 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 Dee Brown 000TOR 135 1,702 1,702 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 Gary Payton * 000SEA 177 1,867 1,867 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 Antoine Walker 000BOS 221 2,037 2,037 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 Ray Allen * 000MIL 229 2,217 2,217 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 201 2,330 2,330 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 Peja Stojaković 000SAC 240 2,464 2,464 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 Quentin Richardson 0PHO Kyle Korver ^ 00PHI 226 2,560 2,560 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 Ray Allen * 000SEA 269 Ray Allen * 000SEA 2005 -- 07 000BOS 2007 -- 12 000MIA 2012 -- 14 1,755 Ray Allen * 000SEA 269 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 Gilbert Arenas 00WAS Raja Bell 00PHO 205 1,920 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 Jason Richardson 000CHA 243 2,100 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 Rashard Lewis 000ORL 220 2,299 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 Aaron Brooks ^ 000HOU 209 2,444 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 Dorell Wright 000GSW 194 2,612 Ray Allen * 000BOS 2010 -- 12 000MIA 2012 -- 14 2,612 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 Ryan Anderson ^ 000ORL 166 2,718 2,718 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 Stephen Curry ^ 000GSW 272 2,857 2,857 Stephen Curry ^ 000GSW 272 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 261 2,973 2,973 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 286 Jason Terry ^ 000HOU 2014 -- 16 000MIL 2016 -- 18 2,076 286 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 402 2,169 402 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 324 2,242 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 James Harden ^ 000HOU 265 2,282 2017 -- 18 Season Year - by - year leader 3P Active player leader 3P Career record 3P Single - season record 3P Season Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The National Basketball Association did not record 3 - point field goals until the 1979 -- 80 season Jump up ^ `` NBA Progressive Leaders and Records for 3 - Pt Field Goals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Sports - Reference . Retrieved 24 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : A player is not eligible for induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame until he has been fully retired for three calendar years . ^ Jump up to : `` Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Announces Eligible Candidates for the Class of 2018 '' . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ American Basketball Association ( ABA ) teams other than those admitted into the NBA in 1976 are not included ; each year is linked to an article about that particular NBA season . External links ( edit ) Basketball-Reference.com enumeration of NBA career leaders in 3 - point field goals made National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams All - time win - loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_career_3-point_scoring_leaders&oldid=854497664 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 19 : 59 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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who did ireland lose to in world cup 2018
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Date Competition Venue Opponent Result Scorers 11 June 2017 World Cup 2018 qualifier Dublin , Ireland Austria 1 -- 1 Martin Hinteregger 31 ' , Jonathan Walters 85 ' 2 September 2017 World Cup 2018 qualifier Tbilisi , Georgia Georgia 1 -- 1 Shane Duffy 4 ' , Valeri Qazaishvili 34 ' 5 September 2017 World Cup 2018 qualifier Dublin , Ireland Serbia 0 -- 1 Aleksandar Kolarov 55 ' 6 October 2017 World Cup 2018 qualifier Dublin , Ireland Moldova 2 -- 0 Daryl Murphy 2 ' , 19 ' 9 October 2017 World Cup 2018 qualifier Cardiff , Wales Wales 1 -- 0 James McClean 57 ' 11 November 2017 World Cup 2018 play - off Copenhagen , Denmark Denmark 0 -- 0 14 November 2017 World Cup 2018 play - off Dublin , Ireland Denmark 1 -- 5 Shane Duffy 6 ' , Cyrus Christie 29 ' ( og ) , Christian Eriksen 32 ' , 63 ' , 74 ' , Nicklas Bendtner 90 ' ( pen ) 23 March 2018 Friendly match Antalya , Turkey Turkey 0 -- 1 Mehmet Topal 52 ' 20 May 2018 Unofficial friendly Glasgow , Scotland Celtic 2 -- 2 Alan Browne , Ross Doohan og ' , Leigh Griffiths , Patrick Roberts 28 May 2018 Friendly match Saint Denis , France France 0 -- 2 Olivier Giroud 40 ' , Nabil Fekir 44 ' 2 June 2018 Friendly match Dublin , Ireland United States 2 -- 1 Bobby Wood 45 + 1 ' , Graham Burke 57 ' , Alan Judge 90 ' 6 September 2018 UEFA Nations League Cardiff , Wales Wales 11 September 2018 Friendly match Wrocław , Poland Poland 13 October 2018 UEFA Nations League Dublin , Ireland Denmark 16 October 2018 UEFA Nations League Dublin , Ireland Wales 15 November 2018 Friendly match Dublin , Ireland Northern Ireland 19 November 2018 UEFA Nations League Aarhus , Denmark Denmark
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Republic of Ireland national Football team
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republic of ireland national football team
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Republic of Ireland Nickname ( s ) The Boys in Green ( Irish : Na buachaillí i glas ) The Green Army Association Football Association of Ireland ( FAI ) Confederation UEFA ( Europe ) Head coach Martin O'Neill Captain Séamus Coleman Most caps Robbie Keane ( 146 ) Top scorer Robbie Keane ( 68 ) Home stadium Aviva Stadium FIFA code IRL First colours Second colours FIFA ranking Current 31 ( 7 June 2018 ) Highest 6 ( August 1993 ) Lowest 70 ( June -- July 2014 ) Elo ranking Current 33 3 ( 11 July 2018 ) Highest 8 ( March -- April 1991 , April 2002 , August 2002 ) Lowest 63 ( May 1972 ) First international Ireland 1 -- 0 Bulgaria ( Stade Colombes , France ; 28 May 1924 ) Biggest win Republic of Ireland 8 -- 0 Malta ( Dublin , Ireland ; 16 November 1983 ) Biggest defeat Brazil 7 -- 0 Republic of Ireland ( Uberlândia , Brazil ; 27 May 1982 ) World Cup Appearances 3 ( first in 1990 ) Best result Quarter - finals , 1990 European Championship Appearances 3 ( first in 1988 ) Best result Round of 16 , 2016 The Republic of Ireland national football team ( Irish : Foireann peile náisiúnta Phoblacht na hÉireann ) represents Ireland in association football . It is governed by the Football Association of Ireland ( FAI ) and plays its home fixtures at the Aviva Stadium in Dublin . The team made their debut at the 1924 Summer Olympics , reaching the quarter - finals . Between 1924 and 1936 , the team competed as the Irish Free State and from then until 1950 , it was referred to by the FAI as Éire or Ireland . In 1953 , FIFA decreed that for competitive matches in tournaments that both Irish teams may enter , the FAI team would be officially called the Republic of Ireland while the IFA team was to be named Northern Ireland . Northern Ireland was allowed to use the title Ireland by FIFA in the Home International Competition until it was discontinued in 1984 . The Republic of Ireland was the first nation from outside the United Kingdom to defeat England at home at a fixture played at Goodison Park , Liverpool , in 1949 . The team also reached the quarter - final stage of the 1964 European Nations ' Cup , where they lost to the eventual winners Spain . Under the guidance of Jack Charlton , the team enjoyed its most successful era , reaching their highest FIFA world ranking ever at sixth in August 1993 , and qualifying for UEFA Euro 1988 in their first appearance at the UEFA European Championship , reaching the quarter - finals of the 1990 FIFA World Cup in their first ever appearance at the finals , as well as making the last 16 at the 1994 edition . Charlton 's successor Mick McCarthy lost out on the next two major tournaments but ultimately qualified for the 2002 World Cup , making it to the last 16 . Under Giovanni Trapattoni , the team narrowly lost out on qualification for the 2010 World Cup during a controversial play - off , but went on to qualify for Euro 2012 . The team failed to qualify for the 2014 World Cup in Brazil , marking the end of Trapattoni 's tenure as manager . The Republic of Ireland also fell to a record low FIFA ranking of 59th , then a record low of 70th in June 2014 . For the next Euro qualifying campaign under manager Martin O'Neill , the Republic of Ireland finished third behind Germany and Poland , but went on to qualify for Euro 2016 after a 3 -- 1 aggregate win over Bosnia and Herzegovina in the play - offs . The Boys in Green reached the Round of 16 stage at that tournament and were knocked out by the hosts and eventual runners - up France after losing 2 -- 1 . Contents 1 History 1.1 Irish Free State ( 1924 -- 1936 ) 1.2 Ireland ( 1937 -- 1952 ) 1.3 Republic of Ireland ( 1953 -- 1968 ) 1.4 Wilderness ( 1969 -- 1985 ) 1.5 The Charlton years ( 1986 -- 1995 ) 1.6 Mick McCarthy era ( 1996 -- 2002 ) 1.7 Decline ( 2003 -- 2007 ) 1.8 The Trapattoni years ( 2008 -- 2013 ) 1.9 Recent history ( 2014 -- present ) 2 Team image 2.1 Kits 2.2 Kit sponsorship 2.2. 1 Kit evolution 2.3 Home stadium and other venues 2.4 Media coverage 2.5 Selection and nationality issues 3 Staff 4 Squad 4.1 Current squad 4.2 Recent call - ups 4.3 Previous squads 5 Competitive record 5.1 FIFA World Cup 5.2 UEFA European Championship 5.3 Other tournaments 5.4 Opponents 6 Honours 6.1 Major 6.2 Friendly titles 6.3 Other awards 7 Recent results and forthcoming fixtures 7.1 Schedule 8 Records 8.1 Most capped players 8.2 Top goalscorers 9 Managers 9.1 Manager records 10 Pictures 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Irish Free State ( 1924 -- 1936 ) ( edit ) Between 1882 and 1924 , Ireland was represented by a single national football team organised by the Belfast - based Irish Football Association ( IFA ) . In 1920 , Ireland was partitioned into Northern Ireland and the Irish Free State ( the latter in turn becoming Éire or Ireland after adopting a new Constitution in 1937 , followed by declaring itself a republic in 1948 . ) Following the initial political upheavals surrounding Partition , a Dublin - based organisation calling itself the Football Association of the Irish Free State ( FAIFS ) split from the IFA in 1921 and began organising its own league and national football team . In 1923 , the FAIFS was recognised by FIFA as the governing body of the Irish Free State and at the 1924 Summer Olympics , the Irish Free State made their international debut . On 28 May , at the Stade Olympique , they beat Bulgaria 1 -- 0 , with Paddy Duncan scoring the team 's first ever goal . As a result , they qualified for the quarter - finals . On 14 June 1924 , the Irish Free State made their home debut against the United States , who had embarked on a brief European tour after competing in the same Summer Olympics . Ed Brookes scored a hat - trick in a 3 -- 1 home win at Dalymount Park . The Irish Free State did not play their next game until 21 March 1926 , an away game against Italy lost 3 -- 0 . In subsequent years , the status of the Olympic Games football competition was downgraded and as a result , this game is widely regarded as the Irish Free State 's first official game . On 25 February 1934 , the Irish Free State made their FIFA World Cup debut , drawing 4 -- 4 with Belgium at Dalymount Park in a 1934 FIFA World Cup qualifier . Paddy Moore scored all four of the Free State 's goals and became the first player ever to score four goals in a World Cup game . Ireland ( 1937 -- 1952 ) ( edit ) After 1936 , they reverted to the designation `` Football Association of Ireland '' and began to refer to their team as Éire or `` Ireland '' . During this entire period , there were two Irish international football teams , chosen by two rival Associations . Both Associations , the Northern Ireland - based IFA and the Irish Free State - based FAI claimed jurisdiction over the whole of Ireland and considered themselves entitled to select players from the entire island . At least 38 dual internationals were selected to represent both teams , however the overwhelming majority of these were Southerners who also agreed to play for the IFA team , with only a bare handful `` crossing the border '' in the other direction . A 2 -- 0 win over England at Goodison Park on 21 September 1949 was the first time England suffered a home defeat by a team outside the Home Countries of Scotland , Wales and the Ireland team run by the Belfast - based Irish FA . FIFA eventually intervened when both teams entered 1950 World Cup qualification , the first time they had entered the same competition . Four players -- Tom Aherne , Reg Ryan , Davy Walsh , Con Martin -- actually played for the two different teams in the same FIFA World Cup tournament . All four players concerned had been born in the Irish Free State and made their full international debut in FAI colours before agreeing to represent the IFA team . This may have alarmed the FAI , since they subsequently lobbied FIFA to prevent the IFA from picking Southern - born players ( as well as attempting to exert pressure on the players themselves , sometimes through their clubs ) . FIFA 's response was to restrict the eligibility of players on the basis of the ( political ) border , further ruling in 1953 that neither team could be referred to as Ireland in competitions which both teams were eligible to enter ; i.e. , initially the FIFA World Cup and subsequently the European Nations Cup ( now the UEFA European Football Championship ) . FIFA decreed that the FAI team officially be called the Republic of Ireland while the IFA team was to be named Northern Ireland . Republic of Ireland ( 1953 -- 1968 ) ( edit ) In 1953 , FIFA renamed the team from `` Ireland '' to `` Republic of Ireland '' . The 1958 World Cup qualifiers saw the Republic of Ireland drawn with England . In their home game against England , Alf Ringstead put the hosts 1 -- 0 up before John Atyeo equalised in the last minute to salvage a 1 -- 1 draw for England . Under the rules of the day , a win for the Republic of Ireland would have meant a play - off with England for a place in the World Cup . After reaching the quarter - finals of the 1964 European Nations ' Cup , the Republic of Ireland were drawn to face Spain and Syria in 1966 World Cup qualifying . Despite Syria 's withdrawal , this was still considered a qualifying group with the Irish winning 1 -- 0 at home and losing 4 -- 1 away . This meant a play - off at the Parc des Princes in Paris , which Spain won 1 -- 0 Eamon Dunphy made his Ireland debut in this game . The play - off was originally scheduled to take place at Wembley Stadium in London , home to a large Irish diaspora , but the FAI agreed with the Royal Spanish Football Federation to have the match moved to Paris , where a large Spanish diaspora lived . The FAI was criticised for this move to boost revenue from gate receipts . In 1965 , the Republic of Ireland team made history when selecting Manchester United full - back Shay Brennan for the senior national team . This was the first instance of a player born outside the Republic being selected to play for the national team due to having an Irish parent . Since then , many of the Republic 's most prominent players have been born in England , including Mark Lawrenson , David O'Leary , John Aldridge , Tony Cascarino and David Kelly . A number of Scottish - born players , including Ray Houghton , have since represented the Republic due to having Irish parentage . The selection rules were later relaxed to allow for the selection of players with an Irish grandparent . Wilderness ( 1969 -- 1985 ) ( edit ) In 1969 , the FAI appointed Mick Meagan as the first permanent manager of the national side . His two years in charge were marked by exceptionally poor results , however with the team losing five out of six matches and gaining just one point in their 1970 World Cup qualification , and doing no better in the UEFA Euro 1972 qualifiers , leading to his dismissal . His replacement , Liam Tuohy , did a somewhat better in the 1974 qualification , and more importantly oversaw major improvements to the national team 's training facilities and persuaded many English club sides to end their policies of not releasing Irish players for international games during the domestic season . Ultimately , however , the team still failed to qualify for the World Cup , and Tuohy resigned following a dispute over his wages . Johnny Giles became the side 's first player - manager in the 1970s . This was followed by the debut of a young Liam Brady and results improved markedly . The side missed out on the 1978 World Cup by two points , having defeated France at home during qualification . After a less than impressive performance at Euro 1980 qualifying , in which the team finished well behind group winners England and Northern Ireland , Giles resigned , saying that he had taken the national side as far as he could . Eoin Hand took over as manager for the 1982 World Cup qualifiers , and once more the Republic of Ireland narrowly missed out on qualification , this time on goal difference behind France , whom they had defeated at home once more . Disappointing qualifying campaigns for both Euro 1984 and the 1986 World Cup followed , ending Hand 's time in charge . The Charlton years ( 1986 -- 1995 ) ( edit ) In 1986 , the Republic of Ireland appointed Jack Charlton , a top rated English manager who had been part of England 's World Cup - winning side of 1966 . During the 1970s , he had developed Middlesbrough into a side which provided many players to the dominant Liverpool team of the time . Republic of Ireland playing Netherlands at the Citrus Bowl in Orlando , Florida , where they lost 2 -- 0 in the Round of 16 of the 1994 World Cup After taking charge of the Republic of Ireland , Charlton influenced changes in the national side which resulted in arguably the most successful period of its history , qualifying for two World Cups and a European Championship . Ireland 's first appearance at a major finals tournament came in Euro 1988 . With Ireland 's fixtures already complete , Qualification was secured through Gary Mackay 's 87th - minute goal in Sofia when Scotland beat Bulgaria 1 -- 0 . The Scottish win left Ireland top of the group . In the finals in West Germany , Ireland beat England 1 -- 0 in Stuttgart with a header from Ray Houghton ; drew 1 -- 1 with the Soviet Union in Hannover , with Ronnie Whelan the scorer ; and lost to eventual champions the Netherlands 1 -- 0 in Gelsenkirchen , coming within seven minutes of a draw that would have meant a semi-final place . The Republic of Ireland 's longest competitive winning streak was achieved in 1989 during the 1990 World Cup qualifying campaign . Five games against Spain , Northern Ireland , Hungary and Malta twice , were all wins for the Irish . Subsequently , the side made it to the 1990 World Cup in Italy . Three draws in the group stage against England , Egypt and the Netherlands was enough to make the knockout stage . Virtually the entire country watched as they beat Romania on penalties , with Packie Bonner making a vital save and David O'Leary scoring the decisive spot - kick . Ireland were then beaten 1 -- 0 by hosts Italy in the quarter - final at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome . During the tournament , the team had an audience with Pope John Paul II , the only team to do so . After missing out on Euro 1992 ( despite being unbeaten in qualifying ) , the Republic of Ireland qualified for the 1994 World Cup , held in the United States . In their first match , they beat the previous World Cup hosts and third - place finishers , Italy , 1 -- 0 in their opening game at Giants Stadium just outside New York City , but lost to Mexico 2 -- 1 at the Citrus Bowl in the heat and humidity of Orlando , Florida . They ended the group stage with a 0 -- 0 draw with Norway at Giants Stadium , in East Rutherford , New Jersey . With these results , they made it to the second round , eventually losing 2 -- 0 to the Netherlands in Orlando . In 1996 , Ireland finished second behind Portugal in Euro 1996 qualifying 's Group 6 , but narrowly missed out on Euro 1996 after losing 2 -- 0 in a play - off , played at Anfield between the two worst group runners - up , to the Netherlands ( the other worst runner - up ) , with Patrick Kluivert scoring both goals to send his team through . It was Jack Charlton 's final game as manager . Mick McCarthy era ( 1996 -- 2002 ) ( edit ) Charlton was replaced by Mick McCarthy but Ireland still missed out on the next two major tournaments . Ireland just managed to finish second to Romania in their 1998 World Cup qualification campaign after Tony Cascarino scored a late goal to win the away match with Lithuania . A play - off with Belgium followed , with the match at Lansdowne Road finishing in a 1 -- 1 draw , the match in Belgium finishing 2 -- 1 to the home team and substitute David Connolly being sent off in the latter , preventing Ireland from progressing to the 1998 World Cup . FIFA awarded the FIFA Fair Play Award for 1997 to the Irish supporters `` for their exemplary behaviour at Ireland team matches , especially the FIFA World Cup qualifying play - offs against Belgium '' . Ireland 's opponents in UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying Group 8 were Yugoslavia , Croatia , Malta and Macedonia . Macedonia scored a last - minute equaliser that denied Ireland top spot in the group ; instead , they faced Turkey in a play - off to decide which team would participate in Euro 2000 . The match in Dublin finished in a 1 -- 1 draw , although Turkey qualified through the away goals rule after a 0 -- 0 draw , at the end of which Tony Cascarino became involved in a fight and retired from international football . Ireland took on both Portugal and the Netherlands in 2002 World Cup qualifiers in UEFA 's Group 2 , ending the group in second place with 24 points from 10 matches ( seven victories and three draws ) . Despite this unbeaten run , Ireland were drawn in a play - off with Iran . The match in Dublin finished in a 2 -- 0 victory to Ireland with goals from Ian Harte ( penalty ) and Robbie Keane , while the match in Tehran , played in front of 100,000 spectators , finished in a 1 -- 0 win for Iran . McCarthy thus managed to lead Ireland to the 2002 World Cup final stages , though only for the team to lose inspirational captain Roy Keane due to the pair 's infamous public spat in Saipan. 1 -- 1 draws with Cameroon and Germany were followed by a 3 -- 0 victory over Saudi Arabia in Group E. The Irish once again progressed to the knockout stage , only losing narrowly 3 -- 2 on penalties to Spain in Suwon after Robbie Keane 's last minute equalising penalty kick forced the game into extra-time . Decline ( 2003 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) After a poor start to qualifying for Euro 2004 , McCarthy was replaced by Brian Kerr , but he too struggled to guide the side to the tournament or the subsequent 2006 World Cup in Germany , and was ultimately sacked in October 2005 . Kerr was replaced by Steve Staunton ( assisted by Bobby Robson in the position of `` international football consultant '' ) in January 2006 . Under Staunton , results varied widely but the team still failed to qualify for Euro 2008 and Staunton lost the position in October 2007 . His reign included a humiliating 5 -- 2 defeat to Cyprus during the qualifiers ' Group D , one of the worst defeats in the team 's history . The Trapattoni years ( 2008 -- 2013 ) ( edit ) Irish celebrating qualification for UEFA Euro 2012 Giovanni Trapattoni was appointed manager in February 2008 following a spell with assistant coach Don Givens in charge . Trapattoni went through all ten first round 2010 World Cup qualifying games unbeaten , winning four of the ten games . Ireland lost out on a place in the finals , however , after a controversial , narrow loss to France in the play - offs . Ireland went down 0 -- 1 in the first leg , and lost 2 -- 1 on aggregate , with William Gallas scoring a controversial goal in extra time in the second leg after Thierry Henry had handled the ball before crossing for Gallas to score . This followed another controversy over FIFA 's last - minute decision to seed the play - off draw . In 2011 , Ireland hosted and won the inaugural Nations Cup with wins against Wales , Northern Ireland and Scotland without conceding a goal . In their Euro 2012 qualifying group , Ireland finished second , losing only the home fixture against Russia . They thus reached the play - offs and were drawn against Estonia , whom they beat 5 -- 1 on aggregate . Euro 2012 was Ireland 's first major tournament since 2002 , but in Group C they lost all three matches , against Croatia , Spain and Italy . UEFA , however , announced a special award for the fans of the Irish team , who notably sang in the last few minutes against Spain , despite trailing 4 -- 0 . Irish team in September 2013 Ireland were drawn in Group C of UEFA 's 2014 World Cup qualification alongside Germany , Sweden , Austria , the Faroe Islands and Kazakhstan . On 12 October , Ireland suffered their largest ever competitive home defeat , 6 -- 1 against Germany , at the Aviva Stadium . Ireland then lost against Sweden and Austria in early September 2013 , effectively ending the qualification campaign , and Giovanni Trapattoni resigned as team manager the following day . Noel King was appointed interim senior manager on 23 September 2013 following his resignation . On 5 November 2013 , the FAI announced that Martin O'Neill would be Trapattoni 's replacement as manager , with former team captain Roy Keane as his assistant . They assumed their roles when the team met on 11 November where they won against Latvia 3 -- 0 and drew against Poland 0 -- 0 . Recent history ( 2014 -- present ) ( edit ) For the Euro 2016 qualification phase , the Republic of Ireland were drawn in Group D against Georgia , Germany , Gibraltar , Poland and Scotland . The team played against Gibraltar for the first time , beating them 7 -- 0 , and scored an away draw against World Cup champions , Germany , a few days later in October 2014 . On 8 October 2015 , the Republic of Ireland beat world champions Germany 1 - 0 in a Euro 2016 qualifier at the Aviva Stadium . Shane Long scored the game 's only goal with an excellent finish in the 70th minute , rewarding the Republic of Ireland 's impressive defensive display . The result , hailed as one of the Republic of Ireland 's greatest , guaranteed the Republic of Ireland a play - off place at least , with hopes of automatic qualification still a reality going into the final group game against Poland in Warsaw . A win , or a draw of 2 -- 2 or more , would guarantee at least second place in the group and ensure automatic qualification for the finals in France . The Republic of Ireland , however , lost 2 -- 1 , thus entering them into the play - offs . The draw for the Euro 2016 Play - off was held in Nyon , Switzerland , on 18 October 2015 . Ireland were unseeded in the draw , meaning they could face one of Bosnia and Herzegovina , Ukraine , Sweden or Hungary . Ireland were drawn against Bosnia and Herzegovina , the top seeded team in the play - off . The only previous meeting between the teams resulted in a 1 -- 0 win for the Republic of Ireland in a friendly in 2012 , Shane Long scoring the game 's only goal . Owing to injuries and suspensions , Ireland had only the `` B '' squad available for the first leg of the play - off , played in Bilino Polje Stadium . A goal from Robbie Brady almost secured a victory for the Irish until Edin Džeko equalized 1 -- 1 to end off the match . In the second leg played at the Aviva Stadium , Jonathan Walters scored two goals leading to a 2 -- 0 victory for the Irish . In the end , Ireland won the play - off 3 -- 1 on aggregate , qualifying them for Euro 2016 . At the tournament 's final stages in France , Ireland were drawn into Group E against Italy , Belgium and Sweden . In their opener at the Stade de France in Saint - Denis , Paris , Wes Hoolahan scored the opener with a spectacular half - volley off a Séamus Coleman cross , but Sweden equalised after Ciaran Clark headed into his own net attempting to clear a cross from Zlatan Ibrahimović , leading to a 1 -- 1 draw . At the Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux against Belgium , the Belgians cruised to a 3 -- 0 victory after two goals from Romelu Lukaku and one from Axel Witsel , leaving Ireland needing to win their final match against Italy to qualify for the knockout stage . Against Italy at the Stade Pierre - Mauroy in Villeneuve - d'Ascq , Lille , Ireland played strongly but were five minutes plus stoppage time away from elimination when Robbie Brady headed in Hoolahan 's cross . The Republic held on to win 1 -- 0 , sending Ireland through as one of the four best third - place teams . On 26 June , Ireland played France in the round of 16 in Lyon . Ireland took the lead in the match with an early penalty from Robbie Brady , but France went on to win 2 -- 1 to advance to the quarter - finals . The 2018 World Cup qualification draw took place on 25 July 2015 when the team were drawn in Group D against Austria , Georgia , Moldova , Serbia and Wales . Ireland started qualifying well with a well - fought 2 - 2 draw away to Serbia preceding two impressive victories over Georgia and Moldova . On 12 November 2016 , Ireland beat Austria in Vienna to go top of the 2018 World Cup qualifying group . However , a run of three draws against Wales , Austria and Georgia followed by a devastating 1 - 0 loss at home to Serbia looked to have diminished any chances of the Republic of Ireland qualifying for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . The Republic of Ireland were soon back on form however after securing a 2 - 0 victory at home to Moldova thanks to a brace from Daryl Murphy . On 9 October 2017 , Ireland defeated Wales 1 -- 0 in Cardiff to qualify for the qualification play - offs after a James McClean goal fired Ireland to second place in the group . They went on to play Denmark in the play - offs . In the first leg of the play - offs on 11 November , Ireland drew 0 -- 0 against Denmark in Copenhagen . In the second leg on 14 November in Dublin , Ireland lost 5 -- 1 to Denmark after taking the lead in the game . Shane Duffy 's early header looked to have given the Republic of Ireland hope in qualifying for their first World Cup since 2002 , however , a Cyrus Christie own goal , a Christian Eriksen hat - trick and a late Nicklas Bendtner penalty shattered Irish dreams . Team image ( edit ) Kits ( edit ) Ireland players ( L-R ) Robbie Keane , Liam Lawrence , Keith Andrews and Greg Cunningham in a 2010 friendly against Algeria Traditionally , the team has played in a home strip of green shirt , white shorts and green socks . The second strip is usually the reverse of these colours , although there have been exceptions , such as an orange shirt in the late 1990s . Squad numbers are either white with an orange trim , on the home shirts , or green with an orange trim . The FAI logo appears at the bottom of the numbering . A limited edition grey shirt was used just once , in a match against Wales on 17 November 2007 . A black jersey with a green stripe across the chest was worn in the final game of the 2011 Nations Cup against Scotland and in a friendly against Italy in Liège , Belgium . The previous kit was supplied by Umbro since 1994 . In March 2009 , Umbro signed a deal with the FAI to keep them as kit suppliers to the team until 2020 . However New Balance have been kit suppliers since August 2017 . Kit sponsorship ( edit ) Kit supplier Period Notes Adidas 1980s - 1994 Umbro 1994 -- 2017 New Balance 2017 -- present Kit evolution ( edit ) Home Classic 1978 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 1988 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2012 2014 2016 Away 1990 1994 2002 2012 2013 2014 2016 2017 Home Stadium and other venues ( edit ) Ireland versus Argentina at the Aviva Stadium on 11 August 2010 Since the 1980s , most home matches have been played at Lansdowne Road , Dublin , the national rugby stadium owned by the Irish Rugby Football Union ( IRFU ) . The ground was closed for redevelopment in 2007 , with the replacement ground , the Aviva Stadium , opening on 14 May 2010 . The first football match in the Aviva was Manchester United against a League of Ireland XI side , managed by Damien Richardson , on 4 August 2010. ( 43 ) Manchester United won the game 7 -- 1 , with Park Ji - Sung scoring the first ever goal in the Aviva Stadium . Aviva Stadium is jointly owned by the IRFU and FAI , although it will return to solely IRFU ownership on expiry of the current 60 - year lease . The first football international played at Lansdowne Road by a FAI team was a friendly against Italy in 1971 ( an IFA team first played in 1878 against England ) ; a 5 -- 0 victory over San Marino in a UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying Group D match on 15 November 2006 was the last game there before the reconstruction . The all - seater capacity of Lansdowne Road prior to the renovation was 36,000 , although higher attendances , using the standing only areas , were permitted for friendly matches . The Aviva Stadium 's status as an all - seater increased capacity for competitive games to 51,700 . The opening game at the Aviva Stadium , a controversial 1 -- 0 friendly defeat to Argentina , was noted for Robbie Keane securing his membership in the FIFA Century Club and manager Giovanni Trapattoni 's absence due to surgery , with assistant manager Marco Tardelli taking charge . Croke Park , the headquarters of the Gaelic Athletic Association , has been used for Irish matches . With the announcement of the rebuilding of Lansdowne Road , a new venue was required to stage the Republic of Ireland 's home internationals . The only stadium in Ireland deemed suitable to stage international football was the 84,500 capacity Croke Park , home of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) . To accommodate this , the GAA temporarily relaxed its rule governing the playing of `` foreign '' games on its property . Initially , four UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying Group D matches were played at Croke Park in 2007 , resulting in two wins and two draws . The GAA initially agreed to allow the FAI use until the end of 2008 , and later extended the permission until the completion of Aviva Stadium . The Hill 16 end of Croke Park is a terrace , which means like Lansdowne Road before it , the capacity of the stadium was reduced to around 74,500 for competitive matches as temporary seating must be used . Prior to the 1980s , the Republic of Ireland played most home games at Dalymount Park , home of Bohemians , but progressively more games were played at Lansdowne Road following a safety review which reduced Dalymount 's capacity . The last international match played there was against Morocco in 1990 . The Republic of Ireland have also played home matches in Tolka Park ( twice ) and the RDS Arena in Dublin as well at the Mardyke and Flower Lodge grounds in Cork . These games in Cork were , until 2009 , the only two home Irish internationals played outside of Dublin . During the construction of the Aviva Stadium , two friendly games were played in Thomond Park , Limerick , in 2009 . Two further friendlies were played in the RDS Arena in May 2010 . Ireland played a friendly against Belarus in Cork 's 7,000 capacity Turners Cross stadium in May 2016 . Media coverage ( edit ) Ireland matches are broadcast by Raidió Teilifís Éireann ( RTÉ ) , Sky Sports , and Setanta Ireland . Sky Sports shows most of Irelands friendly matches , while RTÉ shows competitive games such as World Cup and European Championship qualifiers . RTÉ briefly lost its broadcast rights in 2002 when the FAI controversially sold them in a multi-million deal to Sky Sports , a subscription based satellite channel . The decision was criticised by fans and politicians , and the Consumers ' Association of Ireland ( CAI ) described the FAI as `` greedy '' . The FAI was eventually forced to reverse its decision and to allow RTÉ to continue its broadcasts after the government intervened to stop the sale of important Irish sporting events to non-terrestrial television broadcasters . RTÉ will hold the rights until 2018 . Selection and nationality issues ( edit ) The selection of young Northern Irish born players , especially those who have already represented Northern Ireland at youth level , into Republic of Ireland national teams has been controversial , as these players are able to claim Irish nationality even though born and brought up outside the Republic 's territory . This has led to accusations of unfairness and predatory behaviour . In Northern Ireland it is seen by Northern Ireland supporters as having the effect of dividing international football in their country along sectarian lines , whereby Nationalists will declare for the Republic of Ireland while Unionists continue to play for Northern Ireland . It has also been argued that it is actually the sectarian divisions , which already existed in Northern Irish football , that are a factor in a number of players switching to the Republic . Traditionally , those in the North who identify as Irish , predominantly Catholics and nationalists , support the Republic of Ireland team . Staff ( edit ) The senior men 's management team includes : Martin O'Neill is the team 's current manager . Position Name Appointed Manager Martin O'Neill Assistant manager Roy Keane 5 November 2013 Assistant coach Steve Walford Assistant coach Steve Guppy Goalkeeping coach Jim McDonagh 8 November 2013 High Performance Director Ruud Dokter 5 April 2013 ( commenced 1 August ) Squad ( edit ) Current squad ( edit ) The following 26 players were called up for the friendlies against France and United States on 28 May and 2 June 2018 . Caps and goals updated as of 2 June 2018 after the match against United States . No . Pos . Player Date of birth ( age ) Caps Goals Club 1GK Colin Doyle ( 1985 - 06 - 12 ) 12 June 1985 ( age 33 ) 0 Heart of Midlothian 16 1GK Conor O'Malley ( 1994 - 08 - 01 ) 1 August 1994 ( age 24 ) 0 0 Peterborough United 23 1GK Shane Supple ( 1987 - 05 - 04 ) 4 May 1987 ( age 31 ) 0 0 Bohemians 26 2DF John O'Shea ( 1981 - 04 - 30 ) 30 April 1981 ( age 37 ) 118 Reading 2DF Séamus Coleman ( captain ) ( 1988 - 10 - 11 ) 11 October 1988 ( age 29 ) 46 Everton 5 2DF Shane Duffy ( 1992 - 01 - 01 ) 1 January 1992 ( age 26 ) 20 Brighton & Hove Albion 21 2DF Kevin Long ( 1990 - 08 - 18 ) 18 August 1990 ( age 27 ) 7 0 Burnley 7 2DF Greg Cunningham ( 1991 - 01 - 31 ) 31 January 1991 ( age 27 ) 0 Cardiff City 2DF Declan Rice ( 1999 - 01 - 14 ) 14 January 1999 ( age 19 ) 0 West Ham United 2DF Matt Doherty ( 1992 - 01 - 16 ) 16 January 1992 ( age 26 ) 0 Wolverhampton Wanderers 10 2DF John Egan ( 1992 - 10 - 20 ) 20 October 1992 ( age 25 ) 0 Sheffield United 12 2DF Darragh Lenihan ( 1994 - 03 - 16 ) 16 March 1994 ( age 24 ) 0 Blackburn Rovers 20 2DF Enda Stevens ( 1990 - 07 - 09 ) 9 July 1990 ( age 28 ) 0 Sheffield United 17 2DF Derrick Williams ( 1993 - 01 - 17 ) 17 January 1993 ( age 25 ) 0 Blackburn Rovers 11 3MF James McClean ( 1989 - 04 - 22 ) 22 April 1989 ( age 29 ) 60 10 Stoke City 13 3MF Jeff Hendrick ( 1992 - 01 - 31 ) 31 January 1992 ( age 26 ) 40 Burnley 18 3MF David Meyler ( 1989 - 05 - 29 ) 29 May 1989 ( age 29 ) 26 0 Reading 22 3MF Harry Arter ( 1989 - 12 - 28 ) 28 December 1989 ( age 28 ) 13 0 Cardiff City 8 3MF Callum O'Dowda ( 1995 - 04 - 23 ) 23 April 1995 ( age 23 ) 10 0 Bristol City 3MF Eunan O'Kane ( 1990 - 07 - 10 ) 10 July 1990 ( age 28 ) 7 0 Leeds United 6 3MF Alan Judge ( 1988 - 11 - 11 ) 11 November 1988 ( age 29 ) Brentford 15 3MF Daryl Horgan ( 1992 - 08 - 10 ) 10 August 1992 ( age 26 ) 0 Hibernian 14 3MF Alan Browne ( 1995 - 04 - 15 ) 15 April 1995 ( age 23 ) 0 Preston North End 25 3MF Shaun Williams ( 1986 - 10 - 19 ) 19 October 1986 ( age 31 ) 0 Millwall 9 4FW Shane Long ( 1987 - 01 - 22 ) 22 January 1987 ( age 31 ) 81 17 Southampton 19 4FW Jonathan Walters ( 1983 - 09 - 20 ) 20 September 1983 ( age 34 ) 53 14 Burnley 24 4FW Graham Burke ( 1993 - 09 - 21 ) 21 September 1993 ( age 24 ) Preston North End Recent call - ups ( edit ) The following players have been selected by the Republic of Ireland in the past 12 months , but were not selected in the final squad for the play - off games against Denmark in November 2017 , or withdrew from that squad due to injury or suspension . Pos . Player Date of birth ( age ) Caps Goals Club Latest call - up GK Aaron McCarey ( 1992 - 01 - 14 ) 14 January 1992 ( age 26 ) 0 0 unattached v. Turkey , 23 March 2018 GK Kieran O'Hara ( 1996 - 04 - 22 ) 22 April 1996 ( age 22 ) 0 0 Manchester United v. Turkey , 23 March 2018 GK Darren Randolph ( 1987 - 05 - 12 ) 12 May 1987 ( age 31 ) 28 0 Middlesbrough v. Denmark , 14 November 2017 GK Keiren Westwood ( 1984 - 10 - 23 ) 23 October 1984 ( age 33 ) 21 0 Sheffield Wednesday v. Denmark , 14 November 2017 GK Rob Elliot ( 1986 - 04 - 30 ) 30 April 1986 ( age 32 ) 0 Newcastle United v. Wales , 9 October 2017 DF Ciaran Clark ( 1989 - 09 - 26 ) 26 September 1989 ( age 28 ) 31 Newcastle United v. Turkey , 23 March 2018 DF Cyrus Christie ( 1992 - 09 - 30 ) 30 September 1992 ( age 25 ) 17 Fulham v. Turkey , 23 March 2018 DF Alex Pearce ( 1988 - 11 - 09 ) 9 November 1988 ( age 29 ) 9 Derby County v. Turkey , 23 March 2018 DF Stephen Ward ( 1985 - 08 - 20 ) 20 August 1985 ( age 32 ) 49 Burnley v. Denmark , 11 November 2017 DF Paul McShane ( 1986 - 01 - 06 ) 6 January 1986 ( age 32 ) 33 0 Reading v. Denmark , 11 November 2017 DF Richard Keogh ( 1986 - 08 - 11 ) 11 August 1986 ( age 32 ) 17 Derby County v. Wales , 9 October 2017 MF Conor Hourihane ( 1991 - 02 - 02 ) 2 February 1991 ( age 27 ) 5 0 Aston Villa v. Turkey , 23 March 2018 MF Glenn Whelan ( 1984 - 01 - 13 ) 13 January 1984 ( age 34 ) 84 Aston Villa v. Denmark , 11 November 2017 MF Aiden McGeady ( 1986 - 04 - 04 ) 4 April 1986 ( age 32 ) 93 5 Sunderland v. Denmark , 11 November 2017 MF Wes Hoolahan ( 1982 - 05 - 20 ) 20 May 1982 ( age 36 ) 43 unattached v. Denmark , 11 November 2017 MF Robbie Brady ( 1992 - 01 - 14 ) 14 January 1992 ( age 26 ) 39 7 Burnley v. Denmark , 11 November 2017 MF Jonny Hayes ( 1987 - 07 - 09 ) 9 July 1987 ( age 31 ) 0 Celtic v. Serbia , 5 September 2017 FW Seán Maguire ( 1994 - 05 - 01 ) 1 May 1994 ( age 24 ) 0 Preston North End v. Turkey , 23 March 2018 FW Scott Hogan ( 1992 - 04 - 13 ) 13 April 1992 ( age 26 ) 0 Aston Villa v. Turkey , 23 March 2018 FW Daryl Murphy ( 1983 - 03 - 15 ) 15 March 1983 ( age 35 ) 32 Nottingham Forest v. Denmark , 11 November 2017 Previous squads ( edit ) FIFA World Cup squads 1990 FIFA World Cup squad 1994 FIFA World Cup squad 2002 FIFA World Cup squad UEFA European Football Championship squads UEFA Euro 1988 squad UEFA Euro 2012 squad UEFA Euro 2016 squad Competitive record ( edit ) FIFA World Cup ( edit ) See also : Republic of Ireland national football team -- record in major tournaments and Republic of Ireland at the FIFA World Cup Ireland Competed as `` Irish Free State '' . Paddy Moore ( v. Belgium ) became the first player anywhere to score 4 goals in a World Cup match . For the 1950 World Cup , after three qualified teams withdrew , FIFA invited the FAI to compete as a replacement , however they declined . During qualification for the 1962 World Cup , it was the only qualifying tournament in which the team had a 0 % record . During qualification for the 1966 World Cup , Ireland reached their first playoff against Spain . Goal difference did not count , so a playoff was played at the Stade Colombes , Paris , and Ireland failed to progress . Ireland almost qualified but lost on goal difference to France in a tough and tight group . Fans lamented some controversial refereeing decisions For the 1990 World Cup , Ireland reached the quarter finals of the tournament for the first time in their history . It was Ireland 's first ever participation in a FIFA World Cup . Ireland played England in the first drawing 1 -- 1 . Ireland drew the next two matches but ultimately qualified for the knockout stages where they played Romania . The match ended 0 -- 0 and Ireland won on penalties 5 -- 4 which sent Ireland into the quarter - final showdown against the tournament host Italy . There Ireland lost 1 -- 0 via a Salvatore Schillaci goal in the 38th minute that sent the Irish out of the competition . Ray Houghton scored against Italy at the 1994 FIFA World Cup In 1994 , Ireland participated in their second consecutive World Cup . This time they were drawn with Mexico , Norway and Italy . Ireland won their first game against Italy which was the first time Ireland had won a World Cup match and their first ever victory over Italy with a spectacular goal from Ray Houghton . Ireland lost against Mexico in the second group match and drew with Norway but still made to the knockout phase where they faced the Netherlands . Ireland lost 2 -- 0 . For the 1998 qualification campaign , Ireland scraped into the playoffs largely due to Tony Cascarino 's seven goals in ten games . They lost in the playoff against Belgium , drawing 1 -- 1 in the first leg then losing 2 -- 1 in the second leg . Although for next campaign Ireland were drawn with two big European nations , the Netherlands , Portugal . Ireland went the whole campaign unbeaten , beating the Netherlands 1 -- 0 in the process courtesy of a Jason McAteer goal that helped Ireland qualify . Main article : Saipan Incident At the start of the tournament , captain Roy Keane and manager Mick McCarthy where involved in a `` bust up '' and Keane was sent home . Despite this , McCarthy did not call up a replacement and continued with 22 players . Ireland drew in their first match against Cameroon and in their second match they drew again against the tournaments runner up Germany . In Ireland 's final group match , they defeated Saudi Arabia , their second ever victory in a World Cup and progressed them to the round of 16 . Ireland met Spain and lost in penalty shootout . With failure to qualify for the 2006 World Cup , Ireland reached a playoff against France for a place at the 2010 World Cup . Main article : 2009 Republic of Ireland v France football matches France 's Thierry Henry 's handball stirred international controversy after the move set up William Gallas to score in extra-time of the second leg of the playoff ; the referee did not notice and allowed the goal to stand , leading to widespread media controversy , protests at the French embassy in Dublin and comments from senior government officials from both countries . FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup qualification record Year Round Position Pld D * GF GA Pld GF GA Position 1930 Did not enter -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1934 Did not qualify 0 6 9 3 / 3 1938 0 5 6 2 / 2 1950 6 7 2 / 3 1954 0 8 6 2 / 3 1958 6 7 2 / 3 1962 0 0 17 3 / 3 1966 0 5 Lost Playoff 1970 6 0 5 14 4 / 4 5 2 / 3 1978 3 / 3 1982 8 17 11 3 / 5 1986 8 5 10 4 / 5 1990 Quarter - finals 8th 5 0 8 5 10 2 / 5 1994 Round of 16 15th 12 7 19 6 2 / 7 1998 Did not qualify 12 5 24 11 2 / 6 Lost Playoff 2002 Round of 16 12th 0 6 12 8 25 6 2 / 6 Won Playoff 2006 Did not qualify 10 5 12 5 4 / 6 12 7 13 10 2 / 6 Lost Playoff 2014 10 16 17 4 / 6 2018 12 5 5 13 11 2 / 6 Lost Playoff 2022 To be determined To be determined 2026 Total Quarter - finals 3 / 21 13 8 10 10 141 56 43 42 199 169 Draws include knockout matches decided by penalty shootout . show FIFA World Cup history Year Round Score Result Republic of Ireland scorers 1990 Round 1 Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 England Draw Kevin Sheedy 73 ' Round 1 Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Netherlands Draw Niall Quinn 71 ' Round 1 Republic of Ireland 0 -- 0 Egypt Draw Round 2 Republic of Ireland 0 ( 5 ) -- 0 ( 4 ) Romania Draw Quarter - finals Republic of Ireland 0 -- 1 Italy Loss 1994 Round 1 Republic of Ireland 1 -- 0 Italy Win Ray Houghton 11 ' Round 1 Republic of Ireland 1 -- 2 Mexico Loss John Aldridge 84 ' Round 1 Republic of Ireland 0 -- 0 Norway Draw Round 2 Republic of Ireland 0 -- 2 Netherlands Loss 2002 Round 1 Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Cameroon Draw Matt Holland 52 ' Round 1 Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Germany Draw Robbie Keane 90 + 2 ' Round 1 Republic of Ireland 3 -- 0 Saudi Arabia Win Robbie Keane 7 ' Gary Breen 61 ' Damien Duff 87 ' Round 2 Republic of Ireland 1 ( 2 ) -- 1 ( 3 ) Spain Draw Robbie Keane 90 ' ( pen . ) UEFA European Championship ( edit ) Irish line up for Ireland 's fixture against Italy at Euro 2016 See also : Republic of Ireland at the UEFA European Championship Ireland reached the quarter finals of the 1964 European Nations Cup . Ireland did not qualify for a European Championship until Euro 1988 . On 12 June 1988 in Stuttgart , the Irish team took to the pitch in its first match at a major championship finals against England . Ray Houghton of Liverpool scored the only goal of the match as Ireland recorded a memorable and historic victory . The game is fondly remembered in Irish folklore through the song `` Joxer goes to Stuttgart '' by Irish folk legend Christy Moore . Ireland took on the former Soviet Union next and took the lead late in the first half via a spectacular volley from Liverpool 's Ronnie Whelan . Unfortunately for both Whelan and Ireland the lead was cancelled out midway through the second half by Oleh Protasov as the match ended in a 1 -- 1 draw . In their final match , Ireland lost out to the Netherlands 1 -- 0 . It was not until 2011 that Ireland clinched a place at another European Championship , qualifying for Euro 2012 with a 5 -- 1 aggregate victory over Estonia . At the tournament itself , however , Ireland lost all three of its matches and conceded nine goals , the nation 's worst performance in a major tournament to date . Ireland qualified to Euro 2016 following a play - off victory over Bosnia and Herzegovina . In the group stages they drew 1 -- 1 with Sweden , having initially taken the lead through a Wes Hoolahan strike , before being beaten 3 -- 0 by Belgium in the following game . However , a 1 -- 0 victory over Italy in their final game , courtesy of a late header from Robbie Brady , earned the side a spot in the round of 16 , the first time the team had ever advanced from the group stage at a European Championship . In the round of 16 , Ireland faced the hosts France and , after taking an early lead through a Brady penalty , were beaten 2 -- 1 . Championship record UEFA European Championship qualifying record Year Round Position Pld GF GA Pld GF GA Position 1960 Did not qualify 0 Preliminary round 1964 6 9 12 Quarter - finals 1968 6 5 8 3 / 4 1972 6 0 5 17 4 / 4 1976 6 11 5 2 / 4 1980 8 9 8 3 / 5 1984 8 20 10 3 / 5 1988 Group stage 5th 8 10 5 1 / 5 1992 Did not qualify 6 0 13 6 2 / 4 11 5 17 13 2 / 6 Lost Playoff 2000 10 5 15 7 2 / 5 Lost Playoff 8 10 11 3 / 5 2008 12 5 17 14 3 / 7 2012 Group stage 16th 0 0 9 12 7 20 8 2 / 6 Won Playoff 2016 Round of 16 15th 6 12 6 22 8 3 / 6 Won Playoff 2020 To be determined To be determined Total Round of 16 3 / 15 10 6 6 17 113 46 33 34 166 132 show UEFA Euro history Year Round Score Result Republic of Ireland scorers 1988 Round 1 Republic of Ireland 1 -- 0 England Win Ray Houghton 6 ' Round 1 Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Soviet Union Draw Ronnie Whelan 38 ' Round 1 Republic of Ireland 0 -- 1 Netherlands Loss 2012 Round 1 Republic of Ireland 1 -- 3 Croatia Loss Sean St Ledger 19 ' Round 1 Spain 4 -- 0 Republic of Ireland Loss Round 1 Italy 2 -- 0 Republic of Ireland Loss 2016 Round 1 Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Sweden Draw Wes Hoolahan 48 ' Round 1 Belgium 3 -- 0 Republic of Ireland Loss Round 1 Italy 0 -- 1 Republic of Ireland Win Robbie Brady 85 ' Round of 16 France 2 -- 1 Republic of Ireland Loss Robbie Brady 2 ' Other tournaments ( edit ) Year Position Pld GF GA 1924 Olympics 5th 0 1948 Olympics 17th 0 0 1972 Brazil Independence Cup 13th 0 7 7 1984 Kirin Cup 2nd 1986 Iceland Triangular Tournament 1st 0 0 1992 U.S. Cup 3rd 0 5 1996 U.S. Cup 2nd 6 2000 U.S. Cup 2nd 0 5 2004 Unity Cup 2nd 0 2011 Celtic Nations Cup 1st 0 0 9 0 Total 24 13 8 38 29 Opponents ( edit ) See also : Matches of the Republic of Ireland national football team The team 's head - to - head records against all 78 nations whom they have played to date , including friendly internationals : Three of these teams no longer exist ( Czechoslovakia , the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia ) , so Ireland have played against 76 of the 211 FIFA members : 50 UEFA , 8 CONMEBOL , 7 CAF , 6 CONCACAF and 5 AFC members as of 1 September 2016 . The only UEFA members against whom Ireland have not played are : Azerbaijan , Kosovo , Slovenia and Ukraine . As of 23 March 2018 . show Against Region GF GA GD Win % First match Last match Albania UEFA 0 6 + 4 75 % 26 May 1992 2003 - 06 - 07 Algeria CAF 0 + 1 50 % 28 April 1982 2010 - 05 - 29 Andorra UEFA 0 0 11 + 9 100 % 28 March 2001 2011 - 10 - 07 Argentina CONMEBOL 0 0 0 5 − 5 0 % 13 May 1951 2010 - 08 - 11 Armenia UEFA 0 0 + 2 100 % 3 September 2010 2011 - 10 - 11 Australia AFC 0 − 2 50 % 19 August 2003 2009 - 08 - 12 Austria UEFA 16 9 19 37 − 18 18.75 % 7 May 1952 2017 - 06 - 11 Belarus UEFA 0 0 − 1 0 % 31 May 2016 2016 - 05 - 31 Belgium UEFA 15 5 6 24 28 − 4 26.67 % 12 February 1928 2016 - 06 - 18 Bolivia CONMEBOL 0 5 + 4 66.67 % 24 May 1994 2007 - 05 - 26 Bosnia and Herzegovina UEFA 0 + 3 66.67 % 26 May 2012 2015 - 11 - 16 Brazil CONMEBOL 6 12 − 10 16.67 % 5 May 1974 2010 - 03 - 02 Bulgaria UEFA 10 11 8 + 3 30 % 28 May 1924 2009 - 06 - 06 Cameroon CAF 0 0 0 0 % 1 June 2002 2002 - 06 - 01 Canada CONCACAF 0 0 0 + 3 100 % 18 November 2003 2003 - 11 - 18 Chile CONMEBOL 6 6 6 0 33.33 % 30 March 1960 2006 - 05 - 24 China PR AFC 0 0 0 + 2 100 % 3 June 1984 2005 - 03 - 29 Colombia CONMEBOL 0 0 0 + 1 100 % 29 May 2008 2008 - 05 - 29 Costa Rica CONCACAF 0 0 0 0 % 6 June 2014 2014 - 06 - 06 Croatia UEFA 7 8 8 0 28.57 % 2 June 1996 2012 - 06 - 10 Cyprus UEFA 10 8 27 9 + 18 80 % 26 March 1980 2009 - 09 - 05 Czech Republic UEFA 8 9 13 − 4 25 % 5 June 1994 2012 - 02 - 29 Czechoslovakia UEFA 12 7 14 29 − 15 33.33 % 18 May 1938 1986 - 05 - 27 Denmark UEFA 15 5 6 21 21 0 33.33 % 3 October 1956 2017 - 11 - 14 Ecuador CONMEBOL 0 + 1 50 % 18 June 1972 2007 - 05 - 23 Egypt CAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 % 17 June 1990 1990 - 06 - 17 England UEFA 16 8 5 14 20 − 6 18.75 % 30 September 1946 2015 - 06 - 07 Estonia UEFA 5 0 12 + 10 80 % 3 June 1924 2011 - 11 - 15 Faroe Islands UEFA 0 0 11 + 10 100 % 13 October 2004 2013 - 06 - 07 Finland UEFA 5 0 11 + 9 60 % 8 September 1949 2002 - 08 - 21 France UEFA 16 5 7 15 20 − 5 25 % 23 May 1937 2016 - 06 - 26 Georgia UEFA 9 8 0 17 5 + 12 88.89 % 29 March 2003 2017 - 09 - 02 Germany UEFA 20 6 5 9 24 35 − 11 30 % 8 May 1935 2015 - 10 - 08 Germany ' B ' UEFA 0 − 2 50 % 1 March 1975 1981 - 05 - 21 Gibraltar UEFA 0 0 11 0 + 11 100 % 11 October 2014 2015 - 09 - 04 Greece UEFA 0 0 − 2 0 % 26 April 2000 2012 - 11 - 14 Hungary UEFA 11 5 16 21 − 5 18.18 % 15 December 1934 2012 - 06 - 04 Iceland UEFA 8 5 16 7 + 9 62.5 % 12 August 1962 2017 - 03 - 28 Iran AFC 0 + 2 66.67 % 11 June 1972 2001 - 11 - 15 Israel UEFA 5 8 6 + 2 20 % 4 April 1984 2005 - 06 - 04 Italy UEFA 14 8 10 20 − 10 21.43 % 21 March 1926 2016 - 06 - 22 Italy ' B ' UEFA 0 0 − 1 0 % 23 April 1927 1927 - 04 - 23 Jamaica CONCACAF 0 0 0 + 1 100 % 2 June 2004 2004 - 06 - 02 Kazakhstan UEFA 0 0 5 + 3 100 % 7 September 2012 2013 - 10 - 15 Latvia UEFA 5 5 0 0 14 + 13 100 % 9 September 1992 2013 - 11 - 15 Liechtenstein UEFA 0 14 0 + 14 75 % 12 October 1994 1997 - 05 - 21 Lithuania UEFA 0 5 + 4 75 % 16 June 1993 1997 - 09 - 10 Luxembourg UEFA 5 5 0 0 14 + 12 100 % 9 May 1936 1987 - 09 - 09 Macedonia UEFA 6 11 5 + 6 66.67 % 9 October 1996 2011 - 06 - 04 Malta UEFA 7 7 0 0 24 + 22 100 % 30 March 1983 1999 - 09 - 08 Mexico CONCACAF 6 0 6 9 − 3 0 % 8 August 1984 2017 - 06 - 02 Moldova UEFA 0 0 5 + 4 100 % 9 October 2016 2017 - 10 - 06 Montenegro UEFA 0 0 0 0 0 0 % 10 September 2008 2009 - 10 - 14 Morocco CAF 0 0 0 + 1 100 % 12 September 1990 1990 - 09 - 12 Netherlands UEFA 22 7 11 29 40 − 11 31.82 % 2 June 1924 2016 - 05 - 27 Nigeria CAF 0 6 − 4 0 % 16 May 2002 2009 - 05 - 29 Northern Ireland UEFA 10 17 + 13 40 % 20 September 1978 2011 - 05 - 24 Norway UEFA 18 7 8 29 19 + 10 38.89 % 10 October 1937 2010 - 11 - 17 Oman AFC 0 0 10 + 9 100 % 11 September 2012 2016 - 08 - 31 Paraguay CONMEBOL 0 0 + 3 100 % 10 February 1999 2010 - 05 - 25 Poland UEFA 27 6 10 11 29 43 − 14 22.22 % 22 May 1938 2015 - 10 - 11 Portugal UEFA 13 7 10 20 − 10 30.77 % 16 June 1946 2014 - 06 - 10 Romania UEFA 5 + 2 40 % 23 March 1988 2004 - 05 - 27 Russia UEFA 7 7 10 − 3 14.29 % 23 March 1994 2011 - 09 - 06 San Marino UEFA 0 0 7 + 6 100 % 15 November 2006 2007 - 02 - 07 Saudi Arabia AFC 0 0 0 + 3 100 % 11 June 2002 2002 - 06 - 11 Scotland UEFA 11 9 12 − 3 36.36 % 3 May 1961 2015 - 06 - 13 Serbia UEFA 9 9 12 − 3 22.22 % 19 October 1955 2017 - 09 - 05 Slovakia UEFA 5 0 6 5 + 1 20 % 28 March 2007 2016 - 03 - 29 South Africa CAF 0 0 + 2 100 % 11 June 2000 2009 - 09 - 08 Soviet Union UEFA 8 8 8 0 37.5 % 18 October 1972 1990 - 04 - 25 Spain UEFA 26 7 15 18 54 − 36 15.38 % 26 April 1931 2013 - 06 - 11 Sweden UEFA 11 5 14 17 − 3 27.27 % 2 June 1949 2016 - 06 - 13 Switzerland UEFA 16 8 5 18 10 + 8 50 % 5 May 1935 2016 - 03 - 25 Trinidad and Tobago CONCACAF 0 0 − 1 0 % 30 May 1982 1982 - 05 - 30 Tunisia CAF 0 0 0 + 4 100 % 19 October 1988 1988 - 10 - 19 Turkey UEFA 14 5 6 27 16 + 11 35.71 % 16 November 1966 2018 - 03 - 23 United States CONCACAF 9 5 20 13 + 7 55.56 % 14 June 1924 2014 - 11 - 18 Uruguay CONMEBOL 6 7 − 1 25 % 8 May 1974 2017 - 06 - 04 Wales UEFA 15 6 5 17 13 + 4 40 % 28 September 1960 2017 - 10 - 09 Total 78 nations 553 219 151 183 770 684 + 86 39.6 % a. ^ `` Germany '' includes nine games against West Germany which were played between 1950 and German reunification in 1990 . b. ^ `` Serbia '' includes four games against Serbian predecessor ( YUG / SFRY and FRY / SCG ) teams . Honours ( edit ) Jack Charlton is Ireland 's most successful manager Major ( edit ) FIFA World Cup Quarter finalists ( 1 ) : 1990 Friendly titles ( edit ) Celtic Nations Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 2011 Iceland Triangular Tournament Winners ( 1 ) : 1986 Other awards ( edit ) FIFA Fair Play Award Winners ( 1 ) 1997 Unofficial Football World Championships Holders ( 2 ) : 30 March 1977 -- 1 July 1977 , 31 March 2004 -- 29 May 2004 Recent results and forthcoming fixtures ( edit ) See also : Republic of Ireland national football team 2010s results Ireland began their qualification campaign for the UEFA Euro 2016 tournament with a 2 -- 1 away victory against Georgia . This was followed by a 7 -- 0 home victory against Gibraltar , and on 14 October 2014 , the team played a 1 -- 1 away draw against world champions , Germany , when a goal by John O'Shea won Ireland a late point in the 94th minute . They then suffered their first defeat of the campaign to Scotland ; losing 1 -- 0 , before scoring another late goal through Shane Long to make it 1 -- 1 and earn a well - deserved point against Poland at home . They then drew 1 -- 1 at home to Scotland , before winning 3 games in a row against Gibraltar , Georgia and Germany ; 4 -- 0 , 1 -- 0 and 1 -- 0 respectively . Shane Long scored the memorable winner against the World Champions Germany . However , in their last group game , they lost 2 -- 1 away to Poland and missed out on an qualifying spot , finishing third in the group and advancing to the play - offs . They were drawn against Bosnia and Herzegovina in the play - offs . They drew the first leg away 1 -- 1 , and won the second leg 2 -- 0 , winning 3 -- 1 on aggregate and qualifying for UEFA Euro 2016 in France . Schedule ( edit ) As of 2 June 2018 Republic of Ireland goal tally first . Date Competition Venue Opponent Result Scorers 11 June 2017 World Cup 2018 qualifier Dublin , Ireland Austria 1 -- 1 Martin Hinteregger 31 ' , Jonathan Walters 85 ' 2 September 2017 World Cup 2018 qualifier Tbilisi , Georgia Georgia 1 -- 1 Shane Duffy 4 ' , Valeri Qazaishvili 34 ' 5 September 2017 World Cup 2018 qualifier Dublin , Ireland Serbia 0 -- 1 Aleksandar Kolarov 55 ' 6 October 2017 World Cup 2018 qualifier Dublin , Ireland Moldova 2 -- 0 Daryl Murphy 2 ' , 19 ' 9 October 2017 World Cup 2018 qualifier Cardiff , Wales Wales 1 -- 0 James McClean 57 ' 11 November 2017 World Cup 2018 play - off Copenhagen , Denmark Denmark 0 -- 0 14 November 2017 World Cup 2018 play - off Dublin , Ireland Denmark 1 -- 5 Shane Duffy 6 ' , Cyrus Christie 29 ' ( og ) , Christian Eriksen 32 ' , 63 ' , 74 ' , Nicklas Bendtner 90 ' ( pen ) 23 March 2018 Friendly match Antalya , Turkey Turkey 0 -- 1 Mehmet Topal 52 ' 20 May 2018 Unofficial friendly Glasgow , Scotland Celtic 2 -- 2 Alan Browne , Ross Doohan og ' , Leigh Griffiths , Patrick Roberts 28 May 2018 Friendly match Saint Denis , France France 0 -- 2 Olivier Giroud 40 ' , Nabil Fekir 44 ' 2 June 2018 Friendly match Dublin , Ireland United States 2 -- 1 Bobby Wood 45 + 1 ' , Graham Burke 57 ' , Alan Judge 90 ' 6 September 2018 UEFA Nations League Cardiff , Wales Wales 11 September 2018 Friendly match Wrocław , Poland Poland 13 October 2018 UEFA Nations League Dublin , Ireland Denmark 16 October 2018 UEFA Nations League Dublin , Ireland Wales 15 November 2018 Friendly match Dublin , Ireland Northern Ireland 19 November 2018 UEFA Nations League Aarhus , Denmark Denmark Records ( edit ) Robbie Keane , top goalscorer and the most capped player Shay Given , most capped goalkeeper and the second most capped player Players still active are highlighted in green Most capped players ( edit ) As of 2 June 2018 # Player National career Caps Goals 1 . Robbie Keane 1998 -- 2016 146 68 2 . Shay Given 1996 -- 2016 134 0 3 . John O'Shea 2001 -- 2018 118 4 . Kevin Kilbane 1997 -- 2011 110 8 5 . Steve Staunton 1988 -- 2002 102 7 6 . Damien Duff 1998 -- 2012 100 8 7 . Aiden McGeady 2004 -- 93 5 8 . Niall Quinn 1986 -- 2002 91 21 9 . Tony Cascarino 1985 -- 2000 88 19 10 . Glenn Whelan 2008 -- 84 Top goalscorers ( edit ) As of 3 June 2018 # Player National career Goals Caps Average 1 . Robbie Keane ( list ) 1998 -- 2016 68 146 0.47 2 . Niall Quinn 1986 -- 2002 21 91 0.23 3 . Frank Stapleton 1977 -- 90 20 71 0.28 4 . Don Givens 1969 -- 81 19 56 0.34 John Aldridge 1986 -- 97 19 69 0.28 Tony Cascarino 1985 -- 2000 19 88 0.22 7 . Shane Long 2007 -- 17 81 0.21 8 . Noel Cantwell 1953 -- 67 14 36 0.39 Kevin Doyle 2006 -- 17 14 63 0.22 Jonathan Walters 2010 -- 14 53 0.26 10 . Jimmy Dunne 1930 -- 39 13 15 0.87 Gerry Daly 1973 -- 86 13 48 0.27 Managers ( edit ) Between 1921 and 1969 , a committee of selectors chose the team , on occasions a coach or team manager was appointed ; Mick Meagan was the first manager to actually select the team . Managers from the periods in which the national side was known as the Irish Free State or simply Ireland are obscure and many are not currently known , however it is known that Val Harris , Bill Lacey and Alex Stevenson managed the side . Manager records ( edit ) As of 2 June 2018 Manager Career GF GA GD Win % Loss % Notes Mick Meagan 1969 -- 1971 12 0 9 7 26 − 19 0 % 75 % Liam Tuohy 1971 -- 1973 10 6 11 20 − 9 30 % 60 % Seán Thomas 1973 0 0 0 0 % 0 % Caretaker Johnny Giles 1973 -- 1980 36 13 9 14 48 45 36.1 % 38.9 % Alan Kelly , Sr . 1980 0 0 0 100 % 0 % Caretaker Eoin Hand 1980 -- 1985 39 11 9 19 47 56 − 9 28.2 % 48.7 % Jack Charlton 1986 -- 1995 93 47 29 17 132 67 65 50.5 % 18.3 % Qualified for Euro 1988 , and World Cups 1990 and 1994 Mick McCarthy 1996 -- 2002 68 29 19 20 113 68 45 42.6 % 29.4 % Qualified for 2002 World Cup Don Givens 2002 , 2007 -- 08 0 − 1 0 % 33.3 % Caretaker Brian Kerr 2003 -- 2005 33 18 11 39 20 19 54.5 % 12.1 % Steve Staunton 2006 -- 2007 17 6 6 5 24 19 5 35.3 % 29.4 % Giovanni Trapattoni 2008 -- 2013 64 26 22 16 86 64 22 40.6 % 25 % Qualified for Euro 2012 Noel King 2013 0 − 1 50 % 50 % Caretaker Martin O'Neill 2013 -- 49 19 14 14 66 50 16 38.3 % 27.7 % Qualified for Euro 2016 Pictures ( edit ) Roy Keane was team captain from 1997 to 2002 . He is now the assistant manager . Shay Given is Ireland 's second most capped player and played in two major tournaments . Ronnie Whelan played in two World Cups and one European Championship . John Aldridge scored 19 goals for Ireland played in two World Cups and one European Championship . Mick McCarthy captained Ireland in the 1990 World Cup and managed Ireland in the 2002 World Cup . Richard Dunne played in 2 major championships and won 80 caps . See also ( edit ) Republic of Ireland B national football team Republic of Ireland women 's national football team Republic of Ireland national under - 21 football team Republic of Ireland national under - 19 football team Republic of Ireland national under - 17 football team Category : Republic of Ireland national football team results References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : New Senior international management team confirmed Football Association of Ireland , 5 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NIFG : Northern Ireland Programmes 1968 -- 1972 '' . 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External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Republic of Ireland national football team . Official website Republic of Ireland at FIFA.com RSSSF archive of most capped players and highest goalscorers Reports for all matches of Republic of Ireland national football team Complete Results and Line - Ups Republic of Ireland national football team Players Managers Governing body Football Association of Ireland Venues Aviva Stadium Lansdowne Road Croke Park Dalymount Park Results Complete list of matches ( 1924 -- present ) Irish Free State results ( 1924 -- 35 ) Ireland ( FAI ) results ( 1936 -- 54 ) Republic of Ireland results ( 1954 -- present ) -- 1954 -- 59 1960s 70s 80s 90s 2000s 10s Players Players Dual Ireland players Hat - trick scorers World Cup finals 1990 1994 2002 ( including Saipan incident ) World Cup record European finals 1988 2012 2016 Euro record Other tournaments 1924 Olympic Football Tournament 1948 Olympic Football Tournament Brazil Independence Cup ( 1972 ) Kirin Cup ( 1984 ) Iceland Triangular Tournament ( 1986 ) U.S. Cup ( 1992 2000 ) Unity Cup ( 2004 ) 2011 Nations Cup Famous matches 1949 defeat of England 1995 friendly against England 2010 FIFA World Cup play - off against France Songs `` Olé , Olé , Olé '' `` Joxer Goes to Stuttgart '' `` Give It a Lash Jack '' `` Put ' Em Under Pressure '' `` Watch Your House for Ireland '' `` Here Come the Good Times '' `` The Rocky Road to Poland '' Other National teams Women 's U-23 U-21 U-19 U-17 League of Ireland XI Awards FAI International Football Awards Republic of Ireland national football team -- managers Livingstone ( 1951 -- 53 ) Stevenson ( 1953 -- 55 ) Carey ( 1955 -- 67 ) Cantwell ( 1967 ) Hurley ( 1967 -- 69 ) Meagan ( 1969 -- 71 ) Tuohy ( 1971 -- 73 ) Thomas ( 1973 ) Giles ( 1973 -- 80 ) Kelly ( 1980 ) Hand ( 1980 -- 85 ) Charlton ( 1986 -- 95 ) McCarthy ( 1996 -- 2002 ) Givens ( 2002 ) Kerr ( 2003 -- 05 ) Staunton ( 2006 -- 07 ) Givens ( 2007 -- 08 ) Trapattoni ( 2008 -- 13 ) King ( 2013 ) O'Neill ( 2013 -- ) ( c ) caretaker : ( p ) player - manager Republic of Ireland national football team matches FIFA World Cup qualification Republic of Ireland 2 -- 1 ( agg . ) Iran ( 2002 ) Republic of Ireland 1 -- 2 ( agg . ) France ( 2009 ) UEFA European Championship qualifying Republic of Ireland 2 -- 4 ( agg . ) Czechoslovakia ( 1959 ) Republic of Ireland 0 -- 2 Netherlands ( 1995 ) Other matches England 0 -- 2 Ireland ( 1949 ) Republic of Ireland 1 -- 0 England ( 1995 ) Ireland UEFA Euro and FIFA World Cup squads Republic of Ireland squad -- UEFA Euro 1988 1 Bonner 2 Morris 3 Hughton 4 McCarthy 5 Moran 6 Whelan 7 McGrath 8 Houghton 9 Aldridge 10 Stapleton ( c ) 11 Galvin 12 Cascarino 13 O'Brien 14 Kelly 15 Sheedy 16 Peyton 17 Byrne 18 Sheridan 19 Anderson 20 Quinn Coach : Charlton Republic of Ireland squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup 1 Bonner 2 Morris 3 Staunton 4 McCarthy ( c ) 5 Moran 6 Whelan 7 McGrath 8 Houghton 9 Aldridge 10 Cascarino 11 Sheedy 12 O'Leary 13 Townsend 14 Hughton 15 Slaven 16 Sheridan 17 Quinn 18 Stapleton 19 Kelly 20 Byrne 21 McLoughlin 22 Peyton Coach : Charlton Republic of Ireland squad -- 1994 FIFA World Cup 1 Bonner 2 Irwin 3 Phelan 4 Moran 5 McGrath 6 Keane 7 Townsend ( c ) 8 Houghton 9 Aldridge 10 Sheridan 11 Staunton 12 G. Kelly 13 Kernaghan 14 Babb 15 Coyne 16 Cascarino 17 McGoldrick 18 Whelan 19 McLoughlin 20 D. Kelly 21 McAteer 22 A. Kelly Coach : Charlton Republic of Ireland squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Given 2 Finnan 3 Harte 4 Cunningham 5 Staunton ( c ) 6 Roy Keane 7 McAteer 8 Holland 9 Duff 10 Robbie Keane 11 Kilbane 12 Kinsella 13 Connolly 14 Breen 15 Dunne 16 Kiely 17 Quinn 18 G. Kelly 19 Morrison 20 O'Brien 21 Reid 22 Carsley 23 A. Kelly Coach : McCarthy Republic of Ireland squad -- UEFA Euro 2012 1 Given 2 St Ledger 3 Ward 4 O'Shea 5 Dunne 6 Whelan 7 McGeady 8 Andrews 9 Doyle 10 Keane ( c ) 11 Duff 12 Kelly 13 McShane 14 Walters 15 Gibson 16 Westwood 17 Hunt 18 O'Dea 19 Long 20 Cox 21 Green 22 McClean 23 Forde Coach : Trapattoni Republic of Ireland squad -- UEFA Euro 2016 1 Westwood 2 Coleman 3 Clark 4 O'Shea 5 Keogh 6 Whelan 7 McGeady 8 McCarthy 9 Long 10 Keane ( c ) 11 McClean 12 Duffy 13 Hendrick 14 Walters 15 Christie 16 Given 17 Ward 18 Meyler 19 Brady 20 Hoolahan 21 Murphy 22 Quinn 23 Randolph Coach : O'Neill UEFA Euro and FIFA World Cup finalists UEFA Euro 1988 finalists Champions Netherlands Runners - up Soviet Union Eliminated in the semi-finals Italy West Germany Eliminated in the group stage Group 1 Denmark Spain Group 2 England Republic of Ireland 1990 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions West Germany Runners - up Argentina Third place Italy Fourth place England Quarter - finals Cameroon Czechoslovakia Republic of Ireland Yugoslavia Round of 16 Belgium Brazil Colombia Costa Rica Netherlands Romania Spain Uruguay Group stage Austria Egypt Scotland South Korea Soviet Union Sweden United Arab Emirates United States 1994 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Brazil Runners - up Italy Third place Sweden Fourth place Bulgaria Quarter - finals Germany Netherlands Romania Spain Round of 16 Argentina Belgium Mexico Nigeria Republic of Ireland Saudi Arabia Switzerland United States Group stage Bolivia Cameroon Colombia Greece Morocco Norway Russia South Korea 2002 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Brazil Runners - up Germany Third place Turkey Fourth place South Korea Quarter - finals England Senegal Spain United States Round of 16 Belgium Denmark Italy Japan Mexico Paraguay Republic of Ireland Sweden Group stage Argentina Cameroon China PR Costa Rica Croatia Ecuador France Nigeria Poland Portugal Russia Saudi Arabia Slovenia South Africa Tunisia Uruguay UEFA Euro 2012 finalists Champions Spain Runners - up Italy Eliminated in the semi-finals Germany Portugal Eliminated in the quarter - finals Czech Republic England France Greece Eliminated in the group stage Group A Poland Russia Group B Denmark Netherlands Group C Croatia Republic of Ireland Group D Sweden Ukraine UEFA Euro 2016 finalists Champions Portugal Runners - 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where did the jenny lind bed get its name
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Jenny Lind
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jenny lind
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Soprano Jenny Lind by Eduard Magnus , 1862 Daguerreotype of Lind , 1850 Johanna Maria `` Jenny '' Lind ( 6 October 1820 -- 2 November 1887 ) was a Swedish opera singer , often known as the `` Swedish Nightingale '' . One of the most highly regarded singers of the 19th century , she performed in soprano roles in opera in Sweden and across Europe , and undertook an extraordinarily popular concert tour of America beginning in 1850 . She was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music from 1840 . Lind became famous after her performance in Der Freischütz in Sweden in 1838 . Within a few years , she had suffered vocal damage , but the singing teacher Manuel García saved her voice . She was in great demand in opera roles throughout Sweden and northern Europe during the 1840s , and was closely associated with Felix Mendelssohn . After two acclaimed seasons in London , she announced her retirement from opera at the age of 29 . In 1850 , Lind went to America at the invitation of the showman P.T. Barnum . She gave 93 large - scale concerts for him and then continued to tour under her own management . She earned more than $350,000 from these concerts , donating the proceeds to charities , principally the endowment of free schools in Sweden . With her new husband , Otto Goldschmidt , she returned to Europe in 1852 where she had three children and gave occasional concerts over the next two decades , settling in England in 1855 . From 1882 , for some years , she was a professor of singing at the Royal College of Music in London . Contents 1 Life and career 1.1 Early life 1.2 German and British success 1.3 Lind and Mendelssohn 1.4 American tour 1.5 Later years 2 Critical reputation 3 Memorials 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Life and career ( edit ) Early Life ( edit ) Lind as Amina in La sonnambula Born in Klara , in central Stockholm , Lind was the illegitimate daughter of Niclas Jonas Lind ( 1798 -- 1858 ) , a bookkeeper , and Anne - Marie Fellborg ( 1793 -- 1856 ) , a schoolteacher . Lind 's mother had divorced her first husband for adultery but , for religious reasons , refused to remarry until after his death in 1834 . Lind 's parents married when she was 14 . Lind 's mother ran a day school for girls out of her home . When Lind was about 9 , her singing was overheard by the maid of Mademoiselle Lundberg , the principal dancer at the Royal Swedish Opera . The maid , astounded by Lind 's extraordinary voice , returned the next day with Lundberg , who arranged an audition and helped her gain admission to the acting school of the Royal Dramatic Theatre , where she studied with Karl Magnus Craelius , the singing master at the theatre . Lind began to sing onstage when she was 10 . She had a vocal crisis at the age of 12 and had to stop singing for a time , but she recovered . Her first great role was Agathe in Weber 's Der Freischütz in 1838 at the Royal Swedish Opera . At 20 , she was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music and court singer to the King of Sweden and Norway . Her voice became seriously damaged by overuse and untrained singing technique , but her career was saved by the singing teacher Manuel García with whom she studied in Paris from 1841 to 1843 . He insisted that she should not sing at all for three months , to allow her vocal cords to recover , before he started to teach her a healthy and secure vocal technique . After Lind had been with García for a year , the composer Giacomo Meyerbeer , an early and faithful admirer of her talent , arranged an audition for her at the Opéra in Paris , but she was rejected . The biographer Francis Rogers concludes that Lind strongly resented the rebuff : when she became an international star , she always refused invitations to sing at the Paris Opéra . Lind returned to the Royal Swedish Opera , greatly improved as a singer by García 's training . She toured Denmark where , in 1843 , Hans Christian Andersen met and fell in love with her . Although the two became good friends , she did not reciprocate his romantic feelings . She is believed to have inspired three of his fairy tales : `` Beneath the Pillar '' , `` The Angel '' and `` The Nightingale '' . He wrote , `` No book or personality whatever has exerted a more ennobling influence on me , as a poet , than Jenny Lind . For me she opened the sanctuary of art . '' The biographer Carol Rosen believes that after Lind rejected Andersen as a suitor , he portrayed her as The Snow Queen with a heart of ice . German and British success ( edit ) Lind in the 1840s In December 1844 , through Meyerbeer 's influence , Lind was engaged to sing the title role in Bellini 's opera Norma in Berlin . That led to more engagements in opera houses throughout Germany and Austria , but such was her success in Berlin that she continued there for four months before she left for other cities . Among her admirers were Robert Schumann , Hector Berlioz and , most importantly for her , Felix Mendelssohn . Ignaz Moscheles wrote : `` Jenny Lind has fairly enchanted me ... her song with two concertante flutes is perhaps the most incredible feat in the way of bravura singing that can possibly be heard '' . That number , from Meyerbeer 's Ein Feldlager in Schlesien ( The Camp of Silesia , 1844 , a role written for Lind but not premiered by her ) became one of the songs most associated with Lind , and she was called on to sing it wherever she performed in concert . Her operatic repertoire comprised the title roles in Lucia di Lammermoor , Maria di Rohan , Norma , La sonnambula and La vestale as well as Susanna in The Marriage of Figaro , Adina in L'elisir d'amore and Alice in Robert le diable . About that time , she became known as `` the Swedish Nightingale '' . In December 1845 , the day after her debut at the Leipzig Gewandhaus under the baton of Mendelssohn , she sang without fee for a charity concert in aid of the Orchestra Widows ' Fund . Her devotion and generosity to charitable causes remained a key aspect of her career and greatly enhanced her international popularity even among the unmusical . At the Royal Swedish Opera , Lind had been friends with the tenor Julius Günther . They sang together both in opera and on the concert stage and became romantically linked by 1844 . Their schedules separated them , however , as Günther remained in Stockholm and then became a student of Garcia 's in Paris in 1846 -- 1847 . After reuniting in Sweden , according to Lind 's 1891 Memoir , they became engaged to marry in the spring of 1848 , just before Lind returned to England . However , the two broke off the engagement in October of the same year . After a successful season in Vienna , where she was mobbed by admirers and feted by the Imperial Family , Lind traveled to London and gave her first performance there on 4 May 1847 , when she appeared in an Italian version of Meyerbeer 's Robert le Diable . It was attended by Queen Victoria ; the next day , The Times wrote : We have had frequent experience of the excitement appertaining to `` first nights '' , but we may safely say , and our opinion will be backed by several hundreds of Her Majesty 's subjects , that we never witnessed such a scene of enthusiasm as that displayed last night on the occasion of Mademoiselle Jenny Lind 's début as Alice in an Italian version of Robert le Diable . In July 1847 , she starred in the world première of Verdi 's opera I masnadieri at Her Majesty 's Theatre , under the baton of the composer . During her two years on the operatic stage in London , Lind appeared in most of the standard opera repertory . In early 1849 , still in her twenties , Lind announced her permanent retirement from opera . Her last opera performance was on 10 May 1849 in Robert le diable ; Queen Victoria and other members of the Royal Family were present . Lind 's biographer Francis Rogers wrote , `` The reasons for her early retirement have been much discussed for nearly a century , but remain today a matter of mystery . Many possible explanations have been advanced , but not one of them has been verified '' . Lind and Mendelssohn ( edit ) Jenny Lind Token ND issued c. 1850 for her US tour , obverse Token with wrong year of birth , 1821 , reverse In London , Lind 's close friendship with Mendelssohn continued . There has been strong speculation that their relationship was more than friendship . Papers confirming that were alleged to exist , but their contents had not been made public . However , in 2013 , George Biddlecombe confirmed in the Journal of the Royal Musical Association that `` The Committee of the Mendelssohn Scholarship Foundation possesses material indicating that Mendelssohn wrote passionate love letters to Jenny Lind entreating her to join him in an adulterous relationship and threatening suicide as a means of exerting pressure upon her , and that these letters were destroyed on being discovered after her death '' . Mendelssohn was present at Lind 's London debut in Robert le Diable , and his friend , the critic Henry Fothergill Chorley , who was with him , wrote `` I see as I write the smile with which Mendelssohn , whose enjoyment of Mdlle . Lind 's talent was unlimited , turned round and looked at me , as if a load of anxiety had been taken off his mind . His attachment to Mademoiselle Lind 's genius as a singer was unbounded , as was his desire for her success '' . Mendelssohn worked with Lind on many occasions and wrote the beginnings of an opera , Lorelei , for her , based on the legend of the Lorelei Rhine maidens ; the opera was unfinished at his death . He included a high F - sharp in his oratorio Elijah ( `` Hear Ye Israel '' ) with Lind 's voice in mind . Four months after her London debut , she was devastated by the premature death of Mendelssohn in November 1847 . She did not at first feel able to sing the soprano part in Elijah , which he had written for her . She finally did so at a performance in London 's Exeter Hall in late 1848 , which raised £ 1,000 to fund a musical scholarship as a memorial to him ; it was her first appearance in oratorio . The original intention had been to found a school of music in Mendelssohn 's name in Leipzig , but there was not enough support in Leipzig , and with the help of Sir George Smart , Julius Benedict and others , Lind eventually raised enough money to fund a scholarship `` to receive pupils of all nations and promote their musical training '' . The first recipient of the Mendelssohn Scholarship was the 14 - year - old Arthur Sullivan , whom Lind encouraged in his career . American tour ( edit ) Main article : Jenny Lind tour of America , 1850 -- 52 Barnum poster In 1849 , Lind was approached by the American showman P.T. Barnum with a proposal to tour throughout the United States for more than a year . Realising that it would yield large sums for her favoured charities , particularly the endowment of free schools in her native Sweden , Lind agreed . Her financial demands were stringent , but Barnum met them , and in 1850 , they reached agreement . Together with a supporting baritone , Giovanni Belletti , and her London colleague , Julius Benedict , as pianist , arranger and conductor , Lind sailed to America in September 1850 . Barnum 's advance publicity made her a celebrity even before she arrived in the US , and she received a wild reception on arriving in New York . Tickets for some of her concerts were in such demand that Barnum sold them by auction . The enthusiasm of the public was so strong that the American press coined the term `` Lind mania '' . Autograph of Lind after her marriage to Otto Goldschmidt After New York , Lind 's party toured the east coast of America , with continued success , and later took in Cuba , the Southern US and Canada . By early 1851 , Lind had become uncomfortable with Barnum 's relentless marketing of the tour , and she invoked a contractual right to sever her ties with him ; they parted amicably . She continued the tour for nearly a year , under her own management , until May 1852 . Benedict left the party in 1851 to return to England , and Lind invited Otto Goldschmidt to replace him as pianist and conductor . Lind and Goldschmidt were married on February 5 , 1852 , near the end of the tour , in Boston . She took the name `` Jenny Lind - Goldschmidt '' , both privately and professionally . Details of the later concerts under her own management are scarce , but it is known that under Barnum 's management Lind gave 93 concerts in America for which she earned about $350,000 , and he netted at least $500,000 ( $9.97 million and $14.2 million , as of 2015 , respectively ) . She donated her profits to her chosen charities , including some US charities . The tour is a plot point in the 1980 musical Barnum and the 2017 film The Greatest Showman , both of which include a fictionalized relationship between Lind and Barnum with `` romantic undertones '' . Later years ( edit ) Lind in her retirement Lind and Goldschmidt returned to Europe together in May 1852 . They lived first in Dresden , Germany , and , from 1855 , in England for the rest of their lives . They had three children : Otto , born September 1853 in Germany , Jenny , born March 1857 in England , and Ernest , born January 1861 in England . Although she refused all requests to appear in opera after her return to Europe , Lind continued to perform in the concert hall . In 1856 , at the invitation of the Philharmonic Society conducted by William Sterndale Bennett , she sang the chief soprano part in the first English performance of the cantata Paradise and the Peri by Robert Schumann . In 1866 , she gave a concert with Arthur Sullivan at St James 's Hall . The Times reported , `` there is magic still in that voice ... the most perfect singing -- perfect alike in expression and in vocalization ... Nothing more engaging , nothing more earnest , nothing more dramatic can be imagined . '' . At Düsseldorf in January 1870 , she sang in Ruth , an oratorio composed by her husband . When Goldschmidt formed the Bach Choir in 1875 , Lind trained the soprano choristers for the first English performance of Bach 's B minor Mass , in April 1876 , and performed in the mass . Her concerts decreased in frequency until she retired from singing in 1883 . In 1879 -- 1887 , Lind worked with Frederick Niecks on his biography of Frédéric Chopin . In 1882 , she was appointed professor of singing at the newly founded Royal College of Music . She believed in an all - round musical training for her pupils , insisting that , in addition to their vocal studies , they were instructed in solfège , piano , harmony , diction , deportment and at least one foreign language . She lived her final years at Wynd 's Point , Herefordshire , on the Malvern Hills near the British Camp . Her last public appearance was at a charity concert at Royal Malvern Spa in 1883 . She died , at 67 , at Wynd 's Point on 2 November 1887 and was buried in the Great Malvern Cemetery to the music of Chopin 's Funeral March . She bequeathed a considerable part of her wealth to help poor Protestant students in Sweden receive an education . Critical reputation ( edit ) Sheet music cover There are no recordings of Lind 's voice . She is believed to have made an early phonograph recording for Thomas Edison , but in the words of the critic Philip L. Miller , `` Even had the fabled Edison cylinder survived , it would have been too primitive , and she too long retired , to tell us much '' . The biographer Francis Rogers concludes that although Lind was much admired by Meyerbeer , Mendelssohn , the Schumanns , Berlioz and others , `` In voice and in dramatic talent she was undoubtedly inferior to her predecessors , Malibran and Pasta , and to her contemporaries , Sontag and Grisi . '' He notes that because of her expert promoters , including Barnum , `` almost all that was written about her was undoubtedly biased by an almost overwhelming propaganda in her favor , bought and paid for '' . Rogers says of Mendelssohn and Lind 's other admirers that their tastes were `` essentially Teutonic '' and , except for Meyerbeer , they were not expert in Italian opera , Lind 's early specialty . He quotes a critic of the New York Herald , who noted `` little deficiencies in execution , in ascending the scale , which even enthusiasm can not deprive of their sharpness '' . The American press agreed that Lind 's presentation was more typical of Germanic `` cold , untouching , icy purity of tone and style '' , rather than the passionate expression necessary for Italian opera , and the Herald wrote that her style was `` suited to please the people of our cold climate . She will have triumphs here that would never attend her progress through France or Italy '' . The critic H.F. Chorley , who admired Lind , described her voice as having `` two octaves in compass -- from D to D -- having a higher possible note or two , available on rare occasions ; and that the lower half of the register and the upper one were of two distinct qualities . The former was not strong -- veiled , if not husky ; and apt to be out of tune . The latter was rich , brilliant and powerful -- finest in its highest portions . '' Chorley praised her breath management , her use of pianissimo , her taste in ornament and her intelligent use of technique to conceal the differences between her upper and lower registers . He thought her `` execution was great '' and that she was a `` skilled and careful musician '' but felt that `` many of her effects on the stage appeared overcalculated '' and that singing in foreign languages impeded her ability to give expression to the text . He felt , however , that her concert singing was more admirable than her operatic performances , but he praised some of her roles . Chorley judged her finest work to be in the German repertoire , citing Mozart , Haydn and Mendelssohn 's Elijah as best suited to her . Miller concluded that although connoisseurs of the voice preferred other singers , her wider appeal to the public at large was not merely a legend created by Barnum but was a mixture of `` a uniquely pure ( some called it celestial ) quality in her voice , consistent with her well - known generosity and charity '' . Memorials ( edit ) Memorial in Westminster Abbey Lind is commemorated in Poets ' Corner , Westminster Abbey , London under the name `` Jenny Lind - Goldschmidt '' . Among those present at the memorial 's unveiling ceremony on 20 April 1894 were Goldschmidt , members of the Royal Family , Sullivan , Sir George Grove and representatives of some of the charities supported by Lind . There is also a plaque commemorating Lind in The Boltons , Kensington , London and a blue plaque at 189 Old Brompton Road , London , SW7 , which was erected in 1909 . Lind has been commemorated in music , on screen and even on banknotes . Both the 1996 and 2006 issues of the Swedish 50 - krona banknote bear a portrait of Lind on the front . Many artistic works have honoured or featured her . Anton Wallerstein composed the `` Jenny Lind Polka '' around 1850 . In the 1930 Hollywood film A Lady 's Morals , Grace Moore starred as Lind , with Wallace Beery as Barnum . In 1941 Ilse Werner starred as Lind in the German - language musical biography film The Swedish Nightingale . In 2001 , a semibiographical film , Hans Christian Andersen : My Life as a Fairytale , featured Flora Montgomery as Lind . In 2005 , Elvis Costello announced that he was writing an opera about Lind , called The Secret Arias with some lyrics by Andersen . A 2010 BBC television documentary `` Chopin -- The Women Behind the Music '' includes discussion of Chopin 's last years , during which Lind `` so affected '' the composer . Lind standing at a keyboard Many places and objects have been named for Lind , including Jenny Lind Island in Canada , the Jenny Lind locomotive and a clipper ship , the USS Nightingale . An Australian schooner was named Jenny Lind in her honour . In 1857 , it was wrecked in a creek on the Queensland coast ; the creek was accordingly named Jenny Lind Creek . A bronze statue of a seated Jenny Lind by Erik Rafael - Rådberg , dedicated in 1924 , sits in the Framnäs section of Djurgården island in Stockholm ( at 59 ° 19 ′ 45 '' N 18 ° 6 ′ 8 '' E / 59.32917 ° N 18.10222 ° E / 59.32917 ; 18.10222 ) . In Britain , Goldschmidt 's endowment of an infirmary for children in her memory in Norwich is perpetuated in its present form as the Jenny Lind Children 's Hospital of the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital . There is a Jenny Lind Park in the same city . A chapel is named for Lind at the University of Worcester City Campus . A hotel and pub is named after her in the Old Town of Hastings , East Sussex . Hereford County Hospital has a psychiatric ward named for Jenny Lind . A district in Glasgow is named after her . In the US , Lind is commemorated by street names in Fort Smith , Arkansas ; New Bedford , Massachusetts ; Taunton , Massachusetts ; McKeesport , Pennsylvania ; North Easton , Massachusetts ; North Highlands , California and Stanhope , New Jersey ; and in the name of Jenny Lind , Arkansas and the gold - rush town of Jenny Lind , California . An elementary school in Minneapolis , Minnesota is named after her . She has been honoured since 1948 by the Barnum Festival , which takes place each June and July in Bridgeport , Connecticut . Through a national competition , the festival selects a soprano as the Jenny Lind winner . Her Swedish counterpart , chosen by the Royal Swedish Academy of Music and the People 's Parks and Community Centre in Stockholm , visits during the festival , and the two perform several concerts together . In July , the American Jenny Lind winner traditionally travels to Sweden for a similar joint concert tour . Andover , Illinois , has the Jenny Lind Chapel , a Swedish Lutheran Chapel that Lind donated $1,500 to construct . Jenny Lind Wing is part of a student residence building at Augustana College , Rock Island , Illinois , which was founded by the Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Augustana Synod in North America in 1860 . The college also named a Jenny Lind Vocal Ensemble . See also ( edit ) American Swedish Historical Museum Jenny Lind private railroad car Justina Casagli Elisabeth Frösslind Elisabeth Olin Lina Sandell Jenny Lind locomotive Jenny Lind soup Jenny Lind Tower List of Swedes in music References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Note , however , the discussion above , regarding Mendelssohn 's writing high F - sharp specifically for her capabilities . Rogers quotes Chorley as follows : `` In a song from Beatrice di Tenda which she adopted , there was a chromatic cadence , ascending to E in altissimo , and descending to the note whence it had risen , which could not be paragoned , of late days , as an evidence of mastery and accomplishment . '' Jump up ^ Chorley wrote of Lind 's concerts : `` The wild , queer , Northern tunes brought here by her -- her careful expression of some of Mozart 's great airs -- her mastery over such a piece of execution as `` The Bird Song '' in Haydn 's Creation -- and lastly , the grandeur of inspiration with which the `` Sanctus '' of angels in Mendelssohn 's Elijah was led by her ( the culminating point in the Oratorio ) -- are so many things to leave on the mind of all who have heard them `` . Footnotes ^ Jump up to : Rosen , `` Lind , Jenny ( 1820 -- 1887 ) '' ^ Jump up to : Mdlle . Jenny Lind , The Illustrated London News , 24 April 1847 , p. 272 ^ Jump up to : Rogers , Francis . `` Jenny Lind '' , The Musical Quarterly , Vol. 32 , No. 3 ( July 1946 ) , pp. 437 -- 448 ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Hetsch , Gustav ( da ) and Theodore Baker . `` Hans Christian Andersen 's Interest in Music '' , The Musical Quarterly , Vol. 16 , No. 3 ( July 1930 ) , pp. 322 -- 329 ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Rogers , Francis . The Musical Quarterly , Vol. 32 , No. 3 ( Jul. , 1946 ) , p. 439 ; Nelson , Lars P. `` Jenny Lind '' , What Has Sweden Done for the United States ? ( 1903 ) , p. 21 Jump up ^ Holland , Henry Scott ; William Rockstro ; William Smyth ; Otto Goldschmidt , Memoir of Madame Jenny Lind - Goldschmidt her early art - life and dramatic career 1820 -- 1851 , Volume 1 , pp. 204 and 338 -- 40 Jump up ^ `` Her Majesty 's Theatre -- First Appearance of Mademoiselle Jenny Lind , The Times , 5 May 1847 , p. 5 Jump up ^ `` Her Majesty 's Theatre '' , The Times , 23 July 1847 , p. 5 Jump up ^ `` Her Majesty 's Theatre '' , The Times , 11 May 1849 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Duchen , Jessica . `` Conspiracy of Silence : Could the Release of Secret Documents Shatter Felix Mendelssohn 's Reputation ? '' , published in The Independent , 12 January 2009 . ( Retrieved 4 August 2014 ) Jump up ^ Biddlecombe ( 2013 ) , 83 . Jump up ^ Chorley , p. 194 Jump up ^ `` Mendelssohn 's 200th Birthday , '' Performance Today , 3 February 2009 . Hour 2 , 36 : 00 -- 42 : 00 . ^ Jump up to : Sanders , L.G.D. `` Jenny Lind , Sullivan and the Mendelssohn Scholarship '' , The Musical Times , September 1956 , pp. 466 -- 467 ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Linkon , Sherry Lee . `` Reading Lind Mania : Print Culture and the Construction of Nineteenth - Century Audiences '' , Book History , Vol. 1 ( 1998 ) , pp. 94 -- 106 ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` America '' , The Times , 28 June 1851 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jenny Lind 's Progress in America '' , The Observer , 6 October 1850 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Kellem , Betsy Golden . `` The Greatest Showman : The True Story of P.T. Barnum and Jenny Lind '' , Vanity Fair , 22 December 2017 Jump up ^ First Philharmonic by Cyril Ehrlich p. 103 Jump up ^ Review in The Times Archived 11 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , 13 July 1866 , accessed 22 December 2009 Jump up ^ Elkin , p. 62 Jump up ^ Lind apparently commissioned Félix Barrias 's painting `` La mort de Chopin '' , 1885 ( Czartoryski Museum , Krakow ) : see Icons of Europe 's essay , Why did Niecks write Chopin 's biography ? submitted in December 2004 to Chopin in the World Jump up ^ Lind - Goldschmidt , Jenny . `` Jenny Lind and the R.C.M. '' , The Musical Times , November 1920 , pp. 738 -- 739 ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Miller , Philip L. `` Review '' , American Music , Vol. 1 , No. 1 ( Spring , 1983 ) , pp. 78 -- 80 ^ Jump up to : Chorley , H.F. , quoted in Rogers Jump up ^ `` Jenny Lind Memorial '' , The Times , 21 April 1894 , p. 14 Jump up ^ The plaque can be seen here Jump up ^ `` Blue Plaques '' . English Heritage , accessed 16 June 2011 Jump up ^ `` Jenny Lind Polka '' , British Library integrated catalogue , accessed 16 June 2011 Jump up ^ The New York Times , `` A Lady 's Morals a.k.a Jenny Lind '' and Mordant Hall , `` The Swedish Nightingale Archived 10 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine. , '' The New York Times , 8 November 1930 . Jump up ^ Watson , Joanne . `` The Secret Arias , Opera House , Copenhagen '' , The Independent , 11 October 2005 Jump up ^ Rhodes , James . `` Chopin -- The Women Behind The Music '' , BBC Four , BBC Programme info , 15 October 2010 Jump up ^ `` Jenny Lind Creek '' , Beachsafe , accessed 26 January 2011 Jump up ^ `` Lind - Goldschmidt , Jenny M . '' . Nordisk familjebok ( Nordic Family Book ) ( in Swedish ) . 37 ( Supplement L - to - Parliamentary ) ( 2nd ( `` Owl '' ) edition supplement ed . ) . Stockholm . 1925 . p. 210 . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . En sittande bronsstaty öfver henne , mod . af E. Rafael - Rådberg , aftäcktes 11 maj 1924 vid Framnäs på k . Djurgården , Stockholm . ( in Swedish ) Jump up ^ `` Portrait Bust of Paul Engdahl by Rafael Radberg '' , 1stDibs , accessed 1 April 2014 Jump up ^ `` Jenny Lind Children 's Hospital '' , Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital , accessed 18 June 2011 Jump up ^ `` Jenny Lind Park '' Archived 5 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , Norwich City Council , accessed 18 June 2011 Jump up ^ `` Fundraising Campaign Launched for Stained Glass Window at Former Hospital '' , University of Worcester , accessed 18 June 2011 Jump up ^ `` A hot time in the Old Town '' , The Jenny Lind Inn , accessed 18 June 2011 Jump up ^ `` David Craig who left roadie job to become mental health nurse retires '' , Hereford Times , 10 February 2011 Jump up ^ `` Glasgow Population and Size '' , Glasgow Guide Organisation , accessed 28 September 2016 Jump up ^ `` Jenny Lind Elementary School '' , Minneapolis Public Schools , 29 January 2014 Jump up ^ `` History '' , Jenny Lind Chapel , Andover , Illinois , July 15 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` First floor Jenny Lind '' , Westerlin Hall , Augustana College , accessed July 29 , 2018 Jump up ^ Baker , Deirdre Cox . `` Augustana residence project in final phase '' , Quad - City Times , July 6 , 2017 , accessed July 29 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` Augustana College announces three 2017 concerts for Jenny Lind Vocal Ensemble '' , Rock Island Today , January 15 , 2017 , accessed July 29 , 2018 Sources Biddlecombe , George ( 2013 ) . `` Secret Letters and a Missing Memorandum : New Light on the Personal Relationship between Felix Mendelssohn and Jenny Lind '' , in Journal of the Royal Musical Association , Volume 138 , Issue 1 , 2013 , pp. 47 -- 83 . Chorley , Henry F. ( 1926 ) . Ernest Newman , ed . Thirty Years ' Musical Recollections . New York and London : Knopf . OCLC 347491 . Elkin , Robert ( 1944 ) . Queen 's Hall 1893 -- 1941 . London : Ryder . OCLC 604598020 . Goldschmidt , Otto ; Scott Holland , Henry ; Rockstro , W.S. , eds. ( 1891 ) . Jenny Lind the artist , 1820 -- 1851 . A memoir of Madame Jenny Lind Goldschmidt , her art - life and dramatic career . London : John Murray . OCLC 223031312 . Rosen , Carole ( 2004 ) . Matthew , H.C.G. ; Harrison , Brian , eds . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0198614111 . Further reading ( edit ) Brown , Clive ( 2003 ) . A Portrait of Mendelssohn . New Haven and London : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 09539 - 5 . Bulman , Joan ( 1956 ) . Jenny Lind : A Biography . London : Barrie . OCLC 252091695 . Jorgensen , Cecilia ; Jens Jorgensen ( 2003 ) . Chopin and The Swedish Nightingale . Brussels : Icons of Europe . ISBN 2 - 9600385 - 0 - 9 . Kielty , Bernadine ( 1959 ) . Jenny Lind Sang Here . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . OCLC 617750 . Kyle , Elisabeth ( 1964 ) . The Swedish Nightingale : Jenny Lind . New York : Holt Rinehart and Winston . OCLC 884670 . Maude , Jenny M.C. ( 1926 ) . The Life of Jenny Lind , Briefly Told by Her Daughter , Mrs. Raymond Maude , O.B.E . London : Cassell . OCLC 403731797 . Mercer - Taylor , Peter ( 2000 ) . The Life of Mendelssohn . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 63972 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jenny Lind . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Lind , Jenny . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Ronald J. McNeill in Century Magazine `` Notable Women : Jenny Lind '' JennyLind.org website Profile of and links to information about Jenny Lind , the Barnum 's American History Museum site Currier & Ives print of the First Appearance of Jenny Lind in America Profile of Lind at Scandinavian.wisc.edu The Jenny Lind Tower on Cape Cod Boyette , Patsy M. `` Jenny Lind Sang Under This Tree '' , Olde Kinston Gazette , Kinstonpress.com ( March 1999 ) `` Lind - Goldschmidt , Jenny '' . Appletons ' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1892 . `` Lind , Jenny '' . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920 . Lind and Chopin at World of Opera website Works by or about Jenny Lind at Internet Archive Jenny Lind : Her Life , Her Struggles and Her Triumphs by G.G. Rosenberg ( 1850 ) Lind 's Memoirs ( 1820 -- 1851 ) Biography by N. Parker Willis ( 1951 ) P.T. Barnum Acts and exhibits Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus Anna Haining Bates Eli Bowen Chang and Eng Bunker Cardiff Giant Circassian beauties Henry Alexander Cooper Captain George Costentenus Nala Damajanti John Diamond ( dancer ) Admiral Dot Colonel Routh Goshen Fiji mermaid Joice Heth Fedor Jeftichew Annie Jones ( bearded woman ) Jumbo William S. Hutchings Nellie Keeler Jenny Lind Count Primo Magri Master Juba Maximo and Bartola Millie and Christine McKoy Edmund Newell Commodore Nutt Isaac W. Sprague General Tom Thumb Charles B. Tripp Lavinia Warren Minnie Warren Wild Men of Borneo Zip the Pinhead Fictional portrayals Barnum ( musical ) The Mighty Barnum The Greatest Showman The Greatest Show on Earth Related articles James `` Grizzly '' Adams Barnum 's American Museum Barnum 's Aquarial Gardens Barnum Museum Bridgeport half dollar William C. Coup The Herald of Freedom Iranistan Moses Kimball `` There 's a sucker born every minute '' BIBSYS : 90109723 BNF : cb12044512m ( data ) GND : 118780026 ISNI : 0000 0000 7977 9109 LCCN : n80024529 MusicBrainz : 324564b3 - 398b - 4428 - 97b2 - af4002ef54fd NDL : 01200260 NKC : jx20080409007 NLA : 35306265 SELIBR : 194401 SNAC : w61c23kj SUDOC : 028654382 VIAF : 74649260 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jenny_Lind&oldid=854605228 '' Categories : Jenny Lind 1820 births 1887 deaths 19th - century Swedish actresses 19th - century Swedish opera singers Academics of the Royal College of Music Burials in Worcestershire People associated with Malvern , Worcestershire Singers from Stockholm Pupils of Manuel García ( baritone ) Swedish expatriates in England Swedish Lutherans Swedish operatic sopranos Swedish stage actresses Hans Christian Andersen Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Interlanguage link template link number Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with Swedish - language external links Use dmy dates from June 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Appleton 's Cyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Articles with Internet Archive links Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Башҡортса Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Malagasy Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 15 : 05 ( UTC ) . 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xbox 360 games compatible with the xbox one
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Title Publisher ( s ) Format Xbox One X Enhanced Date added Notes / References 0 Day Attack on Earth Gulti XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2017 3D Ultra Minigolf Adventures Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 A Kingdom for Keflings Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 A World of Keflings Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Aegis Wing Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Age of Booty Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Alan Wake Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Quantum Break . Alan Wake 's American Nightmare Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Also included as a pre-order bonus with Quantum Break . Alice : Madness Returns Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 2017 Alien Hominid HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Altered Beast Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Anomaly : Warzone Earth Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 Aqua Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 ARKANOID Live ! Taito Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Army of Two Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2017 Assassin 's Creed Ubisoft 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Assassin 's Creed II Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed III Ubisoft 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Ubisoft 000000002018 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 2018 Also released as a launch title for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood Ubisoft 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed : Revelations Ubisoft 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed Rogue Ubisoft 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Also available as a remastered version on Xbox One . Assault Heroes 2 Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Asteroids & Deluxe Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Astropop PopCap Games XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Axel & Pixel 2K Play XBLA 000000002018 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 2018 Babel Rising Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Band of Bugs Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Banjo - Kazooie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Banjo - Kazooie : Nuts & Bolts Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Banjo - Tooie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Batman : Arkham Origins WB Games Disc Only 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 BattleBlock Theater Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Battlefield 3 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlefield : Bad Company 2 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlefield : Bad Company Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlestations : Midway Square Enix 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Bayonetta Sega 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Beat'n Groovy Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Bejeweled 2 Deluxe Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Bejeweled 3 PopCap Games XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Bellator : MMA Onslaught 345 Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Beyond Good & Evil HD Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Bionic Commando : Rearmed 2 Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 BioShock 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . BioShock 2 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . BioShock Infinite 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . Bit. Trip Presents ... Runner2 : Future Legend of Rhythm Alien Aksys Games XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Blazing Angels : Squadrons of WWII Ubisoft 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Blood Knights Kalypso Media XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Blood of the Werewolf Midnight City XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Bloodforge Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 BloodRayne : Betrayal Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Blue Dragon Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 2016 Bolt Disney Interactive 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Bomberman Live : Battlefest Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 18 - 0000 August 18 , 2016 Boom Boom Rocket Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2016 Bound by Flame Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Borderlands 2K Games 000000002015 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3 , 2015 All versions of the game , including physical and digital copies , receive all DLC as a free download ( on Xbox One only ) . Borderlands 2 2K Games 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Also available in Borderlands : The Handsome Collection which includes remastered versions of Borderlands 2 and Borderlands : The Pre-Sequel for Xbox One . Braid Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Brain Challenge Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Brave : The Video Game Disney Interactive 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 2018 Bullet Soul 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Bullet Soul - Infinite Burst - 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Bully : Scholarship Edition Rockstar Games 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Burnout Paradise Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Remastered as Burnout Paradise Remastered for Xbox One . Cabela 's Alaskan Adventures Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Dangerous Hunts 2013 Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Hunting Expeditions Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Survival : Shadows of Katmai Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Call of Duty : Advanced Warfare Activision 000000002017 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2017 Also released on Xbox One . Call of Duty : Black Ops Activision 000000002016 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 2016 Call of Duty : Black Ops II Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 2017 Call of Duty : Ghosts Activision 000000002017 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2017 Also released as a launch title for Xbox One . Call of Duty : World at War Activision 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Call of Duty 2 Activision 000000002016 - 08 - 23 - 0000 August 23 , 2016 Call of Duty 3 Activision 000000002016 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 2016 Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare Activision 000000002018 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2018 Also available in a remastered version . Call of Juarez : Gunslinger Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Capcom Arcade Cabinet Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Carcassonne Sierra Online XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 2016 Cars Mater - National Championship Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Cars 2 : The Video Game Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Castlevania : Symphony of the Night Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Castle Crashers Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2016 CastleStorm Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Catherine Atlus 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Cave , The The Cave Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Centipede & Millipede Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Child of Eden Ubisoft 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 CLANNAD Prototype 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Japan only . Commanders : Attack of the Genos Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Comic Jumper Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Comix Zone Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Condemned : Criminal Origins Sega 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Contra Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Costume Quest 2 Midnight City XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 Counter-Strike : Global Offensive Valve Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Crackdown Microsoft Studios 000000002018 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 2018 Crazy Taxi Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Crystal Defenders Square Enix XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Crystal Quest Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Cyber Troopers Virtual - On Oratorio Tangram Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Dark Souls Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002016 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2016 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Dark Souls 3 on the Xbox store . Dark Void Capcom 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Darkness II , The The Darkness II 2K Games 000000002018 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2018 Darksiders THQ 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Remastered as Darksiders : Warmastered Edition for Xbox One . Darksiders II THQ 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Remastered as Darksiders II : Deathinitive Edition for Xbox One . Daytona USA Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 de Blob 2 THQ 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Dead Rising 2 : Case Zero Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Dead Rising 2 : Case West Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Dead Space Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space 2 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space 3 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space Ignition Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Deadfall Adventures Nordic Games 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 Deadliest Warrior : The Game Spike Games XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Deadliest Warrior : Legends 345 Games Spike Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Deadly Premonition Marvelous Entertainment 000000002017 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2017 DeathSpank : Thongs of Virtue Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Defense Grid : The Awakening Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Deus Ex : Human Revolution Square Enix 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut Square Enix Disc Only 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 First Multi-Disc game made available . Dig Dug Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 DiRT 3 Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Dirt : Showdown Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Discs of Tron Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Divinity II Larian Studios 000000002018 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 2018 Domino Master Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Doom Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Doom on the Xbox store . Doom II Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Doom on the Xbox store . Doom 3 : BFG Edition Bethesda Softworks Disc Only 000000002016 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 2016 Doritos Crash Course Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Double Dragon Neon Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Dragon Age : Origins Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dragon 's Lair Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Driver : San Francisco Ubisoft Disc Only 000000002018 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2018 Available on disc only , but existing digital owners can download it . DuckTales Remastered Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Duke Nukem : Manhattan Project Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Dungeons & Dragons : Chronicles of Mystara Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Dungeon Siege III Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2015 Earth Defense Force : Insect Armageddon D3 Publisher 000000002017 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2017 Earth Defense Force 2017 D3 Publisher 000000002017 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2017 Earthworm Jim HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Eat Lead : The Return of Matt Hazard D3 Publisher 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Elder Scrolls IV , The The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion Bethesda 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Encleverment Experiment Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Epic Mickey 2 : The Power of Two Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2017 Escape Dead Island Deep Silver 000000002016 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2016 Every Extend Extra Extreme Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 F1 2014 Codemasters 000000002017 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2017 Fable Anniversary Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2017 Fable II Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Fable II Pub Games Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2017 Fable III Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Faery : Legends of Avalon Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Fallout 3 Bethesda Softworks 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Fallout 4 . Also , owners of the Xbox 360 Game of the Year Edition can run the game with all the DLC using disc 2 . Fallout : New Vegas Bethesda Softworks 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Owners of the Xbox 360 Ultimate Edition can run the game with all the DLC using disc 2 . Far Cry 2 Ubisoft 000000002018 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2018 Far Cry 3 Ubisoft 000000002017 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2017 Far Cry 3 : Blood Dragon Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 2016 Feeding Frenzy PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Feeding Frenzy 2 : Shipwreck Showdown PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Fighting Vipers Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Final Fight : Double Impact Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Flashback Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Flock ! Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Forza Horizon Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2016 Foul Play Mastertronic Group XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Fret Nice Koei Tecmo XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Frogger Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2016 Frogger 2 Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Frontlines : Fuel of War THQ 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 FunTown Mahjong Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Galaga Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 2016 Galaga Legions Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Galaga Legions DX Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2016 Garou : Mark of the Wolves SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Gatling Gears Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Gears of War Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War 2 Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War 3 Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War : Judgment Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Geometry Wars : Retro Evolved Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 2016 Geometry Wars : Retro Evolved 2 Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2017 Geometry Wars 3 : Dimensions Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2017 Ghostbusters : Sanctum of Slime Atari XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Ghostbusters : The Video Game Atari 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Gin Rummy Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Girl Fight Kung Fu Factory XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 Go ! Go ! Break Steady Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Goat Simulator Coffee Stain Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 Golden Axe Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Golf : Tee It Up ! Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Grand Theft Auto IV Rockstar Games 000000002017 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 2017 Including `` Episodes From Liberty City '' DLC . Grid 2 Codemasters 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Gripshift Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Guardian Heroes Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2016 Gunstar Heroes Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2016 Guwange CAVE XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Gyromancer Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Gyruss Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 Half - Minute Hero : Super Mega Neo Climax Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Halo 3 Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo 3 : ODST Campaign Edition Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection via downloadable content . Halo 4 Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo : Combat Evolved Anniversary Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo : Reach Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Halo : Spartan Assault Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Halo Wars Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 Hard Corps : Uprising Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Hardwood Backgammon Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Hardwood Hearts Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Hardwood Spades Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Harms Way Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Haunted House Atari XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2016 Heavy Weapon Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Hexic HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 This originally bundled Xbox 360 game can now be downloaded for free in certain regions from the Xbox store here . Hexic 2 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Hitman : Absolution Square Enix 000000002017 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 2017 Hitman : Sniper Challenge pre-order bonus is also compatible . Hitman : Blood Money Eidos Interactive 000000002018 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2018 Hydro Thunder Hurricane Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 I Am Alive Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Ikaruga Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 ilomilo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Injustice : Gods Among Us Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002016 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2016 Insanely Twisted Shadow Planet Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 2017 Interpol : The Trail of Dr. Chaos Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 2016 Iron Brigade Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Jeremy McGrath 's Offroad D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Jet Set Radio HD Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 Jetpac Refuelled Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Jewel Quest Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Joe Danger : Special Edition Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Joe Danger 2 : The Movie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Joust WB Games XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 , 2016 Joy Ride Turbo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Juju Flying Wild Hog XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Jurassic Park : The Game Telltale Games 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Just Cause 2 Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of successor Just Cause 3 . Kameo : Elements of Power Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Kane & Lynch 2 : Dog Days Square Enix 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Killer Is Dead XSEED Games 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 King of Fighters ' 98 Ultimate Match , The The King of Fighters ' 98 Ultimate Match SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 King of Fighters 2002 Unlimited Match , The The King of Fighters 2002 Unlimited Match SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 KOF Sky Stage SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light Square Enix XBLA 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 2018 Lazy Raiders Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 Left 4 Dead Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Left 4 Dead 2 Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2016 LEGO Batman : The Videogame WB Games 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 LEGO Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures LucasArts 000000002017 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2017 LEGO Indiana Jones 2 : The Adventure Continues LucasArts 000000002018 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 2018 LEGO Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 LEGO Star Wars III : The Clone Wars Disney Interactive Studios 000000002018 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2018 LEGO Star Wars : The Complete Saga Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Limbo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 2016 Lode Runner Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Lost Odyssey Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Lumines LIVE Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Luxor 2 MumboJumbo XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Madballs in Babo : Invasion Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Mad Tracks D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Mafia II 2K Games 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 2018 Magic : The Gathering - Duels of the Planeswalkers Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002018 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2018 Magic : The Gathering - Duels of the Planeswalkers 2012 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Magic : The Gathering - Duels of the Planeswalkers 2013 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002018 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2018 Magic : Duels of the Planeswalkers 2014 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002018 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2018 Marlow Briggs and the Mask of Death 505 Games XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 2017 Mars : War Logs Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Mass Effect Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Mass Effect 2 Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Mass Effect 3 Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Matt Hazard : Blood Bath and Beyond D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Maw , The The Maw Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Medal of Honor : Airborne Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Meet the Robinsons Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Mega Man 9 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Mega Man 10 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Metal Gear Rising : Revengeance Konami 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2017 Metal Gear Solid : Peace Walker HD Edition Konami 000000002018 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 2018 The Metal Gear Solid : Peace Walker disc from the Metal Gear Solid HD Collection is also compatible . Metal Slug 3 SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Metal Slug XX SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Midway Arcade Origins Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Might & Magic : Clash of Heroes Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Military Madness : Nectaris Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2016 Mirror 's Edge Electronic Arts 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Misadventures of P.B. Winterbottom , The The Misadventures of P.B. Winterbottom 2K Play XBLA 000000002018 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2018 Missile Command Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Monaco : What 's Yours Is Mine Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 2016 Monday Night Combat Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Monopoly Deal Ubisoft XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Monopoly Plus Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Moon Diver Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Motocross Madness Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Mr. Driller Online Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 Ms. Pac - Man Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Ms. Splosion Man Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Mutant Storm Empire Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Mutant Storm Reloaded Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 MX vs. ATV Reflex Nordic Games 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 N+ Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2015 NBA Jam : On Fire Edition Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 NeoGeo Battle Coliseum SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 New Rally - X Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 NiGHTS into Dreams ... Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 NIN2 - JUMP CAVE XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 Of Orcs and Men Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Omega Five Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2016 Operation Flashpoint : Dragon Rising Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Operation Flashpoint : Red River Codemasters 000000002016 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2016 Available digitally only on the Japanese Xbox Marketplace . Orange Box , The The Orange Box Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Outland Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2016 Pac - Man Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Pac - Man Championship Edition Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pac - Man Championship Edition DX Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pac - Man Museum Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Peggle Popcap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Peggle 2 Popcap Games XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 2017 Perfect Dark Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Perfect Dark Zero Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Persona 4 Arena Atlus 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Phantasy Star II Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Phantom Breaker : Battle Grounds Mages . XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pinball FX Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Plants vs. Zombies PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Planets Under Attack Topware Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Portal : Still Alive Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Portal 2 Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Prey 2K Games 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 2018 Prince of Persia Classic Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pure Disney Interactive Studios Disc Only 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Putty Squad System 3 Software Limited XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Puzzle Quest 1Puzzle Quest : Challenge of the Warlords D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Puzzle Quest : Galactrix D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Puzzle Quest 2 D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Puzzlegeddon Tecmo XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Qix++ Taito Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Quantum Conundrum Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 R - Type Dimensions Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Radiant Silvergun Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 RAGE Bethesda Softworks 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 Raiden IV UFO Interactive Games XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 Raskulls Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Rayman 3 HD Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Rayman Legends Ubisoft 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Rayman Origins Ubisoft 000000002016 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2016 Red Dead Redemption Rockstar Games 000000002016 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 2016 Standard , `` Game of the Year '' and `` Undead Nightmare '' editions are all compatible . Red Faction : Armageddon THQ 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 Red Faction : Battlegrounds THQ XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 RoboBlitz Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Rocket Knight Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2017 Sacred 3 Deep Silver 000000002015 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2015 Sacred Citadel Deep Silver XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Saints Row : The Third THQ 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Saints Row IV Deep Silver 000000002016 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 2016 Sam & Max Beyond Time and Space Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Sam & Max Save the World Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Samurai Shodown II SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Scarygirl Square Enix XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2016 Scrap Metal Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Screamride Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2017 Secret of Monkey Island , The The Secret of Monkey Island : Special Edition Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Secret of Monkey Island 2 , The Monkey Island 2 Special Edition : LeChuck 's Revenge Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Bass Fishing Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Sega Vintage Collection : Alex Kidd & Co . ( Alex Kidd in Miracle World , Super Hang - On , The Revenge of Shinobi ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Golden Axe ( Golden Axe , II , III ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Monster World ( Wonder Boy in Monster Land , Wonder Boy in Monster World , Monster World IV ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Streets of Rage ( Streets of Rage , 2 , 3 ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2015 Includes all three Streets of Rage games . Sega Vintage Collection : ToeJam & Earl ( ToeJam & Earl ) Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2017 Shadowrun Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Shadow Assault - Tenchu - From Software XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Shadow Complex Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2015 Shadows of the Damned Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2017 Shank 2 Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 2016 Shinobi Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Shotest Shogi Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Shred Nebula Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 Sid Meier 's Civilization Revolution 2K Games 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 2017 Silent Hill : Downpour Konami 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Skate 3 Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Skullgirls : Encore MarvelousAQL XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Skydive : Proximity Flight Gaijin Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Slender : The Arrival Midnight City XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Small Arms Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Sniper Elite V2 505 Games 000000002018 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2018 Soltrio Solitaire Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2017 Sonic Adventure Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2017 Sonic Adventure 2 Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2017 Sonic & Knuckles Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Supports Sonic 3 & Knuckles for those that also own Sonic 3 . Sonic & All - Stars Racing Transformed Sega 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Sonic Generations Sega 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 , 2018 Sonic CD Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Fighters Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Sonic the Hedgehog Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Hedgehog 2 Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Hedgehog 3 Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Supports Sonic 3 & Knuckles for those that also own Sonic & Knuckles . Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode I Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode II Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Soulcalibur Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Soulcalibur II HD Online Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 South Park : The Stick of Truth Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Space Ark Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Space Giraffe Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Space Invaders Infinity Gene Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Spec Ops : The Line 2K Games 000000002018 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2018 Spelunky Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Splatters , The The Splatters Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Split / Second Disney Interactive Studios 000000002018 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 2018 ' Splosion Man Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 SSX EA Sports 000000002016 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Stacking THQ XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 Star Wars : The Force Unleashed Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2016 Star Wars : The Force Unleashed II Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2016 Steins ; Gate 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Steins ; Gate : Hiyoku Renri no Darling 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Steins ; Gate : Senkei Kōsoku no Phenogram 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Strania G. rev XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Street Fighter IV Capcom 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Stuntman : Ignition Nordic Games 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Super Contra Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Super Meat Boy Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Super Street Fighter IV : Arcade Edition Capcom 000000002017 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 2017 Supreme Commander 2 Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Syberia Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2016 Tales from Space : Mutant Blobs Attack Midnight City XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Tecmo Bowl Throwback Tecmo Koei XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Tekken 6 Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tekken 7 . Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002016 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2016 Texas Hold ' em Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 Ticket to Ride Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 TimeShift Sierra Entertainment 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon : Future Soldier Ubisoft 000000002018 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 2018 Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege . Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas 2 Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege . Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell : Conviction Ubisoft 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 2018 Tomb Raider : Underworld Eidos Interactive 000000002017 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2017 Torchlight Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Tour de France 2009 : The Official Game Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Tour de France 2011 Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Tower Bloxx Deluxe Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 Toy Soldiers Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Toy Soldiers : Cold War Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Toy Story 3 Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Trials HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Triggerheart Exelica Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 2016 Trine 2 Atlus XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Tron : Evolution Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Ugly Americans : Apocalypsegeddon 345 Games Comedy Central XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Ultra Street Fighter IV Capcom 000000002017 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 2017 Unbound Saga Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Undertow Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Vanquish Sega 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 2018 Virtua Fighter 2 Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 Virtua Fighter 5 : Final Showdown Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Virtual On : Cyber Troopers Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Japan only . Viva Piñata Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Viva Piñata : Trouble in Paradise Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Walking Dead , The The Walking Dead Telltale Games 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 Walking Dead : Michonne , The The Walking Dead : Michonne Telltale Games XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 Walking Dead : Season Two , The The Walking Dead : Season Two Telltale Games 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 Witcher 2 , The The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings CD Projekt Red 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Wolf of the Battlefield : Commando 3 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Wolfenstein 3D Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Word Puzzle Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 2016 XCOM : Enemy Unknown 2K Games 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 XCOM : Enemy Within 2K Games 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Yosumin ! Live Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 Zuma Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Zuma 's Revenge ! Popcap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access .
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List of Backward compatible games for Xbox One
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list of backward compatible games for xbox one
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The Xbox One gaming console has received updates from Microsoft since its launch in 2013 that enable it to play select games from its two predecessor consoles , Xbox and Xbox 360 . On June 15 , 2015 , backward compatibility with supported Xbox 360 games became available to eligible Xbox Preview program users with a beta update to the Xbox One system software . The dashboard update containing backward compatibility was released publicly on November 12 , 2015 . On October 24 , 2017 , another such update added games from the original Xbox library . The following is a list of all backward compatible games on Xbox One under this functionality .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Xbox 360 1.2 Xbox 2 Xbox One X enhancements 3 List of compatible titles from Xbox 360 4 List of compatible titles from Xbox 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) At its launch in November 2013 , the Xbox One did not have native backward compatibility with original Xbox or Xbox 360 games . Xbox Live director of programming Larry `` Major Nelson '' Hryb suggested users could use the HDMI - in port on the console to pass an Xbox 360 or any other device with HDMI output through Xbox One . Senior project management and planning director Albert Penello explained that Microsoft was considering a cloud gaming platform to enable backward compatibility , but he felt it would be `` problematic '' due to varying internet connection qualities . Xbox 360 ( edit ) During Microsoft 's E3 2015 press conference on June 15 , 2015 , Microsoft announced plans to introduce Xbox 360 backward compatibility on the Xbox One at no additional cost . Supported Xbox 360 games will run within an emulator and have access to certain Xbox One features , such as recording and broadcasting gameplay . Games do not run directly from discs . A ported form of the game is downloaded automatically when a supported game is inserted , while digitally - purchased games will automatically appear for download in the user 's library once available . As with Xbox One titles , if the game is installed using physical media , the disc is still required for validation purposes . Not all Xbox 360 games will be supported ; 104 Xbox 360 games were available for the feature 's public launch on November 12 , 2015 with Xbox One preview program members getting early access . Microsoft stated that publishers will only need to provide permission to the company to allow the repackaging , and they expect the list to grow significantly over time . Unlike the emulation of original Xbox games on the Xbox 360 , the Xbox One does not require game modification , since it emulates an exact replica of its predecessor 's environment -- both hardware and software operating systems . The downloaded game is a repackaged version of the original that identifies itself as an Xbox One title to the console . At Gamescom , Microsoft revealed it has plans to ensure `` all future Xbox 360 Games with Gold titles will be playable on Xbox One . '' On December 17 , 2015 Microsoft made another sixteen Xbox 360 games compatible with Xbox One , including titles such as Halo : Reach , Fable III and Deus Ex : Human Revolution . On January 21 , 2016 , Microsoft made another ten Xbox 360 games compatible , including The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings and Counter-Strike : Global Offensive . On May 13 , 2016 , Microsoft made Xbox 360 titles with multiple discs compatible , starting with Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut . In January 2016 , Microsoft announced that future titles would be added as they became available , instead of waiting until a specific day each month . Xbox ( edit ) During Microsoft 's E3 2017 press conference on June 11 , 2017 , Microsoft announced that roughly 50 % of Xbox One users had played an Xbox 360 game on Xbox One through the system 's backward - compatibility feature . Based on popular demand , Phil Spencer , Microsoft 's Head of Xbox , announced that Xbox One consoles would be able to play select games made for the original Xbox console , first released in 2001 . The compatibility will work on all consoles in the Xbox One family , including the Xbox One X , and will be available as a free update planned for the fall of 2017 . The functionality will be similar to that for back - compatibility with Xbox 360 games . Users insert the Xbox game disc into their Xbox One console to install the compatible version of the game . While players will not be able to access any old game saves or connect to Xbox Live on these titles , system link functions will remain available . Xbox games will not receive achievement support , although when asked about this component , Spencer responded that they had nothing to announce at the current time . Realizing that game discs for original Xbox consoles could be scarce , Spencer said that plans were in place to make compatible Xbox games available digitally . Spencer also said that such games may also be incorporated into the Xbox Game Pass subscription service . In a later interview , Spencer indicated that the potential library of Xbox titles being playable on Xbox One will be smaller than that currently available from the Xbox 360 library . Spencer noted two reasons for the more limited library were the availability of content rights for the games and the technical difficulties related to the conversion . Xbox One X enhancements ( edit ) Backwards compatible original Xbox and Xbox 360 titles will benefit from becoming Xbox One X enhanced with the following : Improved framerate stability Games utilizing a dynamic resolution will hit their max resolution more often , or at all times 16x anisotropic filtering Forced V - sync Variable refresh rate compatibility ( when used with a compatible display ) List of compatible titles from Xbox 360 ( edit ) There are currently 473 on this list out of 2097 games released for the Xbox 360 . Title Publisher ( s ) Format Xbox One X Enhanced Date added Notes / References 0 Day Attack on Earth Gulti XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2017 3D Ultra Minigolf Adventures Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 A Kingdom for Keflings Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 A World of Keflings Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Aegis Wing Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Age of Booty Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Alan Wake Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Quantum Break . Alan Wake 's American Nightmare Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Also included as a pre-order bonus with Quantum Break . Alice : Madness Returns Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 2017 Alien Hominid HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Altered Beast Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Anomaly : Warzone Earth Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 Aqua Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 ARKANOID Live ! Taito Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Army of Two Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2017 Assassin 's Creed Ubisoft 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Assassin 's Creed II Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed III Ubisoft 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Ubisoft 000000002018 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 2018 Also released as a launch title for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood Ubisoft 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed : Revelations Ubisoft 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed Rogue Ubisoft 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Also available as a remastered version on Xbox One . Assault Heroes 2 Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Asteroids & Deluxe Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Astropop PopCap Games XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Axel & Pixel 2K Play XBLA 000000002018 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 2018 Babel Rising Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Band of Bugs Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Banjo - Kazooie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Banjo - Kazooie : Nuts & Bolts Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Banjo - Tooie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Batman : Arkham Origins WB Games Disc Only 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 BattleBlock Theater Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Battlefield 3 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlefield : Bad Company 2 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlefield : Bad Company Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlestations : Midway Square Enix 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Bayonetta Sega 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Beat'n Groovy Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Bejeweled 2 Deluxe Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Bejeweled 3 PopCap Games XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Bellator : MMA Onslaught 345 Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Beyond Good & Evil HD Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Bionic Commando : Rearmed 2 Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 BioShock 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . BioShock 2 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . BioShock Infinite 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . Bit. Trip Presents ... Runner2 : Future Legend of Rhythm Alien Aksys Games XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Blazing Angels : Squadrons of WWII Ubisoft 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Blood Knights Kalypso Media XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Blood of the Werewolf Midnight City XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Bloodforge Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 BloodRayne : Betrayal Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Blue Dragon Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 2016 Bolt Disney Interactive 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Bomberman Live : Battlefest Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 18 - 0000 August 18 , 2016 Boom Boom Rocket Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2016 Bound by Flame Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Borderlands 2K Games 000000002015 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3 , 2015 All versions of the game , including physical and digital copies , receive all DLC as a free download ( on Xbox One only ) . Borderlands 2 2K Games 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Also available in Borderlands : The Handsome Collection which includes remastered versions of Borderlands 2 and Borderlands : The Pre-Sequel for Xbox One . Braid Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Brain Challenge Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Brave : The Video Game Disney Interactive 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 2018 Bullet Soul 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Bullet Soul - Infinite Burst - 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Bully : Scholarship Edition Rockstar Games 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Burnout Paradise Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Remastered as Burnout Paradise Remastered for Xbox One . Cabela 's Alaskan Adventures Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Dangerous Hunts 2013 Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Hunting Expeditions Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Survival : Shadows of Katmai Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Call of Duty : Advanced Warfare Activision 000000002017 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2017 Also released on Xbox One . Call of Duty : Black Ops Activision 000000002016 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 2016 Call of Duty : Black Ops II Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 2017 Call of Duty : Ghosts Activision 000000002017 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2017 Also released as a launch title for Xbox One . Call of Duty : World at War Activision 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Call of Duty 2 Activision 000000002016 - 08 - 23 - 0000 August 23 , 2016 Call of Duty 3 Activision 000000002016 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 2016 Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare Activision 000000002018 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2018 Also available in a remastered version . Call of Juarez : Gunslinger Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Capcom Arcade Cabinet Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Carcassonne Sierra Online XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 2016 Cars Mater - National Championship Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Cars 2 : The Video Game Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Castlevania : Symphony of the Night Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Castle Crashers Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2016 CastleStorm Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Catherine Atlus 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Cave , The The Cave Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Centipede & Millipede Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Child of Eden Ubisoft 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 CLANNAD Prototype 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Japan only . Commanders : Attack of the Genos Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Comic Jumper Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Comix Zone Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Condemned : Criminal Origins Sega 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Contra Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Costume Quest 2 Midnight City XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 Counter-Strike : Global Offensive Valve Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Crackdown Microsoft Studios 000000002018 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 2018 Crazy Taxi Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Crystal Defenders Square Enix XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Crystal Quest Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Cyber Troopers Virtual - On Oratorio Tangram Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Dark Souls Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002016 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2016 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Dark Souls 3 on the Xbox store . Dark Void Capcom 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Darkness II , The The Darkness II 2K Games 000000002018 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2018 Darksiders THQ 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Remastered as Darksiders : Warmastered Edition for Xbox One . Darksiders II THQ 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Remastered as Darksiders II : Deathinitive Edition for Xbox One . Daytona USA Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 de Blob 2 THQ 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Dead Rising 2 : Case Zero Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Dead Rising 2 : Case West Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Dead Space Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space 2 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space 3 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space Ignition Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Deadfall Adventures Nordic Games 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 Deadliest Warrior : The Game Spike Games XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Deadliest Warrior : Legends 345 Games Spike Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Deadly Premonition Marvelous Entertainment 000000002017 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2017 DeathSpank : Thongs of Virtue Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Defense Grid : The Awakening Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Deus Ex : Human Revolution Square Enix 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut Square Enix Disc Only 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 First Multi-Disc game made available . Dig Dug Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 DiRT 3 Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Dirt : Showdown Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Discs of Tron Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Divinity II Larian Studios 000000002018 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 2018 Domino Master Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Doom Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Doom on the Xbox store . Doom II Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Doom on the Xbox store . Doom 3 : BFG Edition Bethesda Softworks Disc Only 000000002016 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 2016 Doritos Crash Course Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Double Dragon Neon Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Dragon Age : Origins Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dragon 's Lair Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Driver : San Francisco Ubisoft Disc Only 000000002018 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2018 Available on disc only , but existing digital owners can download it . DuckTales Remastered Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Duke Nukem : Manhattan Project Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Dungeons & Dragons : Chronicles of Mystara Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Dungeon Siege III Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2015 Earth Defense Force : Insect Armageddon D3 Publisher 000000002017 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2017 Earth Defense Force 2017 D3 Publisher 000000002017 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2017 Earthworm Jim HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Eat Lead : The Return of Matt Hazard D3 Publisher 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Elder Scrolls IV , The The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion Bethesda 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Encleverment Experiment Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Epic Mickey 2 : The Power of Two Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2017 Escape Dead Island Deep Silver 000000002016 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2016 Every Extend Extra Extreme Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 F1 2014 Codemasters 000000002017 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2017 Fable Anniversary Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2017 Fable II Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Fable II Pub Games Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2017 Fable III Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Faery : Legends of Avalon Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Fallout 3 Bethesda Softworks 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Fallout 4 . Also , owners of the Xbox 360 Game of the Year Edition can run the game with all the DLC using disc 2 . Fallout : New Vegas Bethesda Softworks 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Owners of the Xbox 360 Ultimate Edition can run the game with all the DLC using disc 2 . Far Cry 2 Ubisoft 000000002018 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2018 Far Cry 3 Ubisoft 000000002017 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2017 Far Cry 3 : Blood Dragon Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 2016 Feeding Frenzy PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Feeding Frenzy 2 : Shipwreck Showdown PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Fighting Vipers Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Final Fight : Double Impact Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Flashback Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Flock ! Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Forza Horizon Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2016 Foul Play Mastertronic Group XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Fret Nice Koei Tecmo XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Frogger Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2016 Frogger 2 Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Frontlines : Fuel of War THQ 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 FunTown Mahjong Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Galaga Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 2016 Galaga Legions Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Galaga Legions DX Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2016 Garou : Mark of the Wolves SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Gatling Gears Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Gears of War Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War 2 Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War 3 Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War : Judgment Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Geometry Wars : Retro Evolved Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 2016 Geometry Wars : Retro Evolved 2 Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2017 Geometry Wars 3 : Dimensions Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2017 Ghostbusters : Sanctum of Slime Atari XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Ghostbusters : The Video Game Atari 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Gin Rummy Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Girl Fight Kung Fu Factory XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 Go ! Go ! Break Steady Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Goat Simulator Coffee Stain Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 Golden Axe Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Golf : Tee It Up ! Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Grand Theft Auto IV Rockstar Games 000000002017 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 2017 Including `` Episodes From Liberty City '' DLC . Grid 2 Codemasters 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Gripshift Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Guardian Heroes Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2016 Gunstar Heroes Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2016 Guwange CAVE XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Gyromancer Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Gyruss Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 Half - Minute Hero : Super Mega Neo Climax Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Halo 3 Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo 3 : ODST Campaign Edition Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection via downloadable content . Halo 4 Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo : Combat Evolved Anniversary Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo : Reach Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Halo : Spartan Assault Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Halo Wars Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 Hard Corps : Uprising Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Hardwood Backgammon Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Hardwood Hearts Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Hardwood Spades Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Harms Way Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Haunted House Atari XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2016 Heavy Weapon Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Hexic HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 This originally bundled Xbox 360 game can now be downloaded for free in certain regions from the Xbox store here . Hexic 2 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Hitman : Absolution Square Enix 000000002017 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 2017 Hitman : Sniper Challenge pre-order bonus is also compatible . Hitman : Blood Money Eidos Interactive 000000002018 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2018 Hydro Thunder Hurricane Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 I Am Alive Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Ikaruga Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 ilomilo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Injustice : Gods Among Us Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002016 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2016 Insanely Twisted Shadow Planet Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 2017 Interpol : The Trail of Dr. Chaos Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 2016 Iron Brigade Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Jeremy McGrath 's Offroad D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Jet Set Radio HD Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 Jetpac Refuelled Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Jewel Quest Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Joe Danger : Special Edition Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Joe Danger 2 : The Movie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Joust WB Games XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 , 2016 Joy Ride Turbo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Juju Flying Wild Hog XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Jurassic Park : The Game Telltale Games 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Just Cause 2 Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of successor Just Cause 3 . Kameo : Elements of Power Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Kane & Lynch 2 : Dog Days Square Enix 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Killer Is Dead XSEED Games 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 King of Fighters ' 98 Ultimate Match , The The King of Fighters ' 98 Ultimate Match SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 King of Fighters 2002 Unlimited Match , The The King of Fighters 2002 Unlimited Match SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 KOF Sky Stage SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light Square Enix XBLA 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 2018 Lazy Raiders Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 Left 4 Dead Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Left 4 Dead 2 Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2016 LEGO Batman : The Videogame WB Games 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 LEGO Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures LucasArts 000000002017 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2017 LEGO Indiana Jones 2 : The Adventure Continues LucasArts 000000002018 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 2018 LEGO Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 LEGO Star Wars III : The Clone Wars Disney Interactive Studios 000000002018 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2018 LEGO Star Wars : The Complete Saga Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Limbo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 2016 Lode Runner Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Lost Odyssey Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Lumines LIVE Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Luxor 2 MumboJumbo XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Madballs in Babo : Invasion Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Mad Tracks D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Mafia II 2K Games 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 2018 Magic : The Gathering - Duels of the Planeswalkers Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002018 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2018 Magic : The Gathering - Duels of the Planeswalkers 2012 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Magic : The Gathering - Duels of the Planeswalkers 2013 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002018 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2018 Magic : Duels of the Planeswalkers 2014 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002018 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2018 Marlow Briggs and the Mask of Death 505 Games XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 2017 Mars : War Logs Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Mass Effect Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Mass Effect 2 Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Mass Effect 3 Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Matt Hazard : Blood Bath and Beyond D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Maw , The The Maw Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Medal of Honor : Airborne Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Meet the Robinsons Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Mega Man 9 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Mega Man 10 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Metal Gear Rising : Revengeance Konami 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2017 Metal Gear Solid : Peace Walker HD Edition Konami 000000002018 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 2018 The Metal Gear Solid : Peace Walker disc from the Metal Gear Solid HD Collection is also compatible . Metal Slug 3 SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Metal Slug XX SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Midway Arcade Origins Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Might & Magic : Clash of Heroes Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Military Madness : Nectaris Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2016 Mirror 's Edge Electronic Arts 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Misadventures of P.B. Winterbottom , The The Misadventures of P.B. Winterbottom 2K Play XBLA 000000002018 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2018 Missile Command Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Monaco : What 's Yours Is Mine Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 2016 Monday Night Combat Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Monopoly Deal Ubisoft XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Monopoly Plus Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Moon Diver Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Motocross Madness Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Mr. Driller Online Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 Ms. Pac - Man Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Ms. Splosion Man Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Mutant Storm Empire Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Mutant Storm Reloaded Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 MX vs. ATV Reflex Nordic Games 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 N+ Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2015 NBA Jam : On Fire Edition Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 NeoGeo Battle Coliseum SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 New Rally - X Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 NiGHTS into Dreams ... Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 NIN2 - JUMP CAVE XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 Of Orcs and Men Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Omega Five Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2016 Operation Flashpoint : Dragon Rising Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Operation Flashpoint : Red River Codemasters 000000002016 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2016 Available digitally only on the Japanese Xbox Marketplace . Orange Box , The The Orange Box Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Outland Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2016 Pac - Man Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Pac - Man Championship Edition Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pac - Man Championship Edition DX Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pac - Man Museum Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Peggle Popcap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Peggle 2 Popcap Games XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 2017 Perfect Dark Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Perfect Dark Zero Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Persona 4 Arena Atlus 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Phantasy Star II Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Phantom Breaker : Battle Grounds Mages . XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pinball FX Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Plants vs. Zombies PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Planets Under Attack Topware Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Portal : Still Alive Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Portal 2 Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Prey 2K Games 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 2018 Prince of Persia Classic Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pure Disney Interactive Studios Disc Only 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Putty Squad System 3 Software Limited XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Puzzle Quest 1Puzzle Quest : Challenge of the Warlords D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Puzzle Quest : Galactrix D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Puzzle Quest 2 D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Puzzlegeddon Tecmo XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Qix++ Taito Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Quantum Conundrum Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 R - Type Dimensions Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Radiant Silvergun Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 RAGE Bethesda Softworks 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 Raiden IV UFO Interactive Games XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 Raskulls Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Rayman 3 HD Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Rayman Legends Ubisoft 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Rayman Origins Ubisoft 000000002016 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2016 Red Dead Redemption Rockstar Games 000000002016 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 2016 Standard , `` Game of the Year '' and `` Undead Nightmare '' editions are all compatible . Red Faction : Armageddon THQ 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 Red Faction : Battlegrounds THQ XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 RoboBlitz Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Rocket Knight Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2017 Sacred 3 Deep Silver 000000002015 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2015 Sacred Citadel Deep Silver XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Saints Row : The Third THQ 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Saints Row IV Deep Silver 000000002016 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 2016 Sam & Max Beyond Time and Space Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Sam & Max Save the World Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Samurai Shodown II SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Scarygirl Square Enix XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2016 Scrap Metal Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Screamride Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2017 Secret of Monkey Island , The The Secret of Monkey Island : Special Edition Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Secret of Monkey Island 2 , The Monkey Island 2 Special Edition : LeChuck 's Revenge Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Bass Fishing Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Sega Vintage Collection : Alex Kidd & Co . ( Alex Kidd in Miracle World , Super Hang - On , The Revenge of Shinobi ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Golden Axe ( Golden Axe , II , III ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Monster World ( Wonder Boy in Monster Land , Wonder Boy in Monster World , Monster World IV ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Streets of Rage ( Streets of Rage , 2 , 3 ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2015 Includes all three Streets of Rage games . Sega Vintage Collection : ToeJam & Earl ( ToeJam & Earl ) Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2017 Shadowrun Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Shadow Assault - Tenchu - From Software XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Shadow Complex Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2015 Shadows of the Damned Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2017 Shank 2 Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 2016 Shinobi Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Shotest Shogi Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Shred Nebula Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 Sid Meier 's Civilization Revolution 2K Games 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 2017 Silent Hill : Downpour Konami 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Skate 3 Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Skullgirls : Encore MarvelousAQL XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Skydive : Proximity Flight Gaijin Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Slender : The Arrival Midnight City XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Small Arms Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Sniper Elite V2 505 Games 000000002018 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2018 Soltrio Solitaire Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2017 Sonic Adventure Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2017 Sonic Adventure 2 Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2017 Sonic & Knuckles Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Supports Sonic 3 & Knuckles for those that also own Sonic 3 . Sonic & All - Stars Racing Transformed Sega 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Sonic Generations Sega 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 , 2018 Sonic CD Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Fighters Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Sonic the Hedgehog Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Hedgehog 2 Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Hedgehog 3 Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Supports Sonic 3 & Knuckles for those that also own Sonic & Knuckles . Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode I Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode II Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Soulcalibur Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Soulcalibur II HD Online Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 South Park : The Stick of Truth Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Space Ark Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Space Giraffe Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Space Invaders Infinity Gene Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Spec Ops : The Line 2K Games 000000002018 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2018 Spelunky Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Splatters , The The Splatters Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Split / Second Disney Interactive Studios 000000002018 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 2018 ' Splosion Man Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 SSX EA Sports 000000002016 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Stacking THQ XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 Star Wars : The Force Unleashed Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2016 Star Wars : The Force Unleashed II Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2016 Steins ; Gate 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Steins ; Gate : Hiyoku Renri no Darling 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Steins ; Gate : Senkei Kōsoku no Phenogram 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Strania G. rev XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Street Fighter IV Capcom 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Stuntman : Ignition Nordic Games 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Super Contra Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Super Meat Boy Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Super Street Fighter IV : Arcade Edition Capcom 000000002017 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 2017 Supreme Commander 2 Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Syberia Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2016 Tales from Space : Mutant Blobs Attack Midnight City XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Tecmo Bowl Throwback Tecmo Koei XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Tekken 6 Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tekken 7 . Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002016 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2016 Texas Hold ' em Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 Ticket to Ride Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 TimeShift Sierra Entertainment 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon : Future Soldier Ubisoft 000000002018 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 2018 Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege . Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas 2 Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege . Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell : Conviction Ubisoft 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 2018 Tomb Raider : Underworld Eidos Interactive 000000002017 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2017 Torchlight Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Tour de France 2009 : The Official Game Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Tour de France 2011 Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Tower Bloxx Deluxe Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 Toy Soldiers Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Toy Soldiers : Cold War Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Toy Story 3 Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Trials HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Triggerheart Exelica Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 2016 Trine 2 Atlus XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Tron : Evolution Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Ugly Americans : Apocalypsegeddon 345 Games Comedy Central XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Ultra Street Fighter IV Capcom 000000002017 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 2017 Unbound Saga Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Undertow Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Vanquish Sega 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 2018 Virtua Fighter 2 Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 Virtua Fighter 5 : Final Showdown Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Virtual On : Cyber Troopers Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Japan only . Viva Piñata Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Viva Piñata : Trouble in Paradise Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Walking Dead , The The Walking Dead Telltale Games 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 Walking Dead : Michonne , The The Walking Dead : Michonne Telltale Games XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 Walking Dead : Season Two , The The Walking Dead : Season Two Telltale Games 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 Witcher 2 , The The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings CD Projekt Red 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Wolf of the Battlefield : Commando 3 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Wolfenstein 3D Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Word Puzzle Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 2016 XCOM : Enemy Unknown 2K Games 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 XCOM : Enemy Within 2K Games 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Yosumin ! Live Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 Zuma Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Zuma 's Revenge ! Popcap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . List of compatible titles from Xbox ( edit ) There are currently 32 on this list out of 1046 released for the Xbox . All Original Xbox games run at 4 times resolution on Xbox One and Xbox one S consoles , and run at 16 times resolution on Xbox One X Title Publisher ( s ) Date added Notes Ref ( s ) Black Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access Blinx : The Time Sweeper Microsoft Studios 000000002018 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2018 BloodRayne 2 Majesco 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Breakdown Namco 000000002018 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2018 Conker : Live & Reloaded Microsoft Studios 000000002018 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2018 Crimson Skies : High Road to Revenge Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Dead to Rights Namco 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Destroy All Humans ! THQ 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 The Elder Scrolls III : Morrowind Bethesda Softworks 000000002018 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2018 Full Spectrum Warrior THQ 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 Fuzion Frenzy Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Grabbed by the Ghoulies Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Also included in Rare Replay Hunter : The Reckoning White Wolf , Inc . 000000002018 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2018 Jade Empire Microsoft Studios 000000002018 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2018 The King of Fighters Neowave SNK Playmore 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Mercenaries : Playground of Destruction LucasArts 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 MX Unleashed THQ 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 Ninja Gaiden Black Tecmo 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Panzer Dragoon Orta Sega 000000002018 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2018 Panzer Elite Action : Fields of Glory JoWooD Entertainment 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 Europe only Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time Ubisoft 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Psychonauts Double Fine Productions 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Red Faction II THQ 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Sid Meier 's Pirates ! 2K Games 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 SSX 3 Electronic Arts 000000002018 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2018 Star Wars : Battlefront LucasArts 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 Star Wars : Battlefront II LucasArts 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 Star Wars : Jedi Knight : Jedi Academy LucasArts 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 Star Wars : Jedi Starfighter LucasArts 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 Star Wars : Knights of the Old Republic LucasArts 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Star Wars : Knights of the Old Republic II LucasArts 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 Star Wars : Republic Commando LucasArts 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 See also ( edit ) Xbox One system software List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox 360 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pitcher , Jenna ( 2015 - 10 - 26 ) . `` New Xbox One Experience and Backward Compatibility Launch Date Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Hollister , Sean ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Xbox One will not be backwards compatible with Xbox 360 games '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Audrey , Drake ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One not backwards compatible '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brunner , Grant ( 8 November 2013 ) . `` Microsoft confirms that PS4 , Wii U will work with Xbox One HDMI passthrough '' . ExtremeTech . Ziff Davis . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( 17 June 2013 ) . `` You can plug an Xbox 360 into the Xbox One , says Major Nelson '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Jon . `` The Xbox One 33 things you need to know '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Future plc . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mannion , Gavin ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` The Xbox One can play Xbox 360 games ... sort of '' . Lazy Gamer . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 2013 - 09 - 03 ) . `` Microsoft Talks Digital - Only Future , Kinect , and Why Xbox One is Worth $100 More Than PlayStation 4 , Page 2 '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One Backwards Compatibility Through Cloud ' Problematic ' '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . ^ Jump up to : Machkovech , Sam ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Xbox 360 backward compatibility coming to Xbox One '' . Ars Technica . Los Angeles , California : Condé Nast . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . If users already purchased the games digitally through Xbox Live , they can simply log in and re-download the game on Xbox One without paying any additional cost . If they own the game as a disc , they 'll have to download the game to their Xbox One hard drive , and the system will then check for the disc before launching the game . ^ Jump up to : Warren , Tom ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Microsoft built an Xbox 360 emulator to make games run on the Xbox One '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( 2013 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Xbox One loses some disc - free play , family game - sharing with revised policies '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Richard ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Xbox One will play Xbox 360 games , preview members can try it today '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Available games '' . Xbox.com . Microsoft . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Microsoft is bringing Xbox 360 games to the Xbox One '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Skrebels , Joe ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Xbox One 's backwards compatibility works because it 's tricking your 360 games '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sayed , Rashid ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Microsoft Compares Sony 's Exclusive Line - up With Theirs , Comments On Backwards Compatability ( sic ) & More '' . GamingBolt . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stead , Chris ( 2015 - 08 - 07 ) . `` Complete list of Xbox 360 titles with Xbox One backwards compatibility '' . Finder.com.au . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hyrb ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` New Xbox One Backward Compatibility Titles Are Now Available '' . MajorNelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Kohler ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` Xbox One Will Get Compatibility With Original Xbox Games ( Update ) '' . kotaku.com . Gizmodo Media Group . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Play three generations of games on Xbox One '' . Xbox.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alex Osborn ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` E3 2017 : Xbox One Original Xbox Backwards Compatibility Details Revealed '' . ign.com . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eddie Makuch ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Microsoft E3 2017 : Xbox One Backwards Compatibility For OG Xbox Games Wo n't Be As Extensive '' . gamespot.com . CBS Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leadbetter , Richard ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) . `` Five ways your Xbox One and 360 games will be better on Scorpio '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Larry Hyrb ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Xbox One Backward Compatibility List ( Last Update : 20 October 2016 ) '' . majornelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Xbox One Backward Compatible Availability Games '' ( PDF ) . Xbox.com . Microsoft . 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hyrb ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Xbox One Quantum Break Bundle Available Next Month '' . majornelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Rogue Remastered Coming March 20 to PS4 and Xbox One '' . Ubisoft . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ http://blog.thebehemoth.com/2015/09/04/ccrreleasedate/?linkId=16823597 Jump up ^ `` Skydive , Planets Under Attack and CLANNAD ( Japan Only ) are coming to Xbox One Backward Compatibility today '' . twitter.com. 15 December 2016 . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Passalacqua , By Michael . `` Dark Souls Being Added to Xbox One Backwards Compatibility '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Dark Souls Xbox One Backwards Compatibility Officially Confirmed '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dark Souls And Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Playable On Xbox One Via Backward Compatibility '' . www.GameInformer.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Three More Games Added To Xbox One Backward Compatibility List '' . www.GameInformer.com . March 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Copeland , By Wesley . `` Get Doom and Doom 2 for Free When You Pre-Order Doom on Xbox One '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Klepek , Patrick . `` Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut , Frogger 2 , Final Fight : Double Impact , Faery : Legends of A '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McWhertor , Michael ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Every Gears of War now part of Xbox One remaster thanks to backward compatibility '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stillwell , Bill ( @ wcstillwell ) ( 14 February 2017 ) . `` Also released Sniper Challenge today . Needed that to be available for those that had the unlock in the main game . pic.twitter.com/xcKyIvUIrd '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 27 March 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` XCOM : Enemy Within and Three More Now Backward Compatible on Xbox One '' . 9 June 2016 . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Red Dead Redemption on Xbox One Backward Compatibility Coming Friday , July 8th '' . rockstargames.com . Rockstar Games . July 5 , 2016 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Next Xbox One Backwards - Compatible Game Arrives '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hryb ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Three titles from Steins ; Gate series ( only published in Japan ) are coming to Xbox One Backward Compatibility today '' . twitter.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 電脳 戦機 バーチャロン 後方 互換 性 '' . 14 September 2017 . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.windowscentral.com/original-xbox-games-run-sixteen-times-resolution-xbox-one-x ^ Jump up to : Ryan McCaffrey ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` First 13 Original Xbox Games Announced for Xbox One Compatibility '' . ign.com . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tyrrel , Brandin ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` Morrowind , Kotor 2 , Jade Empire Headline New Wave Of Original Xbox Backwards Compatible Games '' . IGN . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Xbox One backward compatibility ( Xbox.com ) Xbox One backward compatibility game list ( MajorNelson.com ) ( hide ) Video gaming products by Microsoft Microsoft Studios Xbox series Xbox Controller Games With HD support Special limited edition consoles Xbox 360 Launch Technical problems System software Applications Controller Accessories HD DVD Player Wireless Headset Wireless Racing Wheel Xbox Live Vision Games Backward - compatible Kinect Fun Labs Xbox One System software Applications Controller Games Best - selling Xbox One X enhanced Backward - compatible Others Kinect Xbox app Platinum Hits Windows DirectX Games for Windows games GFWL games Xbox on Windows games Microsoft SideWinder Other platforms Xbox on Windows Phone Zune games Online services Xbox Live Avatars Games Store Arcade Indie Games Xbox Game Pass Games on Demand games Live Anywhere Mixer MSN Games Game Room Games Xbox Play Anywhere games Games with Gold Developer tools Xbox Development Kit XNA Game Studio ID@Xbox Promotions OurColony Official Xbox Magazine Xbox Exhibition `` X '' Show Xbox Rewards Summer of Arcade Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_backward_compatible_games_for_Xbox_One&oldid=837262405 '' Categories : Backward compatibility Video game lists by platform Xbox 360 games Xbox One games Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 18 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20backward%20compatible%20games%20for%20Xbox%20One
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how can a settlor create an express trust
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Creation of express trusts in English Law
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creation of express trusts in english law
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The creation of express trusts in English law must involve four elements for the trust to be valid : capacity , certainty , constitution and formality . Capacity refers to the settlor 's ability to create a trust in the first place ; generally speaking , anyone capable of holding property can create a trust . There are exceptions for statutory bodies and corporations , and minors who usually can not hold property can , in some circumstances , create trusts . Certainty refers to the three certainties required for a trust to be valid . The trust instrument must show certainty of intention to create a trust , certainty of what the subject matter of the trust is , and certainty of who the beneficiaries ( or objects ) are . Where there is uncertainty for whatever reason , the trust will fail , although the courts have developed ways around this . Constitution means that for the trust to be valid , the property must have been transferred from the settlor to the trustees .
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If property has not been transferred , the potential trustees and beneficiaries are volunteers , and an equitable maxim is that `` equity will not assist a volunteer '' ; the courts will not look at the case . To get around this , the courts have developed exceptions to this rule for situations when the settlor has done `` all that he could do '' , the trustees or beneficiaries have acquired the property in a different way , or where the gift was made donatio mortis causa . Formality refers to the specific language or forms used when transferring property . For chattels , no formal language or documentation is needed , unless it is made as a will . For land , the transfer must be drafted in line with the Law of Property Act 1925 and the Law of Property ( Miscellaneous Provisions ) Act 1989 . When disposing of an equitable interest , the Law of Property Act 1925 must also be followed ; much of the case law in this area has centred on the meaning of `` dispose '' , with many cases involving people attempting to avoid tax . Contents ( hide ) 1 Capacity 2 Three certainties 3 Constitution 4 Formality 4.1 Land 4.2 Equitable interests 4.3 Wills 5 References 6 Bibliography Capacity ( edit ) Main article : Capacity in English law The first requirement of an express trust is capacity ; the person creating the trust must be legally capable of doing so . Generally speaking , anyone capable of holding property can form a trust , although there are exceptions . A minor can not hold land , and therefore can not create a trust of land ; in addition , unless they are soldiers or `` mariners at sea '' , they can not form a valid will . Where a minor tries to create a trust , it will be held voidable , and can be repudiated by him when he reaches majority , or soon after . Where the trust is clearly of detriment to the minor , the courts may decide to take it as void ; the individual , when he reaches majority , could alternately plead non est factum if he had been too young to appreciate the nature of forming a trust . People who are considered mentally disordered ( under the Mental Health Act 1983 ) and have a receiver appointed can not have trusts directly enforced against them , as they no longer have control over their property . Where there is no receiver , the mentally disordered person 's trust will be held void , unless it was made during a lucid period when the person was capable of understanding their actions . Corporations and statutory bodies only have the powers granted to them by their memorandum of association or authorising statute ; if these do not authorise the creation of trusts , any such trust will be held to be ultra vires . Three certainties ( edit ) Main article : Three certainties Lord Langdale , who first conceptualised the three certainties in Knight v Knight For an express trust to be valid , the trust instrument must show certainty of intention , subject matter and object . Certainty of intention means that it must be clear that the settlor or testator wishes to create a trust ; this is not dependent on any particular language used , and a trust can be created without the word `` trust '' being used , or even the settlor knowing he is creating a trust . Since the 1950s , the courts have been more willing to conclude that there was intention to create a trust , rather than hold that the trust is void . Certainty of subject matter means that it must be clear what property is part of the trust . Historically the property must have been segregated from non-trust property ; more recently , the courts have drawn a line between tangible and intangible assets , holding that with intangible assets there is not always a need for segregation . Certainty of objects means that it must be clear who the beneficiaries , or objects , are . The test for determining this differs depending on the type of trust ; it can be that all beneficiaries must be individually identified , or that the trustees must be able to say with certainty , if a claimant comes before them , whether he is or is not a beneficiary . Uncertainty comes in four categories : conceptual uncertainty , evidential uncertainty , ascertainability and administrative unworkability . Conceptual uncertainty arises when the language is unclear , which leads to the trust being declared invalid . Evidential uncertainty is where a question of fact , such as whether a claimant is a beneficiary , can not be answered ; this does not always lead to invalidity . Ascertainability is where a beneficiary can not be found , and administrative unworkability arises when the nature of the trust is such that it can not realistically be carried out . Trustees and the courts have developed various ways of resolving uncertainties , including the appointment of experts to work out evidential uncertainty , and giving trustees the power to decide who is or is not a beneficiary . Constitution ( edit ) The trust must then be formally constituted , by the transfer of its property to the trustees . For chattels , merely handing the property to the trustees is sufficient , assuming it comes with the relevant intention to create a trust . In some circumstances , providing the intention and telling the trustees where to find the property is sufficient , as in Thomas v Times Books . Where the property is land or an equitable interest in land , it must be transferred by writing in accordance with Sections 52 - 3 of the Law of Property Act 1925 . When dealing with shares , the transfer is not complete until a transfer document has been completed and the company has entered the change of ownership in its books . One of the equitable maxims is that `` equity will not assist a volunteer '' ; if someone does not have an interest in property , they can not bring a court case . When trusts are not properly constituted , the trustees and beneficiaries have no equitable interest in the property , and so are volunteers . There are several exceptions to this maxim . The courts are willing to hear cases where the transfer was not completed , providing the intended beneficiaries or trustees have gained an interest through being made executor of the settlor 's estate ( the rule in Strong v Bird ) , or the gift was given donatio mortis causa , or where the settlor did all he could do , as in Re Rose , or where it would be `` unconscionable '' to hold the gift invalid , as in Pennington v Waine . Formality ( edit ) Main article : Formalities in English law As a general rule , there is no requirement for particular formalities in trust instruments , they can be oral or written . The only requirement is that they show an intention to create a trust . The exceptions are where it is a transfer of land , the transfer of existing equitable interests , or where the trust is made in a will . Land ( edit ) Trusts over land must comply with Section 53 ( 1 ) ( b ) of the Law of Property Act 1925 , which provides that : ( b ) a declaration of trust respecting any land or any interest therein must be manifested and proved by some writing signed by some person who is able to declare such trust or by his will . This means that there must be evidence of the trust 's existence should someone choose to enforce it , and does not necessarily mean it need be in existence at the trust 's creation . Contracts for disposing of land , including the transfer of land into trusts , must follow the Law of Property ( Miscellaneous Provisions ) Act 1989 , Section 2 of which provides that : ( i ) A contract for the sale or other disposition of an interest in land can only be made in writing , and only by incorporating all the terms which the parties have expressly agreed in one document or , where contracts are exchanged , in each . ( ii ) The terms may be incorporated in the document either being set out in it or by reference to some other document . ( iii ) The document incorporating the terms or , where contracts are exchanged , one of the documents incorporating them ( but not necessarily the same one ) must be signed by or on behalf of each party to the contract . Equitable interests ( edit ) For disposing of existing equitable interests , the Law of Property Act 1925 provides in Section 53 ( 1 ) ( c ) that : ( c ) A disposition of an equitable interest or trust subsisting at the time of the disposition , must be in writing signed by the person disposing of the same , or his agent thereunto lawfully authorised in writing or by will . Much of the debate in this area is over the definition of `` disposition '' , and unsurprisingly almost all of the cases involve people trying to avoid tax . In Grey v IRC , the House of Lords gave disposition its `` natural meaning '' , saying that it meant `` a transaction whereby a beneficiary who has a beneficial interest at the beginning of the transaction no longer has it at the end of the transaction '' . Under the rule established in Vandervell v IRC , if the owner of a sole beneficial interest instructs his trustees to transfer the property , and this is done to transfer the beneficial interest and not simply to change the trustees , this does not fall under Section 53 ( 1 ) ( c ) and requires no specific formalities . Simply disclaiming a beneficial interest does not fall within Section 53 ( 1 ) ( c ) , as in Re Paradise Motor Co . Nominating somebody to receive benefits of a pension fund should the pensioner die is also not a valid disposition , as in Re Danish Bacon Co Ltd Staff Pension Fund , and neither is nominating a beneficiary under a life insurance policy , as in Gold v Hill . Where a beneficiary declares he is holding the property on behalf of another , this would be the creation of a sub-trust and not subject to specific formalities . However , under Grainge v Wilberforce , such a sub-trust will only be held to be valid if there is some difference between the trust and sub-trust , and if the trustee - beneficiary has some duties to perform . Wills ( edit ) For a will to be valid ( and therefore , for a trust made in a will to be valid ) it must comply with Section 9 of the Wills Act 1837 . This provides that no will is valid unless : ( a ) it is in writing , and signed by the testator , or by some other person in his presence and by his direction ; and ( b ) it appears that the testator intended by his signature to give effect to the will ; and ( c ) the signature is made or acknowledged by the testator in the presence of two or more witnesses present at the same time ; and ( d ) each witness either - ( i ) attests and signs the will ; or ( ii ) acknowledges his signature , in the presence of the testator ( but not necessarily in the presence of any other witnesses . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Edwards ( 2007 ) p. 90 Jump up ^ Edwards ( 2007 ) p. 91 Jump up ^ Edwards ( 2007 ) p. 92 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 2009 ) p. 73 Jump up ^ Edwards ( 2007 ) p. 93 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 2009 ) p. 79 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 2009 ) p. 87 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 2009 ) p. 97 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 2009 ) p. 104 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 2009 ) p. 117 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 2009 ) p. 120 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 2009 ) p. 123 - 4 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 2009 ) p. 143 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 2009 ) p. 144 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 2009 ) p. 145 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 2009 ) p. 146 - 7 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 2009 ) p. 138 Jump up ^ ( 1966 ) 2 All ER 241 Jump up ^ Edwards ( 2007 ) p. 100 Jump up ^ Edwards ( 2007 ) p. 106 Jump up ^ ( 1952 ) 1 All ER 1217 Jump up ^ ( 2002 ) 1 WLR 2075 Jump up ^ Edwards ( 2007 ) p. 101 ^ Jump up to : Edwards ( 2007 ) p. 107 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 2009 ) p. 211 ^ Jump up to : Edwards ( 2007 ) p. 108 Jump up ^ ( 1959 ) All ER 603 Jump up ^ Edwards ( 2007 ) p. 109 Jump up ^ ( 1967 ) 1 All ER 1 Jump up ^ Edwards ( 2007 ) p. 110 Jump up ^ ( 1968 ) 2 All ER 625 Jump up ^ ( 1971 ) 1 All ER 486 Jump up ^ ( 1999 ) 1 FLR 54 Jump up ^ Edwards ( 2007 ) p. 111 Jump up ^ ( 1889 ) 5 TLR 436 Jump up ^ Edwards ( 2007 ) p. 114 Jump up ^ Hudson ( 2009 ) 269 Bibliography ( edit ) Edwards , Richard ; Nigel Stockwell ( 2007 ) . Trusts and Equity ( 8th ed . ) . Pearson Longman . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4058 - 4684 - 4 . Hudson , Alastair ( 2009 ) . Equity and Trusts ( 6th ed . ) . Routledge - Cavendish . ISBN 0 - 415 - 49771 - X . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Creation_of_express_trusts_in_English_law&oldid=809703913 '' Categories : English trusts law Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2017 Use British English from November 2017 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia සිංහල Edit links This page was last edited on 10 November 2017 , at 21 : 29 . About Wikipedia
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give me a reason to love you american horror story
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Glory Box
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glory box
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`` Glory Box '' Single by Portishead from the album Dummy B - side `` Toy Box '' Released 2 January 1995 Format CD 12 '' Recorded Genre Trip hop Length 5 : 06 Label Go ! Discs London Songwriter ( s ) Portishead Isaac Hayes Producer ( s ) Portishead Adrian Utley Portishead singles chronology `` Sour Times '' ( 1994 ) `` Glory Box '' ( 1995 ) `` All Mine '' ( 1997 ) `` Sour Times '' ( 1994 ) `` Glory Box '' ( 1995 ) `` All Mine '' ( 1997 ) `` Glory Box '' is a song by English electronic band Portishead . It was released on 2 January 1995 , as the third and final single from their 1994 debut album Dummy . The song samples `` Ike 's Rap II '' by Isaac Hayes and the bassline from the Wallace Collection song `` Daydream '' . Contents 1 Music video 2 In popular culture 3 Track listings 4 Charts 5 References 6 External links Music video ( edit ) The music video is set in the 1950s , featuring lead singer Beth Gibbons as a jazz singer at a club while various office workers watch her perform . Sexual tension begins to rise between certain characters , as eventually , all of the workers , as separate couples , attend the club where Beth is performing . Apart from the band members , the entire cast of the video appears in drag . In popular culture ( edit ) The song can be heard in several films , such as Stealing Beauty , When the Cat 's Away , The Craft , B. Monkey , Tout pour plaire , Lord of War , Claudine 's Return and Wild . The song has also been used in a variety of TV shows , such as CSI : Crime Scene Investigation ( `` Chaos Theory '' ) Daria ( `` Pinch Sitter '' ) , Rescue Me ( `` Thaw '' ) , Numb3rs ( `` And The Winner Is ... '' ) , Ringer ( `` If You Ever Want a French Lesson '' ) , American Horror Story ( `` Could it be ... Satan ? ) and Trigger Happy TV . The song featured in a Levi 's Jeans commercial , and a French TV advert for fr : Candia milk in the early 2000s . In 1998 , British folk and blues musician John Martyn adapted the song for his covers album , The Church with One Bell . The instrumental backbone of the original song has since been sampled in Alessia Cara 's 2015 song `` Here . '' Track listings ( edit ) CD single `` Glory Box '' ( edit ) `` Toy Box '' CD maxi `` Glory Box '' ( edit ) `` Toy Box '' `` Scorn '' `` Sheared Box '' 12 '' Side one `` Glory Box '' `` Scorn '' `` Sheared Box '' Side two `` Strangers '' `` Wandering Star '' Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 96 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 36 Canada Rock / Alternative ( RPM ) 10 France ( SNEP ) 25 Ireland ( IRMA ) 12 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 31 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 25 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 17 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 13 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nyre , Lars ( 2009 ) . Sound Media : From Live Journalism to Music Recording . Routledge . p. 57 . ISBN 1135253773 . Jump up ^ ASCAP entry for song Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart -- Week Ending 04 Jun 1995 '' . Imgur.com . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Portishead -- Glory Box '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Rock / Alternative Tracks : Issue 9238 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Portishead -- Glory Box '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Glory Box '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 11 , 1995 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Portishead -- Glory Box '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Portishead Geoff Barrow Beth Gibbons Adrian Utley Studio albums Dummy Portishead Third Live albums Roseland NYC Live Compilations Glory Times Singles `` Numb '' `` Sour Times '' `` Glory Box '' `` All Mine '' `` Over '' `` Only You '' `` Machine Gun '' `` The Rip '' `` Magic Doors '' `` Chase the Tear '' Related articles Discography Out of Season To Kill a Dead Man Side projects Anika Beak Quakers Beth Gibbons & Rustin Man Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glory_Box&oldid=862394576 '' Categories : 1995 singles Portishead ( band ) songs Songs written by Isaac Hayes Songs written by Geoff Barrow Songs written by Beth Gibbons Songs written by Adrian Utley Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canadarock Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for UK Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2018 , at 03 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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toms name in the first tom and jerry cartoon
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Tom ( named `` Jasper '' in his debut appearance ) is a grey and white domestic shorthair cat . ( `` Tom '' is a generic name for a male cat . ) He is usually but not always , portrayed as living a comfortable , or even pampered life , while Jerry ( named `` Jinx '' in his debut appearance ) is a small , brown , house mouse who always lives in close proximity to Tom . Despite being very energetic , determined and much larger , Tom is no match for Jerry 's wits . Jerry also possesses surprising strength for his size , approximately the equivalent of Tom 's , lifting items such as anvils with relative ease and withstanding considerable impacts . Although cats typically chase mice to eat them , it is quite rare for Tom to actually try to eat Jerry . Most of his attempts are just to torment or humiliate Jerry , sometimes in revenge , and sometimes to obtain a reward from a human for catching Jerry . By the final `` fade - out '' of each cartoon , Jerry usually emerges triumphant , while Tom is shown as the loser .
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Jasper
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Tom and Jerry
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tom and jerry
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Tom and Jerry is an American animated series of short films created in 1940 by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera . It centers on a rivalry between its two title characters , Tom , a cat , and Jerry , a mouse , and many recurring characters , based around slapstick comedy .
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In its original run , Hanna and Barbera produced 114 Tom and Jerry shorts for Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer from 1940 to 1958 . During this time , they won seven Academy Awards for Animated Short Film , tying for first place with Walt Disney 's Silly Symphonies with the most awards in the category . After the MGM cartoon studio closed in 1957 , MGM revived the series with Gene Deitch directing an additional 13 Tom and Jerry shorts for Rembrandt Films from 1961 to 1962 . Tom and Jerry then became the highest - grossing animated short film series of that time , overtaking Looney Tunes . Chuck Jones then produced another 34 shorts with Sib Tower 12 Productions between 1963 and 1967 . Three more shorts were produced , The Mansion Cat in 2001 , The Karate Guard in 2005 , and A Fundraising Adventure in 2014 , making a total of 164 shorts . Various shorts have been released for home media since the 1990s . A number of spin - offs have been made , including the television series The Tom and Jerry Show ( 1975 ) , The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show ( 1980 -- 82 ) , Tom and Jerry Kids ( 1990 -- 93 ) , Tom and Jerry Tales ( 2006 -- 08 ) , and The Tom and Jerry Show ( 2014 -- present ) . The first feature - length film based on the series , Tom and Jerry : The Movie , was released in 1992 , and 13 direct - to - video films have been produced since 2002 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Characters 3.1 Tom and Jerry 3.1. 1 Tom and Jerry speaking 3.2 Spike and Tyke 3.3 Butch and Toodles Galore 3.4 Nibbles 3.5 Mammy Two Shoes 4 History 4.1 Hanna - Barbera era ( 1940 -- 58 ) 4.2 Gene Deitch era ( 1961 -- 62 ) 4.3 Chuck Jones era ( 1963 -- 67 ) 4.4 Tom and Jerry hit television 4.5 Second Hanna - Barbera era : The Tom and Jerry Show ( 1975 ) 4.6 Filmation era ( 1980 -- 82 ) 4.7 Tom and Jerry 's new owners 4.8 Third Hanna - Barbera era : Tom and Jerry Kids ( 1990 -- 94 ) 4.9 One - off productions ( 2001 ; 2005 ) 4.10 Warner Bros. era ( 2006 -- present ) 5 Outside the United States 6 Feature films 7 Controversy 8 Other formats 9 Cultural influences 9.1 In popular culture 10 Home media 11 Theatrical shorts 12 Television 12.1 Television shows 12.2 Packaged shows and programming blocks 12.3 Television specials 13 Feature films 14 See also 15 References 16 Further reading Plot ( edit ) The series features comic fights between an iconic set of adversaries , a house cat ( Tom ) and a mouse ( Jerry ) . The plots of each short usually center on Tom 's numerous attempts to capture Jerry and the mayhem and destruction that follows . Tom rarely succeeds in catching Jerry , mainly because of Jerry 's cleverness , cunning abilities , and luck . However , there are also several instances within the cartoons where they display genuine friendship and concern for each other 's well - being . At other times , the pair set aside their rivalry in order to pursue a common goal , such as when a baby escaped the watch of a negligent babysitter , causing Tom and Jerry to pursue the baby and keep it away from danger . The cartoons are known for some of the most violent cartoon gags ever devised in theatrical animation such as Tom using everything from axes , hammers , firearms , firecrackers , explosives , traps and poison to kill Jerry . On the other hand , Jerry 's methods of retaliation are far more violent due to their frequent success , including slicing Tom in half , decapitating him , shutting his head or fingers in a window or a door , stuffing Tom 's tail in a waffle iron or a mangle , kicking him into a refrigerator , getting him electrocuted , pounding him with a mace , club or mallet , letting a tree or electric pole drive him into the ground , sticking matches into his feet and lighting them , tying him to a firework and setting it off , and so on . Because of this , Tom and Jerry has often been criticized as excessively violent . Despite the frequent violence , there is no blood or gore in any scene . Music plays a very important part in the shorts , emphasizing the action , filling in for traditional sound effects , and lending emotion to the scenes . Musical director Scott Bradley created complex scores that combined elements of jazz , classical , and pop music ; Bradley often reprised contemporary pop songs , as well as songs from MGM films , including The Wizard of Oz and Meet Me in St. Louis , which both starred Judy Garland in a leading role . Generally , there is little dialogue as Tom and Jerry almost never speak ; however , minor characters are not similarly limited , and the two lead characters are able to speak English on rare occasions and are thus not mute . For example , the character Mammy Two Shoes has lines in nearly every cartoon in which she appears . Most of the vocal effects used for Tom and Jerry are their high - pitched laughs and gasping screams . Production ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Before 1954 , all Tom and Jerry cartoons were produced in the standard Academy ratio and format ; in 1954 and 1955 , some of the output was dually produced in dual versions : one Academy - ratio negative composed for a flat widescreen ( 1.75 : 1 ) format and one shot in the CinemaScope process . From 1955 until the close of the MGM cartoon studio a year later , all Tom and Jerry cartoons were produced in CinemaScope , some even had their soundtracks recorded in Perspecta directional audio . All of the Hanna and Barbera cartoons were shot as successive color exposure negatives in Technicolor ; the 1960s entries were done in Metrocolor . The 1960s entries also returned to the standard Academy ratio and format , too . The 2005 short The Karate Guard was also filmed in the standard Academy ratio and format . Characters ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : List of Tom and Jerry characters Tom and Jerry ( edit ) Main articles : Tom Cat and Jerry Mouse Tom ( named `` Jasper '' in his debut appearance ) is a grey and white domestic shorthair cat . ( `` Tom '' is a generic name for a male cat . ) He is usually but not always , portrayed as living a comfortable , or even pampered life , while Jerry ( named `` Jinx '' in his debut appearance ) is a small , brown , house mouse who always lives in close proximity to Tom . Despite being very energetic , determined and much larger , Tom is no match for Jerry 's wits . Jerry also possesses surprising strength for his size , approximately the equivalent of Tom 's , lifting items such as anvils with relative ease and withstanding considerable impacts . Although cats typically chase mice to eat them , it is quite rare for Tom to actually try to eat Jerry . Most of his attempts are just to torment or humiliate Jerry , sometimes in revenge , and sometimes to obtain a reward from a human for catching Jerry . By the final `` fade - out '' of each cartoon , Jerry usually emerges triumphant , while Tom is shown as the loser . However , other results may be reached . On rare occasions , Tom triumphs , usually when Jerry becomes the aggressor or he pushes Tom a little too far . In The Million Dollar Cat Jerry learns that Tom will lose his newly acquired wealth if he harms any animal , especially mice ; he then torments Tom a little too much until he retaliates . In Timid Tabby Tom 's look - alike cousin pushes Jerry over the edge . Occasionally and usually ironically , they both lose , usually because Jerry 's last trap or attack on Tom backfires on him or he overlooks something . In Chuck Jones ' Filet Meow , Jerry orders a shark from the pet store to scare Tom away from eating a goldfish . Afterwards , the shark scares Jerry away as well . Finally , they occasionally end up being friends , although within this set of stories , there is often a last minute event that ruins the truce . One cartoon that has a friendly ending is Snowbody Loves Me . Both characters display sadistic tendencies , in that they are equally likely to take pleasure in tormenting each other , although it is often in response to a triggering event . However , when one character appears to truly be in mortal danger from an unplanned situation or due to actions by a third party , the other will develop a conscience and save him . Occasionally , they bond over a mutual sentiment towards an unpleasant experience and their attacking each other is more play than serious attacks . Multiple shorts show the two getting along with minimal difficulty , and they are more than capable of working together when the situation calls for it , usually against a third party who manages to torture and humiliate them both . Sometimes this partnership is forgotten quickly when an unexpected event happens , or when one character feels that the other is no longer necessary . This is the case in Posse Cat , when they agree that Jerry will allow himself to be caught if Tom agrees to share his reward dinner , but Tom then reneges . Other times however , Tom does keep his promise to Jerry and the partnerships are not quickly dissolved after the problem is solved . Tom changes his love interest many times . The first love interest is Toots who appears in Puss n ' Toots , and calls him `` Tommy '' in The Mouse Comes to Dinner . He is also interested in a cat called Toots in The Zoot Cat although she has a different appearance to the original Toots . The most frequent love interest of Tom 's is Toodles Galore , who never has any dialogue in the cartoons . Despite five shorts ending with a depiction of Tom 's apparent death , his demise is never permanent ; he even reads about his own death in a flashback in Jerry 's Diary . He appears to die in explosions in Mouse Trouble ( after which he is seen in heaven ) , Yankee Doodle Mouse and in Safety Second , while in The Two Mouseketeers he is guillotined offscreen . Tom and Jerry speaking ( edit ) Although many supporting and minor characters speak , rarely do Tom and Jerry so themselves . Tom , most famously , sings while wooing female cats ; for example , Tom sings Louis Jordan 's `` Is You Is or Is You Ai n't My Baby '' in the 1946 short Solid Serenade . In that one as well as Zoot Cat , Tom , when romancing a female cat , woos her in a French - accented voice similar to that of screen actor Charles Boyer . At the end of The Million Dollar Cat after beginning to antagonize Jerry he says , `` Gee , I 'm throwin ' away a million dollars ... BUT I 'M HAPPY ! '' In Tom and Jerry : The Magic Ring , Jerry says , `` No , no , no , no , no , '' when choosing the shop to remove his ring . In The Mouse Comes to Dinner Tom speaks to his girlfriend Toots while inadvertently sitting on a stove : `` Say , what 's cookin ' ? '' , to which Toots replies `` You are , stupid . '' Another instance of speech comes in Solid Serenade and The Framed Cat , where Tom directs Spike through a few dog tricks in a dog - trainer manner . Co-director William Hanna provided most of the squeaks , gasps , and other vocal effects for the pair , including the most famous sound effects from the series , Tom 's leather - lunged scream ( created by recording Hanna 's scream and eliminating the beginning and ending of the recording , leaving only the strongest part of the scream on the soundtrack ) and Jerry 's nervous gulp . The only other reasonably common vocalization is made by Tom when some external reference claims a certain scenario or eventuality to be impossible , which inevitably , ironically happens to thwart Tom 's plans -- at which point , a bedraggled and battered Tom appears and says in a haunting , echoing voice `` Do n't you believe it ! '' , a reference to the then - popular 1940s radio show Do n't You Believe It . In Mouse Trouble , Tom says `` Do n't you believe it ! '' after being beaten up by Jerry ( this also happens in The Missing Mouse ) . In the 1946 short Trap Happy , Tom hires a cat disguised as a mouse exterminator who , after several failed attempts to dispatch Jerry , changes profession to Cat exterminator by crossing out the `` Mouse '' on his title and writing `` Cat '' , resulting in Tom spelling out the word out loud before reluctantly pointing at himself . One short , 1956 's Blue Cat Blues , is narrated by Jerry in voiceover ( voiced by Paul Frees ) as they try to win back their ladyfriends . Both Tom and Jerry speak more than once in the 1943 short The Lonesome Mouse , while Jerry was voiced by Sara Berner during his appearance in the 1945 MGM musical Anchors Aweigh . Tom and Jerry : The Movie is the first ( and so far only ) installment of the series where the famous cat - and - mouse duo regularly speak . In that movie , Tom was voiced by Richard Kind , and Jerry was voiced by Dana Hill . Spike and Tyke ( edit ) Main article : Spike and Tyke ( characters ) In his attempts to catch Jerry , Tom often has to deal with Spike ( known as `` Killer '' and `` Butch '' in some shorts ) , an angry , vicious but easily duped bulldog who tries to attack Tom for bothering him or his son Tyke while trying to get Jerry . Originally , Spike was unnamed and mute ( aside from howls and biting noises ) as well as attacking indiscriminately , not caring whether it was Tom or Jerry though usually attacking Tom . In later cartoons , Spike spoke often , using a voice and expressions ( performed by Billy Bletcher and later Daws Butler ) modeled after comedian Jimmy Durante . Spike 's coat has altered throughout the years between grey and creamy tan . The addition of Spike 's son Tyke in the late 1940s led to both a slight softening of Spike 's character and a short - lived spin - off theatrical series ( Spike and Tyke ) . Most cartoons with Spike in it have a system ; usually Spike is trying to accomplish something ( such as building a dog house or sleeping ) when Tom and Jerry 's antics stop him from doing it . Spike then ( presumably due to prejudice ) singles out Tom as the culprit and threatens him that if it ever happens again , he will do `` something horrible '' to him ( effectively forcing Tom to take the blame ) while Jerry overhears ; afterwards Jerry usually does anything he can to interrupt whatever Spike is doing while Tom barely manages to stop him ( usually getting injured in the process ) . Usually Jerry does eventually wreck whatever Spike is doing in spectacular fashion and leaving Tom to take the blame , forcing him to flee from Spike and inevitably lose ( usually due to the fact that Tom is usually framed by Jerry and that Spike just does n't like Tom ) . Off - screen , Spike does something to Tom and finally Tom is generally shown injured or in a bad situation while Jerry smugly cuddles up to Spike unscathed . Tom sometimes can get irritated with Spike on some occasions ( example is in That 's My Pup ! , when Spike forced Tom to run up a tree every time his son barked , causing Tom to hang Tyke on a flag pole ) . At least once however , Tom does something that benefits Spike , who promises not to interfere ever again ; causing Jerry to frantically leave the house and run into the distance ( in Hic - cup Pup ) . Spike is well known for his famous `` Listen pussycat ! '' catchphrase when he threatens Tom , his other famous catchphrase is `` That 's my boy ! '' normally said when he supports or congratulates his son . Tyke is described as a cute , sweet looking , happy and a lovable puppy . He is Spike 's son , but unlike Spike , Tyke does not speak and only communicates ( mostly towards his father ) by barking , yapping , wagging his tail , whimpering and growling . Tyke 's father Spike would always go out of his way to care and comfort his son and make sure that he is safe from Tom . Tyke loves his father and Spike loves his son and they get along like friends , although most of time they would be taking a nap or Spike would teach Tyke the main facts of life of being a dog . Like Spike , Tyke 's appearance has altered throughout the years , from grey ( with white paws ) to creamy tan . When Tom and Jerry Kids first aired , this was the first time that viewers were able to hear Tyke speak . Butch and Toodles Galore ( edit ) Main articles : Butch ( Tom and Jerry ) and Toodles Galore Butch is a black , cigar - smoking cat who also wants to eat Jerry . He is the most frequent adversary of Tom . However , for most of the episodes he appears in , he is usually seen rivaling Tom over Toodles . Butch was also Tom 's chum as in some cartoons , where Butch is leader of Tom 's alley cat buddies , who are mostly Lightning , Topsy , and Meathead . Butch talks more often than Tom or Jerry in most shorts . Both characters were originally introduced in Hugh Harman 's 1941 short The Alley Cat , but were integrated into Tom and Jerry rather than continuing in their own series . Nibbles ( edit ) Main article : Nibbles ( Tom and Jerry ) Nibbles is a small grey mouse who often appears in shorts as Jerry 's nephew . He is a carefree individual who very rarely understands the danger of the situation , simply following instructions the best he can both to Jerry 's command and his own innocent understanding of the situation . This can lead to such results as `` getting the cheese '' by simply asking Tom to pick it up for him , rather than following Jerry 's example of outmaneuvering and sneaking around Tom . Many times Nibbles is an ally of Jerry in fights against Tom , including being the second Mouseketeer . He is given speaking roles in all his appearances as a Mouseketeer , often with a high - pitched French tone . However , during a short in which he rescued Robin Hood , his voice was instead more masculine , gruff , and cockney accented . Mammy Two Shoes ( edit ) Main article : Mammy Two Shoes Mammy Two Shoes is a heavy - set middle - aged mammy who often has to deal with the mayhem generated by the lead characters . Voiced by character actress Lillian Randolph , she is often seen as the owner of Tom . Her face was only shown once , very briefly , in Saturday Evening Puss . Mammy 's appearances have often been edited out , dubbed , or re-animated as a slim white woman in later television showings , since her character is a mammy archetype now often regarded as racist . She was mostly restored in the DVD releases of the cartoons , with an introduction by Whoopi Goldberg explaining the importance of African - American representation in the cartoon series , however stereotyped . History ( edit ) `` Tom and Jerry '' was a commonplace phrase for youngsters indulging in riotous behaviour in 19th - century London . The term comes from Life in London , or Days and Nights of Jerry Hawthorne and his elegant friend Corinthian Tom ( 1823 ) by Pierce Egan . However Brewer notes no more than an `` unconscious '' echo of the Regency era original in the naming of the cartoon . Hanna - Barbera era ( 1940 -- 58 ) ( edit ) William Hanna and Joseph Barbera were both part of the Rudolf Ising unit at the MGM cartoon studio in the late 1930s . After the financial disaster of a series of MGM cartoons based upon the Captain and the Kids comic strip characters , Barbera , a storyman and character designer , was paired ( out of desperation ) with Hanna , an experienced director , to start directing films for the Ising unit . In their first discussion for a cartoon , Barbera suggested a cat - and - mouse cartoon titled Puss Gets the Boot . `` We knew we needed two characters . We thought we needed conflict , and chase and action . And a cat after a mouse seemed like a good , basic thought , '' as he recalled in an interview . Hanna and other employees complained that the idea was n't very original ; nevertheless , the short was completed in late 1939 , and released to theaters on February 10 , 1940 . Puss Gets The Boot centers on Jasper , a gray tabby cat trying to catch a mouse named Jinx ( whose name is not mentioned within the cartoon itself ) , but after accidentally breaking a houseplant and its stand , the African American housemaid Mammy has threatened to throw Jasper out if he breaks one more thing in the house . Naturally , Jinx uses this to his advantage , and begins tossing any and everything fragile , so that Jasper will be thrown outside . Puss Gets The Boot was previewed and released without fanfare , and Hanna and Barbera went on to direct other non-cat - and - mouse related shorts such as Gallopin ' Gals ( 1940 ) and Officer Pooch ( 1941 ) . `` After all , '' remarked many of the MGM staffers , `` have n't there been enough cat - and - mouse cartoons already ? '' The pessimistic attitude towards the cat and mouse duo changed when the cartoon became a favorite with theater owners and with the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences , which nominated the film for the Academy Award for Best Short Subject : Cartoons of 1941 . It lost to another MGM cartoon , Rudolph Ising 's The Milky Way . Producer Fred Quimby , who ran the MGM animation studio , quickly pulled Hanna and Barbera off the other one - shot cartoons they were working on , and commissioned a series featuring the cat and mouse . Hanna and Barbera held an intra-studio contest to give the pair a new name by drawing suggested names out of a hat ; animator John Carr won $50 with his suggestion of Tom and Jerry , at the time best known as the name of a Christmastime mixed drink . The Tom and Jerry series went into production with The Midnight Snack in 1941 , and Hanna and Barbera rarely directed anything but the cat - and - mouse cartoons for the rest of their tenure at MGM . Barbera would create the story for each short while Hanna would supervise production . Tom 's physical appearance evolved significantly over the years . During the early 1940s , Tom had an excess of detail -- shaggy fur , numerous facial wrinkles , and multiple eyebrow markings , all of which were streamlined into a more workable form by the end of the 1940s . In addition , he also looked like a more realistic cat early on ; evolving from his quadrupedal beginnings Tom to become increasingly and almost exclusively bipedal . By contrast , Jerry 's design remained essentially the same for the duration of the series . By the mid-1940s , the series had developed a quicker , more energetic and violent tone , due to the inspiration from the work of their colleague in the MGM cartoon studio , Tex Avery , who joined the studio in 1942 . Even though the theme of each short is virtually the same -- cat chases mouse -- Hanna and Barbera found endless variations on that theme . Barbera 's storyboards and rough layouts and designs , combined with Hanna 's timing , resulted in MGM 's most popular and successful cartoon series . Thirteen entries in the Tom and Jerry series ( including Puss Gets The Boot ) were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Short Subject : Cartoons ; seven of them went on to win the Academy Award , breaking the Disney studio 's winning streak in that category . Tom and Jerry won more Academy Awards than any other character - based theatrical animated series . Tom and Jerry remained popular throughout their original theatrical run , even when the budgets began to tighten in the 1950s and the pace of the shorts slowed slightly . However , after television became popular in the 1950s , box office revenues decreased for theatrical films , and short subjects . At first , MGM combated this by going to all - CinemaScope production on the series . After MGM realized that their re-releases of the older cartoons brought in just as much money as the new cartoons did , the studio executives decided , much to the surprise of the staff , to close the animation studio . The MGM cartoon studio was shut down on May 15 , 1957 , and the last of the 114 Hanna - Barbera Tom and Jerry shorts , Tot Watchers , was released on August 1 , 1958 . Hanna and Barbera established their own television animation studio , Hanna - Barbera Productions , on July 7 , 1957 , which went on to produce hit TV shows , such as The Flintstones , Yogi Bear , The Jetsons and Scooby - Doo . Gene Deitch era ( 1961 -- 62 ) ( edit ) In 1961 , MGM revived the Tom and Jerry franchise , and contracted European animation studio Rembrandt Films to produce thirteen Tom and Jerry shorts in Prague , Czechoslovakia . All thirteen shorts were directed by Gene Deitch and produced by William L. Snyder . Deitch himself wrote most of the cartoons , with occasional assistance from Larz Bourne and Eli Bauer . Stěpan Koniček provided the musical score for the Deitch shorts . Sound effects were produced by Tod Dockstader . The majority of vocal effects and voices in Deitch 's films were provided by Allen Swift . Deitch states that , being a `` UPA man '' , he was not a fan of the Tom and Jerry cartoons , thinking they were `` needlessly violent '' . However , after being assigned to work on the series , he quickly realized that `` nobody took ( the violence ) seriously '' , and it was merely `` a parody of exaggerated human emotions '' . He also came to see what he perceived as the `` biblical roots '' in Tom and Jerry 's conflict , similar to David and Goliath , stating `` That 's where we feel a connection to these cartoons : the little guy can win ( or at least survive ) to fight another day . '' Since the Deitch / Snyder team had seen only a handful of the original Tom and Jerry shorts , and since the team produced their cartoons on a tighter budget of $10,000 , the resulting films were considered surrealist in nature , though this was not Deitch 's intention . The animation was limited and jerky in movement , compared to the more fluid Hanna - Barbera shorts . Background art was done in a more simplistic , angular , Art Deco-esque style . The soundtracks featured sparse and echoic electronic music , futuristic sound effects , heavy reverb , and dialogue that was mumbled rather than spoken . According to Jen Nessel of The New York Times , `` The Czech style had nothing in common with these gag - driven cartoons . '' Whereas Hanna - Barbera 's shorts generally took place in and outside of a house , Deitch 's shorts opted for more exotic locations , such as a 19th - century whaling ship , the jungles of Nairobi , an Ancient Greek acropolis , or the Wild West . In addition , Mammy Two - Shoes was replaced as Tom 's owner by Clint Clobber , a bald , overweight , short - tempered , middle - aged white man who was also much more brutal and violent in punishing Tom 's actions as compared to previous owners , by beating and thrashing Tom repeatedly , stomping on his hand , searing his head with a grill , forcing him to drink an entire carbonated beverage , slamming his fingers with a lunchbox lid and even wrapping a shotgun over his head and firing it . To avoid being linked to Communism , Deitch romanized the Czech names of his crew in the opening credits of the shorts ( e.g. Stêpan Koniček became `` Steven Konichek '' and Vaclav Lidl became `` Victor Little '' ) . In addition , these shorts are among the few Tom and Jerry cartoons not to carry the `` Made In Hollywood , U.S.A. '' phrase on the end title card ; due to Deitch 's studio being behind the Iron Curtain , the production studio 's location is omitted entirely on it . After the thirteen shorts were completed , Joe Vogel , the head of production , was fired from MGM . Vogel had approved of Deitch and his team 's work , but MGM decided not to renew their contract after Vogel 's departure . The final of the thirteen shorts , Carmen Get It ! , was released on December 21 , 1962 . Deitch 's shorts were commercial successes . In 1961 , the Tom and Jerry series became the highest - grossing animated short film series of that time , dethroning Looney Tunes , which had held the position for sixteen years ; this success was repeated once more in 1962 . However , unlike the Hanna - Barbera shorts , none of Deitch 's films were nominated for nor did they win an Academy Award . In retrospect , these shorts are often considered the worst of the Tom and Jerry theatrical output . Deitch stated that due to his team 's inexperience as well as their low budget , he `` hardly had a chance to succeed '' , and `` well understand ( s ) the negative reactions '' to his shorts . He believes `` They could all have been better animated -- truer to the characters -- but our T&Js were produced in the early 1960s , near the beginning of my presence here , over a half - century ago as I write this ! '' Despite the criticism , some fans wrote positive letters to Deitch , stating that his Tom and Jerry shorts were their personal favorites due to their quirky and surreal nature . The shorts were released on DVD in 2015 in Tom and Jerry : The Gene Deitch Collection . Chuck Jones era ( 1963 -- 67 ) ( edit ) After the last of the Deitch cartoons were released , Chuck Jones , who had been fired from his thirty - plus year tenure at Warner Bros. Cartoons , started his own animation studio , Sib Tower 12 Productions ( later renamed MGM Animation / Visual Arts ) , with partner Les Goldman . Beginning in 1963 , Jones and Goldman went on to produce 34 more Tom and Jerry shorts , all of which carried Jones ' distinctive style ( and a slight psychedelic influence ) . Jones had trouble adapting his style to Tom and Jerry 's brand of humor , and a number of the cartoons favored full animation , personality and style over storyline . The characters underwent a slight change of appearance : Tom was given thicker eyebrows ( resembling Jones ' Grinch , Count Blood Count or Wile E. Coyote ) , a less complex look ( including the color of his fur becoming gray ) , sharper ears , longer tail and furrier cheeks ( resembling Jones ' Claude Cat or Sylvester ) , while Jerry was given larger eyes and ears , a lighter brown color , and a sweeter , Porky Pig - like expression . Some of Jones ' Tom and Jerry cartoons are reminiscent of his work with Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner , included the uses of blackout gags and gags involving characters falling from high places . Jones co-directed the majority of the shorts with layout artist Maurice Noble . The remaining shorts were directed by Abe Levitow and Ben Washam , with Tom Ray directing two shorts built around footage from earlier Tom and Jerry cartoons directed by Hanna and Barbera , and Jim Pabian directed a short with Maurice Noble . Various vocal characteristics were made by Mel Blanc and June Foray . These shorts contain a memorable opening theme , in which Tom first replaces the MGM lion , then is trapped inside the `` O '' of his name . Though Jones 's shorts were generally considered an improvement over Deitch 's , they nevertheless had varying degrees of critical success . MGM ceased production of Tom and Jerry shorts in 1967 , by which time Jones had moved on to television specials and the feature film The Phantom Tollbooth . The shorts were released on DVD in 2009 in Tom and Jerry : The Chuck Jones Collection . Tom and Jerry hit television ( edit ) Beginning in 1965 , the Hanna and Barbera Tom and Jerry cartoons began to appear on television in heavily edited versions . The Jones team was required to take the cartoons featuring Mammy Two Shoes and remove her by pasting over the scenes featuring her with new scenes . Most of the time , she was replaced with a similarly fat White Irish woman ; occasionally , as in Saturday Evening Puss , a thin white teenager took her place instead , with both characters voiced by June Foray . However , recent telecasts on Cartoon Network and Boomerang retain Mammy with new voiceover work performed by Thea Vidale to remove the stereotypical black jargon featured on the original cartoon soundtracks . The standard Tom and Jerry opening titles were removed as well . Instead of the roaring MGM Lion sequence , an opening sequence featuring different clips of the cartoons was used instead . The title cards were also changed . A pink title card with the name written in white font was used instead . Debuting on CBS ' Saturday morning schedule on September 25 , 1965 , Tom and Jerry moved to CBS Sundays two years later and remained there until September 17 , 1972 . Second Hanna - Barbera era : the Tom and Jerry Show ( 1975 ) ( edit ) In 1975 , Tom and Jerry were reunited with Hanna and Barbera , who produced new Tom and Jerry cartoons for Saturday mornings . These 48 seven - minute short cartoons were paired with Grape Ape and Mumbly cartoons , to create The Tom and Jerry / Grape Ape Show , The Tom and Jerry / Grape Ape / Mumbly Show , and The Tom and Jerry / Mumbly Show , all of which initially ran on ABC Saturday mornings between September 6 , 1975 and September 3 , 1977 . In these cartoons , Tom and Jerry ( now with a red bow tie ) , who had been enemies during their formative years , became nonviolent pals who went on adventures together , as Hanna - Barbera had to meet the stringent rules against violence for children 's TV . This 1975 - styled format was no longer used in the newer Tom and Jerry entrees . Filmation era ( 1980 -- 82 ) ( edit ) Filmation Studios ( in association with MGM Television ) also tried their hands at producing a Tom and Jerry TV series . Their version , The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show , debuted in 1980 , and also featured new cartoons starring Droopy , Spike ( from Tom & Jerry , and the same version also used in Droopy ) , Slick Wolf , and Barney Bear , not seen since the original MGM shorts . The Filmation Tom and Jerry cartoons were noticeably different from Hanna - Barbera 's efforts , as they returned Tom and Jerry to the original chase formula , with a somewhat more `` slapstick '' humor format . This incarnation , much like the 1975 version , was not as well received by audiences as the originals , and lasted on CBS Saturday mornings from September 6 , 1980 to September 4 , 1982 . Tom and Jerry 's new owners ( edit ) In 1986 , MGM was purchased by WTBS founder Ted Turner . Turner sold the company a short while later , but retained MGM 's pre-1986 film library , thus Tom and Jerry became the property of Turner Entertainment Co. ( where the rights stand today via Warner Bros . ) , and have in subsequent years appeared on Turner - run stations , such as TBS , TNT , Cartoon Network , The WB , Boomerang , and Turner Classic Movies . Third Hanna - Barbera era : Tom and Jerry Kids ( 1990 -- 94 ) ( edit ) One of the biggest trends for Saturday morning television in the 1980s and 1990s was the `` babyfication '' of older , classic cartoon stars , and on March 2 , 1990 , Tom and Jerry Kids , co-produced by Turner Entertainment Co. and Hanna - Barbera Productions ( which would be sold to Turner in 1991 ) debuted on Fox Kids and for a few years , aired on British children 's block , CBBC . It featured a youthful version of the famous cat - and - mouse duo chasing each other . As with the 1975 H-B series , Jerry wears his red bowtie , while Tom now wears a red cap . Spike and his son Tyke ( who now had talking dialogue ) and Droopy and his son Dripple , appeared in back - up segments for the show , which ran until November 18 , 1994 . Tom and Jerry Kids was the last Tom and Jerry cartoon series produced in 4 : 3 ( full screen ) aspect ratio . One - off Productions ( 2001 ; 2005 ) ( edit ) In 2001 , a new television special titled Tom and Jerry : The Mansion Cat premiered on Boomerang . It featured Joe Barbera ( who was also a creative consultant ) as the voice of Tom 's owner , whose face is never seen . In this cartoon , Jerry , housed in a habitrail , is as much of a house pet as Tom is , and their owner has to remind Tom to not `` blame everything on the mouse '' . In 2005 , a new Tom and Jerry theatrical short , titled The Karate Guard , which had been written and directed by Barbera and Spike Brandt , storyboarded by Joseph Barbera and Iwao Takamoto and produced by Joseph Barbera , Spike Brandt and Tony Cervone premiered in Los Angeles cinemas on September 27 , 2005 . As part of the celebration of Tom and Jerry 's sixty - fifth anniversary , this marked Barbera 's first return as a writer , director and storyboard artist on the series since his and Hanna 's original MGM cartoon shorts , and last overall ; he would die shortly after production ended . Director / animator , Spike Brandt was nominated for an Annie award for best character animation . The short debuted on Cartoon Network on January 27 , 2006 . Warner Bros. era ( 2006 -- present ) ( edit ) During the first half of 2006 , a new series called Tom and Jerry Tales was produced at Warner Bros. Animation . Thirteen half - hour episodes ( each consisting of three shorts , some of them -- like The Karate Guard -- were produced and completed in 2003 as part of a 30 - plus theatrical cartoon schedule aborted after the financial disaster of Looney Tunes : Back in Action ) were produced , with only markets outside of the United States and United Kingdom signed up . The show then came to the UK in February 2006 on Boomerang , and it went to the U.S. on Kids ' WB on The CW . Tales is the first Tom and Jerry TV series that utilizes the original style of the classic shorts , along with the slapstick . The series was canceled in 2008 , shortly before the Kids ' WB block shut down . Tales is also the first Tom and Jerry production presented in 16 : 9 widescreen aspect ratio ( which was aired on Cartoon Network in the United States ) but cropped to 4 : 3 fullscreen aspect ratio ( which was aired on The CW and Boomerang in the United States ) . Cartoon Network , which began rerunning the Tom and Jerry Tales in January 2012 , subsequently aired a second series consisting of two 11 - minute shorts per episode that likewise sought to maintain the look , core characters and sensibility of the original theatrical shorts . Similar to other reboot works like Scooby - Doo ! Mystery Incorporated and The Looney Tunes Show , several episodes the new series brought Tom and Jerry into contemporary environments , telling new stories and relocating the characters to more fantastic worlds , from a medieval castle to a mad scientist 's lab . Titled The Tom and Jerry Show , the series is produced by Warner Bros. Animation , with Sam Register serving as executive producer in collaboration with Darrell Van Citters and Ashley Postelwaite at Renegade Animation . Originally slated for an undated 2013 Cartoon Network premiere before being pushed back to April 9 , 2014 , this is the second Tom and Jerry production presented in 16 : 9 widescreen aspect ratio . In November 2014 , a two - minute sketch was shown as part of the Children In Need Telethon in the United Kingdom , the sketch was produced as a collaboration with Warner Bros . Outside the United States ( edit ) When shown on terrestrial television in the United Kingdom ( from 1967 to 2000 , usually on the BBC ) Tom and Jerry cartoons were not edited for violence , and Mammy was retained . As well as having regular slots ( mainly after the evening BBC News with around 2 shorts shown every evening and occasionally shown on children 's network CBBC in the morning ) , Tom and Jerry served the BBC in another way . When faced with disruption to the schedules ( such as those occurring when live broadcasts overrun ) , the BBC would invariably turn to Tom and Jerry to fill any gaps , confident that it would retain much of an audience that might otherwise channel hop . This proved particularly helpful in 1993 , when Noel 's House Party had to be cancelled due to an IRA bomb scare at BBC Television Centre -- Tom and Jerry was shown instead , bridging the gap until the next programme . In 2006 , a mother complained to OFCOM of the smoking scenes shown in the cartoons , since Tom often attempts to impress love interests with the habit , resulting in reports that the smoking scenes in Tom and Jerry films may be subject to censorship . Due to its lack of dialogue , Tom and Jerry was easily translated into various foreign languages . Tom and Jerry began broadcast in Japan in 1965 . A 2005 nationwide survey taken in Japan by TV Asahi , sampling age groups from teenagers to adults in their sixties , ranked Tom and Jerry # 85 in a list of the top 100 `` anime '' of all time ; while their web poll taken after the airing of the list ranked it at # 58 -- the only non-Japanese animation on the list , and beating anime classics like Tsubasa : Reservoir Chronicle , A Little Princess Sara , and the ultra-classics Macross and Ghost in the Shell ( in Japan , the word `` anime '' refers to all animation regardless of origin , not just Japanese animation ) . Tom and Jerry also serve as long - time licensed mascots for Gifu - based Juroku Bank . Unlike some other Western cartoons such as Bob the Builder and Postman Pat , whose characters had to be doctored to have five fingers in each hand instead of the original four , Tom and Jerry aired in Japan without such edits , as did other series starring non-human protagonists such as SpongeBob SquarePants . Tom and Jerry have long since been popular in Germany . The different shorts are usually linked together with key scenes from Jerry 's Diary ( 1949 ) , in which Tom reads about his and Jerry 's past adventures . The cartoons are introduced with rhyming German language verse , and when necessary , a German voice spoke the translations of English labels on items and similar information . The show was aired in Mainland China by CCTV in the late 1980s to early 1990s , and was extremely popular at the time . Collections of the show are still a prominent feature in Chinese book stores . Even though Gene Deitch 's shorts were created in Czechoslovakia ( 1960 -- 1962 ) , the first official TV release of Tom and Jerry was in 1988 . It was one of the few cartoons of western origin broadcast in Czechoslovakia ( 1988 ) and Romania ( until 1989 ) before the fall of the Soviet Union in 1989 . The Pakistani ice cream brand OMORÉ has launched a chocolate bar ice cream based on the show . Feature films ( edit ) Tom and Jerry 's first feature film appearance was in the 1945 MGM musical Anchors Aweigh , in which Jerry performs a dance number with Gene Kelly . In this scene , Tom also made a cameo as a servant . Filmmakers had wanted Mickey Mouse for the scene , but Roy Disney had rejected the deal , as the Disney studio was focusing on its own cartoons to help pay off its debts after World War II . William Hanna and Joe Barbera supervised animation for the scene . Tom and Jerry 's second feature film appearance was swimming with Esther Williams in a dream sequence in another MGM big - screen musical , Dangerous When Wet ( 1953 ) . On October 1 , 1992 , the first international release of Tom and Jerry : The Movie arrived when the film was released overseas to theatres in Europe and then domestically by Miramax Films on July 30 , 1993 , with future video and DVD releases that would be sold under Warner Bros. , which , following Disney 's acquisition of Miramax and Turner 's subsequent merger with Time Warner , had acquired the film 's distribution rights . Barbera served as creative consultant for the picture , which was produced and directed by Phil Roman . The film was a musical with a structure similar to MGM 's blockbusters , The Wizard of Oz and Singin ' in the Rain . In 2001 , Warner Bros. ( which had , by then , merged with Turner and assumed its properties ) released the duo 's first direct - to - video movie , Tom and Jerry : The Magic Ring , in which Tom covets a ring that grants mystical powers to the wearer , and has become accidentally stuck on Jerry 's head . It would mark the last time Hanna and Barbera co-produced a Tom and Jerry cartoon together , as William Hanna died shortly after The Magic Ring was released . Four years later , Bill Kopp scripted and directed two more Tom and Jerry DTV features for the studio , Tom and Jerry : Blast Off to Mars and Tom and Jerry : The Fast and the Furry , the latter one based on a story by Barbera . Both were released on DVD in 2005 , marking the celebration of Tom and Jerry 's 65th anniversary . In 2006 , another direct - to - video film , Tom and Jerry : Shiver Me Whiskers , tells the story about the pair having to work together to find the treasure . Joe came up with the storyline for the next film , Tom and Jerry : A Nutcracker Tale , as well as the initial idea of synchronizing the on - screen actions to music from Tchaikovsky 's Nutcracker Suite . This DTV film , directed by Spike Brandt and Tony Cervone , would be Joe Barbera 's last Tom and Jerry project due to his death in December 2006 . The holiday - set animated film was released on DVD in late 2007 , and dedicated to Barbera . A new direct - to - video film , Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes , was released on August 24 , 2010 . It is the first made - for - video Tom and Jerry movie produced without any of the characters ' original creators . The next direct - to - video film , Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz , was released on August 23 , 2011 and was the first made - for - video Tom and Jerry movie made for Blu - ray . It had a preview showing on Cartoon Network . Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse was released on Blu - ray and DVD on October 2 , 2012 . Tom and Jerry 's Giant Adventure was released in 2013 on Blu - ray and DVD . Tom and Jerry : The Lost Dragon was released on DVD on September 2 , 2014 . Tom and Jerry : Spy Quest was released on DVD on June 23 , 2015 . Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz was released on DVD on June 21 , 2016 . Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory was released on DVD on July 11 , 2017 . On April 6 , 2015 , a new theatrical feature film was announced . It will be completely animated and will be `` in the same vein '' as the source material . Cate Adams and Jesse Ehrman will oversee the movie . Controversy ( edit ) Frame from the short The Truce Hurts . The characters in this shot have turned into black stereotypes after a passing car splashed mud on their faces . Scenes such as this are frequently highly edited or cut from modern broadcasts of Tom and Jerry Like many animated cartoons from the 1930s to the early 1950s , Tom and Jerry featured racial stereotypes . After explosions , for example , characters with blasted faces would resemble stereotypical blacks , with large lips and bow - tied hair . Perhaps the most controversial element of the show is the character Mammy Two Shoes , a poor black maid who speaks in a stereotypical `` black accent '' and has a rodent problem . Joseph Barbera , who was responsible for these gags , claimed that the racial gags in Tom and Jerry did not reflect his racial opinion ; they were just reflecting what was common in society and cartoons at the time and were meant to be humorous . Today , the blackface gags are often censored when these shots are aired . Mammy Two - Shoes ' voice was re-dubbed by Turner in the mid-1990s to make the character sound less stereotypical ; the resulting accent sounds more Irish . Three shorts in particular , His Mouse Friday , the depiction of cannibals , in Casanova Cat , a scene where the face of Jerry is blackened by Tom with cigar smoke and Mouse Cleaning where Tom is shown as blackface has been removed from the Blu - ray DVD edition . In Tom and Jerry 's Spotlight Collection DVD , a disclaimer by Whoopi Goldberg warns viewers about the potentially offensive material in the cartoons and emphasizes that they were `` wrong then and they are wrong today '' , borrowing a phrase from the Warner Bros. Golden collection . This disclaimer is also used in the Tom and Jerry Golden Collection : Volume 1 on iTunes . Mammy Two Shoes in a scene from the Tom & Jerry short Saturday Evening Puss , in which her full face was shown for the first time . `` The cartoons you are about to see are products of their time . They may depict some of the ethnic and racial prejudices that were commonplace in the U.S. society . These depictions were wrong then and they are wrong today . While the following does not represent the Warner Bros. view of today 's society , these cartoons are being presented as they were originally created , because to do otherwise would be the same as claiming that these prejudices never existed . '' -- Disclaimer by Whoopi Goldberg As of 2011 , most shorts that feature Mammy Two Shoes , except Part Time Pal , are rarely seen on Cartoon Network and Boomerang . In 2006 , the British version of the Boomerang channel made plans to edit Tom and Jerry cartoons being aired in the UK where the characters were seen to be smoking . There was a subsequent investigation by UK media watchdog OFCOM . It has also taken the U.S. approach by censoring blackface gags , though this seems to be random as not all scenes of this type are cut . In 2013 , it was reported that Cartoon Network of Brazil censored 27 shorts on the grounds of being `` politically incorrect '' . In an official release , the channel confirmed that it had censored only 2 shorts ( The Two Mouseketeers and Heavenly Puss ) `` by editorial issues and appropriateness of the content to the target audience -- children of 7 to 11 years '' . Other formats ( edit ) Main article : List of Tom and Jerry video games Tom and Jerry began appearing in comic books in 1942 , as one of the features in Our Gang Comics . In 1949 , with MGM 's live - action Our Gang shorts having ceased production five years earlier , the series was renamed Tom and Jerry Comics . The pair continued to appear in various books for the rest of the 20th century . The pair have also appeared in a number of video games as well , spanning titles for systems for the Sega Genesis plus also Sega Game Gear and the Sega Master System and their rival console around the 1990s , Nintendo Entertainment System and Super NES and Nintendo 64 to more recent entries for PlayStation 2 , Xbox , and GameCube and also on the portable Nintendo consoles , Game Boy and Nintendo DS . Cultural influences ( edit ) Throughout the years , the term and title Tom and Jerry became practically synonymous with never - ending rivalry , as much as the related `` cat and mouse fight '' metaphor has . Yet in Tom and Jerry it was not the more powerful Tom who usually came out on top . In January 2009 , IGN named Tom and Jerry as the 66th best in the Top 100 Animated TV Shows . In popular Culture ( edit ) This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) In 1945 , Jerry made an appearance in the live - action MGM musical feature film Anchors Aweigh , in which , through the use of special effects , he performs a dance routine with Gene Kelly . Tom is briefly seen in Anchors Aweigh . He appears as a servant , offering King Jerry some food on a tray . Both Tom and Jerry appear with Esther Williams in a dream sequence in another big - screen musical , Dangerous When Wet ( 1953 ) . In 1973 , the magazine National Lampoon referenced Tom and Jerry in a violence - filled comic book parody , Kit ' n ' Kaboodle . In The Simpsons , The Itchy & Scratchy Show is a spoof of Tom and Jerry -- a `` cartoon within a cartoon '' . In an episode of the series titled `` Krusty Gets Kancelled '' , Worker and Parasite , a replacement cartoon for Itchy & Scratchy , is a reference to Soviet - era animation . In an interview found on the DVD releases , several MADtv cast members stated that Tom and Jerry is one of their biggest influences for slapstick comedy . Also in the Cartoon Network show MAD , Tom and Jerry appear in three segments `` Celebrity Birthdays '' , `` Mickey Mouse Exterminator Service '' , and `` Tom and Jury '' . Johnny Knoxville from Jackass has stated that watching Tom and Jerry inspired many of the stunts in the movies . Home media ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the pre-video era , Tom & Jerry cartoons were a popular subject for 8mm home movies , with the UK - based Walton Films issuing dozens of titles as colour one - reel Super 8 films , in both silent and sound editions . Walton 's agreement with MGM obligated them to release the films in slightly edited form , even though the single - reel format would have comfortably accommodated the cartoons ' seven to eight minute running time . MGM / UA released a series of Tom & Jerry laserdisc box sets in the 1990s . The Art of Tom & Jerry volumes 1 and 2 , contain all the MGM shorts up to ( but not including ) the Deitch Era , including letterboxed versions of the shorts filmed in CinemaScope . The cartoons are all intact save for His Mouse Friday ( dialogue has been wiped ) and Saturday Evening Puss , which is the re-drawn version with June Foray 's voice added . A third volume to The Art of Tom & Jerry was released and contains all of the Chuck Jones - era Tom and Jerry shorts . There have been several Tom and Jerry DVDs released in Region 1 ( the United States and Canada ) , including a series of two - disc sets known as the Tom and Jerry Spotlight Collection . There have been negative responses to Vol. 1 and Vol. 2 , due to some of the cartoons included on each having cuts and redubbed Mammy Two - Shoes dialogue . A replacement program offering uncut versions of the shorts on DVD was later announced . There are also negative responses to Vol. 3 , due to Mouse Cleaning and Casanova Cat being excluded from these sets and His Mouse Friday being edited for content with an extreme zooming - in towards the end to avoid showing a particularly race - based caricature . There have been two Tom and Jerry DVD sets in Region 2 . In Western Europe , most of the Tom and Jerry shorts have been released ( only two , The Million Dollar Cat and Busy Buddies , were not included ) under the name Tom and Jerry : Classic Collection . Almost all of the shorts contain re-dubbed Mammy Two - Shoes tracks . Despite these cuts , His Mouse Friday , the only Tom and Jerry cartoon to be completely taken off the airwaves in some countries due to claims of racism , is included , unedited with the exception of zooming - in as on the North American set . These are regular TV prints sent from the U.S. in the 1990s . Shorts produced in CinemaScope are presented in pan and scan . Mouse Cleaning and Casanova Cat are presented uncut as part of these sets . Tom and Jerry : Classic Collection is available in 6 double - sided DVDs ( issued in the United Kingdom ) and 12 single - layer DVDs ( issued throughout Western Europe ) . Another Tom and Jerry Region 2 DVD set is available in Japan . As with Tom and Jerry : Classic Collection in Western Europe , almost all of the shorts ( including His Mouse Friday ) contain cuts . Slicked - up Pup , Tom 's Photo Finish , Busy Buddies , The Egg and Jerry , Tops with Pops and Feedin ' the Kiddie are excluded from these sets . However , most of these cartoons are included in the UK version . Most shorts produced in CinemaScope are presented in pan and scan for showing on the 4 : 3 aspect ratio television screen . Prior to 2015 , the Gene Deitch - era shorts saw limited home media release outside of Europe and Asia . In Japan , all thirteen shorts were released on the Tom and Jerry & Droopy laserdisc and VHS , as well as on the bonus DVD for those who have purchased all the ten titles of the DVD collection series at its initial release . In the United Kingdom , the shorts are available on the second side of the Tom and Jerry Classic Collection : Volume 5 DVD . In the United States , The Tom and Jerry Cartoon Kit , Down and Outing , and Carmen Get It ! were included on the Paws for a Holiday VHS and DVD , the Summer Holidays DVD , and the Musical Mayhem DVD , respectively . On June 2 , 2015 , Tom and Jerry : The Gene Deitch Collection DVD was released in the United States , with all thirteen shorts as well as special features . The Chuck Jones - era Tom and Jerry shorts were released in a two - disc set titled Tom and Jerry : The Chuck Jones Collection on June 23 , 2009 . On October 25 , 2011 , Warner Home Video released the first volume of the Tom and Jerry Golden Collection on DVD and Blu - ray . This set featured newly remastered prints and bonus material never before seen . The sets were aimed at the collector in a way that the previous `` Spotlight '' DVD releases were not . A second set was due for release at June 11 , 2013 . in February 2013 , it was announced by TVShowsOnDVD.com that Mouse Cleaning was not part of the list of cartoons on this release , as well as the cartoon Casanova Cat that was also skipped over on the 2007 DVD release . Many collectors and fans have posted negative reviews of the product on Amazon and other various websites to make Warner put Mouse Cleaning and Casanova Cat on the release . Theatrical shorts ( edit ) For a list of all theatrical Tom and Jerry cartoon shorts , see Tom and Jerry filmography . The following cartoons won the Academy Award for Best Short Subject : Cartoons : 1943 : The Yankee Doodle Mouse 1944 : Mouse Trouble 1945 : Quiet Please ! 1946 : The Cat Concerto 1948 : The Little Orphan 1952 : The Two Mouseketeers 1953 : Johann Mouse These cartoons were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Short Subject : Cartoons , but did not win : 1940 : Puss Gets the Boot 1941 : The Night Before Christmas 1947 : Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Mouse 1949 : Hatch Up Your Troubles 1950 : Jerry 's Cousin 1954 : Touché , Pussy Cat ! Television ( edit ) Television shows ( edit ) The Tom and Jerry Show ( ABC , 1975 ) The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show ( CBS , 1980 -- 1982 ) Tom & Jerry Kids ( FOX , 1990 -- 1994 ) Tom and Jerry Tales ( The CW , Cartoon Network , 2006 -- 2008 ) The Tom and Jerry Show ( Teletoon , Cartoon Network , 2014 -- present ) Packaged shows and programming blocks ( edit ) Tom and Jerry ( 1960s packaged show ) ( CBS , 1965 -- 1972 ) Tom and Jerry on BBC One ( BBC , 1967 -- 2000 ) Tom and Jerry 's Funhouse on TBS ( TBS , 1986 -- 1989 ) Cartoon Network 's Tom and Jerry Show ( Cartoon Network , 1992 -- present ) Television specials ( edit ) Hanna - Barbera 's 50th : A Yabba Dabba Doo Celebration ( TNT , 1989 ) Tom and Jerry : The Mansion Cat ( Boomerang , 2001 ) Tom and Jerry : Santa 's Little Helpers ( Warner Home Video , 2014 ) Feature films ( edit ) Crew / detail Theatrical film Direct - to - video Tom and Jerry : The Movie ( 1992 ) The Magic Ring ( 2002 ) Blast Off to Mars ( 2005 ) The Fast and the Furry ( 2005 ) Shiver Me Whiskers ( 2006 ) A Nutcracker Tale ( 2007 ) Meet Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse ( 2012 ) Giant Adventure ( 2013 ) The Lost Dragon ( 2014 ) Spy Quest ( 2015 ) Back to Oz ( 2016 ) Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 2017 ) Director Phil Roman James T. Walker Bill Kopp Scott Jeralds Spike Brandt Tony Cervone Spike Brandt Jeff Siergey Spike Brandt Tony Cervone Producer Tom Minton Stephen Fossatti Scott Jeralds Tom Minton Tony Cervone Sam Register Spike Brandt Bobbie Page Alan Burnett Todd Popp Bobbie Page Judge Plummer Spike Brandt Tony Cervone Spike Brandt Tony Cervone Sam Register Spike Brandt Tony Cervone Spike Brandt Tony Cervone Sam Register Writer Dennis Marks Tim Cahill Julie McNally Cahill Bill Kopp Bill Kopp ( screenplay ) Joseph Barbera ( story ) Chris Painter Spike Brandt Tom Minton ( screenplay ) Joseph Barbera ( story ) Earl Kress Gene Grillo Earl Kress Michael F. Ryan ( screenplay ) Earl Kress ( story ) Paul Dini Brian Swenlin Jim Krieg Heath Corson ( screenplay ) Jim Krieg ( story ) Paul Dini Gene Grillo Composer Henry Mancini J. Eric Schmidt Julie Bernstein Steven Bernstein Nathan Wang Mark Watters Dirk Brossé Michael Tavera Production Companies Turner Entertainment Co . Film Roman WMG Turner Entertainment Co . Warner Bros. Animation Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Turner Entertainment Co . Warner Bros. Animation Turner Entertainment Co . Hanna - Barbera Warner Bros. Animation Turner Entertainment Co . Warner Bros. Animation Distributor Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Warner Bros. Pictures Warner Premiere Warner Home Video Warner Premiere Warner Home Video Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Runtime 84 minutes 64 minutes 74 minutes 75 minutes 72 minutes 47 minutes 50 minutes 61 minutes 58 minutes 57 minutes 57 minutes 73 minutes 81 minutes 79 minutes Released July 30 , 1993 ( 1993 - 07 - 30 ) March 12 , 2002 ( 2002 - 03 - 12 ) January 18 , 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 18 ) October 11 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 11 ) August 22 , 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 22 ) October 2 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 02 ) August 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 24 ) August 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 23 ) September 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 28 ) August 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 06 ) September 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 02 ) June 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 23 ) June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) July 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 11 ) See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tom and Jerry . Animation portal Film portal United States portal Tom and Jerry filmography Tom and Jerry Tales § Episodes List of Tom and Jerry characters Golden age of American animation Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer cartoon studio and MGM Animation / Visual Arts List of works produced by Hanna - Barbera Productions List of Hanna - Barbera characters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jones , Paul ( 2015 - 02 - 17 ) . `` Tom and Jerry 's 75th anniversary proves cat and mouse games never get old '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Whitworth , Melissa ( December 20 , 2006 ) . `` Master cartoonist who created Tom and Jerry draws his last '' . The Daily Telegraph ( LONDON ) . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Hanna , William ; Joseph Barbera ; with Ted Sennett ( 1989 ) . The Art of Hanna - Barbera : Fifty Years of Creativity . New York , NY : Viking Studio Books . ISBN 0 - 670 - 82978 - 1 . Jump up ^ Smoodin , Eric . `` Cartoon and Comic Classicism : High - Art Histories of Lowbrow Culture '' . American Literary History . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . 4 ( 1 ( Spring , 1992 ) ) . Jump up ^ Sample audio : introduction to an episode of Do n't You Believe It , January 4 , 1947 ( mp3 audio ) Jump up ^ Recording of Do n't You Believe It from January 4 , 1947 . My Old Radio Show . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Brian , Behnken ( 2015 ) . Racism in American Popular Media : From Aunt Jemima to the Frito Bandito . pp. 92 -- 99 . ISBN 1 - 440 - 82977 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Tom and Jerry '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 2 ed . ) . 1989 . Jump up ^ McMahon , Seán ; O'Donoghue , Jo ( 2004 ) . Brewer 's Dictionary of Irish Phrase & Fable . London : Weidenfeld & Nicholson . p. 799 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 304 - 36334 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Leonard Maltin ( 1997 ) . Interview with Joseph Barbera ( Digital ) . Archive of American Television . Jump up ^ Barbera , Joseph ( 1994 ) . My Life in `` Toons '' : From Flatbush to Bedrock in Under a Century . Atlanta , GA : Turner Publishing . p. 76 . ISBN 1 - 57036 - 042 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rare Tom & Jerry Cell '' . Rembrandt Films . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Brion , p. 34 Jump up ^ MacDougall , Kent ( June 11 , 1962 ) . `` Popeye , Tom & Jerry Join Trend to Shift Production Overseas '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : P. Lehman , Christopher ( 2007 ) . `` The Cartoons of 1961 -- 1962 '' . American Animated Cartoons of the Vietnam Era : A Study of Social Commentary in Films and Television Programs , 1961 -- 1973 . McFarland & Company . pp. 23 -- 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2818 - 2 . Jump up ^ Grimes , William ( April 27 , 2010 ) . `` Allen Swift , Voice Actor for Radio and TV , Dies at 86 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Deitch , Gene ( 2015 ) . Tom and Jerry ... and Gene in Tom and Jerry : The Gene Deitch Collection ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . ^ Jump up to : Deitch , Gene ( 2001 ) . `` Tom & Jerry : The First Reincarnation '' . Animation World Network . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2009 . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nessel , Jen ( August 9 , 1998 ) . `` ... a spicy , funny memoir ! '' Archived July 11 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... The New York Times . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tom & Jerry -- The Gene Deitch Collection - '' . cartoonresearch.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ North , Jonathan ( June 21 , 2015 ) . `` ' Tom and Jerry : The Gene Deitch Collection ' -- DVD Review '' . Rotoscopers.com . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , T.R. ( 1991 ) . Tom and Jerry : Fifty Years of Cat and Mouse . New York , NY : Crescent Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 05688 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' WB ! on The CW Announces 2006 -- 2007 `` Too Big for Your TV '' Saturday Morning Programming Schedule -- Cartoons `` . ToyNewsI.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network Upfront Presentation 2013 '' . About.com . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2014 . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Tom and Jerry Show Coming to Cartoon Network '' . Big Cartoon News . October 8 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Children in Need 2014 : Tom and Jerry chase their way through EastEnders , Strictly , Match of the Day and The Apprentice '' . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Smoke 's no joke for Tom and Jerry '' . BBC News . August 21 , 2006 . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Archive Wayback Machine '' . Web.archive.org . November 24 , 2005 . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2005 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bob the Builder fixed for Japan , BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Tom & Jerry Comes to Pakistan with Omore Choco Bar - Brandsynario '' . August 25 , 2015 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bob Thomas. Building a Company : Roy O. Disney and the Creation of an Entertainment Empire . Eventually Disneys lent out their effects wizard Joshua Meador to spruce up MGM 's 1956 Forbidden Planet . Jump up ^ McBride , Joseph ( October 2 , 1992 ) . `` Review : Tom and Jerry '' . Variety . Variety Media , LLC . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2014 . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Charles ( July 30 , 1993 ) . `` Movie Review : Tom and Jerry ' : A Bland Cat - and - Mouse Chase : The formulaic story feels like a rerun and borrows characters from many other classics '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Liu , Ed ( August 9 , 2012 ) . `` PR : `` Tom & Jerry : Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse '' Comes to Blu - ray and DVD on October 2 , 2012 `` . ToonZone . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tom and Jerry 's Giant Adventure Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com. April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wolfe , Jennifer ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` ' Tom and Jerry : The Lost Dragon ' Hits Shelves Sept. 2 '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tom and Jerry Team up with Jonny Quest in ' Tom and Jerry : Spy Quest ' '' . Forces of Geek . March 17 , 2015 . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz DVD Release on June 21 - www.MrsKathyKing.com '' . April 15 , 2016 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ' Trailer Confuses the Internet '' . Collider.com . Jump up ^ Seddon , Gem ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` New Animated Tom And Jerry Movie In The Works At Warner Bros '' . We Got This Covered . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Tom and Jerry ' Cartoons Get `` Racial Prejudices '' Disclaimer on iTunes `` . The Hollywood Reporter . March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network tira do ar ' Tom e Jerry ' : politicamente incorreto '' ( in Portuguese ) . O Globo . September 25 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network confirma que tirou do ar `` apenas '' DOIS episódios de Tom & Jerry '' ( in Portuguese ) . Judão . September 26 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tom and Jerry Comics '' . Web.archive.org . August 25 , 2006 . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2006 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` IGN -- 66 . Tom and Jerry '' . Tv.ign.com . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2012 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Who Were Itchy & Scratchy Modeled After ? '' . The Krusty the Clown Homepage . The Krusty the Clown Homepage. 1999 . Archived from the original on November 18 , 1999 . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Simonson , Mark ( 1997 ) . `` June 1973 '' . Mark 's Very Large National Lampoon Site . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kit ' n ' Kaboodle '' . National Lampoon. 6 ( 6 ) : 33 . June 1973 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , Joe ( 2000 - 10 - 21 ) . `` Flash ! 24 Simpsons Stars Reveal Themselves '' . TV Guide . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Groening , Matt ( 2002 ) . The Simpsons season 2 DVD commentary for the episode `` Itchy & Scratchy & Marge '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Groening , Matt . ( 2004 ) . DVD Commentary for `` Krusty Gets Kancelled '' , in The Simpsons : The Complete Fourth Season ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scenes with Johnny Knoxville '' . Vice Magazine . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Douglas ( June 2004 ) . `` Tom and Jerry Paws for a Holiday ( Warner , 65721 ) '' . Doug Pratt 's DVD : Movies , Television , Art , Adult , and More ! -- Volume 2 L -- Z . Douglas Pratt . p. 1247 . ISBN 1 - 932916 - 00 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Tom and Jerry : New 2 - DVD set collects the Chuck Jones Shorts into One Package '' . Tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tom and Jerry DVD news : Announcement for Tom and Jerry -- Golden Collection Volume 1 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Bugs Bunny / Looney Tunes Comedy Hour DVD news : Jerry Beck guest stars on Stu 's Show '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . May 25 , 2007 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tom and Jerry DVD news : Details for Tom and Jerry - Golden Collection Volume 2 - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vallance , Tom ( December 20 , 2006 ) . `` Joseph Barbera : Animation pioneer whose creations with William Hanna included the Flintstones and Tom and Jerry '' . The Independent ( London ) . Jump up ^ `` Tom and Jerry : Santa 's Little Helpers ( DVD ) DVD - Movies & TV : On Sale - WBshop Savings WBshop.com - Warner Bros '' . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The All - new Animated Family Film ' Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz ' ; Available on DVD June 21 , 2016 from Warner Bros '' . Screen - Connections. April 12 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tom and Jerry : Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Trailer '' . Movieclips Extra . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Adams , T.R. ( 1991 ) . Tom and Jerry : Fifty Years of Cat and Mouse . Crescent Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 05688 - 7 . Aravind , Aju . Mammy Two Shoes : Subversion and Reaffirmation of Racial Stereotypes in Tom and Jerry . The IUP Journal of History and Culture , Vol . V , No. 3 , July 2011 . Pp. 76 -- 83 . ISSN 0973 - 8517 . Barrier , Michael ( 1999 ) . Hollywood Cartoons : American Animation in Its Golden Age . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503759 - 6 . Brion , Patrick ( 1990 ) Tom & Jerry : The Definitive Guide to their Animated Adventures , New York : Harmony Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 57351 - 8 . Maltin , Leonard ( 1980 , updated 1987 ) . Of Mice and Magic : A History of American Animated Cartoons . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 452 - 25993 - 2 . Links to related articles Tom and Jerry Characters Tom Cat Jerry Mouse Butch Nibbles Spike and Tyke Mammy Two Shoes Theatrical releases Tom and Jerry ( shorts ) Spike and Tyke ( shorts ) The Movie Cameos Anchors Aweigh Dangerous When Wet DVD releases of shorts Spotlight Collection Golden Collection Chuck Jones Collection Classic Collection Deluxe Anniversary Collection Gene Deitch Collection Television series Show ( 1975 ) Comedy Show Kids Show episodes Tales Show ( 2014 ) episodes Television specials Hanna - Barbera 's 50th : A Yabba Dabba Doo Celebration The Mansion Cat Santa 's Little Helpers Direct - to - video films The Magic Ring Blast Off to Mars The Fast and the Furry Shiver Me Whiskers A Nutcracker Tale Meet Sherlock Holmes The Wizard of Oz Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse Giant Adventure The Lost Dragon Spy Quest Back to Oz Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Other formats Video games Soundtrack Related William Hanna Joseph Barbera Scott Bradley Hanna - Barbera Tom and Jerry shorts ( 1940 -- 1958 ; 2001 ; 2005 ) 1940 Puss Gets the Boot 1941 The Midnight Snack The Night Before Christmas 1942 Fraidy Cat Dog Trouble Puss n ' Toots The Bowling Alley - Cat Fine Feathered Friend 1943 Sufferin ' Cats ! The Lonesome Mouse The Yankee Doodle Mouse Baby Puss 1944 The Zoot Cat The Million Dollar Cat The Bodyguard Puttin ' on the Dog Mouse Trouble 1945 The Mouse Comes to Dinner Mouse in Manhattan Tee for Two Flirty Birdy Quiet Please ! 1946 Springtime for Thomas The Milky Waif Trap Happy Solid Serenade 1947 Cat Fishin ' Part Time Pal The Cat Concerto Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Mouse Salt Water Tabby A Mouse in the House The Invisible Mouse 1948 Kitty Foiled The Truce Hurts Old Rockin ' Chair Tom Professor Tom Mouse Cleaning 1949 Polka - Dot Puss The Little Orphan Hatch Up Your Troubles Heavenly Puss The Cat and the Mermouse Love That Pup Jerry 's Diary Tennis Chumps 1950 Little Quacker Saturday Evening Puss Texas Tom Jerry and the Lion Safety Second Tom and Jerry in the Hollywood Bowl The Framed Cat Cue Ball Cat 1951 Casanova Cat Jerry and the Goldfish Jerry 's Cousin Sleepy - Time Tom His Mouse Friday Slicked - up Pup Nit - Witty Kitty Cat Napping 1952 The Flying Cat The Duck Doctor The Two Mouseketeers Smitten Kitten Triplet Trouble Little Runaway Fit to Be Tied Push - Button Kitty Cruise Cat The Dog House 1953 The Missing Mouse Jerry and Jumbo Johann Mouse That 's My Pup ! Just Ducky Two Little Indians Life with Tom 1954 Puppy Tale Posse Cat Hic - cup Pup Little School Mouse Baby Butch Mice Follies Neapolitan Mouse Downhearted Duckling Pet Peeve Touché , Pussy Cat ! 1955 Southbound Duckling Pup on a Picnic Mouse for Sale Designs on Jerry Tom and Chérie Smarty Cat Pecos Pest That 's My Mommy 1956 The Flying Sorceress The Egg and Jerry Busy Buddies Muscle Beach Tom Down Beat Bear Blue Cat Blues Barbecue Brawl 1957 Tops with Pops Give and Tyke ( Spin off # 1 ) Timid Tabby Feedin ' the Kiddie Scat Cats ( Spin off # 2 ) Mucho Mouse Tom 's Photo Finish 1958 Happy Go Ducky Royal Cat Nap The Vanishing Duck Robin Hoodwinked Tot Watchers The Mansion Cat ( TV ) 2005 The Karate Guard See also : Gene Deitch Tom and Jerry shorts ( 1961 -- 1962 ) and Chuck Jones Tom and Jerry shorts ( 1963 -- 1967 ) Gene Deitch Tom and Jerry shorts ( 1961 -- 1962 ) 1961 Switchin ' Kitten Down and Outing It 's Greek to Me - ow ! 1962 High Steaks Mouse into Space Landing Stripling Calypso Cat Dicky Moe The Tom and Jerry Cartoon Kit Tall in the Trap Sorry Safari Buddies Thicker Than Water Carmen Get It ! See also : Hanna - Barbera Tom and Jerry shorts ( 1940 -- 1958 ; 2001 ; 2005 ) and Chuck Jones Tom and Jerry shorts ( 1963 -- 1967 ) Chuck Jones Tom and Jerry shorts ( 1963 -- 1967 ) 1963 Pent - House Mouse 1964 The Cat Above and the Mouse Below Is There a Doctor in the Mouse ? Much Ado About Mousing Snowbody Loves Me The Unshrinkable Jerry Mouse 1965 Ah , Sweet Mouse - Story of Life Tom - ic Energy Bad Day at Cat Rock The Brothers Carry - Mouse - Off Haunted Mouse I 'm Just Wild About Jerry Of Feline Bondage The Year of the Mouse The Cat 's Me - Ouch ! 1966 Duel Personality Jerry , Jerry , Quite Contrary Jerry - Go - Round Love Me , Love My Mouse Puss ' n ' Boats Filet Meow Matinee Mouse The A-Tom - Inable Snowman Catty - Cornered 1967 Cat and Dupli - cat O - Solar Meow Guided Mouse - ille ( or Science on a Wet Afternoon ) Rock ' n ' Rodent Cannery Rodent The Mouse from H.U.N.G.E.R. Surf - Bored Cat Shutter Bugged Cat Advance and Be Mechanized Purr - Chance to Dream See also : Hanna - Barbera Tom and Jerry shorts ( 1940 -- 1958 ; 2001 ; 2005 ) and Gene Deitch Tom and Jerry shorts ( 1961 -- 1962 ) MGM Cartoons Series Barney Bear Captain and the Kids Count Screwloose Droopy Flip the Frog George and Junior Happy Harmonies The Pink Panther Red Hot Riding Hood ( Red ( Tex Avery ) ) Screwy Squirrel Butch Dog Spike and Tyke Tom and Jerry ( filmography ) One - shots Willie Whopper People Tex Avery Joseph Barbera Preston Blair Scott Bradley Friz Freleng William Hanna Hugh Harman Rudolph Ising Ub Iwerks Chuck Jones Michael Lah Dick Lundy Fred Quimby Related Associated Artists Productions DePatie - Freleng Enterprises MGM Animation / Visual Arts Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Animation Hanna - Barbera Founders William Hanna Joseph Barbera Original productions The Atom Ant / Secret Squirrel Show Birdman Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels CB Bears The Flintstones The Funky Phantom Grape Ape Hong Kong Phooey Huckleberry Hound Jabberjaw The Jetsons Jonny Quest Loopy De Loop Magilla Gorilla The Hanna - Barbera New Cartoon Series Peter Potamus Quick Draw McGraw The Ruff and Reddy Show Scooby - Doo Smurfs Snorks Space Ghost Tom and Jerry Top Cat Yogi Bear Wacky Races Amusement attractions Hanna -- Barbera Land The Funtastic World of Hanna - Barbera Comics Hanna - Barbera Beyond Other media Films Video games See also Characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_and_Jerry&oldid=828314451 '' Categories : Film series introduced in 1940 Tom and Jerry Animated film series Fictional rivalries YTV shows Fictional anthropomorphic characters MGM cartoon characters Comedy films by series Animated duos Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer animated short films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 maint : Unfit url Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use mdy dates from March 2015 Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from May 2017 All articles that may contain original research All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with attributed pull quotes Articles with trivia sections from January 2017 Articles needing additional references from June 2009 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote አማርኛ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 75 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 20 : 56 . 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when was the age of consent raised to 16
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Age of consent Reform in the United Kingdom
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age of consent reform in the united kingdom
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Since the 1970s , a number of demonstrations have taken place in the United Kingdom in favour of abolishing the age of consent , in support of children 's rights , gay liberationism or , more recently , `` as a means to avoid unwanted pregnancies , sexually transmitted infections ( STIs ) and ' bad sex ' via education and health promotion '' . However , many have shown concern that lowering the age of consent would be `` giving perverts a green light '' .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Religious groups 3 Political parties and advocacy groups 4 Contemporary context 4.1 Research 4.2 Authors 5 See also 6 Footnotes History ( edit ) In 1275 , the first age of consent was set in England , at age 12 ( Westminster 1 statute ) . In 1875 , the Offences Against the Person Act raised the age to 13 in Great Britain and Ireland , and ten years later the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1885 raised it to 16 . In 1917 , a bill raising the age of consent in Great Britain and Ireland from 16 to 17 was defeated by only one vote . However , in 1950 , the legislature of Northern Ireland passed the Children and Young Persons Act , which successfully raised the age of consent to 17 . Afterwards , The age of consent in Northern Ireland is 16 , regardless of sexual orientation or gender , as specified by the Sexual Offences ( Northern Ireland ) Order 2008 . The reason the age of consent was lowered from 17 to 16 in 2008 with the Order was to bring it in line with the rest of the UK ; Criminal Justice Minister Paul Goggins said there was no compelling reason for the age to be different in Northern Ireland than elsewhere . The age of consent in the Republic of Ireland is 17 , in relation to vaginal , oral , or anal sex , and vaginal or anal penetration . This gives it one of the highest ages of consent in the European Union . The male homosexual age of consent in the United Kingdom was set at 21 in the Sexual Offences Act of 1967 , then lowered to 18 in the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 , and finally lowered to 16 in England and Scotland in the Sexual Offences ( Amendment ) Act of 2000 . Currently , the age of consent for penetrative sex , oral sex and mutual masturbation in the United Kingdom is 16 years . If any individual has sex with someone under this age , then he or she may be charged with a criminal offence and may receive a 2 - year prison sentence . Similarly , the Sexual Offences Act 2000 prohibits a person in a position of trust from performing sexual acts with someone who can not consent , which includes minors and `` very vulnerable people '' . It is primarily used for the protection of those who are above the age of consent but under the age of 18 , or who have mental disabilities . Religious groups ( edit ) In April 1972 a conference of the Quakers religious group in the UK , the Society of Friends Social Responsibility Council , passed a resolution in favour of lowering the age of consent in Britain from 16 to 14 . In July of that year , Dr. John Robinson , Dean of Trinity College , Cambridge , and chair of the UK 's Sexual Law Reform Society , defended an age of consent of 14 in a lecture at a Methodist Conference . Political parties and advocacy groups ( edit ) In May 1974 , the Campaign for Homosexual Equality suggested a basic age of consent of 16 , but that could be as low as 12 `` in cases where a defendant could prove the existence of meaningful consent '' . The Sexual Law Reform Society proposed in September of that year lowering the age of consent to 14 , with the requirement that below the age of 18 the burden of proof that consent for sexual activities between the parties existed would be the responsibility of the older participant . In March 1976 , the National Council for Civil Liberties ( NCCL ) , called for an equal age of consent of 14 in Britain . The submission to the Criminal Law Revision Committee generated extensive newspaper coverage . While the report recognised the merits of abolishing the age of consent , it proposed retaining a prohibition on sex under the age of 14 `` as a compromise with public attitudes '' , stating that `` although it is both logical and consistent with modern knowledge about child development , to suggest that the age of consent should be abolished , we fear that , given the present state of public attitudes on this topic , it will not be politically possible to abolish the age of consent '' . They also argued that `` childhood sexual experiences , willingly engaged in , with an adult result in no identifiable damage '' , and suggested that more harm was caused when the children retold their experiences in court or to the press . The submission was signed by Harriet Harman , who later became leader of the House of Commons and deputy leader of the Labour Party . The Communist Party of Great Britain lists abolition of age of consent laws among its immediate demands , with the added provision that there be alternate legal methods to protect children from sexual abuse . In 2000 a committee of twelve teenage girls , set up to advise the UK government on youth issues , recommended that the age of consent be reduced to 12 . The website from which the group was recruited conducted a poll of 42,000 girls between the ages of 12 and 16 on the age of consent ; 87 % agreed that it should be lowered from 16 . Contemporary context ( edit ) Contemporary arguments for lowering the age of consent in the United Kingdom do not necessarily comprise values like individual freedom or children 's rights . Specifically , they tend to focus on a pragmatic analysis of a new situation , including puberty at earlier ages , a higher proportion of young people sexually active below the age of consent and a trend to negotiate sexual behavior in secrecy in certain age groups . Sociologist Matthew Waites , author of The age of Consent -- Young People , Sexuality and Citizenship , observed that : By the mid-1970s the case for a lower minimum age for all was finding wider support , with questions being posed concerning the merits of lowering the legal age for male / female sexual behaviour -- not only within grassroots sexual movements , but also within religious organisations and liberal intellectual circles . ( ... ) Significant sections of liberal opinion in the political mainstream , including prominent campaigners for children 's interests and sexual health , support at least some selective decriminalisation of sexual activity between young people under 18 . More generally in academic work , particularly in sociology , recent writing on human sexual behaviour from various perspectives has questioned the extent of prohibitions on sexual activity involving children . On 17 October 2010 , on the BBC 's Sunday Morning Live program , the viewing public was asked for their text poll , `` Should the age of consent be lowered to 13 ? '' At the end of the program it was announced that 16 % voted yes and 84 % voted no . Plans to lower the age of consent to 15 from the Faculty of Public Health president , Professor John Ashton , were rejected by Prime Minister David Cameron and Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg in 2013 . Research ( edit ) Research by Jean Golding shows that puberty is occurring earlier than in the 1970s , with an average age of menarche in girls now at 12 years and 10 months , compared to the average age of 14 for puberty in general that was accepted as evidence by the Policy Advisory Committee of the 1970s . Golding 's research has found that `` one girl in six hits puberty at the age of eight '' . According to a recent British research conducted by the Centre for Family and Household Research , `` an increasing proportion of young people are sexually active below the age of consent '' . Additionally , the UK 's first National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles ( NATSAL ) , which collected data up to 1990 , found that a high proportion of young people engage in other forms of sexual activity prohibited by the law , including mutual masturbation and oral sex , beginning on average at the age of 14 . Waites also observed that `` qualitative research reveals a picture of many young people negotiating sexual behaviour in a context of secrecy , constrained by power relationships while lacking confidence , resources and support '' . He added , `` It is argued by some sexual health professionals that the age of consent should be lowered ( ... ) to facilitate more effective support from health and education services '' . Authors ( edit ) Edmund White , literary and cultural critic on same - sex love and sexuality and currently a professor of creative writing in Princeton University 's Lewis Center for the Arts , said , `` Hypocrisy and cynicism underlie the current crusade against inter-generational love . I predict that children 's liberation ( inter-generational sex ) will be the next great social movement in North America . '' Peter Tatchell , British gay activist and author , has defended an age of consent of 14 in Britain since the mid-1990s , repeating the arguments presented in the 1970s by the NCCL and the Sexual Law Reform Society . He cited Romeo and Juliet , aged 14 and 13 , as `` one of the greatest love stories of all time '' . Although he does n't favour total abolition , Francis Bennion , a British liberal humanist also influenced by the historical context of the issue , emphasised the fact that children are `` sexual beings '' , concluding that this in itself makes legal prohibitions unfair . Miranda Sawyer , British journalist specialised in music and youth culture , pointed out that `` we have sexual feelings from a very early age '' , considering that sex is `` natural behaviour '' . She favoured lowering the age of consent to 12 in the UK while labeling the criminalisation of sexual activity under the age of 16 as `` laughably unrealistic '' . See also ( edit ) Age of consent Age of consent reform Age of consent in Brazil French petitions against age of consent laws Age of consent reform in Canada Sexual Morality and the Law Statutory rape Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Waites , Matthew . The Age of Consent -- Young People , Sexuality and Citizenship ( 2005 , pp. 122 and 220 ) . New York / London : Palgrave MacMillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 2173 - 4 . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 2173 - 3 . Jump up ^ Matthew Waites ( 15 August 2009 ) . The Age of Consent : Young People , Sexuality and Citizenship . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 23718 - 6 . ( Google books link ) Jump up ^ Boniface , Suzi . `` Lower the age of consent ? No we ought to raise it '' . The Express . Archived from the original on 31 October 2015 . Retrieved 31 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Stephen . `` Age of Consent Laws '' . Children and Youth in History . Sydney , Australia : University of Sydney . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Mary E. Odem ( 1995 ) . Delinquent Daughters : Protecting and Policing Adolescent Female Sexuality in the United States , 1885 - 1920 ( Gender and American Culture ) . Univ of North Carolina Press . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4528 - 8 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ David Swarbrick . `` Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 ( - ) '' . swarb.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Age of consent : A response to the consultation on the Sexual Offences ( Northern Ireland ) Order 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Northern Ireland , United Kingdom : Christian Institute . ISBN 978 - 1 - 901086 - 39 - 3 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` House of Lords - Merits of Statutory Instruments - Nineteenth Report '' . parliament.uk . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Sexual Offences ( Northern Ireland ) Order 2008 '' . Opsi.gov.uk. 2 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` NI age of consent to be lowered '' . BBC News . 20 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The law on sexual offences in Ireland '' . Citizens Information . Dublin , Ireland : Citizens Information Board . Archived from the original on 28 June 2013 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Criminal Law ( Sexual Offences ) Act 2006 '' . Irish Statute Book . 2 June 2006 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` '' The age of consent debate : Where does Ireland stand ? `` . Jump up ^ `` Gay consent at 16 becomes law '' . BBC News . November 20 , 2000 . Retrieved August 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ the age of consent is 17 in Northern Ireland Jump up ^ `` Age Of Consent '' . BBC Radio 1 . BBC . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` understanding sexual offence reform '' . Jubilee-centre.org . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ law.jrank.org Jump up ^ G.R. No. 126545 retrieved 29 January 2012 ^ Jump up to : Waites , Matthew ( 2005 , p. 132 ) . Jump up ^ `` Quakers make 13 age of consent '' , Sunday Express , 16 April 1972 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Robinson puts case for age of consent to be 14 '' , The Times , 6 July 1972 ; `` Consent to what ? '' , editorial , New Law Journal , vol. 122 , no . 5554 , 13 July 1972 , pp. 621 - 622 . Jump up ^ Waites , Matthew ( 2005 , op. cit. , pp. 132 and 243 , Note 6.6 ) Jump up ^ Gay News , no . 46 , 9 May 1974 , p. 3 -- ' CHE Report angers reformers ' . Jump up ^ Waites , Matthew ( 2005 , op. cit. , p. 132 ) . Jump up ^ Waites , Matthew ( 2005 , p. 135 - 136 ) . The age of consent -- Young people , Sexuality and Citizenship . New York / London : Palgrave MacMillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 2173 - 4 . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 2173 - 3 . Jump up ^ Sexual Offences : Evidence to the Criminal Law Revision Committee , NCCL report no . 13 , February 1976 , p. 6 . ( London : National Council for Civil Liberties ) . Jump up ^ Beckford , Martin ( 9 March 2009 ) . `` Harriet Harman under attack over bid to water down child pornography law '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Communist Party Draft Programme : 3 . Immediate demands '' . Weekly Worker . Communist Party of Great Britain ( Provisional Central Committee ) . Archived from the original on 8 June 2011 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Abolish age - of - consent laws . We recognise the right of individuals to enter into the sexual relations they choose provided this does not conflict with the rights of others . Alternative legislation to protect children from sexual abuse . Jump up ^ Martin , Nicole ( 29 November 2000 ) . `` Girls say teenage sex campaign is ' out of touch ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Sarah 's chance to air seriously ' wicked ' views '' . The Northern Echo. 29 December 2000 . Archived from the original on 17 June 2009 . Retrieved 31 October 2015 . A North - East teenager has been chosen to represent the region on a national board which looks at the important issues affecting teenage girls . Sarah Wilson , 15 , of Edmondsley , near Chester - le - Street , was chosen to be the voice of the North on the Generation Wicked board - the first national teenage advisory board . ( ... ) Among the topics aired were eating disorders , the age of consent to sex - including hopes to lower it to 12 years old - and a need for hard - hitting education on drugs and sex . Jump up ^ `` Nichola speaks out for teenage girls '' . Swindon Advertiser. 2 December 2000 . Archived from the original on 17 June 2009 . Retrieved 31 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Waites , Matthew . ( 2005 , pp. 212 - 214 and 220 ) . ^ Jump up to : Waites , Matthew ( 2005 , op. cit. , pp. 132 - 133 , 220 ) Jump up ^ `` Sunday Morning Live - Episode 14 '' . BBC . 17 Oct 2010 . Archived from the original on 17 October 2010 . Retrieved 17 Oct 2010 . Jump up ^ `` PM rejects call to lower age of consent to 15 '' . BBC News . 17 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 4 May 2015 . Retrieved 31 October 2015 . The prime minister has rejected a call from a leading expert on public health to lower the age of consent to 15 . Faculty of Public Health president Prof John Ashton said society had to accept that about a third of all boys and girls were having sex at 14 or 15 . ( ... ) Downing Street said the current age of 16 was in place to protect children and there were `` no plans to change it '' . Jump up ^ Waites , Matthew . ( 2005 , p. 212 ) . Jump up ^ The UK 's Policy Advisory Committee on Sexual Offences was created in December 1975 , by Roy Jenkins , then Home Secretary of the British government , with the specific task of examining the law on the age of consent . Sources : Waites , Matthew ( 2005 , op. cit. , p. 133 ) ; Policy Advisory Committee on Sexual Offences ( PAC , June 1979 , p. iii ) -- Working Party on the Age of Consent in Relation to Sexual Offences ( London : HMSO ) . Jump up ^ Waites , Matthew . ( 2005 , pp. 212 and 246 , Note 9.1 ) . Jump up ^ ' One girl in six hits puberty by age of eight ' , The Observer , 18 June 2000 , pp. 1 - 2 ; ' Too much too young ' , The Observer , 18 June 2000 , Review , pp. 1 , 4 ; ' Sex from 8 to 18 ' , UK 's Channel Four , Tuesday 27 June 2000 , 9 p.m. Jump up ^ Wertheimer , A. and Macrae , S. ( 1999 , p. 19 ) . Family and Household Change in Britain : A Summary of Findings from Projects in the Economic and Social Research Council Population and Household Change Programme ( Oxford : Centre for Family and Household Research , Oxford Brookes University ) . Cited by Waites , Matthew ( 2005 , p. 214 ) . Jump up ^ Johnson , A.M. ; Wadsworth , J. ; Wellings , K. ; and Field , J. with Bradshaw , S. ( 1994 ) -- Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles ( Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications ) . Cited by Waites , Matthew ( 2005 , p. 214 ) . Jump up ^ Waites , Matthew . ( 2005 , p. 213 ) . Jump up ^ Holland , J. ; Ramazanoglu , C. ; Sharpe , S. ; and Thomson , R. ( 1998 ) -- The Male in the Head : Young People , Heterosexuality and Power ( London : Tufnell Press ) . Cited by Waites , Matthew ( 2005 , p. 213 ) . Jump up ^ Waites , Matthew ( 2005 , p. 213 ) . Jump up ^ Waites , Matthew ( 2005 , pp. 220 and 222 ) . Jump up ^ Tatchell , Peter ( 1996 ) -- `` Is Fourteen Too Young for Sex ? '' , Gay Times , June , pp. 36 - 38 ; Tatchell , Peter ( 2002 ) -- `` Why the Age of Consent in Britain Should be Lowered to Fourteen '' , Legal Notes 38 ( London : Libertarian Alliance ) . Jump up ^ Bennion , Francis ( 2003 , p. 13 ) -- Sexual Ethics and Criminal Law : A Critique of the Sexual Offences Bill 2003 ( Oxford : Lester Publishing ) . Cited by Waites , Matthew ( 2005 , p. 220 and 222 ) . Jump up ^ Sawyer , Miranda ( 2003 ) . ' Sex is not Just for Grown - ups ' , The Observer , Review section , 2 November , pp. 1 - 2 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age%20of%20consent%20reform%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom
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skin loss that is confined to epidermal tissue is called a
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Erosion : An erosion is a discontinuity of the skin exhibiting incomplete loss of the epidermis , a lesion that is moist , circumscribed , and usually depressed .
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Erosion
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Cutaneous condition
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cutaneous condition
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A cutaneous condition is any medical condition that affects the integumentary system -- the organ system that encloses the body and includes skin , hair , nails , and related muscle and glands . The major function of this system is as a barrier against the external environment .
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Conditions of the human integumentary system constitute a broad spectrum of diseases , also known as dermatoses , as well as many nonpathologic states ( like , in certain circumstances , melanonychia and racquet nails ) . While only a small number of skin diseases account for most visits to the physician , thousands of skin conditions have been described . Classification of these conditions often presents many nosological challenges , since underlying causes and pathogenetics are often not known . Therefore , most current textbooks present a classification based on location ( for example , conditions of the mucous membrane ) , morphology ( chronic blistering conditions ) , cause ( skin conditions resulting from physical factors ) , and so on . Clinically , the diagnosis of any particular skin condition is made by gathering pertinent information regarding the presenting skin lesion ( s ) , including the location ( such as arms , head , legs ) , symptoms ( pruritus , pain ) , duration ( acute or chronic ) , arrangement ( solitary , generalized , annular , linear ) , morphology ( macules , papules , vesicles ) , and color ( red , blue , brown , black , white , yellow ) . The diagnosis of many conditions often also requires a skin biopsy which yields histologic information that can be correlated with the clinical presentation and any laboratory data . The introduction of cutaneous ultrasound has allowed the detection of cutaneous tumors , inflammatory processes , nail disorders and hair diseases . Contents ( hide ) 1 Layer of skin involved 1.1 Epidermis 1.2 Dermis 1.3 Subcutaneous tissue 2 Diseases of the skin 3 History 4 Diagnoses 5 Lesions 5.1 Primary lesions 5.2 Secondary lesions 5.3 Configuration 5.4 Distribution 5.5 Other related terms 6 Histopathology 7 References Layer of skin involved ( edit ) Main article : Integumentary system The skin weighs an average of 4 kg ( 8.8 lb ) , covers an area of 2 m ( 22 sq ft ) , and is made of three distinct layers : the epidermis , dermis , and subcutaneous tissue . The two main types of human skin are glabrous skin , the nonhairy skin on the palms and soles ( also referred to as the `` palmoplantar '' surfaces ) , and hair - bearing skin . Within the latter type , hairs in structures called pilosebaceous units have a hair follicle , sebaceous gland , and associated arrector pili muscle . In the embryo , the epidermis , hair , and glands are from the ectoderm , which is chemically influenced by the underlying mesoderm that forms the dermis and subcutaneous tissues . Epidermis ( edit ) Main article : Epidermis ( skin ) The epidermis is the most superficial layer of skin , a squamous epithelium with several strata : the stratum corneum , stratum lucidum , stratum granulosum , stratum spinosum , and stratum basale . Nourishment is provided to these layers via diffusion from the dermis , since the epidermis is without direct blood supply . The epidermis contains four cell types : keratinocytes , melanocytes , Langerhans cells , and Merkel cells . Of these , keratinocytes are the major component , constituting roughly 95 % of the epidermis . This stratified squamous epithelium is maintained by cell division within the stratum basale , in which differentiating cells slowly displace outwards through the stratum spinosum to the stratum corneum , where cells are continually shed from the surface . In normal skin , the rate of production equals the rate of loss ; about two weeks are needed for a cell to migrate from the basal cell layer to the top of the granular cell layer , and an additional two weeks to cross the stratum corneum . Dermis ( edit ) Main article : Dermis The dermis is the layer of skin between the epidermis and subcutaneous tissue , and comprises two sections , the papillary dermis and the reticular dermis . The superficial papillary dermis interdigitates with the overlying rete ridges of the epidermis , between which the two layers interact through the basement membrane zone . Structural components of the dermis are collagen , elastic fibers , and ground substance also called extra fibrillar matrix . Within these components are the pilosebaceous units , arrector pili muscles , and the eccrine and apocrine glands . The dermis contains two vascular networks that run parallel to the skin surface -- one superficial and one deep plexus -- which are connected by vertical communicating vessels . The function of blood vessels within the dermis is fourfold : to supply nutrition , to regulate temperature , to modulate inflammation , and to participate in wound healing . Subcutaneous tissue ( edit ) Main article : Subcutaneous tissue The subcutaneous tissue is a layer of fat between the dermis and underlying fascia . This tissue may be further divided into two components , the actual fatty layer , or panniculus adiposus , and a deeper vestigial layer of muscle , the panniculus carnosus . The main cellular component of this tissue is the adipocyte , or fat cell . The structure of this tissue is composed of septal ( i.e. linear strands ) and lobular compartments , which differ in microscopic appearance . Functionally , the subcutaneous fat insulates the body , absorbs trauma , and serves as a reserve energy source . Diseases of the skin ( edit ) For a comprehensive list , see List of cutaneous conditions . Skin diseases deaths per million persons in 2012 0 -- 2 3 -- 4 5 -- 8 9 -- 13 14 -- 17 18 -- 21 22 -- 27 28 -- 34 35 -- 47 48 -- 106 Diseases of the skin include skin infections and skin neoplasms ( including skin cancer ) . History ( edit ) In 1572 , Geronimo Mercuriali of Forlì , Italy , completed De morbis cutaneis ( translated `` On the diseases of the skin '' ) . It is considered the first scientific work dedicated to dermatology . Diagnoses ( edit ) The physical examination of the skin and its appendages , as well as the mucous membranes , forms the cornerstone of an accurate diagnosis of cutaneous conditions . Most of these conditions present with cutaneous surface changes termed `` lesions , '' which have more or less distinct characteristics . Often proper examination will lead the physician to obtain appropriate historical information and / or laboratory tests that are able to confirm the diagnosis . Upon examination , the important clinical observations are the ( 1 ) morphology , ( 2 ) configuration , and ( 3 ) distribution of the lesion ( s ) . With regard to morphology , the initial lesion that characterizes a condition is known as the `` primary lesion , '' and identification of such a lesions is the most important aspect of the cutaneous examination . Over time , these primary lesions may continue to develop or be modified by regression or trauma , producing `` secondary lesions . '' However , with that being stated , the lack of standardization of basic dermatologic terminology has been one of the principal barriers to successful communication among physicians in describing cutaneous findings . Nevertheless , there are some commonly accepted terms used to describe the macroscopic morphology , configuration , and distribution of skin lesions , which are listed below . Lesions ( edit ) Primary lesions ( edit ) Chigger bites on human skin showing characteristic welts Macule and patch Papule and plaque Nodules Vesicles and bulla Fissures , erosions and ulcers A pustule on the cheek Macule : A macule is a change in surface color , without elevation or depression and , therefore , nonpalpable , well or ill - defined , variously sized , but generally considered less than either 5 or 10 mm in diameter at the widest point . Patch : A patch is a large macule equal to or greater than either 5 or 10 mm across , depending on one 's definition of a macule . Patches may have some subtle surface change , such as a fine scale or wrinkling , but although the consistency of the surface is changed , the lesion itself is not palpable . Papule : A papule is a circumscribed , solid elevation of skin with no visible fluid , varying in size from a pinhead to less than either 5 or 10 mm in diameter at the widest point . Plaque : A plaque has been described as a broad papule , or confluence of papules equal to or greater than 1 cm , or alternatively as an elevated , plateau - like lesion that is greater in its diameter than in its depth . Nodule : A nodule is morphologically similar to a papule in that it is also a palpaple spherical lesion less than 1 cm in diameter . However , it is differentiated by being centered deeper in the dermis or subcutis . Tumour : Similar to a nodule but larger than 1 cm in diameter . Vesicle : A vesicle is small blister , a circumscribed , fluid - containing , epidermal elevation generally considered less than either 5 or 10 mm in diameter at the widest point . The fluid is clear serous fluid . Bulla : A bulla is a large blister , a rounded or irregularly shaped blister containing serous or seropurulent fluid , equal to or greater than either 5 or 10 mm , depending on one 's definition of a vesicle . Pustule : A pustule is a small elevation of the skin containing cloudy or purulent material ( pus ) usually consisting of necrotic inflammatory cells . These can be either white or red . Cyst : A cyst is an epithelial - lined cavity containing liquid , semi-solid , or solid material . Erosion : An erosion is a discontinuity of the skin exhibiting incomplete loss of the epidermis , a lesion that is moist , circumscribed , and usually depressed . Ulcer : An ulcer is a discontinuity of the skin exhibiting complete loss of the epidermis and often portions of the dermis and even subcutaneous fat . Fissure : A fissure is a crack in the skin that is usually narrow but deep . Wheal : A wheal is a rounded or flat - topped , pale red papule or plaque that is characteristically evanescent , disappearing within 24 to 48 hours . The temporary raised bubble of taut skin on the site of a properly - delivered intradermal injection is also called a welt , with the ID injection process itself frequently referred to as simply `` raising a wheal '' in medical texts . Telangiectasia : A telangiectasia represents an enlargement of superficial blood vessels to the point of being visible . Burrow : A burrow appears as a slightly elevated , grayish , tortuous line in the skin , and is caused by burrowing organisms . Secondary lesions ( edit ) Scale : dry or greasy laminated masses of keratin that represent thickened stratum corneum . Crust : dried sebum , pus , or blood usually mixed with epithelial and sometimes bacterial debris . Lichenification : epidermal thickening characterized by visible and palpable thickening of the skin with accentuated skin markings . Excoriation : a punctate or linear abrasion produced by mechanical means ( often scratching ) , usually involving only the epidermis , but commonly reaching the papillary dermis . Induration : dermal thickening causing the cutaneous surface to feel thicker and firmer . Atrophy : refers to a loss of tissue , and can be epidermal , dermal , or subcutaneous . With epidermal atrophy , the skin appears thin , translucent , and wrinkled . Dermal or subcutaneous atrophy is represented by depression of the skin . Maceration : softening and turning white of the skin due to being consistently wet . Umbilication : formation of a depression at the top of a papule , vesicle , or pustule . Phyma : A tubercle on any external part of the body , such as in phymatous rosacea Configuration ( edit ) `` Configuration '' refers to how lesions are locally grouped ( `` organized '' ) , which contrasts with how they are distributed ( see next section ) . Agminate : in clusters Annular or circinate : ring - shaped Arciform or arcuate : arc - shaped Digitate : with finger - like projections Discoid or nummular : round or disc - shaped Figurate : with a particular shape Guttate : resembling drops Gyrate : coiled or spiral - shaped Herpetiform : resembling herpes Linear Mammillated : with rounded , breast - like projections Reticular or reticulated : resembling a net Serpiginous : with a wavy border Stellate : star - shaped Targetoid : resembling a bullseye Verrucous : wart - like Distribution ( edit ) `` Distribution '' refers to how lesions are localized . They may be confined to a single area ( a patch ) or may exist in several places . Some distributions correlate with the means by which a given area becomes affected . For example , contact dermatitis correlates with locations where allergen has elicited an allergic immune response . Varicella zoster virus is known to recur ( after its initial presentation as chicken pox ) as herpes zoster ( `` shingles '' ) . Chicken pox appears nearly everywhere on the body , but herpes zoster tends to follow one or two dermatomes ; for example , the eruptions may appear along the bra line , on either or both sides of the patient . Generalized Symmetric : one side mirrors the other Flexural : on the front of the fingers Extensor : on the back of the fingers Intertriginous : in an area where two skin areas may touch or rub together Morbilliform : resembling measles Palmoplantar : on the palm of the hand or bottom of the foot Periorificial : around an orifice such as the mouth Periungual / subungual : around or under a fingernail or toenail Blaschkoid : following the path of Blaschko 's lines in the skin Photodistributed : in places where sunlight reaches Zosteriform or dermatomal : associated with a particular nerve Other related terms ( edit ) Collarette Comedo Confluent Eczema ( a type of dermatitis ) Evanescent ( lasting less than 24 hours ) Granuloma Livedo Purpura Erythema ( redness ) Horn ( a cell type ) Poikiloderma Histopathology ( edit ) Hyperkeratosis Parakeratosis Hypergranulosis Acanthosis Papillomatosis Dyskeratosis Acantholysis Spongiosis Hydropic swelling Exocytosis Vacuolization Erosion Ulceration Lentiginous References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Miller , Jeffrey H. ; Marks , James G. ( 2006 ) . Lookingbill and Marks ' Principles of Dermatology . Saunders . ISBN 1 - 4160 - 3185 - 5 . Jump up ^ Lippens , S ; Hoste , E ; Vandenabeele , P ; Agostinis , P ; Declercq , W ( April 2009 ) . `` Cell death in the skin '' . Apoptosis. 14 ( 4 ) : 549 -- 69 . doi : 10.1007 / s10495 - 009 - 0324 - z . PMID 19221876 . Jump up ^ King , L.S. ( 1954 ) . `` What Is Disease ? '' . Philosophy of Science . 21 ( 3 ) : 193 -- 203 . doi : 10.1086 / 287343 . Jump up ^ Bluefarb , Samuel M. ( 1984 ) . Dermatology . Upjohn Co . ISBN 0 - 89501 - 004 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Lynch , Peter J. ( 1994 ) . Dermatology . Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 0 - 683 - 05252 - 7 . Jump up ^ Tilles G , Wallach D ( 1989 ) . `` ( The history of nosology in dermatology ) '' . Ann Dermatol Venereol ( in French ) . 116 ( 1 ) : 9 -- 26 . PMID 2653160 . Jump up ^ Lambert WC , Everett MA ( October 1981 ) . `` The nosology of parapsoriasis '' . J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 5 ( 4 ) : 373 -- 95 . doi : 10.1016 / S0190 - 9622 ( 81 ) 70100 - 2 . PMID 7026622 . Jump up ^ Jackson R ( 1977 ) . `` Historical outline of attempts to classify skin diseases '' . Can Med Assoc J. 116 ( 10 ) : 1165 -- 68 . PMC 1879511 . PMID 324589 . Jump up ^ Copeman PW ( February 1995 ) . `` The creation of global dermatology '' . JR Soc Med. 88 ( 2 ) : 78 -- 84 . PMC 1295100 . PMID 7769599 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Thomas B. ; Klauss Wolff ; Wolff , Klaus Dieter ; Johnson , Richard R. ; Suurmond , Dick ; Richard Suurmond ( 2005 ) . Fitzpatrick 's color atlas and synopsis of clinical dermatology . McGraw - Hill Medical Pub . Division . ISBN 0 - 07 - 144019 - 4 . Jump up ^ Werner B ( August 2009 ) . `` ( Skin biopsy and its histopathologic analysis : Why ? What for ? How ? Part I ) '' . An Bras Dermatol ( in Portuguese ) . 84 ( 4 ) : 391 -- 95 . PMID 19851671 . Jump up ^ Werner B ( October 2009 ) . `` ( Skin biopsy with histopathologic analysis : why ? what for ? how ? part II ) '' . An Bras Dermatol ( in Portuguese ) . 84 ( 5 ) : 507 -- 13 . doi : 10.1590 / S0365 - 05962009000500010 . PMID 20098854 . Jump up ^ Xiaowei Xu ; Elder , David A. ; Rosalie Elenitsas ; Johnson , Bernett L. ; Murphy , George E. ( 2008 ) . Lever 's Histopathology of the Skin . Hagerstwon , MD : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 7363 - 6 . Jump up ^ Weedon 's Skin Pathology , 2 - Volume Set : Expert Consult -- Online and Print . Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone. 2009 . ISBN 0 - 7020 - 3941 - 1 . Jump up ^ Fernando Alfageme , Cerezo E , Roustan G. `` Real - Time Elastography in Inflammatory Skin Diseases : A Primer Ultrasound '' in Medicine & Biology , Volume 41 , Issue 4 , Supplement , April 2015 , pp. S82 -- S83 ^ Jump up to : Burns , Tony ; et al. ( 2006 ) Rook 's Textbook of Dermatology CD - ROM . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 3130 - 6 . Jump up ^ Paus R , Cotsarelis G ( 1999 ) . `` The biology of hair follicles '' . N Engl J Med. 341 ( 7 ) : 491 -- 97 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM199908123410706 . PMID 10441606 . Jump up ^ Goldsmith , Lowell A. ( 1983 ) . Biochemistry and physiology of the skin . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 261253 - 0 . Jump up ^ Fuchs E ( February 2007 ) . `` Scratching the surface of skin development '' . Nature . 445 ( 7130 ) : 834 -- 42 . doi : 10.1038 / nature05659 . PMC 2405926 . PMID 17314969 . Jump up ^ Fuchs E , Horsley V ( April 2008 ) . `` More than one way to skin '' . Genes Dev. 22 ( 8 ) : 976 -- 85 . doi : 10.1101 / gad. 1645908 . PMC 2732395 . PMID 18413712 . ^ Jump up to : Wolff , Klaus Dieter ; et al. ( 2008 ) . Fitzpatrick 's Dermatology in General Medicine . McGraw - Hill Medical . ISBN 0 - 07 - 146690 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Skin Anatomy '' . Medscape . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Bolognia , Jean L. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . Dermatology . St. Louis : Mosby . ISBN 1 - 4160 - 2999 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Rapini , Ronald P. ( 2005 ) . Practical dermatopathology . Elsevier Mosby . ISBN 0 - 323 - 01198 - 5 . Jump up ^ Grant - Kels , JM ( 2007 ) . Color Atlas of Dermatopathology ( Dermatology : Clinical & Basic Science ) . Informa Healthcare . p. 163 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 3794 - 1 . Jump up ^ Ryan , T ( 1991 ) . `` Cutaneous Circulation '' . In Goldsmith , Lowell A. Physiology , biochemistry , and molecular biology of the skin ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 1019 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505612 - 4 . Jump up ^ Swerlick , RA ; Lawley , TJ ( January 1993 ) . `` Role of microvascular endothelial cells in inflammation '' . J. Invest . Dermatol. 100 ( 1 ) : 111S -- 115S . doi : 10.1038 / jid. 1993.33 . PMID 8423379 . Jump up ^ `` ecognizing Neoplastic Skin Lesions : A Photo Guide '' . American Family Physician . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Callen , Jeffrey ( 2000 ) . Color atlas of dermatology . Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 8256 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : James , William D. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . Andrews ' Diseases of the Skin : Clinical Dermatology . Saunders Elsevier . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 2921 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Fitzpatrick , Thomas B. ; Klauss Wolff ; Wolff , Klaus Dieter ; Johnson , Richard R. ; Suurmond , Dick ; Richard Suurmond ( 2005 ) . Fitzpatrick 's color atlas and synopsis of clinical dermatology . New York : McGraw - Hill Medical Pub . Division . ISBN 0 - 07 - 144019 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Elsevier , Dorland 's Illustrated Medical Dictionary , Elsevier . ^ Jump up to : Cotran , Ramzi S. ; Kumar , Vinay ; Fausto , Nelson ; Nelso Fausto ; Robbins , Stanley L. ; Abbas , Abul K. ( 2005 ) . Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease . St. Louis , Mo : Elsevier Saunders . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 0187 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Description of Skin Lesions '' . The Merk Manual . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . Dermatitis and eczema ( L20 -- L30 , 690 -- 693,698 ) Atopic dermatitis Besnier 's prurigo Seborrheic dermatitis Pityriasis simplex capillitii Cradle cap Contact dermatitis ( allergic , irritant ) plants : Urushiol - induced contact dermatitis African blackwood dermatitis Tulip fingers other : Abietic acid dermatitis Diaper rash Airbag dermatitis Baboon syndrome Contact stomatitis Protein contact dermatitis Eczema Autoimmune estrogen dermatitis Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis Breast eczema Ear eczema Eyelid dermatitis Topical steroid addiction Hand eczema Chronic vesiculobullous hand eczema Hyperkeratotic hand dermatitis Autosensitization dermatitis / Id reaction Candidid Dermatophytid Molluscum dermatitis Circumostomy eczema Dyshidrosis Juvenile plantar dermatosis Nummular eczema Nutritional deficiency eczema Sulzberger -- Garbe syndrome Xerotic eczema Pruritus / Itch / Prurigo Lichen simplex chronicus / Prurigo nodularis by location : Pruritus ani Pruritus scroti Pruritus vulvae Scalp pruritus Drug - induced pruritus Hydroxyethyl starch - induced pruritus Senile pruritus Aquagenic pruritus Aquadynia Adult blaschkitis due to liver disease Biliary pruritus Cholestatic pruritus Prion pruritus Prurigo pigmentosa Prurigo simplex Puncta pruritica Uremic pruritus Other substances taken internally : Bromoderma Fixed drug reaction Nummular dermatitis Pityriasis alba Papuloerythroderma of Ofuji Disorders of skin appendages ( L60 -- L75 , 703 -- 706 ) Nail thickness : Onychogryphosis Onychauxis color : Beau 's lines Yellow nail syndrome Leukonychia Azure lunula shape : Koilonychia Nail clubbing behavior : Onychotillomania Onychophagia other : Ingrown nail Anonychia ungrouped : Paronychia Acute Chronic Chevron nail Congenital onychodysplasia of the index fingers Green nails Half and half nails Hangnail Hapalonychia Hook nail Ingrown nail Lichen planus of the nails Longitudinal erythronychia Malalignment of the nail plate Median nail dystrophy Mees ' lines Melanonychia Muehrcke 's lines Nail -- patella syndrome Onychoatrophy Onycholysis Onychomadesis Onychomatricoma Onychomycosis Onychophosis Onychoptosis defluvium Onychorrhexis Onychoschizia Platonychia Pincer nails Plummer 's nail Psoriatic nails Pterygium inversum unguis Pterygium unguis Purpura of the nail bed Racquet nail Red lunulae Shell nail syndrome Splinter hemorrhage Spotted lunulae Staining of the nail plate Stippled nails Subungual hematoma Terry 's nails Twenty - nail dystrophy Hair Hair loss / Baldness noncicatricial alopecia : Alopecia areata totalis universalis Ophiasis Androgenic alopecia ( male - pattern baldness ) Hypotrichosis Telogen effluvium Traction alopecia Lichen planopilaris Trichorrhexis nodosa Alopecia neoplastica Anagen effluvium Alopecia mucinosa cicatricial alopecia : Pseudopelade of Brocq Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia Pressure alopecia Traumatic alopecia Tumor alopecia Hot comb alopecia Perifolliculitis capitis abscedens et suffodiens Graham - Little syndrome Folliculitis decalvans ungrouped : Triangular alopecia Frontal fibrosing alopecia Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis Hypertrichosis Hirsutism Acquired localised generalised patterned Congenital generalised localised X-linked Prepubertal Acneiform eruption Acne Acne vulgaris Acne conglobata Acne miliaris necrotica Tropical acne Infantile acne / Neonatal acne Excoriated acne Acne fulminans Acne medicamentosa ( e.g. , steroid acne ) Halogen acne Iododerma Bromoderma Chloracne Oil acne Tar acne Acne cosmetica Occupational acne Acne aestivalis Acne keloidalis nuchae Acne mechanica Acne with facial edema Pomade acne Acne necrotica Blackhead Lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei Rosacea Perioral dermatitis Granulomatous perioral dermatitis Phymatous rosacea Rhinophyma Blepharophyma Gnathophyma Metophyma Otophyma Papulopustular rosacea Lupoid rosacea Erythrotelangiectatic rosacea Glandular rosacea Gram - negative rosacea Steroid rosacea Ocular rosacea Persistent edema of rosacea Rosacea conglobata variants Periorificial dermatitis Pyoderma faciale Ungrouped Granulomatous facial dermatitis Idiopathic facial aseptic granuloma Periorbital dermatitis SAPHO syndrome Follicular cysts `` Sebaceous cyst '' Epidermoid cyst Trichilemmal cyst Steatocystoma simplex multiplex Milia Inflammation Folliculitis Folliculitis nares perforans Tufted folliculitis Pseudofolliculitis barbae Hidradenitis Hidradenitis suppurativa Recurrent palmoplantar hidradenitis Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis Ungrouped Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica of Bazex Acroosteolysis Bubble hair deformity Disseminate and recurrent infundibulofolliculitis Erosive pustular dermatitis of the scalp Erythromelanosis follicularis faciei et colli Hair casts Hair follicle nevus Intermittent hair -- follicle dystrophy Keratosis pilaris atropicans Kinking hair Koenen 's tumor Lichen planopilaris Lichen spinulosus Loose anagen syndrome Menkes kinky hair syndrome Monilethrix Parakeratosis pustulosa Pili ( Pili annulati Pili bifurcati Pili multigemini Pili pseudoannulati Pili torti ) Pityriasis amiantacea Plica neuropathica Poliosis Rubinstein -- Taybi syndrome Setleis syndrome Traumatic anserine folliculosis Trichomegaly Trichomycosis axillaris Trichorrhexis ( Trichorrhexis invaginata Trichorrhexis nodosa ) Trichostasis spinulosa Uncombable hair syndrome Wooly hair Wooly hair nevus Sweat glands Eccrine Miliaria Colloid milium Miliaria crystalline Miliaria profunda Miliaria pustulosa Miliaria rubra Occlusion miliaria Postmiliarial hypohidrosis Granulosis rubra nasi Ross ' syndrome Anhidrosis Hyperhidrosis Generalized Gustatory Palmoplantar Apocrine Body odor Chromhidrosis Fox -- Fordyce disease Sebaceous Sebaceous hyperplasia Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology Growths Epidermal wart callus seborrheic keratosis acrochordon molluscum contagiosum actinic keratosis squamous - cell carcinoma basal - cell carcinoma Merkel - cell carcinoma nevus sebaceous trichoepithelioma Pigmented Freckles lentigo melasma nevus melanoma Dermal and subcutaneous epidermal inclusion cyst hemangioma dermatofibroma ( benign fibrous histiocytoma ) keloid lipoma neurofibroma xanthoma Kaposi 's sarcoma infantile digital fibromatosis granular cell tumor leiomyoma lymphangioma circumscriptum myxoid cyst Rashes With epidermal involvement Eczematous contact dermatitis atopic dermatitis seborrheic dermatitis stasis dermatitis lichen simplex chronicus Darier 's disease glucagonoma syndrome langerhans cell histiocytosis lichen sclerosus pemphigus foliaceus Wiskott -- Aldrich syndrome Zinc deficiency Scaling psoriasis tinea ( corporis cruris pedis manuum faciei ) pityriasis rosea secondary syphilis mycosis fungoides systemic lupus erythematosus pityriasis rubra pilaris parapsoriasis ichthyosis Blistering herpes simplex herpes zoster varicella bullous impetigo acute contact dermatitis pemphigus vulgaris bullous pemphigoid dermatitis herpetiformis porphyria cutanea tarda epidermolysis bullosa simplex Papular scabies insect bite reactions lichen planus miliaria keratosis pilaris lichen spinulosus transient acantholytic dermatosis lichen nitidus pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta Pustular acne vulgaris acne rosacea folliculitis impetigo candidiasis gonococcemia dermatophyte coccidioidomycosis subcorneal pustular dermatosis Hypopigmented tinea versicolor vitiligo pityriasis alba postinflammatory hyperpigmentation tuberous sclerosis idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis leprosy hypopigmented mycosis fungoides Without epidermal involvement Red Blanchable Erythema Generalized drug eruptions viral exanthems toxic erythema systemic lupus erythematosus Localized cellulitis abscess boil erythema nodosum carcinoid syndrome fixed drug eruption Specialized urticaria erythema ( multiforme migrans gyratum repens annulare centrifugum ab igne ) Nonblanchable Purpura Macular thrombocytopenic purpura actinic / solar purpura Papular disseminated intravascular coagulation vasculitis Indurated scleroderma / morphea granuloma annulare lichen sclerosis et atrophicus necrobiosis lipoidica Miscellaneous disorders Ulcers Hair telogen effluvium androgenic alopecia alopecia areata systemic lupus erythematosus tinea capitis loose anagen syndrome lichen planopilaris folliculitis decalvans acne keloidalis nuchae Nail onychomycosis psoriasis paronychia ingrown nail Mucous membrane Aphthous stomatitis oral candidiasis lichen planus leukoplakia pemphigus vulgaris mucous membrane pemphigoid cicatricial pemphigoid herpesvirus coxsackievirus syphilis systemic histoplasmosis squamous - cell carcinoma Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cutaneous_condition&oldid=808661086 '' Categories : Cutaneous conditions Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Ido Italiano עברית Кыргызча മലയാളം ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Русский தமிழ் Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 08 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous%20condition
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who sang the song do wah diddy diddy dum diddy do
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`` Do Wah Diddy Diddy '' is a song written by Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich and originally recorded in 1963 , as `` Do - Wah - Diddy '' , by the American vocal group The Exciters made internationally famous by a version by the British band Manfred Mann .
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The Exciters|Manfred Mann
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Do Wah Diddy Diddy
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do wah diddy diddy
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`` Do Wah Diddy Diddy '' is a song written by Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich and originally recorded in 1963 , as `` Do - Wah - Diddy '' , by the American vocal group The Exciters made internationally famous by a version by the British band Manfred Mann .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Manfred Mann version 2 Other versions 3 In popular culture 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Manfred Mann version ( edit ) It was soon covered by British R&B , beat and pop band Manfred Mann . Manfred Mann 's version , which was more commercially successful , was recorded on 11 June 1964 , released on 10 July , and spent two weeks No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart in August , and two weeks at the No. 1 spot in the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in October . Other versions ( edit ) The song has been covered many times , notably by DJ Ötzi whose version titled `` Do Wah Diddy '' peaked at # 9 on the Ö3 Austria Top 40 , as well as charting in Germany , Switzerland , the UK and Ireland . Dutch girl group Dolly Dots recorded the song in 1982 . American hip - hop group 2 Live Crew covers a friendly parody version of that song from the 1988 album Move Somethin ' . In popular culture ( edit ) It was used as the theme song for Ang TV , a famous youth - oriented variety show in the Philippines from 1992 -- 1997 . See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles from the 1960s ( UK ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1964 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rice , Jo ( 1982 ) . The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits ( 1st ed . ) . Enfield , Middlesex : Guinness Superlatives Ltd. p. 82 . ISBN 0 - 85112 - 250 - 7 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 166 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived May 25 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` All the Number One Singles : 1964 '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 13 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( 1992 ) . The Billboard Book of Number One Hits ( 3rd ed . ) . New York , NY : Billboard Publications , Inc. p. 158 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 8298 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` A Hard Day 's Night '' by the Beatles UK Singles Chart number - one single 13 August 1964 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Have I the Right ? '' by the Honeycombs Preceded by `` Oh , Pretty Woman '' by Roy Orbison Billboard Hot 100 number - one single 17 October 1964 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Baby Love '' by the Supremes ( hide ) Manfred Mann Manfred Mann Mike Hugg Mike Vickers Tom McGuinness Paul Jones Mike d'Abo Jack Bruce Klaus Voormann Dave Richmond Studio albums The Five Faces of Manfred Mann Mann Made As Is Up the Junction Mighty Garvey ! Extended play Manfred Mann 's Cock - a-Hoop Groovin ' with Manfred Mann The One in the Middle No Living Without Loving Machines Instrumental Asylum As Was Instrumental Assassination Compilations Mann Made Hits Soul of Mann What A Mann Chapter Two : The Best of the Fontana Years Basic : Original Hits The Best of Manfred Mann : The Definitive Collection The Best of the EMI Years Manfred Mann at Abbey Road , 1963 - 1966 BBC Sessions Very Best of Manfred Mann The Story Classic Masters The Evolution of Manfred Mann Complete Greatest Hits UK singles `` Why Should We Not '' `` Cock - a-Hoop '' `` 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 '' `` Hubble Bubble ( Toil and Trouble ) '' `` Ha ! Ha ! Said the Clown '' `` Do Wah Diddy Diddy '' `` Sha La La '' `` Come Tomorrow '' `` Oh No , Not My Baby '' `` If You Gotta Go , Go Now '' `` Pretty Flamingo '' `` You Gave Me Somebody to Love '' `` Just Like a Woman '' `` Semi-Detached Suburban Mr James '' `` Ha ! Ha ! Said the Clown '' `` Sweet Pea '' `` So Long , Dad '' `` Mighty Quinn '' `` Theme from `` Up The Junction '' `` My Name Is Jack '' `` Fox on the Run '' `` Ragamuffin Man '' Related articles Discography Manfred Mann Chapter Three Manfred Mann 's Earth Band The Manfreds Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Do_Wah_Diddy_Diddy&oldid=797182934 '' Categories : 1963 songs 1964 singles Songs written by Ellie Greenwich Songs written by Jeff Barry Manfred Mann songs The Exciters songs Jan and Dean songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles His Master 's Voice singles Capitol Records singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2017 , at 12 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%20Wah%20Diddy%20Diddy
| 1,232 |
where are the words to the hail mary found in the bible
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The second passage is taken from Elizabeth 's greeting to Mary in Luke 1 : 42 , `` Blessed art thou among women , and blessed is the fruit of thy womb . '' Taken together , these two passages are the two times Mary is greeted in Chapter 1 of Luke .
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Chapter 1 of Luke
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Hail Mary
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hail mary
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The Hail Mary , also commonly called the Ave Maria ( Latin ) or Angelic Salutation , is a traditional Catholic prayer asking for the intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary , the mother of Jesus . In Roman Catholicism , the prayer forms the basis of the Rosary and the Angelus prayers . In the Oriental Orthodox Churches , Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches , a similar prayer is used in formal liturgies , both in Greek and in translations . It is also used by many other groups within the catholic tradition of Christianity including Anglicans , Independent Catholics , and Old Catholics . Some Protestant denominations , such as Lutherans , also make use of a form of the prayer .
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Based on the greeting of the archangel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary in the Gospel of Luke , the prayer takes different forms in various traditions . It has often been set to music . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biblical source 2 In Western ( Latin ) tradition 3 Eastern Christian use 3.1 In Greek tradition 3.2 Slavonic versions 4 Roman Catholic use 5 Anglican use 6 Lutheran use 7 Musical settings 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Biblical source ( edit ) The prayer incorporates two passages from Saint Luke 's Gospel : `` Hail , the Lord is with thee . '' and `` Blessed art thou amongst women and blessed is the fruit of thy womb . '' In mid-13th - century Western Europe the prayer consisted only of these words with the single addition of the name `` Mary '' after the word `` Hail '' , as is evident from the commentary of Saint Thomas Aquinas on the prayer . The first of the two passages from Saint Luke 's Gospel is the greeting of the Angel Gabriel to Mary , originally written in Koine Greek . The opening word of greeting , χαῖρε , chaíre , here translated `` Hail '' , literally has the meaning `` rejoice '' or `` be glad '' . This was the normal greeting in the language in which Saint Luke 's Gospel is written and continues to be used in the same sense in Modern Greek . Accordingly , both `` Hail '' and `` Rejoice '' are valid English translations of the word ( `` Hail '' reflecting the Latin translation , and `` Rejoice '' reflecting the original Greek ) . The word κεχαριτωμένη , ( kecharitōménē ) , here translated as `` full of grace '' , admits of various translations . Grammatically , the word is the feminine perfect passive participle of the verb χαριτόω , charitóō , which means `` to show , or bestow with , grace '' and here , in the passive voice , `` to have grace shown , or bestowed upon , one '' . The text also appears in the account of the annunciation contained in the apocryphal Infancy Gospel of Matthew , in chapter 9 . The second passage is taken from Elizabeth 's greeting to Mary in Luke 1 : 42 , `` Blessed art thou among women , and blessed is the fruit of thy womb . '' Taken together , these two passages are the two times Mary is greeted in Chapter 1 of Luke . In Western ( Latin ) tradition ( edit ) Part of a series on the Mariology of the Catholic Church The Immaculate Conception , by Murillo Overview ( show ) Prayers Antiphons Hymns to Mary Devotional practices Prayers ( show ) Angelus Fátima Prayers Flos Carmeli Hail Mary Hail Mary of Gold Immaculata prayer Magnificat Mary , Mother of Grace Mary Our Queen Memorare Sub tuum praesidium Antiphons ( show ) Alma Redemptoris Mater Ave Maris Stella Ave Regina Caelorum Salve Regina Hymns to Mary ( show ) Hail Queen of Heaven , the Ocean Star Immaculate Mary Lo , How a Rose E'er Blooming O Sanctissima Regina Coeli Stabat Mater Devotional practices ( show ) Acts of Reparation Consecration to Mary First Saturdays Rosary Seven Joys of the Virgin Seven Sorrows of Mary Three Hail Marys Litany of the Blessed Virgin Mary Catholicism portal After considering the use of similar words in Syriac , Greek and Latin in the 6th century , Herbert Thurston , writing in the Catholic Encyclopedia concludes that `` there is little or no trace of the Hail Mary as an accepted devotional formula before about 1050 '' , ( though a later pious tale attributed to Ildephonsus of Toledo ( fl . 7th century ) the use of the first part , namely the angel 's greeting Mary , without that of Elizabeth , as a prayer ) . All the evidence suggests that it took its rise from certain versicles and responsories occurring in the Little Office of the Blessed Virgin Mary , which just at that time was coming into favour among the monastic orders . Saint Thomas Aquinas spoke of the name `` Mary '' as the only word added at his time to the Biblical text , to indicate the person who was `` full of grace . '' But at about the same time the name `` Jesus '' was also added , to specify who was meant by the phrase `` the fruit of thy womb . '' The Western version of the prayer is thus not derived from the Greek version : even the earliest Western forms have no trace of the Greek version 's phrases : `` Mother of God and Virgin '' and `` for thou hast given birth to the Saviour of our souls . '' To the greeting and praise of Mary of which the prayer thus consisted , a petition `` Holy Mary , Mother of God , pray for us sinners now and at the hour of our death . Amen . '' was added later . The petition first appeared in print in 1495 in Girolamo Savonarola 's `` Esposizione sopra l'Ave Maria . '' The `` Hail Mary '' prayer in Savonarola 's exposition reads : `` Hail Mary , full of grace , the Lord is with thee ; blessed art thou amongst women , and blessed is the fruit of thy womb , Jesus . Holy Mary , Mother of God , pray for us sinners , now and at the hour of our death . Amen '' The petition was commonly added around the time of the Council of Trent . The Dutch Jesuit St. Petrus Canisius is credited with adding in 1555 in his Catechism the sentence Holy Mary , Mother of God , pray for us sinners . Eleven years later , the sentence was included in the Catechism of the Council of Trent of 1566 . The `` Catechism of the Council of Trent '' says that to the first part of the Hail Mary , by which `` we render to God the highest praise and return Him most gracious thanks , because He has bestowed all His heavenly gifts on the most holy Virgin ... the Church of God has wisely added prayers and an invocation addressed to the most holy Mother of God ... we should earnestly implore her help and assistance ; for that she possesses exalted merits with God , and that she is most desirous to assist us by her prayers , no one can doubt without impiety and wickedness . '' The beginning of the verse in historiated letters in the book of hours Heures de Charles d'Angoulême The current Latin version is thus as follows , with accents added to indicate how the prayer is said in the current ecclesiastical pronunciation of Latin : Áve María , grátia pléna , Dóminus técum . Benedícta tū in muliéribus , et benedíctus frúctus véntris túi , Iésus . Sáncta María , Máter Déi , óra pro nóbis peccatóribus , nunc et in hóra mórtis nóstrae . Ámen . Hail Mary , full of grace , the Lord is with thee . Blessed art thou amongst women , and blessed is the fruit of thy womb , Jesus . Holy Mary , Mother of God , pray for us sinners , now and at the hour of our death . Amen . On account of its connection with the Angelus , the Ave Maria was often inscribed on bells . Eastern christian use ( edit ) In Greek tradition ( edit ) The Hail Mary prayer of the Eastern Orthodox Church and Eastern Catholic Churches is in the form Θεοτόκε Παρθένε , χαῖρε , κεχαριτωμένη Μαρία , ὁ Κύριος μετὰ σοῦ . εὐλογημένη σὺ ἐν γυναιξί , καὶ εὐλογημένος ὁ καρπὸς τῆς κοιλίας σου , ὅτι Σωτῆρα ἔτεκες τῶν ψυχῶν ἡμῶν . God - bearing Virgin , rejoice , grace - filled Mary , the Lord with thee . Praised thou among women , and praised the fruit of thy womb , because it was the Saviour of our souls that thou borest . Another English rendering of the same text reads : Mother of God and Virgin , rejoice , Mary full of grace , the Lord is with thee . Blessed art thou amongst women , and blessed is the fruit of thy womb , for thou hast given birth to the Saviour of our souls . To the Biblical texts this adds the opening invocation `` Theotokos Virgin , '' the name `` Mary '' and the concluding `` because it was the Saviour of our souls that thou bearest '' . In the Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Rite Eastern Catholic churches , the prayer is very common in the Greek form indicated above , or in translations from it . Although it is not said quite as often as in the West , it is well known and often used and appears in several canons of prayer . It is typically sung thrice at the end of Vespers during an All - Night Vigil , as well as occurring many times in the course of daily prayer . Slavonic versions ( edit ) There exist two variant versions in Church Slavonic : Cyrillic Romanization English Translation Богородице дѣво радѹйсѧ ѡбрадованнаѧ Марїе Господь съ тобою благословена ты въ женахъ , и благословенъ плодъ чрева твоегѡ , Якѡ родила еси Христа Спаса , Избавителѧ дѹшамъ нашимъ . Bogoroditse Djevo , raduisya , Obradovannaya Marie , Gospodh s ' toboyu . Blagoslovena tyh v ' zhenach , Y blagosloven plod chreva Tvoego , Yako rodila esi Christa Spasa , Izbavitelya dusham nashim . Theotokos Virgin , rejoice , ( or : Rejoice , O Virgin Theotokos ) Mary full of grace , the Lord is with thee . Blessed art thou amongst women , and blessed is the fruit of thy womb , for thou hast borne Christ the Saviour , the Deliverer of our souls . Богородице дѣво , радѹйсѧ , Благодатнаѧ Марїе , Господь съ тобою : благословена Ты въ женахъ , и благословенъ плодъ чрева Твоегѡ ; якѡ Спаса родила еси дѹшъ нашихъ . Bogoroditse Djevo , raduisya , Blagodatnaya Marie , Gospod s ' toboyu : Blagoslovyena tyh v ' zhenakh , Y blagoslovyen plod chreva Tvoyego , yako Spasa rodila yesi dush nashikh . Theotokos Virgin , rejoice , ( or : Rejoice , O Virgin Theotokos ) Mary full of grace , The Lord is with thee . Blessed art thou amongst women , and blessed is the fruit of thy womb , for thou hast borne the Saviour of our souls . Church Slavonic Bogorodice děvo in traditional Cyrillic script The first is the older , and remains in use by the Old Believers as well as those who follow the Ruthenian recension ( among them the Ukrainian Greek - Catholic Church and the Ruthenian Catholic Church ) . The second , corresponding more closely to the Greek , appeared in 1656 under the liturgical reforms of Patriarch Nikon of Moscow , and is in use by the Russian Orthodox Church , the Serbian Orthodox Church , the Bulgarian Orthodox Church and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church ) . Roman Catholic use ( edit ) The Hail Mary is the central part of the Angelus , a devotion generally recited thrice daily by many Catholics , as well as broad & high church Anglicans , and Lutherans who usually omit the second half . The Hail Mary is the essential element of the Rosary , a prayer method in use especially among Roman Rite ( Western ) Catholics . The Eastern Catholic Churches say a similar version . The Rosary consists traditionally of three sets of five Mysteries , each mystery consisting of one `` decade '' or ten Ave Marias . The 150 Ave Marias of the Rosary thus echo the 150 psalms . These meditate upon events of Jesus ' life during his childhood ( Joyful Mysteries ) , Passion ( Sorrowful Mysteries ) , and from his Resurrection onwards ( Glorious Mysteries ) . Another set , the Luminous Mysteries , is of comparatively recent origin , having been proposed by Pope John Paul II in 2002 . Each of these Mysteries is prayed as a decade ( a unit of ten ) , consisting of one Our Father ( Pater Noster or The Lord 's Prayer ) , ten Hail Marys , and one ' Glory Be ' ( Gloria Patri ) ( Doxology ) . The restatement of the prayers locks one into fixed language , having the effect of freeing the conscious mind so that the recitation may come more from the heart and not the head . Pope Paul V said that `` the Rosary is a treasure of graces '' . Even for those souls who pray without meditating , the simple act of taking the beads in hand to pray is already a remembrance of God -- of the supernatural `` . Anglican use ( edit ) Anglicans also employ the Hail Mary in devotional practice . Traditional Anglicism uses the prayer in much the same way as Roman Catholics , including use of the Rosary and the recitation of the Angelus . Many Anglican churches contain statues of the Virgin Mary , and the faithful use devotional prayers including the Hail Mary . Lutheran use ( edit ) Martin Luther , the founder of Lutheranism , believed that Mary should be held in highest reverence . Although he did not agree with Mary 's veneration , he did advocate the use of the first half of the Hail Mary ( that is , `` Hail Mary , full of grace , the Lord is with thee . Blessed art thou amongst women and blessed is the fruit of thy womb , Jesus . '' ) as a sign of reverence for and devotion to the Virgin . Musical settings ( edit ) See also : Roman Catholic Marian music The Hail Mary , or Ave Maria in Latin , has been set to music numerous times . Arguably the two most famous settings are : the version by Franz Schubert ( 1825 ) ; originally composed as Ave Maria ( Ellens Gesang III , D839 , Op 52 no 6 , 1825 ) , Ellen 's third song in English , as part of his Opus 52 , a setting of seven songs from Walter Scott 's popular epic poem `` The Lady of the Lake '' , and was translated into German by Adam Storck , used in the final segment of Walt Disney 's Fantasia , opening with the greeting `` Ave Maria '' ( `` Hail Mary '' ) , but not a setting of the traditional Ave Maria prayer ; but nowadays commonly sung with the words of the traditional prayer . the version by Charles Gounod ( 1859 ) , adding melody and words to Johann Sebastian Bach 's first prelude from The Well - Tempered Clavier Anton Bruckner wrote three different settings , the best known being a motet for seven voices . Antonín Dvořák 's version was composed in 1877 . Another setting of Ave Maria was written by Giuseppe Verdi for his 1887 opera Otello . Russian composer César Cui , who was raised Roman Catholic , set the text at least three times : as the `` Ave Maria '' , op . 34 , for one or two women 's voices with piano or harmonium ( 1886 ) , and as part of two of his operas : Le flibustier ( premiered 1894 ) and Mateo Falcone ( 1907 ) . Settings also exist by Mozart , Liszt , Byrd , Elgar , Saint - Saëns , Rossini , Brahms , Stravinsky , Lauridsen , Franz Biebl , David Conte and Perosi as well as numerous versions by less well - known composers , such as J.B. Tresch and Ninel Samokhvalova . `` Ave Maria '' The prayer as a traditional Latin Gregorian chant `` Ave Maria '' The second of Anton Bruckner 's three settings of `` Ave Maria '' Problems playing these files ? See media help . In Slavonic , the text was also a popular subject for setting to music by Eastern European composers . These include Rachmaninov , Stravinsky , Bortniansky , Vavilov ( his version often misattributed to Caccini ) , Mikhail Shukh , Lyudmyla Hodzyumakha and others . This text was also very often set by composers in the Renaissance , including Josquin des Prez , Orlando di Lasso , and Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina . Before the Council of Trent there were actually different versions of the text , so the earlier composers in the period sometimes set versions of the text different from the ones shown above . Josquin des Prez , for example , himself set more than one version of the Ave Maria . Here is the text of his motet Ave Maria ... Virgo serena , which begins with the first six words above and continues with a poem in rhymed couplets . Hail Mary ( Annunciation ) , Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry , Chantilly Museum Ave Maria , gratia plena , Dominus tecum , Virgo serena . Ave cuius conceptio , solemni plena gaudio , celestia , terrestria , nova replet letitia . Ave cuius nativitas , nostra fuit solemnitas , ut lucifer lux oriens verum solem preveniens . Ave pia humilitas , sine viro fecunditas , cuius annunciatio nostra fuit salvatio . Ave vera virginitas , immaculata castitas , cuius purificatio nostra fuit purgatio . Ave preclara omnibus angelicis virtutibus , cuius fuit assumptio nostra glorificatio . O Mater Dei , memento mei . Amen . The much anthologized Ave Maria by Jacques Arcadelt is actually a 19th - century arrangement by Pierre - Louis Dietsch , loosely based on Arcadelt 's three part madrigal Nous voyons que les hommes . Even though Protestant Christianity generally avoids any special veneration of Mary , access to the beautiful and culturally significant tradition of Marian music is facilitated by substitution texts . These texts are intended to replace the words of the standard `` Ave Maria '' , preserving word boundaries and syllable stresses , so that music written for the former text can be sung with the latter . An example is the Christ - centric Ave Redemptor : English translation Ave redemptor , Domine Iesus : Cuius ob opus Superatur mors , enim salvatio Nunc inundavit super universam terram . Sancte redemptor , reputata Fides est nobis peccatoribus , Nunc et in morte , ad iustitiam . Hail the Redeemer , Lord Jesus , By whose work Death is defeated , for salvation Has now overflowed upon all of the world . Holy redeemer , our faith Is reckoned to us sinners , Now and in death , as righteousness . A famous setting for the Orthodox version of the prayer in Church Slavonic ( Bogoroditsye Djevo ) was composed by Sergei Rachmaninoff in his All - Night Vigil . See also ( edit ) Book : Mary and Mariology Wikisource has original text related to this article : Hail Mary Wikisource has original text related to this article : Hail Mary translations Devotion of the Three Hail Marys Hail Mary pass Hymns to Mary Marian apparitions Marian devotions Marian shrine Mariology , theological study of Mary Mary , the mother of Jesus Prayer beads Rosary The Glories of Mary Theotokos Christianity portal Religion portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Luke 1 : 28 : Χαῖρε , κεχαριτωμένη , ὁ Κύριος μετὰ σοῦ / Chaire , kecharitōmenē , o Kyrios meta sou ) . Jump up ^ Luke 1 : 42 : Εὐλογημένη σὺ ἐν γυναιξὶν καὶ εὐλογημένος ὁ καρπὸς τῆς κοιλίας σου / eulogēmenē su en gynaixin kai eulogēmenos o karpos tēs koilias sou ) . Jump up ^ `` Saint Thomas Aquinas on the Hail Mary '' , Catholic Dossier , May - June 1996 , Ignatius Press , Snohomish , Washington . Jump up ^ Liddell and Scott , A Greek -- English Lexicon ( 1 ) . ^ Jump up to : Thurston , Herbert ( 1910 ) , `` Hail Mary '' , The Catholic Encyclopedia , VII , New York : Robert Appleton Company , retrieved 2007 - 09 - 19 Jump up ^ British Library - Rare Books Department , shelfmark : IA 27542 . Jump up ^ The prayer is printed in latin on the first page of the exposition and reads : `` Ave Maria gratia plena Dominus tecum Benedicta tu in mulieribus et benedictus Fructus uentris tui Iesus sancta Maria mater Dei ora pro nobis peccatoribus nunc et in hora mortis Amen '' . Jump up ^ This sentence appeared for the first time in his catechism of 1555 : Petrus Canisius , CATECHISMI Latini et Germanici , I , ( ed Friedrich Streicher , SPC CATECHISMI Latini et Germanici , I , Roma , Munich , 1933 , I , 12 . Jump up ^ The catechism of the Council of Trent by Theodore Alois Buckley 2010 ISBN 1 - 177 - 70694 - 6 Part IV ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ With Pope John XXIII 's edition of the Roman Missal , the use of the letter J in printing Latin was dropped even in liturgical books , which had preserved that usage long after it ceased in the printing of ordinary Latin texts , including documents of the Holy See . Jump up ^ Nicholas Danielides , Archon Lambadarios . Jump up ^ `` Mother of God '' is not a literal translation of the Greek word Theotokos , which has very specific theological implications . `` Mother of God '' is the literal translation of a different Greek term , Μήτηρ Θεού ( Mitir Theou ) . Jump up ^ Society of Mary . Jump up ^ Lehmann , H. , ed . ' ' Luther 's Works , American edition ' ' , vol. 43 , p. 40 , Fortress , 1968 . Jump up ^ Luther 's Works , 10 II , 407 -- 409 . Jump up ^ In keeping with the principle of sola scriptura , Luther exclusively emphasized the quotation from Luke 1 : 42 , without addition . Jump up ^ Ave Maria , D. 839 ( Schubert , Franz ) music score in Public Domain Petrucci Music Library . Jump up ^ Franz Schubert : music and belief by Leo Black 2005 ISBN 1 - 84383 - 135 - X page 115 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ave Maria . University of Dayton Hail Mary in various languages Audio recordings and texts of the Hail Mary and other prayers in various languages ( hide ) Prayers of the Catholic Church Prayers of the Mass Agnus Dei Confiteor Creeds Apostles ' Creed Athanasian Creed Nicene Creed Gloria in excelsis Deo Gloria Patri Kyrie Eleison Pater Noster Sanctus Signum Crucis Marian prayers Alma Redemptoris Mater Angelus Ave Maria Ave Maris Stella Ave Regina Caelorum Fatima Prayer Litany Loreto Magnificat Maria Mater Gratiae Memorare Regina Coeli Rosary Salve Regina Sub Tuum Praesidium Three Hail Marys Other prayers Act of Contrition Adoro te devote Angele Dei Anima Christi Ave Verum Corpus Benedictus Chaplets Come , Holy Spirit Jesus Prayer Mental prayer Laudes Divinae Litanies Litany of the Saints Morning offering Novena Nunc Dimittis O Salutaris Hostia Penitential Psalms 51 : Miserere mei 130 : De Profundis Prayer before a Crucifix Prayer of Saint Francis Prayer to Saint Joseph Prayer to Saint Michael Requiem Aeternam Spiritual Communion Tantum Ergo Te Deum Thanksgiving after Communion Veni Creator Spiritus Veni Sancte Spiritus Visit to the Blessed Sacrament Way of the Cross Note : For prayers listed in italics , indulgences are normally granted . Catholicism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hail_Mary&oldid=843604472 '' Categories : Christian prayer Eastern Orthodox Mariology Marian devotions Marian hymns Roman Catholic prayers Rosary Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Alemannisch Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Беларуская Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Corsu Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Kaszëbsczi Kernowek Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Lumbaart Magyar മലയാളം Nāhuatl Dorerin Naoero Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Pangasinan Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русский Shqip Simple English SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne ไทย Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 78 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 06 : 56 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hail%20Mary
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where is the jewish quarter in new york
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New York today has the second largest number of Jews in a metropolitan area , behind Gush Dan ( the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area ) in Israel . Borough Park , Brooklyn , ( also known as Boro Park ) is one of the largest Orthodox Jewish communities in the world . Crown Heights , Brooklyn , also has a large Orthodox Jewish community . Flatbush , Brooklyn , Riverdale , Bronx , Williamsburg , Brooklyn , Midwood , Brooklyn , Forest Hills , Queens , Kew Gardens Hills , Queens , Kew Gardens , Queens , Fresh Meadows , Queens and the Upper East Side , Washington Heights , Manhattan because of the proximity of the renowned Yeshiva U and Upper West Side , Manhattan , are also home to Jewish communities . Another neighborhood , the Lower East Side , though presently known as a mixing pot for people of many nationalities , including German , Puerto Rican , Italian , and Chinese , was primarily a Jewish neighborhood . Although the Jewish community of Staten Island is dispersed throughout the Island , enclaves of Hasidic Jews are found in the Willowbrook , New Springville , Eltingville , and New Brighton areas .
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New York City ethnic enclaves
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new york city ethnic enclaves
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Arabs African Americans Asian Indians Bangladeshis Brazilians Caribbeans Chinese ( Fuzhounese ) Filipinos Irish Italians Japanese Jews Koreans Puerto Ricans Russians
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Ukrainians Neighborhoods ( show ) Astoria Bed - Stuy Bensonhurst Borough Park Brighton Beach Chinatown , Brooklyn Chinatown , Flushing Chinatown , Manhattan Crown Heights Curry Hill Curry Row Elmhurst Flatbush Harlem Jackson Heights Jamaica Koreatown , Manhattan Koreatown , Queens Le Petit Senegal Little Brazil Little Egypt , Astoria Little Fuzhou Little Germany Little Italy Little Manila Little Poland Little Saigon Little Spain Little Sri Lanka Little Syria Little Ukraine Loisaida Spanish Harlem Sunset Park Thirteenth Avenue Washington Heights Ethnic enclaves Brooklyn 's growing Jewish community is the largest in the United States , with approximately 600,000 individuals . Since its founding in 1625 by Dutch traders as New Amsterdam , New York City has been a major destination for immigrants of many nationalities who have formed ethnic enclaves , neighborhoods dominated by one ethnicity . Freed African American slaves also moved to New York City in the Great Migration and the later Second Great Migration and formed ethnic enclaves . These neighborhoods are set apart from the main city by differences such as food , goods for sale , or even language . Ethnic enclaves provide inhabitants security in work and social opportunities , but limit economic opportunities , do not encourage the development of English speaking , and keep immigrants in their own culture . As of 2000 , 36 % of the population of New York City are immigrants . Jamaican Americans , Haitian Americans , Barbadian Americans , Guyanese Americans , Bahamian Americans , Grenadian Americans , Vincentian Americans and Trinidadian Americans have all formed Caribbean ethnic enclaves in New York . Asian ethnic groups with enclaves in New York include Chinese Americans , Japanese Americans , Filipino Americans , Indian Americans , Indo - Caribbean Americans , Afghan Americans , Burmese Americans , Bangladeshi Americans , Nepalese Americans , Sri Lankan Americans , Bhutanese Americans , Thai Americans , Pakistani Americans , Indonesian Americans , Malaysian Americans , Taiwanese Americans , Vietnamese Americans , Cambodian Americans and Korean Americans . European ethnic groups with ethnic enclaves include Greek Americans , Irish Americans , Italian Americans , Albanian Americans , Hungarian Americans , Polish Americans , Dutch Americans , German Americans , Ukrainian Americans and Russian Americans . Latin American groups with ethnic enclaves include Dominican Americans , Brazilian Americans , Salvadoran American , Ecuadorian American , Mexican Americans , Panamanian Americans , Colombian Americans , Peruvian Americans , Honduran Americans and Puerto Ricans . Middle Eastern ethnic groups that have formed ethnic enclaves include Palestinian Americans , Jordanian Americans , Egyptian Americans , Syrian Americans , Yemeni Americans and Lebanese Americans . There are also large enclaves of Jewish Americans , who immigrated from or whose ancestors immigrated from various countries . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of immigration to and ethnic enclaves in New York City 2 African American and Caribbean American 2.1 African American 2.1. 1 Ghanaian 2.1. 2 West African 2.2 Caribbean American 2.2. 1 Guyanese , Surinamese , Jamaica , and Trinidadian 2.2. 2 Haitian 2.2. 3 Jamaican 3 South and East Asian 3.1 Bangladeshi 3.2 Chinese 3.2. 1 Manhattan 3.2. 2 Queens 3.2. 3 Brooklyn 3.3 Filipino 3.4 Indian 3.5 Japanese 3.6 Korean 3.7 Pakistani 3.8 Sri Lankan 3.9 Vietnamese 4 European 4.1 Albanian 4.2 German 4.3 Greek 4.4 Hungarian 4.5 Irish 4.6 Italian 4.7 Norwegian 4.8 Polish 4.9 Russian 4.10 Ukrainian 5 Latin American 5.1 Dominican 5.2 Ecuadorian 5.3 Mexican 5.4 Puerto Rican 6 Middle Eastern 6.1 Arabs 6.1. 1 Queens 6.1. 2 Brooklyn 6.2 Jewish 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History of immigration to and ethnic enclaves in New York City ( edit ) New York City was founded in 1625 , by Dutch traders as New Amsterdam . The settlement was a slow growing village , but was diverse . However , the Netherlands never had a large emigrant population , and the colony attracted few Dutch and more people from different ethnic groups . As early as 1646 , 18 languages were spoken in New Amsterdam , and ethnic groups within New Amsterdam included Dutch , Danes , English , Flemish , French , Germans , Irish , Italians , Norwegians , Poles , Portuguese , Scots , Swedes , Walloons , and Bohemians . The young , diverse village also became a seafarer 's town , with taverns and smugglers . After Peter Stuyvesant became Director , New Amsterdam began to grow more quickly , achieving a population of 1,500 , and growing to 2,000 by 1655 and almost to 9,000 in 1664 , when the British seized the colony , renaming it New York . Colonial New York City was also a center of religious diversity , including one of the first Jewish congregations , along with Philadelphia , Savannah , and Newport , in what was to become the United States . African American and Caribbean American ( edit ) Main article : Afro - American peoples of the Americas African American ( edit ) Main article : African immigrants to the United States The Apollo Theater on 125th Street in Harlem ; the Hotel Theresa is visible in the background . The first recorded African Americans were brought to the present - day United States in 1619 as slaves . New York State began emancipating slaves in 1799 , and in 1841 , all slaves in New York State were freed , and many of New York 's emancipated slaves lived in or moved to Fort Greene , Brooklyn . All slaves in the United States were later freed in 1865 , with the end of the American Civil War and the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment . After the Civil War , African Americans left the South , where slavery had been the strongest , in large numbers . These movements are now known as the Great Migration , during the 1910s and 1920s and the Second Great Migration , from the end of World War II until 1970 . After arriving in New York , the African Americans formed neighborhoods , partially due to racism of the landlords at the time . The socioeconomic center of these neighborhoods , and all of `` Black America '' , was Harlem , in Northern Manhattan . Hamilton Heights , on Harlem 's western side , was a nicer part of Harlem , and Sugar Hill , named because its inhabitants enjoyed the `` sweet life '' , was the nicest part . In the 1930s , after the Independent Subway System 's Eighth Avenue and Fulton Street subways opened , Harlem residents began to leave crowded Harlem for Brooklyn . The first neighborhood African Americans moved to in large numbers was Bedford - Stuyvesant , composed of the neighborhoods Bedford , Stuyvesant , Weeksville ( which had an established African American community by the time of the New York Draft Riots ) , and Ocean Hill . From Bedford - Stuyvesant , African Americans moved into the surrounding neighborhoods , including Crown Heights , and Brownsville . After World War II , `` white flight '' occurred , in which predominantly white residents moved to the suburbs and were replaced with minority residents . Neighborhoods that experienced this include Canarsie , Flatbush , and East Flatbush . Queens also experienced `` white flight '' . Jamaica and South Jamaica both underwent ethnic change . Some of Queens ' African American neighborhoods are housing projects or housing cooperatives , such as LeFrak City . Other African American neighborhoods include Laurelton , Cambria Heights , Hollis , Springfield Gardens , and St. Albans . The Bronx experienced white flight , which was mostly confined to the South Bronx and mostly in the 1970s . Staten Island is home to the oldest continuously settled free - black community in the United States , Sandy Ground . This community along the Southwestern shore of Staten Island was once home to thousands of free - black men and women , who came to Staten Island to work as oystermen . Members of this community also settled and established communities on the North Shore , such as West New Brighton and Port Richmond after oyster fishing became scarce in 1916 . Many African Americans settled in several North Shore communities during the Great Migration , such as Arlington , Mariners Harbor , and New Brighton . Although the black community of Staten Island is mostly dispersed throughout the North Shore of the Island , there are several African Americans living on the South Shore . Ghanaian ( edit ) Many Ghanaian people have settled in Concourse Village in the Bronx since an influx of Ghanaians began in the 1980s and 1990s . With over 27,000 in New York City , Ghanaians are the city 's largest African immigrant group . Most live in the Bronx , Queens , and Brooklyn . In Concourse Village , the intersection of Sheridan Avenue and McClellan Street is considered the Ghanaian population 's center of commerce , but people also socialize in this intersection . West African ( edit ) There is at least one community of West Africans in New York , concentrated in Le Petit Senegal in Harlem , Manhattan . The enclave is situated on 116th Street between St. Nicholas and 8th Avenues , and is home to a large number of Francophone West Africans . An enclave of Liberians developed in Staten Island at the end of the 20th century , following the turbulent Liberian Civil War . Stores in Le Petit Senegal . Caribbean American ( edit ) Main article : Caribbean immigration to New York City According to the 2010 US Census data on brooklyn.com there are approximately 370,000 ( 16.4 % ) Caribbean descendants in Brooklyn . That figure includes persons who identify as Dominican ( 3.3 % ) , but does not include the ( 7.4 % ) Puerto Rican population . Including Puerto Ricans , there are approximately 560,000 ( 23.8 % ) persons of Caribbean descent in Brooklyn . Similar , but not identical demographics in America exist in Miami , but there are fewer people of Cuban descent in New York . Guyanese , Surinamese , Jamaica , and Trinidadian ( edit ) New York City has large Guyanese , Surinamese , and Trinidadian communities , both primarily Indo - Guyanese , Indo - Surinamese , Indo - Jamaican , and Indo - Trinidadian ( Indo - Caribbean Americans ) . The largest one is in Ozone Park , Queens , on 101st and Liberty Avenues ; this neighborhood extends to Richmond Hill , along Liberty Avenue between Lefferts Boulevard and the Van Wyck Expressway . Guyanese and Trinidadians in New York City number around 227,582 as of 2014 . Afro - Guyanese and Afro - Trinidadians live in neighborhoods like Canarsie or Flatbush in Brooklyn . Indo - Guyanese , Indo - Jamaican , and , Indo - Surinamese , Indo - Trinidadians originated in India . After the abolition of slavery , South Asians were brought to Guyana , Suriname , Jamaica , Trinidad and Tobago , and other parts of the Caribbean to work as indentured servants . These South Asians were mostly Hindu , but there were also Muslims , and Christians who were brought from India . A majority of these South Asians spoke Bhojpuri or Caribbean Hindustani . The descendants of these indentured servants later immigrated to New York City and to other places around the world , such as Toronto . In NYC , they mostly live in Richmond Hill and Ozone Park , which have many Hindu , Muslim , and Christian people . Haitian ( edit ) According to the 2000 census , there are about 200,000 Haitians / Haitian Americans in Brooklyn , showing that it is home to the largest number of Haitian immigrants in New York City . The neighborhood that has the largest Haitian community in New York is Flatbush , Brooklyn . The 2010 US Census indicates that 3 % of Brooklynites are of Haitian descent . On Flatbush Avenue , Nostrand Avenue and Church Avenue it is possible to find Haitian businesses and restaurants . Other prominent Haitian neighborhoods include East Flatbush , Canarsie , and Kensington in Brooklyn and Springfield Gardens , Queens Village , and Cambria Heights in Queens . Jamaican ( edit ) West Indian parade in Crown Heights New York State has the largest population of Jamaican Americans in the United States . About 3.5 % of the population of Brooklyn is of Jamaican heritage . In 1655 , Jamaica was captured by the British , who brought African slaves in large numbers to work on plantations . The African slaves were emancipated in 1838 , and owners starting paying wages to workers , who were now free to immigrate to the United States . Many Jamaicans immigrated in the years following 1944 , when the United States economy was rebuilding from World War II , seeing opportunity . After 1965 , when immigration quotas were lifted , Jamaican immigration skyrocketed again . Jamaican neighborhoods include Queens Village and Jamaica in Queens ; Crown Heights , East Flatbush , Flatbush in Brooklyn , and Wakefield and Tremont in the Bronx . South and East Asian ( edit ) Bangladeshi ( edit ) As of 2013 , there are more than 74,000 Bangladeshis in New York City , a majority of whom reside in the boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn . The Bangladeshis in New York tend to form enclaves in neighborhoods predominantly populated by Asian Indians . These enclaves include one in Kensington , Brooklyn , featuring Bangladeshi grocers , hairdressers , and halal markets . Kensington 's enclave , the biggest Bangladeshi enclave in the city , was formed in the mid-1990s as a small community of Bangladeshi shops , but the Bangladeshi population has now expanded to other boroughs as well . Bangladeshis have tried to leave a permanent legacy , making a failed attempt to rename McDonald Avenue after Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , the first president of Bangladesh , as well as nicknaming the area Bangla Town . There is also an enclave on 73rd Street in Jackson Heights , Queens , as well as one on Hillside Avenue in Queens , and one in Parkchester , Bronx . As well as living alongside the Indians , Bangladeshis own many of the Indian restaurants in Brooklyn and Queens . Chinese ( edit ) Main article : Chinese Americans in New York City See also : Chinatown , Manhattan ; Little Fuzhou ; Chinatowns in Queens ; and Chinatowns in Brooklyn An intersection in Manhattan Chinatown Until the late 20th century , the Chinese population was limited to one area in lower Manhattan . The New York metropolitan area contains the largest ethnic Chinese population outside of Asia , enumerating an estimated 735,019 individuals as of 2012 , including at least 350,000 foreign born Chinese as of 2013 , making them the city 's second largest ethnic group . The Chinese population in the New York City area is dispersed across at least 9 Chinatowns , comprising the original Manhattan Chinatown , three in Queens ( the Flushing Chinatown , the Elmhurst Chinatown , and the newly emerged Chinatown in Corona ) , three in Brooklyn ( the Sunset Park Chinatown , the Avenue U Chinatown , and the Bensonhurst Chinatown ) , and one each in Edison , New Jersey and Nassau County , Long Island , not to mention fledgling ethnic Chinese enclaves emerging throughout the New York City metropolitan area . Chinese Americans , as a whole , have had a ( relatively ) long tenure in New York City . New York City 's satellite Chinatowns in Queens and Brooklyn are thriving as traditionally urban enclaves , as large - scale Chinese immigration continues into New York . Manhattan ( edit ) Manhattan Chinatown The first Chinese immigrants came to lower Manhattan around 1870 , looking for the `` gold '' America had to offer . By 1880 , the enclave around Five Points was estimated to have from 200 to as many as 1,100 members . However , the Chinese Exclusion Act , which went into effect in 1882 , caused an abrupt decline in the number of Chinese who immigrated to New York and the rest of the United States . Later , in 1943 , the Chinese were given a small quota , and the community 's population gradually increased until 1968 , when the quota was lifted and the Chinese American population skyrocketed . Today , the Manhattan Chinatown ( simplified Chinese : 纽约 华 埠 ; traditional Chinese : 紐約 華 埠 ; pinyin : Niŭyuē Huá Bù ) is home to the largest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere and is one of the oldest ethnic Chinese enclaves outside of Asia . Within Manhattan 's expanding Chinatown lies a `` Little Fuzhou '' on East Broadway and surrounding streets , occupied predominantly by immigrants from the Fujian Province of Mainland China . Areas surrounding the `` Little Fuzhou '' consist mostly of Cantonese immigrants from Guangdong Province , the earlier Chinese settlers , and in some areas moderately of Cantonese immigrants . In the past few years , however , the Cantonese dialect that has dominated Chinatown for decades is being rapidly swept aside by Mandarin , the national language of China and the lingua franca of most of the latest Chinese immigrants . The energy and population of Manhattan 's Chinatown are fueled by relentless , massive immigration from Mainland China , both legal and illegal in origin , propagated in large part by New York 's high density , extensive mass transit system , and huge economic marketplace . The early settlers of Manhattan 's Chinatown were mostly from Hong Kong and from Taishan of the Guangdong Province of China , which are Cantonese - speaking , and also from Shanghai . They form most of the Chinese population of the area surrounded by Mott and Canal Streets . The later settlers , from Fuzhou , Fujian , form the Chinese population of the area bounded by East Broadway . Chinatown 's modern borders are roughly Grand Street on the north , Broadway on the west , Chrystie Street on the east , and East Broadway to the south . Little Fuzhou , a prime destination status for immigrants from the Fujian Province of China , is another , Fuzhouese , enclave in Chinatown and the Lower East Side of Manhattan . Manhattan 's Little Fuzhou is centered on the street of East Broadway . The neighborhood is named for the western portion of the street , which is primarily populated by mainland Chinese immigrants , ( primarily Foochowese from Fuzhou , Fujian ) . The smaller , eastern portion has traditionally been home to a large number of Jews , Puerto Ricans , and African Americans . Queens ( edit ) Queens Library in Flushing Chinatown , the first satellite of the original Manhattan Chinatown . The Elmhurst Chinatown on Broadway , now a satellite of the Flushing Chinatown in Queens itself . The present Flushing Chinatown , in the Flushing area of the borough of Queens , was predominantly non-Hispanic white and Japanese until the 1970s when Taiwanese began a surge of immigration , followed by other groups of Chinese . By 1990 , Asians constituted 41 % of the population of the core area of Flushing , with Chinese in turn representing 41 % of the Asian population . However , ethnic Chinese are constituting an increasingly dominant proportion . A 1986 estimate by the Flushing Chinese Business Association approximated 60,000 Chinese in Flushing alone . The popular styles of Chinese cuisine are ubiquitously accessible in Flushing Chinatown , including Taiwanese , Shanghainese , Hunanese , Szechuan , Cantonese , Fujianese , Xinjiang , Zhejiang , and Korean Chinese cuisine . Even the relatively obscure Dongbei style of cuisine indigenous to Northeast China is now available in Flushing Chinatown , as well as Mongolian cuisine . Mandarin Chinese ( including Northeastern Mandarin ) , Fuzhou dialect , Min Nan Fujianese , Wu Chinese , Beijing dialect , Wenzhounese , Shanghainese , Suzhou dialect , Hangzhou dialect , Changzhou dialect , Cantonese , Taiwanese , and English are all prevalently spoken in Flushing Chinatown , while the Mongolian language is now emerging . Elmhurst , another neighborhood in Queens , also has a large and growing Chinese community . Brooklyn ( edit ) One of the Brooklyn Chinatowns By 1988 , 90 % of the storefronts on Eighth Avenue in Sunset Park , in southern Brooklyn , had been abandoned . Chinese immigrants then moved into this area , not only new arrivals from China , but also members of Manhattan 's Chinatown , seeking refuges from high rents , who fled to the cheap property costs and rents of Sunset Park and formed the Brooklyn Chinatown , which now extends for 20 blocks along Eighth Avenue , from 42nd to 62nd Streets . This relatively new but rapidly growing Chinatown located in Sunset Park was originally settled by Cantonese immigrants like Manhattan 's Chinatown in the past , but is now being repopulated by Fujianese ( including Fuzhou people ) and Wenzhounese immigrants . Another Chinatown has developed in southern Brooklyn , on Avenue U in the Homecrest area , as evidenced by the growing number of Chinese - run fruit markets , restaurants , beauty and nail salons , and computer and general electronics dealers , spread among a community formerly composed mainly of Georgians , Vietnamese , Italians , Russians , and Greeks . The population of Homecrest in 2013 was more than 40 % Chinese . Also emerging in southern Brooklyn , in the Bensonhurst neighborhood , below the BMT West End Line ( D train ) along on 86th Street between 18th Avenue and Stillwell Avenue , is Brooklyn 's third Chinatown . The second Chinatown and the third , emerging Chinatown of Brooklyn are now increasingly carrying the majority of the Cantonese population in Brooklyn as the Cantonese dissipate from the main Brooklyn Chinatown in Sunset Park . With the migration of the Cantonese in Brooklyn now to Bensonhurst , and along with new Chinese immigration , small clusters of Chinese people and businesses in different parts of Bensonhurst have grown integrating with other ethnic groups and businesses . Smaller enclaves also exist in nearby Dyker Heights , Gravesend , and Bath Beach . Filipino ( edit ) Main article : Filipinos in the New York City metropolitan region Little Manila on Roosevelt Avenue , Woodside , Queens In Woodside , Queens , 13,000 out of 85,000 ( ~ 15 % ) of the population is Filipino . Woodside 's `` Little Manila '' extends along Roosevelt Avenue . The first Filipino settlement in the United States was Saint Malo , Louisiana , established in 1763 . Mass immigration started in the late 19th century , to service the plantations of Hawaii and the farms of California . The immigration quota was lowered to 50 Filipinos a year , however , Filipinos in the United States Navy were exempt from this . Therefore , Filipinos settled near naval bases and formed ethnic enclaves due to discrimination . The quota was raised in the second half of the 20th century , starting another wave of Filipino immigration , looking for political freedom and opportunity , and one which has extended until present . Indian ( edit ) Main article : Asian Indians in the New York City metropolitan region Indian Americans are another group that has settled in New York City , forming a few different ethnic enclaves . One of these is called `` Curry Row '' and is in the East Village , Manhattan , centered on 6th Street between 1st and 2nd Avenues , another is called `` Curry Hill '' or `` Little India '' , centered on Lexington Avenue between 26th and 31st Streets , and another is in Jackson Heights , Queens , centered on 74th Street between Roosevelt and 37th Avenue . Richmond Hill , Queens is another `` Little India '' community . This area has the largest Sikh population in the New York City area . It is also known as `` Little Punjab '' . There is also a `` Little Indo - Caribbean '' community in Richmond Hill , Queens with many Indo - Caribbean Americans . Some of the region 's main centers of Indian culture are located in central New Jersey , particularly in Middlesex County . In Edison , New Jersey , ethnic Asian Indians represent more than 28 % of the population , the highest percentage of any place in the United States with more than 1,000 residents identifying their ancestry . The Oak Tree Road area , which crosses through Edison and Iselin is a growing cultural hub with high concentrations of Indian stores and restaurants . There have been three major waves of Indian immigrants , the first between 1899 and 1913 , the second after India was granted independence from the United Kingdom in 1947 , and the third after the immigration quota for individual countries was lifted in 1965 . As of 2010 , the New York City metropolitan area contains the largest Asian Indian population in North America . Japanese ( edit ) Main article : Japanese in New York City As of the 2000 Census , over half of the 37,279 people of Japanese ancestry in New York State lived in New York City . As of 2011 within the city the largest groups of Japanese residents are in Astoria , Queens and Yorkville in the Upper East Side of Manhattan . As of the 2010 U.S. Census there are about 1,300 Japanese in Astoria and about 1,100 Japanese in Yorkville. 500 Japanese people lived in East Village . As of the same year , there are about 6,000 Japanese in Bergen County , New Jersey and 5,000 Japanese in Westchester County , New York . As of that year most short - term Japanese business executives in Greater New York City reside in Midtown Manhattan or in New York City suburbs . In 2011 Dolnick and Semple wrote that while other ethnic groups in the New York City region cluster in specific areas , the Japanese were distributed `` thinly '' and `` without a focal point '' such as Chinatown for the Chinese . Korean ( edit ) Main article : Korean Americans in New York City See also : Koreatown , Manhattan and Koreatown , Long Island 32nd street in Manhattan 's Koreatown , 2009 . New York City is home to the second largest population of ethnic Koreans outside of Korea . Koreans started immigrating with the signing of the Korean - American Treaty of Amity and Commerce , which allowed them to do so freely . The first wave of Korean immigration lasted from 1903 -- 1905 , when 7,000 Koreans came to the United States . After this first wave , the 1907 `` Gentlemen 's Agreement '' of President Theodore Roosevelt restricted Korean immigration to the United States . President Harry Truman repealed this in 1948 . and from 1951 -- 1964 , another wave of Koreans migrated to the United States , and a third wave lasted from 1969 -- 1987 . As economic conditions improved in Korea , many Koreans chose to stay . Korean communities in New York include Koreatown in Manhattan ; Bedford Park in the Bronx ; and Sunnyside , Woodside , Elmhurst , Flushing , Murray Hill , Bayside , and Douglaston -- Little Neck , in Queens . The Korean enclave in Flushing spread eastward across Queens and into Nassau County , forming a large Long Island Koreatown -- . In Murray Hill -- part of the large Long Island Koreatown -- the station of the same name on the Long Island Rail Road is close to a row of Korean - owned businesses and a mainly Korean - speaking community ; the neighborhood culminates with Meokjagolmok ( Restaurant Street ) with two dozen restaurants , bars , cafes , a bakery , and some karaoke establishments . Pakistani ( edit ) Pakistani Americans have a large presence in New York , with the city ( along with New Jersey ) hosting the largest Pakistani population of any region in the United States . The population of Pakistanis is estimated at around 35,000 ; they are settled primarily in the boroughs of Queens ( more specifically Jackson Heights ) and Brooklyn ( Coney Island Avenue ) . These numbers make Pakistani Americans the fifth largest Asian American group in New York City . As of 2006 , 50,000 people of Pakistani descent were said to be living in New York City . This figure rises to 70,000 when illegal immigrants are also included . Pakistani migration to New York has occurred heavily only since the past two to three decades , reflecting the history of Pakistani migration elsewhere in the country ; `` Little Pakistans '' or ethnic enclaves populated by Pakistanis tend to be characterised and populated by other South Asian Americans as well , including Indians and Bangladeshis and thus are dominated by South Asian culture . Pakistani restaurants , grocery markets and halal shops are abound in such areas . Sri Lankan ( edit ) Many Sri Lankan people settle in Tompkinsville , Staten Island , which has one of the highest concentrations of Sri Lankans outside of their native country . More than 5,000 Sri Lankans live in Staten Island . The Sri Lankan commercial center is at the corner of Victory Boulevard and Cebra Avenue . They often hold festive New Year celebrations on Staten Island , including a traditional oil - lighting ceremony , live baila music , and competitive events like coconut - scraping and bun - eating contests . Vietnamese ( edit ) There is a community of Vietnamese at the Bowery in an area unofficially known as `` Little Saigon . '' The area is overshadowed by neighboring Chinatown in that it is relatively indistinguishable . The area however is marked by an abundance of Vietnamese restaurants . European ( edit ) Many European ethnic groups have formed enclaves in New York . These include Albanian , Croatian , German , Hungarian , Greek , Irish , Italian , Jewish , Polish , Russian , and Ukrainian . Albanian ( edit ) Albanians first immigrated to the United States from Southern Italy , Greece , and Kosovo in the 1920s . Later , in the 1990s , after the fall of communism in Eastern Europe , many Albanians flocked to the United States . Two neighborhoods that became Albanian are Belmont and Pelham Parkway . In April 2012 , it was reported by the New York Times that 9,500 people in the Bronx identify themselves as Albanian . Many live near Pelham Parkway and Allerton Ave in the Bronx . German ( edit ) The Myrtle Avenue Business Improvement District runs from Wyckoff Avenue to Fresh Pond Road in Ridgewood . Germans starting immigrating to the United States in the 17th century , and until the late 19th century , when Germany was the country of origin for the largest number of immigrants to the United States . In fact , Over one million Germans entered the United States in the 1850s alone . German American ethnic enclaves in New York City include the now - defunct Little Germany , in Manhattan and the extant Yorkville , Manhattan . Little Germany , or as it was called in German , Kleindeutschland , was positioned in the Lower East Side , around Tompkins Square , in what would later become known as Alphabet City . The General Slocum disaster in 1904 wiped out the social core of the neighborhood , and many Germans moved to Yorkville . Yorkville , part of the Upper East Side , is bounded ( roughly ) by 79th Street to the south , 96th Street and Spanish Harlem to the north , the East River to the east , and Third Avenue to the west . The main artery of the neighborhood , 86th Street , has been called the `` German Broadway '' . For much of the 20th century , Yorkville was inhabited by German and Hungarian Americans . The Queens neighborhoods of Ridgewood and Glendale include small populations of Germans . Ridgewood notably includes Gottschee expatriates from modern - day Slovenia . Greek ( edit ) A Greek restaurant in Astoria Astoria , Queens , is home to the largest concentration of Greek Americans in New York . When one would walk down a street in the 1970s , one would see Greek restaurants , Hellenic clubs , and many Greek - owned businesses . Now , Astoria has become more diverse , with Mexican Americans , Colombian Americans , Pakistani Americans , and Russian Americans all calling Astoria home , among others . Many Greeks are leaving Astoria for Whitestone , Queens , but many of the buildings in Astoria are still owned by Greeks . The largest Greek migration to the United States began around 1910 and ended around 1930 , with most migrating for the economic opportunity , but as living conditions in Greece improved in the 1980s , Greek migration slowed . However , Astoria remains New York 's `` Greektown . '' Hungarian ( edit ) There is a significant orthodox Jewish Hungarian population in the rapidly growing neighborhood of Borough Park , Brooklyn . In December 2012 , the stretch of 13th Avenue from 36th to 60th Streets was co-named Raoul Wallenberg Way in honor of the Swedish diplomat who saved 100,000 Hungarian Jews during the Holocaust . Many of these survivors settled in Borough Park after the war and raised their families here . There is also a Hungarian population in Williamsburg , Brooklyn and an affluent population in Yorkville , Manhattan . Irish ( edit ) Main article : Irish Americans in New York City Irish Americans make up approximately 5.3 % of New York City 's population , composing the second largest non-Hispanic white ethnic group . Irish Americans first came to America in colonial years ( pre-1776 ) , with immigration rising in the 1820s due to poor living conditions in Ireland . But the largest wave of Irish immigration came after the Great Famine in 1845 . After they came , Irish immigrants often crowded into subdivided homes , only meant for one family , and cellars , attics , and alleys all became home for some Irish immigrants . In fact , New York once had more Irishmen than Dublin itself . The Irish in New York developed a particular reputation for joining the New York City Police Department as well as the New York Fire Department . Bay Ridge , Brooklyn , was originally developed as a resort for wealthy Manhattanites in 1879 , but instead became a family - oriented Italian - and Irish - American community . Another large Irish - American community is located in Woodlawn , Bronx , but Woodlawn also has a mix of different ethnic groups . One large Irish community in Manhattan was Hell 's Kitchen . Other sizable Irish - American communities include Belle Harbor and Breezy Point , both in Queens . Two big Irish communities are Marine Park and neighboring Gerritsen Beach . Italian ( edit ) A street in Manhattan 's Little Italy . Chinatown 's influence can clearly be seen , but one can see there is a small Italian community left . At 8.3 % of the population , Italian Americans compose the largest European American ethnic group in New York City , and are the largest ethnic group in Staten Island ( Richmond County ) , making it the most Italian county in the United States , with 37.7 % of the population reporting Italian American ancestry . Though Italian immigration began as early as the 17th century , with Pietro Cesare Alberti , from Venice , being the first reported Italian living in the New Amsterdam colony , effective immigration started around 1860 with the founding of the Kingdom of Italy . Italian immigration skyrocketed , and lasted that way until 1921 , when Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act that slowed the immigration of Italians . Most of the Italian immigrants to New York were from Southern Italy , from cities , Sicily , or Naples . At one time , Little Italy in Manhattan had over 40,000 Italians and covered seventeen blocks . In fact , much of the Lower East Side in general and , until recently , Greenwich Village contained a high Italian population . Increasing rent prices , gentrification , and the enlargement of Chinatown have resulting in the shrinking of Little Italy . Little Italy is now concentrated around Mulberry Street between Kenmare and Grand streets , with about 5,000 Italian Americans . Italian Harlem , which was once home to over 100,000 Italian - Americans , has also largely disappeared since the 1970s , with the exception of Pleasant Avenue . East New York , Flatbush , Brooklyn , and Brownsville , Brooklyn also had sizable Italian communities that gradually shrank by the 1970s , though pockets of the older Italian - American communities still exist in these neighborhoods . Today , Italian neighborhoods with large Italian - American populations include Morris Park , Bronx ; Fordham , Bronx , around Arthur Avenue ; Country Club , Bronx ; Pelham Bay , Bronx ; Bay Ridge , Brooklyn ; Bensonhurst , Brooklyn ; Williamsburg , Brooklyn and East Williamsburg ; Dyker Heights , Brooklyn , the city 's largest Italian neighborhood ( as of 2009 ) ; Cobble Hill , Brooklyn and Carroll Gardens , Brooklyn ; Canarsie , Brooklyn ; Astoria , Howard Beach , Middle Village , Whitestone and Ozone Park , Queens ; and much of Staten Island . Norwegian ( edit ) See also : Lapskaus Boulevard Lapskaus Boulevard in Bay Ridge , Brooklyn recalls a Norwegian enclave , which became mostly assimilated in the late 20th century . At its peak the area was home to 60,000 Norwegians . This neighborhood also hosted New York 's principal Finnish enclave . Polish ( edit ) Polish American communities in New York include Greenpoint ( `` Little Poland '' ) and North Williamsburg in Brooklyn , Maspeth , the East Village near 7th Street , and Ridgewood , Queens around both Fresh Pond Road and Forest Avenue , in Queens . Russian ( edit ) Main article : History of the Russophone Americans in New York City Brooklyn has several Russian American communities , including Bay Ridge , Gravesend , Sheepshead Bay , and Midwood . Staten Island 's Russian American communities are in South Beach , and New Dorp . The largest Russian - speaking community in the United States is Brighton Beach . Many Russians in New York are Jews from the former Soviet Union , which broke up in 1991 , and most still retain at least part of their Russian culture . The primary language of Brighton Beach is Russian , as seen from businesses , clubs , and advertisements . A significant portion of the community is not proficient in English , and about 98 % speak Russian as their native language . Ukrainian ( edit ) Main article : Ukrainian Americans in New York City There is a small Ukrainian American community in the East Village , centered on Second Avenue between 6th and 10th Streets . The community was there when the East Village was still referred to as the Lower East Side , and was a moderately large community . Though it has since declined , the number of Ukrainians in the neighborhood may have been as high as 60,000 after World War II . Latin American ( edit ) Many ethnic enclaves in New York City are Latin American - centric . Latin American ethnic groups with enclaves in New York include Argentinians , Brazilians , Colombians , Dominicans , Peruvians , Salvadorans , Ecuadorians , Haitians , Mexicans , and Puerto Ricans . More than half of the population of Jackson Heights , Queens , are immigrants , primarily South Asians , and Latin Americans , including Argentinians , Colombians , and Uruguayans . Most Brazilian Americans in New York can be found in two areas -- in Astoria , Queens , and on a section of West 46th Street between Fifth Avenue and Sixth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan . In Astoria , the area around 36th Avenue and 30th Street is the most Brazilian in character , despite the prevalence of other ethnic groups , like Bengali , Pakistani , Indian , Mexican , Arab , Japanese , Korean , Greek , Dominican , and Italian people . The top three languages in Astoria are Bengali , Spanish , and Brazilians ' native Portuguese . The other Brazilian neighborhood , 46th Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues , was officially named `` Little Brazil '' , but resident Brazilians call it `` Rua 46 . '' One of many Latin American groups represented in New York , Colombian Americans have a very strong presence in Jackson Heights and a nearby neighborhood , Elmhurst , especially along Roosevelt Avenue . New York City also has some Salvadoran American ethnic enclaves such as the one in Flushing ; others are in Corona , Williamsburg , and Parkchester . There is a sizable Honduran American population in the South Bronx and West Bronx . Dominican ( edit ) The Hub is the retail heart of the South Bronx , a Hispanic neighborhood with a large Dominican population . Immigration records of Dominicans in the United States date from the late 19th century , with New York City having a Dominican community since the 1930s . Large scale immigration of Dominicans began after 1961 onward when dictator Rafael Trujillo died . Other catalysts in Dominican immigration were the invasion of Santo Domingo in 1965 , and the regime of Joaquín Balaguer from 1966 -- 1978 . In part due to these catalysts , starting in the 1970s and lasting until the early 1990s , Dominicans were the largest group of immigrants coming into New York City . Now , Dominicans compose 7 % of New York 's population and are the largest immigrant group . Major Dominican neighborhoods in New York include Washington Heights , Manhattan ; Inwood , Manhattan ; Bushwick , Brooklyn ; Williamsburg , Brooklyn ; Sunset Park , Brooklyn ; East New York , Brooklyn ; Corona , Queens ; Sunnyside , Queens ; Woodside , Queens ; and the West Bronx ; particularly the Morris Heights ; Highbridge ; and Fordham - Bedford sections . In fact Dominicans are the most dominant Hispanic group in many areas of the Bronx west of Grand Concourse . The Dominican population of Woodside is concentrated on three blocks of identical apartment buildings . More immigrants groups are found in large numbers in Woodside , including Irish , Chinese , Koreans , Islamics , Mexicans , and Colombians . The South Bronx is another neighborhood with a Dominican population . During the 1970s , the area , while heavily populated by Puerto Ricans & African Americans , became infamous for poverty and arson , a lot by landlords seeking insurance money on `` coffin ships '' of buildings . By 1975 , the South Bronx was the most devastated urban landscape in America , and had experienced the largest population drop in urban history , given the exception of the aftermath of war . The South Bronx has started to recover , and most of it has recovered from the damage done in the 1970s . By 1984 , the traditionally heavily Italian neighborhood of Corona had instead become heavily Dominican , and Corona experienced rapid economic growth -- 59 % -- as compared to the rest of the city experiencing 7 % , as well as having the most overcrowded school district in the city as of 2006 . The Dominican population of Washington Heights is significant , and candidates for political office in the Dominican Republic will run parades up Broadway . In some of these neighborhoods , shops advertise in Spanish and English , the Dominican flag is hung from windows , storefronts , and balconies , and the primary language is Dominican Spanish . Ecuadorian ( edit ) New York City has a few Ecuadorian American ethnic enclaves , and there are over 137,000 Ecuadorians in the city as of 2013 , making them the sixth largest ethnic population in the city . A part of Southside Williamsburg in Brooklyn is Ecuadorian in nature , with Spanish being the primary language of most Ecuadorians in the area , bodegas advertising goods in Spanish , and churches advertising bingo games in Spanish . Other Ecuadorian neighborhoods include Tremont in the Bronx , and several neighborhoods in Queens , including Jackson Heights , Corona , and Ridgewood , have significant Ecuadorian communities . Corona 's Ecuadorian community , notably , is the fastest - growing , with parts of Corona being over 25 % Ecuadorian . Mexican ( edit ) Mexican Americans , as of 2004 , were New York 's fastest growing ethnic group , with 186,000 immigrants as of 2013 ; they were also the third largest Hispanic group in New York City , after Puerto Ricans and Dominicans . Close to 80 % of New York Mexicans were born outside the United States , and more than 60 % of Mexican New Yorkers reside in Brooklyn and Queens . In Brooklyn , Sunset Park and Flatbush have the highest concentration of Mexicans , and Bushwick and Brighton Beach also have significant Mexican populations . In Queens , Elmhurst , East Elmhurst , and Jackson Heights have the largest Mexican populations , but Corona and Kew Gardens also have sizable communities . Spanish Harlem in Manhattan , around 116th Street and Second Avenue , has a large community of Mexicans , which is still small compared to the area 's predominant Puerto Rican population ; Staten Island has a large Mexican community in the Port Richmond , West Brighton , and Tompkinsville areas . The densest population of Mexicans in the city is in Sunset Park , Brooklyn , in an area bounded by Second and Fifth Avenues and by 35th and 63rd Streets . This area is centered around a Fifth Avenue commercial strip . The main church is Basilica of Our Lady of Perpetual Help , with over 3,000 Mexican Catholic parishioners . Puerto Rican ( edit ) Main articles : Nuyorican and Puerto Rican migration to New York A German - themed pub in Loisaida Puerto Ricans have been immigrating to New York since 1838 , though they did not arrive in large numbers until the 20th century . In 1910 only 500 Puerto Ricans lived in New York , but by 1970 that number had skyrocketed to over 800,000 , and 40 % of those lived in the Bronx . Unlike the other four boroughs , Puerto Rican populations are significant throughout the Bronx , though there is slightly higher concentrations in the South Bronx . The first group of Puerto Ricans immigrated to New York City in the mid-19th century when Puerto Rico was a Spanish colony and its people Spanish subjects and as such they were immigrants . The following wave of Puerto Ricans to move to New York City did so after the Spanish -- American War in 1898 . Puerto Ricans were no longer Spanish subjects and citizens of Spain , they were now Puerto Rican citizens of an American possession and needed passports to travel to the mainland of the United States . That was until 1917 , when the United States Congress approved Jones - Shafroth Act which gave Puerto Ricans in the island a U.S. citizenship with certain limitations . Puerto Ricans living in the mainland U.S. however , were given full American citizenship and were allowed to seek political office in the states which they resided . Two months later , when Congress passed the Selective Service Act , conscription was extended to the Puerto Ricans both in the island and in the U.S. It was expected that Puerto Rican men 18 years and older serve in the military during World War I . The Jones - Shafroth Act also allowed Puerto Ricans to travel between Puerto Rico and the United States mainland without the need of a passport , thereby becoming migrants . The advent of air travel was one of the principal factors that led to the largest wave of migration of Puerto Ricans to New York City in the 1950s , known as `` The Great Migration '' . Although Florida has received some dispersal of the population , there has been a resurgence in Puerto Rican migration to New York and New Jersey - consequently , the New York City Metropolitan Area has witnessed an increase in its Puerto Rican population from 1,177,430 in 2010 to a Census - estimated 1,201,850 in 2012 , maintaining its status by a significant margin as the most important cultural and demographic center for Puerto Rican Americans outside San Juan . Brooklyn has several neighborhoods with a Puerto Rican presence , many of the ethnic Puerto Rican neighborhoods in Brooklyn formed before the Puerto Rican neighborhoods in the South Bronx because of the work demand in the Brooklyn Navy Yard in the 1940s and 50s . Bushwick has the highest concentration of Puerto Ricans in Brooklyn . Other neighborhoods with significant populations include Williamsburg , East New York , Brownsville , Coney Island , Red Hook , Sunset Park , and parts of Bay Ridge In Williamsburg ; Graham Avenue is nicknamed `` Avenue of Puerto Rico '' because of the high density and strong ethnic enclave of Puerto Ricans who have been living in the neighborhood since the 1950s . The Puerto Rican day parade is also hosted on the avenue . Ridgewood , Queens , also has a significant Puerto Rican population , which is now spreading to other places in Central Queens such as Maspeth , Glendale , and Middle Village ; as does neighboring community Bushwick , Brooklyn . Other neighborhoods in Queens such as Woodhaven also have a sizable population . Puerto Rican neighborhoods in Manhattan include Spanish Harlem and Loisaida . Spanish Harlem was `` Italian Harlem '' from the 1880s until the 1940s . By 1940 , however , the name `` Spanish Harlem '' was becoming widespread , and by 1950 , the area was predominantly Puerto Rican and African American . Loisaida is an enclave east of Avenue A that originally comprised German , Jewish , Irish , and Italian working class residents who lived in tenements without running water ; the German presence , already in decline , virtually ended after the General Slocum disaster in 1904 . Since them , the community has become Puerto Rican and Latino in character , despite the `` gentrification '' that has affected the East Village and the Lower East Side since the late 20th century . Staten Island has a fairly large Puerto Rican population along the North Shore , especially in the Mariners ' Harbor , Arlington , Elm Park , Graniteville , Port Richmond & Stapleton neighborhoods , where the population is in the 20 % range . In New York and many other cities , Puerto Ricans usually live in close proximity with Dominicans and African Americans . High concentrations of Puerto Ricans are also present in numerous public housing developments throughout the city . In some places in the South Bronx , Spanish is the primary language . Throughout the 1970s , the South Bronx became known as the epitome of urban decay , but has since made a recovery . Middle Eastern ( edit ) Arabs ( edit ) Several Middle Eastern ethnic groups have immigrated to New York and formed several neighborhoods with a high concentration of people who are of Arab descent . Between the 1870s and the 1920s , the first wave of Arab immigrants brought mostly Syrians and Lebanese people to NYC . The majority of them were Christian . A lot of the Syrian immigrants settled on Washington Street . In this area , the first Arabic neighborhood was formed . During the second immigration wave in the ' 60s , Little Syria became more affluent and moved to the area around Atlantic Avenue . After a certain period , the Arabic inhabitants of this area moved to other parts of the city , such as Astoria and Bay Ridge . There are now around 160,000 Arabic people in NYC and more than 480,000 in the New York State . According to the Arab American Institute the population of people who identify themselves as Arab , grew by 23 % between 2000 and 2008 . Queens ( edit ) Astoria , Queens , has an Egyptian American community , dubbed `` Little Egypt '' , centered on Steinway Street between Broadway and Astoria Boulevard . It features many Middle Eastern and North African cafés , restaurants , and shops , including other businesses from countries like Morocco , Lebanon , and Syria . Brooklyn ( edit ) On Atlantic Avenue between the East River and Grand Army Plaza , there is also a significant population of Middle Easterners . There are a few shops which still exist in this street , such as Sahadi 's . A little part of this community remained in the neighborhoods Boerum Hill and Park Slope . There is also a significant Middle Eastern population in Midwood , Brooklyn and Bay Ridge , Brooklyn . Especially Bay Ridge has a dramatically growing concentration of Arabs . You can find a lot of Yemenis and Palestinians in this neighborhood . Other boroughs : Staten Island has a Palestinian community , found in the New Springville area . There are a lot of Arab restaurants in Manhattan . See Arab Americans & Arab immigration to the United States . North Williamsburg is an ethnic enclave centered on Israeli Americans . There is also a small community of Israelis centered on Kings Highway , also in Brooklyn . Israelis first immigrated to the United States after 1948 . United Kingdom , and the United States has experienced two large waves of immigration from Israel . The first was during the 1950s and early 1960s , 300,000 Israelis immigrated to the United States , and another wave , starting in the mid-1970s and lasting through the present , in which 100,000 to 500,000 Israelis have immigrated to the United States . Jewish ( edit ) Main article : History of the Jews in New York City Orchard Street in the Lower East Side The first Jews arrived in New York City in 1654 , when it was still New Amsterdam , from Recife ( Brazil ) following the First Anglo - Dutch War , resulting a decade later in the first known civil rights case in the New World when a Jew named Asser Levy successfully appealed to the New Amsterdam colonial council for the right to serve in the army . Later German immigration brought large communities of Ashkenazi Jews . Starting then until 1820 was the first wave of Jewish immigration to America , bringing fewer than 15,000 Jews . The first wave of Jewish people were fleeing religious persecution in Brazil , Portugal , Spain , Bordeaux , Jamaica , England , Curaçao , Holland , and conquered by Russian Empire former Poland ( Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów ) , and founded communities in New York , Newport , Charleston , Savannah , and Philadelphia . From 1820 to 1880 came the second wave , in which a quarter million German Jews migrated to America . A third major wave of Sephardi Jews coming from the Balkans and the Middle East after the Turkish revolution . The outbreak of World War I and the Holocaust caused many German Jews to immigrate to the United States . During this period , 1881 to 1924 , over 2,000,000 Eastern European Jews immigrated , fleeing anti-semitic persecution in their home countries . A later wave from Eastern Europe , from 1985 -- 1990 , over 140,000 Jews immigrated from the former Soviet Union . 50,000 Jews a year still immigrate to the United States . New York today has the second largest number of Jews in a metropolitan area , behind Gush Dan ( the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area ) in Israel . Borough Park , Brooklyn , ( also known as Boro Park ) is one of the largest Orthodox Jewish communities in the world . Crown Heights , Brooklyn , also has a large Orthodox Jewish community . Flatbush , Brooklyn , Riverdale , Bronx , Williamsburg , Brooklyn , Midwood , Brooklyn , Forest Hills , Queens , Kew Gardens Hills , Queens , Kew Gardens , Queens , Fresh Meadows , Queens and the Upper East Side , Washington Heights , Manhattan because of the proximity of the renowned Yeshiva U and Upper West Side , Manhattan , are also home to Jewish communities . Another neighborhood , the Lower East Side , though presently known as a mixing pot for people of many nationalities , including German , Puerto Rican , Italian , and Chinese , was primarily a Jewish neighborhood . Although the Jewish community of Staten Island is dispersed throughout the Island , enclaves of Hasidic Jews are found in the Willowbrook , New Springville , Eltingville , and New Brighton areas . See also ( edit ) Demographics of New York City Cuisine of New York City Racial and ethnic history of New York City District X , a fictional enclave References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Simone Weichselbaum ( June 26 , 2012 ) . `` Nearly one in four Brooklyn residents are Jews , new study finds '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lorren , Johns ( December 14 , 2006 ) . `` Ethnic enclaves : Lost in their own world ? '' . writing.byu.edu . Brigham Young University . pp. 4 -- 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 6 , 2011 . Retrieved April 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The New Netherland '' . U-S-History.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Mintz , S. ( 2007 ) . `` The Jazz Age : The American 1920s : The Great Migration '' . Digital History . 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Primary Documents in American History . The Library of Congress . Retrieved April 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Second Great Migration '' . inmotionaame.org . The New York Public Library . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` History of Harlem '' . welcometoharlem.com . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2009 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hamilton Heights -- Neighborhood Information '' . Terra Holdings . Retrieved April 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sugar Hill -- Neighborhood Information '' . Terra Holdings . Retrieved April 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Echanove , Matais ( 2003 ) . `` Bed - Stuy on the Move '' . urbanology.org . Retrieved April 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Trotter , Joe ( 2005 ) . `` Brownsville , Brooklyn : Blacks , Jews , and the Changing Face of the Ghetto '' . Journal of Social History . p. 1 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Crown Heights History '' . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2006 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . 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Jump up ^ Shaman , Diana ( March 25 , 2001 ) . `` Advertise on NYTimes.com If You 're Thinking of Living In / Cambria Heights , Queens ; An Uncongested , People - Oriented Enclave '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . p. 1 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Angelos , James ( March 20 , 2009 ) . `` Out of Hollis -- Queens Neighborhood Bred Hip - Hop Pioneers '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . p. 1 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Martin , Antoinette . `` Springfield Gardens , Queens , NY : Data Report '' . realestate.nytimes.com . The New York Times Company . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Abu - Lughod , Janet ( 1999 ) . New York , Chicago , Los Angeles ( illustrated ed . ) . U of Minnesota Press . p. 174 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 3336 - 4 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lee , Donna ( November 7 , 2008 ) . `` For Descendants of Black Settlers on Staten Island , a Dream Realized '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Semple , Kirk ( 8 June 2013 ) . `` Take the A Train to Little Guyana '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Kankam , Nana ( July 22 , 2007 ) . `` Le Petit Senegal in Harlem '' . africaresource.com . Africa Resource Center , Inc . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Senegalese Communities in New York City '' . Voices of New York . NYU. 2001 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Life in Little Liberia , Staten Island - Capital New York '' . capitalnewyork.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mangru , Brenda ; Madhu Pillai ( 2001 ) . `` Indo - Guyanese A LOTE speaking community in Richmond Hills , NY '' . Voices of New York . NYU . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brown , Kristen ( October 11 , 2007 ) . `` http://www.baltimoresun.com/topic/am-cityliving1011,0,3774701,full.story '' . baltimoresun.com . AM New York . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Population Analysis of Guyanese and Trinidadians in NYC '' . indocaribbean.org. 3 February 2014 . Retrieved 13 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Voices of New York '' . Nyu.edu . June 30 , 2000 . Retrieved December 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gandy , Kai Imani ; Allen P. Evering ( 2001 ) . `` Voices of New York -- Patois Fe Real '' . Voices of New York . NYU . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Murrell , N. Samuel . `` Jamaican Americans -- Overview , History , Modern era , The first jamaicans in america , Significant immigration waves '' . everyculture.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Walking Around -- Jamaica -- West Indian New York City 's ethinc neighborhoods '' . walkingaround.com. 2004 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rule , Sheila ( April 15 , 1994 ) . `` The Voices and Faces of Crown Heights '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . p. 1 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Joyce ( January 31 , 1999 ) . `` If You 're Thinking of Living In / Wakefield , the Bronx ; Hugging Westchester At the Subway 's End '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . p. 1 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Walking Around -- Tremont -- Jamaica New York City 's ethnic neighborhoods '' . walkingaround.com. 2004 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson Heights , Queens : Diverse and Evolving '' . New York Times . 20 May 2015 . Retrieved 30 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES 2012 American Community Survey 1 - Year Estimates New York - Newark - Bridgeport , NY - NJ - CT - PA CSA '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Lawrence A. McGlinn , Department of Geography SUNY - New Paltz . `` BEYOND CHINATOWN : DUAL IMMIGRATION AND THE CHINESE POPULATION OF METROPOLITAN NEW YORK CITY , 2000 , Page 6 '' ( PDF ) . Middle States Geographer , 2002 , 35 : 110 - 119 , Journal of the Middle States Division of the Association of American Geographers . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 29 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Yearbook of Immigration Statistics : 2011 Supplemental Table 2 '' . U.S. Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Yearbook of Immigration Statistics : 2010 Supplemental Table 2 '' . U.S. Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ John Marzulli ( May 9 , 2011 ) . `` Malaysian man smuggled illegal Chinese immigrants into Brooklyn using Queen Mary 2 : authorities '' . New York : © Copyright 2012 NY Daily News.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Waxman , Sarah . `` The History of New York 's Chinatown '' . ny.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sightseeing Tours of New York City Landmarks '' . Gannett Co. Inc. 2010 . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Semple , Kirk ( October 21 , 2009 ) . `` In Chinatown , Sound of the Future Is Mandarin '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Lam , Jen ; Anish Parekh ; Tritia Thomrongnawasouvad ( 2001 ) . `` Chinatown : Chinese in New York City '' . Voices of New York . NYU . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Finckenauer , James O. ( December 6 , 2007 ) . `` Chinese Transnational Organized Crime : The Fuk Ching '' ( PDF ) . National Institute of Justice . Washington , D.C. : National Criminal Justice Reference Service . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chinatown Gangs : Extortion ... -- Ko - lin Chin Google Books . Retrieved on October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 近 30 年来 美国 华侨 华人 职业 与 经济 状况 的 变化 及 发展 态势. ( in Chinese ) Qwgzyj.gqb.gov.cn ( October 8 , 2011 ) . Retrieved on October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chinatown : The Socioeconomic ... -- Min Zhou Google Books . ( January 24 , 1995 ) . Retrieved on October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Teenage hipster in the modern world ... -- Mark Jacobson Google Books . ( March 25 , 2005 ) . Retrieved on October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A Crown of Feathers '' . google.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Foner ( 2001 ) . New immigrants in New York . Columbia University Press . pp. 158 -- 161 . Jump up ^ Hsiang - shui Chen . `` Chinese in Chinatown and Flushing '' . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Julia Moskin ( 2008 - 07 - 30 ) . `` Let the Meals Begin : Finding Beijing in Flushing '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Moskin , Julia ( 2010 - 02 - 09 ) . `` Northeast China Branches Out in Flushing '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Semple , Kirk ( 2009 - 10 - 21 ) . `` In Chinatown , Sound of the Future Is Mandarin '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` A Growing Chinatown in Elmhurst '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Marques , Aminda ( August 4 , 1985 ) . `` IF YOU 'RE THINKING OF LIVING IN ; ELMHURST '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Chinese - American Association : About BCA '' . bca.net . Brooklyn Chinese - American Association . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2009 . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The New Chinese America '' . google.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WenZhounese in New York '' . WenZhounese.info . Retrieved October 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wenzhounese in NYC ( Facebook ) '' . Retrieved September 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McGlinn , Lawrence A. ( 2002 ) . `` Beyond Chinatown : dual immigration and the Chinese population of metropolitan New York City , 2000 '' ( PDF ) . Middle States Geographer. 35 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The New York Times Book of New York '' . google.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The World in a City '' . google.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Coat of Many Colors '' . google.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Let 's Go New York City 17th Edition '' . google.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn ! , 3rd Edition '' . google.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Silvestre , Edmund ( July 28 , 2006 ) . `` Filipino - American traders hit hard by blackout in Queens '' . Voices That Must Be Heard . New York Community Media Alliance . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Manilamen : Filipino Roots in America '' . filipinoamericans.net. 2002 . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2009 . Retrieved April 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Filipino American History '' . California State University . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2009 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eating at Indian Restaurants in New York -- NYC '' . Little Views on New York City . October 7 , 2006 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Roleke , John . `` Tour of Jackson Heights , A South Asian Neighborhood '' . about.com . The New York Times Company . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ DP - 1 - Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 for Edison township , Middlesex County , New Jersey , United States Census Bureau . Accessed December 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Asian Indian Communities , EPodunk . Accessed October 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Big business in Little India : Commerce flourishes in vibrant ethnic neighborhood '' . NJ.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Passage From India : A Brief History of Indian Immigration to the U.S. '' Immigration Policy Center . June 2002 . Retrieved April 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Creg . `` Japanese . '' In : Eisenstadt , Peter R. and Laura - Eve Moss ( editors ) . The Encyclopedia of New York State . Syracuse University Press , 2005 . ISBN 081560808X , 9780815608080 . p. 808 . Jump up ^ Dolnick , Sam and Kirk Semple . `` For New York 's Japanese , a Desire to Meld Into the Mainstream . '' The New York Times . March 15 , 2011 . Print version : March 16 , 2011 , A23 New York Edition . Retrieved on January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chi - Hoon Kim ( 2015 ) . `` Savoring Gotham : A Food Lover 's Companion to New York City : A Food Lover 's ... '' Oxford University Press , Google Books . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kim , Annie ( 2003 ) . `` Korean Immigration to the United States '' . Boston College . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2009 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kim , Jungmoo ; Kay Yoon ( 2001 ) . `` Korean Language in New York City '' . Voices of New York . NYU . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` a bit of Bedford Park '' . forgotten-ny.com Slices. 2008 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Walking Around -- Sunnyside -- Korean New York City 's Ethnic neighborhoods '' . walkingaround.com. 2004 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Montefinise , Angela . `` Koreans In Queens : Finding A Second Home In The Borough Of Queens '' . Queens Tribune . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2010 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Census Profile : NYC 's Pakistani American Population Archived April 25 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Pakistanis in New York City ( map ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jurgens , Janes . `` Albanian Americans '' . Retrieved April 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Donovan , Aaron ( July 29 , 2001 ) . `` Advertise on NYTimes.com If You 're Thinking of Living In / Belmont ; Close - Knit Bronx Area With Italian Aura '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved April 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Kevin ( August 20 , 2006 ) . `` morrispark '' . forgotten-ny.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Beekman , Daniel ( April 23 , 2012 ) . `` Albanian - American realtor challenges incumbent Bronx Assemblywoman '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` About the USA -- History of German -- American Relations '' . US Diplomatic Mission to Germany . Retrieved May 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Little Germany , Manhattan New York City '' . nyctouristguide.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yorkville History '' . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2008 . Retrieved May 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Solange ; Stephanie Mejia ( 2001 ) . `` Astoria : ' A Little Greece ' in New York '' . Voices of New York . NYU . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New York , New York ( NY ) profile : population , maps , real estate , averages , homes , statistics , relocation , travel , jobs , hospitals , schools , crime , moving , houses , news , sex offenders '' . www.city-data.com . ^ Jump up to : `` New York city , New York -- QT - P13 . Ancestry : 2000 '' . census.gov American Fact Finder . United States Census Bureau . 2000 . 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Jump up ^ `` Walking Around -- Breezy Point -- Irish New York City 's Ethnic neighborhoods '' . walkingaround.com. 2004 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Richmond County , New York -- QT - P13 . Ancestry : 2000 '' . census.gov . United States Census Bureau . 2000 . Retrieved April 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Immigration : The Italians '' . thinkquest.org . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved April 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Kounatsos , Billy ; Casey Mesick ( 2001 ) . `` The Italian Community in New York City '' . Voices of New York . NYU . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to ArthurAvenue.com '' . arthuravenue.com . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2009 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Berger , Joseph ( September 2002 ) . `` Well , the Ices Are Still Italian '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved April 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Walking Around -- Cobble Hill -- Italian New York City Ethnic neighborhoods '' . walkingaround.com. 2004 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` About -- Discover the richness and diversity of Howard Beach '' . howardbeach.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` About Queens New York '' . queensrocks.com . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2009 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Levinson , Kari ; Sally Valentin ( 2001 ) . `` Search for Polonia '' . Voices of New York . NYU . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Semple , Kirk ( September 20 , 2008 ) . `` A Land of Opportunity Lures Poles Back Home '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Walking Around -- Williamsburg -- Polish New York City 's Ethnic Neighborhoods '' . walkingaround.com. 2004 . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Walking Around -- Ridgewood -- Polish New York City 's Ethnic Neighborhoods '' . walkingaround.com. 2004 . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Map and Photos of Bath Beach Brooklyn '' . brooklyn.com . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2009 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pierre -- Pierre , Garry ( April 17 , 1994 ) . `` NEIGHBORHOOD REPORT : BENSONHURST ; When Signs Are Only In Russian '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Council Endorsements : Brooklyn '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . August 31 , 2001 . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fioravante , Janice ( March 30 , 2003 ) . `` If You 're Thinking of Living In / Sheepshead Bay , Brooklyn ; Where Water Is Big Part of Community '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Palatnik , Yevgeniy ; Pat DeAngelis ( 2001 ) . `` Survey of the Use of Russian Language in the Brighton Beach Area of Brooklyn '' . Voices of New York . NYU . Retrieved May 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : McKinley , Jesse ( November 16 , 1997 ) . `` NEIGHBORHOOD REPORT : EAST HARLEM ; Ukrainian Accent Gets Stronger '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ US Census . `` Hispanic Origins Across NYC '' . wnyc.org . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roleke , John . `` Jackson Heights -- Neighborhood Profile '' . about.com . The New York Times Company . Retrieved April 21 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Myers , Beth ; Ruchi Mital ( 2001 ) . `` Brazucas ( Brazilians in New York City ) '' . Voices of New York . NYU . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boisson , Michelle ; Peggy Madrid ( 2001 ) . `` Languages Other Than English Spoken in Colombian Communities in New York '' . Voices of New York . NYU . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Walking Around -- Elmhurst -- Colombia New York City 's Ethnic Neighborhoods '' . walkingaround.com. 2004 . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : THE NEW YORK TIMES ( March 18 , 2009 ) . `` Answers About Dominicans in New York '' . City Room blogs.nytimes.com . The New York Times Company . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Jimenez , Randy ; Pete Dzierzynski ( 2001 ) . `` Dominicans in Sunnyside and Woodside '' . Voices of New York . NYU . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Nguyen , Pauline ; Josephine Sanchez ( 2001 ) . `` Ethnic Communities in New York City : Dominicans in Washington Heights '' . Voices of New York . NYU . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Foner , Nancy ( 2001 ) . New immigrants in New York ( 2 , illustrated , revised ed . ) . Columbia University Press . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 12414 - 0 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Mel ( August 2 , 2004 ) . `` Photographs from In the South Bronx of America '' . Duke University Libraries . Duke University . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` CITY ON A HILL : The South Bronx '' . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Lanahan , Lawrence ( February 15 , 2009 ) . `` Living In -- Corona , Queens '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Renner , James . `` Washington Heights '' . Columbia 250 . Columbia University . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Camacho , David ; Angela Ortiz ( 2001 ) . `` Ecuadorians in Brooklyn '' . Voices of New York . NYU . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2002 . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Walking Around -- Tremont -- Ecuador New York City 's Ethnic Neighborhoods '' . walkingraround.com. 2004 . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Alperson , Maya . `` Latin American Restaurants and Eats in Jackson Heights '' . about.com . The New York Times Company . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fahim , Kareem ; Karen Zraick ( December 14 , 2008 ) . `` Killing Haunts Ecuadorean 's Rise in New York '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . p. 1 . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mexicans Are Now New York City 's Fastest Growing Ethnic Group '' . Teachers College . Columbia University . September 10 , 2004 . Retrieved April 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Mynor ; Nancy Levine ( 2001 ) . `` Mexican American Communities in New York City '' . Voices of New York . NYU . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Garcia , Jessica ; Kristin Nieves - Ferreri ( 2001 ) . `` ¿ Hablas Spanish ? : The Linguistic Culture of Bronx Puerto Ricans '' . Voices of New York . NYU . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : 2010 census Jump up ^ `` The World of 1898 : The Spanish -- American War '' . Loc.gov. 2011 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rican Laborers During World War I '' . Historymatters.gmu.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The World of 1898 : The Spanish -- American War '' . Loc.gov. 2011 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Cindy Y . Rodriguez ( March 22 , 2014 ) . `` Why more Puerto Ricans are living in mainland U.S. than in Puerto Rico '' . CNN . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dolores Prida ( June 8 , 2011 ) . `` The Puerto Ricans are coming ! '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Geographies - New York - Northern New Jersey - Long Island , NY - NJ - PA Metro Area ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES 2012 American Community Survey 1 - Year Estimates '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Walking Around -- Williamsburg -- Puerto Rican New York City 's Ethnic Neighborhoods '' . walkingaround.com. 2004 . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thabit , Walter ; Frances Fox Piven ( 2006 ) . How East New York became a ghetto ( illustrated ed . ) . NYU Press . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 8267 - 5 . Jump up ^ Pascoe , Jessie ( February 21 , 2006 ) . `` Close - Up on Sunset Park , Brooklyn '' . The Village Voice . Village Voice Media Holdings , LLC . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All City New York : Ridgewood to Maspeth '' . allcitynewyork.com . February 21 , 2008 . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` East Harlem History -- 197 - A Plan '' . East Harlem.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Selling the Lower East Side -- The Emergence of Loisaida '' . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2008 . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Kugel , Seth ( November 5 , 2006 ) . `` Egyptian Scenes : Pharaohs and Queens of the Nile '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved April 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Rudolph , Laura . `` ISRAELI AMERICANS '' . everyculture.com . Advameg Inc . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Walking Around -- Williamsburg -- Israeli New York City 's Ethnic Neighborhoods '' . walkingaround.com. 2004 . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Walking Around -- King 's Highway -- Israeli New York City 's Ethnic Neighborhoods '' . walkingaround.com. 2004 . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kludt , Amanda . `` 351 years later , tour marks Jews ' first steps Downtown '' . Downtown Express . Community Media LLC . Retrieved April 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 350 and Counting : The Founding of the Jewish Community in the United States '' . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved October 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Romaine , Jenny . `` Jewish. Immigration. Timeline '' . jfrej.org . Jews for Racial and Economic Justice . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2009 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ LeElef , Ner . `` World Jewish Population -- Latest Statistics '' . SimpletoRemember.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Walking Tours of Chasidic Communities '' . timelinetouring.com . Timeline Touring . Retrieved April 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Goode , Kristen . `` Crown Heights : A Brooklyn Neighborhood '' . about.com . The New York Times Company . Retrieved April 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Flatbush : Modernity Juxtaposed with Antiquity '' . timelinetouring.com . P. Altman & Son , Inc. 2003 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` About Our Neighborhood -- Chabad of Forest Hills Queens , NY '' . chabadforesthills.org . Chabad - Lubavitch Media Center . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Walking Around -- Midwood -- Orthodox Jews New York City 's Ethnic Neighborhoods '' . walkingaround.com. 2004 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Greisman , Marvin ( October 25 , 2006 ) . `` Wiring debate has nothing to do with cable or ' Net '' . The Villager . Community Media , LLC . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) `` Walking Around -- New York City 's Ethnic Neighborhoods '' . walkingaround.com . SMF. 2004 . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . Blake , Renée . `` Voices of New York '' . nyu.edu . New York University . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . hide New York City The Five Boroughs The Bronx ( Bronx County ) Brooklyn ( Kings County ) : Manhattan ( New York County ) Queens ( Queens County ) Staten Island ( Richmond County ) General topics History timeline Neighborhoods ethnic enclaves Architecture monuments skyscrapers People Media Economy companies Geography Flags Environment food and water Demographics history Culture Arts Books Cuisine Dialect Museums Music Nicknames `` Sixth borough '' Sports Tourism gardens landmarks parks Government Mayor Elections Council Borough presidents Community Districts Politics Emergency services Hospitals Fire Police crime law enforcement Emergency Management Education Dept. of Education Elementary schools High schools Colleges Transportation History Entities DOT former BOT Vision Zero Initiative Metropolitan Transportation Authority Subway Bus Staten Island Railway Long Island Rail Road Metro - North Railroad PATH Bridges and tunnels Streets Topical Other lists Images Portal New York metropolitan area State of New York United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_ethnic_enclaves&oldid=840232069 '' Categories : Demographics of New York City Neighborhoods in New York City Ethnic enclaves in New York ( state ) Ethnic groups in New York City Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Articles with Chinese - language external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from April 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2000 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Pages using New York City Subway service templates Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2006 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2004 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 8 May 2018 , at 15 : 31 ( UTC ) . 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when is season 6 of wentworth coming out
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The sixth season of television drama series Wentworth premiered on Showcase in Australia on 19 June 2018 . It is executive produced by FremantleMedia 's Director of Drama , Jo Porter . The season will comprise 12 episodes . The sixth season picks up just days after the escape of Franky Doyle and Joan Ferguson . This season will introduce three new characters portrayed by Leah Purcell , Susie Porter and Rarriwuy Hick .
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19 June 2018
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Wentworth ( season 6 )
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wentworth ( season 6 )
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Wentworth ( season 6 ) Region 4 DVD Cover Country of origin Australia No. of episodes 8 Release Original network Showcase Original release 19 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 5 List of Wentworth episodes The sixth season of television drama series Wentworth premiered on Showcase in Australia on 19 June 2018 . It is executive produced by FremantleMedia 's Director of Drama , Jo Porter . The season will comprise 12 episodes . The sixth season picks up just days after the escape of Franky Doyle and Joan Ferguson . This season will introduce three new characters portrayed by Leah Purcell , Susie Porter and Rarriwuy Hick . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Production 4 Ratings 5 Home media 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Wentworth characters Main ( edit ) Leah Purcell as Rita Connors Sigrid Thornton as Sonia Stevens Susie Porter as Marie Winter Celia Ireland as Liz Birdsworth Katrina Milosevic as Sue `` Boomer '' Jenkins Robbie J Magasiva as Deputy Governor Will Jackson Tammy Macintosh as Kaz Proctor Kate Jenkinson as Allie Novak Bernard Curry as Jake Stewart Rarriwuy Hick as Ruby Mitchell Kate Atkinson as Governor Vera Bennett Nicole da Silva as Franky Doyle Recurring ( edit ) Libby Tanner as Bridget Westfall Jacquie Brennan as Linda Miles Sally - Anne Upton as Lucy Gambaro Madeline Jevic as Nurse Lee Radcliffe Artemis Inannides as Vicky Kosta Kate Elliot as Spike Baxter Sun Park as Cherry Li Emily Havea as Mon Alson Catherine Larcey as Sharon Gilmour Bessie Holland as Stella Radic Sarah Hallam as Jen Hutchins Katerina Kotsonis as former officer Brenda Murphy Stefan Dennis as Michael Armstrong QC Guest ( edit ) Pamela Rabe as Joan Ferguson Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Aus . viewers 59 `` Clean Slate '' Kevin Carlin Pete McTighe June 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) 101,000 Franky Doyle and Joan Ferguson are still missing . While Ferguson 's fate remains unknown , Franky is still on the run and desperately attempts to come up with the evidence that she is innocent of the murder of Mike Pennisi . Liz fears for her safety when news has surfaced that Sonia was poisoned and is to make a full recovery . Vera 's career could be in jeopardy when Jake uncovers that Vera let Bea Smith wander into a restricted area of the prison in order to attack Joan . New inmate , Rita Connors , arrives at Wentworth and immediately crosses Kaz when she takes the rap for recently transferred , trouble - making prisoner , Ruby Mitchell , when she violently attacks another prisoner . Vera makes a discovery . 60 `` The Boxer '' Kevin Carlin Marcia Gardner June 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) 87,000 Sonia returns to Wentworth and is determined to take her revenge on Liz . Ruby continues to push Rita away while she sinks deeper into despair as she has constant memories of the past . Ruby is provoked into partaking in secret fist fighting matches organized by several of the other inmates . Vera confides in Bridget about her pregnancy , while Jake 's guilt of blackmailing Vera gets the better of him and he decides to back down . Franky stumbles upon crucial evidence that can clear her name . 61 `` Bleed Out '' Fiona Banks John Ridley July 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 03 ) 105,000 Franky is seriously wounded and seeks Bridget 's help . Sonia convinces Liz to tell her solicitor that she was used by Don . Kaz discovers that Rita took the rap for Ruby for beating up Spike . The fight club continues and Ruby is injured during a match with Spike . Vicky and Kaz agree to a fight before it is interrupted by the officers . Will confronts Kaz on being a secret `` lagger '' . The police discover that Franky is innocent and she is finally set free . 62 `` Winter Is Here '' Fiona Banks Andrew Anastasios July 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 10 ) 83,000 Marie Winter arrives at Wentworth and her past is immediately revealed . Rita goes to great lengths to keep Ruby out of trouble and agrees to be Marie 's bodyguard . Sonia makes a deal with Vera and the workshop is reopened . Will cracks under pressure as he confesses to Jake that he buried Joan alive . 63 5 `` Bitter Pill '' Roger Hodgman John Ridley July 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 17 ) 71,000 Vera undergoes her first pregnancy scan and is indecisive as to whether or not she is going to keep the baby . Kaz threatens Marie when she and Allie discover that she is having drugs smuggled into the prison . Jake is injured while saving Liz from being electrocuted . Will is struggling with is sanity and begins having nightmares . Rita lands herself in trouble following a violent confrontation with Vicky and her gang . Sonia 's workshop becomes a success . Liz fears she is going mad and reveals all to Kaz regarding Sonia . 64 6 `` Angel of Wentworth '' Roger Hodgman Andrew Anastasios & Marcia Gardner July 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 24 ) 82,000 Marie and Zara becomes suspicious of Rita , while Rita comes up with a desperate plan to get Zara out of the way . Boomer takes her exam and anxiously awaits the results . Will becomes frantic and confesses everything to Kaz about what he did to Joan . Vera , Will and Kaz begin to suspect that Sonia was behind Sharon Gilmour 's murder , but with no proof . Liz begins to things she is suffering from dementia . During the radio interview , Liz is ambushed by Sonia when she reveals that Liz is ' Witness X ' , putting her in a dangerous position with the other prisoners for lagging . Sonia is later informed that she will be released within 48 hours due to Liz 's confession on air , while Kaz lets Sonia know that she could be dead within a day once Spike is released from solitary confinement . 65 7 `` The Edge '' Sian Davies Pete McTighe July 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 31 ) 77,000 Sonia comes up with a plan to set Kaz up against the other women which eventually backfires . Will begins to have terrifying visions of Joan and turns to Marie for comfort . Liz 's condition is finally diagnosed . Sonia begins to realize that her time is running out when she is attacked by Spike , while it is finally discovered that she murdered Sharon Gilmour and is charged thanks to Liz . Liz becomes confused and thinks Don is in the prison and heads to the roof with Sonia close behind which leads to a fight that proves fatal for one of them . 66 8 `` Lovers and Fighters '' Sian Davies John Ridley and Marcia Gardner August 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 07 ) 91,000 Kaz is released from solitary confinement for which she spent two weeks for murdering Sonia . Allie is informed that Ruby could die of a brain aneurysm if she continues to fight , while Kaz decides to let the fight club go on and intends to collect half the profits . Marie discovers that Ruby was with her son the night he was attacked and is intent on getting information from her . Rita reveals to Marie that she is Ruby 's sister and Ruby makes a confession to Rita about the death of Marie 's son . Vera becomes the target of a stalker and is convinced that it is Jake , however , it is later revealed not to be Jake when Vera discovers that someone has left a pair of leather gloves on her bed . 67 9 `` Shallow Grave '' TBA TBA August 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 14 ) TBD Production ( edit ) On 9 May 2017 , it was announced that FremantleMedia had renewed Wentworth for a sixth season , set to air in 2018 . FremantleMedia 's Director of Drama , Jo Porter , said `` Getting to a sixth season is something none of us take for granted . Key to this is the unwavering dedication to the show by the incredible Wentworth audience both in Australia and around the world . Like us they are drawn to our exceptional cast who embody the diverse , complex and intriguing characters who populate the intense world of Wentworth and its high stakes and compelling stories . Foxtel Head of Drama , Penny Win , said `` As Foxtel 's longest running original drama , Wentworth continues to set a high bar for our local production slate . There is so much yet to unfold with season five premiering now in Australia on Foxtel before any details should be revealed about the sixth season . My lips are sealed other than to say Marcia Gardner and the writers continue to excel in setting up intriguing story arcs and finely crafted scripts for the wonderfully talented Wentworth cast to bring to life . '' Ratings ( edit ) Episode Title Original airdate Overnight Viewers Nightly Rank 6 - 01 `` Clean Slate '' 19 June 2018 101,000 6 - 02 `` The Boxer '' 26 June 2018 87,000 6 - 03 `` Bleed Out '' 3 July 2018 105,000 6 - 04 `` Winter Is Here '' 10 July 2018 83,000 6 - 05 `` Bitter Pill '' 17 July 2018 71,000 6 - 06 `` Angel of Wentworth '' 24 July 2018 82,000 6 - 07 `` The Edge '' 31 July 2018 77,000 6 - 08 `` Lovers and Fighters '' 7 August 2018 91,000 6 - 09 `` Shallow Grave '' 14 August 2018 TBD TBD Figures are OzTAM Data for the 5 City Metro areas . Overnight - Live broadcast and recordings viewed the same night . Consolidated - Live broadcast and recordings viewed . Home media ( edit ) Set title Release date Additional Region 1 Region 2 ( UK ) Region 2 ( DE ) Region 4 / B Wentworth : The Complete Season 6 ( Australia ) Wentworth Prison : Season Six ( United Kingdom ) TBA 15 October 2018 TBA 3 October 2018 Set details 12 episodes 600 minutes 1.78 : 1 aspect ratio DVD Audio TBA Blu - ray Audio TBA Subtitles TBA Discs 4 - DVD set ( region 2 UK ) Rating ACB : TBA BBFC : 18 Special Features : TBA References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 5 April 2018 ) . `` Returning : Wentworth '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Dainty , Sophie ( 1 August 2018 ) . `` Neighbours star Stefan Dennis took a break from show to film guest role in Wentworth '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday 19 June 2018 '' . TV Tonight . 21 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday 26 June 2018 '' . TV Tonight . 27 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday 3 July 2018 '' . TV Tonight . 4 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday 10 July 2018 '' . TV Tonight . 11 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday 17 July 2018 '' . TV Tonight . 18 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday 24 July 2018 '' . TV Tonight . 25 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday 31 July 2018 '' . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 7 August 2018 '' . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth : episode guide '' . Australiantelevision.net . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wentworth Season 6 Confirmed '' . Showcasechannel.com. 9 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : https://tvtonight.com.au/2018/08/tuesday-7-august-2018.html Jump up ^ Region 2 ( UK ) : `` Wentworth Prison : Season Six ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Region 4 / B : `` Australian release dates for movies & TV '' . Stack.com.au . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Wentworth Seasons 5 6 Notable episodes `` No Place Like Home '' `` Fear Her '' `` First Blood '' Characters Maxine Conway Franky Doyle Joan Ferguson Jacs Holt Will Jackson Allie Novak Kaz Proctor Bea Smith Jess Warner Bridget Westfall Related Awards and nominations Prisoner Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wentworth_(season_6)&oldid=854467420 '' Categories : 2018 Australian television seasons Wentworth ( TV series ) Hidden categories : Use Australian English from June 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from June 2012 Pages using center with no arguments Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 15 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what does kesha's song take it off mean
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`` Take It Off '' was written by Kesha , alongside Dr. Luke and Claude Kelly . It was recorded at Conway Recording Studios in Los Angeles , California , and at Dr. Luke 's studio in that city . The song was produced by Luke with vocal editing done by Emily Wright . The main riff of the chorus is the same as that of The Streets of Cairo , also using a similar rhyme scheme and parallel phrasing . During an interview with Esquire magazine Kesha was asked about her song writing process and used `` Take It Off '' as an example of how her songs come to fruition . She explained that the song came about when she was out one night and was visiting a transsexual bar , stating , `` I have a song ( ... ) called ' Take It Off ' about when I went to a drag show , and how really turned on I was by these transvestite men taking clothes off . I was like , What does that even make me ? '' .
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Take It Off ( Kesha song )
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take it off ( kesha song )
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`` Take It Off '' Single by Kesha from the album Animal Released July 13 , 2010 Format Digital download Recorded 2009 , Conway Recording Studios , Los Angeles , California Length 3 : 35 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Kesha Sebert , Lukasz Gottwald , Claude Kelly Producer ( s ) Dr. Luke Kesha singles chronology `` Your Love Is My Drug '' ( 2010 ) `` Take It Off '' ( 2010 ) `` We R Who We R '' ( 2010 ) `` Your Love Is My Drug '' ( 2010 ) `` Take It Off '' ( 2010 ) `` We R Who We R '' ( 2010 ) `` Take It Off '' is a song by American recording artist and songwriter Kesha , from her debut album , Animal . It was written by Kesha Sebert , Lukasz Gottwald and Claude Kelly and it was produced by Dr. Luke with vocal editing done by Emily Wright . It was released as the fourth and final single from the album on July 13 , 2010 . `` Take It Off '' 's initial writing consisted of Kesha attending a drag show and becoming turned on by drag queens taking their clothing off . The song is an upbeat song that uses heavy amounts of auto tune and utilizes an electro infused beat . Due to strong digital sales from the release of Animal , the song charted in the United States , the United Kingdom and Canada before being announced as a single . After being released as a single the song reached the top ten in Canada , Australia and the United States . With the song reaching the top - ten in the United States , Kesha became only the eleventh artist in history to amass four top - tens from a debut album . As of February 2011 , `` Take It Off '' has sold over two million copies in the United States . Two music videos for the single were released . The first video features Kesha and her friends on a distant planet , dancing around in a mosh pit while slowly turning into stardust as the video progresses . The inspiration for the video , according to Kesha , was about shedding your inhibitions and being `` raw and real . '' The second video released for the song features Jeffree Star and incorporates a more dominant animal theme , while drawing from 80s themed inspiration such as : Tron , David Bowie in Labyrinth , and Revenge of the Nerds . To promote the single Kesha performed `` Take It Off '' alongside earlier singles `` Your Love Is My Drug '' and `` Tik Tok '' on NBC 's The Today Show . Contents 1 Writing and inspiration 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 5 Music videos 5.1 First version 5.2 Second version 6 Live performances 7 Track listing 8 Credits and personnel 9 Charts and certifications 9.1 Charts 9.2 Year - end charts 9.3 All - time chart 9.4 Certifications 10 Radio add dates 11 References 12 External links Writing and inspiration ( edit ) `` Take It Off '' was written by Kesha , alongside Dr. Luke and Claude Kelly . It was recorded at Conway Recording Studios in Los Angeles , California , and at Dr. Luke 's studio in that city . The song was produced by Luke with vocal editing done by Emily Wright . The main riff of the chorus is the same as that of The Streets of Cairo , also using a similar rhyme scheme and parallel phrasing . During an interview with Esquire magazine Kesha was asked about her song writing process and used `` Take It Off '' as an example of how her songs come to fruition . She explained that the song came about when she was out one night and was visiting a transsexual bar , stating , `` I have a song ( ... ) called ' Take It Off ' about when I went to a drag show , and how really turned on I was by these transvestite men taking clothes off . I was like , What does that even make me ? '' . Composition ( edit ) `` Take It Off '' `` Take It Off '' is an upbeat dominant song that uses an electro - infused beat with furious crescendos Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Take It Off '' is an upbeat dominant song that utilizes a `` thumping , electro - infused beat with furious crescendos . '' Dr. Luke 's production has been described as a `` bubblegummy electro '' number that uses a nursery rhyme hook in its delivery . Kesha 's vocals on the song were noted for their heavy amounts of Auto - Tune . Daniel Brockman from The Phoenix described the song as `` a heavily Auto - Tuned reworking '' of `` There 's a Place in France '' . Monica Herrera from Billboard however , felt that the song `` lifted heavily from Robert Miles ' 1995 trance - lite hit , `` Children . '' Lyrically , `` Take It Off '' discusses opposite - sex objectification and its theme is literal to the title . According to sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Kobalt Music Publishing , the song is written in common time with a moderate beat rate of 125 beats per minute . The song is written in the key of F minor and has the sequence of D ♭ -- E ♭ -- Fm as the chord progression . Kesha 's vocal range in the song spans from the note of F to the note of C. Music reviewer Bill Lamb commented on the lyrical writing of the song noting that the lyrics were symbolic , stating , `` ( the song ) manages to expand out into an anthem about free expression ( ... ) ( a ) celebration of the power of the night , and a bit of alcohol , to help shed inhibitions of the daytime . '' Lamb further commented that the lyrics drew similar reference to that of Lady Gaga 's commenting , `` followers of Lady Gaga 's Monster Ball Tour will be familiar with this point of view ( about free expression ) . '' Critical reception ( edit ) Kesha performing `` Take It Off '' in Sydney , Australia , on her Get Sleazy Tour Amar Toor from AOL Radio gave the song a positive review saying , `` Much like the rest of the album , this new song is simply made for the dance floor . And , much like Kesha herself , the track seems to embody relentless , carefree hedonism at its best . '' He also noted , `` And when Kesha talks about a ' place I know ' , where ' they go hardcore and there 's glitter on the floor ' in the style of a six - grade camp ditty , it 's hard for anyone to not feel the urge to just take it off . '' Bill Lamb of About.com gave the single four out of five stars . He was concerned with the overall lyrical depth and over-use of auto - tune but he complimented the song for its `` irresistibly catchy beat and chorus '' with a `` celebratory mood of dropping inhibitions . '' He noted that `` with the volume turned up and the chorus encouraging you to ' take it off , ' you may just feel inspired to follow the commands . The ultimate effect by the end of the song is very cathartic as it hints strongly that there is more to `` take off '' than simply clothing . '' Andrew Burgess from musicOMH wrote that on the song the singer `` oozes swagger . '' Melinda Newman of HitFix used `` Take It Off '' as an example of Kesha 's songwriting , noting that tracks which were n't over-thought were `` fine '' . Newman wrote that `` thinking too much is what gets Kesha , who co-wrote the songs here , in trouble . She 's fine wading in the shallow end with bouncy tunes like the literal ' Take It Off ' . '' Monica Herrera from Billboard magazine criticized the song for its demonstration of overly processed vocals noting how easily an artist can `` get lost in a sea of auto - tone '' . She went on to state that it `` make ( s ) it hard to tell whether the California party girl can actually sing '' . Robert Copsey of Digital Spy met the song with a mixed review . He commented on the choice of the single , noting `` the glimpses of emotion shown on her last offering , ' Your Love Is My Drug ' , are as long gone as her sobriety . '' Although he was not completely convinced he wrote , `` ( though ) the vocals are more processed than a cheese string ( ... ) the combination of a playful nursery rhyme hook and Dr Luke 's bubblegummy electro production make this a pretty irresistible little dancefloor ditty . '' He went on to give the single three out of five stars . Fraser McAlpine of BBC met the song with a mixed review giving the song three out of five stars . Fraser criticized the choice of the song commenting , `` there 's a fear that if Kesha reveals that she 's a sensitive young flower after all , with real feelings and a good , pure heart , her appeal with disappear like a soap bubble on a cactus , can it ? '' . Nate Adams of No Ripcord was negative in his review of the song , calling it `` outright stupid '' and noted it would be something commonly heard on a playground . Adams wrote that the song touched on opposite - sex objectification , but wrote that the theme became wearisome on the album , using the song as one of the examples where the theme was overused . Chart performance ( edit ) Kesha performing `` Take It Off '' on the Get Sleazy Tour In January 2010 , due to strong digital sales , the song charted in the United States , Canada , and the United Kingdom , debuting at numbers 85 , 45 , and 112 respectively . In the United States , the song re-entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number 92 on the issue date of August 7 , 2010 . The song steadily ascended the charts for six weeks before eventually reaching a peak of eight on its eighth week on the chart . With the song charting in the top - ten it became Kesha 's fourth consecutive top - ten single and she became the 11th female artist in history to attain four top - ten singles off of a debut album . In September 2010 , the song received platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for sales of 1,000,000 units . With this feat Kesha became the second lead artist , following Lady Gaga , to achieve four million selling songs in 2010 . The song later crossed the two million paid downloads mark in February 2011 , becoming her fifth song to do so . As of June 2011 , the song has sold 2,134,000 copies in the United States . As of March 2016 , `` Take it Off '' has sold 2.5 million digital copies . In Canada , following its debut on the chart from Animal 's release , the song ascended and descended the chart for 12 weeks before eventually dropping off the chart . On July 13 , 2010 , the song re-entered the chart at 86 . After ascending the chart for seven weeks the single reached an eventual peak of eight . In the United Kingdom , the song was listed on the UK Singles Chart for one week , dropping off the following week . On the issue date of August 28 , 2010 the single re-entered the chart at 44 . After steadily ascending the charts , the song eventually reached a peak of 15 . In New Zealand , `` Take It Off '' entered the chart at 32 on the issue date of July 12 , 2010 . In the succeeding week the single rose ten spots to attain position 22 . The song has since been certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) . After eight more weeks of steadily ascending the charts the single reached a peak of 11 on its tenth total week on the chart . On August 22 , 2010 the single entered the Australian Singles Chart at 29 . The song ascended the chart for three weeks eventually reaching a peak of five . It has since been certified two times Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for sales of 140,000 units . Music videos ( edit ) First version ( edit ) A still of the music video that shows Kesha `` unzipping '' herself , transforming into stardust . The scene is intended to be symbolic with the transformation representing letting go of one 's inhibitions . The original video for `` Take It Off '' premiered on Vevo on August 3 , 2010 . It was directed by Paul Hunter and Dori Oskowitz . Kesha revealed the main idea behind the video in an interview explaining that `` ( the video was ) about ( her ) and all ( her ) hot vampire babe friends breaking into a hotel on another planet , and at the end we all turn into this beautiful stardust . Once you take it all off , all your inhibitions , your clothes , we 're all made up of the same thing . '' She explained that she did not want the video to just be about `` Taking it off '' , that the message behind the video and the theme was n't `` just about taking off your clothes and rolling in glitter . It 's also about taking off your inhibitions and being raw and real '' . The video starts off with Kesha seen on a motorcycle . She proceeds to walk as her friends follow behind her as they enter a motel area . As the chorus of the song starts , Kesha and her friends start to run around the motel dancing and jumping off railings . The friends gather around an empty pool and start tearing at each other 's clothing ; While this is happening it is revealed they that are on a different planet and Kesha is seen rolling around in sand . Slowly as some of the friends start taking off their clothing , they begin to turn into star dust . The group starts to dance in the pool with some of the party goers exploding into dust . The remainder of the friends continue to dance in the dust that is now covering the bottom of the pool . As this is happening they all begin to lose different parts of their bodies as they explode into multicolored star dust . The video ends with everyone as dust with Kesha beginning to `` unzip '' herself as she turns into yellow dust . Jocelyn Vena of MTV News met the video with a positive review . She noted that Kesha `` manages to embrace her inner party animal and throw a neon - colored party at an abandoned motel in the middle of nowhere . '' She stated that `` While the concept of `` a lot of pretty people dancing at dusk '' is pretty simple , the neon colors manage to amp up the video , as does the colored sand that 's thrown around in the air and mixed with glitter . '' Her conclusion of the video and of Kesha was that as simple as it may be , `` she manages to be both sexy and fun while rolling around in the desert . '' Melinda Newman of HitFix criticized the video 's first half , calling it `` predictable . '' The video 's second half , however , was met with praise with Newman commenting that the ' special effects at the end almost redeem it . '' Second version ( edit ) Kesha deflecting a laser beam shot from Star in the music video 's choreographed dance battle sequence . The video is intended to look 80s themed with inspiration drawing from movies of that time . The song 's second video was released via Kesha 's YouTube account . She revealed the video 's completion , release and inspiration through a video description quote saying , `` heyy to all my fans ! so me ( and ) my friends were bored and we were really channeling some 80 's ( inspiration ) ( Tron , David Bowie in Labyrinth , and Revenge of the Nerds . ) and we made this new video for take it off . it was really fun to make . i hope you guys like it '' . The video was directed by Skinny . This version of the video is known as `` Take it Off ( K $ N ' Friends Version ) '' . The video begins with a scene of a leopard with glowing blue eyes ( later revealed to be Kesha ) walking down an alleyway . The song 's title flashes on the screen and the video pans to Kesha . She walks down the alleyway with two men who grab another man . Kesha spray - paints a dollar sign on his chest . They come to a party where she and her friends flash their tattooed dollar signs on their wrists and forearms in order to enter . As they enter , everyone starts dancing and the party - goers ' faces are shown changing into different animals ' . In the following scene , Kesha is seen sitting on a chair with two men by her side . Jeffree Star then approaches Kesha . Kesha and Star engage in a choreographed dance battle ; Star then shoots Kesha with a laser chain saw which she deflects with her bracelet , Kesha responds by shooting lasers out of her hands , killing Star . After the battle the party - goers crawl around Kesha and she is seen holding a gold cup with a blue foaming liquid spilling over the top of the glass . As Kesha gives the party goers a drink , their faces turn into different kinds of animals . The video ends with everyone dancing and turning into half animal humans , Kesha however , drinks from the cup and turns back into a leopard . Live performances ( edit ) On August 13 , 2010 , Kesha performed `` Take It Off '' alongside earlier singles `` Your Love Is My Drug '' and `` Tik Tok '' on NBC 's The Today Show . In the performance , she is seen wearing boots , fishnets , glitter shorts and a loose tank top . By the second verse , her dancers , that are dressed in black start to undress as the chorus starts , revealing gold shirts and tank - tops . The performance featured smoke machines with Kesha playing notes on an electric keyboard while crawling on the floor . She has also performed the song in a set for BBC Radio 1 's Big Weekend . `` Take It Off '' was performed on November 21 , 2010 , at the 2010 American Music Awards . The performance started off with Kesha opening with `` Take It Off '' while playing on the keyboard wearing a glowing robot helmet ; she soon transitioned into `` We R Who We R '' . Kesha also performed the song during her first concert tour , titled Get Sleazy Tour . The song were performed just next to the opening track , `` Sleazy '' . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download `` Take It Off '' -- 3 : 35 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Recording Conway Recording Studios , Los Angeles , California , and at Dr. Luke 's studio , Los Angeles , California . Personnel Songwriting -- Kesha Sebert , Lukasz Gottwald , Claude Kelly Production -- Dr. Luke Production coordination -- Vanessa Sikberman , Megan Dennis , Becky Scott Instruments and programming -- Dr. Luke Vocal Editing -- Emily Wright Background Vocals -- Claude Kelly , Aniela Gottwald , Tatiana Gottwald , Lukasz Gottwald , Graham Bryce Engineering -- Emily Wright , Sam Holland Credits adapted from the liner notes of Animal , Kemosabe Recordings , RCA Records . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 -- 11 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 22 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 22 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 8 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 8 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 35 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 12 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 81 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 21 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 11 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 12 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 10 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 37 Spanish Airplay Chart 16 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 53 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 15 US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 29 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 29 US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) 14 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 6 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 22 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 ) Position Australia ARIA Charts 45 Belgium Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 98 Canadian Hot 100 48 Hungarian Airplay Chart 54 UK Singles Chart 133 US Billboard Hot 100 59 All - time chart ( edit ) Chart Position Australia ( ARIA ) 1179 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certifications Australia 2 × Platinum New Zealand Gold Sweden Gold United Kingdom Silver United States Platinum Radio add dates ( edit ) Country Date United States July 13 , 2010 Australia July 19 , 2010 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sullivan , Matt ( August 13 , 2009 ) . `` Kesha and the Not - Quite - 72 Virgins in Her Own Personal Heaven '' . Esquire . Hearst Corporation . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2011 . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kesha , ' Take It Off ' -- Composition Sheet Music '' . Musicnotes.com . Kobalt Music Publishing America , Inc . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Toor , Amar ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Kesha , ' Take It Off ' -- New Song '' . AOL Radio . AOL Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Copsey , Robert . `` Kesha : ' Take It Off ' '' . Digital Spy . Hachette Filipacchi UK . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Herrera , Monica ( January 6 , 2010 ) . `` Kesha -- Animal -- Album Review '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Brockman , Daniel ( January 8 , 2010 ) . `` Kesha Animal '' . The Phoenix . Phoenix Media / Communications Group . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Newman , Melinda ( January 4 , 2010 ) . `` Album review : Ke $ ha 's ' Animal ' aims straight for the party girls '' . HitFix . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Nate ( January 19 , 2010 ) . `` Ke $ ha Animal ( RCA Records ) '' . No Ripcord . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Lamb , Bill ( August 18 , 2010 ) . `` Kesha -- `` Take It Off '' `` . About.com . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burgess , Andrew ( February 1 , 2010 ) . `` Ke $ ha -- Animal '' . MusicOMH . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ McAlpine , Fraser ( September 13 , 2010 ) . `` Kesha -- ' Take It Off ' '' . BBC Chart Blog . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard ( January 23 , 2010 ) Take It Off US Entry '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard ( January 23 , 2010 ) Take It Off Canadian Entry '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Official UK Singles Chart for the week ending February 13 , 2010 '' . ChartsPlus . Milton Keynes : IQ Ware Ltd ( 442 ) : 3 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Billboard ( August 7 , 2010 ) Take It Off US Re-Entry '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ke $ ha Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( September 3 , 2010 ) . `` Ke $ ha ' Takes Off ' with Fourth Top 10 from Debut Album '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gold & Platinum : Kesha Singles and Albums '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( September 15 , 2010 ) . `` Week Ending Sept. 12 , 2010 : The Dulcet Tones Of Bruno Mars '' . Yahoo Music . Yahoo !. Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( February 23 , 2011 ) . `` Ke $ ha 's `` Take It Off '' tops the 2 million mark `` . Yahoo Music . Yahoo !. Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( May 15 , 2011 ) . `` Week Ending June 12 , 2011 . Songs : The Odd Couples '' . Chart Watch . Yahoo ! Inc . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( 2016 - 06 - 03 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Rihanna 's Record Streak of Seven Studio Albums With Hot 100 No. 1s '' . Nielsen . Billboard . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard ( July 31 , 2010 ) Take It Off Canadian Re-Entry '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ke $ ha Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kesha : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.nz -- Ke $ ha -- Take It Off '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` October 3 , 2010 : Radio Scope '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian-charts.com -- Ke $ ha -- Take It Off '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2011 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . March 31 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Wete , Brad ( August 3 , 2010 ) . `` Kesha and friends have a psychedelic party in her new `` Take It Off '' Video `` . Music Mix . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Gottlieb , Steven ( June 29 , 2010 ) . `` BOOKED : Kesha -- Paul Hunter + Dori Oskowitz , dir '' . Video Static . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Escudero , Nicki ( July 20 , 2010 ) . `` Kesha Comes to Marquee Theatre ; Talks Roadkill , Glitter and ' SNL ' '' . Phoenix News Times . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( July 21 , 2010 ) . `` Kesha Strips Down And Glitters Up In ' Take It Off ' Video Singer says getting naked in the new clip is all about being ' raw and real . ' '' . MTV News . MTV Networks ( Viacom ) . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Ke $ ha - Take It Off '' . YouTube . August 10 , 2010 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( August 3 , 2010 ) . `` Kesha Throws A Desert Party In ' Take It Off ' Video '' . MTV News . MTV Networks ( Viacom ) . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Newman , Melinda ( August 5 , 2010 ) . `` Watch : Kesha 's new video for ' Take It Off , ' in which she remains surprisingly clothed '' . HitFix . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Brockington , Ryan ( October 7 , 2010 ) . `` Kesha releases ' Take It Off ' Pt. 2 -- my insides feel like burning '' . NY Post . NYP Holdings , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Animal + Cannibal ( liner notes ) . Kesha . RCA Records . 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Spotted : Kesha Heats Up ' Today ' '' . MTV Newsroom . MTV Networks . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2012 . Retrieved August 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Vick , Megan ( August 13 , 2010 ) . `` Kesha performs on `` Today '' show `` . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2012 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Radio 1 's Big Weekend -- Kesha '' . BBC . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Vena , Jocelyn ( November 21 , 2010 ) . `` Kesha Proclaims ' We R Who We R ' At AMAs Kesha destroys hate with her American Music Awards performance '' . MTV News . MTV Networks ( Viacom ) . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Lore , Mark ( February 16 , 2011 ) . `` Ke $ ha Kicks Off Her ' Get $ leazy ' Tour '' . Spin Magazine . Spin Media . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Take It Off ( United States Album Track listing ) '' . Itunes . Apple Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Animal digital album booklet via iTunes . RCA ( Media notes ) . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ke $ ha -- Take It Off '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ke $ ha -- Take It Off '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201044 into search . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Ke $ ha -- Take It Off '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 37 , 2010 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ke $ ha Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Ke $ ha '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201041 into search . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Ke $ ha -- ( ( ( song ) ) ) '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Promusicae ( Week : January 1 , 2010 ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Ke $ ha -- Take It Off '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ke $ ha Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Ke $ ha Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Ke $ ha Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Ke $ ha Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Ke $ ha Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 2010 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Annual 2010 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Best Of 2010 Canadian Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 2010 '' ( in Hungarian ) . Mahasz . Retrieved March 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` End Of Year Charts : 2010 '' ( PDF ) . UKChartsPlus . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Best Of 2010 Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Best of all time chart -- Top 1000 Singles '' . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan : Kesha - Take It Off '' ( To access certification , one must search ( Sök ) for `` Take it Off '' or `` Kesha Take it Off '' and click the `` Visa '' button . ) ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Grammofonleverantörernas förening . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Kesha -- Take It Off '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Select singles in the Format field . Enter Take It Off in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Available For Airplay : 7 / 13 Rhythm Crossover '' . FMQB . Friday Morning Quarterback . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Issue 796 -- Kesha Take It Off ( SME ) '' . The Music Network . Peer Group Media . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2010 . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Ke $ ha -- Take It Off ( Music Video ) Kesha Discography Videography Songs Awards and nominations Studio albums Animal Warrior Rainbow Compilation albums I Am the Dance Commander + I Command You to Dance : The Remix Album Extended plays Cannibal Deconstructed Singles `` Tik Tok '' `` Blah Blah Blah '' `` Your Love Is My Drug '' `` Take It Off '' `` We R Who We R '' `` Blow '' `` Die Young '' `` C'Mon '' `` Crazy Kids '' `` True Colors '' `` Praying '' `` Learn to Let Go '' `` Woman '' Featured singles `` Right Round '' `` Dirty Picture '' `` My First Kiss '' `` Timber '' `` Good Old Days '' Promotional singles `` Sleazy '' `` Hymn '' `` This Is Me '' Other songs `` Stephen '' `` Dinosaur '' `` Till the World Ends '' `` Old Flames Ca n't Hold a Candle to You '' Concert tours Get Sleazy Tour North American Tour 2013 Warrior Tour Kesha and the Creepies : Fuck the World Tour Rainbow Tour The Adventures of Kesha and Macklemore Related articles Pebe Sebert Kesha : My Crazy Beautiful Life My Crazy Beautiful Life Kesha v. Dr. Luke Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Take_It_Off_(Kesha_song)&oldid=846153239 '' Categories : 2010 singles Kesha songs Music videos directed by Paul Hunter ( director ) Songs written by Dr. Luke Song recordings produced by Dr. Luke Songs written by Kesha Songs written by Claude Kelly 2010 songs RCA Records singles Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Flanders ) Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Wallonia ) Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 18 : 04 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take%20It%20Off%20%28Kesha%20song%29
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what are two of the four common kinds of misleading technical communications
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Models of communication
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models of communication
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Models of communication are conceptual models used to explain the human communication process . The first major model for communication was developed in 1948 by Claude Elwood Shannon and published with an introduction by Warren Weaver for Bell Laboratories . Following the basic concept , communication is the process of sending and receiving messages or transferring information from one part ( sender ) to another ( receiver ) .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Shannon and Weaver 2 Berlo 3 Schramm 4 Barnlund 5 Constructionist 6 Linear 7 Interactive / convergence 8 Communication theory framework 9 Ontology 10 Epistemology 11 Axiology 12 Some realms of communication and their theories 13 Notes 14 References Shannon and Weaver ( edit ) The Shannon -- Weaver model was designed to mirror the functioning of radio and telephone technology . Their initial model consisted of four primary parts : sender , message , channel , and receiver. The sender was the part of a telephone a person speaks into , the channel was the telephone itself , and the receiver was the part of the phone through which one can hear the person on the other end of the line . Shannon and Weaver also recognized that there may often be static or background sounds that interfere with the process of the other partner in a telephone conversation ; they referred to this as noise . Certain types of background sounds can also indicate the absence of a signal . In a simple model , often referred to as the transmission model or standard view of communication , information or content ( e.g. a message in natural language ) is sent in some form ( as spoken language ) from an emissor / sender / encoder to a destination / receiver / decoder . According to this common communication - related conception , communication is viewed as a means of sending and receiving information . The strengths of this model are its simplicity , generality , and quantifiability . The mathematicians Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver structured this model on the basis of the following elements : An information source , which produces a message . A transmitter , which encodes the message into signals A channel , for which signals are adapted for transmission A receiver , which reconstructs the encoded message from a sequence of received signals and decodes it . An information destination , where the message arrives . Shannon and Weaver argued that this concept entails three levels of problems for communication : The technical problem : how accurately can the message be transmitted ? The semantic problem : how precisely is the meaning ' conveyed ' ? The effectiveness problem : how effectively does the received meaning affect behavior ? Daniel Chandler criticizes the transmission model in the following terms : It assumes that communicators are isolated individuals . It makes no allowance for differing purposes . It makes no allowance for differing interpretations . It makes no allowance for unequal power relationships . Berlo ( edit ) In 1960 , David Berlo expanded Shannon and Weaver 's 1949 linear model of communication and created the Sender - Message - Channel - Receiver ( SMCR ) Model of Communication . The SMCR Model of Communication separated the model into clear parts and has been expanded upon by other scholars . Schramm ( edit ) Communication is usually described along a few major dimensions : Message ( what type of things are communicated ) , source / emissor / sender / encoder ( by whom ) , form ( in which form ) , channel ( through which medium ) , destination / receiver / target / decoder ( to whom ) , and Receiver . Wilbur Schramm ( 1954 ) also indicated that we should also examine the impact that a message has ( both desired and undesired ) on the target of the message . Between parties , communication includes acts that confer knowledge and experiences , give advice and commands , and ask questions . These acts may take many forms , in one of the various manners of communication . The form depends on the abilities of the group communicating . Together , communication content and form make messages that are sent towards a destination . The target can be oneself , another person or being , another entity ( such as a corporation or group of beings ) . Communication can be seen as processes of information transmission governed by three levels of semiotic rules : Syntactic ( formal properties of signs and symbols ) , Pragmatic ( concerned with the relations between signs / expressions and their users ) and Semantic ( study of relationships between signs and symbols and what they represent ) . Therefore , communication is social interaction where at least two interacting agents share a common set of signs and a common set of semiotic rules . This commonly held rule in some sense ignores autocommunication , including intrapersonal communication via diaries or self - talk , both secondary phenomena that followed the primary acquisition of communicative competences within social interactions . Barnlund ( edit ) In light of these weaknesses , Barnlund ( 1970 ) proposed a transactional model of communication . The basic premise of the transactional model of communication is that individuals are simultaneously engaging in the sending and receiving of messages . In a slightly more complex form , a sender and a receiver are linked reciprocally . This second attitude of communication , referred to as the constitutive model or constructionist view , focuses on how an individual communicates as the determining factor of the way the message will be interpreted . Communication is viewed as a conduit ; a passage in which information travels from one individual to another and this information becomes separate from the communication itself . A particular instance of communication is called a speech act . The sender 's personal filters and the receiver 's personal filters may vary depending upon different regional traditions , cultures , or gender ; which may alter the intended meaning of message contents . In the presence of `` noise '' on the transmission channel ( air , in this case ) , reception and decoding of content may be faulty , and thus the speech act may not achieve the desired effect . One problem with this encode - transmit - receive - decode model is that the processes of encoding and decoding imply that the sender and receiver each possess something that functions as a ( code - book ) , and that these two code books are , at the very least , similar if not identical . Although something like code books is implied by the model , they are nowhere represented in the model , which creates many conceptual difficulties . Theories of co-regulation describe communication as a creative and dynamic continuous process , rather than a discrete exchange of information . Canadian media scholar Harold Innis had the theory that people use different types of media to communicate and which one they choose to use will offer different possibilities for the shape and durability of society . His famous example of this is using ancient Egypt and looking at the ways they built themselves out of media with very different properties stone and papyrus . Papyrus is what he called ' Space Binding '. it made possible the transmission of written orders across space , empires and enables the waging of distant military campaigns and colonial administration . The other is stone and ' Time Binding ' , through the construction of temples and the pyramids can sustain their authority generation to generation , through this media they can change and shape communication in their society . Constructionist ( edit ) There is an additional working definition of communication to consider that authors like Richard A. Lanham ( 2003 ) and as far back as Erving Goffman ( 1959 ) have highlighted . This is a progression from Lasswell 's attempt to define human communication through to this century and revolutionized into the constructionist model . Constructionists believe that the process of communication is in itself the only messages that exist . The packaging can not be separated from the social and historical context from which it arose , therefore the substance to look at in communication theory is style for Richard Lanham and the performance of self for Erving Goffman . Lanham chose to view communication as the rival to the over encompassing use of CBS model ( which pursued to further the transmission model ) . CBS model argues that clarity , brevity , and sincerity are the only purpose to prose discourse , therefore communication . Lanham wrote : `` If words matter too , if the whole range of human motive is seen as animating prose discourse , then rhetoric analysis leads us to the essential questions about prose style '' ( Lanham 10 ) . This is saying that rhetoric and style are fundamentally important ; they are not errors to what we actually intend to transmit . The process which we construct and deconstruct meaning deserves analysis . Erving Goffman sees the performance of self as the most important frame to understand communication . Goffman wrote : `` What does seem to be required of the individual is that he learn enough pieces of expression to be able to ' fill in ' and manage , more or less , any part that he is likely to be given '' ( Goffman 73 ) , highlighting the significance of expression . The truth in both cases is the articulation of the message and the package as one . The construction of the message from social and historical context is the seed as is the pre-existing message is for the transmission model . Therefore , any look into communication theory should include the possibilities drafted by such great scholars as Richard A. Lanham and Goffman that style and performance is the whole process . Communication stands so deeply rooted in human behaviors and the structures of society that scholars have difficulty thinking of it while excluding social or behavioral events . Because communication theory remains a relatively young field of inquiry and integrates itself with other disciplines such as philosophy , psychology , and sociology , one probably can not yet expect a consensus conceptualization of communication across disciplines . Communication Model Terms as provided by Rothwell ( 11 - 15 ) : Noise ; interference with effective transmission and reception of a message . For example ; physical noise or external noise which are environmental distractions such as poorly heated rooms , startling sounds , appearances of things , music playing some where else , and someone talking really loudly near you . physiological noise are biological influences that distract you from communicating competently such as sweaty palms , pounding heart , butterfly in the stomach , induced by speech anxiety , or feeling sick , exhausted at work , the ringing noise in your ear , being really hungry , and if you have a runny nose or a cough . psychological noise are the preconception bias and assumptions such as thinking someone who speaks like a valley girl is dumb , or someone from a foreign country ca n't speak English well so you speak loudly and slowly to them . semantic noise are word choices that are confusing and distracting such as using the word tri-syllabic instead of three syllables . Sender ; the initiator and encoder of a message Receiver ; the one that receives the message ( the listener ) and the decoder of a message Decode ; translates the sender 's spoken idea / message into something the receiver understands by using their knowledge of language from personal experience . Encode ; puts the idea into spoken language while putting their own meaning into the word / message . Channel ; the medium through which the message travels such as through oral communication ( radio , television , phone , in person ) or written communication ( letters , email , text messages ) Feedback ; the receiver 's verbal and nonverbal responses to a message such as a nod for understanding ( nonverbal ) , a raised eyebrow for being confused ( nonverbal ) , or asking a question to clarify the message ( verbal ) . Message ; the verbal and nonverbal components of language that is sent to the receiver by the sender which conveys an idea . Humans act toward people or things on the basis of the meanings they assign to those people or things . - `` Language is the source of meaning '' . - Meaning arises out of the social interaction people have with each other . - Meaning is not inherent in objects but it is negotiated through the use of language , hence the term symbolic interactionism . As human beings , we have the ability to name things . Symbols , including names , are arbitrary signs . By talking with others , we ascribe meaning to words and develop a universe of discourse A symbol is a stimulus that has a learned / shared meaning and a value for people Significant symbols can be nonverbal as well as linguistic . - Negative responses can consequently reduce a person to nothing . - Our expectations evoke responses that confirm what we originally anticipated , resulting in a self - fulfilling prophecy . Linear ( edit ) It is a one to and way model to communicate with others . It consists of the sender encoding a message and channeling it to the receiver in the presence of noise . In this model there is no feedback which may allow for a continuous exchange of information . This form of communication is a one - way form of communication that does not involve any feedback or response , and noise . ( F.N.S. Palma , 1993 ) Interactive / convergence ( edit ) It is two linear models stacked on top of each other . The sender channels a message to the receiver and the receiver then becomes the sender and channels a message to the original sender . This model has added feedback , indicating that communication is not a one way but a two way process . It also has `` field of experience '' which includes our cultural background , ethnicity geographic location , extent of travel , and general personal experiences accumulated over the course of your lifetime . Draw backs -- there is feedback but it is not simultaneous . The Interactive Model . For example , -- instant messaging . The sender sends an IM to the receiver , then the original sender has to wait for the IM from the original receiver to react . Or a question / answer session where you just ask a question then you get an answer . Communication theory framework ( edit ) Main article : Theory of communication Communication theory can be seen from one of the following viewpoints : Mechanistic : This view considers communication as a perfect transaction of a message from the sender to the receiver . ( as seen in the diagram above ) Psychological : This view considers communication as the act of sending a message to a receiver , and the feelings and thoughts of the receiver upon interpreting the message . Social Constructionist ( Symbolic Interactionist ) : This view considers communication to be the product of the interactants sharing and creating meaning . The Constructionist View can also be defined as , how you say something determines what the message is . The Constructionist View assumes that `` truth '' and `` ideas '' are constructed or invented through the social process of communication . Robert T. Craig saw the Constructionist View or the constitutive view as it 's called in his article , as `` ... an ongoing process that symbolically forms and re-forms our personal identities . '' ( Craig , 125 ) . The other view of communication , the Transmission Model , sees communication as robotic and computer - like . The Transmission Model sees communication as a way of sending or receiving messages and the perfection of that . But , the Constructionist View sees communications as , `` ... in human life , info does not behave as simply as bits in an electronic stream . In human life , information flow is far more like an electric current running from one landmine to another '' ( Lanham , 7 ) . The Constructionist View is a more realistic view of communication because it involves the interacting of human beings and the free sharing of thoughts and ideas . Daniel Chandler looks to prove that the Transmission Model is a lesser way of communicating by saying `` The transmission model is not merely a gross over-simplification but a dangerously misleading representation of the nature of human communication '' ( Chandler , 2 ) . Humans do not communicate simply as computers or robots so that 's why it 's essential to truly understand the Constructionist View of Communication well . We do not simply send facts and data to one another , but we take facts and data and they acquire meaning through the process of communication , or through interaction with others . Systemic : This view considers communication to be the new messages created via `` through - put '' , or what happens as the message is being interpreted and re-interpreted as it travels through people . Critical : This view considers communication as a source of power and oppression of individuals and social groups . Inspection of a particular theory on this level will provide a framework on the nature of communication as seen within the confines of that theory . Theories can also be studied and organized according to the ontological , epistemological , and axiological framework imposed by the theorist . Ontology ( edit ) Ontology essentially poses the question of what , exactly , the theorist is examining . One must consider the very nature of reality . The answer usually falls in one of three realms depending on whether the theorist sees the phenomena through the lens of a realist , nominalist , or social constructionist . Realist perspective views the world objectively , believing that there is a world outside of our own experience and cognitions . Nominalists see the world subjectively , claiming that everything outside of one 's cognitions is simply names and labels . Social constructionists straddle the fence between objective and subjective reality , claiming that reality is what we create together . Epistemology ( edit ) Epistemology is an examination of the approaches and beliefs which inform particular modes of study of phenomena and domains of expertise . In positivist approaches to epistemology , objective knowledge is seen as the result of the empirical observation and perceptual experience . In the history of science , empirical evidence collected by way of pragmatic - calculation and the scientific method is believed to be the most likely to reflect truth in the findings . Such approaches are meant to predict a phenomenon . Subjective theory holds that understanding is based on situated knowledge , typically found using interpretative methodology such as ethnography and also interviews . Subjective theories are typically developed to explain or understand phenomena in the social world . Axiology ( edit ) Axiology is concerned with how values inform research and theory development . Most communication theory is guided by one of three axiological approaches . The first approach recognizes that values will influence theorists ' interests but suggests that those values must be set aside once actual research begins . Outside replication of research findings is particularly important in this approach to prevent individual researchers ' values from contaminating their findings and interpretations . The second approach rejects the idea that values can be eliminated from any stage of theory development . Within this approach , theorists do not try to divorce their values from inquiry . Instead , they remain mindful of their values so that they understand how those values contextualize , influence or skew their findings . The third approach not only rejects the idea that values can be separated from research and theory , but rejects the idea that they should be separated . This approach is often adopted by critical theorists who believe that the role of communication theory is to identify oppression and produce social change . In this axiological approach , theorists embrace their values and work to reproduce those values in their research and theory development . Some realms of communication and their theories ( edit ) message production : Constructivist Theory , Action Assembly Theory message processing : Elaboration Likelihood Model , Inoculation theory discourse and interaction : Speech Acts Theory , Coordinated Management of Meaning developing relationships : Uncertainty Reduction Theory , Social Penetration Theory , Predicted Outcome Value Theory ongoing relationships : Relational Systems Theory , Relational Dialectics organizational : Structuration Theory , Unobtrusive and Concertive Control Theory small group : Functional Theory , Symbolic Convergence Theory media processing and effects : Social Cognitive Theory , Uses and Gratifications Theory media and society : Agenda Setting , Information deficit model , Spiral of silence , Symbolic Convergence Theory culture : Speech Codes Theory , Face - saving Theory making social worlds : Coordinated Management of Meaning , Symbolic Interactionism science communication : Gateway Belief Model Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Shannon , C.E. , & Weaver , W. ( 1949 ) . The mathematical theory of communication . Urbana , Illinois : University of Illinois Press Jump up ^ Craig 1999 . Jump up ^ Chandler , Daniel ( 1994 ) . The Transmission Model of Communication . University of Western Australia . Retrieved 11.06. 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Berlo , D.K. ( 1960 ) . The process of communication . New York , New York : Holt , Rinehart , & Winston . Jump up ^ Schramm , W. ( 1954 ) . How communication works . In W. Schramm ( Ed . ) , The process and effects of communication ( pp. 3 - 26 ) . Urbana , Illinois : University of Illinois Press . Jump up ^ Barnlund , D.C. ( 2008 ) . A transactional model of communication . In . C.D. Mortensen ( Eds . ) , Communication theory ( 2nd ed. , pp47 - 57 ) . New Brunswick , New Jersey : Transaction . ^ Jump up to : Wark , McKenzie ( 1997 ) . The Virtual Republic . Allen & Unwin , St Leonards . Jump up ^ Littlejohn , S.W. and Foss , K.A. ( 2008 ) . Theories of human communication , 9th edition . Belmont , CA : Thomson Wadsworth . Jump up ^ Miller 2005 . Jump up ^ Miller 2005 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Miller 2005 , pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Miller 2005 , p. 31 . References ( edit ) Craig , Robert T. ( 1999 ) . `` Communication Theory as a Field '' . Communication Theory . 9 ( 2 ) : 119 -- 161 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 2885.1999. tb00355. x . ISSN 1050 - 3293 . Miller , Katherine ( 2005 ) . Communication Theories : Perspectives , Processes , and Contexts ( 2nd ed . ) . McGraw - Hill Higher Education . ISBN 0 - 07 - 293794 - 7 . ( hide ) Communication studies Topics and terminology Biocommunication Broadcasting Communication Computer - mediated communication Conversation History of communication Information Intercultural / Interpersonal / Intrapersonal communication Journalism Mass media Meaning Media ecology Meta - communication Models of communication New media Nonverbal communication Propaganda Reading Speech Symbol Telecommunication Text and conversation theory Writing Subfields Communication design Communication theory Communicology Crisis communication Cross-cultural communication Development communication Discourse analysis Environmental communication Health communication International communication Mass communication Media studies Mediated cross-border communication Organizational communication Political communication Risk communication Science communication Technical communication Visual communication Related fields Conversation analysis Critical theory Cultural studies Digital rhetoric Film criticism Heritage interpretation Journalism photojournalism Linguistics Philosophy of language Political science Pragmatics Public relations Rhetoric Semiotics Sociolinguistics Sociology of culture Theatre Scholars Adorno Barthes Bateson Benjamin Burke Castells Chomsky Craig Fisher Flusser Gerbner Goffman Habermas Horkheimer Huxley Innis Jakobson Janis Johnson Kincaid Lippman Luhmann Marcuse McLuhan Mead Morgan Ong Packard Peirce Postman Quebral Richards Rogers Schramm Tankard Tannen Wertheimer History Journals Organizations Outline Scholars Templates Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Models_of_communication&oldid=816036418 '' Categories : Communication Conceptual models Human behavior Linguistics Human communication Communication theory Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2011 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2006 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with minor POV problems Articles with minor POV problems from October 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch 한국어 मराठी Nederlands Norsk ភាសា ខ្មែរ Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 21 : 02 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Models%20of%20communication
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johnny johnny please don't cry you'll forget me by and by
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Do n't Cry , Joni
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don't cry, joni
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`` Do n't Cry , Joni '' ( or `` Do n't Cry Joni '' ) is a song written by Conway Twitty . He recorded it with his daughter Joni Twitty and released as a single in 1975 . The recording peaked at number 63 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart .
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Contents 1 Story of `` Do n't Cry Joni '' 2 Plot 3 Commercial performance 4 Composition and writing 5 Track listing 6 Cover versions 7 Charts 8 References 9 External links Story of `` Do n't Cry Joni '' ( edit ) `` Do n't Cry Joni '' is Twitty 's duet with his then 16 - year - old daughter , Joni Lee Jenkins . According to country music writer Tom Roland , Joni Lee had wanted -- after years of resistance -- to become an entertainer , and her father decided that allowing her to duet with him on the song ( which he had written years earlier ) might provide some encouragement . `` Do n't Cry Joni '' represented the only major hit by any of Twitty 's children ; two other children -- Kathy ( aka `` Jessica James '' ) and Mike ( aka `` Charlie Tango '' ) -- failed to achieve notable success . In addition , the song was one of just two non-Loretta Lynn duets in which Twitty had major success ( the other being a guest shot on Ronnie McDowell 's 1988 cover of `` It 's Only Make Believe . '' ) This `` B - side '' single began achieving its popularity at the end of the summer of 1975 , and eventually peaked at No. 4 that October . Its peak in popularity was unusual ; Roland noted that the popularity of most other two - sided hits usually happened concurrently . Plot ( edit ) The song 's plot is about a 15 - year - old girl ( Joni , sung by Joni Lee ) who develops a crush on a 22 - year - old neighbor of her family ( Jimmy , of which part was sung by the elder Twitty ) . Despite Joni begging in a love letter to Jimmy to `` please say you 'll wait for me '' so that they may someday get married , and pleading fidelity in the meantime ( `` Saving all my kisses just for you , signed with love forever true '' ) , Jimmy goes over to Joni 's house to explain their age differences and that he needs to find a suitable wife now . Joni is brought to tears with this realization . Later in the song , Jimmy moves away and tries to find the woman of his dreams , but Joni 's words ( `` Jimmy please say you 'll wait for me , I 'll grow up someday you 'll see '' ) are burned into his mind . Five years pass , and Jimmy realizes that Joni -- although seven years his junior -- may be the girl he was looking for all along . Jimmy decides to go back to his hometown , look up Joni and try to start a relationship ... only to realize his own heartbreak : Joni has married Jimmy 's best friend , John . Commercial performance ( edit ) On the week of December 20 , 1975 , the original version by Conway Twitty and his daughter entered the US Billboard Hot 100 It spent seven weeks on the chart , reaching its peak position of number 63 on the week of January 31 , 1976 . Composition and writing ( edit ) The song was written by Conway Twitty . The recording was produced by Owen Bradley . Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' single MCA Records MCA - 40407 ( 1975 , US ) , MCA - 60182 ( re-issue , US ) , MCA MI - 30293 ( 1975 ) A. `` Do n't Cry Joni '' ( 4 : 21 ) ( vocal accompaniment : Joni Twitty ) B. `` Touch the Hand '' ( 3 : 29 ) Promo 7 '' single MCA Records MCA - 40407 ( 1975 , US ) A. `` Do n't Cry Joni '' ( Long Version ) ( 4 : 21 ) ( vocal accompaniment : Joni Twitty ) B. `` Do n't Cry Joni '' ( Short Version ) ( 3 : 05 ) Cover versions ( edit ) German singer Gunter Gabriel translated the song into German and released it ( under the title `` Tina , weine nicht '' ) in 1980 in a duet with his daughter Yvonne . The song was also covered by Irish country singer Daniel O'Donnell with his sister Margo . Charts ( edit ) Charts ( 1975 -- 1976 ) Peak position US Biilboard Hot 100 63 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Conway Twitty - Do n't Cry Joni ( Vinyl ) at Discogs '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 10 . `` Conway Twitty - Do n't Cry Joni ( Vinyl ) at Discogs '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joni Lee Do n't Cry Joni Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Roland , Tom , `` The Billboard Book of Number One Country Hits '' ( Billboard Books , Watson - Guptill Publications , New York , 1991 ( ISBN 0 - 82 - 307553 - 2 ) ) , p. 146 - 147 Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 Chart ( the week of December 20 , 1975 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 Chart ( The week of January 31 , 1976 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` ultratop.be - Conway Twitty - Do n't Cry Joni '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Conway Twitty - Do n't Cry Joni ( Vinyl ) at Discogs '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` ultratop.be - Gunter Gabriel und Yvonne - Tina , weine nicht '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` GUNTER GABRIEL smago ! Serie `` Schlager - Rückblick `` vor 40 Jahren '' von Stephan Imming : Teil 24 - Gunter Gabriel ( ( `` Mit dem Hammer in der Hand ( Das Lied vom einfachen Mann ) ) '' ! `` . smago.de. 2015 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` RTÉ Irish Country Music Awards Extras : Daniel and Margo - Saturday 11 June 2016 - RTÉ Player '' . RTÉ . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` ultratop.be - Margo ( IE ) with Daniel O'Donnell - Do n't Cry Joni '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Conway Twitty -- `` Do n't Cry Joni '' ( single ) on Discogs Conway Twitty -- `` Do n't Cry Joni '' ( song ) on AllMusic Conway Twitty Studio albums Sings Saturday Night with Conway Twitty Lonely Blue Boy The Rock & Roll Story Chasin ' Rainbows Fallin ' for You for Years Borderline Still in Your Dreams House on Old Lonesome Road Crazy in Love Even Now Final Touches Collaboration albums We Only Make Believe Lead Me On Louisiana Woman , Mississippi Man Country Partners Dynamic Duo Compilation albums 25 Number Ones Notable singles `` It 's Only Make Believe '' `` Mona Lisa '' `` Danny Boy '' `` What Am I Living For '' `` Next in Line '' `` I Love You More Today '' `` To See My Angel Cry '' `` Hello Darlin ' '' `` Fifteen Years Ago '' `` How Much More Can She Stand '' `` I Ca n't See Me Without You '' `` ( Lost Her Love ) On Our Last Date '' `` I Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` She Needs Someone to Hold Her ( When She Cries ) '' `` You 've Never Been This Far Before '' `` There 's a Honky Tonk Angel ( Who 'll Take Me Back In ) '' `` I 'm Not Through Loving You Yet '' `` I See the Want To in Your Eyes '' `` Linda on My Mind '' `` Touch the Hand '' `` This Time I 've Hurt Her More Than She Loves Me '' `` After All the Good Is Gone '' `` The Games That Daddies Play '' `` I Ca n't Believe She Gives It All to Me '' `` Play Guitar Play '' `` I 've Already Loved You in My Mind '' `` Georgia Keeps Pulling on My Ring '' `` Boogie Grass Band '' `` Your Love Had Taken Me That High '' `` Do n't Take It Away '' `` I May Never Get to Heaven '' `` Happy Birthday Darlin ' '' `` I 'd Love to Lay You Down '' `` Rest Your Love on Me '' `` Tight Fittin ' Jeans '' `` Red Neckin ' Love Makin ' Night '' `` The Clown '' `` Slow Hand '' `` We Did But Now You Do n't '' `` The Rose '' `` We Had It All '' `` Lost in the Feeling '' `` Heartache Tonight '' `` Three Times a Lady '' `` Somebody 's Needin ' Somebody '' `` I Do n't Know a Thing About Love ( The Moon Song ) '' `` Ai n't She Somethin ' Else '' `` Do n't Call Him a Cowboy '' `` Between Blue Eyes and Jeans '' `` Desperado Love '' `` Fallin ' for You for Years '' `` Julia '' `` I Want to Know You Before We Make Love '' `` That 's My Job '' `` Goodbye Time '' `` Saturday Night Special '' `` I Wish I Was Still in Your Dreams '' `` She 's Got a Single Thing in Mind '' `` House on Old Lonesome Road '' `` Fit to Be Tied Down '' `` Crazy in Love '' `` I Could n't See You Leavin ' '' `` Rainy Night in Georgia '' Collaboration singles `` After the Fire Is Gone '' `` Lead Me On '' `` Louisiana Woman , Mississippi Man '' `` Feelins ' '' `` The Letter '' `` I Ca n't Love You Enough '' `` Making Believe '' `` Do n't Cry Joni '' Related articles Discography Discography with Loretta Lynn Joni Lee Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Cry,_Joni&oldid=810124972 '' Categories : 1975 songs 1975 singles Conway Twitty songs MCA Records singles Songs written by Conway Twitty Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 13 : 43 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%2527t%20Cry%2C%20Joni
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where does the last name gaspar come from
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Gaspar is a given and / or surname of French , German , Hungarian , Italian , Portuguese , and Spanish origin that could refer to :
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French , German , Hungarian , Italian , Portuguese , and Spanish origin
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Gaspar
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gaspar
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Gaspar is a given and / or surname of French , German , Hungarian , Italian , Portuguese , and Spanish origin that could refer to :
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Names 2 Places 3 In fiction 4 See also Names ( edit ) The original spelling of Casper ; a male 's given name Saint Caspar , the traditional name of one of the Wise Men in the Gospel of Matthew . The name of Arthur 's dog in Karl Pearson 's novelette `` The New Werther '' . ( `` Gaspar , faithful hound , who roved / Where'er his master went , beyond all else beloved . '' ) Roberto Luís Gaspar de Deus Severo , Portuguese footballer commonly known as Beto Álvaro Gaspar , former Portuguese footballer Alexandre - Pierre Gaspar , French information architect Alfredo Rodrigues Gaspar , Portuguese military officer and politician Boom Gaspar , American piano / keyboard / organ player Chuck Gaspar ( 1938 - 2009 ) , American special effects artist Eduardo César Gaspar , Brazilian footballer commonly known as Edu Enrique Gaspar y Rimbau , Spanish play - wright ( 1842 - 1902 ) Hugo Gaspar , Portuguese volleyball José Gaspar ( also known as Gasparilla ) , a mythical Spanish pirate supposedly based in southwest Florida during the late 17th and early 18th centuries Odirlei de Souza Gaspar , Brazilian footballer Rod Gaspar , former baseball player Gaspar Araújo , Portuguese long jumper Gaspar Azevedo , Portuguese footballer Gaspar Bergman , Canadian film director Gaspar Cassadó , Spanish cellist and musical composer Gaspar Corte - Real , Portuguese explorer Gaspar Flores de Abrego ( 1781 -- 1836 ) , Texan who fought alongside the colonists of Austin ; and San Antonio ruled four times ( 1819 , 1824 , 1829 and 1834 ) . Gaspar DiGregorio , Italian - American organized - crime figure Gaspar Fagel , 17th - century Dutch statesman Gaspar Fernandes , 16th - century Portuguese musical composer Gaspar Gálvez Burgos , Spanish footballer known simply as Gaspar Gaspar Méndez ( fl. 1546 ) , Spanish architect of Badajoz Gaspar Méndez de Haro , 7th Marquis of Carpio , 17th - century Spanish political figure Gaspar Milazzo , Italian - American organized - crime figure Gaspar Noé , French filmmaker Gaspar de Portolà , Spanish soldier then governor Gaspar Saladino , longtime comic book letterer and logo designer Gaspar Sanz ( 1640 -- 1710 ) , Aragonese baroque composer , guitarist , organist and priest . Manuel Gaspar Haro , Spanish footballer Gaspar Yanga , Leader of successful slave revolt in Mexico 1570 Places ( edit ) Gaspar , Santa Catarina , a town in Brazil Gaspar , Cuba Gaşpar , Moldova Gaspar , Gaspra or Gasparalı Gaspar Strait , a waterway in Indonesia In fiction ( edit ) Gaspar , a character in Chrono Trigger a Muppet character in Barrio Sesamo one of the spells in the `` Zork '' series the name of a Buddhist monk who Joshua ( Jesus Christ ) visits in his quest to learn the Divine spark in the book Lamb : The Gospel According to Biff , Christ 's Childhood Pal by Christopher Moore . one of three components of the MAGI supercomputer from the anime Neon Genesis Evangelion A planet in the Ratchet & Clank series , normally the first Ratchet & Clank game Gaspar one of the three Magi mentioned in the famous novel Ben - Hur : A Tale of the Christ by Lew Wallace . One of the The Simpsons ' cartoon characters name in the Spanish version of The Simpsons - Jasper . Gaspar , a character in the 2012 novel Unholy Night by Seth Grahame - Smith Gaspar de la Croix , A templar agent in Assassin 's Creed Brotherhood . The title character in Joseph Conrad 's story Gaspar Ruiz See also ( edit ) Gaspard ( disambiguation ) This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Gaspar . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaspar&oldid=788359186 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories : All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Deutsch Español Français Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2017 , at 00 : 17 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar
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when did the us involvement in vietnam end
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The Vietnam War ( Vietnamese : Chiến tranh Việt Nam ) , also known as the Second Indochina War , and known in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America ( Vietnamese : Kháng chiến chống Mỹ ) or simply the American War , was a war that occurred in Vietnam , Laos , and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975 . It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam . The North Vietnamese army was supported by the Soviet Union , China and other communist allies and the South Vietnamese army was supported by the United States , South Korea , Australia , Thailand and other anti-communist allies . The war is therefore considered a Cold War - era proxy war .
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30 April 1975
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Vietnam War
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vietnam war
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North Vietnamese victory
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Withdrawal of American - led forces from Indochina Communist governments take power in South Vietnam , Cambodia and Laos South Vietnam is annexed by North Vietnam Territorial changes Reunification of North and South Vietnam into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam . Belligerents South Vietnam United States South Korea Thailand Australia Philippines New Zealand Khmer Republic Kingdom of Laos Military support : Republic of China Other support ( show ) Malaysia Spain Canada Iran West Germany Brazil Japan North Vietnam Viet Cong Khmer Rouge Pathet Lao People 's Republic of China North Korea Military support : Soviet Union Cuba Other support ( show ) Czechoslovakia Bulgaria East Germany Romania Poland Hungary Sweden Commanders and leaders Ngô Đình Diệm † Nguyễn Văn Thiệu Nguyễn Cao Kỳ Cao Văn Viên Ngô Quang Trưởng John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson Richard Nixon Gerald Ford Robert McNamara William Westmoreland Creighton Abrams Frederick C. Weyand Park Chung - hee Thanom Kittikachorn Robert Menzies Harold Holt John McEwen John Gorton William McMahon Ferdinand Marcos Keith Holyoake Jack Marshall Norman Kirk ... and others Ho Chi Minh Lê Duẩn Võ Nguyên Giáp Văn Tiến Dũng Lê Trọng Tấn Phạm Văn Đồng Hoàng Văn Thái Trần Văn Trà Nguyễn Văn Linh Nguyễn Hữu Thọ ... and others Strength ≈ 1,830,000 ( 1968 ) South Vietnam : 850,000 ( 1968 ) 1,500,000 ( 1974 -- 75 ) United States : 543,000 ( April 1969 ) South Korea : 50,003 Thailand : 11,586 Australia : 7,672 Philippines : 2,061 New Zealand : 552 ≈ 461,000 North Vietnam : 287,465 ( January 1968 ) Viet Cong : 108,000 -- 114,000 ( estimated in 1964 ) China : 170,000 ( 1965 -- 69 ) North Korea : 200 Casualties and losses South Vietnam 195,000 -- 430,000 civilian dead 220,357 -- 313,000 military dead 1,170,000 wounded United States 58,318 dead ; 303,644 wounded ( including 150,341 not requiring hospital care ) South Korea 5,099 dead ; 10,962 wounded ; 4 missing Australia 521 dead ; 3,129 wounded Thailand 351 dead ; 1,358 wounded New Zealand 37 dead ; 187 wounded Republic of China 25 dead ; Philippines 9 dead ; 64 wounded Total dead : 479,668 -- 807,311 Total wounded : ≈ 1,340,000 + North Vietnam & Viet Cong 65,000 civilian dead 444,000 -- 1,100,000 military dead or missing 600,000 + wounded China ≈ 1,100 dead and 4,200 wounded North Korea 14 dead Total dead : 510,114 -- 1,166,114 Total wounded : ≈ 604,200 Vietnamese civilian dead : 627,000 -- 2,000,000 Vietnamese total dead : 966,000 -- 3,812,000 Cambodian Civil War dead : 240,000 -- 300,000 * Laotian Civil War dead : 20,000 -- 62,000 * Non-Indochinese military dead ( sum ) : 65,425 Total dead ( sum ) : 1,291,425 -- 4,211,451 For more information see Vietnam War casualties and Aircraft losses of the Vietnam War * indicates approximations , see Casualties below Indochina Wars Masterdom First Second Laotian Civil War Cambodian Civil War Third Cambodian - Vietnamese Cambodian - Thai border Sino - Vietnamese border conflicts Hmong insurgency FULRO insurgency against Vietnam Military engagements of the Vietnam War Guerrilla phase Laos Chopper Sunrise 1st Ap Bac Go Cong Hiep Hoa 34A Long Dinh Kien Long Quyet Thang 202 Bien Hoa Airbase USNS Card Nam Dong An Lao Binh Gia Camp Holloway Song Be Ba Gia Dong Xoai Ka Nak Deo Nhong American intervention Nui Thanh Chu Lai Starlite Piranha An Ninh Plei Me Marble Mountain Minh Thanh Hump Dong Duong Cam Khe Gang Toi 1st Bau Bang Bushmaster II Ia Drang Crimp Masher / White Wing Bong Son Suoi Bong Trang Kim Son Valley New York Cocoa Beach Utah A Shau Oregon Texas Ha Vy Birmingham Xa Cam My Davy Crockett Paul Revere Crazy Horse El Paso Hawthorne Hill 488 1st Dong Ha Wahiawa Hastings Minh Thanh Road Prairie Colorado Duc Co Long Tan Amarillo Thayer Attleboro Irving Tan Son Nhut airbase Lam Son II Firebase Bird SS Baton Rouge Victory Shenandoah Paul Revere IV Thayer II Deckhouse V Cedar Falls Tuscaloosa Desoto Tra Binh Dong Sam Houston Bribie Junction City ( 1st Prek Klok 2nd Prek Klok Ap Gu Suoi Tre 2nd Bau Bang ) Francis Marion Beaver Cage Union The Hill Fights 1st Con Thien Malheur I and Malheur II Baker Nine Days in May Union II Vinh Huy Concordia Buffalo 2nd Con Thien Hong Kil Dong Suoi Chau Pha Swift Dong Son Wheeler / Wallowa 3rd Con Thien Medina Ong Thanh 1st Loc Ninh Kingfisher Kentucky Lancaster 1st Dak To Tam Quan Thom Tham Khe Phoenix Vuon Dieu - Bau Nau Auburn 1968 New Year 's Day Battle of 1968 Khe Sanh Coburg Tet Offensive 1st Saigon Hue 1st Quảng Trị Ban Houei Sane Lang Vei Lima Site 85 My Lai Massacre Pegasus Toan Thang I Scotland II Delaware 2nd Dong Ha Allen Brook May ' 68 Kham Duc Coral -- Balmoral Mameluke Thrust Robin Duc Lap Maui Peak Meade River Speedy Express Drawdown 1969 -- 71 Bold Mariner Dewey Canyon Taylor Common 2nd Tet Purple Martin Massachusetts Striker Maine Crag Montana Mauler Oklahoma Hills Virginia Ridge Apache Snow Hamburger Hill Twinkletoes Binh Ba LZ Kate Bu Prang Texas Star Chicago Peak FSB Ripcord 1st Cambodia Kompong Speu Prey Veng 2nd Cambodia Snuol Tailwind Jefferson Glenn Hat Dich Lam Son 719 Son Tay Raid Chenla I Chenla II FSB Mary Ann Long Khanh Nui Le Easter Offensive 2nd Quang Trị 3rd Quang Trị 2nd Loc Ninh An Lộc 3rd Dong Ha 2nd Dak To Kontum Thunderhead Post-Paris Peace Accords ( 1973 -- 1974 ) Cửa Việt Ap Da Bien Svay Rieng Iron Triangle Thượng Đức Spring ' 75 Phuoc Long Ban Me Thuot Hue -- Da Nang Phan Rang Xuân Lộc Newport Bridge Rach Chiec Bridge 2nd Saigon Air operations Farm Gate Chopper Ranch Hand Pierce Arrow Barrel Roll Pony Express Flaming Dart Iron Hand Rolling Thunder Steel Tiger Arc Light Tiger Hound Shed Light Thanh Hoa Bolo Popeye Yen Vien Niagara Niagara II 1st Do Luong 2nd Do Luong Igloo White Giant Lance Commando Hunt Menu Patio Freedom Deal Linebacker I Enhance Plus Linebacker II Homecoming Tan Son Nhut Air Base Babylift New Life Eagle Pull Frequent Wind Naval operations Yankee & Dixie Stations Gulf of Tonkin Market Time Vung Ro Bay Game Warden Double Eagle PIRAZ Sea Dragon Deckhouse Five Bo De River , Nha Trang , Tha Cau River Sealords Đồng Hới Pocket Money Custom Tailor End Sweep Paracel Islands East Sea Mayaguez incident The Vietnam War ( Vietnamese : Chiến tranh Việt Nam ) , also known as the Second Indochina War , and known in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America ( Vietnamese : Kháng chiến chống Mỹ ) or simply the American War , was a war that occurred in Vietnam , Laos , and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975 . It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam . The North Vietnamese army was supported by the Soviet Union , China and other communist allies and the South Vietnamese army was supported by the United States , South Korea , Australia , Thailand and other anti-communist allies . The war is therefore considered a Cold War - era proxy war . The Viet Cong ( also known as the National Liberation Front , or NLF ) , a South Vietnamese communist common front aided by the North , fought a guerrilla war against anti-communist forces in the region , while the People 's Army of Vietnam , also known as the North Vietnamese Army ( NVA ) , engaged in more conventional warfare , at times committing large units to battle . As the war continued , the military actions of the Viet Cong decreased as the role and engagement of the NVA grew . U.S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations , involving ground forces , artillery , and airstrikes . In the course of the war , the U.S. conducted a large - scale strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam . The North Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong were fighting to reunify Vietnam . They viewed the conflict as a colonial war and a continuation of the First Indochina War against forces from France and later on the United States . The U.S. government viewed its involvement in the war as a way to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam . This was part of the domino theory of a wider containment policy , with the stated aim of stopping the spread of communism . Beginning in 1950 , American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina . U.S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s , with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962 . U.S. involvement escalated further following the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident , in which a U.S. destroyer clashed with North Vietnamese fast attack craft , which was followed by the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution , which gave the U.S. president authorization to increase U.S. military presence . Regular U.S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965 . Operations crossed international borders : bordering areas of Laos and Cambodia were heavily bombed by U.S. forces as American involvement in the war peaked in 1968 , the same year that the communist side launched the Tet Offensive . The Tet Offensive failed in its goal of overthrowing the South Vietnamese government , but became the turning point in the war , as it persuaded a large segment of the U.S. population that its government 's claims of progress toward winning the war were illusory despite many years of massive U.S. military aid to South Vietnam . Gradual withdrawal of U.S. ground forces began as part of `` Vietnamization '' , which aimed to end American involvement in the war while transferring the task of fighting the communists to the South Vietnamese themselves . Despite the Paris Peace Accord , which was signed by all parties in January 1973 , the fighting continued . In the U.S. and the Western world , a large anti-Vietnam War movement developed as part of a larger counterculture . The war changed the dynamics between the Eastern and Western Blocs , and altered North -- South relations . Direct U.S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973 . The capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese Army in April 1975 marked the end of the war , and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year . The war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities ( see Vietnam War casualties ) . Estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3.8 million . Some 240,000 -- 300,000 Cambodians , 20,000 -- 62,000 Laotians , and 58,220 U.S. service members also died in the conflict , and a further 1,626 remain missing in action . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names for the war 2 Background to 1949 3 Exit of the French , 1950 -- 54 4 Transition period 5 Diệm era , 1955 -- 63 5.1 Rule 5.2 Insurgency in the South , 1954 -- 60 5.2. 1 North Vietnamese involvement 6 Kennedy 's escalation , 1961 -- 63 6.1 Ousting and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm 7 Johnson 's escalation , 1963 -- 69 7.1 Escalation and ground war 7.2 Tet Offensive 8 Vietnamization , 1969 -- 72 8.1 Nixon Doctrine / Vietnamization 8.2 Cambodia and Laos 8.3 1972 election and Paris Peace Accords 9 Opposition to U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War : 1962 -- 1973 10 Exit of the Americans : 1973 -- 75 10.1 Campaign 275 10.2 Final North Vietnamese offensive 10.3 Fall of Saigon 11 Other countries ' involvement 11.1 Pro-Hanoi 11.1. 1 People 's Republic of China 11.1. 2 Soviet Union 11.1. 3 North Korea 11.1. 4 Cuba 11.2 Pro-Saigon 11.2. 1 South Korea 11.2. 2 Australia and New Zealand 11.2. 3 Philippines 11.2. 4 Thailand 11.2. 5 Republic of China ( Taiwan ) 11.2. 6 Brazil 11.3 Canada and the ICC 12 United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races ( FULRO ) 13 War crimes 13.1 Allied war crimes 13.2 North Vietnamese , Viet Cong , and Khmer Rouge war crimes 14 Women in the Vietnam War 14.1 American nurses 14.2 Vietnamese women 15 Black servicemen in Vietnam 16 Weapons 16.1 Radio communications 16.2 Extent of U.S. bombing 17 Aftermath 17.1 Events in Southeast Asia 17.2 Effect on the United States 17.3 Impact on the U.S. military 17.4 Effects of U.S. chemical defoliation 17.5 Casualties 17.6 In popular culture 18 See also 19 Annotations 20 Notes 21 References 21.1 Secondary sources 21.2 Primary sources 21.3 Historiography 22 External links Names for the War Further information : Terminology of the Vietnam War Various names have been applied to the conflict . Vietnam War is the most commonly used name in English . It has also been called the Second Indochina War and the Vietnam Conflict . As there have been several conflicts in Indochina , this particular conflict is known by the names of its primary protagonists to distinguish it from others . In Vietnamese , the war is generally known as Kháng chiến chống Mỹ ( Resistance War Against America ) , but less formally as ' Cuộc chiến tranh Mỹ ' ( The American War ' ) . It is also called Chiến tranh Việt Nam ( The Vietnam War ) . The primary military organizations involved in the war were , on one side , the Army of the Republic of Vietnam ( ARVN ) and the U.S. military , and , on the other side , the People 's Army of Vietnam ( PAVN ) ( more commonly called the North Vietnamese Army , or NVA , in English - language sources ) , and the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam ( NLF , more commonly known as the Viet Cong in English language sources ) , a South Vietnamese communist guerrilla force . Background to 1949 See also : History of Vietnam , Cochinchina Campaign , Cần Vương , Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng , Yên Bái mutiny , Vietnam during World War II , War in Vietnam ( 1945 -- 46 ) , 1940 -- 46 in the Vietnam War , and 1947 -- 50 in the Vietnam War France began its conquest of Indochina in the late 1850s , and completed pacification by 1893 . The 1884 Treaty of Huế formed the basis for French colonial rule in Vietnam for the next seven decades . In spite of military resistance , most notably by the Cần Vương of Phan Đình Phùng , by 1888 the area of the current - day nations of Cambodia and Vietnam was made into the colony of French Indochina ( Laos was later added to the colony ) . Various Vietnamese opposition movements to French rule existed during this period , such as the Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng who staged the failed Yên Bái mutiny in 1930 , but none were ultimately as successful as the Viet Minh common front , which was founded in 1941 , controlled by the Indochinese Communist Party , and funded by the U.S. and the Chinese Nationalist Party in its fight against Imperial Japanese occupation . In 1940 , during World War II , the French were defeated by the Germans . The French State ( commonly known as Vichy France ) was established as a client state of Nazi Germany . The French colonial authorities , in French Indochina , sided with the Vichy regime . In September 1940 , Japan invaded Indochina . Following the cessation of fighting and the beginning of the Imperial Japanese occupation , the French colonial authorities collaborated with the Japanese . The French continued to run affairs in Indochina , but ultimate power resided in the hands of the Imperial Japanese . The Viet Minh was founded as a league for independence from France , but also opposed Japanese occupation in 1945 for the same reason . The U.S. and Chinese Nationalist Party supported them in the fight against the Imperial Japanese . However , they did not have enough power to fight actual battles at first . Viet Minh leader Ho Chi Minh was suspected of being a communist and jailed for a year by the Chinese Nationalist Party . Double occupation by France and Japan continued until the German forces were expelled from France and the French Indochina colonial authorities started holding secret talks with the Free French . Fearing that they could no longer trust the French authorities , the Imperial Japanese military interned the French authorities and troops on 9 March 1945 and created the puppet Empire of Vietnam state , under Bảo Đại instead . During 1944 -- 1945 , a deep famine struck northern Vietnam due to a combination of bad weather and French / Japanese exploitation ( French Indochina had to supply grains to Japan ) . Between 400,000 and 2 million people died of starvation ( out of a population of 10 million in the affected area ) . Exploiting the administrative gap that the internment of the French had created , the Viet Minh in March 1945 urged the population to ransack rice warehouses and refuse to pay their taxes . Between 75 and 100 warehouses were consequently raided . This rebellion against the effects of the famine and the authorities that were partially responsible for it bolstered the Viet Minh 's popularity and they recruited many members during this period . On 22 August 1945 , following the Imperial Japanese surrender , OSS agents Archimedes Patti and Carleton B. Swift Jr. arrived in Hanoi on a mercy mission to liberate allied POWs and were accompanied by Jean Sainteny , a French government official . The Japanese forces informally surrendered ( the official surrender took place on 2 September 1945 in Tokyo Bay ) but being the only force capable of maintaining law and order the Imperial Japanese military remained in power while keeping French colonial troops and Sainteny detained . During August the Imperial Japanese forces remained inactive as the Viet Minh and other nationalist groups took over public buildings and weapons , which began the August Revolution . OSS officers met repeatedly with Ho Chi Minh and other Viet Minh officers during this period and on 2 September 1945 Ho Chi Minh declared the independent Democratic Republic of Vietnam before a crowd of 500,000 in Hanoi . In an overture to the Americans , he began his speech by paraphrasing the United States Declaration of Independence : `` All men are created equal . The Creator has given us certain inviolable Rights : the right to Life , the right to be Free , and the right to achieve Happiness . '' The Viet Minh took power in Vietnam in the August Revolution . The Viet Minh , downplaying their Communist agenda and stressing nationalism enjoyed large popular support ( Vietnamese independence being popular at the time ) , although Arthur J. Dommen cautions against a `` romanticized view '' of their success : `` The Viet Minh use of terror was systematic .... the party had drawn up a list of those to be liquidated without delay . '' After their defeat in the war , the Imperial Japanese Army ( IJA ) gave weapons to the Vietnamese , and kept Vichy French officials and military officers imprisoned for a month after the surrender . The Viet Minh had recruited more than 600 Imperial Japanese soldiers and given them roles to train or command Vietnamese soldiers . An Imperial Japanese naval officer surrenders his sword to a British lieutenant in Saigon on 13 September 1945 . However , the major allied victors of World War II , the United Kingdom , the United States , and the Soviet Union , all agreed the area belonged to the French . As the French did not have the means to immediately retake Vietnam , the major powers came to an agreement that British troops would occupy the south while Nationalist Chinese forces would move in from the north . Nationalist Chinese troops entered the country to disarm Imperial Japanese troops north of the 16th parallel on 14 September 1945 . When the British landed in the south , they rearmed the interned French forces as well as parts of the surrendered Imperial Japanese forces to aid them in retaking southern Vietnam , as they did not have enough troops to do this themselves . On the urging of the Soviet Union , Ho Chi Minh initially attempted to negotiate with the French , who were slowly re-establishing their control across the area . In January 1946 , the Viet Minh won elections across central and northern Vietnam . On 6 March 1946 , Ho signed an agreement allowing French forces to replace Nationalist Chinese forces , in exchange for French recognition of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam as a `` free '' republic within the French Union , with the specifics of such recognition to be determined by future negotiation . The French landed in Hanoi by March 1946 and in November of that year they ousted the Viet Minh from the city . British forces departed on 26 March 1946 , leaving Vietnam in the hands of the French . Soon thereafter , the Viet Minh began a guerrilla war against the French Union forces , beginning the First Indochina War . The war spread to Laos and Cambodia , where communists organized the Pathet Lao and the Khmer Serei , both of which were modeled on the Viet Minh . Globally , the Cold War began in earnest , which meant that the rapprochement that existed between the Western powers and the Soviet Union during World War II disintegrated . The Viet Minh fight was hampered by a lack of weapons ; this situation changed by 1949 when the Chinese Communists had largely won the Chinese Civil War and were free to provide arms to their Vietnamese allies . Exit of the French , 1950 -- 54 Main articles : First Indochina War , Operation Vulture , Operation Passage to Freedom , and 1954 in the Vietnam War In January 1950 , the People 's Republic of China and the Soviet Union recognized the Viet Minh 's Democratic Republic of Vietnam , based in Hanoi , as the legitimate government of Vietnam . The following month the United States and Great Britain recognized the French - backed State of Vietnam in Saigon , led by former Emperor Bảo Đại , as the legitimate Vietnamese government . The outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 convinced many Washington policymakers that the war in Indochina was an example of communist expansionism directed by the Soviet Union . French soldiers fight off a Viet Minh ambush in 1952 . Military advisors from the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) began assisting the Viet Minh in July 1950 . PRC weapons , expertise , and laborers transformed the Viet Minh from a guerrilla force into a regular army . In September 1950 , the United States created a Military Assistance and Advisory Group ( MAAG ) to screen French requests for aid , advise on strategy , and train Vietnamese soldiers . By 1954 , the United States had supplied 300,000 small arms and spent US $1 billion in support of the French military effort , shouldering 80 percent of the cost of the war . There were also talks between the French and Americans in which the possible use of three tactical nuclear weapons was considered , though reports of how seriously this was considered and by whom are even now vague and contradictory . One version of the plan for the proposed Operation Vulture envisioned sending 60 B - 29s from U.S. bases in the region , supported by as many as 150 fighters launched from U.S. Seventh Fleet carriers , to bomb Viet Minh commander Võ Nguyên Giáp 's positions . The plan included an option to use up to three atomic weapons on the Viet Minh positions . Admiral Arthur W. Radford , Chairman of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff , gave this nuclear option his backing . U.S. B - 29s , B - 36s , and B - 47s could have executed a nuclear strike , as could carrier aircraft from the Seventh Fleet . U.S. carriers sailed to the Gulf of Tonkin , and reconnaissance flights over Điện Biên Phủ were conducted during the negotiations . According to U.S. Vice-President Richard Nixon , the plan involved the Joint Chiefs of Staff drawing up plans to use three small tactical nuclear weapons in support of the French . Nixon , a so - called `` hawk '' on Vietnam , suggested that the United States might have to `` put American boys in '' . U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower made American participation contingent on British support , but they were opposed to such a venture . In the end , convinced that the political risks outweighed the possible benefits , Eisenhower decided against the intervention . Eisenhower was a five - star general . He was wary of getting the United States involved in a land war in Asia . The Viet Minh received crucial support from the Soviet Union and PRC . PRC support in the Border Campaign of 1950 allowed supplies to come from the PRC into Vietnam . Throughout the conflict , U.S. intelligence estimates remained skeptical of French chances of success . The Battle of Dien Bien Phu marked the end of French involvement in Indochina . Giap 's Viet Minh forces handed the French a stunning military defeat , and on 7 May 1954 , the French Union garrison surrendered . At the Geneva Conference , the French negotiated a ceasefire agreement with the Viet Minh , and independence was granted to Cambodia , Laos , and Vietnam . Transition period Main articles : Geneva Conference ( 1954 ) ; Operation Passage to Freedom ; Battle of Saigon ( 1955 ) ; Ba Cụt ; State of Vietnam referendum , 1955 ; Land reform in Vietnam ; and Land reform in North Vietnam The Geneva Conference , 1954 Vietnam was temporarily partitioned at the 17th parallel , and under the terms of the Geneva Accords , civilians were to be given the opportunity to move freely between the two provisional states for a 300 - day period . Elections throughout the country were to be held in 1956 to establish a unified government . Around one million northerners , mainly minority Catholics , fled south , fearing persecution by the communists following an American propaganda campaign using slogans such as `` The Virgin Mary is heading south '' , and aided by a U.S. - funded $93 million relocation program , which included the use of the Seventh Fleet to ferry refugees . As many as two million more would have left had they not been stopped by the Viet Minh . The northern , mainly Catholic refugees were meant to give the later Ngô Đình Diệm regime a strong anti-communist constituency . Diệm later went on to staff his administration 's key posts mostly with northern and central Catholics . In addition to the Catholics flowing south , up to 130,000 `` Revolutionary Regroupees '' went to the north for `` regroupment '' , expecting to return to the south within two years . The Viet Minh left roughly 5,000 to 10,000 cadres in the south as a `` politico - military substructure within the object of its irredentism . '' The last French soldiers were to leave Vietnam in April 1956 . The PRC completed its withdrawal from North Vietnam at around the same time . Around 52,000 Vietnamese civilians moved from south to north . Between 1953 and 1956 , the North Vietnamese government instituted various agrarian reforms , including `` rent reduction '' and `` land reform '' , which resulted in significant political oppression . During the land reform , testimony from North Vietnamese witnesses suggested a ratio of one execution for every 160 village residents , which extrapolated nationwide would indicate nearly 100,000 executions . Because the campaign was concentrated mainly in the Red River Delta area , a lower estimate of 50,000 executions became widely accepted by scholars at the time . However , declassified documents from the Vietnamese and Hungarian archives indicate that the number of executions was much lower than reported at the time , although likely greater than 13,500 . In 1956 , leaders in Hanoi admitted to `` excesses '' in implementing this program and restored a large amount of the land to the original owners . The south , meanwhile , constituted the State of Vietnam , with Bảo Đại as Emperor and Ngô Đình Diệm ( appointed in July 1954 ) as his prime minister . Neither the United States government nor Ngô Đình Diệm 's State of Vietnam signed anything at the 1954 Geneva Conference . With respect to the question of reunification , the non-communist Vietnamese delegation objected strenuously to any division of Vietnam , but lost out when the French accepted the proposal of Viet Minh delegate Phạm Văn Đồng , who proposed that Vietnam eventually be united by elections under the supervision of `` local commissions '' . The United States countered with what became known as the `` American Plan '' , with the support of South Vietnam and the United Kingdom . It provided for unification elections under the supervision of the United Nations , but was rejected by the Soviet delegation . The United States said , `` With respect to the statement made by the representative of the State of Vietnam , the United States reiterates its traditional position that peoples are entitled to determine their own future and that it will not join in any arrangement which would hinder this '' . U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower wrote in 1954 , `` I have never talked or corresponded with a person knowledgeable in Indochinese affairs who did not agree that had elections been held as of the time of the fighting , possibly eighty percent of the population would have voted for the Communist Ho Chi Minh as their leader rather than Chief of State Bảo Đại . Indeed , the lack of leadership and drive on the part of Bảo Đại was a factor in the feeling prevalent among Vietnamese that they had nothing to fight for . '' According to the Pentagon Papers , however , from 1954 to 1956 `` Ngô Đình Diệm really did accomplish miracles '' in South Vietnam : `` It is almost certain that by 1956 the proportion which might have voted for Ho -- in a free election against Diệm -- would have been much smaller than eighty percent . '' In 1957 , independent observers from India , Poland , and Canada representing the International Control Commission ( ICC ) stated that fair , unbiased elections were not possible , with the ICC reporting that neither South nor North Vietnam had honored the armistice agreement From April to June 1955 , Diệm eliminated any political opposition in the south by launching military operations against two religious groups : the Cao Đài and Hòa Hảo of Ba Cụt . The campaign also focused on the Bình Xuyên organized crime group which was allied with members of the communist party secret police and had some military elements . As broad - based opposition to his harsh tactics mounted , Diệm increasingly sought to blame the communists . In a referendum on the future of the State of Vietnam on 23 October 1955 , Diệm rigged the poll supervised by his brother Ngô Đình Nhu and was credited with 98.2 percent of the vote , including 133 % in Saigon . His American advisors had recommended a more modest winning margin of `` 60 to 70 percent . '' Diệm , however , viewed the election as a test of authority . Three days later , he declared South Vietnam to be an independent state under the name Republic of Vietnam ( ROV ) , with himself as president . Likewise , Ho Chi Minh and other communist officials always won at least 99 % of the vote in North Vietnamese `` elections '' . The domino theory , which argued that if one country fell to communism , then all of the surrounding countries would follow , was first proposed as policy by the Eisenhower administration . John F. Kennedy , then a U.S. Senator , said in a speech to the American Friends of Vietnam : `` Burma , Thailand , India , Japan , the Philippines and obviously Laos and Cambodia are among those whose security would be threatened if the Red Tide of Communism overflowed into Vietnam . '' Diệm era , 1955 -- 63 Main articles : Ngô Đình Diệm and War in Vietnam ( 1954 -- 59 ) U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Secretary of State John Foster Dulles greet President Ngô Đình Diệm of South Vietnam in Washington , 8 May 1957 . Rule See also : Ngô Đình Diệm presidential visit to Australia A devout Roman Catholic , Diệm was fervently anti-communist , nationalist , and socially conservative . Historian Luu Doan Huynh notes that `` Diệm represented narrow and extremist nationalism coupled with autocracy and nepotism . '' The majority of Vietnamese people were Buddhist , and were alarmed by actions such as Diệm 's dedication of the country to the Virgin Mary . Beginning in the summer of 1955 , Diệm launched the `` Denounce the Communists '' campaign , during which communists and other anti-government elements were arrested , imprisoned , tortured , or executed . He instituted the death penalty against any activity deemed communist in August 1956 . According to Gabriel Kolko about 12,000 suspected opponents of Diệm were killed between 1955 and 1957 and by the end of 1958 an estimated 40,000 political prisoners had been jailed . In May 1957 , Diệm undertook a ten - day state visit to the United States . President Eisenhower pledged his continued support , and a parade was held in Diệm 's honor in New York City . Although Diệm was publicly praised , in private Secretary of State John Foster Dulles conceded that Diệm had been selected because there were no better alternatives . Former Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara wrote in Argument Without End ( 1999 ) that the new American patrons of the Republic of Vietnam ( ROV ) were almost completely ignorant of Vietnamese culture . They knew little of the language or long history of the country . There was a tendency to assign American motives to Vietnamese actions , though Diệm warned that it was an illusion to believe that blindly copying Western methods would solve Vietnamese problems . Insurgency in the South , 1954 -- 60 Main articles : Viet Cong and War in Vietnam ( 1959 -- 63 ) The Ho Chi Minh trail was used to supply the Viet Cong . Between 1954 and 1957 there was large - scale but disorganized dissidence in the countryside which the Diệm government succeeded in quelling . In early 1957 South Vietnam had its first peace in over a decade . However , by mid-1957 through 1959 incidents of violence increased but the government `` did not construe it as a campaign , considering the disorders too diffuse to warrant committing major GVN ( Government of Vietnam ) resources . '' By early 1959 however , Diệm considered it an organized campaign and implemented Law 10 / 59 , which made political violence punishable by death and property confiscation . There had been some division among former Viet Minh whose main goal was to hold the elections promised in the Geneva Accords , leading to `` wildcat '' activities separate from the other communists and anti-GVN activists . In December 1960 , the National Liberation Front ( NLF , a.k.a. the Viet Cong ) was formally created with the intent of uniting all anti-GVN activists , including non-communists . According to the Pentagon Papers , the Viet Cong `` placed heavy emphasis on the withdrawal of American advisors and influence , on land reform and liberalization of the GVN , on coalition government and the neutralization of Vietnam . '' Often the leaders of the organization were kept secret . The reason for the continued survival of the NLF was the class relations in the countryside . The vast majority of the population lived in villages in the countryside where the key issue was land reform . The Viet Minh had reduced rents and debts ; and had leased communal lands , mostly to the poorer peasants . Diem brought the landlords back to the villages . People who were farming land they held for years now had to return it to landlords and pay years of back rent . This rent collection was enforced by the South Vietnamese army . The divisions within villages reproduced those that had existed against the French : `` 75 percent support for the NLF , 20 percent trying to remain neutral and 5 percent firmly pro-government , '' North Vietnamese involvement See also : North Vietnamese invasion of Laos Sources disagree on whether North Vietnam played a direct role in aiding and organizing South Vietnamese rebels prior to 1960 . Kahin and Lewis assert : Contrary to United States policy assumptions , all available evidence shows that the revival of the civil war in the South in 1958 was undertaken by Southerners at their own -- not Hanoi 's -- initiative ... Insurgency activity against the Saigon government began in the South under Southern leadership not as a consequence of any dictate from Hanoi , but contrary to Hanoi 's injunctions . Similarly , historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr. states that `` it was not until September , 1960 that the Communist Party of North Vietnam bestowed its formal blessing and called for the liberation of the south from American imperialism '' . By contrast , James Olson and Randy Roberts assert that North Vietnam authorized a low - level insurgency in December 1956 . To counter the accusation that North Vietnam was violating the Geneva Accord , the independence of the Viet Cong was stressed in communist propaganda . In March 1956 , southern communist leader Lê Duẩn presented a plan to revive the insurgency entitled `` The Road to the South '' to the other members of the Politburo in Hanoi , but as both China and the Soviets opposed confrontation at this time , Lê Duẩn 's plan was rejected . However the North Vietnamese leadership approved tentative measures to revive the southern insurgency in December 1956 . Communist forces were under a single command structure set up in 1958 . The North Vietnamese Communist Party approved a `` people 's war '' on the South at a session in January 1959 and in May , Group 559 was established to maintain and upgrade the Ho Chi Minh trail , at this time a six - month mountain trek through Laos . About 500 of the `` regroupees '' of 1954 were sent south on the trail during its first year of operation . The first arms delivery via the trail was completed in August 1959 . About 40,000 communist soldiers infiltrated into the south from 1961 -- 63 . Kennedy 's escalation , 1961 -- 63 Main articles : Strategic Hamlet Program and Phạm Ngọc Thảo In the 1960 U.S. presidential election , Senator John F. Kennedy defeated incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon . Although Eisenhower warned Kennedy about Laos and Vietnam , Europe and Latin America `` loomed larger than Asia on his sights . '' In his inaugural address , Kennedy made the ambitious pledge to `` pay any price , bear any burden , meet any hardship , support any friend , oppose any foe , in order to assure the survival and success of liberty . '' In June 1961 , he bitterly disagreed with Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev when they met in Vienna to discuss key U.S. -- Soviet issues . Only 16 months later , the Cuban Missile Crisis ( 16 -- 28 October 1962 ) played out on television worldwide . It was the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full - scale nuclear war , and the U.S. raised the readiness level of Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) forces to DEFCON 2 . President 's news conference of 23 March 1961 The Kennedy administration remained essentially committed to the Cold War foreign policy inherited from the Truman and Eisenhower administrations . In 1961 , the U.S. had 50,000 troops based in Korea , and Kennedy faced a three - part crisis -- the failure of the Bay of Pigs Invasion , the construction of the Berlin Wall , and a negotiated settlement between the pro-Western government of Laos and the Pathet Lao communist movement . These crises made Kennedy believe that another failure on the part of the United States to gain control and stop communist expansion would fatally damage U.S. credibility with its allies and his own reputation . Kennedy was thus determined to `` draw a line in the sand '' and prevent a communist victory in Vietnam . He told James Reston of The New York Times immediately after his Vienna meeting with Khrushchev , `` Now we have a problem making our power credible and Vietnam looks like the place . '' In May 1961 , U.S. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson visited Saigon and enthusiastically declared Diệm the `` Winston Churchill of Asia . '' Asked why he had made the comment , Johnson replied , `` Diệm 's the only boy we got out there . '' Johnson assured Diệm of more aid in molding a fighting force that could resist the communists . Kennedy 's policy toward South Vietnam rested on the assumption that Diệm and his forces had to ultimately defeat the guerrillas on their own . He was against the deployment of American combat troops and observed that `` to introduce U.S. forces in large numbers there today , while it might have an initially favorable military impact , would almost certainly lead to adverse political and , in the long run , adverse military consequences . '' The quality of the South Vietnamese military , however , remained poor . Poor leadership , corruption , and political promotions all played a part in weakening the South Vietnamese Army ( ARVN ) . The frequency of guerrilla attacks rose as the insurgency gathered steam . While Hanoi 's support for the Viet Cong played a role , South Vietnamese governmental incompetence was at the core of the crisis . South Vietnam , Military Regions , 1967 One major issue Kennedy raised was whether the Soviet space and missile programs had surpassed those of the United States . Although Kennedy stressed long - range missile parity with the Soviets , he was also interested in using special forces for counterinsurgency warfare in Third World countries threatened by communist insurgencies . Although they were originally intended for use behind front lines after a conventional Soviet invasion of Europe , Kennedy believed that the guerrilla tactics employed by special forces such as the Green Berets would be effective in a `` brush fire '' war in Vietnam . Kennedy advisors Maxwell Taylor and Walt Rostow recommended that U.S. troops be sent to South Vietnam disguised as flood relief workers . Kennedy rejected the idea but increased military assistance yet again . In April 1962 , John Kenneth Galbraith warned Kennedy of the `` danger we shall replace the French as a colonial force in the area and bleed as the French did . '' By November 1963 , there were 16,000 American military personnel in South Vietnam , up from Eisenhower 's 900 advisors . The Strategic Hamlet Program was initiated in late 1961 . This joint U.S. - South Vietnamese program attempted to resettle the rural population into fortified camps . It was implemented in early 1962 and involved some forced relocation , village internment , and segregation of rural South Vietnamese into new communities where the peasantry would be isolated from Communist insurgents . It was hoped these new communities would provide security for the peasants and strengthen the tie between them and the central government . However , by November 1963 the program had waned , and it officially ended in 1964 . On 23 July 1962 , fourteen nations , including China , South Vietnam , the Soviet Union , North Vietnam and the United States , signed an agreement promising to respect the neutrality of Laos . Ousting and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm See also : Role of the United States in the Vietnam War § John F. Kennedy ( 1961 -- 1963 ) , 1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt , 1962 South Vietnamese Independence Palace bombing , Huế Phật Đản shootings , and Xá Lợi Pagoda raids Main articles : Cable 243 , Arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm , Buddhist crisis , Krulak Mendenhall mission , McNamara Taylor mission , 1963 South Vietnamese coup , and Reaction to the 1963 South Vietnamese coup The inept performance of the South Vietnamese army was exemplified by failed actions such as the Battle of Ap Bac on 2 January 1963 , in which a small band of Viet Cong won a battle against a much larger and better - equipped South Vietnamese force , many of whose officers seemed reluctant even to engage in combat . The Army of the Republic of Vietnam forces were led in that battle by Diệm 's most trusted general , Huỳnh Văn Cao , commander of the IV Corps . Cao was a Catholic who had been promoted due to religion and fidelity rather than skill , and his main job was to preserve his forces to stave off coups ; he had earlier vomited during a communist attack . Some policymakers in Washington began to conclude that Diệm was incapable of defeating the communists and might even make a deal with Ho Chi Minh . He seemed concerned only with fending off coups , and had become more paranoid after attempts in 1960 and 1962 , which he partly attributed to U.S. encouragement . As Robert F. Kennedy noted , `` Diệm would n't make even the slightest concessions . He was difficult to reason with ... '' As historian James Gibson summed up the situation : Strategic hamlets had failed ... The South Vietnamese regime was incapable of winning the peasantry because of its class base among landlords . Indeed , there was no longer a ' regime ' in the sense of a relatively stable political alliance and functioning bureaucracy . Instead , civil government and military operations had virtually ceased . The National Liberation Front had made great progress and was close to declaring provisional revolutionary governments in large areas . A US tank convoy during the Vietnam War Discontent with Diệm 's policies exploded following the Huế Phật Đản shootings of nine majority Buddhists who were protesting against the ban on the Buddhist flag on Vesak , the Buddha 's birthday . This resulted in mass protests against discriminatory policies that gave privileges to the Catholic Church and its adherents . Diệm 's elder brother Ngô Đình Thục was the Archbishop of Huế and aggressively blurred the separation between church and state . Thuc 's anniversary celebrations shortly before Vesak had been bankrolled by the government , and Vatican flags were displayed prominently . There had also been reports of Buddhist pagodas being demolished by Catholic paramilitaries throughout Diệm 's rule . Diệm refused to make concessions to the Buddhist majority or take responsibility for the deaths . On 21 August 1963 , the ARVN Special Forces of Colonel Lê Quang Tung , loyal to Diệm 's younger brother Ngô Đình Nhu , raided pagodas across Vietnam , causing widespread damage and destruction and leaving a death toll estimated to range into the hundreds . Kennedy and McNamara Ngô Đình Diệm after being shot and killed in the 1963 coup U.S. officials began discussing the possibility of a regime change during the middle of 1963 . The United States Department of State was generally in favor of encouraging a coup , while the Defense Department favored Diệm . Chief among the proposed changes was the removal of Diệm 's younger brother Nhu , who controlled the secret police and special forces and was seen as the man behind the Buddhist repression and more generally the architect of the Ngô family 's rule . This proposal was conveyed to the U.S. embassy in Saigon in Cable 243 . The Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) was in contact with generals planning to remove Diệm . They were told that the United States would not oppose such a move nor punish the generals by cutting off aid . President Diệm was overthrown and executed , along with his brother , on 2 November 1963 . When Kennedy was informed , Maxwell Taylor remembered that he `` rushed from the room with a look of shock and dismay on his face . '' He had not anticipated Diệm 's murder . The U.S. ambassador to South Vietnam , Henry Cabot Lodge , invited the coup leaders to the embassy and congratulated them . Ambassador Lodge informed Kennedy that `` the prospects now are for a shorter war '' . Kennedy wrote Lodge a letter congratulating him for `` a fine job '' . Following the coup , chaos ensued . Hanoi took advantage of the situation and increased its support for the guerrillas . South Vietnam entered a period of extreme political instability , as one military government toppled another in quick succession . Increasingly , each new regime was viewed by the communists as a puppet of the Americans ; whatever the failings of Diệm , his credentials as a nationalist ( as Robert McNamara later reflected ) had been impeccable . U.S military advisors were embedded at every level of the South Vietnamese armed forces . They were however criticized for ignoring the political nature of the insurgency . The Kennedy administration sought to refocus U.S. efforts on pacification and `` winning over the hearts and minds '' of the population . The military leadership in Washington , however , was hostile to any role for U.S. advisors other than conventional troop training . General Paul Harkins , the commander of U.S. forces in South Vietnam , confidently predicted victory by Christmas 1963 . The CIA was less optimistic , however , warning that `` the Viet Cong by and large retain de facto control of much of the countryside and have steadily increased the overall intensity of the effort '' . Paramilitary officers from the CIA 's Special Activities Division trained and led Hmong tribesmen in Laos and into Vietnam . The indigenous forces numbered in the tens of thousands and they conducted direct action missions , led by paramilitary officers , against the Communist Pathet Lao forces and their North Vietnamese supporters . The CIA also ran the Phoenix Program and participated in Military Assistance Command , Vietnam -- Studies and Observations Group ( MAC - V SOG ) , which was originally named the Special Operations Group , but was changed for cover purposes . Johnson 's escalation , 1963 -- 69 Main article : Joint warfare in South Vietnam , 1963 -- 69 Further information : Role of the United States in the Vietnam War § Americanization See also : Opposition to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War , Gulf of Tonkin incident , 1964 South Vietnamese coup , September 1964 South Vietnamese coup attempt , December 1964 South Vietnamese coup , and 1965 South Vietnamese coup A U.S. B - 66 Destroyer and four F - 105 Thunderchiefs dropping bombs on North Vietnam during Operation Rolling Thunder At the time Lyndon B. Johnson took over the presidency after the death of Kennedy , he had not been heavily involved with policy toward Vietnam , Presidential aide Jack Valenti recalls , `` Vietnam at the time was no bigger than a man 's fist on the horizon . We hardly discussed it because it was not worth discussing . '' Upon becoming president , however , Johnson immediately had to focus on Vietnam : on 24 November 1963 , he said , `` the battle against communism ... must be joined ... with strength and determination . '' The pledge came at a time when the situation in South Vietnam was deteriorating , especially in places like the Mekong Delta , because of the recent coup against Diệm . However , Johnson knew that he had inherited a rapidly deteriorating situation in South Vietnam , believing in the widely accepted arguments that were used for defending the South : Should they retreat or appease , either action would imperil other nations beyond the conflict . The military revolutionary council , meeting in lieu of a strong South Vietnamese leader , was made up of 12 members headed by General Dương Văn Minh -- whom Stanley Karnow , a journalist on the ground , later recalled as `` a model of lethargy '' . Lodge , frustrated by the end of the year , cabled home about Minh : `` Will he be strong enough to get on top of things ? '' His regime was overthrown in January 1964 by General Nguyễn Khánh . However , there was persistent instability in the military as several coups -- not all successful -- occurred in a short period of time . An alleged Viet Cong activist , captured during an attack on an American outpost near the Cambodian border , is interrogated . On 2 August 1964 , the USS Maddox , on an intelligence mission along North Vietnam 's coast , allegedly fired upon and damaged several torpedo boats that had been stalking it in the Gulf of Tonkin . A second attack was reported two days later on the USS Turner Joy and Maddox in the same area . The circumstances of the attack were murky . Lyndon Johnson commented to Undersecretary of State George Ball that `` those sailors out there may have been shooting at flying fish . '' The second attack led to retaliatory air strikes , prompted Congress to approve the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution on 7 August 1964 , signed by Johnson , and gave the president power to conduct military operations in Southeast Asia without declaring war . Although Congressmen at the time denied that this was a full - scale war declaration , the Tonkin Resolution allowed the president unilateral power to launch a full - scale war if the president deemed it necessary . In the same month , Johnson pledged that he was not `` committing American boys to fighting a war that I think ought to be fought by the boys of Asia to help protect their own land '' . An undated NSA publication declassified in 2005 , however , revealed that there was no attack on 4 August . It had already been called into question long before this . `` The Gulf of Tonkin incident '' , wrote Louise Gerdes , `` is an oft - cited example of the way in which Johnson misled the American people to gain support for his foreign policy in Vietnam . '' George C. Herring argues , however , that McNamara and the Pentagon `` did not knowingly lie about the alleged attacks , but they were obviously in a mood to retaliate and they seem to have selected from the evidence available to them those parts that confirmed what they wanted to believe . '' `` From a strength of approximately 5,000 at the start of 1959 the Viet Cong 's ranks grew to about 100,000 at the end of 1964 ... Between 1961 and 1964 the Army 's strength rose from about 850,000 to nearly a million men . '' The numbers for U.S. troops deployed to Vietnam during the same period were quite different ; 2,000 in 1961 , rising rapidly to 16,500 in 1964 . By early 1965 , 7,559 South Vietnamese hamlets had been destroyed by the Viet Cong . A Marine from 1st Battalion , 3rd Marines , moves an alleged Viet Cong activist to the rear during a search and clear operation held by the battalion 15 miles ( 24 km ) west of Da Nang Air Base . The National Security Council recommended a three - stage escalation of the bombing of North Vietnam . On 2 March 1965 , following an attack on a U.S. Marine barracks at Pleiku , Operation Flaming Dart ( initiated when Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin was on a state visit to North Vietnam ) , Operation Rolling Thunder and Operation Arc Light commenced . The bombing campaign , which ultimately lasted three years , was intended to force North Vietnam to cease its support for the Viet Cong by threatening to destroy North Vietnam 's air defenses and industrial infrastructure . As well , it was aimed at bolstering the morale of the South Vietnamese . Between March 1965 and November 1968 , `` Rolling Thunder '' deluged the north with a million tons of missiles , rockets and bombs . Bombing was not restricted to North Vietnam . Other aerial campaigns , such as Operation Commando Hunt , targeted different parts of the Viet Cong and NVA infrastructure . These included the Ho Chi Minh trail supply route , which ran through Laos and Cambodia . The objective of stopping North Vietnam and the Viet Cong was never reached . As one officer noted , `` This is a political war and it calls for discriminate killing . The best weapon ... would be a knife ... The worst is an airplane . '' The Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force Curtis LeMay , however , had long advocated saturation bombing in Vietnam and wrote of the communists that `` we 're going to bomb them back into the Stone Age '' . Escalation and ground War Play media Universal Newsreel film about an attack on U.S. air bases and the U.S. response , 1965 Peasants suspected of being Viet Cong under detention of U.S. army , 1966 Start of Tet Offensive as seen looking north from LZ Betty 's water tower , just south of Quang Tri City Heavily bandaged woman with a tag attached to her arm which reads `` VNC Female '' meaning Vietnamese civilian After several attacks upon them , it was decided that U.S. Air Force bases needed more protection as the South Vietnamese military seemed incapable of providing security . On 8 March 1965 , 3,500 U.S. Marines were dispatched to South Vietnam . This marked the beginning of the American ground war . U.S. public opinion overwhelmingly supported the deployment . In a statement similar to that made to the French almost two decades earlier , Ho Chi Minh warned that if the Americans `` want to make war for twenty years then we shall make war for twenty years . If they want to make peace , we shall make peace and invite them to afternoon tea . '' Some have argued that the policy of North Vietnam was not to topple other non-communist governments in South East Asia . The Marines ' initial assignment was defensive . The first deployment of 3,500 in March 1965 was increased to nearly 200,000 by December . The U.S. military had long been schooled in offensive warfare . Regardless of political policies , U.S. commanders were institutionally and psychologically unsuited to a defensive mission . In December 1964 , ARVN forces had suffered heavy losses at the Battle of Bình Giã , in a battle that both sides viewed as a watershed . Previously , communist forces had utilized hit - and - run guerrilla tactics . However , at Binh Gia , they had defeated a strong ARVN force in a conventional battle . Tellingly , South Vietnamese forces were again defeated in June 1965 at the Battle of Đồng Xoài . U.S. soldiers searching a village for Viet Cong Desertion rates were increasing , and morale plummeted . General William Westmoreland informed Admiral U.S. Grant Sharp Jr. , commander of U.S. Pacific forces , that the situation was critical . He said , `` I am convinced that U.S. troops with their energy , mobility , and firepower can successfully take the fight to the NLF ( National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam a.k.a. the Viet Cong ) '' . With this recommendation , Westmoreland was advocating an aggressive departure from America 's defensive posture and the sidelining of the South Vietnamese . By ignoring ARVN units , the U.S. commitment became open - ended . Westmoreland outlined a three - point plan to win the war : Phase 1 . Commitment of U.S. ( and other free world ) forces necessary to halt the losing trend by the end of 1965 . Phase 2 . U.S. and allied forces mount major offensive actions to seize the initiative to destroy guerrilla and organized enemy forces . This phase would end when the enemy had been worn down , thrown on the defensive , and driven back from major populated areas . Phase 3 . If the enemy persisted , a period of twelve to eighteen months following Phase 2 would be required for the final destruction of enemy forces remaining in remote base areas . The plan was approved by Johnson and marked a profound departure from the previous administration 's insistence that the government of South Vietnam was responsible for defeating the guerrillas . Westmoreland predicted victory by the end of 1967 . Johnson did not , however , communicate this change in strategy to the media . Instead he emphasized continuity . The change in U.S. policy depended on matching the North Vietnamese and the Viet Cong in a contest of attrition and morale . The opponents were locked in a cycle of escalation . The idea that the government of South Vietnam could manage its own affairs was shelved . Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin with U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson at the Glassboro Summit Conference where the two representatives discussed the possibilities of a peace settlement The one - year tour of duty of American soldiers deprived units of experienced leadership . As one observer noted `` we were not in Vietnam for 10 years , but for one year 10 times . '' As a result , training programs were shortened . South Vietnam was inundated with manufactured goods . As Stanley Karnow writes , `` the main PX ( Post Exchange ) , located in the Saigon suburb of Cholon , was only slightly smaller than the New York Bloomingdale 's ... '' The American buildup transformed the economy and had a profound effect on South Vietnamese society . A huge surge in corruption was witnessed . Washington encouraged its SEATO allies to contribute troops . Australia , New Zealand , South Korea , Thailand , and the Philippines all agreed to send troops . Major allies , however , notably NATO nations Canada and the United Kingdom , declined Washington 's troop requests . The U.S. and its allies mounted complex operations , such as operations Masher , Attleboro , Cedar Falls , and Junction City . However , the communist insurgents remained elusive and demonstrated great tactical flexibility . Meanwhile , the political situation in South Vietnam began to stabilize with the coming to power of prime minister Air Marshal Nguyễn Cao Kỳ and figurehead Chief of State , General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu , in mid-1965 at the head of a military junta . This ended a series of coups that had happened more than once a year . In 1967 , Thieu became president with Ky as his deputy , after rigged elections . Although they were nominally a civilian government , Ky was supposed to maintain real power through a behind - the - scenes military body . However , Thieu outmaneuvered and sidelined Ky by filling the ranks with generals from his faction . Thieu was also accused of murdering Ky loyalists through contrived military accidents . Thieu , mistrustful and indecisive , remained president until 1975 , having won a one - candidate election in 1971 . The Johnson administration employed a `` policy of minimum candor '' in its dealings with the media . Military information officers sought to manage media coverage by emphasizing stories that portrayed progress in the war . Over time , this policy damaged the public trust in official pronouncements . As the media 's coverage of the war and that of the Pentagon diverged , a so - called credibility gap developed . Tet offensive Main article : Tet Offensive A US `` tunnel rat '' soldier prepares to enter a Viet Cong tunnel . In late 1967 the Communists lured American forces into the hinterlands at Đắk Tô and at the Marine Khe Sanh combat base in Quảng Trị Province where the United States was more than willing to fight because it could unleash its massive firepower unimpeded by civilians . However , on 30 January 1968 , the NVA and the Viet Cong broke the truce that traditionally accompanied the Tết ( Lunar New Year ) holiday by launching the largest battle of the war , the Tet Offensive , in the hope of sparking a national uprising . Over 100 cities were attacked by over 85,000 enemy troops including assaults on General Westmoreland 's headquarters and the U.S. Embassy in Saigon . Although the U.S. and South Vietnamese forces were initially shocked by the scale of the urban offensive , they responded quickly and effectively , decimating the ranks of the Viet Cong . In the former capital city of Huế , the combined NVA and Viet Cong troops captured the Imperial Citadel and much of the city and massacred over 3,000 unarmed Huế civilians . In the following Battle of Huế American forces employed massive firepower that left 80 percent of the city in ruins . Further north , at Quảng Trị City , members of the 1st Cavalry Division and 1st ARVN Infantry Division killed more than 900 NVA and Vietcong troops in and around the city . In Saigon , 1,000 NLF ( Viet Cong ) fighters fought off 11,000 U.S. and ARVN troops for three weeks . U.S. Marines in Operation Allen Brook in 1968 Across South Vietnam , 1,100 Americans and other allied troops , 2,100 ARVN , 14,000 civilians , and 32,000 NVA and Viet Cong lay dead . But the Tet Offensive had another , unintended consequence . General Westmoreland had become the public face of the war . He had been named Time magazine 's 1965 's Man of the Year and eventually was featured on the magazine 's cover three times . Time described him as `` the sinewy personification of the American fighting man ... ( who ) directed the historic buildup , drew up the battle plans , and infused the ... men under him with his own idealistic view of U.S. aims and responsibilities . '' Six weeks after the Tet Offensive began , `` public approval of his overall performance dropped from 48 percent to 36 percent -- and , more dramatically , endorsement for his handling of the war fell from 40 percent to 26 percent . '' U.S. Marines fighting in Huế A few months earlier , in November 1967 , Westmoreland had spearheaded a public relations drive for the Johnson administration to bolster flagging public support . In a speech before the National Press Club he had said a point in the war had been reached `` where the end comes into view . '' Thus , the public was shocked and confused when Westmoreland 's predictions were trumped by Tet . The American media , which had until then been largely supportive of U.S. efforts , turned on the Johnson administration for what had become an increasing credibility gap . Although the Tet Offensive was a significant victory for allied forces , in terms of casualties and control of territory , it was a sound defeat when evaluated from the point of view of strategic consequences : it became a turning point in America 's involvement in the Vietnam War because it had a profound impact on domestic support for the conflict . Despite the military failure for the Communist forces , the Tet Offensive became a political victory for them and ended the career of president Lyndon B. Johnson , who declined to run for re-election as his approval rating slumped from 48 to 36 percent . As James Witz noted , Tet `` contradicted the claims of progress ... made by the Johnson administration and the military '' . The offensive constituted an intelligence failure on the scale of Pearl Harbor . Journalist Peter Arnett , in a disputed article , quoted an officer he refused to identify , saying of Bến Tre ( laid to rubble by U.S. attacks ) that `` it became necessary to destroy the village in order to save it '' . Viet Cong / NVA killed by U.S. Air Force personnel during a perimeter attack of Tan Son Nhut Air Base during the Tet Offensive Walter Cronkite said in an editorial , `` To say that we are closer to victory today is to believe , in the face of the evidence , the optimists who have been wrong in the past . To suggest we are on the edge of defeat is to yield to unreasonable pessimism . To say that we are mired in stalemate seems the only realistic , yet unsatisfactory , conclusion . '' Following Cronkite 's editorial report , President Lyndon Johnson is reported to have said , `` If I 've lost Cronkite , I 've lost Middle America . '' Westmoreland became Chief of Staff of the Army in March 1968 , just as all resistance was finally subdued . The move was technically a promotion . However , his position had become untenable because of the offensive and because his request for 200,000 additional troops had been leaked to the media . Westmoreland was succeeded by his deputy Creighton Abrams , a commander less inclined to public media pronouncements . On 10 May 1968 , despite low expectations , peace talks began between the United States and North Vietnam in Paris . Negotiations stagnated for five months , until Johnson gave orders to halt the bombing of North Vietnam . As historian Robert Dallek writes , `` Lyndon Johnson 's escalation of the war in Vietnam divided Americans into warring camps ... cost 30,000 American lives by the time he left office , ( and ) destroyed Johnson 's presidency ... '' His refusal to send more U.S. troops to Vietnam was seen as Johnson 's admission that the war was lost . In effect , Johnson found that the Vietnam War was no easier to prosecute than the Korean war , learning from experience that China was likely to intervene directly if Hanoi 's survival was threatened . Likewise , the Soviet Union would respond by providing more supplies and equipment to raise the cost for U.S. involvement , weakening their defenses in Europe and in the worse case trigger a nuclear confrontation . It can be seen that the refusal was a tacit admission that the war could not be won by escalation , at least not at a cost acceptable to the American people . As Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara noted , `` the dangerous illusion of victory by the United States was therefore dead . '' Vietnam was a major political issue during the United States presidential election in 1968 . The election was won by Republican party candidate Richard Nixon . Vietnamization , 1969 -- 72 Nixon Doctrine / Vietnamization Propaganda leaflet urging the defection of Viet Cong and North Vietnamese to the side of the Republic of Vietnam U.S. President Richard Nixon began troop withdrawals in 1969 . His plan , called the Nixon Doctrine , was to build up the ARVN , so that they could take over the defense of South Vietnam . The policy became known as `` Vietnamization '' . Nixon said in 1970 in an announcement , `` I am tonight announcing plans for the withdrawal of an additional 150,000 American troops to be completed during the spring of next year . This will bring a total reduction of 265,500 men in our armed forces in Vietnam below the level that existed when we took office 15 months ago . '' On 10 October 1969 , Nixon ordered a squadron of 18 B - 52s loaded with nuclear weapons to race to the border of Soviet airspace to convince the Soviet Union , in accord with the madman theory , that he was capable of anything to end the Vietnam War . Nixon also pursued negotiations . Theater commander Creighton Abrams shifted to smaller operations , aimed at communist logistics , with better use of firepower and more cooperation with the ARVN . Nixon also began to pursue détente with the Soviet Union and rapprochement with China . This policy helped to decrease global tensions . Détente led to nuclear arms reduction on the part of both superpowers . But Nixon was disappointed that China and the Soviet Union continued to supply the North Vietnamese with aid . In September 1969 , Ho Chi Minh died at age seventy - nine . The anti-war movement was gaining strength in the United States . Nixon appealed to the `` silent majority '' of Americans who he said supported the war without showing it in public . But revelations of the My Lai Massacre , in which a U.S. Army platoon raped and killed civilians , and the 1969 `` Green Beret Affair '' where eight Special Forces soldiers , including the 5th Special Forces Group Commander , were arrested for the murder of a suspected double agent provoked national and international outrage . Beginning in 1970 , American troops were withdrawn from border areas where most of the fighting took place , and instead redeployed along the coast and interior , which is one reason why casualties in 1970 were less than half of 1969 's totals . Cambodia and Laos Main articles : Operation Menu , Operation Freedom Deal , Operation Commando Hunt , Laotian Civil War , Cambodian Civil War , and Operation Lam Son 719 Prince Norodom Sihanouk had proclaimed Cambodia neutral since 1955 , but the communists used Cambodian soil as a base and Sihanouk tolerated their presence , because he wished to avoid being drawn into a wider regional conflict . Under pressure from Washington , however , he changed this policy in 1969 . The Vietnamese communists were no longer welcome . President Nixon took the opportunity to launch a massive bombing campaign , called Operation Menu , against communist sanctuaries along the Cambodia / Vietnam border . Only five high - ranking Congressional officials were informed of Operation Menu . In 1970 , Prince Sihanouk was deposed by his pro-American prime minister Lon Nol . North Vietnam invaded Cambodia in 1970 at the request of Khmer Rouge deputy leader Nuon Chea . U.S. and ARVN forces launched an invasion into Cambodia to attack NVA and Viet Cong bases . This invasion sparked nationwide U.S. protests as Nixon had promised to deescalate the American involvement . Four students were killed by National Guardsmen at Kent State University during a protest in Ohio , which provoked further public outrage in the United States . The reaction to the incident by the Nixon administration was seen as callous and indifferent , providing additional impetus for the anti-war movement . The U.S. Air Force continued to heavily bomb Cambodia in support of the Cambodian government as part of Operation Freedom Deal . In 1971 the Pentagon Papers were leaked to The New York Times . The top - secret history of U.S. involvement in Vietnam , commissioned by the Department of Defense , detailed a long series of public deceptions on the part of the U.S. government . The Supreme Court ruled that its publication was legal . M41 Walker Bulldog , the main battle tank of the ARVN The ARVN launched Operation Lam Son 719 in February 1971 , aimed at cutting the Ho Chi Minh trail in Laos . The ostensibly neutral Laos had long been the scene of a civil war , pitting the Laotian government backed by the US against the Pathet Lao and its North Vietnamese allies . After meeting resistance , ARVN forces retreated in a confused rout . They fled along roads littered with their own dead . When they exhausted fuel supplies , soldiers abandoned their vehicles and attempted to barge their way on to American helicopters sent to evacuate the wounded . Many ARVN soldiers clung to helicopter skids in a desperate attempt to save themselves . U.S. aircraft had to destroy abandoned equipment , including tanks , to prevent them from falling into enemy hands . Half of the ARVN troops involved in the operation were either captured or killed . The operation was a fiasco and represented a clear failure of Vietnamization . As Karnow noted `` the blunders were monumental ... The ( South Vietnamese ) government 's top officers had been tutored by the Americans for ten or fifteen years , many at training schools in the United States , yet they had learned little . '' In 1971 Australia and New Zealand withdrew their soldiers . The U.S. troop count was further reduced to 196,700 , with a deadline to remove another 45,000 troops by February 1972 . As peace protests spread across the United States , disillusionment and ill - discipline grew in the ranks including increased drug use , `` fragging '' ( the act of murdering the commander of a fighting unit ) and desertions . Vietnamization was again tested by the Easter Offensive of 1972 , a massive conventional NVA invasion of South Vietnam . The NVA and Viet Cong quickly overran the northern provinces and in coordination with other forces attacked from Cambodia , threatening to cut the country in half . U.S. troop withdrawals continued . American airpower responded , beginning Operation Linebacker , and the offensive was halted . However , it became clear that without American airpower South Vietnam could not survive . The last remaining American ground troops were withdrawn by the end of March 1973 ; U.S. naval and air forces remained in the Gulf of Tonkin , as well as Thailand and Guam . 1972 election and Paris Peace Accords The war was the central issue of the 1972 U.S. presidential election . Nixon 's opponent , George McGovern , campaigned on a platform of withdrawal from Vietnam . Nixon 's National Security Advisor , Henry Kissinger , continued secret negotiations with North Vietnam 's Lê Đức Thọ . In October 1972 , they reached an agreement . Operation Linebacker II , December 1972 However , South Vietnamese president Thieu demanded massive changes to the peace accord . When North Vietnam went public with the agreement 's details , the Nixon administration claimed that the North was attempting to embarrass the president . The negotiations became deadlocked . Hanoi demanded new changes . To show his support for South Vietnam and force Hanoi back to the negotiating table , Nixon ordered Operation Linebacker II , a massive bombing of Hanoi and Haiphong 18 -- 29 December 1972 . The offensive destroyed much of the remaining economic and industrial capacity of North Vietnam . Simultaneously Nixon pressured Thieu to accept the terms of the agreement , threatening to conclude a bilateral peace deal and cut off American aid . On 15 January 1973 , Nixon announced the suspension of offensive action against North Vietnam . The Paris Peace Accords on `` Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam '' were signed on 27 January 1973 , officially ending direct U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War . A cease - fire was declared across North and South Vietnam . U.S. prisoners of war were released . The agreement guaranteed the territorial integrity of Vietnam and , like the Geneva Conference of 1954 , called for national elections in the North and South . The Paris Peace Accords stipulated a sixty - day period for the total withdrawal of U.S. forces . `` This article '' , noted Peter Church , `` proved ... to be the only one of the Paris Agreements which was fully carried out . '' Opposition to U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War : 1962 -- 1973 Main article : Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War Protests against the war in Washington , D.C. on 24 April 1971 Anti-Vietnam War demonstration , 1967 Anti-war protests During the course of the Vietnam War a large segment of the American population came to be opposed to U.S. involvement in South Vietnam . Public opinion steadily turned against the war following 1967 and by 1970 only a third of Americans believed that the U.S. had not made a mistake by sending troops to fight in Vietnam . Nearly a third of the American population were strongly against the war . It is possible to specify certain groups who led the anti-war movement and the reasons why . Many young people protested because they were the ones being drafted while others were against the war because the anti-war movement grew increasingly popular among the counterculture and drug culture in American society and its music . Some advocates within the peace movement advocated a unilateral withdrawal of U.S. forces from Vietnam . One reason given for the withdrawal is that it would contribute to a lessening of tensions in the region and thus less human bloodshed . Early opposition to U.S. involvement in Vietnam drew its inspiration from the Geneva Conference of 1954 . American support of Diệm in refusing elections was seen as thwarting the very democracy that America claimed to be supporting . John F. Kennedy , while Senator , opposed involvement in Vietnam . Opposition to the Vietnam War tended to unite groups opposed to U.S. anti-communism and imperialism and , for those involved with the New Left such as the Catholic Worker Movement . Others , such as Stephen Spiro opposed the war based on the theory of Just War . Some wanted to show solidarity with the people of Vietnam , such as Norman Morrison emulating the actions of Thích Quảng Đức . In a key televised debate from 15 May 1965 , Eric Severeid reporting for CBS conducted a debate between McGeorge Bundy and Hans Morgenthau dealing with an acute summary of the main war concerns of the U.S. as seen at that time stating them as : `` ( 1 ) What are the justifications for the American presence in Vietnam -- why are we there ? ( 2 ) What is the fundamental nature of this war ? Is it aggression from North Vietnam or is it basically , a civil war between the peoples of South Vietnam ? ( 3 ) What are the implications of this Vietnam struggle in terms of Communist China 's power and aims and future actions ? And ( 4 ) What are the alternatives to our present policy in Vietnam ? '' High - profile opposition to the Vietnam War turned to street protests in an effort to turn U.S. political opinion . On 15 October 1969 , the Vietnam Moratorium attracted millions of Americans . Riots broke out at the 1968 Democratic National Convention during protests against the war . After news reports of American military abuses such as the 1968 My Lai Massacre , brought new attention and support to the anti-war movement , some veterans joined Vietnam Veterans Against the War . The fatal shooting of four students at Kent State University in 1970 led to nationwide university protests . Anti-war protests ended with the final withdrawal of troops after the Paris Peace Accords were signed in 1973 . South Vietnam was left to defend itself alone when the fighting resumed . Many South Vietnamese subsequently fled to the United States . Exit of the Americans : 1973 -- 75 The United States began drastically reducing their troop support in South Vietnam during the final years of Vietnamization . Many U.S. troops were removed from the region , and on 5 March 1971 , the United States returned the 5th Special Forces Group , which was the first American unit deployed to South Vietnam , to its former base in Fort Bragg , North Carolina . Under the Paris Peace Accords , between North Vietnamese Foreign Minister Lê Đức Thọ and U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger , and reluctantly signed by South Vietnamese president Thiệu , U.S. military forces withdrew from South Vietnam and prisoners were exchanged . North Vietnam was allowed to continue supplying communist troops in the South , but only to the extent of replacing expended materiel . Later that year the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Kissinger and Thọ , but the Vietnamese negotiator declined it saying that a true peace did not yet exist . The communist leaders had expected that the ceasefire terms would favor their side . But Saigon , bolstered by a surge of U.S. aid received just before the ceasefire went into effect , began to roll back the Viet Cong . The communists responded with a new strategy hammered out in a series of meetings in Hanoi in March 1973 , according to the memoirs of Trần Văn Trà . As the Viet Cong 's top commander , Tra participated in several of these meetings . With U.S. bombings suspended , work on the Ho Chi Minh trail and other logistical structures could proceed unimpeded . Logistics would be upgraded until the North was in a position to launch a massive invasion of the South , projected for the 1975 -- 76 dry season . Tra calculated that this date would be Hanoi 's last opportunity to strike before Saigon 's army could be fully trained . Calling for immediate withdrawal of U.S. forces from Vietnam , George McGovern 's 1972 Presidential Campaign lost 49 of 50 states to Richard Nixon . In the November 1972 Election , Democratic nominee George McGovern lost 49 of 50 states to the incumbent President Richard Nixon . On 15 March 1973 , President Nixon implied that the United States would intervene militarily if the communist side violated the ceasefire . Public and congressional reaction to Nixon 's trial balloon was unfavorable and in April Nixon appointed Graham Martin as U.S. ambassador to South Vietnam . During his confirmation hearings in June 1973 , Secretary of Defense James R. Schlesinger stated that he would recommend resumption of U.S. bombing in North Vietnam if North Vietnam launched a major offensive against South Vietnam . On 4 June 1973 , the U.S. Senate passed the Case -- Church Amendment to prohibit such intervention . The oil price shock of October 1973 following the Yom Kippur War in Egypt caused significant damage to the South Vietnamese economy . The Viet Cong resumed offensive operations when the dry season began and by January 1974 it had recaptured the territory it lost during the previous dry season . After two clashes that left 55 South Vietnamese soldiers dead , President Thieu announced on 4 January that the war had restarted and that the Paris Peace Accord was no longer in effect . There had been over 25,000 South Vietnamese casualties during the ceasefire period . Gerald Ford took over as U.S. president on 9 August 1974 after President Nixon resigned due to the Watergate scandal . At this time , Congress cut financial aid to South Vietnam from $1 billion a year to $700 million . The U.S. midterm elections in 1974 brought in a new Congress dominated by Democrats who were even more determined to confront the president on the war . Congress immediately voted in restrictions on funding and military activities to be phased in through 1975 and to culminate in a total cutoff of funding in 1976 . The success of the 1973 -- 74 dry season offensive inspired Trà to return to Hanoi in October 1974 and plead for a larger offensive in the next dry season . This time , Trà could travel on a drivable highway with regular fueling stops , a vast change from the days when the Ho Chi Minh trail was a dangerous mountain trek . Giáp , the North Vietnamese defense minister , was reluctant to approve Trà 's plan . A larger offensive might provoke a U.S. reaction and interfere with the big push planned for 1976 . Trà appealed over Giáp 's head to first secretary Lê Duẩn , who approved of the operation . Trà 's plan called for a limited offensive from Cambodia into Phước Long Province . The strike was designed to solve local logistical problems , gauge the reaction of South Vietnamese forces , and determine whether U.S. would return to the fray . Recently released American POWs from North Vietnamese prison camps , 1973 On 13 December 1974 , North Vietnamese forces attacked Route 14 in Phước Long Province . Phuoc Binh , the provincial capital , fell on 6 January 1975 . Ford desperately asked Congress for funds to assist and re-supply the South before it was overrun . Congress refused . The fall of Phuoc Binh and the lack of an American response left the South Vietnamese elite demoralized . The speed of this success led the Politburo to reassess its strategy . It was decided that operations in the Central Highlands would be turned over to General Văn Tiến Dũng and that Pleiku should be seized , if possible . Before he left for the South , Dũng was addressed by Lê Duẩn : `` Never have we had military and political conditions so perfect or a strategic advantage as great as we have now . '' At the start of 1975 , the South Vietnamese had three times as much artillery and twice the number of tanks and armored cars as the opposition . They also had 1,400 aircraft and a two - to - one numerical superiority in combat troops over their Communist enemies . However , the rising oil prices meant that much of this could not be used . They faced a well - organized , highly determined and well - funded North Vietnam . Much of the North 's material and financial support came from the communist bloc . Within South Vietnam , there was increasing chaos . The departure of the American military had compromised an economy dependent on U.S. financial support and the presence of a large number of U.S. troops . South Vietnam suffered from the global recession that followed the Arab oil embargo . Campaign 275 See also : 1975 Spring Offensive , Battle of Ban Me Thuot , and Hue -- Da Nang Campaign Captured U.S. - supplied armored vehicles and artillery pieces . On 10 March 1975 , General Dung launched Campaign 275 , a limited offensive into the Central Highlands , supported by tanks and heavy artillery . The target was Buôn Ma Thuột , in Đắk Lắk Province . If the town could be taken , the provincial capital of Pleiku and the road to the coast would be exposed for a planned campaign in 1976 . The ARVN proved incapable of resisting the onslaught , and its forces collapsed on 11 March . Once again , Hanoi was surprised by the speed of their success . Dung now urged the Politburo to allow him to seize Pleiku immediately and then turn his attention to Kon Tum . He argued that with two months of good weather remaining until the onset of the monsoon , it would be irresponsible to not take advantage of the situation . President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu , a former general , was fearful that his forces would be cut off in the north by the attacking communists ; Thieu ordered a retreat . The president declared this to be a `` lighten the top and keep the bottom '' strategy . But in what appeared to be a repeat of Operation Lam Son 719 , the withdrawal soon turned into a bloody rout . While the bulk of ARVN forces attempted to flee , isolated units fought desperately . ARVN General Phu abandoned Pleiku and Kon Tum and retreated toward the coast , in what became known as the `` column of tears '' . As the ARVN tried to disengage from the enemy , refugees mixed in with the line of retreat . The poor condition of roads and bridges , damaged by years of conflict and neglect , slowed Phu 's column . As the North Vietnamese forces approached , panic set in . Often abandoned by the officers , the soldiers and civilians were shelled incessantly . The retreat degenerated into a desperate scramble for the coast . By 1 April the `` column of tears '' was all but annihilated . On 20 March , Thieu reversed himself and ordered Huế , Vietnam 's third - largest city , be held at all costs , and then changed his policy several times . Thieu 's contradictory orders confused and demoralized his officer corps . As the North Vietnamese launched their attack , panic set in , and ARVN resistance withered . On 22 March , the NVA opened the siege of Huế . Civilians flooded the airport and the docks hoping for any mode of escape . Some even swam out to sea to reach boats and barges anchored offshore . In the confusion , routed ARVN soldiers fired on civilians to make way for their retreat . On 25 March , after a three - day battle , Huế fell . As resistance in Huế collapsed , North Vietnamese rockets rained down on Da Nang and its airport . By 28 March 35,000 VPA troops were poised to attack the suburbs . By 30 March 100,000 leaderless ARVN troops surrendered as the NVA marched victoriously through Da Nang . With the fall of the city , the defense of the Central Highlands and Northern provinces came to an end . Final North Vietnamese offensive For more details on the final North Vietnamese offensive , see Ho Chi Minh Campaign . Captured RVNAF warplanes in Ho Chi Minh City With the northern half of the country under their control , the Politburo ordered General Dung to launch the final offensive against Saigon . The operational plan for the Ho Chi Minh Campaign called for the capture of Saigon before 1 May . Hanoi wished to avoid the coming monsoon and prevent any redeployment of ARVN forces defending the capital . Northern forces , their morale boosted by their recent victories , rolled on , taking Nha Trang , Cam Ranh , and Da Lat . On 7 April , three North Vietnamese divisions attacked Xuân Lộc , 40 miles ( 64 km ) east of Saigon . The North Vietnamese met fierce resistance at Xuân Lộc from the ARVN 18th Division , who were outnumbered six to one . For two bloody weeks , severe fighting raged as the ARVN defenders made a last stand to try to block the North Vietnamese advance . By 21 April , however , the exhausted garrison were ordered to withdraw towards Saigon . An embittered and tearful president Thieu resigned on the same day , declaring that the United States had betrayed South Vietnam . In a scathing attack , he suggested U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger had tricked him into signing the Paris peace agreement two years earlier , promising military aid that failed to materialize . Having transferred power to Trần Văn Hương , he left for Taiwan on 25 April . At the same time , North Vietnamese tanks had reached Biên Hòa and turned toward Saigon , brushing aside isolated ARVN units along the way . By the end of April , the ARVN had collapsed on all fronts except in the Mekong Delta . Thousands of refugees streamed southward , ahead of the main communist onslaught . On 27 April 100,000 North Vietnamese troops encircled Saigon . The city was defended by about 30,000 ARVN troops . To hasten a collapse and foment panic , the NVA shelled the airport and forced its closure . With the air exit closed , large numbers of civilians found that they had no way out . Fall of Saigon Main article : Fall of Saigon Further information : Operation Frequent Wind Victorious NVA troops at the Presidential Palace , Saigon Chaos , unrest , and panic broke out as hysterical South Vietnamese officials and civilians scrambled to leave Saigon . Martial law was declared . American helicopters began evacuating South Vietnamese , U.S. , and foreign nationals from various parts of the city and from the U.S. embassy compound . Operation Frequent Wind had been delayed until the last possible moment , because of U.S. Ambassador Graham Martin 's belief that Saigon could be held and that a political settlement could be reached . Schlesinger announced early in the morning of 29 April 1975 the evacuation from Saigon by helicopter of the last U.S. diplomatic , military , and civilian personnel . Frequent Wind was arguably the largest helicopter evacuation in history . It began on 29 April , in an atmosphere of desperation , as hysterical crowds of Vietnamese vied for limited space . Martin pleaded with Washington to dispatch $700 million in emergency aid to bolster the regime and help it mobilize fresh military reserves . But American public opinion had soured on this conflict . In the United States , South Vietnam was perceived as doomed . President Gerald Ford had given a televised speech on 23 April , declaring an end to the Vietnam War and all U.S. aid . Frequent Wind continued around the clock , as North Vietnamese tanks breached defenses on the outskirts of Saigon . In the early morning hours of 30 April , the last U.S. Marines evacuated the embassy by helicopter , as civilians swamped the perimeter and poured into the grounds . Many of them had been employed by the Americans and were left to their fate . On 30 April 1975 , NVA troops entered the city of Saigon and quickly overcame all resistance , capturing key buildings and installations . A tank from the 324th Division crashed through the gates of the Independence Palace at 11 : 30 am local time and the Viet Cong flag was raised above it . President Dương Văn Minh , who had succeeded Huong two days earlier , surrendered . Other countries ' involvement Pro-hanoi Ho Chi Minh with East German sailors in Stralsund harbour , 1957 2,000 years of Chinese - Vietnamese enmity and hundreds of years of Chinese and Russian mutual suspicions were suspended when they united against us in Vietnam . -- Richard Holbrooke , 1985 People 's Republic of China In 1950 , the People 's Republic of China extended diplomatic recognition to the Viet Minh 's Democratic Republic of Vietnam and sent weapons , as well as military advisers led by Luo Guibo to assist the Viet Minh in its war with the French . The first draft of the 1954 Geneva Accords was negotiated by French prime minister Pierre Mendès France and Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai who , fearing U.S. intervention , urged the Viet Minh to accept a partition at the 17th parallel . China 's support for North Vietnam included both financial aid and the deployment of hundreds of thousands of military personnel in support roles . In the summer of 1962 , Mao Zedong agreed to supply Hanoi with 90,000 rifles and guns free of charge . Starting in 1965 , China sent anti-aircraft units and engineering battalions to North Vietnam to repair the damage caused by American bombing , man anti-aircraft batteries , rebuild roads and railroads , transport supplies , and perform other engineering works . This freed North Vietnamese army units for combat in the South . China sent 320,000 troops and annual arms shipments worth $180 million . The Chinese military claims to have caused 38 % of American air losses in the war . China claimed that its military and economic aid to North Vietnam and the Viet Cong totaled $20 billion ( approx . $143 billion adjusted for inflation in 2015 ) during the Vietnam War . Included in that aid were donations of 5 million tons of food to North Vietnam ( equivalent to NV food production in a single year ) , accounting for 10 - 15 % of the North Vietnamese food supply by the 1970s . Military aid given to North Vietnam by the People 's Republic of China Date 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 Total Guns 80,500 220,767 141,531 146,600 219,899 139,900 101,800 143,100 189,000 233,500 164,500 141,800 1,922,897 Artillery pieces 1,205 4,439 3,362 3,984 7,087 3,906 2,212 7,898 9,238 9,912 6,406 4,880 64,529 Bullets 25,240,000 114,010,000 178,120,000 147,000,000 247,920,000 119,117,000 29,010,000 57,190,000 40,000,000 40,000,000 30,000,000 20,600,000 1,048,207,000 Artillery shells 335,000 1,800,000 1,066,000 1,363,000 2,082,000 1,357,000 397,000 1,899,000 2,210,000 2,210,000 1,390,000 965,000 17,074,000 Radio transmitters 426 2,779 1,568 2,464 1,854 2,210 950 2,464 4,370 4,335 5,148 2,240 30,808 Telephones 2,941 9,502 2,235 2,289 3,313 3,453 1,600 4,424 5,905 6,447 4,663 2,150 48,922 Tanks 16 ? ? 26 18 ? ? 80 220 120 80 ? 560 Planes 18 ? 70 ? ? ? 14 36 ? 20 164 Automobiles 25 114 96 435 454 162 ? 4,011 8,758 1,210 506 ? 15,771 Sino - Soviet relations soured after the Soviets invaded Czechoslovakia in August 1968 . In October , the Chinese demanded North Vietnam cut relations with Moscow , but Hanoi refused . The Chinese began to withdraw in November 1968 in preparation for a clash with the Soviets , which occurred at Zhenbao Island in March 1969 . The Chinese also began financing the Khmer Rouge as a counterweight to the Vietnamese communists at this time . China `` armed and trained '' the Khmer Rouge during the civil war and continued to aid them for years afterward . The Khmer Rouge launched ferocious raids into Vietnam in 1975 -- 1978 . When Vietnam responded with an invasion that toppled the Khmer Rouge , China launched a brief , punitive invasion of Vietnam in 1979 . Soviet Union Leonid Brezhnev ( left ) was the leader of the Soviet Union during the second half of the Vietnam War . Soviet ships in the South China Sea gave vital early warnings to Viet Cong forces in South Vietnam . The Soviet intelligence ships would pick up American B - 52 bombers flying from Okinawa and Guam . Their airspeed and direction would be noted and then relayed to COSVN , North Vietnam 's southern headquarters . Using airspeed and direction , COSVN analysts would calculate the bombing target and tell any assets to move `` perpendicularly to the attack trajectory . '' These advance warning gave them time to move out of the way of the bombers , and , while the bombing runs caused extensive damage , because of the early warnings from 1968 to 1970 they did not kill a single military or civilian leader in the headquarters complexes . The Soviet Union supplied North Vietnam with medical supplies , arms , tanks , planes , helicopters , artillery , anti-aircraft missiles and other military equipment . Soviet crews fired Soviet - made surface - to - air missiles at U.S. F - 4 Phantoms , which were shot down over Thanh Hóa in 1965 . Over a dozen Soviet citizens lost their lives in this conflict . Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 , Russian officials acknowledged that the Soviet Union had stationed up to 3,000 troops in Vietnam during the war . Some Russian sources give more specific numbers : Between 1953 and 1991 , the hardware donated by the Soviet Union included 2,000 tanks , 1,700 APCs , 7,000 artillery guns , over 5,000 anti-aircraft guns , 158 surface - to - air missile launchers , 120 helicopters . During the war , the Soviets sent North Vietnam annual arms shipments worth $450 million . From July 1965 to the end of 1974 , fighting in Vietnam was observed by some 6,500 officers and generals , as well as more than 4,500 soldiers and sergeants of the Soviet Armed Forces . In addition , Soviet military schools and academies began training Vietnamese soldiers -- in all more than 10,000 military personnel . North Korea As a result of a decision of the Korean Workers ' Party in October 1966 , in early 1967 North Korea sent a fighter squadron to North Vietnam to back up the North Vietnamese 921st and 923rd fighter squadrons defending Hanoi . They stayed through 1968 , and 200 pilots were reported to have served . In addition , at least two anti-aircraft artillery regiments were sent as well . North Korea also sent weapons , ammunition and two million sets of uniforms to their comrades in North Vietnam . Kim Il - sung is reported to have told his pilots to `` fight in the war as if the Vietnamese sky were their own '' . Cuba The contribution to North Vietnam by the Republic of Cuba , under Fidel Castro have been recognized several times by representatives of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam . Fidel Castro mentioned in his discourses the Batallón Girón ( Giron Battalion ) as comprising the Cuban contingent that served as military advisors during the war . In this battalion , alongside the Cubans , fought Nguyễn Thị Định , founding member of the Viet Cong , who later became the first female Major General in the North Vietnamese Army . There are numerous allegations by former U.S. prisoners of war that Cuban military personnel were present at North Vietnamese prison facilities during the war and that they participated in torture activities , in what is known as the `` Cuba Program '' . Witnesses to this include Senator John McCain , 2008 U.S. Presidential candidate and former Vietnam prisoner of war , according to his 1999 book Faith of My Fathers . Benjamin Gilman , a Vietnam War POW / MIA issue advocate , claim evidence that Cuba 's military and non-military involvement may have run into the `` thousands '' of personnel . Fidel Castro visited in person Quảng Trị province , held by North Vietnam after the Easter Offensive to show his support for the Viet Cong . Pro-Saigon South Korea Main article : Military history of South Korea during the Vietnam War Soldiers of the South Korean White Horse Division in Vietnam Vietnamese civilians of Phong Nhi village massacred by South Korean Blue Dragon Brigade in 1968 On the anti-communist side , South Korea ( a.k.a. the Republic of Korea , ROK ) had the second - largest contingent of foreign troops in South Vietnam after the United States . In November 1961 , Park Chung - hee proposed South Korean participation in the war to John F. Kennedy , but Kennedy disagreed . On 1 May 1964 Lyndon Johnson requested South Korean participation . The first South Korean troops began arriving in 1964 and large combat formations began arriving a year later . The ROK Marine Corps dispatched their 2nd Marine Brigade while the ROK Army sent the Capital Division and later the 9th Infantry Division . In August 1966 after the arrival of the 9th Division the Koreans established a corps command , the Republic of Korea Forces Vietnam Field Command , near I Field Force , Vietnam at Nha Trang . The South Koreans soon developed a reputation for effectiveness , reportedly conducting counterinsurgency operations so well that American commanders felt that the South Korean area of responsibility was the safest . Approximately 320,000 South Korean soldiers were sent to Vietnam , each serving a one - year tour of duty . Maximum troop levels peaked at 50,000 in 1968 , however all were withdrawn by 1973 . About 5,099 South Koreans were killed and 10,962 wounded during the war . South Korea claimed to have killed 41,000 Viet Cong fighters . The United States paid South Korean soldiers 236 million dollars for their efforts in Vietnam , and South Korean GNP increased five-fold during the war . Australia and New Zealand Main articles : Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War and New Zealand in the Vietnam War An Australian soldier in Vietnam Australia and New Zealand , close allies of the United States and members of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization ( SEATO ) and the ANZUS military co-operation treaty , sent ground troops to Vietnam . Both nations had gained experience in counterinsurgency and jungle warfare during the Malayan Emergency and World War II . Their governments subscribed to the Domino theory . Australia began by sending advisors to Vietnam in 1962 , and combat troops were committed in 1965 . New Zealand began by sending a detachment of engineers and an artillery battery , and then started sending special forces and regular infantry which were attached to Australian formations . Australia 's peak commitment was 7,672 combat troops and New Zealand 's 552 . More than 60,000 Australian personnel were involved during the course of the war , of which 521 were killed and more than 3,000 wounded . Approximately 3,500 New Zealanders served in Vietnam , with 37 killed and 187 wounded . Most Australians and New Zealanders served in the 1st Australian Task Force in Phước Tuy Province . Philippines Some 10,450 Filipino troops were dispatched to South Vietnam . They were primarily engaged in medical and other civilian pacification projects . These forces operated under the designation PHLCAG - V or Philippine Civic Action Group - Vietnam . More noteworthy was the fact that the naval base in Subic Bay was used for the U.S. Seventh Fleet from 1964 till the end of the war in 1975 . The Navy base in Subic bay and the Air force base at Clark achieved maximum functionality during the war and supported an estimated 80,000 locals in allied tertiary businesses from shoe making to prostitution . Thailand See also : Laotian Civil War The Thai Queen 's Cobra battalion in Phuoc Tho Thai Army formations , including the `` Queen 's Cobra '' battalion , saw action in South Vietnam between 1965 and 1971 . Thai forces saw much more action in the covert war in Laos between 1964 and 1972 , though Thai regular formations there were heavily outnumbered by the irregular `` volunteers '' of the CIA - sponsored Police Aerial Reconnaissance Units or PARU , who carried out reconnaissance activities on the western side of the Ho Chi Minh trail . Republic of China ( Taiwan ) Main article : Republic of China in the Vietnam War Since November 1967 , the Taiwanese government secretly operated a cargo transport detachment to assist the United States and South Vietnam . Taiwan also provided military training units for the South Vietnamese diving units , later known as the Lien Doi Nguoi Nhai ( LDMN ) or `` Frogman unit '' in English . In addition to the diving trainers there were several hundred military personnel . Military commandos from Taiwan were captured by communist forces three times trying to infiltrate North Vietnam . Brazil The Brazilian government of President Castelo Branco officially supported the United States 's position in South Vietnam and contributed a medical team and supplies to the country -- the only Latin American country to do so ( two other Latin American countries -- Nicaragua and Paraguay -- offered to send military forces in support of the United States , but their offers were declined ) . Canada and the ICC Main article : Canada and the Vietnam War Canada , India and Poland constituted the International Control Commission , which was supposed to monitor the 1954 ceasefire agreement . Officially , Canada did not have partisan involvement in the Vietnam War and diplomatically it was `` non-belligerent '' . Victor Levant suggested otherwise in his book Quiet Complicity : Canadian Involvement in the Vietnam War ( 1986 ) . The Vietnam War entry in The Canadian Encyclopedia asserts plainly that Canada 's record on the truce commissions was a pro-Saigon partisan one . United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed races ( FULRO ) Main articles : United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races and FULRO insurgency against Vietnam The ethnic minority peoples of south Vietnam like the Christian Montagnards ( Degar ) , Hindu and Muslim Cham and the Buddhist Khmer Krom banded together in the United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races ( French : Front Uni de Lutte des Races Opprimées , acronym : FULRO ) to fight against the Vietnamese for autonomy or independence . FULRO fought against both the anti-Communist South Vietnamese and the Communist Viet Cong , and then FURLO proceeded to fight against the united Communist Socialist Republic of Vietnam after the fall of South Vietnam . FULRO was supported by China , the United States , Cambodia , and some French citizens . During the war , the South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem began a program to settle ethnic Vietnamese Kinh on Montagnard lands in the Central Highlands region . This provoked a backlash from the Montagnards . The Cambodians under both the pro-China King Sihanouk and the pro-American Lon Nol supported their fellow co-ethnic Khmer Krom in south Vietnam , following an anti - ethnic Vietnamese policy . FULRO was formed from the amalgation of the Cham organization `` Champa Liberation Front '' ( Front de Liberation du Champa FLC ) led by the Cham Muslim officer Les Kosem who served in the Royal Cambodian Army , the Khmer Krom organization `` Liberation Front of Kampuchea Krom '' ( Front de Liberation du Kampuchea Krom FLKK ) led by Chau Dara , a former monk , and the Montagnard organizations `` Central Highlands Liberation Front '' ( Front de Liberation des Hauts Plateaux FLHP ) led by Y Bham Enuol and BAJARAKA . The leaders of FULRO were executed by the Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot when he took power in Cambodia but FULRO insurgents proceeded to fight against the Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia and it was not until 1992 that they finally surrendered to the United Nations in Cambodia . War crimes Victims of the My Lai massacre Main articles : List of war crimes § 1954 -- 1975 : Vietnam War , and Vietnam War casualties See also : List of massacres in Vietnam A large number of war crimes took place during the Vietnam War . War crimes were committed by both sides during the conflict and included rape , massacres of civilians , bombings of civilian targets , terrorism , the widespread use of torture and the murder of prisoners of war . Additional common crimes included theft , arson , and the destruction of property not warranted by military necessity . Allied War crimes Main articles : Tiger Force and Vietnam War Crimes Working Group In 1968 , the Vietnam War Crimes Working Group ( VWCWG ) was established by the Pentagon task force set up in the wake of the My Lai Massacre , to attempt to ascertain the veracity of emerging claims of war crimes by U.S. armed forces in Vietnam , during the Vietnam War period . A Viet Cong prisoner captured in 1967 by the U.S. Army awaits interrogation . He has been placed in a stress position by tying a board between his arms . The investigation compiled over 9,000 pages of investigative files , sworn statements by witnesses and status reports for top military officers , indicating that 320 incidents had factual basis . The substantiated cases included 7 massacres between 1967 and 1971 in which at least 137 civilians were killed ; seventy eight further attacks targeting non-combatants resulting in at least 57 deaths , 56 wounded and 15 sexually assaulted ; one hundred and forty - one cases of US soldiers torturing civilian detainees or prisoners of war with fists , sticks , bats , water or electric shock . Over 800 alleged atrocities were investigated , but only 23 soldiers were ever convicted on charges and most served sentences of less than a year . A Los Angeles Times report on the archived files concluded that the war crimes were not confined to a few rogue units , having been uncovered in every army division that was active in Vietnam . During their visits to transit detention facilities under American administration in 1968 and 1969 , the International Red Cross recorded many cases of torture and inhumane treatment before the captives were handed over to South Vietnamese authorities . In 2003 a series of investigative reports by the Toledo Blade uncovered a large number of unreported American war crimes particularly from the Tiger Force unit . The war involved the establishment of numerous free - fire zones by U.S. forces as a tactic to prevent Viet Cong fighters from sheltering in South Vietnamese villages . Such practice , which involved the assumption that any individual appearing in the designated zones was an enemy combatant that could be freely targeted by weapons , is regarded by journalist Lewis M. Simons as `` a severe violation of the laws of war '' . Cases of indiscriminate attacks against civilians within free - fire zones resulting from unsuccessful forced evacuations were frequent . According to political scientist R.J. Rummel , U.S. troops murdered about 6,000 Vietnamese civilians during the war . Nick Turse , in his 2013 book , Kill Anything that Moves , argues that a relentless drive toward higher body counts , a widespread use of free - fire zones , rules of engagement where civilians who ran from soldiers or helicopters could be viewed as Viet Cong , and a widespread disdain for Vietnamese civilians led to massive civilian casualties and endemic war crimes inflicted by U.S. troops . One example cited by Turse is Operation Speedy Express , an operation by the 9th Infantry Division , which was described by John Paul Vann as , in effect , `` many My Lais '' . A report by Newsweek magazine suggested that an estimated 5,000 civilians may have been killed during six months of the operation . In terms of atrocities by the South Vietnamese , during the Diem era ( 1954 -- 1963 ) R.J. Rummell estimated that 16,000 to 167,000 South Vietnamese civilians were killed in democide ; for 1964 to 1975 , Rummel estimated a total of 42,000 to 128,000 killed in democide . Thus , the total for 1954 to 1975 is from 57,000 to 284,000 deaths caused by South Vietnam , excluding NLF / North Vietnamese forces killed by the South Vietnamese armed forces . Torture and ill - treatment were frequently applied by the South Vietnamese to POWs as well as civilian prisoners . During their visit to the Con Son Prison in 1970 , U.S. Congressmen Augustus F. Hawkins and William R. Anderson witnessed detainees either confined in minute `` tiger cages '' or chained to their cells , and provided with poor - quality food . A group of American doctors inspecting the prison in the same year found many inmates suffering symptoms resulting from forced immobility and torture . Red Cross reports after the war showed connections of U.S. advisors with the torture at POW camps . South Korean forces were also accused of war crimes as well . One documented event was the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất massacre where the 2nd Marine Brigade of the South Korean Army purportedly killed 69 - 79 civilians on 12 February 1968 in Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất village , Điện Bàn District of Quảng Nam Province in South Vietnam . South Korean forces are also accused of perpetrating other massacres , namely : Bình Hòa massacre , Binh Tai Massacre and Hà My massacre . North Vietnamese , Viet Cong , and Khmer Rouge War crimes Main article : Viet Cong and PAVN strategy , organization and structure § VC / NVA use of terror Victims of the Huế Massacre According to Guenter Lewy , the Viet Cong assassinated about 36,725 South Vietnamese between 1957 and 1972 . Statistics for 1968 -- 72 suggest that `` about 80 percent of the terrorist victims were ordinary civilians and only about 20 percent were government officials , policemen , members of the self - defence forces or pacification cadres . '' Ami Pedahzur has written that `` the overall volume and lethality of Viet Cong terrorism rivals or exceeds all but a handful of terrorist campaigns waged over the last third of the twentieth century '' . Notable Viet Cong atrocities include the massacre of over 3,000 unarmed civilians at Huế during the Tet Offensive and the incineration of hundreds of civilians at the Đắk Sơn massacre with flamethrowers . Up to 155,000 refugees fleeing the final North Vietnamese Spring Offensive were killed or abducted on the road to Tuy Hòa in 1975 . According to Rummel , North Vietnamese and Viet Cong troops murdered between 106,000 and 227,000 civilians in South Vietnam . North Vietnam was also known for its inhumane and abusive treatment of American POWs , most notably in Hỏa Lò Prison ( aka the Hanoi Hilton ) , where severe torture was employed to extract `` confessions '' . According to a U.S. Senate report , squads were assigned monthly assassination quotas . Peer De Silva , former head of the Saigon department of the CIA , wrote that from as early as 1963 , Viet Cong units were using disembowelment and other methods of mutilation for psychological warfare . In the Cambodian Civil War , Khmer Rouge insurgents reportedly committed atrocities during the war . These include the murder of civilians and POWs by slowly sawing off their heads a little more each day , the destruction of Buddhist wats and the killing of monks , attacks on refugee camps involving the deliberate murder of babies and bomb threats against foreign aid workers , the abduction and assassination of journalists , and the shelling of Phnom Penh for more than a year . Journalist accounts stated that the Khmer Rouge shelling `` tortured the capital almost continuously '' , inflicting `` random death and mutilation '' on 2 million trapped civilians . The Khmer Rouge forcibly evacuated the entire city after taking it , in what has been described as a death march : François Ponchaud wrote : `` I shall never forget one cripple who had neither hands nor feet , writhing along the ground like a severed worm , or a weeping father carrying his ten - year old daughter wrapped in a sheet tied around his neck like a sling , or the man with his foot dangling at the end of a leg to which it was attached by nothing but skin '' ; John Swain recalled that the Khmer Rouge were `` tipping out patients from the hospitals like garbage into the streets ... In five years of war , this is the greatest caravan of human misery I have seen . '' Women in the Vietnam War American nurses Da Nang , South Vietnam , 1968 During the Vietnam War , American women served on active duty doing a variety of jobs . Early in 1963 , the Army Nurse Corps ( ANC ) launched Operation Nightingale , an intensive effort to recruit nurses to serve in Vietnam . Most nurses who volunteered to serve in Vietnam came from predominantly working or middle - class families with histories of military service . The majority of these women were white Catholics and Protestants . Because the need for medical aid was great , many nurses underwent a concentrated four - month training program before being deployed to Vietnam in the ANC . Due to the shortage of staff , nurses usually worked twelve - hour shifts , six days per week and often suffered from exhaustion . First Lieutenant Sharon Lane was the only female military nurse to be killed by enemy gunfire during the war , on 8 June 1969 . A nurse treats a Vietnamese child , 1967 At the start of the Vietnam War , it was commonly thought that American women had no place in the military . Their traditional place had been in the domestic sphere , but with the war came opportunity for the expansion of gender roles . In Vietnam , women held a variety of jobs which included operating complex data processing equipment and serving as stenographers . Although a small number of women were assigned to combat zones , they were never allowed directly in the field of battle . The women who served in the military were solely volunteers . They faced a plethora of challenges , one of which was the relatively small number of female soldiers . Living in a male - dominated environment created tensions between the sexes . While this high male to female ratio was often uncomfortable for women , many men reported that having women in the field with them boosted their morale . Although this was not the women 's purpose , it was one positive result of their service . By 1973 , approximately 7,500 women had served in Vietnam in the Southeast Asian theater . In that same year , the military lifted the prohibition on women entering the armed forces . American women serving in Vietnam were subject to societal stereotypes . Many Americans either considered females serving in Vietnam masculine for living under the army discipline , or judged them to be women of questionable moral character who enlisted for the sole purpose of seducing men . To address this problem , the ANC released advertisements portraying women in the ANC as `` proper , professional and well protected . '' ( 26 ) This effort to highlight the positive aspects of a nursing career reflected the ideas of second - wave feminism that occurred during the 1960s -- 1970s in the United States . Although female military nurses lived in a heavily male environment , very few cases of sexual harassment were ever reported . Vietnamese women Master - Sergeant and pharmacist Do Thi Trinh , part of the WAFC , supplying medication to ARVN dependents Unlike the American women who went to Vietnam , North Vietnamese women were enlisted and fought in the combat zone as well as providing manual labor to keep the Ho Chi Minh trail open and cook for the soldiers . They also worked in the rice fields in North Vietnam and Viet Cong - held farming areas in South Vietnam 's Mekong Delta region to provide food for their families and the war effort . Women were enlisted in both the North Vietnamese Army ( NVA ) and the Viet Cong guerrilla insurgent force in South Vietnam . Some women also served for the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong intelligence services . In South Vietnam , many women voluntarily served in the ARVN 's Women 's Armed Force Corps ( WAFC ) and various other Women 's corps in the military . Some , like in the WAFC , fought in combat with other soldiers . Others served as nurses and doctors in the battlefield and in military hospitals , or served in South Vietnam or America 's intelligence agencies . During Diệm 's presidency , Madame Nhu was the commander of the WAFC . The war saw more than one million rural people migrate or flee the fighting in the South Vietnamese countryside to the cities , especially Saigon . Among the internal refugees were many young women who became the ubiquitous `` bargirls '' of wartime South Vietnam `` hawking her wares -- be that cigarettes , liquor , or herself '' to American and allied soldiers . American bases were ringed by bars and brothels . 8,040 Vietnamese women came to the United States as war brides between 1964 and 1975 . Many mixed - blood Amerasian children were left behind when their American fathers returned to the United States after their tour of duty in South Vietnam . 26,000 of them were permitted to immigrate to the United States in the 1980s and 1990s . Black servicemen in Vietnam See also : African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1954 -- 1968 ) A wounded African American soldier being carried away , 1968 The experience of American military personnel of African origin during the Vietnam War had received significant attention . For example , the website `` African - American Involvement in the Vietnam War '' compiles examples of such coverage , as does the print and broadcast work of journalist Wallace Terry . The epigraph of Terry 's book Bloods : An Oral History of the Vietnam War by Black Veterans ( 1984 ) , includes the following quote : `` I have an intuitive feeling that the Negro serviceman have a better understanding than whites of what the war is about . '' -- General William C. Westmoreland , U.S. Army , Saigon , 1967 . That book 's introduction includes observations about the impact of the war on the black community in general and on black servicemen specifically . Points he makes on the latter topic include : the higher proportion of combat casualties in Vietnam among African American servicemen than among American soldiers of other races , the shift toward and different attitudes of black military careerists versus black draftees , the discrimination encountered by black servicemen `` on the battlefield in decorations , promotion and duty assignments '' as well as their having to endure `` the racial insults , cross-burnings and Confederate flags of their white comrades '' -- and the experiences faced by black soldiers stateside , during the war and after America 's withdrawal . Upon the war 's completion , black casualties made up 12.5 % of US combat deaths , approximately equal to percentage of draft - eligible black men , though still slightly higher than the 10 % who served in the military . Weapons Main article : Weapons of the Vietnam War Marines complete construction of M101 howitzer positions at a mountain - top fire support base , 1968 The communist forces were principally armed with Chinese and Soviet weaponry though some guerrilla units were equipped with Western infantry weapons either captured from French stocks during the First Indochina war or from ARVN units or bought on the black market . The ubiquitous Soviet AK - 47 assault rifle was often regarded as the best rifle of the war , due to its ability to continue to function even in adverse , muddy conditions . Other weapons used by the Viet Cong included the World War II - era PPSh - 41 submachine gun ( both Soviet and Chinese versions ) , the SKS carbine , the RPD light machine gun , the DShK heavy machine gun and the RPG - 2 / B - 40 grenade launcher . While the Viet Cong had both amphibious tanks ( such as the PT - 76 ) and light tanks ( such as the Type 62 ) , they also used bicycles to transport munitions . The US ' heavily armored , 90 mm M48A3 Patton tank saw extensive action during the Vietnam War and over 600 were deployed with US Forces . They played an important role in infantry support . The US service rifle was initially the M14 ( though some units were still using the WWII - era M1 Garand for a lack of M14s ) . Found to be unsuitable for jungle warfare , the M14 was replaced by M16 which was more accurate and lighter than the AK - 47 . For a period , the gun suffered from a jamming flaw known as `` failure to extract '' , which means that a spent cartridge case remained lodged in the action after a round is fired . According to a congressional report , the jamming was caused primarily by a change in gunpowder which was done without adequate testing and reflected a decision for which the safety of soldiers was a secondary consideration . That issue was solved in early 1968 with the issuance of the M16A1 that featured a chrome plated chamber among several other features . End - user satisfaction with the M16 was high except during this episode , but the M16 still has a reputation as a gun that jams easily . The M60 machine gun GPMG ( General Purpose Machine Gun ) was the main machine gun of the US army at the time and many of them were put on helicopters , to provide suppressive fire when landing in hostile regions . The MAC - 10 machine pistol was supplied to many special forces troops in the midpoint of the war . It also armed many CIA agents in the field . UH - 1D helicopters airlift members of a U.S. infantry regiment , 1966 Two aircraft which were prominent in the war were the AC - 130 `` Spectre '' Gunship and the UH - 1 `` Huey '' gunship . The AC - 130 was a heavily armed ground - attack aircraft variant of the C - 130 Hercules transport plane ; it was used to provide close air support , air interdiction and force protection . The AC - 130H `` Spectre '' was armed with two 20 mm M61 Vulcan cannons , one Bofors 40mm autocannon , and one 105 mm M102 howitzer . The Huey is a military helicopter powered by a single , turboshaft engine , with a two - bladed main rotor and tail rotor . Approximately 7,000 UH - 1 aircraft saw service in Vietnam . The Claymore M18A1 , an anti-personnel mine , was widely used during the war . Unlike a conventional land mine , the Claymore is command - detonated and directional , meaning it is fired by remote - control and shoots a pattern of 700 one - eighth - inch steel balls into the kill zone like a shotgun . The aircraft ordnance used during the war included precision - guided munition , cluster bombs , and napalm , a thickening / gelling agent generally mixed with petroleum or a similar fuel for use in an incendiary device , initially against buildings and later primarily as an anti-personnel weapon that sticks to skin and can burn down to the bone . Radio communications The Vietnam War was the first conflict where U.S. forces had secure voice communication equipment available at the tactical level . The National Security Agency ran a crash program to provide U.S. forces with a family of security equipment code named NESTOR , fielding 17,000 units initially . Eventually 30,000 units were produced . However limitations of the units , including poor voice quality , reduced range , annoying time delays and logistical support issues led to only one unit in ten being used . While many in the U.S. military believed that the Viet Cong and NVA would not be able to exploit insecure communications , interrogation of captured communication intelligence units showed they were able to understand the jargon and codes used in realtime and were often able to warn their side of impending U.S. actions . Extent of U.S. bombing Bombs being dropped by the B - 52 Stratofortress long - range strategic bomber See also : Operation Rolling Thunder , Operation Menu , Operation Freedom Deal , and CIA activities in Laos The U.S. dropped over 7 million tons of bombs on Indochina during the war -- more than triple the 2.1 million tons of bombs the U.S. dropped on Europe and Asia during all of World War II , and more than ten times the amount dropped by the U.S. during the Korean War . 500 thousand tons were dropped on Cambodia , 1 million tons were dropped on North Vietnam , and 4 million tons were dropped on South Vietnam . On a per capita basis , the 2 million tons dropped on Laos make it the most heavily bombed country in history ; The New York Times noted this was `` nearly a ton for every person in Laos . '' In Laos alone , some 80 million bombs failed to explode and remain scattered throughout the country , rendering vast swathes of land impossible to cultivate and killing or maiming 50 Laotians every year . Former U.S. Air Force official Earl Tilford has recounted `` repeated bombing runs of a lake in central Cambodia . The B - 52s literally dropped their payloads in the lake '' : The Air Force ran many missions of this kind for the purpose of securing additional funding during budget negotiations , so the amount of tonnage expended does not directly correlate with the resulting damage . Aftermath Events in Southeast Asia Further information : Mayaguez incident and Indochina refugee crisis Vietnamese refugees fleeing Vietnam , 1984 On 2 July 1976 , North and South Vietnam were merged to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam . Despite speculation that the victorious North Vietnamese would , in President Nixon 's words , `` massacre the civilians there ( South Vietnam ) by the millions , '' there is a widespread consensus that no mass executions in fact took place . However , in the years following the end of the war , up to 300,000 South Vietnamese were sent to reeducation camps ( not including `` dissidents detained in the many prisons of Vietnam '' ) , where many endured torture , starvation , and disease while being forced to perform hard labor . In addition , 200,000 to 400,000 Vietnamese boat people died at sea , according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . Phnom Penh , the capital of Cambodia , fell to the communist Khmer Rouge on 17 April 1975 . Under the leadership of Pol Pot , the Khmer Rouge would eventually kill 1 -- 3 million Cambodians out of a population of around 8 million , in one of the bloodiest genocides in history . An estimated 1,386,734 victims of execution have been counted in mass graves , while demographic analysis suggests that the policies of the regime caused between 1.7 and 2.5 million excess deaths altogether ( including disease and starvation ) . After repeated border clashes in 1978 , Vietnam invaded Democratic Kampuchea ( Cambodia ) and ousted the Khmer Rouge , who were being supported by China , in the Cambodian -- Vietnamese War . In response , China invaded Vietnam in 1979 . The two countries fought a brief border war , known as the Sino - Vietnamese War . From 1978 to 1979 , some 450,000 ethnic Chinese left Vietnam by boat as refugees or were expelled . The devastating impact of Khmer Rouge rule contributed to a 1979 famine in Cambodia , during which an additional 300,000 Cambodians perished . The Pathet Lao overthrew the monarchy of Laos in December 1975 , establishing the Lao People 's Democratic Republic under the leadership of a member of the royal family , Souphanouvong . The change in regime was `` quite peaceful , a sort of Asiatic ' velvet revolution ' '' -- although 30,000 former officials were sent to reeducation camps , often enduring harsh conditions for several years . The conflict between Hmong rebels and the Pathet Lao continued in isolated pockets . Over 3 million people left Vietnam , Laos , and Cambodia in the Indochina refugee crisis . Most Asian countries were unwilling to accept these refugees , many of whom fled by boat and were known as boat people . Between 1975 and 1998 , an estimated 1.2 million refugees from Vietnam and other Southeast Asian countries resettled in the United States , while Canada , Australia , and France resettled over 500,000 . China accepted 250,000 people . Of all the countries of Indochina , Laos experienced the largest refugee flight in proportional terms , as 300,000 people out of a total population of 3 million crossed the border into Thailand . Included among their ranks were `` about 90 percent '' of Laos 's `` intellectuals , technicians , and officials . '' In 1988 , Vietnam suffered a famine that afflicted millions . Vietnam retained its pro-Soviet orientation after the war and remained an important ally of the USSR in the region . Agent Orange and similar chemical substances used by the U.S. have also caused a considerable number of deaths and injuries over the years , including the US Air Force crew that handled them . On 9 August 2012 , the United States and Vietnam began a cooperative cleaning up of the toxic chemical on part of Danang International Airport , marking the first time Washington has been involved in cleaning up Agent Orange in Vietnam . Effect on the United States United States expenditures in South Vietnam ( SVN ) ( 1953 -- 1974 ) Direct costs only . Some estimates are higher . U.S. military costs U.S. military aid to SVN U.S. economic aid to SVN Total Total ( 2015 dollars ) $111 billion $16.138 billion $7.315 billion $134.53 billion $1.020 trillion Vietnam War protests at the Pentagon , October 1967 In the post-war era , Americans struggled to absorb the lessons of the military intervention . As General Maxwell Taylor , one of the principal architects of the war , noted , `` First , we did n't know ourselves . We thought that we were going into another Korean War , but this was a different country . Secondly , we did n't know our South Vietnamese allies ... And we knew less about North Vietnam . Who was Ho Chi Minh ? Nobody really knew . So , until we know the enemy and know our allies and know ourselves , we 'd better keep out of this kind of dirty business . It 's very dangerous . '' President Ronald Reagan coined the term `` Vietnam Syndrome '' to describe the reluctance of the American public and politicians to support further international interventions after Vietnam . Some have suggested that `` the responsibility for the ultimate failure of this policy ( America 's withdrawal from Vietnam ) lies not with the men who fought , but with those in Congress ... '' Alternatively , the official history of the United States Army noted that `` tactics have often seemed to exist apart from larger issues , strategies , and objectives . Yet in Vietnam the Army experienced tactical success and strategic failure ... The ... Vietnam War ... legacy may be the lesson that unique historical , political , cultural , and social factors always impinge on the military ... Success rests not only on military progress but on correctly analyzing the nature of the particular conflict , understanding the enemy 's strategy , and assessing the strengths and weaknesses of allies . A new humility and a new sophistication may form the best parts of a complex heritage left to the Army by the long , bitter war in Vietnam . '' A young Marine private waits on the beach during the Marine landing , Da Nang , 3 August 1965 U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger wrote in a secret memo to President Gerald Ford that `` in terms of military tactics , we can not help draw the conclusion that our armed forces are not suited to this kind of war . Even the Special Forces who had been designed for it could not prevail . '' Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara concluded that `` the achievement of a military victory by U.S. forces in Vietnam was indeed a dangerous illusion . '' Doubts surfaced as to the effectiveness of large - scale , sustained bombing . As Army Chief of Staff Harold Keith Johnson noted , `` if anything came out of Vietnam , it was that air power could n't do the job . '' Even General William Westmoreland admitted that the bombing had been ineffective . As he remarked , `` I still doubt that the North Vietnamese would have relented . '' The inability to bring Hanoi to the bargaining table by bombing also illustrated another U.S. miscalculation . The North 's leadership was composed of hardened communists who had been fighting for thirty years . They had defeated the French , and their tenacity as both nationalists and communists was formidable . Ho Chi Minh is quoted as saying , `` You can kill ten of my men for every one I kill of yours ... But even at these odds you will lose and I will win . '' Marine gets his wounds treated during operations in Huế City , 1968 The Vietnam War called into question the U.S. Army doctrine . Marine Corps General Victor H. Krulak heavily criticised Westmoreland 's attrition strategy , calling it `` wasteful of American lives ... with small likelihood of a successful outcome . '' In addition , doubts surfaced about the ability of the military to train foreign forces . Between 1953 and 1975 , the United States spent $168 billion on the war ( $1.02 trillion in FY2015 dollars ) . This resulted in a large federal budget deficit . More than 3 million Americans served in the Vietnam War , some 1.5 million of whom actually saw combat in Vietnam . James E. Westheider wrote that `` At the height of American involvement in 1968 , for example , there were 543,000 American military personnel in Vietnam , but only 80,000 were considered combat troops . '' Conscription in the United States had been controlled by the president since World War II , but ended in 1973 . By war 's end , 58,220 American soldiers had been killed , more than 150,000 had been wounded , and at least 21,000 had been permanently disabled . The average age of the U.S. troops killed in Vietnam was 23.11 years . According to Dale Kueter , `` Of those killed in combat , 86.3 percent were white , 12.5 percent were black and the remainder from other races . '' Approximately 830,000 Vietnam veterans suffered some degree of posttraumatic stress disorder . An estimated 125,000 Americans left for Canada to avoid the Vietnam draft , and approximately 50,000 American servicemen deserted . In 1977 , United States president Jimmy Carter granted a full and unconditional pardon to all Vietnam - era draft dodgers . The Vietnam War POW / MIA issue , concerning the fate of U.S. service personnel listed as missing in action , persisted for many years after the war 's conclusion . The costs of the war loom large in American popular consciousness ; a 1990 poll showed that the public incorrectly believed that more Americans lost their lives in Vietnam than in World War II . As of 2013 , the U.S. government is paying Vietnam veterans and their families or survivors more than $22 billion a year in war - related claims . Impact on the U.S. military As the Vietnam War continued inconclusively and became more unpopular with the American public , morale declined and disciplinary problems grew among American enlisted men and junior , non-career officers . Drug use , racial tensions , and the growing incidence of fragging -- attempting to kill unpopular officers and non-commissioned officers with grenades or other weapons -- created severe problems for the U.S. military and impacted its capability of undertaking combat operations . By 1971 , a U.S. Army colonel writing in the Armed Forces Journal declared : `` By every conceivable indicator , our army that now remains in Vietnam is in a state approaching collapse , with individual units avoiding or having refused combat , murdering their officers and non commissioned officers , drug - ridden , and dispirited where not near mutinous ... The morale , discipline , and battleworthiness of the U.S. Armed Forces are , with a few salient exceptions , lower and worse than at any time in this century and possibly in the history of the United States . '' Between 1969 and 1971 the US Army recorded more than 700 attacks by troops on their own officers . Eighty - three officers were killed and almost 650 were injured . Ron Milam has questioned the severity of the `` breakdown '' of the U.S. armed forces , especially among combat troops , as reflecting the opinions of `` angry colonels '' who deplored the erosion of traditional military values during the Vietnam War . Although acknowledging serious problems , he questions the alleged `` near mutinous '' conduct of junior officers and enlisted men in combat . Investigating one combat refusal incident , a journalist declared , `` A certain sense of independence , a reluctance to behave according to the military 's insistence on obedience , like pawns or puppets ... The grunts ( infantrymen ) were determined to survive ... they insisted of having something to say about the making of decisions that determined whether they might live or die . '' The morale and discipline problems and resistance to conscription ( the draft ) were important factors leading to the creation of an all - volunteer military force by the United States and the termination of conscription . The last conscript was inducted into the army in 1973 . The all - volunteer military moderated some of the coercive methods of discipline previously used to maintain order in military ranks . Effects of U.S. chemical defoliation U.S. helicopter spraying chemical defoliants in the Mekong Delta , South Vietnam , 1969 One of the most controversial aspects of the U.S. military effort in Southeast Asia was the widespread use of chemical defoliants between 1961 and 1971 . They were used to defoliate large parts of the countryside to prevent the Viet Cong from being able to hide their weapons and encampments under the foliage . These chemicals continue to change the landscape , cause diseases and birth defects , and poison the food chain . Early in the American military effort , it was decided that since the enemy were hiding their activities under triple - canopy jungle , a useful first step might be to defoliate certain areas . This was especially true of growth surrounding bases ( both large and small ) in what became known as Operation Ranch Hand . Corporations like Dow Chemical Company and Monsanto were given the task of developing herbicides for this purpose . American officials also pointed out that the British had previously used 2 , 4 , 5 - T and 2 , 4 - D ( virtually identical to America 's use in Vietnam ) on a large scale throughout the Malayan Emergency in the 1950s in order to destroy bushes , crops , and trees in effort to deny communist insurgents the concealment they needed to ambush passing convoys . Indeed , Secretary of State Dean Rusk told President John F. Kennedy on 24 November 1961 , that `` ( t ) he use of defoliant does not violate any rule of international law concerning the conduct of chemical warfare and is an accepted tactic of war . Precedent has been established by the British during the emergency in Malaya in their use of aircraft for destroying crops by chemical spraying . '' The defoliants , which were distributed in drums marked with color - coded bands , included the `` Rainbow Herbicides '' -- Agent Pink , Agent Green , Agent Purple , Agent Blue , Agent White , and , most famously , Agent Orange , which included dioxin as a by - product of its manufacture . About 11 -- 12 million gallons ( 41.6 -- 45.4 million L ) of Agent Orange were sprayed over southern Vietnam between 1961 and 1971 . A prime area of Ranch Hand operations was in the Mekong Delta , where the U.S. Navy patrol boats were vulnerable to attack from the undergrowth at the water 's edge . In 1961 and 1962 , the Kennedy administration authorized the use of chemicals to destroy rice crops . Between 1961 and 1967 , the U.S. Air Force sprayed 20 million U.S. gallons ( 75,700,000 L ) of concentrated herbicides over 6 million acres ( 24,000 km ) of crops and trees , affecting an estimated 13 % of South Vietnam 's land . In 1965 , 42 % of all herbicide was sprayed over food crops . Another purpose of herbicide use was to drive civilian populations into RVN - controlled areas . Vietnamese victims affected by Agent Orange attempted a class action lawsuit against Dow Chemical and other US chemical manufacturers , but District Court Judge Jack B. Weinstein dismissed their case . They appealed , but the dismissal was cemented in February 2008 by the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit . As of 2006 , the Vietnamese government estimates that there are over 4,000,000 victims of dioxin poisoning in Vietnam , although the United States government denies any conclusive scientific links between Agent Orange and the Vietnamese victims of dioxin poisoning . In some areas of southern Vietnam , dioxin levels remain at over 100 times the accepted international standard . The U.S. Veterans Administration has listed prostate cancer , respiratory cancers , multiple myeloma , Diabetes mellitus type 2 , B - cell lymphomas , soft - tissue sarcoma , chloracne , porphyria cutanea tarda , peripheral neuropathy , and spina bifida in children of veterans exposed to Agent Orange . Casualties See also : Vietnam War casualties Military deaths in Vietnam War ( 1955 -- 1975 ) Year U.S. South Vietnam 1956 -- 1959 n.a. 1960 5 2,223 1961 16 4,004 1962 53 4,457 1963 122 5,665 1964 216 7,457 1965 1,928 11,242 1966 6,350 11,953 1967 11,363 12,716 1968 16,899 27,915 1969 11,780 21,833 1970 6,173 23,346 1971 2,414 22,738 1972 759 39,587 1973 68 27,901 31,219 62 n.a. After 1975 7 n.a. Total 58,220 > 254,256 Estimates of the number of casualties vary , with one source suggesting up to 3.8 million violent war deaths in Vietnam for the period 1955 to 2002 . Between 195,000 and 430,000 South Vietnamese civilians died in the war . Extrapolating from a 1969 US intelligence report , Guenter Lewy estimated 65,000 North Vietnamese civilians died in the war . Estimates of civilian deaths caused by American bombing of North Vietnam in Operation Rolling Thunder range from 52,000 to 182,000 . The military forces of South Vietnam suffered an estimated 254,256 killed between 1960 and 1974 and additional deaths from 1954 to 1959 and in 1975 . The official US Department of Defense figure was 950,765 communist forces killed in Vietnam from 1965 to 1974 . Defense Department officials believed that these body count figures need to be deflated by 30 percent . In addition , Guenter Lewy assumes that one - third of the reported `` enemy '' killed may have been civilians , concluding that the actual number of deaths of communist military forces was probably closer to 444,000 . It was difficult to distinguish between civilians and military personnel on the Viet Cong side as many persons were part - time guerrillas or impressed laborers who did not wear uniforms . A detailed demographic study calculated 791,000 -- 1,141,000 war - related deaths for all of Vietnam . According to figures released by the Vietnamese government in 1995 , there were 1,100,000 North Vietnamese Army and Viet Cong military personnel deaths during the Vietnam War ( including the missing ) . The Vietnamese government released its estimate of war deaths for the more lengthy period of 1955 to 1975 . According to the Vietnamese , Communist battle deaths totaled 1.1 million and civilian deaths of Vietnamese totaled 2.0 million . These estimates probably include battle deaths of Vietnamese soldiers in Laos and Cambodia , but do not include deaths of South Vietnamese and allied soldiers which would add nearly 300,000 for a grand total of 3.4 million military and civilian dead . Between 240,000 and 300,000 Cambodians died during the war . 20,000 - 62,000 Laotians also died , and 58,300 U.S. military personnel were killed , of which 1,596 are still listed as missing as of 2015 . Unexploded ordnance , mostly from U.S. bombing , continue to detonate and kill people today . According to the Vietnamese government , ordnance has killed some 42,000 people since the war officially ended . According to the government of Laos , unexploded ordnance has killed or injured over 20,000 Laotians since the end of the war . In popular culture See also : Vietnam War in film , Vietnam War in games , and War in popular culture The Vietnam War has been featured extensively in television , film , video games , and literature in the participant countries . In American popular culture , the `` Crazy Vietnam Veteran '' , who was suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder , became a common stock character after the war . One of the first major films based on the Vietnam War was John Wayne 's pro-war film , The Green Berets ( 1968 ) . Further cinematic representations were released during the 1970s and 1980s , including Michael Cimino 's The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) , Francis Ford Coppola 's Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) , Oliver Stone 's Platoon ( 1986 ) -- based on his service in the U.S. military during the Vietnam War , Stanley Kubrick 's Full Metal Jacket ( 1987 ) , Hamburger Hill ( 1987 ) , and Casualties of War ( 1989 ) . Later films would include We Were Soldiers ( 2002 ) and Rescue Dawn ( 2007 ) . The war also influenced a generation of musicians and songwriters in Vietnam and the United States , both anti-war and pro / anti-communist . The band Country Joe and the Fish recorded `` I - Feel - Like - I 'm - Fixin ' - To - Die Rag '' / The `` Fish '' Cheer in 1965 , and it became one of the most influential anti-Vietnam protest anthems . Many songwriters and musicians supported the anti-war movement , including Pete Seeger , Joan Baez , Peggy Seeger , Ewan MacColl , Barbara Dane , The Critics Group , Phil Ochs , John Lennon , Nina Simone , Neil Young , Tom Paxton , Jimmy Cliff and Arlo Guthrie . See also Vietnam portal United States portal War portal Cold War portal 1950s portal 1960s portal 1970s portal Aircraft losses of the Vietnam War Awards and decorations of the Vietnam War Battle of Quang Tri ( 1968 ) Counterculture of the 1960s Củ Chi tunnels Đắk Sơn massacre Draft lottery ( 1969 ) Kit Carson Scouts List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War List of United States servicemembers and civilians missing in action during the Vietnam War ( 1968 -- 69 ) McNamara Line Major General Michael D. Healy Operation Wheeler / Wallowa Patrol Craft Fast Protests of 1968 The Sixties Unplugged United States Air Force in Thailand United States Army Special Forces in popular culture U.S. news media and the Vietnam War Vietnam War Crimes Working Group Files Weapons of the Cambodian Civil War Weapons of the Vietnam War Winter Soldier Investigation General : History of Cambodia History of Laos List of conflicts in Asia Annotations ^ Jump up to : Due to the early presence of American troops in Vietnam the start date of the Vietnam War is a matter of debate . In 1998 , after a high level review by the Department of Defense ( DoD ) and through the efforts of Richard B. Fitzgibbon 's family the start date of the Vietnam War according to the US government was officially changed to 1 November 1955 . U.S. government reports currently cite 1 November 1955 as the commencement date of the `` Vietnam Conflict '' , because this date marked when the U.S. Military Assistance Advisory Group ( MAAG ) in Indochina ( deployed to Southeast Asia under President Truman ) was reorganized into country - specific units and MAAG Vietnam was established . Other start dates include when Hanoi authorized Viet Cong forces in South Vietnam to begin a low - level insurgency in December 1956 , whereas some view 26 September 1959 when the first battle occurred between the Viet Cong and the South Vietnamese army , as the start date . ^ Jump up to : The figures of 58,220 and 303,644 for U.S. deaths and wounded come from the Department of Defense Statistical Information Analysis Division ( SIAD ) , Defense Manpower Data Center , as well as from a Department of Veterans fact sheet dated May 2010 ; the total is 153,303 WIA excluding 150,341 persons not requiring hospital care the CRS ( Congressional Research Service ) Report for Congress , American War and Military Operations Casualties : Lists and Statistics , dated 26 February 2010 , and the book Crucible Vietnam : Memoir of an Infantry Lieutenant . Some other sources give different figures ( e.g. the 2005 / 2006 documentary Heart of Darkness : The Vietnam War Chronicles 1945 -- 1975 cited elsewhere in this article gives a figure of 58,159 U.S. deaths , and the 2007 book Vietnam Sons gives a figure of 58,226 ) Jump up ^ The Military Assistance Advisory Group , Indochina ( with an authorized strength of 128 men ) was set up in September 1950 with a mission to oversee the use and distribution of US military equipment by the French and their allies . Jump up ^ The Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng had previously formed in Nanjing , China , at some point between August 1935 and early 1936 when the non-communist Vietnamese Nationalist Party ( Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng , or Viet Quoc ) , led by Nguyễn Thái Học , and some members of the Indochinese Communist Party ( ICP ) and a number of other Vietnamese nationalist parties formed an anti-imperialist united front . This organisation soon lapsed into inactivity , only to be revived by the ICP and Ho Chi Minh in 1941 . Jump up ^ On 8 March 1965 the first American combat troops , the Third Marine Regiment , Third Marine Division , began landing in Vietnam to protect the Da Nang airport . Notes ^ Jump up to : Moïse 1996 , pp. 3 -- 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` ALLIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM '' . Retrieved 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter Three : 1957 - 1969 Early Relations between Malaysia and Vietnam '' ( PDF ) . University of Malaya Student Repository . p. 72 . Retrieved 17 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al - Haj ( Profiles of Malaysia 's Foreign Ministers ) '' ( PDF ) . Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations ( IDFR ) , Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( Malaysia ) . 2008 . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 983 - 2220 - 26 - 8 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 16 October 2015 . Retrieved 17 October 2015 . The Tunku had been personally responsible for Malaya 's partisan support of the South Vietnamese regime in its fight against the Vietcong and , in reply to a Parliamentary question on 6 February 1962 , he had listed all the used weapons and equipment of the Royal Malaya Police given to Saigon . These included a total of 45,707 single - barrel shotguns , 611 armoured cars and smaller numbers of carbines and pistols . Writing in 1975 , he revealed that `` we had clandestinely been giving ' aid ' to Vietnam since early 1958 . Published American archival sources now reveal that the actual Malaysian contributions to the war effort in Vietnam included the following : `` over 5,000 Vietnamese officers trained in Malaysia ; training of 150 U.S. soldiers in handling Tracker Dogs ; a rather impressive list of military equipment and weapons given to Viet - Nam after the end of the Malaysian insurgency ( for example , 641 armored personnel carriers , 56,000 shotguns ) ; and a creditable amount of civil assistance ( transportation equipment , cholera vaccine , and flood relief ) '' . It is undeniable that the Government 's policy of supporting the South Vietnamese regime with arms , equipment and training was regarded by some quarters , especially the Opposition parties , as a form of interfering in the internal affairs of that country and the Tunku 's valiant efforts to defend it were not convincing enough , from a purely foreign policy standpoint . ^ Jump up to : Weil , Thomas E. et . al. Area Handbook for Brazil ( 1975 ) , p. 293 Jump up ^ The Cuban Military Under Castro , 1989 . Page 76 Jump up ^ Cuba in the World , 1979 . Page 66 Jump up ^ `` Cesky a slovensky svet '' . Svet.czsk.net . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bilaterální vztahy České republiky a Vietnamské socialistické republiky Mezinárodní vztahy e-Polis -- Internetový politologický časopis '' . E-polis.cz . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Affairs in the 1960s and 1970s '' . Library of Congress . 1992 . Throughout the 1960s and 1970s , Bulgaria gave official military support to many national liberation causes , most notably in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam , ( North Vietnam ) ... Jump up ^ `` Project MUSE - Sailing in the Shadow of the Vietnam War : The GDR Government and the `` Vietnam Bonus '' of the Early 1970s '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Crump 2015 , p. 183 Jump up ^ http://www.historycy.org/index.php?showtopic=36539&st=15 Polish military advisers in North Vietnam ( in Polish ) ^ Jump up to : Radvanyi , Janos ( 1980 ) . `` Vietnam War Diplomacy : Reflections of a Former Iron Curtain Official '' ( PDF ) . Paramaters : Journal of the US Army War College . Carlise Barracks , Pennsylvania . 10 ( 3 ) : 8 -- 15 . Jump up ^ `` Why did Sweden support the Viet Cong ? '' . HistoryNet. 25 July 2013 . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden announces support to Viet Cong '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . In Sweden , Foreign Minister Torsten Nilsson reveals that Sweden has been providing assistance to the Viet Cong , including some $550,000 worth of medical supplies . Similar Swedish aid was to go to Cambodian and Laotian civilians affected by the Indochinese fighting . This support was primarily humanitarian in nature and included no military aid . Jump up ^ DoD 1998 Jump up ^ Lawrence 2009 , p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : Olson & Roberts 1991 , p. 67 . ^ Jump up to : Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam , 1954 -- 1960 , The Pentagon Papers ( Gravel Edition ) , Volume 1 , Chapter 5 , ( Boston : Beacon Press , 1971 ) , Section 3 , pp. 314 -- 346 ; International Relations Department , Mount Holyoke College . Jump up ^ Le Gro , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer ( 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War : A Political , Social , and Military History , 2nd Edition . ABC - CLIO . p. xlv . ISBN 9781851099610 . Jump up ^ `` Facts about the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Collection '' . nps.gov . ( citing The first American ground combat troops landed in South Vietnam during March 1965 , specifically the U.S. Third Marine Regiment , Third Marine Division , deployed to Vietnam from Okinawa to defend the Da Nang , Vietnam , airfield . During the height of U.S. military involvement , 31 December 1968 , the breakdown of allied forces were as follows : 536,100 U.S. military personnel , with 30,610 U.S. military having been killed to date ; 65,000 Free World Forces personnel ; 820,000 South Vietnam Armed Forces ( SVNAF ) with 88,343 having been killed to date . At the war 's end , there were approximately 2,200 U.S. missing in action ( MIA ) and prisoners of war ( POW ) . Source : Harry G. Summers Jr . Vietnam War Almanac , Facts on File Publishing , 1985 . ) ^ Jump up to : The A to Z of the Vietnam War . The Scarecrow Press . 2005 . ISBN 9781461719038 . Jump up ^ Vietnam War After Action Reports , BACM Research , 2009 , page 430 Jump up ^ `` China admits 320,000 troops fought in Vietnam '' . Toledo Blade . Reuters. 16 May 1989 . Retrieved 24 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Roy , Denny ( 1998 ) . China 's Foreign Relations . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0847690138 . ^ Jump up to : Womack , Brantly ( 2006 - 02 - 13 ) . China and Vietnam . ISBN 9780521618342 . Jump up ^ Pham Thi Thu Thuy ( 1 August 2013 ) . `` The colorful history of North Korea - Vietnam relations '' . NK News . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Charles Hirschman et al. , `` Vietnamese Casualties During the American War : A New Estimate , '' Population and Development Review , December 1995 . ^ Jump up to : Lewy 1978 , pp. 450 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Thayer 1985 , chap. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Aaron Ulrich ( editor ) ; Edward FeuerHerd ( producer and director ) ( 2005 , 2006 ) . Heart of Darkness : The Vietnam War Chronicles 1945 -- 1975 ( Box set , Color , Dolby , DVD - Video , Full Screen , NTSC , Dolby , Vision Software ) ( Documentary ) . Koch Vision . Event occurs at 321 minutes . ISBN 1 - 4172 - 2920 - 9 . Jump up ^ Rummel , R.J ( 1997 ) , `` Table 6.1 A. Vietnam Democide : Estimates , Sources , and Calculations , '' ( GIF ) , Freedom , Democracy , Peace ; Power , Democide , and War , University of Hawaii System ^ Jump up to : Tucker , Spencer E. The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War : A Political , Social , and Military History ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 961 - 1 Jump up ^ Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund ( 29 May 2017 ) . `` 3 new names added to Vietnam Veterans Memorial wall '' ( Press release ) . Associated Press . Jump up ^ America 's Wars ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Department of Veterans Affairs . May 2010 . Jump up ^ Anne Leland ; Mari -- Jana `` M-J '' Oboroceanu ( 26 February 2010 ) . American War and Military Operations : Casualties : Lists and Statistics ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Congressional Research Service . Jump up ^ Lawrence 2009 , pp. 65 , 107 , 154 , 217 Jump up ^ Kueter , Dale . Vietnam Sons : For Some , the War Never Ended . AuthorHouse ( 21 March 2007 ) . ISBN 978 - 1425969318 Jump up ^ `` Australian casualties in the Vietnam War , 1962 -- 72 Australian War Memorial '' . Awm.gov.au . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War : A Political , Social , and Military History By Spencer C. Tucker `` https://books.google.com/?id=qh5lffww-KsC '' Jump up ^ `` Overview of the war in Vietnam VietnamWar.govt.nz , New Zealand and the Vietnam War '' . Vietnamwar.govt.nz. 16 July 1965 . Archived from the original on 26 July 2013 . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = http://militaryhistorynow.com/2013/10/02/the-international-vietnam-war-the-other-world-powers-that-fought-in-south-east-asia/%7Ctitle=America Was n't the Only Foreign Power in the Vietnam War accessdate = 10 June 2017 deadurl = no Jump up ^ `` Chapter III : The Philippines '' . History.army.mil . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Allies in Vietnam '' ( PDF ) . Embassy of South Vietnam . March 1970 . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Associated Press , 3 April 1995 , `` Vietnam Says 1.1 Million Died Fighting For North . '' Jump up ^ Soames , John . A History of the World , Routledge , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` North Korea fought in Vietnam War '' . BBC News . 31 March 2000 . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Shenon , Philip ( 23 April 1995 ) . `` 20 Years After Victory , Vietnamese Communists Ponder How to Celebrate '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 February 2011 . The Vietnamese government officially claimed a rough estimate of 2 million civilian deaths , but it did not divide these deaths between those of North and South Vietnam . Jump up ^ `` fifty years of violent war deaths : data analysis from the world health survey program : BMJ '' . 23 April 2008 . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . From 1955 to 2002 , data from the surveys indicated an estimated 5.4 million violent war deaths ... 3.8 million in Vietnam ^ Jump up to : Obermeyer , Murray & Gakidou 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Heuveline , Patrick ( 2001 ) . `` The Demographic Analysis of Mortality in Cambodia '' . Forced Migration and Mortality . National Academy Press . pp. 102 -- 104 , 120 , 124 . ISBN 9780309073349 . As best as can now be estimated , over two million Cambodians died during the 1970s because of the political events of the decade , the vast majority of them during the mere four years of the ' Khmer Rouge ' regime ... Subsequent reevaluations of the demographic data situated the death toll for the ( civil war ) in the order of 300,000 or less . ^ Jump up to : Banister , Judith ; Johnson , E. Paige ( 1993 ) . `` After the Nightmare : The Population of Cambodia '' . Genocide and Democracy in Cambodia : The Khmer Rouge , the United Nations and the International Community . Yale University Southeast Asia Studies . p. 87 . ISBN 9780938692492 . An estimated 275,000 excess deaths . We have modeled the highest mortality we can justify for the early 1970s . ^ Jump up to : Sliwinski estimates 240,000 wartime deaths , of which 40,000 were caused by U.S. bombing . ( Sliwinski 1995 , p. 48 ) . He characterizes other estimates ranging from 600,000 -- 700,000 as `` the most extreme evaluations '' ( p. 42 ) . Jump up ^ Factasy . `` The Vietnam War or Second Indochina War '' . PRLog . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam War '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 5 March 2008 . Meanwhile , the United States , its military demoralized and its civilian electorate deeply divided , began a process of coming to terms with defeat in its longest and most controversial war Jump up ^ Lind , Michael ( 1999 ) . `` Vietnam , The Necessary War : A Reinterpretation of America 's Most Disastrous Military Conflict '' . New York Times . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Digital History ; Steven Mintz . `` The Vietnam War '' . Digitalhistory.uh.edu . Archived from the original on 30 October 2011 . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Major General George S. Eckhardt , Vietnam Studies Command and Control 1950 -- 1969 , Department of the Army , Washington , D.C. ( 1991 ) , p. 6 Jump up ^ Vietnam War Statistics and Facts 1 , 25th Aviation Battalion website . Jump up ^ Thee , Marek ( 1976 ) . `` The Indochina Wars : Great Power Involvement - Escalation and Disengagement '' . Journal of Peace Research . Sage Publications . 13 ( 2 ) : 117 . ISSN 1460 - 3578 . JSTOR 423343 . doi : 10.1177 / 002234337601300204 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Kolko 1985 , pp. 457 , 461ff . Jump up ^ Moore , Harold . G and Joseph L. Galloway We Are Soldiers Still : A Journey Back to the Battlefields of Vietnam ( p. 57 ) . Jump up ^ `` Asian - Nation : Asian American History , Demographics , & Issues : : The American / Viet Nam War '' . Retrieved 18 August 2008 . The Viet Nam War is also called ' The American War ' by the Vietnamese Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer C. ( 2011 ) The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War : A Political , Social , and Military History ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 961 - 1 , p. xli Jump up ^ Ooi , Keat Gin . Southeast Asia : a historical encyclopedia , from Angkor Wat to East Timor . ABC - CLIO ; 2004 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 770 - 2 . p. 520 . Jump up ^ Rai , Lajpat . Social Science . FK Publications ; ISBN 978 - 81 - 89611 - 12 - 5 . p. 22 . Jump up ^ Dommen , Arthur J. The Indochinese experience of the French and the Americans : nationalism and communism in Cambodia , Laos , and Vietnam . Indiana University Press ; 2001 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 33854 - 9 . p. 4 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Neale 2001 , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Neale 2001 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Sophie Quinn - Judge ( 2003 ) . Ho Chi Minh : the missing years , 1919 -- 1941 . C. Hurst . pp. 212 -- 213 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85065 - 658 - 6 . Jump up ^ Tucker 1999 , p. 42 Jump up ^ Brocheux 2007 , p. 198 Jump up ^ Neale 2001 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Koh , David ( 21 August 2008 ) . `` Vietnam needs to remember famine of 1945 '' . The Straits Times . Singapore . Jump up ^ Neale 2001 , pp. 18 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Kolko 1985 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Neale 2001 , p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : Neale 2001 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Interview with Carleton Swift , 1981 , http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/vietnam-9dc948-interview-with-carleton-swift Jump up ^ Stuart - Fox 1997 , p. . Jump up ^ Interview with Archimedes L.A. Patti , 1981 , http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/vietnam-bf3262-interview-with-archimedes-l-a-patti-1981 Jump up ^ Kolko 1985 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Dommen , Arthur J. ( 2001 ) , The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans , Indiana University Press , pg. 120 . `` According to one estimate , 15,000 nationalists were massacred '' in the summer of 1946 ( pg. 154 ) . In addition , `` 100,000 to 150,000 ( civilians ) had been assassinated by the Viet Minh '' by the end of the First Indochina war ( pg. 252 ) . Jump up ^ `` ベトナム 独立 戦争 参加 日本 人 の 事跡 に 基づく 日 越 の あり方 に関する 研究 '' ( PDF ) . 井川 一久 . Tokyo foundation . October 2005 . Retrieved 10 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 日 越 関係 発展 の 方途 を 探る 研究 ヴェトナム 独立 戦争 参加 日本 人 ― その 実態 と 日 越 両国 にとって の 歴史 的 意味 ― '' ( PDF ) . 井川 一久 . Tokyo foundation . May 2006 . Retrieved 10 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Willbanks 2009 , p. 8 ^ Jump up to : Neale 2001 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Neale 2001 , pp. 23 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Willbanks 2009 , p. 9 Jump up ^ `` Franco - Vietnam Agreement of March 6th , 1946 '' . Vietnamgear.com. 6 March 1946 . Retrieved 29 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pentagon Papers , Gravel Edition , Chapter ! , Section 2 '' . Mtholyoke.edu . Retrieved 29 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Peter Dennis ( 1987 ) . Troubled days of peace : Mountbatten and South East Asia command , 1945 -- 46 . Manchester University Press ND . p. 179 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 2205 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Neale 2001 , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : McNamara 1999 , pp. 377 -- 9 . Jump up ^ `` The Vietnam War Seeds of Conflict 1945 -- 1960 '' . The History Place . Retrieved 13 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Pentagon Papers , Gravel , ed , Chapter 2 , ' U.S. Involvement in the Franco - Viet Minh War ' , p. 54 . ^ Jump up to : Ang , Cheng Guan , The Vietnam War from the Other Side , p. 14 . Routledge ( 2002 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` The History Place -- Vietnam War 1945 -- 1960 '' . Retrieved 11 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Herring 2001 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Zinn , A People 's History of the United States , p. 471 . ^ Jump up to : Vietnam The Ten Thousand Day War , Thames 1981 , Michael Maclear , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Vietnam at War : The History : 1946 -- 1975 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 506792 - 7 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Dien Bien Phu , Air Force Magazine 87 : 8 , August 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker 1999 , p. 76 Jump up ^ The U.S. Navy : a history , Naval Institute Press , 1997 , Nathan Miller , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 595 - 8 , pp. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ The Pentagon Papers . Gravel , ed. vol. 1 , pp. 391 -- 404 . Jump up ^ Press release by the Embassy of the Republic of Vietnam , quoted from the Washington , D.C. press and Information Service , vol I. no . 18 ( 22 July 1955 ) and no . 20 ( 18 August 1955 ) , in Chapter 19 of Gettleman , Franklin and Young , Vietnam and America : A Documented History , pp. 103 -- 105 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , pp. 45 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Fall 1967 , p. . Jump up ^ Vietnam Divided by B.S.N. Murti , Asian Publishing House , 1964 . Jump up ^ Turner 1975 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Kolko 1985 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ 1 Pentagon Papers ( The Senator Gravel Edition ) , 247 , 328 ( Boston , Beacon Press , 1971 ) . Jump up ^ John Prados , `` The Numbers Game : How Many Vietnamese Fled South In 1954 ? '' . The VVA Veteran ( January / February 2005 ) . Archived from the original on 27 May 2006 . Retrieved 11 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Turner 1975 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ cf . Gittinger , J. Price , `` Communist Land Policy in Viet Nam '' , Far Eastern Survey , Vol. 29 , No. 8 , 1957 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Courtois , Stephane ; et al. ( 1997 ) . The Black Book of Communism . Harvard University Press . p. 569 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 07608 - 2 . Jump up ^ Dommen , Arthur J. ( 2001 ) , The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans , Indiana University Press , p. 340 , gives a lower estimate of 32,000 executions . Jump up ^ `` Newly released documents on the land reform '' . Vietnam Studies Group . Archived from the original on 20 April 2011 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 15 . Vu Tuong : There is no reason to expect , and no evidence that I have seen to demonstrate , that the actual executions were less than planned ; in fact the executions perhaps exceeded the plan if we consider two following factors . First , this decree was issued in 1953 for the rent and interest reduction campaign that preceded the far more radical land redistribution and party rectification campaigns ( or waves ) that followed during 1954 - 1956 . Second , the decree was meant to apply to free areas ( under the control of the Viet Minh government ) , not to the areas under French control that would be liberated in 1954 - 1955 and that would experience a far more violent struggle . Thus the number of 13,500 executed people seems to be a low - end estimate of the real number . This is corroborated by Edwin Moise in his recent paper `` Land Reform in North Vietnam , 1953 - 1956 '' presented at the 18th Annual Conference on SE Asian Studies , Center for SE Asian Studies , University of California , Berkeley ( February 2001 ) . In this paper Moise ( 7 - 9 ) modified his earlier estimate in his 1983 book ( which was 5,000 ) and accepted an estimate close to 15,000 executions . Moise made the case based on Hungarian reports provided by Balazs , but the document I cited above offers more direct evidence for his revised estimate . This document also suggests that the total number should be adjusted up some more , taking into consideration the later radical phase of the campaign , the unauthorized killings at the local level , and the suicides following arrest and torture ( the central government bore less direct responsibility for these cases , however ) . cf . Szalontai , Balazs ( November 2005 ) . `` Political and Economic Crisis in North Vietnam , 1955 -- 56 '' . Cold War History . 5 ( 4 ) : 395 -- 426 . doi : 10.1080 / 14682740500284630 . cf . Vu , Tuong ( 2010 ) . Paths to Development in Asia : South Korea , Vietnam , China , and Indonesia . Cambridge University Press . p. 103 . ISBN 9781139489010 . Clearly Vietnamese socialism followed a moderate path relative to China ... Yet the Vietnamese ' land reform ' campaign ... testified that Vietnamese communists could be as radical and murderous as their comrades elsewhere . Jump up ^ Appy 2006 , pp. 46 -- 7 . Jump up ^ The Pentagon Papers ( 1971 ) , Beacon Press , vol. 3 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ The Pentagon Papers ( 1971 ) , Beacon Press , vol. 3 , p. 119 . ^ Jump up to : The Pentagon Papers ( 1971 ) , Beacon Press , vol. 3 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ The Pentagon Papers ( 1971 ) , Beacon Press , vol. 3 , pp. 570 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Dwight D. Eisenhower . Mandate for Change . Garden City , New Jersey . Doubleday & Company , 1963 , p. 372 . Jump up ^ Turner , Robert F. ( 1990 ) . `` Myths and Realities in the Vietnam Debate '' . The Vietnam Debate : A Fresh Look at the Arguments . University Press of America . ISBN 9780819174161 . Jump up ^ Woodruff 2005 , p. 6 states : `` The elections were not held . South Vietnam , which had not signed the Geneva Accords , did not believe the Communists in North Vietnam would allow a fair election . In January 1957 , the International Control Commission ( ICC ) , comprising observers from India , Poland , and Canada , agreed with this perception , reporting that neither South nor North Vietnam had honored the armistice agreement . With the French gone , a return to the traditional power struggle between north and south had begun again . '' Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Gerdes ( ed . ) Examining Issues Through Political Cartoons : The Vietnam War p. 19 . Jump up ^ Turner 1975 , pp. 193 -- 4 , 202 -- 3 , 215 -- 7 Jump up ^ McNamara 1999 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ John F. Kennedy . `` America 's Stakes in Vietnam '' . Speech to the American Friends of Vietnam , June 1956 . Archived 26 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ McNamara 1999 , pp. 200 -- 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Pentagon Papers Gravel Edition Volume 1 , Chapter 5 , `` Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam , 1954 -- 1960 '' `` . Mtholyoke.edu . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Kolko 1985 , p. 89 . ^ Jump up to : Karnow 1997 , p. 230 . Jump up ^ Excerpts from Law 10 / 59 , 6 May 1959 . Jump up ^ Marilyn Young , The Vietnam Wars : 1945 -- 1990 ( New York : Harper Perennial , 1991 ) , p. 73 ^ Jump up to : Ang , Cheng Guan ( 2002 ) . The Vietnam War from the Other Side . RoutledgeCurzon . pp. 16 , 58 , 76 . ISBN 0 - 7007 - 1615 - 7 . Jump up ^ Olson & Roberts 1991 , p. 67 . This decision was made at the 11th Plenary Session of the Lao Dong Central Committee . Jump up ^ Military History Institute of Vietnam , ( 2002 ) Victory in Vietnam : The Official History of the People 's Army of Vietnam , 1954 -- 1975 , translated by Merle L. Pribbenow . University Press of Kansas . p. 68 . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 1175 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` The History Place -- Vietnam War 1945 -- 1960 '' . Retrieved 11 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Victory in Vietnam , p. xi . Jump up ^ Prados 2006 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Inaugural Address of John F. Kennedy . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 265 : `` Kennedy sidestepped Laos , whose rugged terrain was no battleground for American soldiers . '' Jump up ^ The case of John F. Kennedy and Vietnam Presidential Studies Quarterly . Jump up ^ Mann , Robert . A Grand Delusion , Basic Books , 2002 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 267 . Jump up ^ VTF 1969 , IV . B. 4. , pp. 1 -- 2 Jump up ^ McNamara 1999 , p. 369 . Jump up ^ John Kenneth Galbraith . `` Memorandum to President Kennedy from John Kenneth Galbraith on Vietnam , 4 April 1962 . '' The Pentagon Papers . Gravel . ed . Boston , Massachusetts Beacon Press , 1971 , vol. 2 . pp. 669 -- 671 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam War '' . Swarthmore College Peace Collection . Archived from the original on 3 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2011 , p. 1070 . ^ Jump up to : International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos . Jump up ^ Sheehan 1989 , pp. 201 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Live interview by John Bartlow Martin . Was Kennedy Planning to Pull out of Vietnam ? New York City . John F. Kennedy Library , 1964 , Tape V , Reel 1 . Jump up ^ James Gibson , The Perfect War : Technowar in Vietnam ( Boston / New York : The Atlantic Monthly Press , 1986 ) , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 326 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 327 . Jump up ^ FRUS , Foreign Relations of the United States , 1961 -- 1963 , Vol. IV , Vietnam , August -- December 1863 , Document 304 , https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v04/d304 Jump up ^ McNamara 1999 , p. 328 . ^ Jump up to : Demma 1989 . Jump up ^ Blaufarb 1977 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Herring 2001 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Schandler 2009 , p. 36 Jump up ^ U.S. Special Forces : A Guide to America 's Special Operations Units : the World 's Most Elite Fighting Force , By Samuel A. Southworth , Stephen Tanner , Published by Da Capo Press , 2002 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81165 - 4 . Jump up ^ Shooting at the Moon by Roger Warner -- The history of CIA / IAD 'S 15 - year involvement in conducting the secret war in Laos , 1960 -- 1975 , and the career of CIA PMCO ( paramilitary case officer ) Bill Lair . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , pp. 336 -- 9 . Johnson viewed many members that he inherited from Kennedy 's cabinet with distrust because he had never penetrated their circle during Kennedy 's presidency ; to Johnson 's mind , those like W. Averell Harriman and Dean Acheson spoke a different language . Jump up ^ Shortly after the assassination of Kennedy , when McGeorge Bundy called LBJ on the phone , LBJ responded : `` Goddammit , Bundy . I 've told you that when I want you I 'll call you . '' Brian VanDeMark , Into the Quagmire ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1995 ) , 13 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 339 . Before a small group , including Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. , the new president also said , `` We should stop playing cops and robbers ( a reference to Diệm 's failed leadership ) and get back to ... winning the war ... tell the generals in Saigon that Lyndon Johnson intends to stand by our word ... ( to ) win the contest against the externally directed and supported Communist conspiracy . '' Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 339 : `` At a place called Hoa Phu , for example , the strategic hamlet built during the previous summer now looked like it had been hit by a hurricane ... Speaking through an interpreter , a local guard explained to me that a handful of Viet Cong agents had entered the hamlet one night and told the peasants to tear it down and return to their native villages . The peasants complied without question . '' ^ Jump up to : Hunt , Michael ( 2016 ) . The World Transformed - 1945 to the Present . New York City : Oxford . pp. 169 -- 171 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 937102 - 0 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 340 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 341 . Jump up ^ Kolko 1985 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Kutler 1996 , p. 249 . Jump up ^ Moïse 1996 , p. 78 . ^ Jump up to : Healy 2009 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Palmer 1978 , p. 882 . Jump up ^ Scott Shane ( 31 October 2005 ) . `` Vietnam Study , Casting Doubts , Remains Secret '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Gerdes ( ed . ) Examining Issues Through Political Cartoons : The Vietnam War p. 25 . Jump up ^ Herring 2001 , p. 121 . ^ Jump up to : The United States in Vietnam : An analysis in depth of the history of America 's involvement in Vietnam by George McTurnan Kahin and John W. Lewis , Delta Books , 1967 . Jump up ^ Hubbel , John G. ( November 1968 ) . `` The Blood - Red Hands of Ho Chi Minh '' . Readers Digest : 61 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Simon , Dennis M. ( August 2002 ) . `` The War in Vietnam , 1965 -- 1968 '' . Archived from the original on 26 April 2009 . Retrieved 7 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Nalty 1998 , pp. 97 , 261 . Jump up ^ Earl L. Tilford , Setup : What the Air Force did in Vietnam and Why . Maxwell Air Force Base AL : Air University Press , 1991 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 468 . ^ Jump up to : Courtwright 2005 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Gen. Curtis E LeMay . Jump up ^ `` Generations Divide Over Military Action in Iraq '' . Pew Research Center . October 2002 . ( archived from the original on 2 February 2008 ) . ( The archived link is dead , and the original link is towards another article . ) Jump up ^ Young 1991 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ McNamara 1999 , p. 48 . ^ Jump up to : McNamara 1999 , pp. 349 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Moyar 2006 , p. 339 Jump up ^ McNeill 1993 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ McNeill 1993 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Defense , U.S. - Vietnam Relations vol. 4 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ McNamara 1999 , p. 353 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Defense , U.S. -- Vietnam Relations vol. 5 , pp. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Defense , U.S. - Vietnam Relations vol. 4 , pp 117 -- 119 . and vol. 5 , pp. 8 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Public Papers of the Presidents , 1965 . Washington , D.C. Government Printing Office , 1966 , vol. 2 , pp. 794 -- 799 . ^ Jump up to : McNamara 1999 , pp. 353 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 453 . ^ Jump up to : Karnow 1997 , p. 556 . Jump up ^ Peter Church . ed . A Short History of South - East Asia . Singapore , John Wiley & Sons , 2006 , p. 193 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 706 . Jump up ^ Jewett , Russell ( 2014 ) . Northern I Corps - Vietnam : A Corpsman 's Story . Ft Bragg , California : Blurb . ^ Jump up to : Karnow 1997 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ McNamara 1999 , pp. 363 -- 365 . Jump up ^ Stephen T. Hosmer ( 1970 ) , Viet Cong Repression and its Implications for the Future ( Rand Corporation ) , pp. 72 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Kolko 1985 , pp. 308 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Villard , Erik B. , The 1968 Tet Offensive Battles of Quang Tri City and Hue , U.S. Army Center of Military History , Washington , D.C. , ( 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : Ankony , Robert C. , Lurps : A Ranger 's Diary of Tet , Khe Sanh , A Shau , and Quang Tri , Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group , Landham , MD , ( 2009 ) : p. 104 Jump up ^ Villard , Erik B. , The 1968 Tet Offensive Battles of Quang Tri City and Hue , U.S. Army Center of Military History , Washington , D.C. , ( 2008 ) : p. 82 ^ Jump up to : `` The Guardians at the Gate '' , Time 7 January 1966 , vol. 87 , no. 1 . Jump up ^ Stanley Karnow , Vietnam : A History ( New York : Penguin , 1986 ) , p. 546 ^ Jump up to : Witz The Tet Offensive : Intelligence Failure in War pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Larry Berman . Lyndon Johnson 's War . New York , W.W. Norton , 1991 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Harold P. Ford . CIA and the Vietnam Policymakers pp. 104 -- 123 . Jump up ^ Keyes , Ralph ( 2006 ) . The Quote Verifier : Who Said What , Where , and When . St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 34004 - 9 . Jump up ^ Survivors Hunt Dead of Bentre , Turned to Rubble in Allied Raids nytimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Peter Arnett : Whose Man in Baghdad ? '' , Mona Charen , Jewish World Review , 1 April 2003 . Jump up ^ Moore , Frazier ( 18 July 2009 ) . `` Cronkite , who defined the role of anchor , dies at 92 '' . News Observer . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 6 November 2013 . Retrieved 31 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Oberdorfer 2001 , p. 251 . Jump up ^ Winfrey , Lee ; Schaffer , Michael D. ( 17 July 2009 ) . `` Walter Cronkite dies '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Wicker , Tom ( 26 January 1997 ) . `` Broadcast News '' . New York Times . Retrieved 1 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Sorely 1999 , pp. 11 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Gerdes ( ed . ) Examining Issues Through Political Cartoons : The Vietnam War p. 27 . ^ Jump up to : Command Magazine Issue 18 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ McNamara 1999 , pp. 366 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vietnamization : 1970 Year in Review '' . Upi.com. 27 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 31 August 2011 . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ho Chi Minh Dies of Heart Attack in Hanoi '' . The Times . 4 September 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Jeff Stein , Murder in Wartime : The Untold Spy Story that Changed the Course of the Vietnam War . ( New York : St. Martin 's Press , 1992 ) 60 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Seals , Bob ( 2007 ) The `` Green Beret Affair '' : A Brief Introduction . Jump up ^ Sihanouk , Prince Norodom . `` Cambodia Neutral : The Dictates of Necessity '' . Foreign Affairs . 1958 : 582 -- 583 . Jump up ^ They were : Senators John C. Stennis ( MS ) and Richard B. Russell Jr . ( GA ) and Representatives Lucius Mendel Rivers ( SC ) , Gerald R. Ford ( MI ) , and Leslie C. Arends ( IL ) . Arends and Ford were leaders of the Republican minority and the other three were Democrats on either the Armed Services or Appropriations committees . Jump up ^ Dmitry Mosyakov , `` The Khmer Rouge and the Vietnamese Communists : A History of Their Relations as Told in the Soviet Archives '' , in Susan E. Cook , ed. , Genocide in Cambodia and Rwanda ( Yale Genocide Studies Program Monograph Series No. 1 , 2004 ) , p. 54 ff . Available online at : www.yale.edu/gsp/publications/Mosyakov.doc `` In April -- May 1970 , many North Vietnamese forces entered Cambodia in response to the call for help addressed to Vietnam not by Pol Pot , but by his deputy Nuon Chea . Nguyen Co Thach recalls : `` Nuon Chea has asked for help and we have liberated five provinces of Cambodia in ten days . '' Jump up ^ Joe Angio . Nixon a Presidency Revealed . Television Documentary , The History Channel , 15 February 2007 . Jump up ^ USA.gov ( February 1997 ) . `` The Pentagon Papers Case '' . EJournal USA . 2 ( 1 ) . Archived from the original on 12 January 2008 . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , pp. 644 -- 5 . Jump up ^ `` 11 . The U.S. Army in Vietnam from Tet to the Final Withdrawal , 1968 -- 1975 '' . American Military History , Volume II , The United states Army in a Global Era , 1917 -- 2003 . United States Army Center of Military History . pp. 349 -- 350 . Jump up ^ Ronald H. Spector . `` Vietnam War ( 1954 -- 75 ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Archived from the original on 20 May 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ G. Herring , America 's Longest War ( 2nd ed. , 1986 ) , p. 260 . Jump up ^ Peter Church , ed . A Short History of South - East Asia . Singapore . John Wiley & Sons , 2006 , pp. 193 -- 194 . Jump up ^ Lunch , W. & Sperlich , P. ( 1979 ) . The Western Political Quarterly . 32 ( 1 ) . pp. 21 -- 44 Jump up ^ Louis B. Zimmer , The Vietnam War Debate ; pp. 54 -- 55 ; Hardcover : 430 pages ; Publisher : Lexington Books ( 13 October 2011 ) ; ISBN 0739137697 . Jump up ^ Louis B. Zimmer , The Vietnam War Debate ; pp. 53 -- 54 ; Hardcover : 430 pages ; Publisher : Lexington Books ( 13 October 2011 ) ; ISBN 0739137697 . Jump up ^ Videorecording of entire debate proceedings available at the Museum of Radio and Television in New York City . Jump up ^ 1969 : Millions march in US Vietnam Moratorium . BBC On This Day . Jump up ^ Jennings & Brewster 1998 : 413 . Jump up ^ Bob Fink . `` Vietnam -- A View from the Walls : a History of the Vietnam Anti-War Movement '' . Greenwich Publishing . Jump up ^ `` History Lesson 8 : Refugees From Vietnam and Cambodia '' , Immigration in US history , Constitutional Rights Foundation Jump up ^ Stanton 2003 , p. 240 Jump up ^ Willbanks 2009 , p. 110 Jump up ^ `` Facts about the Vietnam Veterans memorial collection '' . NPS.gov. 2010 . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Karnow 1997 , pp. 672 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , pp. 670 -- 2 . Jump up ^ `` This Day in History 1974 : Thieu announces war has resumed '' . History.com . Retrieved 17 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 676 . Jump up ^ Clark Dougan , David Fulgham et al. , The Fall of the South . Boston : Boston Publishing Company , 1985 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ The End of the Vietnam War , 30 Years Ago Archived 12 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine . by Gabriel Kolko , CounterPunch 30 April / 1 May 2005 . Jump up ^ Tucker 1999 , p. 29 Jump up ^ U.S. POWER IN ASIA HAS GROWN SINCE VIETNAM by Leslie H. Gelb , The New York Times , April 18 , 1985 Jump up ^ Qiang Zhai , China and the Vietnam Wars , 1950 -- 1975 , University of North Carolina Press , pp. 54 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Qiang Zhai ( 2000 ) , China and the Vietnam Wars , 1950 -- 1975 , University of North Carolina Press , p. 135 Jump up ^ Chen Jian , `` China 's Involvement in the Vietnam War : 1964 to 1969 '' , Cambridge University Press , 2012 , p. 379 . Citing `` Wenhua dageming zhong de jiefangjun '' by Li Ke and Hao Shengzhang , p. 416 Jump up ^ Ang , Cheng Guan , Ending the Vietnam War : The Vietnamese Communists ' Perspective , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Bezlova , Antoaneta , China haunted by Khmer Rouge links , Asia Times , 21 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Truong 1985 , p. 168 Jump up ^ AP ( 2010 ) . `` Soviet Involvement in the Vietnam War '' . historicaltextarchive.com . Associated Press . Retrieved 27 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Oleg Sarin and Lev Dvoretsky ( 1996 ) , Alien Wars : The Soviet Union 's Aggressions Against the World , 1919 to 1989 , Presidio Press , pp. 93 -- 4 . Jump up ^ `` Asia Times -- Russian missiles to guard skies over Vietnam '' . Atimes.com. 5 September 2003 . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Soviet rocketeer : After our arrival in Vietnam , American pilots refused to fly '' ( in Russian ) . RU : rus. ruvr. 29 January 2010 . Retrieved 26 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Asia Times , 18 August 2006 , Richard M Bennett Missiles and madness . Jump up ^ Pribbenow , Merle ( 2003 ) . `` The ' Ology War : technology and ideology in the defense of Hanoi , 1967 '' . Journal of Military History . 67 ( 1 ) : 183 . Jump up ^ Gluck , Caroline ( 7 July 2001 ) . `` N Korea admits Vietnam war role '' . BBC News . Retrieved 19 October 2006 . ; also see `` North Korea fought in Vietnam War '' . BBC News . 31 March 2000 . Retrieved 19 October 2006 . ; also see `` North Korea honours Vietnam war dead '' . BBC News . 12 July 2001 . Retrieved 19 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam agradece apoyo cubano durante guerra ( Vietnam say thanks for Cuban support during the war , in Spanish ) '' . Revista Vietnam . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Castro , Fidel . `` CUBA y VIETNAM : discurso de Fidel Castro en apoyo del F.N.L. ( Cuba and Vietnam , speech of Fidel Castro in support of NFL , in Spanish ) '' . Ruinas Digitales . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cubanos y vietnamitas conmemoran aniversarios de victorias '' . Cuba Diplomática ( Diplomatic Cuba ) . Embajada de Cuba en Vietnam ( Cuban Embassy in Vietnam ) . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ AII POW - MIA Cuban Torture Archived 15 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Aiipowmia.com ( 8 November 1999 ) . Retrieved 6 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Cuban General Lies Repeatedly About Torturing U.S. POWs . Latinamericanstudies.org ( 11 December 1978 ) . Retrieved 6 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Former U.S. POWs detail torture by Cubans in Vietnam . Autentico.org ( 22 August 1999 ) . Retrieved 6 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Facts of the Cuban Program . Miafacts.org . Retrieved 6 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Cuba Program Research Paper . Vietnam and All Veterans of Florida . Retrieved 6 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Castro denies McCain 's torture claim -- World news -- Americas -- Focus on Cuba . MSNBC ( 19 April 1959 ) . Retrieved 6 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Testimony of Michael D. Benge before the House International Relations Committee Chaired by the Honorable Benjamin A. Gilman Archived 4 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , 4 November 1999 Jump up ^ dT ( ) ; ( 11 September 2008 ) . `` Photo exhibition on Fidel Castro 's visit in 1973 '' . VietnamPlus . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chang , Jae Baik ( 2011 ) . The Park Chung Hee Era : The Transformation of South Korea . Harvard University Press . p. 409 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 05820 - 8 . Jump up ^ Stanton , ' Vietnam Order of Battle ' . Jump up ^ `` ROK Army and Marines prove to be rock - solid fighters and allies in Vietnam War '' . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 3 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1965 년 전투병 베트남 파병 의결 '' . Donga Ilbo. 2 July 2008 . Retrieved 17 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Leepson 1999 , p. 209 . ^ Jump up to : Dennis et al 2008 , pp. 555 -- 558 . Jump up ^ McGibbon 2000 , pp. 561 -- 566 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam War 1962 -- 1972 '' . Encyclopaedia . Australian War Memorial . Retrieved 1 July 2006 . Jump up ^ McGibbon 2000 , p. 539 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Gerald ( January 2009 ) . Subic bay : from Magellan to Pinatubo . CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform . ISBN 1441444521 . Jump up ^ Karnow , Stanley ( 1990 ) . In Our Image : America 's Empire in the Philippines . Ballantine books . ISBN 0345328167 . Jump up ^ Utts , Thomas . GI Joe Does n't Live Here Anymore : A History of Clark Air Base , America 's Mighty Air Force Bastion in the Philippines . University of Michigan . Jump up ^ Booth , John A. and Thomas W. Walker . Understanding Central America . Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 0002 - 9 Page 31 . Jump up ^ Washington Post Obituary : `` Alfredo Stroessner ; Paraguayan Dictator . '' Jump up ^ Edelgard Elsbeth Mahant ; Graeme S. Mount ( 1999 ) . Invisible and inaudible in Washington : American policies toward Canada . UBC Press . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 0703 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Quiet Complicity : Canadian Involvement in the Vietnam War , by Victor Levant ( 1986 ) . '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 15 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Quiet Complicity : Canadian Involvement in the Vietnam War '' . Review by The Manitoba Historical Society . Retrieved 15 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam War '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Gary D. Solis ( 15 February 2010 ) . The Law of Armed Conflict : International Humanitarian Law in War . Cambridge University Press . pp. 301 -- 303 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 48711 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Nick Turse ; Deborah Nelson ( 6 August 2006 ) . `` Civilian Killings Went Unpunished '' . latimes.com . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Palmer , James ( 27 September 2012 ) . `` US army continues to avoid legacy of concealed Vietnam crimes '' . Global Times . Jump up ^ Greiner 2010 , p. 78 Jump up ^ 16 November 2003 , `` The Vietnam War Crimes You Never Heard Of '' , Nick Turse , History News Network Jump up ^ Lewis M. Simons . `` Free Fire Zones '' . Crimes of War . Retrieved 5 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Westheider 2007 , p. 19 ^ Jump up to : Rummel , Rudolph , Statistics of Vietnamese Democide , in his Statistics of Democide , 1997 . ^ Jump up to : Turse 2013 , p. 251 . Jump up ^ Kevin Buckley `` Pacification 's Deadly Price '' , ( Newsweek , 19 June 1972 , pp. 42 -- 43 ) Jump up ^ Rummel , R.J. `` Statistics of Vietnamese Democide '' ( 1 ) , accessed 30 Oct 75 ^ Jump up to : Greiner 2010 , p. 77 ^ Jump up to : Robbins 2007 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Go Gyeong - tae ( 2000 - 11 - 15 ) . 잠자 던 진실 , 30 년만 에 깨어나 다 `` 한국군 은 베트남 에서 무엇 을 했는가 '' ... 미국 국립 문서 보관소 비밀 해제 보고서 사진 최초 공개 . Hankyoreh ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Lewy 1978 , pp. 272 -- 273 . Jump up ^ Pedahzur , Ami ( 2006 ) , Root Causes of Suicide Terrorism : The Globalization of Martyrdom , Taylor & Francis , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Pike , Douglas ( 1996 ) . PAVN : Peoples Army of Vietnam . Presidio . Jump up ^ Wiesner , Louis ( 1988 ) , Victims and Survivors : Displaced Persons and Other War Victims in Viet - Nam , 1954 -- 1975 Greenwood Press , pp. 318 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 655 . Jump up ^ U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee , The Human Cost of Communism in Vietnam ( 1972 ) , p. 49 . Jump up ^ De Silva , Peer ( 1978 ) . Sub Rosa : The CIA and the Uses of Intelligence . New York : Time Books . p. 249 . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 0745 - 0 . Jump up ^ Kirk , Donald ( 14 July 1974 ) . `` I watched them saw him 3 days '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Kirk , Donald ( 14 July 1974 ) . `` Khmer Rouge 's Bloody War on Trapped Villagers '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Yates , Ronald ( 17 March 1975 ) . `` Priest Wo n't Leave Refugees Despite Khmer Rouge Threat '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Power , Samantha ( 2002 ) . A Problem From Hell . Perennial Books . pp. 98 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Becker , Elizabeth ( 28 January 1974 ) . `` The Agony of Phnom Penh '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Barron , John ; Paul , Anthony ( 1977 ) . Murder of a Gentle Land . Reader 's Digest Press . pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Ponchaud , François ( 1978 ) . Cambodia Year Zero . Holt , Rinehart and Winston . pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Swain , John ( 1999 ) . River of Time : A Memoir of Vietnam and Cambodia . Berkley Trade . Jump up ^ Norman , Elizabeth M. Women at War : the Story of Fifty Military Nurses Who Served in Vietnam . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania , 1990 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 1317 - 1 p. 7 . Jump up ^ Vuic , Kara Dixon . Officer , Nurse , Woman : the Army Nurse Corps in the Vietnam War . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins UP , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 9391 - 9 p. 5 . Jump up ^ Norman , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Holm 1992 , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Holm 1992 , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Holm 1992 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Vuic , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Norman , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , T. Rees ( 27 April 2011 ) . `` Mme . Ngo Dinh Nhu , who exerted political power in Vietnam , dies at 87 '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Gustafsson , Mai Lan `` ' Freedom . Money . Fun . Love ' : The Warlore of Vietnamese Bargirls '' Oral History Review , 2011 , Vol. 38 , No. 2 , p. 308 ; Hunt , Richard A. Pacification : The American Struggle for Vietnam 's Hearts and Minds Boulder , CO : Westview Press , 1995 , p. 40 Jump up ^ Barry , Kathleen The Prostitution of Sexuality New York : NYU Press , 1995 , p. 133 Jump up ^ Linda Trinh Võ and Marian Sciachitano , Asian American women : the Frontiers reader , University of Nebraska Press , 2004 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Lamb , David Children of the Vietnam War Smithsonian Magazine June 2009 . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fully Integrated ' '' . African - American Involvement in the Vietnam War ( aavw.org ) . Retrieved 11 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Terry , Wallace ( 1984 ) . Bloods : An Oral History of the Vietnam War by Black Veterans . Random House . pp. Epigraph and pages xv -- xvii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 53028 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Working - Class War '' . Jump up ^ Chinese Support for North Vietnam during the Vietnam War : The Decisive Edge , Bob Seals , Military History Online , 23 September 2008 Jump up ^ Albert Parray , Military Review , Soviet aid to Vietnam , June 1967 Jump up ^ Gordon L. Rottman , Viet Cong Fighter , Osprey Publishing ( 2007 ) p. 20 - 30 ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 126 - 7 Jump up ^ C.H. Chivers ( 2 November 2009 ) . `` How Reliable is the M16 Rifle ? '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ David Maraniss ( 2003 ) . They Marched into Sunlight : War and Peace Vietnam and America October 1967 . Simon and Schuster . p. 410 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 6255 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hog , Ian V. , Jane 's Infantry Weapons 1986 -- 87 , Jane 's Publishing , Inc . New York , NY ( 1986 ) p. 225 . ^ Jump up to : A History of U.S. Communications Security ; the David G. Boak Lectures , National Security Agency ( NSA ) , Volumes I , 1973 , Volumes II 1981 , partially released 2008 , additional portions declassified 14 October 2015 Jump up ^ Kiernan , Ben ; Owen , Taylor ( 2015 - 04 - 26 ) . `` Making More Enemies than We Kill ? Calculating U.S. Bomb Tonnages Dropped on Laos and Cambodia , and Weighing Their Implications '' . The Asia - Pacific Journal . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , Rebecca ( 2016 - 09 - 06 ) . `` ' My friends were afraid of me ' : What 80 million unexploded US bombs did to Laos '' . CNN . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Jon ( 2014 - 09 - 11 ) . `` Kissinger : Drones have killed more civilians than the bombing of Cambodia in the Vietnam War '' . Politifact.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Robbers , Gerhard ( 30 January 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of world constitutions . Infobase Publishing . p. 1021 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 6078 - 8 . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Elliot , Duong Van Mai ( 2010 ) . `` The End of the War '' . RAND in Southeast Asia : A History of the Vietnam War Era . RAND Corporation . pp. 499 , 512 -- 513 . ISBN 9780833047540 . A study by Jacqueline Desbarats and Karl D. Jackson estimated that 65,000 South Vietnamese were executed for political reasons between 1975 and 1983 , based on a survey of 615 Vietnamese refugees who claimed to have personally witnessed 47 executions . However , `` their methodology was reviewed and criticized as invalid by authors Gareth Porter and James Roberts . '' 16 of the 47 names used to extrapolate this `` bloodbath '' were duplicates ; this extremely high duplication rate ( 34 % ) strongly suggests Desbarats and Jackson were drawing from a small number of total executions . Rather than arguing that this duplication rate proves there were very few executions in post-war Vietnam , Porter and Roberts suggest it is an artifact of the self - selected nature of the participants in the Desbarats - Jackson study , as the authors followed subjects 's recommendations on other refugees to interview . See Elliot , Duong Van Mai ( 2010 ) . `` The End of the War '' . RAND in Southeast Asia : A History of the Vietnam War Era . RAND Corporation . pp. 512 -- 513 . ISBN 9780833047540 . cf . Porter , Gareth ; Roberts , James ( Summer 1988 ) . `` Creating a Bloodbath by Statistical Manipulation : A Review of A Methodology for Estimating Political Executions in Vietnam , 1975 - 1983 , Jacqueline Desbarats ; Karl D. Jackson . '' . Pacific Affairs . 61 ( 2 ) : 303 -- 310 . JSTOR 2759306 . Nevertheless , there exist unverified reports of mass executions ( see Nguyen Cong Hoan ' testimony in `` Human Rights in Vietnam : Hearings Before the Subcommittee on International Organizations of the Committee on International Relations : House of Representatives , Ninety - Fifth Congress , First Session '' . U.S. Government Printing Office : 149 , 153 . 1977 - 07 - 26 . ; see also Desbarats and Jackson . `` Vietnam 1975 -- 1982 : The Cruel Peace '' The Washington Quarterly 8 , no . 4 ( September 1985 ) : p. 117 ) Jump up ^ Sagan , Ginetta ; Denney , Stephen ( October -- November 1982 ) . `` Re-education in Unliberated Vietnam : Loneliness , Suffering and Death '' . The Indochina Newsletter . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ See also Nghia M. Vo , The Bamboo Gulag : Political Imprisonment in Communist Vietnam ( McFarland , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Associated Press , 23 June 1979 , San Diego Union , 20 July 1986 . See generally Nghia M. Vo , The Vietnamese Boat People ( 2006 ) , 1954 and 1975 -- 1992 , McFarland . ^ Jump up to : Sharp , Bruce ( 1 April 2005 ) . `` Counting Hell : The Death Toll of the Khmer Rouge Regime in Cambodia '' . Retrieved 15 July 2016 . The range based on the figures above extends from a minimum of 1.747 million , to a maximum of 2.495 million . Jump up ^ Courtois , Stephane ; et al. ( 1997 ) . The Black Book of Communism . Harvard University Press . pp. 575 -- 576 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 07608 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Migration in the Asia - Pacific Region '' . Stephen Castles , University of Oxford . Mark J. Miller , University of Delaware . July 2009 . Jump up ^ Robinson , William Courtland ( 1998 ) . Terms of refuge : the Indochinese exodus & the international response . Zed Books . p. 127 . ISBN 1 - 85649 - 610 - 4 . Jump up ^ Courtois , Stephane ; et al. ( 1997 ) . The Black Book of Communism . Harvard University Press . p. 575 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 07608 - 2 . Jump up ^ Crossette , Barbara , Hanoi , Citing Famine Fears , Seeks Emergency Aid , The New York Times , 15 May 1988 . Jump up ^ Van , Canh Nguyen ; Cooper , Earle ( 1983 ) . Vietnam under Communism , 1975 -- 1982 , p. 229 . Hoover Press . ISBN 9780817978518 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. starts its first Agent Orange cleanup in Vietnam '' . Reuters. 9 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Dacy , Douglas C. ( 1986 ) , Foreign aid , war , and economic development : south Vietnam 1955 -- 1975 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , p. 242 ; `` CRS report for Congress : Costs of Major Wars '' , https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/108054.pdf , accessed 22 Oct 2015 Jump up ^ Gerdes ( ed ) . Examining Issues Through Political Cartoons : The Vietnam War pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Taylor paraphrases Sun Tzu , The Art of War , trans . Samuel B. Griffith . Oxford , UK . Oxford University Press , 1963 . Jump up ^ `` President Richard Nixon 's Role in the Vietnam War '' . Vietnam War . Archived from the original on 31 March 2009 . Retrieved 17 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lessons of Vietnam -- Secret Memoranda to The President of the United States by Secretary of State Henry Kissinger ( ca . 12 May 1975 ) '' . p. 3 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2008 . Retrieved 11 June 2008 . Jump up ^ McNamara 1999 , p. 368 . ^ Jump up to : Quoted in Bob Buzzano. `` 25 Years After End of Vietnam War , Myths Keep Us from Coming to Terms with Vietnam '' . The Baltimore Sun Times . 17 April 2000 . Retrieved 11 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Dacy , Douglas C. ( 1986 ) , Foreign aid , war , and economic development : south Vietnam 1955 -- 1975 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , p. 242 Jump up ^ `` Echoes of Combat : The Vietnam War in American Memory '' . Stanford University . Jump up ^ Westheider 2007 , p. 78 . ^ Jump up to : The War 's Costs . Digital History . Jump up ^ Combat Area Casualty File , November 1993 . ( The CACF is the basis for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial , i.e. The Wall ) , Center for Electronic Records , National Archives , Washington , D.C. Jump up ^ Kueter , Dale ( 2007 ) . Vietnam Sons : For Some , the War Never Ended . AuthorHouse . ISBN 1 - 4259 - 6931 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` War Resisters Remain in Canada with No Regrets '' . ABC News . 19 November 2005 . Retrieved 26 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Vietnam War Resisters in Canada Open Arms to U.S. Military Deserters Archived 12 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... Pacific News Service . 28 June 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation 4483 : Granting Pardon for Violations of the Selective Service Act '' . Retrieved 11 June 2008 . By The President of the United States of America , A Proclamation Granting Pardon For Violations of the Selective Services Act , 4 August 1964 To 28 March 1973 . 21 January 1977 . Jump up ^ Victory in Europe 56 Years Ago Gallup News Service 8 May 2001 Jump up ^ `` US still making payments to relatives of Civil War veterans , analysis finds '' . Fox News . Associated Press . 20 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Jim Lobe ( 30 March 2013 ) . `` Iraq , Afghanistan Wars Will Cost U.S. 4 -- 6 Trillion Dollars : Report '' . Inter Press Service . Jump up ^ Heinl , Jr. , Col. Robert D. ( 1971 ) , `` The Collapse of the Armed Forces '' , Armed Forces Journal , 7 June 1971 Jump up ^ Flitton , Dave . `` Battlefield Vietnam : Peace with Honour '' . PBS . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Milam , Ron ( 2009 ) , Not A Gentleman 's War : An Inside View of Junior Officers in the Vietnam War , Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , p. 172 Jump up ^ Shkurti , William J. ( 2011 ) , Soldiering on in a Dying War : The True Story of the Firebase Pace Incidents and the Vietnam Drawdown , Lawrence : University of Kansas Press , p. 95 Jump up ^ `` Military draft system stopped '' . The Bulletin . Bend , Oregon . UPI. 27 January 1973 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Military draft ended by Laird '' . The Times - News . Hendersonville , North Carolina . Associated Press . 27 January 1973 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Lepre , p. 183 Jump up ^ Palmer 2007 ; Stone 2007 . Jump up ^ Lynne Peeples ( 10 July 2013 ) . `` Veterans Sick From Agent Orange - Poisoned Planes Still Seek Justice '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Bruce Cumings ( 1998 ) . The Global Politics of Pesticides : Forging Consensus from Conflicting Interests . Earthscan . p. 61 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Relations of the United States , 1961 -- 1963 Volume I , Vietnam , 1961 , Document 275 '' . History.state.gov . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael F. Martin ( 13 November 2015 ) . U.S. Agent Orange / Dioxin Assistance to Vietnam ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Congressional Research Service . Jump up ^ Kolko 1985 , pp. 144 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2005 , p. 380 . In his 234 - page judgment , Weinstein observed : `` Despite the fact that Congress and the President were fully advised of a substantial belief that the herbicide spraying in Vietnam was a violation of international law , they acted on their view that it was not a violation at the time . '' Jump up ^ Crook 2008 . Jump up ^ Anthony Faiola ( 13 November 2006 ) . `` In Vietnam , Old Foes Take Aim at War 's Toxic Legacy '' . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 8 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Veterans ' Diseases Associated with Agent Orange '' . va.gov . Archived from the original on 9 May 2010 . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Information about Fatal Casualties of the Vietnam War , Electronic Records Reference Report '' . U.S. National Archives . DCAS Vietnam Conflict Extract File record counts by HOME OF RECORD STATE CODE ( as of 29 April 2008 ) . ( generated from the Vietnam Conflict Extract Data File of the Defense Casualty Analysis System ( DCAS ) Extract Files ( as of 29 April 2008 ) Jump up ^ Clarke , Jeffrey J. ( 1988 ) , United States Army in Vietnam : Advice and Support : The Final Years , 1965 -- 1973 , Washington , D.C. : Center of Military History , United States Army , p. 275 Jump up ^ `` fifty years of violent war deaths : data analysis from the world health survey program : BMJ '' . 23 April 2008 . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . From 1955 to 2002 , data from the surveys indicated an estimated 5.4 million violent war deaths ... 3.8 million in Vietnam . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer , ed. ( 1998 ) . Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War : A Political , Social , and Military History . Volume Two . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . p. 617 . ISBN 0 - 87436 - 983 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Battlefield : Vietnam Timeline '' . Pbs.org . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Clarke , p. 275 Jump up ^ Willbanks , James H. ( 2008 ) . The Tet Offensive : A Concise History . New York : Columbia University Press . p. 32 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 12841 - X . Jump up ^ Rand Corporation SOME IMPRESSIONS OF VIET CONG VULNERABILITIES AN INTERIM REPORT 1965 Jump up ^ James J.F. Forest Countering Terrorism and Insurgency in the 21st Century 2007 ISBN 978 - 0275990343 Jump up ^ Associated Press , 3 April 1995 . Jump up ^ Shenon , Philip , `` 20 Years After Victory , Vietnamese Communists Ponder How to Celebrate , The New York Times , 23 April 1995 Jump up ^ `` Vietnam War Casualties '' . vietnamwarcasualties.org . Jump up ^ Linnington , Michael , Director , Defense POW / MIA Accounting Agency , `` World 's Largest Anthropology Lab ' Opens , '' VFW magazine , Nov. / Dec. 2015 : 8 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam War Bomb Explodes Killing Four Children '' . Huffington Post . 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Vietnam war shell explodes , kills two fishermen The Australian ( 28 April 2011 ) References Secondary sources Anderson , David L. ( 2004 ) . 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A history of the Kennedy Administration 's involvement in South Vietnam . Brigham , Robert K. Battlefield Vietnam : A Brief History . A PBS interactive website . Brocheux , Pierre ( 2007 ) . Ho Chi Minh : a biography . Cambridge University Press . p. 198 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85062 - 9 . Buckley , Kevin . `` Pacification 's Deadly Price '' , Newsweek , 19 June 1972 . Buzzanco , Bob . `` 25 Years After End of Vietnam War : Myths Keep Us from Coming to Terms with Vietnam '' , The Baltimore Sun ( 17 April 2000 ) `` 25 Years After End of Vietnam War Myths Keep Us From Coming To Terms With Vietnam '' . Retrieved 11 June 2008 . Carney , Timothy ( 1989 ) . `` The Unexpected Victory '' . In Karl D. Jackson , ed. , Cambodia , 1975 -- 1978 : Rendezvous with Death ( pp. 13 -- 35 ) . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 07807 - 6 . Church , Peter , ed. ( 2006 ) . A Short History of South - East Asia . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 82181 - 7 . Cooper , Chester L. ( 1970 ) . The Lost Crusade : America in Vietnam . ISBN 0 - 396 - 06241 - 5 . a Washington insider 's memoir of events . Courtwright , David T. ( 2005 ) . Sky as Frontier : Adventure , Aviation , and Empire . College Station , Texas : Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 585 - 44384 - 0 . Crook , John R. ( 2008 ) . `` Court of Appeals Affirms Dismissal of Agent Orange Litigation '' . American Journal of International Law . 102 ( 3 ) : 662 -- 664 . JSTOR 20456664 . Crump , Laurien ( 2015 ) . The Warsaw Pact Reconsidered : International Relations in Eastern Europe , 1955 - 1969 . Oxon : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 315 - 73254 - 1 . Demma , Vincent H. ( 1989 ) . `` The U.S. Army in Vietnam '' . American Military History . Washington , D.C. : US Army Center of Military History . pp. 619 -- 694 . Dennis , Peter ; et al. ( 2008 ) . The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History ( Second ed . ) . Melbourne : Oxford University Press Australia & New Zealand . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 551784 - 2 . DoD ( 6 November 1998 ) . `` Name of Technical Sergeant Richard B. Fitzgibbon to be added to the Vietnam Veterans Memorial '' . Department of Defense ( DoD ) . Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 . Duiker , William J. ( 1981 ) . The Communist Road to Power in Vietnam . Westview Press . ISBN 0891587942 . Duncanson , Dennis J. ( 1968 ) . Government and Revolution in Vietnam . Oxford University Press . OCLC 411221 . Etcheson , Craig ( 2005 ) . After the Killing Fields : Lessons from the Cambodian Genocide . New York : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98513 - 4 . Fall , Bernard B. ( 1967 ) . The Two Viet - Nams : A Political and Military Analysis ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 999 - 14179 - 3 . Fincher , Ernest Barksdale , The Vietnam War ( 1980 ) . Ford , Harold P. ( 1998 ) . CIA and the Vietnam Policymakers : Three Episodes , 1962 -- 1968 . OCLC 39333058 . Gerdes , Louise I. , ed. ( 2005 ) . Examining Issues Through Political Cartoons : The Vietnam War . Greenhaven Press . ISBN 0 - 7377 - 2531 - 1 . Gettleman , Marvin E. ; Franklin , Jane ; Young , Marilyn Vietnam and America : A Documented History . ( 1995 ) . Greiner , Bernd ( 2010 ) . War Without Fronts : The USA in Vietnam . London : Vintage Books . ISBN 9780099532590 . Hammond , William . Public Affairs : The Military and the Media , 1962 -- 1968 ( 1987 ) ; Public Affairs : The Military and the Media , 1968 -- 1973 ( 1995 ) . Full - scale history of the war by U.S. Army ; much broader than title suggests . Healy , Gene ( 2009 ) . The Cult of the Presidency : America 's Dangerous Devotion to Executive Power . Cato Institute . ISBN 978 - 1 - 933995 - 19 - 9 . Herring , George C. ( 2001 ) . America 's Longest War : The United States and Vietnam , 1950 -- 1975 ( 4th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 072 - 53618 - 8 . Hitchens , Christopher . The Vietnam Syndrome . Holm , Jeanne ( 1992 ) . Women in the Military : An Unfinished Revolution ( Rev. ed . ) . Novato , California : Presidio Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 891 - 41450 - 6 . Karnow , Stanley ( 1997 ) . Vietnam : A History ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 140 - 26547 - 7 . Khong , Yuen Foong ( 1992 ) . Analogies at War : Korea , Munich , Dien Bien Phu , and the Vietnam Decisions of 1965 . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0691078467 . Kiernan , Ben ( 2008 ) . The Pol Pot Regime : Race , Power , and Genocide in Cambodia Under the Khmer Rouge ( 3rd ed . ) . New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 14434 - 5 . -- -- -- ; Owen , Taylor . Bombs over Cambodia ( PDF ) . The Walrus . pp. 62 -- 69 . Kolko , Gabriel ( 1985 ) . Anatomy of a War : Vietnam , the United States , and the Modern Historical Experience . New York : Pantheon Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 74761 - 3 . Kutler , Stanley I. , ed. ( 1996 ) . Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 132 - 76932 - 7 . Lawrence , A.T. ( 2009 ) . Crucible Vietnam : Memoir of an Infantry Lieutenant . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 786 - 44517 - 2 . Lawrence , Mark Atwood ( 2008 ) . The Vietnam War : A Concise International History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195314656 . Leepson , Marc ed. ( 1999 ) . Dictionary of the Vietnam War . New York : Webster 's New World . Lewy , Guenter ( 1978 ) . America in Vietnam . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 195 - 02732 - 7 . Logevall , Fredrik ( 2001 ) . The Origins of the Vietnam War . Harlow : Longman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 31918 - 9 . -- -- -- ( 2010 ) . `` The Indochina wars and the Cold War , 1945 -- 1975 '' . In Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad , eds. , The Cambridge History of the Cold War , Volume II : Crises and Détente ( pp. 281 -- 304 ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83720 - 0 . McGibbon , Ian ; ed ( 2000 ) . The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History . Auckland : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 558376 - 0 . McMahon , Robert J. ( 1995 ) . Major Problems in the History of the Vietnam War : Documents and Essays . McNamara , Robert S. ; Blight , James G. ; Brigham , Robert K. ; Biersteker , Thomas J. ; Schandler , Herbert ( 1999 ) . Argument Without End : In Search of Answers to the Vietnam Tragedy . New York : PublicAffairs . ISBN 978 - 1 - 891 - 62087 - 4 . McNeill , Ian ( 1993 ) . To Long Tan : The Australian Army and the Vietnam War 1950 -- 1966 . St Leonards : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 1 - 86373 - 282 - 9 . Milne , David ( 2008 ) . America 's Rasputin : Walt Rostow and the Vietnam War . New York : Hill & Wang . ISBN 978 - 0 - 374 - 10386 - 6 . Moïse , Edwin E. ( 1996 ) . Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of the Vietnam War . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 807 - 82300 - 2 . -- -- -- ( 2002 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Vietnam War . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 810 - 84183 - 3 . Moss , George D. Vietnam ( 4th ed 2002 ) textbook . Moyar , Mark ( 2006 ) . Triumph Forsaken : The Vietnam War , 1954 -- 1965 . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 86911 - 9 . Major General Spurgeon Neel . Medical Support of the U.S. Army in Vietnam 1965 -- 1970 ( Department of the Army 1991 ) official medical history Neale , Jonathan ( 2001 ) . The American War : Vietnam , 1960 -- 1975 . London : Bookmarks . ISBN 978 - 1 - 898 - 87667 - 0 . Nelson , Deborah ( 2008 ) . The War Behind Me : Vietnam Veterans Confront the Truth about U.S. War Crimes . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 00527 - 7 . Nulty , Bernard. The Vietnam War ( 1998 ) New York : Barnes and Noble . Oberdorfer , Don ( 2001 ) ( 1971 ) . Tet ! The Turning Point in the Vietnam War . Baltimore , Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 801 - 86703 - 3 . Obermeyer , Ziad ; Murray , Christopher J.L. ; Gakidou , Emmanuela ( 2008 ) . `` Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia : analysis of data from the world health survey programme '' . BMJ. 336 ( 7659 ) : 1482 -- 6 . PMC 2440905 . PMID 18566045 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. a137 . Olson , James S. ; Roberts , Randy ( 2008 ) . Where the Domino Fell : America and Vietnam , Where the Domino Fell : America and Vietnam 1945 -- 1995 ( 5th ed . ) . Malden , Massachusetts : Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 405 - 18222 - 5 . Palmer , Bruce Jr . The Twenty - Five Year War ( 1984 ) , narrative military history by a senior U.S. general . Palmer , Dave R. ( 1978 ) . Summons of Trumpet : U.S. - Vietnam in Perspective . Novato , California : Presidio Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 891 - 41550 - 3 . Palmer , Michael G. ( 2007 ) . `` The Case of Agent Orange '' . Contemporary Southeast Asia . 29 ( 1 ) : 172 -- 195 . JSTOR 25798819 . doi : 10.1355 / cs29 - 1h . Prados , John ( 2006 ) . `` The Road South : The Ho Chi Minh Trail '' . In Andew Wiest , ed. , Rolling Thunder in a Gentle Land ( pp. 74 -- 95 ) . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 846 - 03020 - 8 . Robbins , Mary Susannah ( 2007 ) . Against the Vietnam War : Writings by Activists . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5914 - 1 . Roberts , Anthea ( 2005 ) . `` The Agent Orange Case : Vietnam Ass'n for Victims of Agent Orange / Dioxin v. Dow Chemical Co . '' . ASIL Proceedings . 99 ( 1 ) : 380 -- 385 . JSTOR 25660031 . Schandler , Herbert Y. ( 2009 ) . America in Vietnam : The War That Could n't Be Won . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 742 - 56697 - 2 . Schell , Jonathan . The Time of Illusion ( 1976 ) . Schulzinger , Robert D. A Time for War : The United States and Vietnam , 1941 -- 1975 ( 1997 ) . Sheehan , Neil ( 1989 ) . A Bright Shining Lie : John Paul Vann and America in Vietnam . New York : Vintage . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 72414 - 8 . Sliwinski , Marek ( 1995 ) . Le Génocide Khmer Rouge : Une Analyse Démographique . Paris : L'Harmattan . ISBN 978 - 2 - 738 - 43525 - 5 . Sorley , Lewis , A Better War : The Unexamined Victories and Final Tragedy of America 's Last Years in Vietnam ( 1999 ) , based upon still classified tape - recorded meetings of top level US commanders in Vietnam , ISBN 0 - 15 - 601309 - 6 Spector , Ronald . After Tet : The Bloodiest Year in Vietnam ( 1992 ) , very broad coverage of 1968 . Stanton , Shelby L. ( 2003 ) . Vietnam order of battle ( 2003 ed . ) . Stackpole Books . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0071 - 2 . Stone , Richard ( 2007 ) . `` Agent Orange 's Bitter Harvest '' . Science . 315 ( 5809 ) : 176 -- 179 . JSTOR 20035179 . PMID 17218503 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 315.5809. 176 . Stuart - Fox , Martin ( 1997 ) . A History of Laos . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 59235 - 2 . Summers , Harry G. On Strategy : A Critical Analysis of the Vietnam War , Presidio press ( 1982 ) , ISBN 0 - 89141 - 563 - 7 ( 225 pages ) Thayer , Thomas C. ( 1985 ) . War Without Fronts : The American Experience in Vietnam . Boulder , Colorado : Westview Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 813 - 37132 - 0 . Tucker , Spencer . ed . Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War ( 1998 ) 3 vol . reference set ; also one - volume abridgement ( 2001 ) . -- -- -- ( 1999 ) . Vietnam . London : UCL Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 857 - 28921 - 3 . Tucker , Spencer ( 2011 ) ( 1998 ) . The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War : A Political , Social , and Military History . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1851099603 . Turner , Robert F. ( 1975 ) . Vietnamese Communism : Its Origins and Development . Stanford , California : Hoover Institution Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 817 - 96431 - 3 . Turse , Nick ( 2013 ) . Kill Anything That Moves : The Real American War in Vietnam . New York : Metropolitan Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 805 - 08691 - 1 . Vietnam Task Force ( 1969 ) . Report of the Office of the Secretary of Defense Vietnam Task Force . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Secretary of Defense . Westheider , James E. ( 2007 ) . The Vietnam War . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33755 - 0 . Willbanks , James H. ( 2009 ) . Vietnam War almanac . Infobase Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 7102 - 9 . Witz , James J. The Tet Offensive : Intelligence Failure in War ( 1991 ) . Woodruff , Mark ( 2005 ) . Unheralded Victory : The Defeat of The Viet Cong and The North Vietnamese . Arlington , Virginia : Presidio Press . ISBN 0 - 8914 - 1866 - 0 . Young , Marilyn B. ( 1991 ) . The Vietnam Wars , 1945 -- 1990 . New York : HarperPerennial . ISBN 978 - 0 - 060 - 92107 - 1 . Xiaoming , Zhang . `` China 's 1979 War With Vietnam : A Reassessment '' , China Quarterly . Issue no . 184 , ( December 2005 ) `` CJO -- Abstract -- China 's 1979 War with Vietnam : A Reassessment '' . Retrieved 11 June 2008 . Primary sources Carter , Jimmy . By The President Of The United States Of America , A Proclamation Granting Pardon For Violations Of The Selective Service Act , 4 August 1964 To 28 March 1973 ( 21 January 1977 ) Central Intelligence Agency . `` Laos '' , CIA World Factbook ' Cora Weiss Collection ( materials related to war resistance and peace activism movements during the Vietnam War ) , Lloyd Sealy Library Special Collections , John Jay College of Criminal Justice Eisenhower , Dwight D. Mandate for Change . ( 1963 ) a presidential political memoir Ho , Chi Minh . `` Vietnam Declaration of Independence '' , Selected Works . ( 1960 -- 1962 ) selected writings LeMay , General Curtis E. and Kantor , MacKinlay . Mission with LeMay ( 1965 ) autobiography of controversial former Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force Kissinger , United States Secretary of State Henry A. `` Lessons on Vietnam '' , ( 1975 ) secret memoranda to U.S. President Ford O'Connell , Kim A. ( 2006 ) . Primary Source Accounts of the Vietnam War . Berkeley Heights , New Jersey : MyReportLinks.com . ISBN 978 - 1 - 598 - 45001 - 9 . McCain , John . Faith of My Fathers : A Family Memoir ( 1999 ) ISBN 0060957867 Marshall , Kathryn . In the Combat Zone : An Oral History of American Women in Vietnam , 1966 -- 1975 ( 1987 ) ISBN 0316547077 Martin , John Bartlow . Was Kennedy Planning to Pull out of Vietnam ? ( 1964 ) oral history for the John F. Kennedy Library , tape V , reel 1 . Myers , Thomas . Walking Point : American Narratives of Vietnam ( 1988 ) ISBN 0195053516 Public Papers of the Presidents , 1965 ( 1966 ) official documents of U.S. presidents . Schlesinger , Arthur M. Jr . Robert Kennedy and His Times . ( 1978 ) a first - hand account of the Kennedy administration by one of his principal advisors Sinhanouk , Prince Norodom . `` Cambodia Neutral : The Dictates of Necessity . '' Foreign Affairs . ( 1958 ) describes the geopolitical situation of Cambodia Tang , Truong Nhu . A Viet Cong Memoir ( 1985 ) , revealing account by senior NLF official Terry , Wallace , ed . Bloods : An Oral History of the Vietnam War by Black Veterans ( 1984 ) Truong , Như Tảng ; David Chanoff , Van Toai Doan ( 1985 ) . A Vietcong memoir ( 1985 ed . ) . Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 193636 - 6 . - Total pages : 350 The landmark series Vietnam : A Television History , first broadcast in 1983 , is a special presentation of the award - winning PBS history series , American Experience . The Pentagon Papers ( Gravel ed. 5 vol 1971 ) ; combination of narrative and secret documents compiled by Pentagon . excerpts U.S. Department of State . Foreign Relations of the United States ( multivolume collection of official secret documents ) vol 1 : 1964 ; vol 2 : 1965 ; ; vol 4 : 1966 ; U.S. Department of Defense and the House Committee on Armed Services . U.S. - Vietnam Relations , 1945 -- 1967 . Washington , D.C. Department of Defense and the House Committee on Armed Services , 1971 , 12 volumes . Historiography Hall , Simon , `` Scholarly Battles over the Vietnam War '' , Historical Journal 52 ( September 2009 ) , 813 -- 29 . External links Find more aboutVietnam Warat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata A Vietnam Diary 's Homecoming Video produced by the PBS Series History Detectives Detailed bibliography of Vietnam War Documents Relating to American Foreign Policy - Vietnam primary sources on U.S. involvement Fallout of the War from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives Glossary of Military Terms & Slang from the Vietnam War Impressions of Vietnam and descriptions of the daily life of a soldier from the oral history of Elliott Gardner , U.S. Army `` Perspectives , '' Vietnam magazine . Stephen H. Warner Southeast Asia Photograph Collection at Gettysburg College The Effects of Vietnamization on the Republic of Vietnam 's Armed Forces , 1969 -- 1972 Timeline US -- Vietnam ( 1947 -- 2001 ) in Open - Content project The U.S. Army in Vietnam the official history of the United States Army The Vietnam War at The History Channel UC Berkeley Library Social Activism Sound Recording Project : Anti-Vietnam War Protests Vietnam Casualties database searchable by first name , last name and location Vietnam War Bibliography covers online and published resources Vietnam war timeline comprehensive timeline of the Vietnam War Virtual Vietnam Archive -- Texas Tech University 1965 -- 1975 Another Vietnam ; Unseen images of the war from the winning side - Mashable Archival collections about the Vietnam War , University Archives and Special Collections , Joseph P. Healey Library , University of Massachusetts Boston ( show ) Vietnam War timeline ↓ Battle of Saigon ↓ Hòa Hảo defeated ↓ Viet Cong created ↓ Palace Bombing ↓ Gulf of Tonkin incident ↓ Battle of Đức Cơ ↓ Tet Offensive ↓ Cambodian Campaign ↓ Operation Lam Son 719 ↓ Easter Offensive ↓ Paracel Islands ↓ Fall of Saigon ↓ Trần Văn Hương → U.S.A. presidents : Dwight D. Eisenhower John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson Richard Nixon G. Ford S. Vietnam presidents : Ngô Đình Diệm Instability Nguyễn Văn Thiệu N. 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when was the first looping roller coaster and what was wrong with it
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The first inversion in roller coaster history was part of the Centrifugal Railway of Paris , France , built in 1848 . It consisted of a 43 - foot ( 13 - meter ) sloping track leading into a nearly circular vertical loop 13 feet ( 3.9 m ) in diameter . During the early 1900s , many rides including vertical loops appeared around the world . These early loops had a major design flaw : the circular structure produced intense g - forces ( hereafter `` Gs '' ) . The Flip Flap Railway , designed by Lina Beecher and built in 1895 on Coney Island of Brooklyn , United States , had a 25 - foot circular loop at the end which though initially popular caused some discomfort in passenger 's necks , and the ride soon closed . Loop the Loop , another looping coaster , was built later in Coney Island as well . This time the loops were slightly oval - shaped rather than circular , though not clothoid in shape like modern loops . Although the ride was safe , it had a low capacity , loading four people every five minutes ( 48 people per hour , compared to 1800 riders per hour on Corkscrew , an early modern coaster that opened in 1976 ) , and was poorly received after the discomfort of the Flip Flap Railway . As their novelty wore off and their dangerous reputation spread , compounded with the developing Great Depression , the early looping coasters faded and disappeared .
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1848|intense g - forces ( hereafter `` Gs '' )
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Roller coaster inversion
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roller coaster inversion
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A roller coaster inversion is a roller coaster element in which the track turns riders upside - down and then returns them to an upright position . Early forms of inversions , dating as far back as 1848 on the Centrifugal Railway in Paris , were vertical loops that were circular in nature . They produced massive g - force that was often dangerous to riders , and as a result , the element eventually became non-existent with the last rides to feature the looping inversions being dismantled during the Great Depression . In 1975 , designers from Arrow Development created the corkscrew , reviving interest in the inversion during the modern age of steel roller coasters . Since then , the element have evolved from simple corkscrews and vertical loops to more complex inversions such Immelmann loops and cobra rolls . Featuring fourteen inversions , The Smiler at Alton Towers holds the world record for the number of inversions on a roller coaster .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Prototypes ( 1848 -- 1903 ) 1.2 Corkscrew ( 1968 -- 1976 ) 1.3 Inversions ( 1977 -- present ) 2 See also 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) Prototypes ( 1848 -- 1903 ) ( edit ) Loop the Loop ( 1903 ) , at Coney Island , one of the first oval - looping coasters The first inversion in roller coaster history was part of the Centrifugal Railway of Paris , France , built in 1848 . It consisted of a 43 - foot ( 13 - meter ) sloping track leading into a nearly circular vertical loop 13 feet ( 3.9 m ) in diameter . During the early 1900s , many rides including vertical loops appeared around the world . These early loops had a major design flaw : the circular structure produced intense g - forces ( hereafter `` Gs '' ) . The Flip Flap Railway , designed by Lina Beecher and built in 1895 on Coney Island of Brooklyn , United States , had a 25 - foot circular loop at the end which though initially popular caused some discomfort in passenger 's necks , and the ride soon closed . Loop the Loop , another looping coaster , was built later in Coney Island as well . This time the loops were slightly oval - shaped rather than circular , though not clothoid in shape like modern loops . Although the ride was safe , it had a low capacity , loading four people every five minutes ( 48 people per hour , compared to 1800 riders per hour on Corkscrew , an early modern coaster that opened in 1976 ) , and was poorly received after the discomfort of the Flip Flap Railway . As their novelty wore off and their dangerous reputation spread , compounded with the developing Great Depression , the early looping coasters faded and disappeared . Corkscrew ( 1968 -- 1976 ) ( edit ) Corkscrews on the Magic Mountain roller coaster ( 1985 ) at Gardaland in Italy The concept of inverting riders was not revisited until the 1970s . In 1968 , Karl Bacon of Arrow Dynamics created a prototype steel roller coaster with a corkscrew , the first of its kind . The prototype proved that a tubular steel track , first pioneered by Arrow to create Disneyland 's Matterhorn Bobsleds in 1959 , could execute inversions both safely and reliably . The full model of the prototype , aptly named Corkscrew , was then installed in Knott 's Berry Farm in Buena Park , United States , making history as the world 's first modern inverting roller coaster ( it was relocated to Silverwood Park of Idaho in 1990 ) . In 1976 , the previously disastrous vertical loop was successfully revived when Anton Schwarzkopf of Intamin constructed the Great American Revolution at Six Flags Magic Mountain of Valencia , United States , which became the world 's first complete circuit looping roller coaster . Another roller coaster named Corkscrew , built in Cedar Point of Ohio in the same year , became the first with three inversions . Inversions ( 1977 -- present ) ( edit ) Boomerang has been cloned over 50 times . The next few years brought innovations that are still popular in modern coasters . The shuttle roller coaster ( non-complete circuit ) was invented by Schwarzkopf in 1977 and realized at Kings Island with the Screamin ' Demon coaster . These early incarnations used the weight - drop mechanism ( as opposed to the later flywheel methods ) to launch the trains . Built in 1978 , the Loch Ness Monster in Busch Gardens Williamsburg became the first coaster with interlocking loops . It is still the only coaster with this feature , as the only other coasters containing interlocking loops are now defunct : Lightnin ' Loops , built by Arrow in Six Flags Great Adventure , was sold in 1992 , and Orient Express of Worlds of Fun was demolished in 2003 . The first Schwarzkopf shuttle loops with a flywheel launch also first appeared in 1978 . Arrow 's Revolution , Europe 's first looping coaster , was built in 1979 at Blackpool Pleasure Beach of England . In 1980 , Carolina Cyclone opened at Carowinds as the first roller coaster with four inversions . The Orient Express opened at Worlds of Fun of Kansas City , United States , in 1980 , with the newly invented batwing ( also referred to as a boomerang or kamikaze kurve ) , a single track element with two inversions . In 1981 , Vekoma invented the Boomerang coaster model , which became the most duplicated roller coaster ever . The first Boomerang was built at Reino Aventura ( now Six Flags México ) of Mexico City , Mexico in 1982 . The Boomerang has had over 50 clones built worldwide from Doha , Qatar , to Tashkent , Uzbekistan. 1982 also brought the first five - inversion coaster , Arrow 's Viper at Darien Lake in Darien , New York . The record for number of inversions was broken quickly in the following years . Arrow 's Vortex at Kings Island , built in 1987 , was the first to have six . The next year , Shockwave at Six Flags Great America broke that record with seven inversions . In 1995 , Dragon Khan in Spain 's Port Aventura became the first to have eight . In 2002 , Colossus at Thorpe Park in Chertsey , Surrey , England was the first with ten . In 2013 , The Smiler at Alton Towers in Staffordshire , England , broke the record again with 14 inversions . Son of Beast ( 2000 ) at Kings Island , the first wooden roller coaster to have an inversion In 2000 , Kings Island built Son of Beast , the world 's first Wooden roller coaster with a vertical loop . Until then , all roller coasters with any inversions were steel . In December 2006 , however , the loop was removed to make it possible to use lighter trains . This occurred after structural problems caused an incident in July 2006 that injured several riders . In 2002 , X , designed by Arrow , opened in Six Flags Magic Mountain . It is marketed as the world 's first Fourth dimension roller coaster , capable of rotating riders upside - down independently of any track elements . This adds difficulty in delineating the number of inversions such rides have . As the riders physically rotate 360 degrees forward and backwards , proponents insist the number of inversions should not include only track elements . According to Guinness World Records , the roller coaster with the most inversions counted this way is Eejanaika ( Japanese : ええじゃないか , Ai n't it great ? ) , essentially a clone of X , in Fuji - Q Highland of Fujiyoshida , Japan , which rotates riders 14 times . Counting only track elements , however , The Smiler at Alton Towers , Staffordshire , England has the world record for the world 's first 14 looping roller coaster . Coincidentally , both coasters would share the record if it was not limited to track elements only . In 2013 , 2014 and 2017 , two or more wooden roller coasters with inversions opened . As opposed to the vertical loop that Son of Beast had , Outlaw Run and Hades 360 , Mine Blower and Goliath ( at Six Flags Great America ) have more complex inversions . Outlaw Run at Silver Dollar City has a double barrel roll and a 153 ° over-banked turn , and Hades 360 has a single corkscrew . Other elements which partially invert riders , such as the overbanked turn which occasionally turn riders beyond 90 degrees , are not typically considered inversions . See also ( edit ) Roller coaster elements -- includes a list of inversions List of roller coaster inversion records References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kay , James ( 2007 ) . `` The History of the Inversion '' . CoasterGlobe . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Roller coaster dictionary '' . Six Flags Houston fan site . 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Most track inversions in a rollercoaster '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 16 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gieszl ( 2006 ) . `` Roller Coaster History : Timeline '' . ultimaterollercoaster.com . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Immerso , Michael ( 21 Oct 2002 ) . Coney Island : The People 's Playground . Rutgers University Press . p. 96 . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Pescovitz , David ( 2003 ) . `` History : 1880 '' . britannica.com . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bowers , David ( 2007 ) . `` History of Roller Coasters '' . Coasterville . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Marden , Duane ( 2007 ) . `` Loch Ness Monster '' . Roller Coaster Database . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Lightnin ' Loops '' . Amusement Pics. 2007 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Marden , Duane ( 2007 ) . `` Orient Express '' . Roller Coaster Database . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Marden , Duane ( 2004 ) . `` Versatile Vekoma '' . Fun World : International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions Magazine . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Bannister , Richard F. ( 2007 ) . `` Coasters : Parks : Six Flags Darien Lake '' . Richard Bannister : Track Record . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ The Smiler is the world 's first 14 looping rollercoaster . YouTube . 9 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Gieszl , Eric ( 1999 ) . `` Millennium Force : Cedar Point '' . ultimaterollercoaster.com . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Element Cross Reference at Roller Coaster Database ( hide ) Roller coasters Roller coasters by name Roller coasters by country Overview Elements History Manufacturers Physics Rankings Types Technology Brake run Inversion Vertical loop Launch track Rollback Lift hill On - ride camera Stadium seating Station Train Underfriction Wheel assembly Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roller_coaster_inversion&oldid=832465682 '' Categories : Roller coaster elements Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français Nederlands Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 05 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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ash vs evil dead season 3 cast list
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Ash vs Evil Dead
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ash vs evil dead
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Ash vs Evil Dead Genre Supernatural Comedy horror Fantasy Action Based on Characters by Sam Raimi Developed by Sam Raimi Ivan Raimi Tom Spezialy Starring Bruce Campbell Ray Santiago Dana DeLorenzo Jill Marie Jones Lucy Lawless Michelle Hurd Ted Raimi Pepi Sonuga Arielle Carver - O'Neill Lindsay Farris Composer ( s ) Joseph LoDuca Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 30 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Robert Tapert Sam Raimi Bruce Campbell Craig DiGregorio Producer ( s ) Chloe Smith Aaron Lam Rick Jacobson Sean Clements Dominic Dierkes Location ( s ) Auckland , New Zealand Cinematography Dave Garbett John Cavill Editor ( s ) Bob Murawski Camera setup Single - camera Running time 25 -- 37 minutes 41 minutes ( pilot ) Production company ( s ) Renaissance Pictures Starz Originals Release Original network Starz Picture format 4K ( UHDTV ) Original release October 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 31 ) -- April 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 29 ) Chronology Preceded by Army of Darkness External links Website Ash vs Evil Dead is an American comedy horror television series developed by Sam Raimi , Ivan Raimi , and Tom Spezialy for the Starz network filmed in New Zealand . It is set in Raimi 's Evil Dead universe , with Bruce Campbell reprising his role as Ash Williams , and acts as a sequel to the original trilogy . Ray Santiago , Dana DeLorenzo , and Lucy Lawless also star . The series is executive produced by Campbell , Raimi , Craig DiGregorio , and Robert Tapert , who produced all four Evil Dead films . The series premiered on October 31 , 2015 . Three days before the series ' premiere , Starz renewed it for a second season , which premiered on October 2 , 2016 . On October 7 , 2016 , while at the New York Comic Con , Starz announced that the series had been renewed for a third season , which premiered on February 25 , 2018 . On April 20 , 2018 , it was announced that the series had been cancelled after three seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Special guests 3 Production 3.1 Cancellation 4 Episodes 4.1 Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 4.2 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 4.3 Season 3 ( 2018 ) 5 Music 6 Reception 6.1 Critical 6.2 Accolades 7 Media releases 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) The series is set approximately 30 years after the first three Evil Dead films , and serves as a sequel to that trilogy . Ash Williams works at the `` Value Stop '' as a simple stock boy . Also working at the store is his friend Pablo and the object of Pablo 's affections , Kelly . Ash has seemingly done very little with his life since returning from 1300 AD at the end of Army of Darkness , and the beginning of the series sees him living in a trailer and drinking alone in bars . However , Ash must soon renounce his routine existence and become a hero once more by taking up arms and facing the titular Evil Dead . Pablo and Kelly decide to join him on his quest to save humanity . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Bruce Campbell as Ash Williams : Ash has changed in the 30 years since Army of Darkness . In an interview with Entertainment Weekly , Campbell stated , `` Ash has survivor 's guilt . You could have a heyday with his PTSD . He 's a war vet . He does n't want to talk about it , and he 'll lie about that stump on his hand to impress the ladies . This is a guy who 's got some issues . He 's emotionally stunted . But , he 's the guy you want in the foxhole next to you . '' Over the course of season one , it is revealed that following the events of the film trilogy , Ash spent thirty years drifting from town to town , living in a mobile home trailer , with his pet lizard , Eli , and working a series of dead - end jobs at different branches of Value Stop . Ash has attempted to destroy the Necronomicon on multiple occasions . Unable to be rid of the book , he instead becomes its de facto caretaker . In season two , it is revealed that Ash had returned to his hometown of Elk Grove , Michigan , after the events of the films . The people of Elk Grove refused to believe his stories of Deadites , and instead accused him of murdering his friends and his sister in the cabin , shunned him , and dubbed him `` Ashy Slashy '' . Ray Santiago as Pablo Simon Bolivar : A co-worker who became Ash 's loyal sidekick . Pablo believed that Ash is a true hero , and called him `` El Jefe '' ( `` The Boss '' ) as a mark of respect . Santiago describes his character as an `` El Jefe in - training '' . He was raised by his uncle , a shaman , who told him stories of an evil power which can only be defeated by `` El Jefe '' . He fights valiantly alongside Ash and Kelly before being torn to ribbons by the demon Baal , but was resurrected thereafter . Through a ritual in season 3 , Pablo succeeds his uncle as a `` brujo especial '' . Dana DeLorenzo as Kelly Maxwell / Sorceress Kaya : An occasionally moody and initially reluctant young woman , Kelly is dragged into the fight against evil with Ash and Pablo after she is orphaned . She and her family are Jewish , and she temporarily worked at the Value Stop with Ash and Pablo . Her mother died in a car accident some six months prior to the beginning of the series . Jill Marie Jones as Amanda Fisher ( season 1 ) A Michigan State Trooper who set out to find Ash following the death of her partner . Lucy Lawless as Ruby Knowby / Rebecca Prevett : A mysterious figure who is on a quest to hunt down the source of the recent evil outbreaks . She claims to be the daughter of Professor Raymond Knowby and sister of Annie Knowby from Evil Dead II . She is later revealed to be an immortal being who wrote the Necronomicon . Michelle Hurd as Linda Bates - Emery ( season 2 ) : Ash 's high school girlfriend who is now married to Emery , the sheriff of Elk Grove , and has a daughter , Lacey . She is one of the few people in Elk Grove happy to see Ash return . Ted Raimi as Chet Kaminski ( season 2 ) A hard - partying old childhood friend of Ash 's who was secretly intimate with Ash 's sister , Cheryl , thirty years prior , and pays the ultimate price for it . Pepi Sonuga as Lacey Emery ( season 2 ) Thomas ' and Linda 's 17 - year - old daughter who becomes possessed by Kandarian spirits and is killed by Kelly . Arielle Carver - O'Neill as Brandy Barr ( season 3 ) Ash 's long - lost daughter , a smart middle - class American high school senior whose life is upended when she finds herself caught up in violent demonic events that result in her mother 's death . Lindsay Farris as Dalton ( season 3 ) A member of the Knights of Sumeria , an ancient order dedicated to battling evil . Recurring cast ( edit ) Samara Weaving as Heather ( season 1 ) The sole survivor of a hiking group , she is rescued by Pablo and Kelly when they reach the cabin . She is later indirectly killed by Ruby when the evil is set loose . Hemky Madera as El Brujo ( season 1 , 3 ) Pablo 's shaman uncle , Ash , Pablo and Kelly go to him for help against the Kandarian Demon . He is killed by the demon Eligos when he performs an exorcism on Kelly to release her from Eligos ' thrall . Lee Majors as Brock Williams ( season 2 , 3 ) Ash 's father , whom Ash has not seen in 30 or so years , since the events of Evil Dead . It is from his father that Ash got his bad habits ( debauchery , etc . ) , and it 's hinted that he has stolen girls / women from Ash in the past ( i.e. his son 's old high school P.E. teacher , Lillian Pendergrast ) . His day job is as a hardware store owner ; his slogan is `` Brock Williams - has wood - call me . '' He blames Ash for the death of his daughter , Cheryl , but then , minutes before being killed by his son 's possessed Oldsmobile 88 , comes to realize that his boy was actually a hero . Stephen Lovatt as Sheriff Thomas Emery ( season 2 ) The husband of Linda whom Ash used to pick on in highschool . He is now the strict sheriff of Elk Grove . Joel Tobeck as Baal ( season 2 ) A diabolical demon and Ruby 's ex-husband who wants the Necronomicon for his own nefarious purposes . His abilities include using lust to manipulate others , possessing human bodies and the ability to slow down time near a target where he can converse with or injure said target . When Baal is using this power nobody seems to be able to see him besides the person he is interacting with . Ruby has also mentioned that he is impervious to physical attacks and can only be harmed through mystic or spiritual means . Emilia Burns as Zoë ( Season 3 ) , a Knight of Sumeria who helps Ash in his crusade . She ends up being the sole survivor of her knight squadron . Katrina Hobbs as Candace Barr ( Season 3 ) , An ex-girlfriend of Ash 's who is the mother of their daughter Brandy . Ash married Candace in Las Vegas when they were drunk . She was later killed by a deadite before becoming one herself at her own funeral . Samantha Young as Natalie ( Season 3 ) , A woman who Ruby kidnaps and hold hostage be a sort - of babysitter for her spawn . She is later killed by the demonic baby . Special guests ( edit ) Rebekkah Farrell as Linda ( season 1 ) Ellen Sandweiss returning as Cheryl Williams ( season 2 ) from the original Evil Dead movie . Nicholas Hope as Professor Raymond Knowby ( season 2 ) Alison Quigan ( normal form ) and Ted Raimi ( Deadite form ) as Henrietta Knowby ( season 2 ) Kelvin Taylor as an Orderly Production ( edit ) The series first started life as two competing ideas for a fourth Evil Dead film . However at the time the Raimi brothers did not know how to get funding for the film and so it was instead written as a TV show . Writing for the medium presented new challenges for Sam as he had to make the series accessible to new viewers as well as create new characters to `` bounce off of '' . The project was first officially revealed by Raimi at a surprise appearance at the 2014 San Diego Comic - Con That November Starz announced that they officially put an order in for the series . Campbell said the channel was the only network that would give them the ability to be unrated and unrestricted ; Campbell has stated that Starz does not require the crew to create alternate , `` wimpy '' versions for television . The pilot episode of the series was written by Sam Raimi ( who also directed ) , Ivan Raimi and Tom Spezialy . In February 2015 , original film series producer Robert Tapert returned to produce along with Raimi , Campbell and Craig DiGregorio . Ray Santiago and Dana DeLorenzo were cast in the lead roles of Pablo Simon Bolivar and Kelly Maxwell , and Jill Marie Jones was cast as Amanda Fisher , a Michigan State Trooper . In March 2015 , Lucy Lawless was cast as Ruby , a mysterious figure who 's on a quest to stop the evil outbreak and believes that Ash is the one who 's the cause of it . In April 2015 , Starz released a new graphic teaser advertising the TV show is coming in the fall of 2015 , along with a new poster for the series . Filming commenced in Auckland , New Zealand later that month . Due to legal issues with Universal Pictures , the events from Army of Darkness could not specifically be mentioned in the first season . In April 2015 , the producers made it clear that they wanted to resolve the issue , and in mid-2016 , producer Robert Tapert stated that the rights issue had been solved and that references to Army of Darkness would appear from season two onward . Cancellation ( edit ) It was announced on April 20 , 2018 that Ash vs Evil Dead had been cancelled after a three - season run , with the final episode airing on April 29 , 2018 . Towards the end of the third season , ratings had declined from the initial 437,000 same - day viewers of the first season to around 175,000 non-DVR viewers . According to Variety , at the time of the eighth episode of the third season 's airing , the show averaged a 0.08 rating in adults aged 18 to 49 , with approximately 177,000 viewers per episode . Bruce Campbell stated at the time of the cancellation that `` Ash vs. Evil Dead has been the ride of a lifetime . Ash Williams was the role of a lifetime . It was an honor to reunite with Evil Dead partners Rob Tapert and Sam Raimi to give our tireless fans another taste of the outrageous horror / comedy they demanded . I will always be grateful to Starz for the opportunity to revisit the franchise that launched our careers '' . Following the news of the show 's cancellation , fans of the series created petitions to renew Ash vs Evil Dead for a fourth or fifth season . In response to an article published by the website Bloody Disgusting that encouraged fans to campaign for the show 's continuation on the Netflix platform , Campbell tweeted `` Big props to fans for the effort , but I 'm retired as Ash . # timetofrysomeotherfish '' . Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 10 October 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 31 ) January 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 02 ) 10 October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) December 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 11 ) 10 February 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 25 ) April 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 29 ) Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date US viewers ( millions ) `` El Jefe '' Sam Raimi Sam Raimi & Ivan Raimi and Tom Spezialy October 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 31 ) 0.437 Thirty years after his epic battle against the evil Deadites , Ash Williams ( Bruce Campbell ) is living in a trailer park , working in a Value Stop department store , and spending his evenings womanizing in dive bars . After seeing a demonic visage appear on a woman 's face , Ash recalls having a recent Marijuana - addled `` poetry read '' with a young prostitute , from the Necronomicon , which he still keeps locked in a trunk . Elsewhere in town , Michigan state police detective Amanda Fisher , ( Jill Marie Jones ) , investigates a disturbance at an abandoned house and encounters Ash 's demon - possessed friend who kills her partner . After defeating the possessed woman , she is then forced to put down her undead partner who attacks her . Later , Amanda meets the mysterious Ruby Knowby , ( Lucy Lawless ) , who seems almost too understanding about the horrors Amanda has witnessed . As more evil happenings occur around him , Ash realizes he unwittingly reawakened the horrible curse again and decides to slip out of town , but he is stopped by his co-workers , Pablo ( Ray Santiago ) and Kelly , ( Dana DeLorenzo ) , who realize he 's to blame for what is going on . After having to kill his possessed neighbor , Ash reluctantly decides to resume his old chainsaw - wielding persona once again . `` Bait '' Michael J. Bassett Dominic Dierkes November 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 07 ) 0.276 Pablo and Ash help Kelly who is worried about a strange call from her father and the sudden return of her lost mother , ( Mimi Rogers ) , who was feared dead months ago . Ash remains suspicious of the mother , believing she 's a Deadite impostor . Meanwhile Amanda follows leads that Ash Williams is behind the recent deaths and strange happenings around town , and decides to track him down . Ash and Pablo arrive at Kelly 's father 's house to find Kelly 's mother acting normal . However , after being provoked at the dinner table by Ash , Kelly 's mother reveals herself as a Deadite and kills Kelly 's father with a fork . After a madcap fight between her and Ash , the Deadite tries to convince Kelly that she 's fine now , but shows herself again and Ash kills her . After burying the two bodies , Kelly agrees to accompany Ash and Pablo , and the three drive away . `` Books from Beyond '' Michael J. Bassett Sean Clements November 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 14 ) 0.383 With the mysterious Ruby one step behind them , Ash and his friends seek out Lionel , the owner of an occult bookstore , `` Books from Beyond , '' to find a way to undo the evil curse . Lionel uses the Necronomicon to summon the demon Eligos in hopes of compelling it to give the answers Ash seeks . The ceremony goes awry when Amanda arrives to arrest Ash and Eligos escapes the summoning circle . In all the chaos , Ash does manage to get a cryptic response that the solution to his predicament resides within him . `` Brujo '' David Frazee James E. Eagan November 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 21 ) 0.448 After dealing with the demon , Ash leaves the uncooperative Amanda handcuffed in the bookstore and trapped with a Deadite Lionel . She is saved however by Ruby , and after learning of her interest in Ash , the two join forces in hunting him down . Meanwhile Pablo takes Ash to meet his shaman uncle , a `` Brujo '' , who may be able to help . Along the way , Kelly gets sick and acts strangely , having been unknowingly possessed by Eligos . Eventually the Brujo gives Ash a drug - induced vision of himself relaxing on a pier in Jacksonville , Florida , ( Ash 's idealized vacation spot ) , where his pet lizard Eli appears and tells him he must bury the Necronomicon deep in the place where everything started -- the cabin in the woods . During the trip , a possessed Kelly attacks Ash . 5 5 `` The Host '' David Frazee Zoë Green November 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 28 ) 0.430 The Eligos - possessed Kelly convinces Pablo and his uncle that Ash is the one possessed . Elsewhere , Amanda and Ruby close in on Ash by using Ash 's severed undead hand to guide them . The Brujo prepares for an exorcism while , back in Ash 's trailer , Kelly tries to seduce Pablo and later kill him . Once the demon reveals himself the Brujo performs the exorcism on Kelly , forcing Eligos to leave , but not before the Brujo is killed . During a funeral for the Brujo , Pablo takes his uncle 's sacred medallion . Back at the trailer , Pablo gives Ash a new mechanical hand that he had been working on . 6 6 `` The Killer of Killers '' Michael Hurst Nate Crocker December 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 05 ) 0.402 Ruby and Amanda arrive at the Brujo 's ranch just having missed Ash , but the charred skeleton of the Brujo emerges from the funeral pyre and confronts Ruby telling her that she 'll never have the book for herself . The two fall into the pyre which then explodes . Amanda leaves in Ruby 's car but notices Ash 's hand has disappeared . On their way to the cabin , Ash , Pablo and Kelly stop at a roadside diner to meet Lem , a old militia friend of Ash , and ask for help in acquiring some weapons . While Ash tries to scam his way out of paying the diner check , Pablo and Kelly return to the trailer and deal with the Necronomicon which comes alive and reacts to the Brujo 's medallion . Meanwhile , Amanda confronts Ash and arrests him , just as her police chief arrives . Soon , however , the evil Kandarian force attacks the diner , spontaneously turning the police chief and a waitress into Deadites . Having barely escaped the horror , Lem calls his militia buddies to `` arm up '' but he is soon attacked by the force himself . Back at the smoldering diner , Amanda agrees to join up with Ash 's group . 7 7 `` Fire in the Hole '' Michael Hurst Sean Clements , Dominic Dierkes and Ivan Raimi December 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 12 ) 0.452 Ash and his group go to meet the militiamen but find they have been attacked by a demon - possessed Lem . Lem attacks again , and Ash and Amanda become trapped in the militia 's bunker with him . Meanwhile , Kelly and Pablo escape to the woods but the militiamen , ( thinking the two are government agents and their friend Lem is infected with a government virus ) , hunt them down . Back at the Brujo 's ranch , Ruby emerges from the funeral pyre unharmed ; she goes to the diner and resumes her search for Ash . Eventually Pablo and Kelly rescue Ash and Amanda and get the weapons from the militia . Ash then unexpectedly vanishes . A closing scene shows Ash 's severed hand crawling through the woods toward the cabin . 8 8 `` Ashes to Ashes '' Tony Tilse Michael J. Bassett December 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 19 ) 0.465 Armed with his chainsaw , shotgun and the Necronomicon , Ash returns to the sinister cabin after 30 years . He finds Amanda behind him who convinces him that he should n't face the evil alone . Meanwhile Kelly and Pablo are lost in the woods but find a group of hikers consisting of Brad , his fiancée and Heather , who lead them toward the cabin . At the cabin , Ash is taunted by the severed head of his old girlfriend Linda that he left in the work shed three decades ago . In the cabin , Amanda listens to the old tape recorder about the Necronomicon . Ash suddenly appears and tells her that they should just leave and be together , but Amanda notices his putrid hand and he attacks her . She manages to cut off and destroy the hand , but imposter - Ash impales her on the antlers of the deer head in the living room . The real Ash then finds Amanda just before she dies . Pablo and Kelly return and Ash tells them that she was killed by another Evil Ash that is running around somewhere . 9 9 `` Bound in Flesh '' Tony Tilse Rob Wright December 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 26 ) 0.343 Pablo and Kelly confront the two Ashes and , once they realize who the impostor is , they kill him . Ash decides to chop up the bodies of the impostor and Amanda before they turn into Deadites , but the hikers return . Pablo and Kelly lead them away while Ash dismembers his clone . Suddenly the Necronomicon starts talking to him , trying to convince him not to bury it . He throws the book in the refrigerator then notices Amanda has disappeared . Amanda , now a Deadite , attacks Pablo , Kelly and the hikers . She kills Brad and his fiancée and Heather breaks her leg . Ruby arrives and Amanda runs off . Returning to the cabin , Ruby confronts Ash , introducing herself as the one who 's been cleaning up his mess . She explains that the book can not be simply buried but needs to be dismantled . Ash agrees to destroy the book and cuts off its face , but once he hands it over Ruby begins a ritual to unleash the evil upon the entire world . Ruby claims to have written the Necronomicon and the face of the book animates and attaches itself to Pablo . 10 10 `` The Dark One '' Rick Jacobson Craig DiGregorio January 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 02 ) 0.508 Before Ash can react to what is going on , Amanda returns and attacks him . He manages to defeat her but notices Ruby and Pablo have disappeared into the cellar . He goes down to find them but the Kandarian force pounds the cabin and Ash falls down the steps . He suddenly finds himself back in his trailer with the Necronomicon . Ruby appears and tells him that he was destined to stand against her , and then tries to broker a truce by offering him what he desires the most -- a peaceful retirement in Jacksonville . Refusing the offer , Ash finds himself back in the cellar and under attack by a demonic child that was belched up by Pablo who is under the control of the Necronomicon . Meanwhile , Kelly and Heather attempt to survive a demonic onslaught . Heather is killed while Kelly is locked out of the cabin . Ash again confronts Ruby , who promises to leave Ash and his friends alone in exchange for allowing her to release evil spirits ( which she claims she can control ) from the Necronomicon . Ash accepts the deal and starts driving to Jacksonville with Kelly and Pablo , while sinkholes begin to open up around the world . Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 11 `` Home '' Rick Jacobson Craig DiGregorio September 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 27 ) ( online ) October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) ( broadcast ) 0.436 While enjoying his time at Jacksonville , Ash is forced to come out of retirement after being attacked by Deadites summoned by Ruby . Ash ( still in possession of the Kandarian Dagger ) , Pablo and Kelly return to Ash 's hometown in Michigan , Elk Grove , where they meet up with his father , Brock ( Lee Majors ) , who criticizes him for running away from the town after the events that transpired 30 years ago . While searching around town for Ruby , Ash encounters his former love , Linda Bates , who is married to the town 's sheriff , Thomas Emery . Emery mocks Ash , and promises to take him in when he can . Pablo receives a vision , prompting the gang to head to the town 's crematorium , where Ash finds an injured Ruby , claiming that her children have betrayed her , forcing her to hide the Necronomicon . After saving her from her three demon children , Ash and Ruby form a temporary alliance . 12 `` The Morgue '' Tony Tilse Cameron Welsh October 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 09 ) 0.333 Ruby reveals to the group that she hid the Necronomicon inside a corpse at the town morgue , which prompts Ash and Kelly to go retrieve it , while Pablo stays with her at Brock 's house in order to find out about his visions . While attempting to get the book , Ash discovers that his old high school P.E. teacher , who is dating Brock , turns out to have been dead and is now a Deadite . Ash returns home just in time to stop the Deadite from raising hell . Meanwhile , Pablo 's grasp on reality is tested when Ruby reveals that the Necronomicon has gifted him with premonitions , a detail seen in one from which Ruby deduces that her ex-husband , Baal , is the reason behind why all of her children have turned on her . At the end , Ash 's car , the Delta , is stolen by two teenagers , while still carrying the Necronomicon in it . 13 `` Last Call '' Tony Tilse Noelle Valdivia October 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 16 ) 0.321 In an attempt to lure the teenagers who stole his car to his place , Ash and his best buddy , Chet , devise a plan to throw a party at the bar , lure the thieves in , and get the Delta and the Necronomicon back . The plan backfires , however , as one of the teenagers ' friends accidentally reads from the Necronomicon , allowing evil to possess her as well as the Delta , leading to a mass killing spree . The possessed teenager , Amber , heads to Ash 's party , where she almost kills Brock before Ash intervenes . Brock realizes the truth about his son and shows his pride , but before he could reveal a secret to Ash , he is run over by the Delta . Meanwhile , Ruby attempts to convince Kelly that she is the one Ruby was supposed to be looking for . 14 `` DUI '' Michael J. Bassett Ivan Raimi October 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 23 ) 0.274 The possessed Delta continues its rampage holding one of the teenagers , Lacey , hostage . It comes back and kidnaps Pablo as well . Ash takes Chet in tow , driving his car and pursues the Delta . Meanwhile , Ruby and Kelly head back to Ash 's trailer to pick up weapons , where Ruby reveals that Baal can get into an individual 's mind and manipulate them , and that she has been manipulated before . While they go back to the crematorium and kill the rest of her spawn , Ash continues chasing down Pablo , and Chet drops him off at an abandoned Demolition derby park . The Delta lets go of Pablo and Lacey , facing Ash by itself . While Pablo tries to deface the book , it tells him to read a passage . Ash stops the Delta , and they throw the book into the trunk of the car , a portal to hell , seemingly destroying it . Ruby , sensing the book 's disappearance , runs back along with Kelly . A demon jumps out of the trunk at the end . 15 5 `` Confinement '' Michael J. Bassett William Bromell October 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 30 ) 0.274 Baal arrives on Earth and seduces a police officer before killing her and removing her skin . Ash is arrested for Amber 's murder but is freed from his cell by Baal , disguised as the police officer . Pablo , Kelly and Ruby arrive at the police station to free Ash , while Lacey and Linda come looking for Sheriff Emery . Before going to look for the Kandarian Dagger , Ruby warns the group of Baal 's ability to disguise himself by wearing peoples ' skin , which sets the group on edge as they come to realise that any one of them could be Baal . Pablo reveals a strange rash to Ash and Kelly . Seeing Pablo 's condition worsen , Emery believes that he is Baal , leading him to pull out his gun and threaten the group . Ruby returns with Ash 's weapons and Ash defeats the reanimated flesh of a fallen police officer . On examining Pablo 's rash , Ruby declares that he might be their only chance to stop Baal . 16 6 `` Trapped Inside '' Mark Beesley James E. Eagan November 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) 0.330 Ash , Kelly , Ruby , Linda and Lacey take Pablo back to Ash 's house , where Ruby reveals that if they wait long enough , the required spell to send Baal back to hell will emerge on Pablo 's skin . Baal uses his powers to convince Emery to lead a mob of Elk Grove townspeople to capture Ash . As the townspeople surround Ash 's house , Ash hears a noise coming from Cheryl 's room . Inside he sees Chet , who had come to warn him about the mob . The required spell emerges from Pablo 's skin , while Ruby reveals to Kelly that birthing her demon `` children '' cost her her immortality . A Deadite Cheryl appears and fights Ash , killing Chet in the process . The fight is taken outside , where the townspeople are surprised to see Cheryl , seemingly alive . Ash kills her and reveals her to be a Deadite , thus convincing the people that he is not a murderer . Ash is then knocked out by Baal . 17 7 `` Delusion '' Mark Beesley Hank Chilton November 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) 0.337 Ash wakes up from a nightmare only to find himself in an asylum , where a man calling himself Doctor Peacock claims that Ash has been locked up since the murder of his friends at the cabin , and that everything about the Necronomicon was a delusion he made up to deny responsibility for his actions . Ash realizes that Peacock is none other than Baal , who is trying to break his mind through an illusion . Within the illusion he sees Ruby , as a nurse , Kelly as a fellow inmate , and Pablo as an orderly . Ash attempts to fight through the illusions , but fails time after time . After meeting with Linda , and seeing Ruby , Pablo and Kelly arrive outside the asylum , Ash then seemingly agrees to follow Baal 's command to destroy the Necronomicon . 18 8 `` Ashy Slashy '' Tony Tilse Suzanne Keilly and Aaron Lam November 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 20 ) 0.237 Ruby , Pablo and Kelly enter the asylum and encounter Sheriff Emery , who got Linda to help him capture Ash in exchange for Lacey 's freedom from Baal . Lacey , however , turns up as a Deadite and murders Emery , and is later killed by Kelly . Ruby and Pablo encounter Ash , who then tracks them down and takes Pablo to Baal . Kelly later meets up with Linda , who learns about the deaths of both her husband and daughter . She then resolves to take down Baal for good . They reach Pablo , where Ash reveals that he was never broken by Baal , and it was all part of his plan to get Pablo and Baal in the same room . Pablo then recites the incantation to send Baal back to Hell , but before disappearing , Baal slashes Pablo in the stomach , cutting him in half . 19 9 `` Home Again '' Rick Jacobson Jennifer Ames & Steve Turner December 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 04 ) 0.266 Distraught over the loss of Pablo , Ash and the gang attempt to travel back in time to ensure that young Ash will never see the Necronomicon . They return to the year 1982 , before young Ash went to the cabin . As they travel to the woods , the gang is chased down by the Kandarian Demon , and Ruby and Kelly are separated from Ash , who run into the cabin . After a brief altercation with an evil foetus that attempts to infect Ash from his leg , Ash hears a faint voice crying for help from the cellar . He finds the voice to be coming from Henrietta Knowby , who claims to have been trapped and tortured here by her husband . While initially not believing her , Ash eventually discovers as Professor Knowby returns with one of his students , Tanya , who he plans to use to transfer the Kandarian Demon from within Henrietta onto her . Ash then frees Henrietta , just as he realizes he 's been tricked , allowing her to run amok . In the midst of the chaos , Professor Knowby escapes with the Necronomicon and locks Ash and Tanya down in the cellar with Henrietta . Meanwhile , Ruby and Kelly are attacked by possessed trees , as well as being followed by a mysterious being . 20 10 `` Second Coming '' Rick Jacobson Luke Kalteux December 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 11 ) 0.269 As Professor Knowby attempts to escape the cabin , he is killed by the Ruby of year 1982 , who then retrieves the Necronomicon . Henrietta murders Tanya , and battles Ash , but is ultimately defeated . As Ash reunites with present - day Ruby and Kelly , past Ruby learns of their involvement and then kills present - day Ruby , while Ash and Kelly attempt to escape . The effects of the timeline alteration take place as Ash notices the return of his missing right hand , and Pablo seemingly returning to life . However , he turns out to be Baal , who has secretly taken over Pablo 's corpse rather than being banished . Baal and the alternate Ruby take Ash and Kelly back to the cabin , where they begin to perform rituals to give birth to their spawns . Ash proposes a fair fight between him and Baal , without the use of any magic or weapon . Baal gains the upper hand by using his powers to change form into Chet , Cheryl and Brock , tricking Ash and removing his right hand once more . As Baal prepares to execute Ash , however , he is outwitted and defeated . As the cabin begins to burn down and crumble , Baal , Ruby , their spawns , and the Necronomicon are seemingly banished to the Neitherworld ( Hell ) as part of the deal , while Pablo is brought back to life . Ash returns to his time , where Elk Grove reveres him as a hero , while the alternate Ruby watches him from afar . In a post-credit scene , the Necronomicon is picked up by an unknown traveler from the remains of the cabin . Season 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 21 `` Family '' Mark Beesley Mark Verheiden February 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 25 ) 0.225 After the Necronomicon is once again found and read , the Evil Dead makes a return to Elk Grove . Ash reunites with Candace Barr , a former lover with whom he had a daughter , Brandy . Ash , Pablo and Candace rush to Kenward County High School in search of Brandy , who is being hunted down by the Kandarian Demon . They find Brandy and her friend Rachel in the music classroom , but a possessed Rachel then attacks and manages to decapitate Candace . Ash kills Rachel and then battles the possessed school mascot , Cougie , but Kelly , along with Dalton , a Knight of Sumeria , arrive and save Ash . Ruby , after retrieving the Necronomicon , performs a ritual , smearing her blood over a drawing of Ash and drinking it , causing her to be impregnated . 22 `` Booth Three '' Mark Beesley Rob Fresco March 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 04 ) 0.171 While driving on the road , Ruby is forced to stop to give birth to her new demonic spawn , which she claims to be modeled after Ash 's image . She kidnaps Natalie , a Norwegian woman and uses her partner 's corpse as food to feed the spawn . Ash takes Brandy to school , where she meets up with Ruby , who is disguised as the school 's guidance counselor , Ms. Prevett . Ruby attempts to persuade her in distrusting Ash . Pablo is visited by a female spirit who warns him of evil taking over his body , and that he must embrace his destiny as the next Brujo . Dalton notices the Sumerian writing on Pablo 's body , and attempts to convince Kelly that he must be killed to prevent future risks . Ash later goes to the local sperm bank to investigate whether his sperm had been used , but Ruby summons the Kandarian Demon to the bank to destroy his seeds . Ash manages to prevail , but realizes that he must now protect Brandy at all cost . 23 `` Apparently Dead '' Diego & Andres Meza - Valdes Ivan Raimi March 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 11 ) 0.160 While Ash is attending Candace 's funeral , she becomes possessed and fights him . Brandy 's distrust for Ash grows further . Ash , upon discovering Ruby 's involvement , informs the gang to find the Kandarian Dagger . Pablo receives another vision from the female spirit , pointing them toward the cabin . Pablo , Kelly and Dalton return to the cabin and start digging through the remains ; eventually Kelly finds the knife , but the Evil Dead then comes after them and impales Dalton through a tree branch . He quickly turns Deadite and demands the knife , but Pablo attempts to run him over with a truck . Ruby goes to the cemetery and resurrects Brock Williams , who then returns to his home and meets Brandy . Later , Ash returns and has a fight with Brock , ending with the latter being killed right in front of Brandy . 24 `` Unfinished Business '' Daniel Nettheim Nicki Paluga March 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 18 ) 0.176 Ash is visited by the ghost of the real Brock , who shows him a vision of the past in 2012 when he was visited by a Knight of Sumeria , Gary , who carried the missing pages of the Necronomicon . Brock incapacitated the knight and locked him under the hardware store 's cellar after thinking he was dead . Back in present day , Ash enters the cellar and finds the knight 's skeleton , as well as Sumerian writing on the wall . Ruby is contacted by the sorceress Kaya , who is imprisoned in the Netherworld ; the latter warns her of the inevitable prophecy and the opening of the Rift . She travels to the Knowby Cabin and finds Dalton , who she temporarily revives in order to learn of what he knew . Dalton reveals to Ruby of their finding of the dagger , but then shoots himself in the head to prevent himself from turning once more . Kelly returns to Ash 's home and finds Brandy , who she attempts to convince to stay . They are however attacked by Pablo , who has been possessed by the Kandarian Demon ; in the ensuing struggle , Pablo bites Kelly in her leg and infects her . The two girls retreat to Ash 's trailer and barricade themselves in , but Kelly 's infection worsens and mutates further . Ash arrives at Ruby 's hideout , where he finds Natalie and Ruby 's spawn , who has grown considerably . Ash tries to break Natalie free , but ends up waking the spawn from his sleep . 25 5 `` Baby Proof '' Daniel Nettheim Luke Kalteaux March 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 25 ) 0.179 Pablo manages to enter the trailer , but Brandy stabs him with the Kandarian Dagger . He then finds himself in a realm between life and death , where he meets the Brujo , who explains that Pablo must now perform a ritual to return to life and succeed him . He successfully completes the ritual and comes back to life , but then runs off to find Ash . Kelly determines to make Ruby pay for what she 's done . Meanwhile , at Ruby 's hideout , Ash realizes that her spawn is made in his image , and attempts to capture him to prove his story to Brandy . The spawn goes on the loose , and kills Natalie . It attempts to manipulate her corpse to fight Ash but eventually Ash traps it inside . He then takes the spawn to the hardware store , but it manages to consume Natalie 's corpse and free himself . He attempts to explain the situation to Brandy and a local police officer , but fails . However , Brandy chooses to believe her father and runs off together with him , leaving the spawn in Ruby 's possession once more . 26 6 `` Tales from the Rift '' Regan Hall Aaron Lam April 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 01 ) 0.196 Ash is contacted by a group of Knights of Sumeria , who he then takes to his hardware store to investigate the Sumerian writing . They deduce that the knight who died in the cellar , Gary , had figured out a way to open the gateway to the Deadlands , a dimension between the human world and Neitherworld ( Hell ) . Pablo arrives at the store and is able to decipher the text , opening the portal . One of the knights , Marcus , travels through the portal to scout ahead , but comes back a demon and slaughters the rest of the knights except one . Ash manages to take down the Demon Marcus , then instructs Pablo to find out how to close down the rift for good . Kelly goes to Ruby 's hideout with the dagger , intending to kill her ; Ruby overpowers Kelly , however , and kills her with the Kandarian Dagger . She then uses Kelly 's body as a vessel for Kaya . Ash returns home later that night and receives the dagger from Kaya , who now poses as Kelly in order to sabotage Ash 's plan . 27 7 `` Twist and Shout '' Mark Beesley Caitlin Meares April 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) 0.136 Back at the hardware store , Pablo sees the real Kelly in the Rift through an opening in the Sumerian writing and learns of her death . He rushes to find Ash to break the news . Ash and Kaya take Brandy to the school dance , in hope of confronting Ruby . Unbeknownst to them , Ruby also takes her spawn , now having fully grown into a clone of Ash , to the school in an attempt to break Brandy 's trust in her father . Rash ( Ruby 's Ash ) terrorizes the school and murders many students , fooling Brandy into believing that her father is a demon . When Ash finally gets to Brandy , Ruby provokes her by plunging herself into Ash 's chainsaw and faking her death . However , Brandy ca n't bring herself to kill Ash . Pablo arrives at the school and encounters Kaya , but manages to escape . He and Rash fight momentarily , before the real Ash kills the clone . Ruby , frustrated at Ash 's continuous streak of victory , wakes up and throws the Kandarian Dagger at him , but Brandy blocks the attack by jumping in front of him and dies instead . She then wakes up in the Deadlands , and runs away from a lurking threat . 28 8 `` Rifting Apart '' Mark Beesley Bryan Hill April 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 15 ) 0.175 Ash and Pablo hijack the coroner 's van to steal Brandy 's body and make it back to the hardware store , where they then use the Kandarian Dagger to kill Ash and send him through the Rift , in hope of rescuing Brandy and Kelly . At the Deadlands , Brandy finds Kelly and Dalton , who have been evading a shadow creature lurking the dimension and consuming any spirit it comes across . Ash arrives in the Deadlands with both of his hands intact , and finds the other three . They attempt to run for the hardware store , but with the shadow creature blocking their path , Dalton volunteers to sacrifice himself as a distraction . Back at the hardware store , Pablo struggles with one of the possessed corpses from the coroner 's van , whom Ash accidentally retrieved instead of Brandy 's corpse . Pablo manages to open the portal in time , but Kelly is unable to make it back due to her body still being used by Kaya . Meanwhile , Kaya captures the surviving knight , Zoe , who Ruby attempts to use in order to help both her and Kaya survive the forthcoming wrath of the Dark Ones . 29 9 `` Judgement Day '' Rick Jacobson Rick Jacobson April 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 22 ) 0.130 Ruby and Kaya use Zoe 's body to make a new page for the Necronomicon , in order to hide their presence from the Dark Ones . Pablo discovers a connection between him and the Necronomicon , allowing him to see through its eyes . Ash determines to go back to their hideout and end Ruby 's life . Pablo goes back to the hardware store only to find the Rift already open . The Dark Ones then come through and take the lost Necronomicon pages from Pablo , but spare his life . Back at Ash 's house , Brandy fends off against the invading Kandarian Demon , but in the process , her phone is possessed and bites off her left thumb . Ash arrives at Ruby 's place and attempts to fight them , but is quickly overpowered . Ruby destroys Ash 's chainsaw and demands the location of the Rift , but the Dark Ones arrive and claim their souls , allowing Ash to retreat with the Necronomicon and Kelly 's body . Ash returns to town , only to find that Evil Dead has terrorized it . The Dark Ones reclaim the Necronomicon , and begin chanting a spell , making a part of the Evil Dead turning into a gigantic creature known as Kandar the Destroyer . 30 10 `` The Mettle of Man '' Rick Jacobson Rick Jacobson April 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 29 ) 0.174 The Evil Dead begins to terrorize every part of the world , prompting military forces to take action . Ash , Brandy and Pablo take Kelly 's body back to the hardware store , where Pablo travels through the Rift to find her while Ash and Brandy fend off the Deadites . They successfully revive Kelly , but military forces declare they are releasing a nuke to destroy Kandar , which Pablo insists will only make it stronger . Pablo , Kelly and Brandy evacuate with the military , but Ash decides to stay behind . He commandeers a tank , attaches the Kandarian Dagger onto a tank round , and attracts Kandar 's attention long enough to be able to fire the round through it , killing it for good . In the aftermath , an injured Ash is recovered by the Knights of Sumeria . He wakes up in a post-apocalyptic future , with a new augmented hand . Ash then meets an augmented woman , and asks her about Brandy . The woman promises to explain the situation to him while he drives her outside in a heavily modified Delta 88 . Music ( edit ) Joseph LoDuca , a frequent Sam Raimi collaborator who composed the scores for the Evil Dead films , contributes the original music for Ash vs Evil Dead . The series also leverages excerpts from various 1970s and ' 80s popular songs , particularly featuring artists ( e.g. , Alice Cooper , Ted Nugent and Frijid Pink ) from the greater Detroit area where much of the action is based ( and where Raimi , Campbell and Tapert grew up ) . Multiple Deep Purple songs from the 1970s are also used ( `` Highway Star '' , `` Space Truckin ' '' , `` Stormbringer '' , etc . ) . In an interview , Sam Raimi states that the music selected for the series is based on the lack of growth the Ash character has progressed over the past 30 -- 35 years , and that , `` the music should reflect the last time he was engaged in society , and living '' . On November 11 , 2015 , it was announced that the Joseph LoDuca music score entitled Ash vs Evil Dead : Music from the STARZ Original Series would be released by Varèse Sarabande digitally on December 11 , 2015 and via audio CD on December 18 , 2015 . The following are the tracks that are on that album : Furthermore , in the season two finale , a marching band plays Victory for MSU , the official fight song of Michigan State University , where Raimi and Tapert attended college . show Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` Sheet Show / Main Title '' 4 : 25 2 . `` Ai n't for Shabbas '' 3 : 22 3 . `` Linda / Where It Began '' 2 : 20 4 . `` Ash 's Trip '' 2 : 49 5 . `` It Did Happen / Outta Here '' 2 : 50 6 . `` A Foul Wind Bloweth / Mom Returns '' 2 : 47 7 . `` Deer Amanda / Shut Up Linda '' 3 : 50 8 . `` The Handyman Ca n't '' 0 : 46 9 . `` Adios , Tio Brujo '' 2 : 28 10 . `` Soave Pablo / She Got Him '' 2 : 34 11 . `` Offer to Fisher / Handy Escape / She Was Ruby '' 2 : 18 12 . `` Let 's Start Over / Pablo 's Process '' 2 : 06 13 . `` Kill Me Now / Perp 's Getting Away '' 2 : 07 14 . `` No Accident '' 1 : 59 15 . `` Evil Catches Up '' 1 : 11 16 . `` Missed Ya ' '' 1 : 38 17 . `` Amanda Returns '' 2 : 38 18 . `` Ritual '' 2 : 17 19 . `` Not My Boyfriend / Burn the Cabin '' 1 : 22 20 . `` Burn Baby / Mortal Toys '' 3 : 52 21 . `` Without Evil There Is No Good '' 2 : 37 22 . `` Ash 's Theme '' 1 : 35 Total length : 53 : 51 Reception ( edit ) Critical ( edit ) The first season of Ash vs Evil Dead has received critical acclaim . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the season a 98 % `` Certified Fresh '' rating based on 49 reviews , with an average rating of 8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reading : `` True to the movies that spawned it , Ash vs Evil Dead is a gory , hilarious , and audacious resurrection of Sam Raimi 's beloved horror franchise . '' Metacritic gave the season a rating of 75 out of 100 , based on 25 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' The second season has received critical acclaim . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has a score of 100 % , based on 16 reviews , with an average rating of 8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus currently reads , `` Ash vs. Evil Dead 's sophomore season proves the show is in command of its characters and tone , turning up the gore , fun , and energy to deliver even more grisly , action - packed thrills and laughs . '' On Metacritic , the season has a rating of 82 out of 100 , based on 5 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Association Category Nominee ( s ) Result 2016 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best Television Series Ash vs Evil Dead Won Best Actor on Television Bruce Campbell Won Best Supporting Actress on Television Dana DeLorenzo Nominated Saturn Awards Best Horror Television Series Ash vs Evil Dead Nominated Best Actor on Television Bruce Campbell Won Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Awards Best TV Presentation Ash vs Evil Dead ( Episode : `` Brujo '' ) Won 2017 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best TV Series Ash vs Evil Dead Nominated Best TV Actor Bruce Campbell Won Best TV Supporting Actor Ray Santiago Nominated Best TV Supporting Actress Dana DeLorenzo Nominated Best TV SFX Roger Murray Won Saturn Awards Best Horror Television Series Ash vs Evil Dead Nominated Best Actor on a Television Series Bruce Campbell Nominated Best Supporting Actor on a Television Series Lee Majors Nominated 2018 Best Horror Television Series Ash vs Evil Dead Nominated Best Actor on a Television Series Bruce Campbell Nominated Media releases ( edit ) Subscribers to Starz can stream episodes of the show on Amazon Video . Season two is not yet available for purchase or rental on Amazon without a Starz account . On August 23 , 2016 , Anchor Bay Entertainment released the first season of the series on Blu - ray and DVD . The second season hit home media in the fall of 2017 . On December 11 , 2017 , seasons one and two were made available to stream in certain regions on Netflix . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Elavksy , Cindy ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` Celebrity Extra '' . Florida Weekly . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Steven ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` Comcast Readies Xi4 Ultra HD Set - Top Box with 4K Content from Starz , Syfy , USA and More '' . Highdef Digest . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( 10 November 2014 ) . `` Starz Orders ' Evil Dead ' TV Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Starz Renews ' Ash Vs. Evil Dead ' For Third Season -- NY Comic - Con '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Starz 's ' Ash Vs. Evil Dead ' Sets Season 3 Premiere Date '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Otterson , Joe ( 2018 - 04 - 20 ) . `` ' Ash vs. Evil Dead ' Canceled at Starz After Three Seasons '' . Variety . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James . `` ' Evil Dead ' scoop : Bruce Campbell reveals series details '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Maas , Jennifer ( 11 February 2015 ) . `` Ray Santiago , Dana DeLorenzo join Ash vs Evil Dead '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Mr Disgusting ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Breaking : `` Ash Vs Evil Dead '' Casting and Details ! `` . Bloody Disgusting . ^ Jump up to : Decker , Sean ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Lead Actress Announced for ' Ash Vs Evil Dead ' ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( March 9 , 2015 ) . `` Lucy Lawless to Co-Star in ' Evil Dead ' Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Ep 104 -- Brujo '' . Encore . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Ash Vs Evil Dead ' Adds Lee Majors & Ted Raimi To Season 2 Cast On Starz '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` Lee Majors Makes His Comic - Con Debut At ' Ash Vs Evil Dead ' Panel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mancuso , Vinnie . `` Interview : Bruce Campbell and Sam Raimi , The Face and Mind of `` Evil Dead '' `` . Observer.com . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Adi . `` Sam Raimi writing ' Evil Dead ' TV series '' . The Verge . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura . `` Starz Orders ' Evil Dead ' Sequel Series for 2015 '' . Variety . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Tedder , Michael ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` Bruce Campbell On Ash vs Evil Dead , Fargo and Why He 's Not As Typecast As You Think '' . Paper . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Decker , Sean ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Bruce Campbell Talks Ash vs Evil Dead with Dread Central '' . Dread Central . Jump up ^ Lealos , Shawn . `` Ash vs Evil Dead Teaser '' . Renegade Cinema . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rackl , Lori ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` On the set of ' Ash vs Evil Dead ' in New Zealand '' . TV Trippin.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` '' Ash vs Evil Dead `` : Why Does n't Ash Work At S - Mart ? '' . Bloody Disgusting.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` Starz ' Ash vs. Evil Dead ' Summons New Photo , May Ignore ' Army of Darkness ' '' . Screen Crush . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` Ash vs Evil Dead showrunner on Ash 's `` zero '' progression , his time travel history and more `` . IGN . Jump up ^ Collider Videos ( October 26 , 2015 ) . Bruce Campbell on Making ' Ash vs. Evil Dead ' without the Rights to ' Army of Darkness '. 2 : 23 minutes in -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Michael ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Ash vs. Evil Dead Season 2 Will Reference Army of Darkness '' . ScreenRant.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lesley Goldberg ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ash vs. Evil Dead ' Canceled at Starz '' . hollywoodreporter.com . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Haleigh Foutch ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` Ash vs. Evil Dead Cancelled at Starz After Season 3 '' . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2018 . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Clark Collis ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` Ash vs. Evil Dead star Bruce Campbell says he 's ' retired ' from playing Ash '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ John Squires ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's How You Can Let Netflix Know You Want Them to Pick Up `` Ash vs. Evil Dead '' `` . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mike Sprague ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Fans Create Petition to Renew Ash vs Evil Dead For Seasons 4 & 5 '' . Dread Central . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - ash vs evil dead on starz '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` Showbuzzdaily 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Update : 10.31. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Showbuzzdaily 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Update : 11.7. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 14 , 2015 ) . `` Updated : Showbuzzdaily 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Update : 11.14. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : Showbuzzdaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.16. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : Showbuzzdaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.23. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : Showbuzzdaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.30. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : Showbuzzdaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.7. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : Showbuzzdaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.13. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : Showbuzzdaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.20. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : Showbuzzdaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.4. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : Showbuzzdaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.11. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Vs Evil Dead -- Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ash Vs Evil Dead -- Crew -- Season 3 '' . Starz . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.25. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.4. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.11. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.18. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.25. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.1. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.8. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.15. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 22 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.22. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.29. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sagers , Aaron ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` Maybe they like it ! - Sam Raimi on audience reaction to Ash vs Evil Dead , and his own future as a filmmaker '' . Blastr . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Ash vs Evil Dead '' Original Soundtrack Details Revealed ( Exclusive ) `` . Bloody Disgusting . November 11 , 2015 . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Vs. Evil Dead - Music from the STARZ Original Series - Joseph LoDuca '' . Varese Sarabande . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ash vs Evil Dead : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Vs Evil Dead - Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ash vs. Evil Dead : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Vs. Evil Dead - Season 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Never mind Oscar , here 's the 2016 FANGORIA Chainsaw Awards Nominees Ballot ! '' . Fangoria . January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Winners announced in the ( Gasp ! ) 14th Annual Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Awards '' . RondoAward.com . February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Never mind Oscar , here 's the 2017 FANGORIA Chainsaw Awards Nominees Ballot ! '' . Fangoria . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Academy of Science Fiction Fantasy and Horror Films '' . saturnawards.org . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Ash vs Evil Dead : Bruce Campbell , Ray Santiago , Dana Delorenzo , Sam Raimi '' . January 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Vs. Evil Dead Season 1 '' . Anchor Bay Entertainment . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Vs Evil Dead : The Complete Second Season '' . Amazon . October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Both Seasons of `` Ash vs. Evil Dead '' Just Arrived On Netflix Streaming ! `` . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutAsh vs Evil Deadat Wikipedia 's sister projects Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website Ash vs Evil Dead at Deadites Online . Ash vs Evil Dead on IMDb Evil Dead Films Feature films The Evil Dead Evil Dead II Army of Darkness Evil Dead Short film Within the Woods Television Ash vs Evil Dead Video games The Evil Dead Hail to the King A Fistful of Boomstick Regeneration Army of Darkness : Defense Comics Shop till You Drop Dead Marvel Zombies vs. The Army of Darkness Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash : The Nightmare Warriors Musical Evil Dead : The Musical The Elvis Dead Characters Ash Williams Related films My Name Is Bruce Evil Head Unofficial sequels Ghosthouse Witchery Beyond Darkness House II : The Second Story The Horror Show Book Category Starz original programming Current Power ( since 2014 ) Outlander ( since 2014 ) The Girlfriend Experience ( since 2016 ) American Gods ( since 2017 ) Counterpart ( since 2017 ) Sweetbitter ( since 2018 ) Vida ( since 2018 ) Former 2000s debuts The Bronx Bunny Show ( 2007 ) Head Case ( 2007 -- 09 ) Hollywood Residential ( 2008 ) Crash ( 2008 -- 09 ) Party Down ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2010s debuts Spartacus : Blood and Sand ( 2010 ) Gravity ( 2010 ) The Pillars of the Earth ( 2010 ) Spartacus : Gods of the Arena ( 2011 ) Camelot ( 2011 ) Torchwood : Miracle Day ( 2011 ) Boss ( 2011 -- 12 ) Spartacus : Vengeance ( 2012 ) Magic City ( 2012 -- 13 ) Spartacus : War of the Damned ( 2013 ) Da Vinci 's Demons ( 2013 -- 15 ) Black Sails ( 2014 -- 17 ) Survivor 's Remorse ( 2014 -- 17 ) The Missing ( 2014 -- 17 ) Blunt Talk ( 2015 -- 16 ) Ash vs Evil Dead ( 2015 -- 18 ) Flesh and Bone ( 2015 ) Close to the Enemy ( 2016 ) The White Princess ( 2017 ) Howards End ( 2018 ) Upcoming Now Apocalypse ( TBA ) The Rook ( TBA ) The Spanish Princess ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ash_vs_Evil_Dead&oldid=848374217 '' Categories : 2015 American television series debuts 2018 American television series endings 2010s American black comedy television series The Evil Dead ( franchise ) American action television series American fantasy television series American horror fiction television series English - language television programs Television programs based on films Television shows set in Michigan Starz network shows Zombies and revenants in popular culture Zombies in television Television series about viral outbreaks Demons in television Sequel television series Television shows filmed in New Zealand Television series created by Sam Raimi Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2015 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Беларуская Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 14 : 52 ( UTC ) . 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when a court has original jurisdiction a case
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Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of the United States
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original jurisdiction of the supreme court of the united states
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The original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of the United States is limited to a small class of cases described in Article III , section 2 , of the United States Constitution , and further delineated by statute .
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Contents 1 Authority 2 Cases 3 Procedure 4 References Authority ( edit ) The relevant constitutional clause states : In all Cases affecting Ambassadors , other public Ministers and Consuls , and those in which a State shall be Party , the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction . In all the other Cases before mentioned , the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction , both as to Law and Fact , with such Exceptions , and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make . Certain cases that have not been considered by a lower court may be heard by the Supreme Court in the first instance under what is termed original jurisdiction . The Supreme Court 's authority in this respect is also derived from Article III of the Constitution , which states that the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction `` in all cases affecting ambassadors , other public ministers and consuls , and those in which a state shall be party . '' The original jurisdiction of the Court is set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 1251 . This statute provides further that , in the case of disputes between two or more states , the Supreme Court holds both original and exclusive jurisdiction and no lower court may hear such cases . In one of its earliest cases , Chisholm v. Georgia , the Court found this jurisdiction to be self - executing , so that no further Congressional action was required to permit the Court to exercise it . The constitutional grant of original jurisdiction to the Supreme Court can not be expanded by statute . In the case of Marbury v. Madison , the newly elected President , Thomas Jefferson , ordered his acting Secretary of State not to deliver commissions for appointments that had been made by his predecessor , John Adams . One of these appointees , William Marbury , filed a petition for a writ of mandamus directly in the Supreme Court , on the jurisdictional grounds that the Judiciary Act of 1789 stated that the Supreme Court `` shall have power to issue writs of prohibition to the district courts ( ... ) and writs of mandamus ( ... ) to any courts appointed , or persons holding office , under the authority of the United States '' . The Court , in its first exercise of judicial review over a statute enacted by Congress , held that this grant of power to the Supreme Court was beyond what the Constitution permitted , and that this language was therefore invalid as unconstitutional . Cases ( edit ) The number of cases heard pursuant to the court 's original jurisdiction `` has always been a minute portion of its overall caseload '' , generally including only one or two such cases per term . Between 1789 and 1959 , the Court issued written opinions in only 123 original cases . Since 1960 , the Court has received fewer than 140 motions for leave to file original cases , nearly half of which were denied a hearing . Most of these cases have disputes over state boundaries and water rights . The Court has tended to decline other kinds of cases arising from disputes between the states . Examples of such cases include United States v. Texas , a case to determine whether a parcel of land belonged to the United States or to Texas , and Virginia v. Tennessee , a case turning on whether an incorrectly drawn boundary between two states can be changed by a state court , and whether the setting of the correct boundary requires Congressional approval . Two other original jurisdiction cases involve colonial era borders and rights under navigable waters in New Jersey v. Delaware , and water rights between riparian states upstream of navigable waters in Kansas v. Colorado . Procedure ( edit ) Because the nine - member Supreme Court is not well - suited to conducting pretrial proceedings or trials , original jurisdiction cases accepted by the Court are typically referred to a well - qualified lawyer or lower - court judge to serve as special master , conduct the proceedings , and report recommendations to the Court . The Court then considers whether to accept the special master 's report or whether to sustain any exceptions filed to the report . Although it has not happened since 1794 in the case of Georgia v. Brailsford , parties in an action at law in which the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction may request that a jury determine issues of fact . In 1950 , in the case United States v. Louisiana , the state of Louisiana moved for a jury trial , but the Court denied the motion , ruling that the suit was an equity action and not an action at law , and that therefore the Seventh Amendment guarantee of a jury trial did not apply . If a matter involving an action at law did come before the court , however , a jury might be empaneled . The Court noted in a footnote in the decision that under 28 U.S.C. 1872 : `` In all original actions at law in the Supreme Court against citizens of the United States , issues of fact shall be tried by a jury . '' However , it did not decide whether the statute and the Seventh Amendment required such a jury . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Jurisdiction : Original , Supreme Court '' . Federal Judicial Center . Jump up ^ Chisholm v. Georgia , 2 U.S. ( 2 Dall . ) 419 ( 1793 ) . Jump up ^ Kenneth R. Thomas , Larry M. Eig , The Constitution of the United States of America , Analysis and Interpretation ( 2013 ) , p. 859 . Jump up ^ Marbury v. Madison , 5 U.S. ( 1 Cranch ) 137 ( 1803 ) . Jump up ^ Kenneth R. Thomas , Larry M. Eig , The Constitution of the United States of America , Analysis and Interpretation ( 2013 ) , p. 781 . Jump up ^ United States v. Texas , 579 U.S. ___ ( 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Virginia v. Tennessee , 148 U.S. 503 ( 1893 ) . Jump up ^ New Jersey v. Delaware , 552 U.S. 597 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Kansas v. Colorado , 185 U.S. 125 ( 1902 ) ; 206 U.S. 46 ( 1907 ) ; 320 U.S. 383 ( 1943 ) ; 514 U.S. 673 ( 1995 ) ; 533 U.S. 1 ( 2001 ) ; 543 U.S. 86 ( 2004 ) ; 556 U.S. 98 ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ James , Robert A. ( 1998 ) . `` Instructions in Supreme Court Jury Trials '' ( PDF ) . The Green Bag . 2d. 1 ( 4 ) : 378 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Georgia v. Brailsford , Powell & Hopton , 3 U.S. 1 ( 1794 ) . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1872 See Georgia v. Brailsford , 3 U.S. 1 ( 1794 ) , in which the Court conducted a jury trial . ^ Jump up to : United States v. Louisiana , 399 U.S. 699 ( 1950 ) . Supreme Court of the United States The Court Lists of cases Procedures Supreme Court Building Court demographics Ideological leanings Appointment and confirmation Current members Chief Justice : John Roberts Associate Justices : Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Brett Kavanaugh Retired Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor Anthony Kennedy David Souter History Jay Court ( 1789 -- 1795 ) Rutledge Court ( 1795 ) Ellsworth Court ( 1796 -- 1800 ) Marshall Court ( 1801 -- 1835 ) Taney Court ( 1836 -- 1864 ) Chase Court ( 1864 -- 1873 ) Waite Court ( 1874 -- 1888 ) Fuller Court ( 1888 -- 1910 ) White Court ( 1910 -- 1921 ) Taft Court ( 1921 -- 1930 ) Hughes Court ( 1930 -- 1941 ) Stone Court ( 1941 -- 1946 ) Vinson Court ( 1946 -- 1953 ) Warren Court ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Burger Court ( 1969 -- 1986 ) Rehnquist Court ( 1986 -- 2005 ) Roberts Court ( 2005 -- present ) Lists of justices and nominees Chief justices Associate justices All justices court seat education time in office timeline Justices who served in Congress All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations near end of presidency Statutes affecting Court size Judiciary Act of 1789 Judiciary Act of 1801 Judiciary Act of 1802 Seventh Circuit Act of 1807 Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837 Tenth Circuit Act of 1863 Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 Judiciary Act of 1869 Court functionaries Clerk Marshal Supreme Court Police Reporter of Decisions Lists of law clerks Chief Justice Seat 1 Seat 2 Seat 3 Seat 4 Seat 6 Seat 8 Seat 9 Seat 10 All Former locations Old City Hall , Philadelphia Old Supreme Court Chamber , U.S. Capitol Old Senate Chamber , U.S. Capitol Related United States Solicitor General United States Reports Lawyers ' Edition Amicus curiae Article III , U.S. Constitution Original jurisdiction Burial places of justices The Court in fiction Other countries Law Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Original_jurisdiction_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&oldid=832367864 '' Categories : Supreme Court of the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 15 : 35 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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who is credited with creating an alternative to capitalism called communism or socialism
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The history of socialism has its origins in the 1789 French Revolution and the changes which it wrought , although it has precedents in earlier movements and ideas . The Communist Manifesto was written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848 just before the Revolutions of 1848 swept Europe , expressing what they termed `` scientific socialism '' . In the last third of the 19th century , social democratic parties arose in Europe , drawing mainly from Marxism . The Australian Labor Party was the world 's first elected socialist party when it formed government in the Colony of Queensland for a week in 1899 .
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History of socialism
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history of socialism
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The history of socialism has its origins in the 1789 French Revolution and the changes which it wrought , although it has precedents in earlier movements and ideas . The Communist Manifesto was written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848 just before the Revolutions of 1848 swept Europe , expressing what they termed `` scientific socialism '' . In the last third of the 19th century , social democratic parties arose in Europe , drawing mainly from Marxism . The Australian Labor Party was the world 's first elected socialist party when it formed government in the Colony of Queensland for a week in 1899 .
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In the first half of the 20th century , the Soviet Union and the communist parties of the Third International around the world mainly came to represent socialism in terms of the Soviet model of economic development and the creation of centrally planned economies directed by a state that owns all the means of production , although other trends condemned what they saw as the lack of democracy . In the United Kingdom , Herbert Morrison said that `` socialism is what the Labour government does '' whereas Aneurin Bevan argued that socialism requires that the `` main streams of economic activity are brought under public direction '' , with an economic plan and workers ' democracy . Some argued that capitalism had been abolished . Socialist governments established the mixed economy with partial nationalisations and social welfare . By 1968 , the prolonged Vietnam War ( 1959 -- 1975 ) gave rise to the New Left , socialists who tended to be critical of the Soviet Union and social democracy . Anarcho - syndicalists and some elements of the New Left and others favored decentralized collective ownership in the form of cooperatives or workers ' councils . At the turn of the 21st century in Latin America , Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez championed what he termed socialism of the 21st century , which included a policy of nationalisation of national assets such as oil , anti-imperialism and termed himself a Trotskyist supporting permanent revolution . Contents 1 Origins of socialism 1.1 Henri de Saint - Simon 1.2 Charles Fourier 1.3 Robert Owen 1.4 Pierre - Joseph Proudhon 1.5 Mikhail Bakunin 2 Marxism and the socialist movement 3 International Workingmen 's Association ( First International ) 4 Paris Commune 5 The Second International 5.1 Germany 5.2 Russia 5.3 United States 5.4 France 5.5 World War I 6 Anarchism 7 Social democracy to 1917 8 The inter-war era and World War II 8.1 Revolutionary socialism and the Soviet Union ( 1917 -- 1939 ) 8.2 Britain 8.3 United States 8.4 Germany 8.5 Sweden 8.6 Spain 8.7 Israel 9 The Post-war era ( 1945 -- 1985 ) 9.1 The first socialist government in a North American country 9.2 Social democracy in government 9.3 Mass discontent and radicalization 10 The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe ( 1945 -- 1985 ) 11 Final years for the Soviet Union ( 1985 -- 1991 ) 12 China ( 1945 -- 1965 ) 13 Socialism in China since the Cultural Revolution 14 21st century democratic socialism in Latin America 15 The emergence of a New Left in the developed world 16 See also 17 Notes and references 18 Further reading 18.1 Primary sources 19 External links Origins of socialism ( edit ) The Book of Acts describes an early Christian socialist community that shared a common purse : All the believers were one in heart and mind . No one claimed that any of their possessions was their own , but they shared everything they had . Mazdak ( died c. 524 or 528 CE ) preached and instituted a religion - based socialist or proto - socialist system in the Zoroastrian context of Sassanian Persia . In Britain , Thomas Paine proposed a detailed plan to tax property owners to pay for the needs of the poor in Agrarian Justice ( 1797 ) , while Charles Hall wrote The Effects of Civilization on the People in European States ( 1805 ) , denouncing capitalism 's effects on the poor of his time . The English word `` socialist '' in its modern sense dates from at least 1822 . Chartism , which flourished from 1838 to 1858 , `` formed the first organized labour movement in Europe , gathering significant numbers around the People 's Charter of 1838 , which demanded the extension of suffrage to all male adults . Prominent leaders in the movement also called for a more equitable distribution of income and better living conditions for the working classes . The very first trade unions and consumers ' cooperative societies also emerged in the hinterland of the Chartist movement , as a way of bolstering the fight for these demands '' . By 1842 , socialism `` had become the topic of a major academic analysis '' by a German scholar , Lorenz von Stein , in his Socialism and Social Movement . According to an 1888 volume of A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles , the word socialism first appeared on 13 February 1832 in Le Globe , a liberal French newspaper of Pierre Leroux . Leroux returned to the theme of `` socialism '' in 1834 and Louis Reybaud ( 1799 -- 1879 ) published Études sur les réformateurs contemporains ou socialistes modernes in 1842 in France . In England , Robert Owen ( 1771 -- 1858 ) was also using the term socialism independently around the same time . Owen is considered the father of the cooperative movement . The first modern socialists were early 19th - century Western European social critics . In this period socialism emerged from a diverse array of doctrines and social experiments associated primarily with British and French thinkers -- especially Robert Owen , Charles Fourier ( 1772 -- 1837 ) , Pierre - Joseph Proudhon ( 1809 - 1865 ) , Louis Blanc ( 1811 -- 1882 ) and Saint - Simon ( 1760 -- 1825 ) . Early - 19th - century followers of the utopian theories of such thinkers as Robert Owen , Claude Henri de Saint - Simon and Charles Fourier used the term `` associationism '' to describe their beliefs . These social critics criticized the excesses of poverty and inequality of the Industrial Revolution , and advocated reforms such as the egalitarian distribution of wealth and the transformation of society into small communities in which private property was to be abolished . Outlining principles for the reorganization of society along collectivist lines , Saint - Simon and Owen sought to build socialism on the foundations of planned , utopian communities . According to Sheldon Richman , `` ( i ) n the 19th and early 20th centuries , ' socialism ' did not exclusively mean collective or government ownership of the means or production but was an umbrella term for anyone who believed labor was cheated out of its natural product under historical capitalism '' , According to some accounts , the use of the words `` socialism '' or `` communism '' related to the perceived attitude toward religion in a given culture . Continental Europeans considered `` communism '' more atheistic than `` socialism '' . In England , `` communism '' sounded too close to communion -- with Catholic overtones ; hence atheists preferred to call themselves socialists . Claude Henri de Rouvroy , Comte de Saint - Simon , founder of French socialism By 1847 , according to Frederick Engels `` Socialism '' was `` respectable '' on the continent of Europe while `` Communism '' was the opposite as the Owenites in England and the Fourierists in France were considered Socialists , while working - class movements which `` proclaimed the necessity of total social change '' termed themselves `` Communists '' . This latter trend was `` powerful enough '' to produce the communism of Étienne Cabet in France and of Wilhelm Weitling in Germany . In the post-revolutionary period right after the French Revolution of 1789 , activists and theorists like François - Noël Babeuf , Filippo Buonarroti and Auguste Blanqui influenced the early French labour and socialist movements . Josiah Warren is widely regarded as the first American anarchist and the four - page weekly paper he edited during 1833 , The Peaceful Revolutionist , was the first anarchist periodical published . Anarchist Peter Sabatini reports that in the United States of early to mid-19th century , `` there appeared an array of communal and ' utopian ' counterculture groups ( including the so - called free love movement ) . William Godwin 's anarchism exerted an ideological influence on some of this , but more so the socialism of Robert Owen and Charles Fourier . After success of his British venture , Owen himself established a cooperative community within the United States at New Harmony , Indiana during 1825 . One member of this commune was Josiah Warren ( 1798 -- 1874 ) , considered to be the first individualist anarchist '' . For American anarchist historian Eunice Minette Schuster , `` ( i ) t is apparent ( ... ) that Proudhonian Anarchism was to be found in the United States at least as early as 1848 and that it was not conscious of its affinity to the Individualist Anarchism of Josiah Warren and Stephen Pearl Andrews ... William B. Greene presented this Proudhonian Mutualism in its purest and most systematic form '' . There were also currents inspired by dissident Christianity of Christian socialism `` often in Britain and then usually coming out of left liberal politics and a romantic anti-industrialism '' , which produced theorists such as Edward Bellamy ( 1850 -- 1898 ) , Frederick Denison Maurice and Charles Kingsley . Henri de Saint - Simon ( edit ) Henri de Saint - Simon ( 1760 -- 1825 ) , who is called the founder of French socialism , argued that a brotherhood of man must accompany the scientific organization of industry and society . He proposed : That the state carry out production and distribution That allowing everyone to have equal opportunity to develop their talents would lead to social harmony That the traditional state could be virtually eliminated , or transformed `` Rule over men would be replaced by the administration of things '' Charles Fourier ( edit ) François Marie Charles Fourier ( 1772 -- 1837 ) was a French utopian socialist and philosopher . Modern scholars credit Fourier with having originated the word féminisme in 1837 . As early as 1808 , he had argued in the Theory of the Four Movements that the extension of the liberty of women was the general principle of all social progress , though he disdained any attachment to a discourse of `` equal rights '' . Fourier inspired the founding of the communist community called La Reunion near present - day Dallas , Texas as well as several other communities within the United States , such as the North American Phalanx in New Jersey and Community Place and five others in New York State . Fourierism manifested itself `` in the middle of the 19th century ( where ) literally hundreds of communes ( phalansteries ) were founded on fourierist principles in France , N. America , Mexico , S. America , Algeria , Yugoslavia , etc '' . Robert Owen ( edit ) Part of a series on Socialism in the United States History of the American Left ( show ) Utopian socialism New Harmony Brook Farm Oneida Community Icarians Bishop Hill Commune Progressive Era St. Louis Commune 1912 Lawrence Textile Strike Labor unionisation Women 's suffrage Haymarket affair May Day Green Corn Rebellion Catholic Worker Movement Repression and persecution Espionage Act of 1917 First Red Scare American Defense Society American Protective League Seattle General Strike Communist Party USA and African Americans Communism in the Labor Movement 1919 -- 37 Communism in the Labor Movement 1937 -- 50 McCarthyism Smith Act / Smith Act trials John Birch Society Civil rights / anti-War movements COINTELPRO New Left Great Society War on Poverty Poor People 's Campaign Black Power movement Active parties ( show ) American Party of Labor Black Riders Liberation Party Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism ( CDCS ) Communist Party USA Democratic Socialists of America Freedom Road Socialist Organization Freedom Socialist Party Industrial Workers of the World International Socialist Organization Legal Marijuana Now Party New Afrikan Black Panther Party New Students for a Democratic Society Party for Socialism and Liberation Peace and Freedom Party Progressive Labor Party Revolutionary Communist Party Socialist Action Socialist Alternative Socialist Equality Party Socialist Organizer Socialist Party Socialist Workers Party Spartacist League Workers World Party World Socialist Party of the United States Defunct parties ( show ) American Labor Party American Workers Party Black Panther Party Communist League of America Communist Workers ' Party Democratic Socialist Federation Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee Farmer -- Labor Party Maoist Internationalist Movement New American Movement Proletarian Party of America Puerto Rican Socialist Party Social Democracy of America Social Democratic Federation Social Democratic Party of America Social Democrats , USA Socialist Labor Party of America Socialist Party of America Students for a Democratic Society Weather Underground White Panther Party Workers Party of the United States Youth International Party Literature ( show ) The Jungle Appeal to Reason International Socialist Review Looking Backward The Other America Daily Worker Monthly Review Voluntary Socialism Monopoly Capital Related topics ( show ) American Left Anarchism Anarchism in the United States Socialism Utopian socialism Scientific socialism Marxism Marxism -- Leninism Labor history Labor unions Libertarian socialism Labor laws Minimum wage Socialism portal United States portal New Harmony , a utopian attempt , depicted as proposed by Robert Owen Robert Owen ( 1771 -- 1858 ) advocated the transformation of society into small , local collectives without such elaborate systems of social organization . Owen managed mills for many years . He transformed life in the village of New Lanark with ideas and opportunities which were at least a hundred years ahead of their time . Child labor and corporal punishment were abolished , and villagers were provided with decent homes , schools and evening classes , free health - care , and affordable food . The UK government 's Factory Act of 1833 attempted to reduce the hours adults and children worked in the textile industry . A fifteen - hour working day was to start at 5.30 a.m. and to cease at 8.30 p.m. Children of nine to thirteen years could work no more than 9 hours , and workers of a younger age were prohibited . There were , however , only four factory inspectors , and factory owners flouted this law . In the same year Owen stated : `` Eight hours ' daily labor is enough for any ( adult ) human being , and under proper arrangements sufficient to afford an ample supply of food , raiment and shelter , or the necessaries and comforts of life , and for the remainder of his time , every person is entitled to education , recreation and sleep . '' Leaving England for the United States , Robert Owen and his sons began an experiment with a socialist community in New Harmony , Indiana in 1825 . Advertisements announced the experiment for the cooperative colony , bringing various people to attempt an 8 - hour work - day of which Owen was a proponent . The town banned money and other commodities for trade , using `` labour tickets '' denominated in the number of hours worked . Owen 's son , Robert Dale Owen , would say of the failed socialism experiment that the people at New Harmony were `` a heterogeneous collection of radicals , enthusiastic devotees to principle , honest latitudinarians , and lazy theorists , with a sprinkling of unprincipled sharpers thrown in '' . The larger community lasted only until 1827 , at which time smaller communities were formed , which led to further subdivision , until individualism replaced socialism in 1828 . New Harmony dissolved in 1829 due to constant quarrels as parcels of land and property were sold and returned to private use . Individualist anarchist Josiah Warren , who was one of the original participants in the New Harmony Society , saw the community as doomed to failure due to a lack of individual sovereignty and private property . He wrote of the community : `` It seemed that the difference of opinion , tastes and purposes increased just in proportion to the demand for conformity . Two years were worn out in this way ; at the end of which , I believe that not more than three persons had the least hope of success . Most of the experimenters left in despair of all reforms , and conservatism felt itself confirmed . We had tried every conceivable form of organization and government . We had a world in miniature . -- we had enacted the French revolution over again with despairing hearts instead of corpses as a result ... It appeared that it was nature 's own inherent law of diversity that had conquered us ... our ' united interests ' were directly at war with the individualities of persons and circumstances and the instinct of self - preservation ... and it was evident that just in proportion to the contact of persons or interests , so are concessions and compromises indispensable ( Periodical Letter II , 1856 ) . '' In a Paper Dedicated to the Governments of Great Britain , Austria , Russia , France , Prussia and the United States of America written in 1841 , Owen wrote : `` The lowest stage of humanity is experienced when the individual must labor for a small pittance of wages from others '' . Pierre - Joseph Proudhon ( edit ) Pierre - Joseph Proudhon ( 1809 -- 1865 ) pronounced that `` property is theft '' and that socialism was `` every aspiration towards the amelioration of society '' . Proudhon termed himself an anarchist and proposed that free association of individuals should replace the coercive state . Proudhon himself , Benjamin Tucker , and others developed these ideas in a mutualist direction , while Mikhail Bakunin ( 1814 -- 1876 ) , Piotr Kropotkin ( 1842 -- 1921 ) , and others adapted Proudhon 's ideas in a more conventionally socialist direction . In a letter to Marx in 1846 , Proudhon wrote : `` I myself put the problem in this way : to bring about the return to society , by an economic combination , of the wealth which was withdrawn from society by another economic combination . In other words , through Political Economy to turn the theory of Property against Property in such a way as to engender what you German socialists call community and what I will limit myself for the moment to calling liberty or equality . '' Mikhail Bakunin ( edit ) Mikhail Bakunin ( 1814 -- 1876 ) , the father of modern anarchism , was a libertarian socialist , a theory by which the workers would directly manage the means of production through their own productive associations . There would be `` equal means of subsistence , support , education , and opportunity for every child , boy or girl , until maturity , and equal resources and facilities in adulthood to create his own well - being by his own labor . '' While many socialists emphasized the gradual transformation of society , most notably through the foundation of small , utopian communities , a growing number of socialists became disillusioned with the viability of this approach and instead emphasized direct political action . Early socialists were united in their desire for a society based on cooperation rather than competition . Marxism and the socialist movement ( edit ) Statue of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in Alexanderplatz , Berlin The French Revolution of 1789 , Karl Marx and Frederick Engels wrote , `` abolished feudal property in favour of bourgeois property '' . The French Revolution was preceded and influenced by the works of Jean - Jacques Rousseau , whose Social Contract famously began : `` Man is born free , and he is everywhere in chains '' . Rousseau is credited with influencing socialist thought , but it was François - Noël Babeuf , and his Conspiracy of Equals , who is credited with providing a model for left - wing and communist movements of the 19th century . Marx and Engels drew from these socialist or communist ideas born in the French revolution , as well as from the German philosophy of GWF Hegel , and English political economy , particularly that of Adam Smith and David Ricardo . Marx and Engels developed a body of ideas which they called scientific socialism , more commonly called Marxism . Marxism comprised a theory of history ( historical materialism ) as well as a political , economic and philosophical theory . In the Manifesto of the Communist Party , written in 1848 just days before the outbreak of the revolutions of 1848 , Marx and Engels wrote , `` The distinguishing feature of Communism is not the abolition of property generally , but the abolition of bourgeois property '' . Unlike those Marx described as utopian socialists , Marx determined that `` ( t ) he history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles '' . While utopian socialists believed it was possible to work within or reform capitalist society , Marx confronted the question of the economic and political power of the capitalist class , expressed in their ownership of the means of producing wealth ( factories , banks , commerce -- in a word , `` Capital '' ) . Marx and Engels formulated theories regarding the practical way of achieving and running a socialist system , which they saw as only being achieved by those who produce the wealth in society , the toilers , workers or `` proletariat '' , gaining common ownership of their workplaces , the means of producing wealth . Marx believed that capitalism could only be overthrown by means of a revolution carried out by the working class : `` The proletarian movement is the self - conscious , independent movement of the immense majority , in the interest of the immense majority . '' Marx believed that the proletariat was the only class with both the cohesion , the means and the determination to carry the revolution forward . Unlike the utopian socialists , who often idealised agrarian life and deplored the growth of modern industry , Marx saw the growth of capitalism and an urban proletariat as a necessary stage towards socialism . For Marxists , socialism or , as Marx termed it , the first phase of communist society , can be viewed as a transitional stage characterized by common or state ownership of the means of production under democratic workers ' control and management , which Engels argued was beginning to be realised in the Paris Commune of 1871 , before it was overthrown . Socialism to them is simply the transitional phase between capitalism and `` higher phase of communist society '' . Because this society has characteristics of both its capitalist ancestor and is beginning to show the properties of communism , it will hold the means of production collectively but distributes commodities according to individual contribution . When the socialist state ( the dictatorship of the proletariat ) naturally withers away , what will remain is a society in which human beings no longer suffer from alienation and `` all the springs of co-operative wealth flow more abundantly '' . Here `` society inscribe ( s ) on its banners : From each according to his ability , to each according to his needs ! '' For Marx , a communist society entails the absence of differing social classes and thus the end of class warfare . According to Marx and Engels , once a socialist society had been ushered in , the state would begin to `` wither away '' and humanity would be in control of its own destiny for the first time . International Workingmen 's Association ( first International ) ( edit ) In Europe , harsh reaction followed the revolutions of 1848 , during which ten countries had experienced brief or long - term social upheaval as groups carried out nationalist uprisings . After most of these attempts at systematic change ended in failure , conservative elements took advantage of the divided groups of socialists , anarchists , liberals , and nationalists , to prevent further revolt . The International Workingmen 's Association ( IWA ) , also known as the First International , was founded in London in 1864 . Victor Le Lubez , a French radical republican living in London , invited Karl Marx to come to London as a representative of German workers . The IWA held a preliminary conference in 1865 , and had its first congress at Geneva in 1866 . Marx was appointed a member of the committee , and according to Saul Padover , Marx and Johann Georg Eccarius , a tailor living in London , became `` the two mainstays of the International from its inception to its end '' . The First International became the first major international forum for the promulgation of socialist ideas . In 1864 the International Workingmen 's Association ( sometimes called the `` First International '' ) united diverse revolutionary currents including French followers of Proudhon , Blanquists , Philadelphes , English trade unionists , socialists and social democrats . In 1868 , following their unsuccessful participation in the League of Peace and Freedom ( LPF ) , Russian revolutionary Mikhail Bakunin and his collectivist anarchist associates joined the First International ( which had decided not to get involved with the LPF ) . They allied themselves with the federalist socialist sections of the International , who advocated the revolutionary overthrow of the state and the collectivization of property . Mikhail Bakunin speaking to members of the IWA at the Basel Congress in 1869 The Social Democratic Workers ' Party of Germany was founded in 1869 under the influence of Marx and Engels . In 1875 , it merged with the General German Workers ' Association of Ferdinand Lassalle to become what is known today as the German Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) . Socialism became increasingly associated with newly formed trade unions . In Germany , the SPD founded unions . In Austria , France and other European countries , socialist parties and anarchists played a prominent role in forming and building up trade unions , especially from the 1870s onwards . This stood in contrast to the British experience , where moderate New Model Unions dominated the union movement from the mid-nineteenth century , and where trade unionism was stronger than the political labour movement until the formation and growth of the Labour Party in the early twentieth century . At first , the collectivists worked with the Marxists to push the First International in a more revolutionary socialist direction . Subsequently , the International became polarised into two camps , with Marx and Bakunin as their respective figureheads . Bakunin characterised Marx 's ideas as centralist and predicted that , if a Marxist party came to power , its leaders would simply take the place of the ruling class they had fought against . In 1872 , the conflict climaxed with a final split between the two groups at the Hague Congress , where Bakunin and James Guillaume were expelled from the International and its headquarters were transferred to New York . In response , the federalist sections formed their own International at the St. Imier Congress , adopting a revolutionary anarchist program . Paris Commune ( edit ) Barricades Boulevard Voltaire , Paris during the uprising known as the Paris Commune In 1871 , in the wake of the Franco - Prussian War an uprising in Paris established the Paris Commune . The Paris Commune was a government that briefly ruled Paris from 18 March ( more formally , from 28 March ) to 28 May 1871 . The Commune was the result of an uprising in Paris after France was defeated in the Franco - Prussian War . Anarchists participated actively in the establishment of the Paris Commune . The 92 members of the Communal Council included a high proportion of skilled workers and several professionals . Many of them were political activists , ranging from reformist republicans , various types of socialists , to the Jacobins who tended to look back nostalgically to the Revolution of 1789 . The `` reforms initiated by the Commune , such as the re-opening of workplaces as co-operatives , anarchists can see their ideas of associated labour beginning to be realised ... Moreover , the Commune 's ideas on federation obviously reflected the influence of Proudhon on French radical ideas . Indeed , the Commune 's vision of a communal France based on a federation of delegates bound by imperative mandates issued by their electors and subject to recall at any moment echoes Bakunin 's and Proudhon 's ideas ( Proudhon , like Bakunin , had argued in favour of the `` implementation of the binding mandate '' in 1848 ... and for federation of communes ) . George Woodcock manifests that `` a notable contribution to the activities of the Commune and particularly to the organization of public services was made by members of various anarchist factions , including the mutualists Courbet , Longuet , and Vermorel , the libertarian collectivists Varlin , Malon , and Lefrangais , and the bakuninists Elie and Elisée Reclus and Louise Michel '' . The veteran leader of the Blanquist group of revolutionary socialists , Louis Auguste Blanqui , was hoped by his followers to be a potential leader of the revolution , but he had been arrested on 17 March and was held in prison throughout the life of the Commune . The Commune unsuccessfully tried to exchange him , first against Georges Darboy , Archbishop of Paris , then against all 74 hostages it detained , but Thiers flatly refused . Some women organized a feminist movement , following on from earlier attempts in 1789 and 1848 . Thus , Nathalie Lemel , a socialist bookbinder , and Élisabeth Dmitrieff , a young Russian exile and member of the Russian section of the First International ( IWA ) , created the Union des femmes pour la défense de Paris et les soins aux blessés ( `` Women 's Union for the Defense of Paris and Care of the Wounded '' ) on 11 April 1871 . The Women 's Union also participated in several municipal commissions and organized cooperative workshops . According to Marx and Engels , for a few weeks the Paris Commune provided a glimpse of a socialist society before it was brutally suppressed by the French government . From the outset the Commune was compelled to recognize that the working class , once come to power , could not manage with the old state machine ; that in order not to lose again its only just conquered supremacy , this working class must , on the one hand , do away with all the old repressive machinery previously used against it itself , and , on the other , safeguard itself against its own deputies and officials , by declaring them all , without exception , subject to recall at any moment . -- Engels ' 1891 postscript to The Civil War In France by Karl Marx Following the 1871 Paris Commune , the socialist movement , as the whole of the workers ' movement , was decapitated and deeply affected for years . The Second International ( edit ) As the ideas of Marx and Engels took on flesh , particularly in central Europe , socialists sought to unite in an international organisation . In 1889 , on the centennial of the French Revolution of 1789 , the Second International was founded , with 384 delegates from 20 countries representing about 300 labour and socialist organizations . Anarchists were ejected and not allowed in mainly because of the pressure from marxists . Just before his death in 1895 , Engels argued that there was now a `` single generally recognised , crystal clear theory of Marx '' and a `` single great international army of socialists '' . Despite its illegality due to the Anti-Socialist Laws of 1878 , the Social Democratic Party of Germany 's use of the limited universal male suffrage were `` potent '' new methods of struggle which demonstrated their growing strength and forced the dropping of the Anti-Socialist legislation in 1890 , Engels argued . In 1893 , the German SPD obtained 1,787,000 votes , a quarter of votes cast . However , before the leadership of the SPD published Engels ' 1895 Introduction to Marx 's Class Struggles in France 1848 -- 1850 , they removed certain phrases they felt were too revolutionary . Marx believed that it was possible to have a peaceful socialist transformation in England , although the British ruling class would then revolt against such a victory . America and the Netherlands might also have a peaceful transformation , but not in France , where Marx believed there had been `` perfected ... an enormous bureaucratic and military organisation , with its ingenious state machinery '' which must be forcibly overthrown . However , eight years after Marx 's death , Engels argued that it was possible to achieve a peaceful socialist revolution in France , too . Germany ( edit ) The SPD was by far the most powerful of the social democratic parties . Its votes reached 4.5 million , it had 90 daily newspapers , together with trade unions and co-ops , sports clubs , a youth organization , a women 's organization and hundreds of full - time officials . Under the pressure of this growing party , Bismarck introduced limited welfare provision and working hours were reduced . Germany experienced sustained economic growth for more than forty years . Commentators suggest that this expansion , together with the concessions won , gave rise to illusions amongst the leadership of the SPD that capitalism would evolve into socialism gradually . Beginning in 1896 , in a series of articles published under the title `` Problems of socialism '' , Eduard Bernstein argued that an evolutionary transition to socialism was both possible and more desirable than revolutionary change . Bernstein and his supporters came to be identified as `` revisionists '' because they sought to revise the classic tenets of Marxism . Although the orthodox Marxists in the party , led by Karl Kautsky , retained the Marxist theory of revolution as the official doctrine of the party , and it was repeatedly endorsed by SPD conferences , in practice the SPD leadership became increasingly reformist . Russia ( edit ) Bernstein coined the aphorism : `` The movement is everything , the final goal nothing '' . But the path of reform appeared blocked to the Russian Marxists while Russia remained the bulwark of reaction . In the preface to the 1882 Russian edition to the Communist Manifesto , Marx and Engels had saluted the Russian Marxists who , they said , `` formed the vanguard of revolutionary action in Europe '' . But the working class , although many were organised in vast modern western - owned enterprises , comprised no more than a small percentage of the population and `` more than half the land is owned in common by the peasants '' . Marx and Engels posed the question : How was Russia to progress to socialism ? Could Russia `` pass directly '' to socialism or `` must it first pass through the same process '' of capitalist development as the West ? They replied : `` If the Russian Revolution becomes the signal for a proletarian revolution in the West , so that both complement each other , the present Russian common ownership of land may serve as the starting point for a communist development . '' In 1903 , the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party began to split on ideological and organizational questions into Bolshevik ( ' Majority ' ) and Menshevik ( ' Minority ' ) factions , with Russian revolutionary Vladimir Lenin leading the more radical Bolsheviks . Both wings accepted that Russia was an economically backward country unripe for socialism . The Mensheviks awaited the capitalist revolution in Russia . But Lenin argued that a revolution of the workers and peasants would achieve this task . After the Russian revolution of 1905 , Leon Trotsky argued that unlike the French revolution of 1789 and the European Revolutions of 1848 against absolutism , the capitalist class would never organise a revolution in Russia to overthrow absolutism , and that this task fell to the working class who , liberating the peasantry from their feudal yoke , would then immediately pass on to the socialist tasks and seek a `` permanent revolution '' to achieve international socialism . Assyrian nationalist Freydun Atturaya tried to create regional self - government for the Assyrian people with the socialism ideology . He even wrote the Urmia Manifesto of the United Free Assyria . However , his attempt was put to an end by Soviet Secret Police . United States ( edit ) In 1877 , the Socialist Labor Party of America was founded . This party , which advocated Marxism and still exists today , was a confederation of small Marxist parties and came under the leadership of Daniel De Leon . In 1901 , a merger between opponents of De Leon and the younger Social Democratic Party joined with Eugene V. Debs to form the Socialist Party of America . In 1905 , the Industrial Workers of the World formed from several independent labor unions . The IWW opposed the political means of Debs and De Leon , as well as the craft unionism of Samuel Gompers . In 1910 , the Sewer Socialists , the main group of American socialists , elected Victor Berger as a socialist Congressman and Emil Seidel as a socialist mayor of Milwaukee , Wisconsin , most of the other elected city officials being socialist as well . This Socialist Party of America grew to 150,000 in 1912 and polled 897,000 votes in the presidential campaign of that year , 6 percent of the total vote . Socialist mayor Daniel Hoan , was elected in 1916 and stayed in office until 1940 . The final Socialist mayor , Frank P. Zeidler , was elected in 1948 and served three terms , ending in 1960 . Milwaukee remained the hub of Socialism during these years . The Socialist Party declined after the First World War . By the 1880s anarcho - communism was already present in the United States as can be seen in the publication of the journal Freedom : A Revolutionary Anarchist - Communist Monthly by Lucy Parsons and Lizzy Holmes . Around that time these American anarcho - communist sectors entered in debate with the individualist anarchist group around Benjamin Tucker . France ( edit ) French socialism was beheaded by the suppression of the Paris commune ( 1871 ) , its leaders killed or exiled . But in 1879 , at the Marseille Congress , workers ' associations created the Federation of the Socialist Workers of France . Three years later , Jules Guesde and Paul Lafargue , the son - in - law of Karl Marx , left the federation and founded the French Workers ' Party . The Federation of the Socialist Workers of France was termed `` possibilist '' because it advocated gradual reforms , whereas the French Workers ' Party promoted Marxism . In 1905 these two trends merged to form the French Section Française de l'Internationale Ouvrière ( SFIO ) , led by Jean Jaurès and later Léon Blum . In 1906 it won 56 seats in Parliament . The SFIO adhered to Marxist ideas but became , in practice , a reformist party . By 1914 it had more than 100 members in the Chamber of Deputies . World War I ( edit ) Further information : Internationalist / Defencist Schism When World War I began in 1914 , many European socialist leaders supported their respective governments ' war aims . The social democratic parties in the UK , France , Belgium and Germany supported their respective state 's wartime military and economic planning , discarding their commitment to internationalism and solidarity . Lenin , in his April Theses , denounced the war as an imperialist conflict , and urged workers worldwide to use it as an occasion for proletarian revolution . The Second International dissolved during the war , while Lenin , Trotsky , Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg , together with a small number of other Marxists opposed to the war , came together in the Zimmerwald Conference in September 1915 . Anarchism ( edit ) Main article : History of anarchism Anarchism as a social movement has regularly endured fluctuations in popularity . Its classical period , which scholars demarcate as from 1860 to 1939 , is associated with the working - class movements of the 19th century and the Spanish Civil War - era struggles against fascism . Russian anarchist Mikhail Bakunin opposed the Marxist aim of dictatorship of the proletariat in favour of universal rebellion and allied himself with the federalists in the First International before his expulsion by the Marxists In 1864 the International Workingmen 's Association ( sometimes called the `` First International '' ) united diverse revolutionary currents including French followers of Proudhon , Blanquists , Philadelphes , English trade unionists , socialists and social democrats . Proudhon 's followers , the mutualists , opposed Marx 's state socialism , advocating political abstentionism and small property holdings . The anti-authoritarian sections of the First International were the precursors of the anarcho - syndicalists , seeking to `` replace the privilege and authority of the State '' with the `` free and spontaneous organization of labor '' . In 1907 , the International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam gathered delegates from 14 different countries , among which important figures of the anarchist movement , including Errico Malatesta , Pierre Monatte , Luigi Fabbri , Benoît Broutchoux , Emma Goldman , Rudolf Rocker , and Christiaan Cornelissen . Various themes were treated during the Congress , in particular concerning the organisation of the anarchist movement , popular education issues , the general strike or antimilitarism . A central debate concerned the relation between anarchism and syndicalism ( or trade unionism ) . The Federación Obrera Regional Española ( Workers ' Federation of the Spanish Region ) in 1881 was the first major anarcho - syndicalist movement ; anarchist trade union federations were of special importance in Spain . The most successful was the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo ( National Confederation of Labour : CNT ) , founded in 1910 . Before the 1940s , the CNT was the major force in Spanish working class politics , attracting 1.58 million members at one point and playing a major role in the Spanish Civil War . The CNT was affiliated with the International Workers Association , a federation of anarcho - syndicalist trade unions founded in 1922 , with delegates representing two million workers from 15 countries in Europe and Latin America . Federación Anarquista Ibérica Some anarchists , such as Johann Most , advocated publicizing violent acts of retaliation against counter-revolutionaries because `` we preach not only action in and for itself , but also action as propaganda . '' Numerous heads of state were assassinated between 1881 and 1914 by members of the anarchist movement . For example , U.S. President McKinley 's assassin Leon Czolgosz claimed to have been influenced by anarchist and feminist Emma Goldman . Anarchists participated alongside the Bolsheviks in both February and October revolutions , and were initially enthusiastic about the Bolshevik coup . However , the Bolsheviks soon turned against the anarchists and other left - wing opposition , a conflict that culminated in the 1921 Kronstadt rebellion which the new government repressed . Anarchists in central Russia were either imprisoned , driven underground or joined the victorious Bolsheviks ; the anarchists from Petrograd and Moscow fled to the Ukraine . There , in the Free Territory , they fought in the civil war against the Whites ( a Western - backed grouping of monarchists and other opponents of the October Revolution ) and then the Bolsheviks as part of the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine led by Nestor Makhno , who established an anarchist society in the region for a number of months . In the 1920s and 1930s , the rise of fascism in Europe transformed anarchism 's conflict with the state . In Spain , the CNT initially refused to join a popular front electoral alliance , and abstention by CNT supporters led to a right wing election victory . But in 1936 , the CNT changed its policy and anarchist votes helped bring the popular front back to power . Months later , the former ruling class responded with an attempted coup causing the Spanish Civil War ( 1936 -- 1939 ) . In response to the army rebellion , an anarchist - inspired movement of peasants and workers , supported by armed militias , took control of Barcelona and of large areas of rural Spain where they collectivised the land . But even before the fascist victory in 1939 , the anarchists were losing ground in a bitter struggle with the Stalinists , who controlled the distribution of military aid to the Republican cause from the Soviet Union . Stalinist - led troops suppressed the collectives and persecuted both dissident Marxists and anarchists . A surge of popular interest in anarchism occurred during the 1960s and 1970s . In 1968 in Carrara , Italy the International of Anarchist Federations was founded during an international Anarchist conference in Carrara in 1968 by the three existing European federations of France , the Italian and the Iberian Anarchist Federation as well as the Bulgarian federation in French exile . In the United Kingdom this was associated with the punk rock movement , as exemplified by bands such as Crass and the Sex Pistols . The housing and employment crisis in most of Western Europe led to the formation of communes and squatter movements like that of Barcelona , Spain . In Denmark , squatters occupied a disused military base and declared the Freetown Christiania , an autonomous haven in central Copenhagen . Since the revival of anarchism in the mid 20th century , a number of new movements and schools of thought emerged . Around the turn of the 21st century , anarchism grew in popularity and influence as part of the anti-war , anti-capitalist , and anti-globalisation movements . Anarchists became known for their involvement in protests against the meetings of the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , Group of Eight , and the World Economic Forum . Some anarchist factions at these protests engaged in rioting , property destruction , and violent confrontations with police , and the confrontations were selectively portrayed in mainstream media coverage as violent riots . These actions were precipitated by ad hoc , leaderless , anonymous cadres known as black blocs ; other organisational tactics pioneered in this time include security culture , affinity groups and the use of decentralised technologies such as the internet . A landmark struggle of this period was the confrontations at WTO conference in Seattle in 1999 . International anarchist federations in existence include the International of Anarchist Federations , the International Workers ' Association , and International Libertarian Solidarity . Social democracy to 1917 ( edit ) The Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) in Germany became the largest and most powerful socialist party in Europe , despite working illegally until the anti-socialist laws were dropped in 1890 . In the 1893 elections it gained 1,787,000 votes , a quarter of the total votes cast , according to Engels . In 1895 , the year of his death , Engels emphasised the Communist Manifesto 's emphasis on winning , as a first step , the `` battle of democracy '' . Since the 1866 introduction of universal male franchise the SPD had proved that old methods of , `` surprise attacks , of revolutions carried through by small conscious minorities at the head of masses lacking consciousness is past '' . Marxists , Engels emphasised , must `` win over the great mass of the people '' before initiating a revolution . Marx believed that it was possible to have a peaceful socialist revolution in England , America and the Netherlands , but not in France , where he believed there had been `` perfected ... an enormous bureaucratic and military organisation , with its ingenious state machinery '' which must be forcibly overthrown . However , eight years after Marx 's death , Engels regarded it possible to achieve a peaceful socialist revolution in France , too . In 1896 , Eduard Bernstein argued that once full democracy had been achieved , a transition to socialism by gradual means was both possible and more desirable than revolutionary change . Bernstein and his supporters came to be identified as `` revisionists '' , because they sought to revise the classic tenets of Marxism . Although the orthodox Marxists in the party , led by Karl Kautsky , retained the Marxist theory of revolution as the official doctrine of the party , and it was repeatedly endorsed by SPD conferences , in practice the SPD leadership became more and more reformist . In Europe most Social Democratic parties participated in parliamentary politics and the day - to - day struggles of the trade unions . In the UK , however , many trade unionists who were members of the Social Democratic Federation , which included at various times future trade union leaders such as Will Thorne , John Burns and Tom Mann , felt that the Federation neglected the industrial struggle . Along with Engels , who refused to support the SDF , many felt that dogmatic approach of the SDF , particularly of its leader , Henry Hyndman , meant that it remained an isolated sect . The mass parties of the working class under social democratic leadership became more reformist and lost sight of their revolutionary objective . Thus the French Section of the Workers ' International ( SFIO ) , founded in 1905 , under Jean Jaurès and later Léon Blum adhered to Marxist ideas , but became in practice a reformist party . In some countries , particularly Britain and the British dominions , labour parties were formed . These were parties largely formed by and controlled by the trade unions , rather than formed by groups of socialist activists who then appealed to the workers for support . In Britain , the Labour Party , ( at first the Labour Representation Committee ) was established by representatives of trade unions together with affiliated socialist parties , principally the Independent Labour Party but also for a time the avowedly Marxist Social Democratic Federation and other groups , such as the Fabians . On 1 December 1899 Anderson Dawson of the Australian Labor Party became the Premier of Queensland , Australia , forming the world 's first parliamentary socialist government . The Dawson government , however , lasted only one week , being defeated at the first sitting of parliament . The British Labour Party first won seats in the House of Commons in 1902 . It won the majority of the working class away from the Liberal Party after World War I. In Australia , the Labor Party achieved rapid success , forming its first national government in 1904 . Labour parties were also formed in South Africa and New Zealand but had less success . The British Labour Party adopted a specifically socialist constitution ( ' Clause four , Part four ' ) in 1918 . The strongest opposition to revisionism came from socialists in countries such as the Russian Empire where parliamentary democracy did not exist . Chief among these was the Russian Vladimir Lenin , whose works such as Our Programme ( 1899 ) set out the views of those who rejected revisionist ideas . In 1903 , there was the beginnings of what eventually became a formal split in the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party into revolutionary Bolshevik and reformist Menshevik factions . In 1914 , the outbreak of World War I led to a crisis in European socialism . The parliamentary leaderships of the socialist parties of Germany , France , Belgium and Britain each voted to support the war aims of their country 's governments , although some leaders , like Ramsay MacDonald in Britain and Karl Liebknecht in Germany , opposed the war from the start . Lenin , in exile in Switzerland , called for revolutions in all the combatant states as the only way to end the war and achieve socialism . Lenin , Leon Trotsky , Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg , together with a small number of other Marxists opposed to the war , came together in the Zimmerwald Conference in September 1915 . This conference saw the beginning of the end of the uneasy coexistence of revolutionary socialists with the social democrats , and by 1917 war - weariness led to splits in several socialist parties , notably the German Social Democrats . The Russian Revolution of October 1917 led to a withdrawal from World War I , one of the principal demands of the Russian revolution , as the Soviet government immediately sued for peace . Germany and the former allies invaded the new Soviet Russia , which had repudiated the former Romanov regime 's national debts and nationalized the banks and major industry . Russia was the only country in the world where socialists had taken power , and it appeared to many socialists to confirm the ideas , strategy and tactics of Lenin and Trotsky . The inter-war Era and world War II ( edit ) The Russian Revolution of October 1917 brought about the definitive ideological division between Communists as denoted with a capital `` C '' on the one hand and other communist and socialist trends such as anarcho - communists and social democrats , on the other . The Left Opposition in the Soviet Union gave rise to Trotskyism which was to remain isolated and insignificant for another fifty years , except in Sri Lanka where Trotskyism gained the majority and the pro-Moscow wing was expelled from the Communist Party . In 1922 , the fourth congress of the Communist International took up the policy of the United Front , urging Communists to work with rank and file Social Democrats while remaining critical of their leaders , who they criticised for `` betraying '' the working class by supporting the war efforts of their respective capitalist classes . For their part , the social democrats pointed to the dislocation caused by revolution and later the growing authoritarianism of the Communist Parties . When the Communist Party of Great Britain applied to affiliate to the Labour Party in 1920 it was turned down . Revolutionary socialism and the Soviet Union ( 1917 -- 1939 ) ( edit ) After three years , the First World War , at first greeted with enthusiastic patriotism , produced an upsurge of radicalism in most of Europe and also as far afield as the United States ( see Socialism in the United States ) and Australia . In the Russian revolution of February 1917 , workers ' councils ( in Russian , soviets ) had been formed , and Lenin and the Bolsheviks called for `` All power to the Soviets '' . After the October 1917 Russian revolution , led by Lenin and Trotsky , consolidated power in the Soviets , Lenin declared `` Long live the world socialist revolution ! '' . Briefly in Soviet Russia socialism was not just a vision of a future society , but a description of an existing one . The Soviet regime began to bring all the means of production ( except agricultural production ) under state control , and implemented a system of government through the workers ' councils or soviets . The initial success of the Russian Revolution inspired other revolutionary parties to attempt the same thing unleashing the Revolutions of 1917 - 23 . In the chaotic circumstances of postwar Europe , with the socialist parties divided and discredited , Communist revolutions across Europe seemed a possibility . Communist parties were formed , often from minority or majority factions in most of the world 's socialist parties , which broke away in support of the Leninist model . The German Revolution of 1918 overthrew the old absolutism and , like Russia , set up Workers ' and Soldiers ' Councils almost entirely made up of SPD and Independent Social Democrats ( USPD ) members . The Weimar republic was established and placed the SPD in power , under the leadership of Friedrich Ebert . Ebert agreed with Max von Baden that a social revolution was to be prevented and the state order must be upheld at any cost . In 1919 the Spartacist uprising challenged the power of the SPD government , but it was put down in blood and the German Communist leaders Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg were assassinated . Communist regimes briefly held power under Béla Kun in Hungary and under Kurt Eisner in Bavaria . There were further revolutionary movements in Germany until 1923 , as well as in Vienna , and also in the industrial centres of northern Italy . In this period few Communists doubted , least of all Lenin and Trotsky , that successful socialist revolutions carried out by the working classes of the most developed capitalist counties were essential to the success of the socialism , and therefore to the success of socialism in Russia in particular . In March 1918 , Lenin said : `` We are doomed if the German revolution does not break out '' . In 1919 , the Communist Parties came together to form a ' Third International ' , termed the Communist International or Comintern . But the prolonged revolutionary period in Germany did not bring a socialist revolution . A marxist current critical of the bolcheviks emerged and as such `` Luxemburg 's workerism and spontaneism are exemplary of positions later taken up by the far - left of the period -- Pannekoek , Roland Holst , and Gorter in the Netherlands , Sylvia Pankhurst in Britain , Gramsci in Italy , Lukacs in Hungary . In these formulations , the dictatorship of the proletariat was to be the dictatorship of a class , `` not of a party or of a clique '' . However , within this line of thought `` ( t ) he tension between anti-vanguardism and vanguardism has frequently resolved itself in two diametrically opposed ways : the first involved a drift towards the party ; the second saw a move towards the idea of complete proletarian spontaneity ... The first course is exemplified most clearly in Gramsci and Lukacs ... The second course is illustrated in the tendency , developing from the Dutch and German far - lefts , which inclined towards the complete eradication of the party form . '' In the emerging Soviet state there appeared Left - wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks which were a series of rebellions and uprisings against the Bolsheviks led or supported by left wing groups including Socialist Revolutionaries , Left Socialist - Revolutionaries , Mensheviks , and anarchists . Some were in support of the White Movement while some tried to be an independent force . The uprisings started in 1918 and continued through the Russian Civil War and after until 1922 . In response the Bolsheviks increasingly abandoned attempts to get these groups to join the government and suppressed them with force . Within a few years a bureaucracy developed in Russia as a result of the Russian Civil War , foreign invasion , and Russia 's historic poverty and backwardness . The bureaucracy undermined the democratic and socialist ideals of the Bolshevik Party and elevated Stalin to their leadership after Lenin 's death . In order to consolidate power , the bureaucracy conducted a brutal campaign of lies and violence against the Left Opposition led by Trotsky . By the mid 1920s , the impetus had gone out of the revolutionary forces in Europe and the national reformist socialist parties had regained their dominance over the working - class movement in most countries . The German Social Democrats held office for much of the 1920s , the British Labour Party formed its first government in 1924 , and the French Socialists were also influential . In the Soviet Union , from 1924 Stalin pursued a policy of `` socialism in one country '' . Trotsky argued that this approach was a shift away from the theory of Marx and Lenin , while others argued that it was a practical compromise fit for the times . The postwar revolutionary upsurge provoked a powerful reaction from the forces of conservatism . Winston Churchill declared that Bolshevism must be `` strangled in its cradle '' . The invasion of Russia by the Allies , their trade embargo and backing for the White forces fighting against the Red Army in the civil war in the Soviet Union was cited by Aneurin Bevan , the leader of the left - wing in the Labour Party , as one of the causes of the Russian revolution 's degeneration into dictatorship . A `` Red scare '' in the United States was raised against the American Socialist Party of Eugene V. Debs and the Communist Party of America which arose after the Russian revolution from members who had broken from Debs ' party . In Europe , fascist movements received significant funding , particularly from industrialists in heavy industry , and came to power in Italy in 1922 under Benito Mussolini , and later in Germany in 1933 , in Spain ( 1937 ) and Portugal , while strong fascist movements also developed in Hungary and Romania . After 1929 , with the Left Opposition legally banned and Trotsky exiled , Stalin led the Soviet Union into a what he termed a `` higher stage of socialism . '' Agriculture was forcibly collectivised , at the cost of a massive famine and millions of deaths among the resistant peasantry . The surplus squeezed from the peasants was spent on a program of crash industrialisation , guided by the Communist Party through the Five Year Plan . This program produced some impressive results , though at enormous human costs . Russia raised itself from an economically backward country to that of a superpower . Later Soviet development , however , particularly after the Second World War , was no faster than it was in Japan or the United States under capitalism . The use of resources , material and human , in the Soviet Union became very wasteful . Stalin 's industrialization policy was geared towards the development of heavy industry , an emphasis that facilitated Soviet military action in its defence against Hitler 's invasion during the Second World War in which the USSR stood on the side of the Allies of World War II . For `` many Marxian libertarian socialists , the political bankruptcy of socialist orthodoxy necessitated a theoretical break . This break took a number of forms . The Bordigists and the SPGB championed a super-Marxian intransigence in theoretical matters . Other socialists made a return `` behind Marx '' to the anti-positivist programme of German idealism . Libertarian socialism has frequently linked its anti-authoritarian political aspirations with this theoretical differentiation from orthodoxy ... Karl Korsch ... remained a libertarian socialist for a large part of his life and because of the persistent urge towards theoretical openness in his work . Korsch rejected the eternal and static , and he was obsessed by the essential role of practice in a theory 's truth . For Korsch , no theory could escape history , not even Marxism . In this vein , Korsch even credited the stimulus for Marx 's Capital to the movement of the oppressed classes . `` The Soviet achievement in the 1930s seemed hugely impressive from the outside , and convinced many people , not necessarily Communists or even socialists , of the virtues of state planning and authoritarian models of social development . This was later to have important consequences in countries like China , India and Egypt , which tried to copy some aspects of the Soviet model . It also won large sections of the western intelligentsia over to a pro-Soviet view , to the extent that many were willing to ignore or excuse such events as Stalin 's Great Purge of 1936 - 38 , in which millions of people died . The Great Depression , which began in 1929 , seemed to socialists and Communists everywhere to be the final proof of the bankruptcy , literally as well as politically , of capitalism . But socialists were unable to take advantage of the Depression to either win elections or stage revolutions . Labor governments in Britain and Australia were disastrous failures . In the United States , the liberalism of President Franklin D. Roosevelt won mass support and deprived socialists of any chance of gaining ground . And in Germany it was the fascists of Adolf Hitler 's Nazi Party who successfully exploited the Depression to win power , in January 1933 . Hitler 's regime swiftly destroyed both the German Communist Party and the Social Democratic Party , the worst blow the world socialist movement had ever suffered . This forced Stalin to reassess his strategy , and from 1935 the Comintern began urging a Popular Front against fascism . The socialist parties were at first suspicious , given the bitter hostility of the 1920s , but eventually effective Popular Fronts were formed in both France and Spain . After the election of a Popular Front government in Spain in 1936 a fascist military revolt led to the Spanish Civil War . The crisis in Spain also brought down the Popular Front government in France under Léon Blum . Ultimately the Popular Fronts were not able to prevent the spread of fascism or the aggressive plans of the fascist powers . Trotskyists considered Popular Fronts a `` strike breaking conspiracy '' and considered them an impediment to successful resistance to fascism . When Stalin consolidated his power in the Soviet Union in the late 1920s , Trotsky was forced into exile , eventually residing in Mexico . He maintained active in organizing the Left Opposition internationally , which worked within the Comintern to gain new members . Some leaders of the Communist Parties sided with Trotsky , such as James P. Cannon in the United States . They found themselves expelled by the Stalinist Parties and persecuted by both GPU agents and the political police in Britain , France , the United States , China , and all over the world . Trotskyist parties had a large influence in Sri Lanka and Bolivia . In 1938 , Trotsky and his supporters founded a new international organisation of dissident communists , the Fourth International . In his Results and Prospects and Permanent Revolution Trotsky developed a theory of revolution uninterrupted by the stagism of Stalinist orthodoxy . He argued that Russia was a bureaucratically degenerated workers state in his work The Revolution Betrayed , where he predicted ( ? ) that if a political revolution of the working class did not overthrow Stalinism , the Stalinist bureaucracy would resurrect capitalism . Trotsky 's History of the Russian Revolution is considered a work of primary importance by Trotsky 's followers . Britain ( edit ) Once the world 's most powerful nation , Britain avoided a revolution during the period of 1917 -- 1923 but was significantly affected by revolt . The Prime Minister , David Lloyd George , had promised the troops in the 1918 election that his Conservative - led coalition would make post-war Britain `` a fit land for heroes to live in '' . But many demobbed troops complained of chronic unemployment and suffered low pay , disease and poor housing . In 1918 , the Labour Party adopted as its aim to secure for the workers , `` the common ownership of the means of production , distribution and exchange '' . In 1919 , the Miners Federation , whose Members of Parliament pre-dated the formation of the Labour Party and were since 1906 a part of that body , demanded the withdrawal of British troops from Soviet Russia . The 1919 Labour Party conference voted to discuss the question of affiliation to the Third ( Communist ) International , `` to the distress of its leaders '' . A vote was won committing the Labour Party committee of the Trades Union Congress to arrange `` direct industrial action '' to `` stop capitalist attacks upon the Socialist Republics of Russia and Hungary . '' The threat of immediate strike action forced the Conservative - led coalition government to abandon its intervention in Russia . In 1914 the unions of the transport workers , the mine workers and the railway workers had formed a Triple Alliance . In 1919 , Lloyd George sent for the leaders of the Triple Alliance , one of whom was miner 's leader Robert Smillie , a founder member of the Independent Labour Party in 1889 who was to become a Labour Party MP in the first 1924 Labour government . According to Smillie , Lloyd George said : Gentlemen , you have fashioned , in the Triple Alliance of the unions represented by you , a most powerful instrument . I feel bound to tell you that in our opinion we are at your mercy . The Army is disaffected and can not be relied upon . Trouble has occurred already in a number of camps . We have just emerged from a great war and the people are eager for the reward of their sacrifices , and we are in no position to satisfy them . In these circumstances , if you carry out your threat and strike , then you will defeat us . But if you do so , have you weighed the consequences ? The strike will be in defiance of the government of the country and by its very success will precipitate a constitutional crisis of the first importance . For , if a force arises in the state which is stronger than the state itself , then it must be ready to take on the functions of the state , or withdraw and accept the authority of the state . Gentlemen , have you considered , and if you have , are you ready ? -- Aneurin Bevan , In Place of Fear `` From that moment on '' , Smillie conceded to Aneurin Bevan , `` we were beaten and we knew we were '' . When the UK General Strike of 1926 broke out , the trade union leaders , `` had never worked out the revolutionary implications of direct action on such a scale '' , Bevan says . Bevan was a member of the Independent Labour Party and one of the leaders of the South Wales miners during the strike . The TUC called off the strike after nine days . In the North East of England and elsewhere , `` councils of action '' were set up , with many rank and file Communist Party members often playing a critical role . The councils of action took control of essential transport and other duties . When the strike ended , the miners were locked out and remained locked out for six months . Bevan became a Labour MP in 1929 . In January 1924 , the Labour Party formed a minority government for the first time with Ramsay MacDonald as prime minister . The Labour Party intended to ratify an Anglo - Russian trade agreement , which would break the trade embargo on Russia . This was attacked by the Conservatives and new elections took place in October 1924 . Four days before polling day the Daily Mail published the Zinoviev letter , a forgery that claimed the Labour Party had links with Soviet Communists and was secretly fomenting revolution . The fears instilled by the press of a Labour Party in secret Communist manoeuvres , together with the half - hearted `` respectable '' policies pursued by MacDonald , led to Labour losing the October 1924 general election . The victorious Conservatives repudiated the Anglo - Soviet treaty . The leadership of the Labour Party , like social democratic parties almost everywhere , ( with the exception of Sweden and Belgium ) , tried to pursue a policy of moderation and economic orthodoxy . At times of depression this policy was not popular with the Labour Party 's working class supporters . The influence of Marxism grew in the Labour Party during the inter-war years . Anthony Crosland argued in 1956 that under the impact of the 1931 slump and the growth of fascism , the younger generation of left - wing intellectuals for the most part `` took to Marxism '' including the `` best - known leaders '' of the Fabian tradition , Sidney and Beatrice Webb . The Marxist Professor Harold Laski , who was to be chairman of the Labour Party in 1945 - 6 , was the `` outstanding influence '' in the political field . The Marxists within the Labour Party differed in their attitude to the Communists . Some were uncitical and some were expelled as `` fellow travellers '' , while in the 1930s others were Trotskyists and sympathisers working inside the Labour Party , especially in its youth wing where they were influential . In the general election of 1929 the Labour Party won 288 seats out of 615 and formed another minority government . The depression of that period brought high unemployment and Prime Minister MacDonald sought to make cuts in order to balance the budget . The trade unions opposed MacDonald 's proposed cuts and he split the Labour government to form the National Government of 1931 . This experience moved the Labour Party leftward , and at the start of the Second World War an official Labour Party pamphlet written by Harold Laski argued that , `` the rise of Hitler and the methods by which he seeks to maintain and expand his power are deeply rooted in the economic and social system of Europe ... economic nationalism , the fight for markets , the destruction of political democracy , the use of war as an instrument of national policy '' : The war will leave its meed of great problems , problems of internal social organisation ... Business men and aristocrats , the old ruling classes of Europe , had their chance from 1919 to 1939 ; they failed to take advantage of it . They rebuilt the world in the image of their own vested interests ... The ruling class has failed ; this war is the proof of it . The time has come to give the common people the right to become the master of their own destiny ... Capitalism has been tried ; the results of its power are before us today . Imperialism has been tried ; it is the foster - parent of this great agony . Given power ( the Labour Party ) will seek , as no other Party will seek , the basic transformation of our society . It will replace the profit - seeking motive by the motive of public service ... there is now no prospect of domestic well - being or of international peace except in Socialism . -- Harold Laski , The Labour Party , the War and the Future ( 1939 ) United States ( edit ) After embracing anarchism , Albert Parsons turned his activity to the growing movement to establish the 8 - hour day . In January 1880 , the Eight - Hour League of Chicago sent Parsons to a national conference in Washington , D.C. , a gathering which launched a national lobbying movement aimed at coordinating efforts of labor organizations to win and enforce the 8 - hour workday . In the fall of 1884 , Parsons launched a weekly anarchist newspaper in Chicago , The Alarm . The first issue was dated October 4 , 1884 , and was produced in a press run of 15,000 copies . The publication was a 4 - page broadsheet with a cover price of 5 cents . The Alarm listed the International Working People 's Association as its publisher and touted itself as `` A Socialistic Weekly '' on its page 2 masthead . On May 1 , 1886 , Parsons , with his wife Lucy Parsons and two children , led 80,000 people down Michigan Avenue , in what is regarded as the first - ever May Day Parade , in support of the eight - hour work day . Over the next few days 340,000 laborers joined the strike . Parsons , amidst the May Day Strike , found himself called to Cincinnati , where 300,000 workers had struck that Saturday afternoon . On that Sunday he addressed the rally in Cincinnati of the news from the `` storm center '' of the strike and participated in a second huge parade , led by 200 members of The Cincinnati Rifle Union , with certainty that victory was at hand . In 1886 , the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions ( FOTLU ) of the United States and Canada unanimously set 1 May 1886 , as the date by which the eight - hour work day would become standard . In response , unions across the United States prepared a general strike in support of the event . On 3 May , in Chicago , a fight broke out when strikebreakers attempted to cross the picket line , and two workers died when police opened fire upon the crowd . The next day on 4 May , anarchists staged a rally at Chicago 's Haymarket Square . A bomb was thrown by an unknown party near the conclusion of the rally , killing an officer . In the ensuing panic , police opened fire on the crowd and each other . Seven police officers and at least four workers were killed . Eight anarchists directly and indirectly related to the organisers of the rally were arrested and charged with the murder of the deceased officer . The men became international political celebrities among the labour movement . Four of the men were executed and a fifth committed suicide prior to his own execution . The incident became known as the Haymarket affair , and was a setback for the labour movement and the struggle for the eight - hour day . In 1890 a second attempt , this time international in scope , to organise for the eight - hour day was made . The event also had the secondary purpose of memorializing workers killed as a result of the Haymarket affair . Although it had initially been conceived as a once - off event , by the following year the celebration of International Workers ' Day on May Day had become firmly established as an international worker 's holiday . Albert Parsons is best remembered as one of four Chicago radical leaders convicted of conspiracy and hanged following a bomb attack on police remembered as the Haymarket affair . Emma Goldman , the activist and political theorist , was attracted to anarchism after reading about the incident and the executions , which she later described as `` the events that had inspired my spiritual birth and growth . '' She considered the Haymarket martyrs to be `` the most decisive influence in my existence '' . Her associate , Alexander Berkman also described the Haymarket anarchists as `` a potent and vital inspiration . '' Others whose commitment to anarchism crystallized as a result of the Haymarket affair included Voltairine de Cleyre and `` Big Bill '' Haywood , a founding member of the Industrial Workers of the World . Goldman wrote to historian , Max Nettlau , that the Haymarket affair had awakened the social consciousness of `` hundreds , perhaps thousands , of people '' . In the Presidential election of 1912 , Eugene V. Debs received 5.99 % of the popular vote ( a total of 901,551 votes ) , while his total of 913,693 votes in the 1920 campaign , although smaller percentage-wise , remains the all - time high for a Socialist Party candidate in the United States . In the United States , the Communist Party USA was formed in 1919 from former adherents of the Socialist Party of America . One of the founders , James Cannon , later became the leader of Trotskyist forces outside the Soviet Union . The Great Depression began in the US on Black Tuesday , October 29 , 1929 . Unemployment rates passed 25 % , prices and incomes fell 20 -- 50 % , but the debts remained at the same dollar amount . 9,000 banks failed during the decade of the 30s . By 1933 , depositors saw $140 billion of their deposits disappear due to uninsured bank failures . In 1921 occurred the largest armed , organized uprising in American labor history : the Battle of Blair Mountain . Ten to fifteen thousand coal miners rebelled in West Virginia , assaulting mountain - top lines of trenches established by the coal companies and local sheriff 's forces . Workers organized against their deteriorating conditions and socialists played a critical role . In 1934 the Minneapolis Teamsters Strike led by the Trotskyist Communist League of America , the West Coast Longshore Strike led by the Communist Party USA , and the Toledo Auto - Lite Strike led by the American Workers Party , played an important role in the formation of the Congress of Industrial Organizations ( CIO ) in the USA . In Minnesota , the General Drivers Local 574 of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters struck , despite an attempt to block the vote by AFL officials , demanding union recognition , increased wages , shorter hours , overtime rates , improved working conditions and job protection through seniority . In the battles that followed , which captured country - wide media attention , three strikes took place , martial law was declared and the National Guard was sent in . Two strikers were killed . Protest rallies of 40,000 were held . Farrell Dobbs , who became the leader of the local , had at the outset joined the `` small and poverty - stricken '' Communist League of America , founded by James P. Cannon and others in 1928 after their expulsion from the Communist Party USA for Trotskyism . Success for the CIO quickly followed its formation . In 1937 , one of the founding unions of the CIO , the United Auto Workers , won union recognition at General Motors Corporation after a tumultuous forty - four - day sit - down strike , while the Steel Workers Organizing Committee , which was formed by the CIO , won a collective bargaining agreement with U.S. Steel . The CIO merged with the American Federation of Labor ( AFL ) in 1955 becoming the AFL - CIO . Germany ( edit ) In 1928 , the Communist International , now fully under the leadership of Stalin , turned from the united front policy to an ultra-left policy of the Third Period , a policy of aggressive confrontation of social democracy . This divided the working class at a critical time . Like the Labour Party in the UK , the Social Democratic Party in Germany , which was in power in 1928 , followed an orthodox deflationary policy and pressed for reductions in unemployment benefits in order to save taxes and reduce budget deficits . These policies did not halt the recession and the government resigned . The Communists described the Social Democratic leaders as `` social fascists '' and in the Prussian Landtag they voted with the Nazis to bring down the Social Democratic government . Fascism continued to grow , with powerful backing from industrialists , especially in heavy industry , and Hitler was invited into power in 1933 . Hitler 's regime swiftly destroyed both the German Communist Party and the Social Democratic Party , the worst blow the world socialist movement had ever suffered . This forced Stalin to reassess his strategy , and from 1935 the Comintern began urging the formation of Popular Fronts , which were to include not just the Social Democratic parties but critically also `` progressive capitalist '' parties which were wedded to a capitalist policy . After the election of a Popular Front government in Spain in 1936 a fascist military revolt led to the Spanish Civil War . The crisis in Spain brought down the Popular Front government in France under Léon Blum . Ultimately the Popular Fronts were not able to prevent the spread of fascism or the aggressive plans of the fascist powers . Trotskyists considered Popular Fronts a `` strike breaking conspiracy '' , an impediment to successful resistance to fascism due to their inclusion of pro-capitalist parties which demanded policies of opposition to strikes and workers ' actions against the capitalist class . Sweden ( edit ) The Swedish Socialists formed a government in 1932 . They broke with economic orthodoxy during the depression and carried out extensive public works financed from government borrowing . They emphasised large - scale intervention and the high unemployment they had inherited was eliminated by 1938 . Their success encouraged the adoption of Keynesian policies of deficit financing pursued by almost all Western countries after World War II . Spain ( edit ) During the Spanish Civil War , anarchists set up different forms of cooperative and communal arrangements , especially in the rural areas of Aragon and Catalonia . However , these communes were disbanded by the Popular Front government . Israel ( edit ) Main article : Socialist Zionism Jewish Zionists established utopian socialist communities in Palestine , which were known as kibbutzim , a small number of which still survive . The postwar Era ( 1945 -- 1985 ) ( edit ) In the 1930s , the Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) , a reformist socialist political party that was up to then based upon revisionist Marxism , began a transition away from Marxism towards liberal socialism beginning in the 1930s . After the party was banned by the Nazi regime in 1933 , the SPD acted in exile through the Sopade . In 1934 the Sopade began to publish material that indicated that the SPD was turning towards liberal socialism . Sopade member Curt Geyer was a prominent proponent of liberal socialism within the Sopade , and declared that Sopade represented the tradition of Weimar Republic social democracy -- liberal democratic socialism , and declared that Sopade 's held true to its mandate of traditional liberal principles combined with the political realism of socialism . After the restoration of democracy in West Germany , The SPD 's Godesberg Program in 1959 eliminated the party 's remaining Marxist - aligned policies . The SPD then became officially based upon freiheitlicher Sozialismus ( liberal socialism ) . West German Chancellor Willy Brandt has been identified as a liberal socialist . In 1945 , the world 's three great powers met at the Yalta Conference to negotiate an amicable and stable peace . UK Prime Minister Winston Churchill joined USA President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin , General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union 's Central Committee . With the relative decline of Britain compared to the two superpowers , the USA and the Soviet Union , however , many viewed the world as `` bi-polar '' -- a world with two irreconcilable and antagonistic political and economic systems . As a result of the failure of the Popular Fronts and the inability of Britain and France to conclude a defensive alliance against Hitler , Stalin again changed his policy in August 1939 and signed a non-aggression pact , the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , with Nazi Germany . Shortly afterwards World War II broke out , and within two years Hitler had occupied most of Europe , and by 1942 both democracy and social democracy in central Europe fell under the threat of fascism . The only socialist parties of any significance able to operate freely were those in Britain , Sweden , Switzerland , Canada , Australia and New Zealand . But the entry of the Soviet Union into the war in 1941 marked the turning of the tide against fascism , and as the German armies retreated another great upsurge in left - wing sentiment swelled up in their wake . The resistance movements against German occupation were mostly led by socialists and communists , and by the end of the war the parties of the left were greatly strengthened . One of the great postwar victories of democratic socialism was the election victory of the British Labour Party led by Clement Attlee in June 1945 . Socialist ( and in some places Stalinist ) parties also dominated postwar governments in France , Italy , Czechoslovakia , Belgium , Norway and other European countries . The Social Democratic Party had been in power in Sweden since 1932 , and Labour parties also held power in Australia and New Zealand . In Germany , on the other hand , the Social Democrats emerged from the war much weakened , and were defeated in Germany 's first democratic elections in 1949 . The united front between democrats and the Stalinist parties which had been established in the wartime resistance movements continued in the immediate postwar years . The democratic socialist parties of Eastern Europe , however , were destroyed when Stalin imposed so - called `` Communist '' regimes in these countries . The Second International , which had been based in Amsterdam , ceased to operate during the war . It was refounded as the Socialist International at a congress in Frankfurt in 1951 . Since Stalin had dissolved the Comintern in 1943 , as part of a deal with the imperialist powers , this was now the only effective international socialist organisation . The Frankfurt Declaration took a stand against both capitalism and the Communism of Stalin : Socialism aims to liberate the peoples from dependence on a minority which owns or controls the means of production . It aims to put economic power in the hands of the people as a whole , and to create a community in which free men work together as equals ... Socialism has become a major force in world affairs . It has passed from propaganda into practice . In some countries the foundations of a Socialist society have already been laid . Here the evils of capitalism are disappearing ... Since the Bolshevik revolution in Russia , Communism has split the International Labour Movement and has set back the realisation of socialism in many countries for decades . Communism falsely claims a share in the Socialist tradition . In fact , it has distorted that tradition beyond recognition . It has built up a rigid theology which is incompatible with the critical spirit of Marxism ... Wherever it has gained power it has destroyed freedom or the chance of gaining freedom ... -- The Frankfurt Declaration , 1951 Anarcho - pacifism became influential in the Anti-nuclear movement and anti war movements of the time as can be seen in the activism and writings of the English anarchist member of Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament Alex Comfort or the similar activism of the American catholic anarcho - pacifists Ammon Hennacy and Dorothy Day . Anarcho - pacifism became a `` basis for a critique of militarism on both sides of the Cold War . '' The resurgence of anarchist ideas during this period is well documented in Robert Graham 's Anarchism : A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas , Volume Two : The Emergence of the New Anarchism ( 1939 -- 1977 ) . The first socialist government in a North American country ( edit ) The first socialist government of Canada and one of the most influential came to power in the province of Saskatchewan in 1944 . The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation of Tommy Douglas won an overwhelming victory toppling the age old Liberal regime which had dominated Saskatchewan politics since the founding of the province in 1905 . Douglas and the CCF won five consecutive electoral victories . During his time in office he created the Saskatchewan Power Corp. which extended electricity services to the many rural villages and farms who before did without , created Canada 's first public automobile insurance agency , created a substantial number of Crown Corporations ( government and public owned businesses ) many of which still exist today in Saskatchewan , allowed the unionization of the public service , created the first system of Universal Health Care in Canada ( which would later be adopted nationally in 1965 ) , and created Saskatchewan 's Bill of Rights , the first such charter in Canada . This preceded the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms as well as the previous Canadian Bill of Rights . The New Democratic Party ( as the CCF became known in 1962 ) went on to dominate the politics of Saskatchewan and form governments in British Columbia , Manitoba , Ontario , and the Yukon Territory . Nationally the NDP would become very influential during four minority governments , and is today by far Canada 's most successful left - wing political party . In 2004 Canadians voted Tommy Douglas in as The Greatest Canadian as part of a nationwide contest organized by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( CBC ) . Social democracy in government ( edit ) The social democratic governments in the post war period introduced measures of social reform and wealth redistribution through state welfare and taxation policy . For instance the newly elected UK Labour government carried out nationalisations of major utilities such as mines , gas , coal , electricity , rail , iron and steel , and the Bank of England . France claimed to be the most state controlled capitalist country in the world , carrying through many nationalisations . In the UK the National Health Service was established bringing free health care to all for the first time . Social housing for working - class families was provided in council housing estates and university education was made available for working - class people through a grant system . However , the parliamentary leadership of the social democracies in general had no intention of ending capitalism , and their national outlook and their dedication to the maintenance of the post-war ' order ' prevented the social democracies from making any significant changes to the economy . They were termed ' socialist ' by all in 1945 , but in the UK , for instance , where Social Democracy had a large majority in Parliament , `` The government had not the smallest intention of bringing in the ' common ownership of the means of production , distribution and exchange ' '' as written in Clause 4 of the Labour Party constitution . In Germany , the Social Democratic Party of Germany adopted the Godesberg Program in 1959 , which rejected class struggle and Marxism . In the UK , cabinet minister Herbert Morrison famously argued that , `` Socialism is what the Labour government does '' , and Anthony Crosland argued that capitalism had been ended . However many socialists within the social democracy , at rank and file level as well as in a minority in the leadership such as Aneurin Bevan , feared the ' return of the 1930s ' unless capitalism was ended , either directly or over a definite period of time . They criticised the government for not going further to take over the commanding heights of the economy . Bevan demanded that the `` main streams of economic activity are brought under public direction '' with economic planning , and criticised the Labour Party 's implementation of nationalisation for not empowering the workers in the nationalised industries with democratic control over their operation . In the post war period , many Trotskyists expected at first the pattern of financial instability and recession to return . Instead the capitalist world , now led by the United States , embarked on a prolonged boom which lasted until 1973 . Rising living standards across Europe and North America alongside low unemployment , was achieved , in the view of the socialists , by the efforts of trade union struggle , social reform by social democracy , and the ushering in of what was termed a `` mixed economy '' . Social democracy at first took the view that they had begun a `` serious assault '' on the five `` Giant Evils '' afflicting the working class , identified for instance by the British social reformer William Beveridge : `` Want , Disease , Ignorance , Squalor , and Idleness '' . At the same time , the wartime alliance between the Soviet Union and the west broke down from 1946 onwards , and relations between the Communist parties and the democratic socialist parties broke down in parallel . Once the Stalinists helped stabilize the capitalist governments in the immediate upheavals of 1945 , as per the agreements betweens Stalin , Roosevelt , and Churchill , the capitalist politicians had no more use for them . The French , Italian and Belgian Communists withdrew or were expelled from post-war coalition governments , and civil war broke out in Greece . The imposition of Stalinist regimes in Poland , Hungary and Czechoslovakia not only destroyed the socialist parties in those countries , it also produced a reaction against socialism in general . The Australian and New Zealand Labour governments were defeated in 1949 , and the British Labour government in 1951 . As the Cold War deepened , conservative rule in Britain , Germany and Italy became more strongly entrenched . Only in the Scandinavian countries and to some extent in France did the socialist parties retain their positions . But in 1958 Charles de Gaulle seized power in France and the French socialists ( SFIO ) found themselves cast into opposition . In the 1960s and 1970s the new social forces , introduced , the social democrats argued , by their ' mixed economy ' and their many reforms of capitalism , began to change the political landscape in the western world . The long postwar boom and the rapid expansion of higher education produced , as well as rising living standards for the industrial working class , a mass university - educated white collar workforce , nevertheless began to break down the old socialist - versus - conservative polarity of European politics . This new white - collar workforce , some claimed , was less interested in traditional socialist policies such as state ownership and more interested expanded personal freedom and liberal social policies . The proportion of women in the paid workforce increased and many supported the struggle for equal pay , which , some argued , changed both the composition and the political outlook of the working class . Some socialist parties reacted more flexibly and successfully to these changes than others , but eventually the leaderships of all social democracies in Europe moved to an explicitly pro-capitalist stance . Symbolically in the UK , the socialist clause , Clause four , was removed from the Labour Party constitution , in 1995 . A similar change took place in the German SDP . However , particularly after the coming to power of British Premier Margaret Thatcher in 1979 and US President Ronald Reagan in 1981 , and the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 , many social democratic party leaders were won to the ideological offensive which argued that capitalism had `` won '' and that , in the words of Francis Fukuyama 's essay , capitalism had reached `` the end point of mankind 's ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government . '' . Some parties reacted to these changes by engaging in a new round of revisionist re-assessment of socialist ideology , and adopting a neo-liberal outlook . Some critics argue that in practice the Social Democratic parties , and the Labour Party in particular , can no longer be described as socialist . On Prime Minister Tony Blair 's departure in June 2007 , left wing trade union leader Bob Crow , general secretary of the Rail , Maritime and Transport workers union ( RMT ) , argued that Blair will be remembered for `` seamlessly continuing the neo-liberal economic and social policies of Margaret Thatcher '' . Mass discontent and radicalization ( edit ) Another manifestation of this changing social landscape was the rise of mass discontent , including the radical student movement , both in the United States -- where it was driven mainly by opposition to the Vietnam War , and in Europe . Aside from the Civil Rights Movement , in which socialists participated , the anti-war movement was the first left - wing upsurge in the United States since the 1930s , but neither there nor in Europe did the traditional parties of the left lead the movement . In the mid-20th century some libertarian socialist groups emerged from disagreements with Trotskyism which presented itself as leninist anti-stalinism . As such the French group Socialisme ou Barbarie emerged from the Trotskyist Fourth International , where Castoriadis and Claude Lefort constituted a Chaulieu -- Montal Tendency in the French Parti Communiste Internationaliste in 1946 . In 1948 , they experienced their `` final disenchantment with Trotskyism '' , leading them to break away to form Socialisme ou Barbarie , whose journal began appearing in March 1949 . Castoriadis later said of this period that `` the main audience of the group and of the journal was formed by groups of the old , radical left : Bordigists , council communists , some anarchists and some offspring of the German `` left '' of the 1920s `` . Instead Trotskyist , Maoist and anarchist groups arose . They became particularly influential in 1968 , when riots amounting almost to an insurrection broke out in Paris in May 1968 . Between eight and ten million workers struck , challenging the view becoming popular amongst socialists at the time that the working class were no longer a force for change . There were also major disturbances such as the 1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity in Chicago , the Columbia University protests of 1968 in New York , the embryonic Red Army Faction in Berlin , and in other cities . In the short - term these movements provoked a conservative backlash , seen in De Gaulle 's 1968 election victory and the election of Richard Nixon in the United States . But in the 1970s , as particularly the far left Trotskyist groups continued to grow , the socialist and Communist parties again sought to channel people 's anger back into safe confines , as they did in 1945 . The British Labour Party had already returned to office under Harold Wilson in 1964 , and in 1969 the German Social Democrats came to power for the first time since the 1920s under Willy Brandt . In France François Mitterrand buried the corpse of the old socialist party , the SFIO , and founded a new Socialist Party in 1971 , although it would take him a decade to lead it to power . Labour governments were elected in both Australia and New Zealand in 1972 , and the Austrian Socialists under Bruno Kreisky formed their first post-war government in 1970 . The emergence of the New Left in the 1950s and 1960s led to a revival of interest in libertarian socialism . The New Left 's critique of the Old Left 's authoritarianism was associated with a strong interest in personal liberty , autonomy ( see the thinking of Cornelius Castoriadis ) and led to a rediscovery of older socialist traditions , such as left communism , council communism , and the Industrial Workers of the World . The New Left also led to a revival of anarchism . Journals like Radical America and Black Mask in America , Solidarity , Big Flame and Democracy & Nature , succeeded by The International Journal of Inclusive Democracy , in the UK , introduced a range of left libertarian ideas to a new generation . Social ecology , autonomism and , more recently , participatory economics ( parecon ) , and Inclusive Democracy emerged from this . Three radical icons of the sixties . Encounter between Simone de Beauvoir , Jean - Paul Sartre and Che Guevara in Cuba , 1960 The New Left in the United States also included anarchist , countercultural and hippie - related radical groups such as the Yippies who were led by Abbie Hoffman , The Diggers and Up Against the Wall Motherfuckers . By late 1966 , the Diggers opened free stores which simply gave away their stock , provided free food , distributed free drugs , gave away money , organized free music concerts , and performed works of political art . The Diggers took their name from the original English Diggers led by Gerrard Winstanley and sought to create a mini-society free of money and capitalism . On the other hand , the Yippies employed theatrical gestures , such as advancing a pig ( `` Pigasus the Immortal '' ) as a candidate for President in 1968 , to mock the social status quo . They have been described as a highly theatrical , anti-authoritarian and anarchist youth movement of `` symbolic politics '' . Since they were well known for street theater and politically themed pranks , many of the `` old school '' political left either ignored or denounced them . According to ABC News , `` The group was known for street theater pranks and was once referred to as the ' Groucho Marxists ' . '' Autonomist Marxism , Neo-Marxism and Situationist theory are also regarded as being anti-authoritarian variants of Marxism that are firmly within the libertarian socialist tradition . For libcom.org `` In the 1980 's and 90 's , a series of other groups developed , influenced also by much of the above work . The most notable are Kolinko , Kurasje and Wildcat in Germany , Aufheben in England , Theorie Communiste in France , TPTG in Greece and Kamunist Kranti in India . They are also connected to other groups in other countries , merging autonomia , operaismo , Hegelian Marxism , the work of the JFT , Open Marxism , the ICO , the Situationist International , anarchism and post-68 German Marxism . '' Related to this were intellectuals who were influenced by Italian left communist Amadeo Bordiga but who disagreed with his leninist positions ; these included the French publication Invariance edited by Jacques Camatte , published since 1968 , and Gilles Dauve who published Troploin with Karl Nesic . After the Stonewall Rebellion , the New York Gay Liberation Front based their organization in part on a reading of Murray Bookchin 's anarchist writings. `` . In 1968 in Carrara , Italy the International of Anarchist Federations was founded during an international anarchist conference held there in 1968 by the three existing European federations of France , the Italian and the Iberian Anarchist Federation as well as the Bulgarian federation in French exile . During the events of May 68 the anarchist groups active in France were Fédération anarchiste , Mouvement communiste libertaire , Union fédérale des anarchistes , Alliance ouvrière anarchiste , Union des groupes anarchistes communistes , Noir et Rouge , Confédération nationale du travail , Union anarcho - syndicaliste , Organisation révolutionnaire anarchiste , Cahiers socialistes libertaires , À contre - courant , La Révolution prolétarienne , and the publications close to Émile Armand . The early 1970s were a particularly stormy period for socialists , as capitalism had its first world wide slump of 1973 - 4 , suffered from rising oil prices , and a crisis in confidence . In southern Europe , for example , the Portuguese Carnation Revolution of 1974 threatened the existence of capitalism for a while due to the insurrection and the occupations which followed . A New York Times editorial on February 17 , 1975 , stated `` a communist takeover of Portugal might encourage a similar trend in Italy and France , create problems in Greece and Turkey , affect the succession in Spain and Yugoslavia and send tremors throughout Western Europe . '' The Greek military dictatorship fell in Greece , PASOK arose at first with a strong socialist outlook , and in Spain , the Franco dictatorship fell in a period of rising struggle . In Italy there was continual unrest , and governments fell almost annually . The Italian workers won and defended the `` scala mobile '' , the sliding scale of wages linked to inflation . However , as before , neither the Communists nor the social democracy had any plans to abolish capitalism , and the occupations in Portugal , variously estimated to have taken between 70 - 90 % of the economy , were gradually rolled back . The UK saw a state of emergency and the three - day week , with 22 million days lost in strike action in 1972 , leading to the fall of the Heath government . The Trotskyist Militant , an entryist group active in the Labour Party , became the `` fifth most important political party '' in the UK for a period in the mid-1980s , according to the journalist Michael Crick . In Indonesia within the Indonesian killings of 1965 -- 66 a right wing military regime killed between 300,000 and one million people mainly to cruch the growing influence of the Communist Party of Indonesia and other leftist sectors In Latin America in the 1960s a socialist tendency within the catholic church appeared which was called Liberation theology The Soviet Union and eastern Europe ( 1945 -- 1985 ) ( edit ) Leonid Brezhnev Immediately after the Second World War , a period known as the Cold War began . It represented a period of conflict , tension and competition between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies . Throughout the period , the rivalry between the two superpowers was played out in multiple arenas : military coalitions ; ideology , psychology , and espionage ; military , industrial , and technological developments , including the space race ; costly defense spending ; a massive conventional and nuclear arms race ; and many proxy wars . The term `` Cold War '' was introduced in 1947 by Americans Bernard Baruch and Walter Lippmann to describe emerging tensions between the two former wartime allies . There never was a direct military engagement between the U.S. and the Soviet Union , but there was a half - century of military buildup , and political battles for support around the world , including significant involvement of allied and satellite nations . Although the U.S. and the Soviet Union had been allied against Nazi Germany , the two sides differed on how to reconstruct the postwar world even before the end of World War II . Over the following decades , the Cold War spread outside Europe to every region of the world , as the U.S. sought the `` containment '' of communism and forged numerous alliances to this end , particularly in Western Europe , the Middle East , and Southeast Asia . In 1946 , speaking at Westminster College in Fulton , Missouri , former British prime minister Winston Churchill warned that , `` From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic , an iron curtain has descended across the Continent . '' In the months that followed , Josef Stalin continued to solidify a Soviet sphere of influence in eastern Europe . For example , Bulgaria received its new Communist premier , Georgi Dimitrov , in November 1946 , a Communist government under Bolesław Bierut had been established in Poland already in 1945 , and by 1947 , Hungary and Romania had also come under full communist rule . The last democratic government in the eastern bloc , Czechoslovakia , fell to a Communist coup in 1948 , and in 1949 the Soviets raised their occupation zone in Germany to become the German Democratic Republic under Walter Ulbricht . To coordinate their new empire , the Soviets established a number of international organizations , first the Cominform to coordinate the policies of the various Communist parties , then the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance ( COMECON ) , in 1948 , to control economic planning , and finally ( in response to the entry of the Federal Republic of Germany into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ) the Warsaw Pact in 1955 , which served as a military alliance against the west . But one crack within that sphere of influence emerged after 1948 , when Marshal Josip Broz Tito became the president of Yugoslavia . Initial disagreement was over the level of independence claimed by Tito as the only East European Communist ruler commanding a strong domestic majority . Later the gap widened when Tito 's government initiated a system of decentralized profit - sharing workers ' councils , in effect a self - governing , somewhat market - oriented socialism , which Stalin considered dangerously revisionist . Stalin died in 1953 . In the power struggle that followed Stalin 's death , Nikita Khrushchev emerged triumphant . In 1956 , at the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union , he denounced the `` personality cult '' that had surrounded Stalin in a speech entitled On the Personality Cult and its Consequences . In the de-Stalinization campaign that followed , all buildings and towns that had been named for him were renamed , pictures and statues were destroyed . Although in some respects Khrushchev was a reformer and allowed the emergence of a certain amount of intra-party dissent , his commitment to reform was thrown into doubt with the brutal use of military force on the civilian population of Hungary in 1956 during the Hungarian Revolution and the March 9 massacre in Tbilisi , 1956 . By the late 1960s , the people of several eastern bloc countries had become discontented with the human and economic costs of the Soviet system , Czechoslovakia especially so . As a result of the growing discontent , the Communist Party began to fear a popular uprising . They initiated reforms to attempt to save the regime , but eventually relied on help from the Stalinists in Russia . In 1968 , Alexander Dubček initiated what is known as the Prague Spring , ending censorship of the press and decentralizing production decisions , so that they were to be made not by central planners but by the workers and managers of the factories . People were to be allowed to travel abroad . Brezhnev reacted by announcing and enforcing what became known as the Brezhnev doctrine : When forces that are hostile to socialism try to turn the development of some socialist country towards capitalism the suppression of these counter-revolutionary forces becomes not only a problem of the country concerned , but a common problem and concern of all socialist countries . -- The ' Brezhnev doctrine ' , 1968 In August 1968 , pursuant to this announcement , Soviet troops occupied Czechoslovakia . The following year , the Ukrainians responded to a campaign of passive disobedience on the part of the Czech populace by arranging the replacement of Dubček as first secretary . The new first secretary , Gustáv Husák , would prove more compliant . He presided over a ' cleansing ' of the Czech Communist Party and the introduction of a new constitution . The early 1970s saw a period of détente . The arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union slackened . Brezhnev worked with US President Richard Nixon to negotiate and implement the Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty of 1972 . Brezhnev also scored some diplomatic advances with the non-aligned world , such as a 1971 friendship pact with India , and the close relations the Soviet Union enjoyed with several Arab countries after Soviet material support in the Yom Kippur War of 1973 . After his death in 1982 , Brezhnev was succeeded by Yuri Andropov , who died in 1984 , and then Konstantin Chernenko , who died in 1985 . Andropov 's brief tenure as General Secretary indicated that he might have had reformist plans , and though Chernenko put them aside , Andropov had had time to groom a group of potential reformist successors , one of whom was Mikhail Gorbachev . It was also during Andropov 's tenure and this period of generational turmoil that the rule of Communists next door , in Poland , came under challenge from Solidarność , or Solidarity , a labor union under the leadership of Lech Wałęsa . The union was sufficiently threatening to the government that on 13 December 1981 , the head of state , Wojciech Jaruzelski declared martial law , suspended the union , and imprisoned most of its leaders . Final years for the Soviet Union ( 1985 -- 1991 ) ( edit ) Mikhail Gorbachev ( born 1931 ) , who took control in 1985 , was the first Soviet leader to have been born after the October revolution . He is remembered for three initiatives : glasnost , perestroika , and the `` Frank Sinatra doctrine '' . Glasnost , or `` openness '' , was Gorbachev 's term for allowing public debate in the Soviet Union to an unprecedented degree . Perestroika was his term for market - oriented economic reforms , in recognition of the stagnating effects of central planning . The `` Frank Sinatra '' doctrine was his reversal of the Brezhnev doctrine . Sinatra sang `` My Way '' , and the doctrine named for him was that each Warsaw Pact country could find its own `` way '' of doing things . Gorbachev also , in 1989 , withdrew Soviet troops from their engagement in Afghanistan , ten years after Brezhnev had sent them there . They had been fighting the anti-government Mujahideen forces which since 1979 as part of its cold war strategy had been covertly funded and trained by the United States government through the Pakistani secret service known as Inter Services Intelligence ( ISI ) . By August 1991 , anti-reform Communists in both the Party and the military were sufficiently desperate to attempt a military coup . Coup leaders called themselves the Committee on the State of Emergency . They announced that Gorbachev had been removed from his position as president due to illness . Although the coup rapidly collapsed and Gorbachev returned to Moscow , it was Boris Yeltsin who had played a leading role in the street resistance to that Committee , and the incident marked a shift of power away from Gorbachev toward Yeltsin . By the end of that year , Yeltsin was the leader of Russia , and the Soviet Union was no more . China ( 1945 -- 1965 ) ( edit ) Mao Zedong Through the Second World War , the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP ) under the leadership of Mao Zedong and the Nationalist government of Chiang Kai - shek lived in an uneasy truce in order to combat the common foe , the Japanese occupation . Upon the Surrender of Japan , the Chinese Civil War immediately resumed . Another truce , negotiated by American general George C. Marshall early in 1946 , collapsed after only three months . While war raged in China , two post-occupation governments established themselves next door , in Korea . In 1948 , Syngman Rhee was proclaimed president of the Republic of Korea ( South Korea ) , at Seoul , while the Communist Workers Party of North Korea in the north proclaimed the establishment of the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea ( North Korea ) . In January 1949 , the Chinese Nationalist armies suffered a devastating defeat by the Communists at Tientsin . By spring , Chiang Kai - shek , now losing whole divisions by desertion to the Communists , began the removal of remaining forces to Formosa ( Taiwan ) . In August , U.S. aid to the Nationalists ended due to Chiang 's regime , which was corruption . In October , Mao Zedong took office as the Chairman of the Central People 's Administrative Council of the People 's Republic of China in Beijing . Zhou Enlai was named premier and foreign minister of the new state . The nascent People 's Republic did not yet control all of the territory of the Republic of China . Mao declared it his goal in 1950 to `` liberate '' Hainan , Tibet , and Formosa , and while he accomplished that of the first two , the third was interrupted : On 25 June 1950 , the forces of North Korea invaded the South unleashing the Korean War . The United States Seventh Fleet was summarily dispatched to protect Formosa from a mainland Red Chinese invasion . Although Mao was apparently unenthusiastic about that war , a Chinese volunteer force entered the Korean War in November . Claiming a victory against colonialism in the Korean War stalemate , the Communist government in China settled down to the consolidation of domestic power . During the 1950s , they redistributed land , established the Anti-Rightist Movement , and attempted mass industrialization , with technical assistance from the Soviet Union . By the mid-1950s , after an armistice in Korea and the surrender of French forces in Indochina , China 's borders were secure . Mao 's internal power base was likewise secured by the imprisonment of those he called `` left - wing oppositionists '' . As the 1950s ended , Mao became discontented with the status quo . On the one hand , he saw the Soviet Union attempting `` peaceful co-existence '' with the imperialist Western powers of NATO , and he believed China could be the center of worldwide revolution only by breaking with Moscow . ( Mao viewed then - Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev as a revisionist ( i.e. not a true Communist ) and a traitor to socialism . ) On the other hand , he was dissatisfied with the economic consequences of the revolution thus far , and believed the country had to enter into a program of planned rapid industrialization known as the Great Leap Forward . The economic planning of the Great Leap period focused on steel -- because steel was considered emblematic of industry . The government arranged to have small backyard steel furnaces built in communes , in the hope that the mobilization of the entire populace would compensate for the absence of the usual economies of scale . During this period , Mao stepped down as head of state in favor of Liu Shaoqi , but Mao remained Chairman of the Communist Party of China . The rushed program of industrialization was a disaster . It diverted labor and resources from agriculture to marginally productive cottage industry and so contributed to years of famine . It also caused a loss of Mao 's influence upon the Communist Party and government apparatus . Modernizers such as Liu and Deng Xiaoping sought to relegate him to the status of figurehead . Mao was not ready to be a figurehead . In the early 1960s he gathered around himself the so - called `` Shanghai Mafia '' consisting of his fourth wife , Jiang Qing ( a.k.a. `` Madame Mao '' ) , as well as Lin Biao , Chen Boda , and Yao Wenyuan , unleashing the Cultural Revolution . In the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) since 1967 , the terms Ultra-Left and left communist refers to political theory and practice self - defined as further `` left '' than that of the central Maoist leaders at the height of the GPCR ( `` Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution '' ) . The terms are also used retroactively to describe some early 20th century Chinese anarchist orientations . As a slur , the Communist Party of China ( CPC ) has used the term `` ultra-left '' more broadly to denounce any orientation it considers further `` left '' than the party line . According to the latter usage , in 1978 the CPC Central Committee denounced as `` ultra-left '' the line of Mao Zedong from 1956 until his death in 1976 . `` Ultra-Left '' refers to those GPCR rebel positions that diverged from the central Maoist line by identifying an antagonistic contradiction between the CPC - PRC party - state itself and the masses of workers and `` peasants '' conceived as a single proletarian class divorced from any meaningful control over production or distribution . Whereas the central Maoist line maintained that the masses controlled the means of production through the Party 's mediation , the Ultra-Left argued that the objective interests of bureaucrats were structurally determined by the centralist state - form in direct opposition to the objective interests of the masses , regardless of however `` red '' a given bureaucrat 's `` thought '' might be . Whereas the central Maoist leaders encouraged the masses to criticize reactionary `` ideas '' and `` habits '' among the alleged 5 % of bad cadres , giving them a chance to `` turn over a new leaf '' after they had undergone `` thought reform , '' the Ultra-Left argued that `` cultural revolution '' had to give way to `` political revolution '' -- `` in which one class overthrows another class '' . Socialism in China since the Cultural revolution ( edit ) In 1965 , Wenyuan wrote a thinly veiled attack on the deputy mayor of Beijing , Wu Han . Over the six months that followed , on behalf of ideological purity , Mao and his supporters purged many public figures , Liu Shao - chi among them . By the middle of 1966 , Mao had not only put himself back into the center of things , he had initiated what is known as the Cultural Revolution , a mass ( and army - supported ) action against the Communist Party apparatus itself on behalf of a renovated conception of Communism . Chaos continued throughout China for three years , particularly due to the agitations of the Red Guards until the CCP 's ninth congress in 1969 , when Lin Biao emerged as the primary military figure , and the presumptive heir to Mao in the party . In the months that followed , Lin Biao restored domestic order , while diplomatic efforts by Zhou Enlai cooled border tensions with the Soviet Union . Lin Biao died under mysterious circumstances in 1971 . Mao 's final years saw a notable thaw in the People 's Republic 's relations with the United States , the period of `` Ping Pong Diplomacy '' . Mao died in 1976 , and almost immediately his ideological heirs , the Gang of Four lost a power struggle to more `` pragmatic '' figures such as Deng Xiaoping . The term `` pragmatic '' is often used in media accounts of these factional struggles but should not be confused with the philosophy of pragmatism proper . Deng launched the `` Beijing Spring '' , allowing open criticism of the excesses and suffering that had occurred during the Cultural Revolution period . He also eliminated the class - background system , under which the communist regime had limited employment opportunities available to people deemed associated with the pre-revolutionary landlord class . Although Deng 's only official title in the early 1980s was chairman of the central military commission of the CP , he was widely regarded as the central figure in the nation 's politics . In that period , Zhao Ziyang became premier and Hu Yaobang became head of the party . Near the end of that decade , the death of Hu Yaobang sparked a mass demonstration of mourning students in Tiananmen Square , Beijing . The mourning soon turned into a call for greater responsiveness and liberalization , and the demonstration was captured live on cameras to be broadcast around the world . On May 30 , 1989 students erected the `` Goddess of Democracy '' statue , which looked a bit like Lady Liberty in New York harbor . On 4 June 1989 under the orders of Deng Xiaoping , troops and tanks of the People 's Liberation Army ended the protest . Thousands were killed in the resultant massacre . By the start of the 21st century , though , the leadership of China was embarked upon a program of market - based reform that was more sweeping than had been Soviet leader Gorbachev 's perestroika program of the late 1980s , which is tracable to Deng 's Socialism with Chinese characteristics . It is in this context that Leo Melamed , chairman emeritus and senior policy adviser to the Chicago Mercantile Exchange , spoke to the 2003 Beijing Forum on China and East Asian Prospects of Financial Cooperation on September 23 . He said that the CME applauds the National People 's Congress for recognizing their country 's need for additional trading in futures contracts . 21st century Democratic socialism in Latin America ( edit ) Since the 1998 election of Hugo Chávez as President in Venezuela and the beginnings of his `` Bolivarian Revolution '' aimed at creating greater equality , Latin American nations have seen a tide of democratically elected socialist and centre - left governments emerge . They have been elected in increasing numbers as the poor and middle classes of many countries have become increasingly disillusioned with the neoliberal economic policies still encouraged by the United States and as a very large gap continues to exist between rich and poor , denying millions of people basic opportunities and necessities . A long and very controversial history of U.S. military and political intervention in the region dating back to the 19th century has severely tarnished the image of the United States in the eyes of many Latin Americans and shapes governments ' policies to this day . A recent example of the influence of the aforementioned sentiment was the Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico 's Independence , an international summit held at Panama City , Panama , in which fifteen incumbent political parties ( in government ) requested that the United States `` relinquish its colonial rule over said island - nation and recognize Puerto Rico 's independence '' . Chavez is joined by the democratic socialist president of Bolivia , Evo Morales ( that nation 's first indigenous leader ) , who has adopted strong reformist agendas and attracted overwhelming majority electoral victories . The democratically elected president of Ecuador , Rafael Correa is also an ally of Chavez . Correa describes himself as a humanist , Christian of the left and proponent of socialism of the 21st century . A number of centre - left / social democratic presidents have also come to power in Latin American countries recently promising a greater redistribution of wealth within the framework of the free market . They include Cristina Fernández de Kirchner of Argentina , Lula da Silva of Brazil , Michelle Bachelet of Chile , Tabaré Vázquez of Uruguay , Alan García of Peru , Álvaro Colom in Guatemala and Fernando Lugo of Paraguay . The majority of these governments are still enjoying high approval ratings in their nation 's public opinion polls . In Nicaragua 's 2006 elections the former Sandinista President Daniel Ortega was re-elected President after having been out of office since 1990 . In Colombia 's previous presidential elections , Carlos Gaviria Díaz of the socialist Alternative Democratic Pole came in second place to Álvaro Uribe of Colombia First , a conservative party . While in Peru 's previous presidential election Alan García 's main challenger was Ollanta Humala of the Union for Peru , a leftwing Peruvian nationalist with close ties to Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez . The results of the 2006 Peruvian election were close . In El Salvador , the FMLN a former left - wing guerrilla group which once fought against a military dictatorship is now the official opposition to the Salvadoran government . Other parts of the developing world have also seen a rise in radical socialist parties and movements . In Nepal following the end of the Civil War , the formerly militant Communist Party of Nepal ( Maoist ) and the more moderate Communist Party of Nepal ( Unified Marxist - Leninist ) have emerged as the two most powerful opposition parties in the country . In Nepal 's 2008 Constituent Assembly elections the Maoists emerged as the largest party allowing them to form an interim government . Their leader , Prachanda has vowed to respect multiparty democracy . In some of the poorest parts of India , the Communist Party of India ( Maoist ) has also been fighting a violent insurgency against the Indian government ; a similar rebellion is being waged by the Maoist , New People 's Army in the Philippines . The emergence of a New left in the developed world ( edit ) In many developed nations the rise of Third Way policies and the increase in capitalism and free - market economies has led to the rise of many new socialist parties . They include Sinn Féin in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland ( they also represent the Nationalist constituency of Northern Ireland ) , The Left of Germany , Syriza in Greece , Podemos in Spain , Left Party of Sweden , New Zealand Progressive Party , Socialist Party of Ireland , Socialist Party of the Netherlands , Respect Party of the United Kingdom , Scottish Socialist Party and Québec solidaire in the Canadian province of Quebec . See also ( edit ) Anarcho - syndicalism Anti-communism Conservatism Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel History of the Left in France History of socialism in Great Britain History of Socialism in Canada Leninism Libertarian socialism List of democratic socialist parties and organizations Neosocialism Post-Communism Right - wing socialism Socialism Socialism in the United States Utopian socialism Welfare State Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Blainey , Geoffrey ( 2000 ) . A shorter history of Australia . Milsons Point , N.S.W. P : Vintage . p. 263 . ISBN 1 - 74051 - 033 - X . Jump up ^ Bevan , Aneurin , In Place of Fear , p. 50 , p. 126 - 128 . MacGibbon and Kee , ( 1961 ) . Jump up ^ Anthony Crossland stated : `` ( T ) o the question ' Is this still capitalism ? ' I would answer ' No ' . '' In The Future of Socialism p. 46 . Constable ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ `` Chavez accelerates on path to socialism '' , BBC News , 10 January 2007 , retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Acts 4 : 32 Jump up ^ Sha'bani , Reza ( 2005 ) . The Book of Iran : A Selection of the History of Iran . Alhoda . p. 125 . ISBN 9789644390050 . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . In Noldke 's opinion , ' Mazdak 's Socialism is different from the socialism of our own time in that his socialistic thoughts were based on religion and a negation of the world ; whereas in our time socialism is based on materialism. ( ' ) Jump up ^ Paine , Thomas ( 2004 ) . Common sense ( with ) Agrarian justice . Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 101890 - 9 . pp. 92 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Blaug , Mark ( 1986 ) . Who 's Who in Economics : A Biographical Dictionary of Major Economists 1700 - 1986 . The MIT Press . p. 358 . ISBN 0 - 262 - 02256 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` socialist '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) : `` 1822 E. Cowper Let . to Robert Owen 2 Nov. in Revue d'Histoire Economique & Sociale ( 1957 ) 35 80 ( She ) seems well adapted to become what my friend Jo . Applegath calls a Socialist '' . Jump up ^ Nik Brandal , Øivind Bratberg and Dag Einar Thorsen . The Nordic Model of Social Democracy . Pallgrave - Macmillan . 2013 . pg. 20 ^ Jump up to : George Thomas Kurian ( ed ) . The Encyclopedia of Political Science CQ Press . Washington D.c. 2011 . Pgs. 1555 Jump up ^ Compare : von Stein , Lorenz ( 1847 ) ( 1842 ) . Der Sozialismus und Kommunismus des heutigen Frankreich ( in German ) ( 2 ed . ) . Leipzig . Jump up ^ A new English dictionary on historical principles ( vol 9 , pt 1 ) , founded mainly on the materials collected by the Philological Society , Edited with the assistance of many scholars and men of science See Volume 9 , Part 1 of A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles , page 358 , entry `` Socialism , '' 1888 , Clarendon Press , Oxford Jump up ^ Leroux called socialism `` the doctrine which would not give up any of the principles of Liberty , Equality , Fraternity '' of the French Revolution of 1789 . `` Individualism and socialism '' ( 1834 ) Jump up ^ Reybaud , Louis ( 1849 ) ( 1842 ) . Études sur les réformateurs contemporains ou socialistes modernes ( Studies on contemporary reformers or modern socialists : Saint - Simon , Charles Fourier , Robert Owen ) ( PDF ) ( in French ) ( 6 ed . ) . Paris : Guillaumin et Cie , Libraires . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary , etymology of socialism Jump up ^ Schumpeter , Joseph ( 1994 , first ed. 1954 ) . History of Economic Analysis . pp. 429 , 430 . Check date values in : year = ( help ) Jump up ^ Richman , Sheldon , Libertarian Left , The American Conservative ( March 2011 ) Jump up ^ Williams , Raymond ( 1976 ) . Keywords : a vocabulary of culture and society . Fontana . ISBN 0 - 00 - 633479 - 2 . Jump up ^ Engels , Frederick , Preface to the 1888 English Edition of the Communist Manifesto , p202 . Penguin ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Palmer , Brian ( 2010 - 12 - 29 ) What do anarchists want from us ? , Slate.com Jump up ^ William Bailie , `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 17 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Josiah Warren : The First American Anarchist -- A Sociological Study , Boston : Small , Maynard & Co. , 1906 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Peter Sabatini . `` Libertarianism : Bogus Anarchy '' . Theanarchistlibrary.org ( 2009 - 12 - 03 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Native American Anarchism : A Study of Left - Wing American Individualism by Eunice Minette Schuster Archived 2016 - 02 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The origins of socialism as a political movement lie in the Industrial Revolution . '' `` Socialism '' in Encyclopædia Britannica Online Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , Saint Simon ; Socialism Jump up ^ Goldstein 1982 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Hakim Bey ( 1991 ) `` The Lemonade Ocean & Modern Times '' Jump up ^ New Lanark World Heritage Site . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ The National Archives ( UK government records and information management ) The 1833 Factory Act : did it solve the problems of children in factories ? Archived 2004 - 08 - 03 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 7 July 2007 . Jump up ^ From the Foundation Axioms of Owen 's `` Society for Promoting National Regeneration '' , 1833 ^ Jump up to : Robert Owen : Pioneer of Social Reforms by Joseph Clayton , 1908 , A.C. Fifield , London Jump up ^ Owen , Robert , Paper Dedicated to the Governments of Great Britain , Austria , Russia , France , Prussia and the United States of America London 1841 Jump up ^ Kropotkin , P.A. , 1911 , Anarchism , in the Encyclopædia Britannica 11th - 13th editions . Jump up ^ Proudhon , Pierre - Joseph , 1851 , General Idea of the Revolution in the 19th Century , studies 6 & 7 . Jump up ^ There would be `` equal means of subsistence , support , education , and opportunity for every child , boy or girl , until maturity , and equal resources and facilities in adulthood to create his own well - being by his own labor . '' Catechism of a Revolutionary , Mikhail Bakunin , 1866 Jump up ^ Marx and Engels , Manifesto of the Communist Party , p18 , Oxford University Press , ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Rousseau , Jean - Jacques , Social Contract , p2 , Penguin , ( 1968 ) Jump up ^ Marx and Engels , Manifesto of the Communist Party , p14 , Oxford University Press , ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Engels ' 1891 postscript to The Civil War In France by Karl Marx , Marx , Engels , Selected works in one volume , p257 , Lawrence and Wishart ( 1968 ) ^ Jump up to : Marx , Karl , Critique of the Gotha Programme , p320 - 1 , Selected Works , Lawrence and Wishart , ( 1968 ) Jump up ^ Engels , Frederick , Anti-Dühring , 1877 Jump up ^ Breunig , Charles ( 1977 ) . The Age of Revolution and Reaction , 1789 -- 1850 . New York , N.Y : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 09143 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : MIA : Encyclopedia of Marxism : Glossary of Organisations , First International ( International Workingmen 's Association ) , accessed 5 July , 2007 Jump up ^ Blin , Arnaud ( 2007 ) . The History of Terrorism . Berkeley : University of California Press . p. 116 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24709 - 4 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Paul ( 1980 ) . Karl Marx and the Anarchists . London : Routledge and Kegan Paul . p. 304 . ISBN 0 - 7102 - 0685 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bak , Jǹos ( 1991 ) . Liberty and Socialism . Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 236 . ISBN 0 - 8476 - 7680 - 3 . Jump up ^ Engel , Barbara ( 2000 ) . Mothers and Daughters . Evanston : Northwestern University Press . p. 140 . ISBN 0 - 8101 - 1740 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` On the International Workingmen 's Association and Karl Marx '' in Bakunin on Anarchy , translated and edited by Sam Dolgoff , 1971 . Jump up ^ Bakunin , Mikhail ( 1991 ) ( 1873 ) . Statism and Anarchy . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 36973 - 8 . Jump up ^ Graham , Robert ' Anarchism ( Montreal : Black Rose Books 2005 ) ISBN 1 - 55164 - 251 - 4 . Jump up ^ Women and the Commune , in L'Humanité , March 19 , 2005 ( in French ) Archived March 12 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Marx , Engels , Selected works in one volume , p257 , Lawrence and Wishart ( 1968 ) Jump up ^ The Second ( Socialist ) International 1889 - 1923 . Retrieved 12 July 2007 . Jump up ^ George Woodcock . Anarchism : A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements ( 1962 ) . pp. 263 -- 264 Jump up ^ Engels , 1895 Introduction to Marx 's Class Struggles in France 1848 -- 1850 Jump up ^ cf Footnote 449 in Marx Engels Collected Works on Engels ' 1895 Introduction to Marx 's Class Struggles in France 1848 -- 1850 Jump up ^ In England , `` Insurrection would be madness where peaceful agitation would more swiftly and surely do the work ... But , mark me , as soon as it finds itself outvoted on what it considers vital questions , we shall see here a new slaveowners 's war . '' Interview with Karl Marx , Head of L'Internationale , by R. Landor New York World , July 18 , 1871 . ^ Jump up to : Fischer , Ernst , Marx in his own words , p135 , quoting from Marx , The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte Jump up ^ Marx , Engels , Preface to the Russian Edition of 1882 , Communist Manifesto , p196 , Penguin Classics , 2002 Jump up ^ Trotsky , Leon , The Permanent Revolution and Results and Prospects , p169ff . New Park , ( 1962 ) Jump up ^ A Man Before His Time ( 2015 ) , retrieved 2018 - 09 - 28 Jump up ^ `` Lucy Parsons : Woman Of Will '' at the Lucy Parsons Center Jump up ^ `` Tucker and other individualist anarchists argued in the pages of Liberty that anarchist communism was a misnomer because communism implied state authority and true anarchists were against all forms of authority , even the authority of small groups . To individualist anarchists , communistic anarchism , with its ideals of `` to each according to need , from each according to ability , '' necessarily implied authority over others , because it did not privilege individual liberty as the highest virtue . But for anarchist communist , who saw economic freedom as central , individual liberty without food and shelter seemed impossible . Unlike the individualist tradition , whose ideas had had years of exposure through the English language anarchist press in America with the publication of The Word from 1872 to 1893 and Liberty from 1881 to 1908 , communistic anarchism had not been advocated in any detail. `` '' The Firebrand and the Forging of a New Anarchism : Anarchist Communism and Free Love '' by Jessica Moran Jump up ^ Jonathan Purkis and James Bowen , `` Introduction : Why Anarchism Still Matters '' , in Jonathan Purkis and James Bowen ( eds ) , Changing Anarchism : Anarchist Theory and Practice in a Global Age ( Manchester : Manchester University Press , 2004 ) , p. 3 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) BBC News : South America 's leftward sweep Jump up ^ Blin , Arnaud ( 2007 ) . The History of Terrorism . Berkeley : University of California Press . p. 116 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24709 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dodson , Edward ( 2002 ) . The Discovery of First Principles : Volume 2 . Authorhouse . p. 312 . ISBN 0 - 595 - 24912 - 4 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Paul ( 1985 ) . Karl Marx and the Anarchists . London : Routledge & Kegan Paul . p. 187 . ISBN 0 - 7102 - 0685 - 2 . Jump up ^ Resolutions from the St. Imier Congress , in Anarchism : A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas , Vol. 1 , p. 100 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Beevor , Antony ( 2006 ) . The Battle for Spain : The Spanish Civil War 1936 -- 1939 . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 84832 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` '' Action as Propaganda '' by Johann Most , July 25 , 1885 `` . Dwardmac.pitzer.edu. 2003 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Dirlik , Arif ( 1991 ) . Anarchism in the Chinese Revolution . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07297 - 9 . Jump up ^ Avrich , Paul ( 2006 ) . The Russian Anarchists . Stirling : AK Press . p. 204 . ISBN 1 - 904859 - 48 - 8 . Jump up ^ Beevor , Antony ( 2006 ) . The Battle for Spain : The Spanish Civil War 1936 -- 1939 . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 84832 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bolloten , Burnett ( 1984 - 11 - 15 ) . The Spanish Civil War : Revolution and Counterrevolution . University of North Carolina Press . p. 1107 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 1906 - 7 . Jump up ^ Birchall , Ian ( 2004 ) . Sartre Against Stalinism . Berghahn Books . p. 29 . ISBN 1 - 57181 - 542 - 2 . Jump up ^ Thomas 1985 , p. 4 ^ Jump up to : London Federation of Anarchists involvement in Carrara conference , 1968 International Institute of Social History , Accessed 19 January 2010 ^ Jump up to : Short history of the IAF - IFA A-infos news project , Accessed 19 January 2010 Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Paul ( 2007 ) . Anarchism and Authority . Aldershot : Ashgate . p. 10 . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 6196 - 2 . Jump up ^ Williams , Leonard ( September 2007 ) . `` Anarchism Revived '' . New Political Science . 29 ( 3 ) : 297 -- 312 . doi : 10.1080 / 07393140701510160 . ^ Jump up to : Rupert , Mark ( 2006 ) . Globalization and International Political Economy . Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 66 . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 2943 - 6 . Jump up ^ Marx , Engels , Communist Manifesto , Selected Works , p52 Jump up ^ Engels , Frederick , 1895 Introduction to Marx ' Class Struggles in France 1848 -- 1850 Jump up ^ Lenin , Meeting of the Petrograd Soviet of workers and soldiers ' deputies October 25 , 1917 , Collected works , Vol 26 , p239. Lawrence and Wishart , ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ Bertil , Hessel , Introduction , Theses , Resolutions and Manifestos of the first four congresses of the Third International , pxiii , Ink Links ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Lenin , Speech To The Seventh Congress Of The Russian Communist Party On The Brest - Litovsk Peace 7 March 1918 , Works , third edition , vol 22 , p. 322 ^ Jump up to : `` The ' Advance Without Authority ' Archived 2012 - 02 - 08 at the Wayback Machine. : Post-modernism , Libertarian Socialism and Intellectuals '' by Chamsy Ojeili , Democracy & Nature vol. 7 , no. 3 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Carr , E.H. -- The Bolshevik Revolution 1917 -- 1923 . W.W. Norton & Company 1985 . Jump up ^ Avrich , Paul . `` Russian Anarchists and the Civil War '' , Russian Review , Vol. 27 , No. 3 ( Jul. , 1968 ) , pp. 296 -- 306 . Blackwell Publishing Jump up ^ Cover Story : Churchill 's Greatness . Archived 4 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Interview with Jeffrey Wallin . ( The Churchill Centre ) Jump up ^ Bevan also cites the economic backwardness of the region . Aneurin Bevan , In Place of Fear , p62 - 3 . MacGibbon and Kee , ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ De Grand , Alexander , Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany , p20 , Routledge , ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Guerin , Daniel , Fascism and big business , p22 ff Jump up ^ According to Trotsky there was a 250 % growth in industrial production between 1929 and 1935 , compared to an increase of 40 % in Japan and a decline of approximately 25 % in the USA ( the years of the Great Depression ) . Heavy industry increasing by 1000 % in the ten years to 1935 . cf Trotsky , Revolution Betrayed , p15 . Pathfinder , ( 1972 ) ^ Jump up to : Trotsky , Leon , France at a Turning Point , ( 1936 ) in Wither France , p105 . New Park , 1974 Jump up ^ A Land Fit For Heroes ? Jump up ^ Cole and Postgate , The Common People , p551 Jump up ^ Sylvia Pankhurst , ' The British Workers and Soviet Russia ' , published in The Revolutionary Age , August 9 , 1919 Jump up ^ Sylvia Pankhurst reported that , `` The London district committee of the dockers has decided to declare a strike on July 20 and 21 , but it goes further , it had decided to advise its members to abstain from working on any ships bound for Russia or assisting in any way the overthrow of the Russian proletariat '' . Sylvia Pankhurst , ' The British Workers and Soviet Russia ' , published in The Revolutionary Age , August 9 , 1919 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Aneurin , In Place of Fear p40 . MacGibbon and Kee , ( 1961 ) . Bevan reports verbatim what Robert Smillie told him of his meeting with Lloyd George . Jump up ^ Bevan , Aneurin , In Place of Fear p40 . MacGibbon and Kee , ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ For instance , cf Mason , Anthony , The General strike in the North - East , University of Hull Publications ( 1970 ) Jump up ^ Crosland , Anthony , The Future of Socialism , p4 and note 2 Jump up ^ Meed -- literally , ' Reward ' , here used sardonically Jump up ^ Published by the Labour Party in November 1939 Jump up ^ Parsons , Life of Albert R. Parsons , pp. 18 - 19 . Jump up ^ The Alarm is available on microfilm in two different filmings , with one master negative held by the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library in Springfield , Illinois and the other by the Wisconsin Historical Society in Madison . Jump up ^ The Alarm , October 11 , 1884 , page 1 , column 1 . Jump up ^ See , for example , Masthead , The Alarm , vol. 1 , no . 5 ( November 1 , 1884 ) , pg. 2 , column 1 . ^ Jump up to : Foner , Philip Sheldon ( 1986 ) . May day : a short history of the international workers ' holiday , 1886 -- 1986 . New York : International Publishers . p. 56 . ISBN 0 - 7178 - 0624 - 3 . Jump up ^ Avrich , Paul ( 1984 ) . The Haymarket Tragedy . Princeton : Princeton University Press . p. 190 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 00600 - 8 . Jump up ^ Avrich . The Haymarket Tragedy . p. 193 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 04711 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Patrolman Mathias J. Degan '' . The Officer Down Memorial Page , Inc . Archived from the original on 18 January 2008 . Retrieved 19 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Chicago Tribune , 27 June 1886 , quoted in Avrich . The Haymarket Tragedy . p. 209 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 04711 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Act II : Let Your Tragedy Be Enacted Here '' . The Dramas of Haymarket . Chicago Historical Society . 2000 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2008 . Retrieved 19 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Foner . May Day . p. 42 . ISBN 0 - 7178 - 0624 - 3 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Emma ( 1970 ) ( 1931 ) . Living My Life . New York : Dover Publications . pp. 7 -- 10 , 508 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 22543 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Avrich , The Haymarket Tragedy , p. 434 . Jump up ^ Avrich , The Haymarket Tragedy , pp. 433 -- 434 . Jump up ^ Chace , James ( 2005 ) . 1912 : Wilson , Roosevelt , Taft and Debs -- The Election that Changed the Country . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 7355 - 9 . Jump up ^ Bank Failures during the 1930s Great Depression Jump up ^ Dobbs , Farrell , Teamster Rebellion , Monad Press , New York , ( 1972 ) , p21ff , p34 , p92 Jump up ^ `` With the peasants of Aragon '' . National Library of Australia . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ David Dagan ( July 11 , 2010 ) . `` Kibbutz Diary '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Lewis Joachim Edinger . German Exile Politics : The Social Democratic Exexctive Committee in the Nazi Era . University of California Press , 1956 . Pp. 215 . Jump up ^ Lewis Joachim Edinger . German Exile Politics : The Social Democratic Exexctive Committee in the Nazi Era . University of California Press , 1956 . Pp. 219 -- 220 . Jump up ^ Dietrich Orlow . Common Destiny : A Comparative History of the Dutch , French , and German Social Democratic Parties , 1945 -- 1969 . Berghahn Books , 2000 . Pp. 108 . Jump up ^ Stephen Eric Bronner . Ideas in Action : Political Tradition in the Twentieth Century . Lanham Maryland , USA ; Oxford , England , UK : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers , Inc. , 1999 . Pp. 104 . Jump up ^ `` In the forties and fifties , anarchism , in fact if not in name , began to reappear , often in alliance with pacifism , as the basis for a critique of militarism on both sides of the Cold War. ( 3 ) The anarchist / pacifist wing of the peace movement was small in comparison with the wing of the movement that emphasized electoral work , but made an important contribution to the movement as a whole . Where the more conventional wing of the peace movement rejected militarism and war under all but the most dire circumstances , the anarchist / pacifist wing rejected these on principle . '' `` Anarchism and the Anti-Globalization Movement '' by Barbara Epstein Jump up ^ `` In the 1950s and 1960s anarcho - pacifism began to gel , tough - minded anarchists adding to the mixture their critique of the state , and tender - minded pacifists their critique of violence . Its first practical manifestation was at the level of method : nonviolent direct action , principled and pragmatic , was used widely in both the Civil Rights movement in the USA and the campaign against nuclear weapons in Britain and elsewhere . '' Geoffrey Ostergaard . Resisting the Nation State . The pacifist and anarchist tradition Jump up ^ `` Anarchism and the Anti-Globalization Movement '' by Barbara Epstein Jump up ^ British Petroleum , privatised in 1987 , was officially nationalised in 1951 according to government archives ( 4 ) with further government intervention during the 1974 -- 79 Labour Government , cf ' The New Commanding Height : Labour Party Policy on North Sea Oil and Gas , 1964 -- 74 ' in Contemporary British History , Volume 16 , Issue 1 Spring 2002 , pages 89 -- 118 . Some elements of some of these entities were already in public hands . Later Labour renationalised steel ( 1967 , British Steel ) after it was denationalised by the Conservatives , and nationalised car production ( 1976 , British Leyland ) , `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 11 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) . In 1977 , major aircraft companies and shipbuilding were nationalised Jump up ^ The nationalisation of public utilities included the CDF -- Charbonnages de France ; EDF -- Électricité de France ; GDF -- Gaz de France , airlines ( Air France ) , banks ( Banque de France ) and many other private companies like the Renault car factory ( Régie Nationale des Usines Renault ) `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 30 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) . ^ Jump up to : Beckett , Francis , Clem Attlee , Politico , 2007 , p243 Jump up ^ `` To the question ' Is this still capitalism ? ' I would answer ' No ' . '' Crosland , Anthony , The Future of Socialism p46 . Constable ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Bevan , Aneurin , In Place of Fear p50 , p126 - 128 , MacGibbon and Kee , second edition ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ cf Beckett , Francis , Clem Attlee , Politico , 2007 , p243 . `` Idleness '' meant unemployment , and hence the starvation of the worker and his / her family . It was not then a pejorative term . Unemployment benefit , as well as national insurance and hence state pensions , were introduced by the 1945 Labour government . Jump up ^ Fukuyama , The End of History ? , 1989 Jump up ^ AH Hasley writes that Blair 's `` collaboration with ( US President ) George W. Bush has shown him to be an American liberal / conservative rather than a British socialist . '' Hasley , AH , Democracy in Crisis : Ethical Socialism for a Prosperous Country , p77 . Politicos ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Daily Telegraph , June 27 , 2007 , p10 Jump up ^ Castoriadis , Cornelius ( 1975 ) . `` An Interview '' . Telos ( 23 ) . , p. 133 Jump up ^ Castoriadis , Cornelius ( 1975 ) . `` An Interview '' . Telos ( 23 ) . , p. 134 Jump up ^ BBC , 1968 : De Gaulle : ' Back me or sack me ' Jump up ^ Robin Hahnel , Economic Justice and Democracy : From Competition to Cooperation Part II ISBN 0 - 415 - 93344 - 7 Jump up ^ The International Journal of Inclusive Democracy . Inclusivedemocracy.org . Retrieved on 2011 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ John Campbell McMillian ; Paul Buhle ( 2003 ) . The new left revisited . Temple University Press . pp. 112 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56639 - 976 - 0 . Retrieved 28 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Lytle 2006 , pp. 213 , 215 . Jump up ^ `` Overview : who were ( are ) the Diggers ? '' . The Digger Archives . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Gail Dolgin ; Vicente Franco ( 2007 ) . American Experience : The Summer of Love . PBS . Retrieved 23 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Holloway , David ( 2002 ) . `` Yippies '' . St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture . Jump up ^ Abbie Hoffman , Soon to be a Major Motion Picture , page 128 . Perigee Books , 1980 . Jump up ^ Gitlin , Todd ( 1993 ) . The Sixties : Years of Hope , Days of Rage . New York . p. 286 . Jump up ^ ABC News Jump up ^ `` A libertarian Marxist tendency map '' by libcom.org Jump up ^ `` Anarchism '' by Charley Shively in Encyclopedia of Homosexuality . pg. 52 Jump up ^ Crick , Michael , The March of Militant p2 ; Financial Times , 12 June 2007 , ' Working days lost to strike action soars ' ; Office for National Statistics . Jump up ^ Robert Cribb , ed. , The Indonesian killings of 1965 - 1966 : studies from Java and Bali ( Clayton , Vic. : Monash University Centre of Southeast Asian Studies , Monash Papers on Southeast Asia no 21 , 1990 ) . Jump up ^ Mehr , Nathaniel ( 2009 ) . Constructive Bloodbath in Indonesia : The United States , Great Britain and the Mass Killings of 1965 - 1966 . Spokesman Books . ISBN 0851247679 Jump up ^ Roosa , John ( 2006 ) . Pretext for Mass Murder : The September 30th Movement and Suharto 's Coup d'État in Indonesia . Madison , Wisconsin : The University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 22034 - 1 Jump up ^ Richard P. McBrien , Catholicism ( Harper Collins , 1994 ) , chapter IV . Jump up ^ `` One manifestation of this connection was liberation theology -- sometimes characterized as an attempt to marry Marx and Jesus -- which emerged among Roman Catholic theologians in Latin America in the 1960s . '' `` socialism '' at Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Jump up ^ Fred Halliday , `` Cold War '' The Oxford Companion to the Politics of the World , 2e . Joel Krieger , ed . Oxford University Press Inc. 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Peasant ( 农民 ) '' was the official term for workers on people 's communes . According to the Ultra-Left , both peasants and ( urban ) workers together composed a proletarian class divorced from any meaningful control over production or distribution . Jump up ^ See , for instance , `` Whither China ? '' by Yang Xiguang . Jump up ^ The 70s Collective , ed. 1996 . China : The Revolution is Dead , Long Live the Revolution . Montreal : Black Rose Books . Jump up ^ Blakeley , Ruth ( 2009 ) . State Terrorism and Neoliberalism : The North in the South . Routledge . pp. 20 - 23 , 91 - 92 . ISBN 0415686172 . Jump up ^ https://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and-events/the-decline-of-socialism Jump up ^ http://www.pbs.org/newshour/making-sense/capitalism-in-cuba-its-closer-than-the-u-s-may-think/ Further reading ( edit ) Laidler , Harry W. History of Socialism ( 1968 ) . 970pp Lamb , Peter . Historical dictionary of socialism ( Rowman & Littlefield , 2015 ) . James Chris Weinstein , Long Detour : The History and Future of the American Left , Westview Press , 2003 , hardcover , 272 pages , ISBN 0 - 8133 - 4104 - 3 Leo Panitch , Renewing Socialism : Democracy , Strategy , and Imagination , ISBN 0 - 8133 - 9821 - 5 Primary sources ( edit ) Walling , William English , et al. eds . The socialism of to - day ; a source - book of the present position and recent development of the socialist and labor parties in all countries ( 1916 ) 676pp online External links ( edit ) Libertarian Communist Library Archive libcom.org peoples history Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of socialism . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&oldid=861909325 '' Categories : Socialism History of socialism Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 errors : dates CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Webarchive template wayback links Articles with French - language external links Articles lacking in - text citations from October 2010 All articles lacking in - text citations All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from July 2016 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2018 , at 22 : 23 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20socialism
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after what season was the x files movie
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The film takes place between seasons five ( episode `` The End '' ) and six ( episode `` The Beginning '' ) of the television series , and is based upon the series ' extraterrestrial mythology . The story follows agents Mulder and Scully , removed from their usual jobs on the X-Files , and investigating the bombing of a building and the destruction of criminal evidence . They uncover what appears to be a government conspiracy attempting to hide the truth about an alien colonization of Earth .
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extraterrestrial mythology
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The X-Files ( film )
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the x - files ( film )
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The X-Files ( also known as The X-Files : Fight the Future ) is a 1998 American science fiction thriller film directed by Rob Bowman . Chris Carter wrote the screenplay . The story is by Carter and Frank Spotnitz . It is the first feature film based on Carter 's television series The X-Files , which revolves around fictional unsolved cases called the X-Files and the characters solving them . Five main characters from the television series appear in the film : David Duchovny , Gillian Anderson , Mitch Pileggi , John Neville , and William B. Davis reprise their respective roles as FBI agents Fox Mulder and Dana Scully , FBI Assistant Director Walter Skinner , Well - Manicured Man , and the Cigarette - Smoking Man . The film was promoted with the tagline Fight the Future .
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The film takes place between seasons five ( episode `` The End '' ) and six ( episode `` The Beginning '' ) of the television series , and is based upon the series ' extraterrestrial mythology . The story follows agents Mulder and Scully , removed from their usual jobs on the X-Files , and investigating the bombing of a building and the destruction of criminal evidence . They uncover what appears to be a government conspiracy attempting to hide the truth about an alien colonization of Earth . Carter decided to make a feature film to explore the show 's mythology on a wider scale , as well as appealing to non-fans . He wrote the story with Frank Spotnitz at the end of 1996 and , with a budget from 20th Century Fox , filming began in 1997 , following the end of the show 's fourth season . Carter assembled cast and crew from the show , as well as some other , well - known actors such as Blythe Danner and Martin Landau , to begin production on what they termed `` Project Blackwood '' . The film was produced by Carter and Daniel Sackheim . Mark Snow continued his role as X-Files composer to create the film 's score . The film premiered on June 19 , 1998 , in the United States , and received mixed to positive reviews from critics . Although some enjoyed the style and effects of the film , others found the plot confusing and viewed it as little more than an extended episode of the series . A sequel , entitled I Want to Believe , was released ten years later . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Conception and pre-production 3.2 Writing and casting 3.3 Set design 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 4 Release 4.1 Theatrical run 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 Sequel 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) The film opens in 35,000 B.C. , in what will become North Texas . Two cavemen hunters encounter a large extraterrestrial life form in a cave , which kills one and infects the other with a black oil - like substance . In 1998 , in the same area , a boy falls into a hole and is also infected by a black substance which seeps from the ground . Firefighters who enter the hole to rescue him do not come out . A team of men wearing hazmat suits arrive and extract the boy 's body . Meanwhile , FBI Special Agents Fox Mulder and Dana Scully , while investigating a bomb threat against a federal building in Dallas , discover the bomb in a building across the street . As the building is evacuated , Special Agent in Charge Darius Michaud remains , ostensibly to disarm the bomb . However , he simply waits for the bomb to detonate . Mulder and Scully are later chastised because , in addition to Michaud , four other people were in the building during the bombing . That evening Mulder is accosted by a paranoid doctor , Alvin Kurtzweil , who explains that the `` victims '' were already dead , and that the bombing was staged to cover up how they died . At the hospital morgue , Scully is able to examine one of the victims , finding evidence of an alien virus . Meanwhile , the Cigarette Smoking Man goes to Texas , where Dr. Ben Bronschweig shows him one of the lost firefighters , who has an alien organism residing inside his body . He orders Bronschweig to administer a vaccine to it , but to burn the body if it fails . Later , the alien organism unexpectedly gestates and kills Bronschweig . Mulder and Scully travel to the crime scene in Texas , encountering the boys whose friend fell into the hole . Following their direction , they discover a large cornfield surrounding two glowing domes . Inside the domes , grates in the floor open and swarms of bees fly out . The agents flee , chased by black helicopters , but manage to escape . After returning to Washington , D.C. , Scully attends a performance hearing , after which she is transferred . Mulder is devastated to lose his partner . The two are about to share a kiss when Scully is stung by a bee which had lodged itself under her shirt collar , and she quickly loses consciousness . Mulder calls paramedics , but the driver of the ambulance shoots Mulder and whisks Scully away . Mulder , not severely injured , slips out of hospital with the help of The Lone Gunmen and FBI Assistant Director Walter Skinner . He then meets a former adversary , the Well - Manicured Man , who gives him Scully 's location , along with a vaccine against the virus that has infected her . As Mulder leaves , the Well - Manicured Man kills himself in a car bomb , before his betrayal of The Syndicate is discovered . Mulder finds Scully underground in Antarctica , in a large facility containing many humans in ice - like enclosures . He breaks Scully 's confinement and uses the vaccine to revive her , but this disrupts the facility and cocooned aliens begin trying to escape . Just after the agents escape to the surface , a huge alien vessel emerges from beneath the ice and travels into the sky . Mulder watches it disappear into the distance as Scully regains consciousness . Some time later , Scully attends a hearing , where her testimony is disregarded and the evidence covered up . She hands over the only remaining proof of their ordeal , the bee that stung her , noting that the FBI is not currently capable of investigating this evidence . Outside , Mulder reads an article that has covered up the domes and crop field in Texas ; Scully informs Mulder that she is willing to continue working with him . At another crop outpost in Tunisia , the Cigarette Smoking Man warns Strughold that Mulder remains a threat , as he explains what Mulder has found out about the virus . He then hands him a telegram revealing that the X-files unit has been re-opened . Cast ( edit ) Lead actor David Duchovny who portrayed FBI agent Fox Mulder . David Duchovny as Special Agent Fox Mulder Gillian Anderson as Special Agent Dana Scully Martin Landau as Alvin Kurtzweil Blythe Danner as Jana Cassidy Armin Mueller - Stahl as Conrad Strughold Mitch Pileggi as Assistant Director Walter Skinner William B. Davis as Cigarette - Smoking Man John Neville as Well - Manicured Man Dean Haglund as Richard `` Ringo '' Langly Bruce Harwood as John Fitzgerald Byers Tom Braidwood as Melvin Frohike Jeffrey DeMunn as Ben Bronschweig Jason Beghe as FBI Man at Bomb Site Michael Shamus Wiles as Black - Haired Man Terry O'Quinn as Special Agent in Charge Darius Michaud Lucas Black as Stevie Gary Grubbs as Fire Captain Cooles Nick Lashaway as Young Fox Mulder Production ( edit ) Conception and pre-production ( edit ) `` We wanted it to be true to the TV show , for one thing . We did n't want The X-Files to become something else in the movie , just because we had a bigger budget to work with . Yet , we were also mindful that it had to be a culmination of something for the people who had been watching the show for five years , as well as an introduction of these characters and this story to people who had n't . '' -- Frank Spotnitz talking about the development of The X-Files film . After five successful seasons , Chris Carter wanted to tell the story of the series on a wider scale , which ultimately meant creating a feature film . He later explained that the main problem was to create a story for which the viewer would not need to be familiar with the show 's setting and the various story arcs . Carter and Frank Spotnitz wrote major parts of the script in Hawaii over Christmas 1996 . They used the same method that they had used when writing episodes and sketching out scenes for the series on 3x5 index cards . By the time the Christmas break had ended , the whole narrative for the film had been written . Upon his return from Hawaii , Carter looked for spare time to write the script . He returned to Hawaii and in ten days wrote about half of the 124 - page screenplay for the film . Carter gave 90 pages of the screenplay to Fox who received it well . While not officially greenlighted , he got a budget from Fox and began to make plans as to when and where it would be filmed . Carter then enlisted Daniel Sackheim as a producer on the film . Sackheim had previously produced the pilot episode of The X-Files and directed several episodes in the first two seasons . The X-Files marked his first contribution as producer to a feature film . Carter 's choice for director was Rob Bowman , who had been the series ' executive producer and a director before the production base was moved from Vancouver to Los Angeles . During production , the filmmakers went to great lengths to preserve secrecy , including printing the script on red paper to prevent photocopying , and leaking disinformation to the media and giving the film the codename `` Project Blackwood '' . The code was cracked by fans who speculated on the meaning behind it . According to Spotnitz , `` Blackwood '' held no particular significance . At the beginning of the pre-production phase , Carter and Bowman were busy with the television series , leaving Sackheim to work alone . Sackheim hired executive producer Lata Ryan , who had previously collaborated with Steven Spielberg for his 1993 film , Jurassic Park . Once hired , Ryan was allowed to read the script in front of the Ten Thirteen Productions staff members -- but not to take it away . At this time , most of the staff members had not read the script for themselves . After Ryan accepted the offer of becoming executive producer , Chris Nowak was hired as production designer , Ward Russell as director of photography and Bill Liams as construction coordinator . According to Ryan , they had secured all key personnel six weeks before principal filming began . Writing and casting ( edit ) Martin Landau was one of the film 's well - known stars Both Carter and Spotnitz wanted to make the film `` bigger '' than the series , so they decided to start and end the film at an `` extreme place '' and explain aspects of the story arc that the show had not . While gathering research materials , they learned that the Earth was once covered with ice and decided to open the film in Texas in 35,000 BC with human `` Primitives '' as the first characters to appear . The film included known actors from the show such as David Duchovny as Fox Mulder , Gillian Anderson as Dana Scully , Mitch Pileggi as Walter Skinner and William B. Davis as the Cigarette Smoking Man , as well as new actors and characters to the franchise . These included Martin Landau and Blythe Danner . The signing of these actors broke with what had become tradition for The X-Files . Carter had purposely cast virtually unknown actors for the television series , to make it more believable ; `` As soon as you put in an actor whose face is very recognizable , you 've got a situation that works against the reality of the show . '' He saw creating the film as a chance to break this rule . He offered Glenne Headly the small role of a bartender . A fan of the show , she accepted enthusiastically . Set design ( edit ) Chris Nowak was hired as production designer for the film by Daniel Sackheim . Nowak was a former architect who had worked as a professional theater set designer for eight years , before moving towards the film business as an art director . Nowak had previously worked with Sackheim on a television production , which led to Sackheim contacting him to do an interview for the selection of a production designer . According to Sackheim , Nowak was hired because he was the only one able to create a `` focused vision '' for the film . Nowak wanted to start the design process after talking through the story with the filmmakers so that he could formulate `` a sense of the atmosphere '' which they wanted to create for the film . He wanted to create a `` dark , scary and oppressive environment '' for the characters , especially Mulder . While familiar with the television series , Nowak decided not to review any episodes as preparation for his role in the production . Explaining this decision , he said , `` I wanted the movie to be as fresh and new as possible in its design . Of course , there were some elements from the show that had to be retained . '' The design department found all their locations and designed sets in eight weeks , guided by input from the filmmakers . Nowak started by creating artwork for all the major sets and locations , working with the two concept artists Tim Flattery and Jim Martin . Nowak created drafts and sent them to Flattery and Martin who continued to develop them until they were complete . The complete artwork was then presented to Chris Carter , Rob Bowman , Lata Ryan and Sackheim for approval . While considering the time schedule , they made no notable changes to the artwork . Once the set concepts were approved by Carter , Bowman , Sackheim and Ryan , they were sent to the blueprint stage so that construction of the sets could begin under the supervision of construction coordinator Bill Liams . All the major sets were constructed `` simultaneously '' because of the schedule . However , this proved to be a challenge for the production team , because it meant they had to pay the rent on all the stages at the same time . The set construction started seven weeks before filming . Filming ( edit ) Not only could I not have directed the movie as well as Rob Bowman ( ... ) I did n't have the time to even attempt to direct the movie as well as Rob Bowman . Rob is a very collaborative person ; and I thought that working with him collaboratively was a much wiser way to approach this than to try to do it myself . -- Carter talking about choosing a director for the film . Carter and Bowman wanted to film in as many different locations as possible to give the film a `` grander '' feel than had usually been achievable for the television episodes . The tighter schedule , with only eight weeks of pre-production and 45 days of principal photography , still caused the production to have less location shooting than planned . Los Angeles ended up standing in for Dallas and London ( though a shot was done in London with a double ) , and the ice scenes , initially envisaged for an ice field in Alaska , were moved to Whistler , British Columbia , nearby the show 's regular locations in Vancouver . Principal photography for the film started on June 16 , 1997 . The X-Files was filmed in the hiatus between the show 's fourth and fifth seasons and re-shoots were conducted during the filming of the show 's fifth season . Due to the demands of the film shoot on the actors ' schedules , some episodes of the fifth season did not revolve around both Mulder and Scully but just one of the two lead stars . Music ( edit ) Main articles : The X-Files : Original Motion Picture Score and The X-Files : The Album Two soundtracks , The X-Files : Original Motion Picture Score and The X-Files : The Album were both released to home markets in 1998 . The X-Files : The Album included a take on the original theme song by the American duo The Dust Brothers , and included a hidden track on which Chris Carter details a summary of The X-Files mythology . Mark Snow , who had worked on the television series as a composer , was hired to score the film . Chris Carter wanted a `` very minimal approach '' to the music . He did not want much `` melody '' and wanted to replace it with plain `` ambient atmosphere '' and `` sound design '' . Snow mixed electronic music with an 85 - member orchestra to give the film a `` great sense of scope and grandeur . '' When creating the music for the film , Snow had a couple of months to write and produce the music , composing the television series simultaneously . The film marked the first time in the history of the franchise that music was composed and recorded with the help of an orchestra , although , according to Snow , there was no significant change in the recording and writing process during the production of the film . The most substantial difference was that Snow used MIDI files to save his musical scores and pieces , which would afterward be sent to a copyist who would take it through one of their programs and eventually give it to the orchestrators . Release ( edit ) Theatrical run ( edit ) The film premiered theatrically in the United States ( as well as Canada ) on June 19 , 1998 , distributed by 20th Century Fox . It closed after 14 weeks , with its widest release having been 2,650 theaters . Home media ( edit ) The same year as the international theatrical release , the film was released on VHS on October 13 , 1998 in an Extended Cut edition that is 41 seconds longer than the theatrical release . The film made its first appearance on DVD on January 24 , 2000 in Region 2 and in early 2001 in Region 1 . In 2008 , producer Frank Spotnitz announced plans to release a new special edition DVD and Blu - ray edition of the movie . `` We are working on packing the ( re-issued ) DVD and Blu - ray releases with as many extras as they will fit , including video and audio commentaries , behind - the - scenes footage , bloopers , trailers , a new documentary , and several other cool surprises . '' The Blu - ray version was released on December 2 , 2008 . In addition , a novelization of the film was written by Elizabeth Hand and released on June 19 , 1998 . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The film grossed $83,898,313 in the U.S. and $105,278,110 abroad , giving a total worldwide gross of $189,176,423 . In its opening weekend , showing at 2,629 theaters , it earned $30,138,758 which was 35.9 % of its total gross . According to Box Office Mojo , it ranked at No. 23 for all films released in the U.S. in 1998 and No. 10 for PG - 13 rated films released that year . Critical response ( edit ) The film received generally positive reviews . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 64 % of 69 listed film critics gave the film a positive review , with an average rating of 6.1 out of 10 . `` The X-Files '' movie does answer one question raised in the show for an hour a week , five years running : Is the government conspiring to keep the truth about extraterrestrials from the public ? You bet . That 's certainly been the implication from the start , and since paranoia fuels the show , it 's no great leap on the big screen . `` '' -- Tim Goodman , writing for The San Francisco Examiner Roger Ebert gave a positive review of the film with three out of four stars , saying , `` As pure movie , The X-Files more or less works . As a story , it needs a sequel , a prequel , and Cliff Notes . '' Joyce Millman of Salon was more equivocal , writing , `` ... You really ca n't treat The X-Files as a movie because it is n't one . It 's a two - hour episode of the show , '' and said it was far from the `` most satisfying '' of X-Files releases . San Francisco Chronicle reviewer Bob Graham was positive towards the film , calling `` David Duchovny and Gillian Anderson ( ... ) enormously sympathetic heroes . '' Michael O'Sullivan , a reviewer from The Washington Post called the film , `` stylish , scary , sardonically funny and at times just plain gross . '' Los Angeles Times reviewer Kenneth Turan felt that it was difficult to make sense of the film , saying that it relied too heavily on the series ' mythology . Lisa Alspector wrote that `` Only two scenes in this spin - off are worth the time of followers of the TV series . '' Variety reviewer Todd McCarthy remarked , `` As it is , the pic serves up set - pieces and a measure of scope that are beyond TV size but remain rather underwhelming by feature standards . '' Janet Maslin of The New York Times responded negatively towards the film , complaining that it was uneventful and scorning the `` hush - hush atmosphere '' surrounding the production . Sequel ( edit ) Main articles : The X-Files franchise and The X-Files : I Want to Believe The X-Files has spawned one sequel , a 2008 film entitled The X-Files : I Want to Believe released six years after the series ended . The film performed modestly at the box office and received a less positive response than the first film . In an interview with Entertainment Weekly , Chris Carter announced that if I Want to Believe proved successful , he would propose that a third movie go back to the television series ' mythology and focus on the alien invasion foretold within the series , due to occur in December 2012 . No third movie appeared ; instead , the TV series was revived in 2016 . See also ( edit ) Speculative fiction / Science fiction portal 1990s portal Film portal Extraterrestrial hypothesis 1998 in film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE X-FILES ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 7 , 1998 . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The X-Files ( 1998 ) '' , Box Office Mojo , IMDb.com , Inc , retrieved April 3 , 2010 Jump up ^ Duncan 1998 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Chris , Spotnitz , Frank , Bowman , Rob , Duchovny , David , Anderson , Gillian , Pileggi , Mitch , Sackheim , Daniel , Paris , David , Lombardi , Paul , Epstein , John , McLaglen , Josh , Beck , Mat , Wash , John and Snow , Mark ( 1998 ) . The Making of The X-Files Movie ( DVD ) . Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Duncan 1998 , pp. 4 - 5 . Jump up ^ Duncan 1998 , pp. 5 - 6 . Jump up ^ Duncan 1998 , pp. 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Duncan 1998 , p 11 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Chris and Bowman , Rob ( 1998 ) . Audio commentary for The X-Files ( DVD ) . Fox Home Entertainment . ^ Jump up to : Duncan 1998 , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Duncan 1998 , p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Duncan 1998 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Green , Chris ( Spring 2010 ) . `` Case Study : Fred Baron '' ( PDF ) . Produced by . Producers Guild of America : 15 . Jump up ^ Carter , Chris , Gilligan , Vince , Shiban , John , Haglund , Dean , Manners , Kim , Bowman , Rob , Spotnitz , Frank , Cartwright , Veronica , Rabwin , Paul , Rogers , Mimi and Goodwin , R.W. `` Bob '' ( 1998 ) . The Truth Behind Season 5 ( DVD ) . Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Love , Brett , `` X-Files ( Score ) '' , Allmusic , Rovi Corporation , retrieved September 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas , `` X-Files ( Original Soundtrack ) '' , Allmusic , Rovi Corporation , retrieved September 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ Goldwasser , Dan ( May 27 , 2008 ) , `` The S Files '' , Soundtrack.net , SoundtrackNet , LLC , retrieved September 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` X-Files : Fight the Future , The '' . Jump up ^ `` The X-Files : Fight the Future Blu - ray review at High Def Digest '' . ^ Jump up to : Graham , Bob ( October 16 , 1998 ) , `` Conspiracy Marks the Spot The X-Files proves an intriguing thrill '' , San Francisco Chronicle , Hearst Communications , Inc , retrieved September 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` DV - Delicious '' , SFX , Future plc , January 2000 Jump up ^ Stark , Jeff ( January 16 , 2001 ) . `` The X-Files : Fight the Future '' . Salon . Salon Media Group . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Producer : Fox Plotting to Bring X-Files Movies to Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . July 7 , 2008 . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The X-Files : Fight The Future - Blu - ray '' . Barnes & Noble . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ The X-Files : Fight The Future . HarperEntertainment . ISBN 0061050679 . Jump up ^ `` The X-Files : Fight the Future ( 1998 ) '' , Rotten Tomatoes , Flixster , Inc , archived from the original on September 2 , 2009 , retrieved September 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` X ' hits the spot '' . The San Francisco Examiner . Retrieved February 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( June 19 , 1998 ) , `` The X-Files '' , Chicago Sun Times , Sun - Times Media Group , retrieved September 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ Millmann , Joyce ( 1998 ) , `` I want to believe '' , Salon , Salon Media Group , archived from the original on May 7 , 2010 , retrieved September 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Michael ( June 19 , 1998 ) , `` ' X ' - tra , ' X ' - tra ! See All About It ! '' , The Washington Post , The Washington Post Company , retrieved September 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( June 19 , 1998 ) , `` The X-Files '' , Los Angeles Times , Tribune Company , retrieved September 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ Alspector , Lisa ( 1998 ) , `` The X-Files '' , Chicago Reader , Creative Loafing , Inc , retrieved September 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( June 19 , 1998 ) , `` The X-Files '' , Variety , Reed Business Information , retrieved September 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` The X-Files : Fight the Future ( 1998 ) '' , Rotten Tomatoes , Flixster , Inc , retrieved April 6 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` The X-Files : I Want to Believe '' . The Numbers . Retrieved September 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The X-Files : I Want to Believe ( 2008 ) '' , Rotten Tomatoes , Flixster , Inc , retrieved September 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ Clark Collis ( April 18 , 2008 ) , `` ' X-Files ' creator Chris Carter wants to believe in a third film featuring Mulder and Scully '' , Entertainment Weekly , Time Inc , retrieved July 27 , 2009 Duncan , Jody ( 1998 ) . The Making of The X-Files Movie . New York , US : HarperPrism . ISBN 0 - 06 - 107316 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The X-Files : Fight The Future The X-Files on IMDb The X-Files at AllMovie The X-Files at the TCM Movie Database The X-Files at the American Film Institute Catalog The X-Files at Box Office Mojo The X-Files at Rotten Tomatoes The X-Files at Metacritic The X-Files The X-Files Awards Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Unmade The X-Files ( film ) The X-Files : I Want to Believe Mythology Religion in The X-Files Sources and analogues Characters Colonists Minor Samantha Mulder X-files unit Fox Mulder Dana Scully Walter Skinner John Doggett Monica Reyes Brad Follmer Jeffrey Spender Alvin Kersh Lone Gunmen Jimmy Bond Syndicate Cigarette Smoking Man Well - Manicured Man Deep Throat X Marita Covarrubias Alex Krycek Men in Black Merchandise Games Collectible Card Game The X-Files Game Unrestricted Access Resist or Serve DVD releases Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 4 Revelations Music Theme Songs in the Key of X The Truth and the Light The X-Files : Original Motion Picture Score The X-Files : The Album I Want to Believe : Original Motion Picture Score Literature The X-Files ( comics ) The X-Files Season 10 The X-Files Season 11 Related shows Millennium The Lone Gunmen `` The Springfield Files '' Book Portal Films directed by Rob Bowman Airborne ( 1993 ) The X-Files ( 1998 ) Reign of Fire ( 2002 ) Elektra ( 2005 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_X-Files_(film)&oldid=808544430 '' Categories : 1998 films English - language films The X-Files ( franchise ) 1998 horror films 1990s action films 1990s science fiction films 20th Century Fox films American films American science fiction action films American science fiction horror films Detective films Federal Bureau of Investigation in fiction Film scores by Mark Snow Films about extraterrestrial life Films based on television series Films directed by Rob Bowman Films set in 1998 Films set in Antarctica Films set in pre-Columbian America Films set in Texas Films set in Dallas Films set in Tunisia Films set in Washington , D.C. Films shot in British Columbia Films shot in London Films shot in Los Angeles Prehistoric people in popular culture Films set in Maryland Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from November 2015 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 14 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20X-Files%20%28film%29
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who plays harold in captain underpants the movie
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In the city of Piqua , Ohio , two fourth - grade friends and next - door neighbors named George Beard ( Kevin Hart ) and Harold Hutchins ( Thomas Middleditch ) are the pranksters at their school , Jerome Horwitz Elementary School . They excessively prank the cruel teachers , with many of these pranks directed at their `` evil '' principal , Mr. Benjamin `` Benny '' Krupp ( Ed Helms ) , putting the two at odds with him . The duo also create comic books about a superhero named Captain Underpants , a character who has superpowers and wears underwear and a cape . They sell these to their schoolmates through a comic company called Treehouse Comix Inc. , located in their treehouse . George and Harold 's pranks come to an apparent end after they 're caught tampering with a toilet invention , the Turbo Toilet 2000 , made by the school 's local snitch and intellectual , Melvin Sneedly ( Jordan Peele ) , on video . Because of this , Mr. Krupp has no choice but to annihilate their friendship by putting them into separate classes .
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Thomas Middleditch
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Captain Underpants : the First Epic Movie
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captain underpants : the first epic movie
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Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie is a 2017 American computer - animated superhero comedy film based on the children 's novel series of the same name by Dav Pilkey . It was produced by DreamWorks Animation , and Mikros Image Montreal with Technicolor Animation Productions provided animation . It was directed by David Soren from a screenplay by Nicholas Stoller , and stars the voices of Kevin Hart , Ed Helms , Thomas Middleditch , Nick Kroll , Jordan Peele , and Kristen Schaal . The plot follows two imaginative elementary school pranksters named George Beard and Harold Hutchins ( voiced by Hart and Middleditch ) who hypnotize their mean - spirited principal , Mr. Krupp ( voiced by Helms ) , into thinking he is Captain Underpants , a superhero who fights crime while wearing only underwear and a cape , and the main protagonist of George and Harold 's comic books .
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Captain Underpants premiered on May 21 , 2017 , at the Regency Village Theater in Los Angeles , and was released in the United States on June 2 , 2017 , in 3D and 2D . The film received generally positive reviews from critics and has grossed $125 million worldwide against a budget of $38 million , making it the lowest - budgeted computer - animated feature of DreamWorks Animation 's history . This was the last DreamWorks Animation film to be distributed by 20th Century Fox . With the film 's release in Saudi Arabia paired with The Emoji Movie on January 13 , 2018 , both became the first films to be given official public screenings in the country in 35 years after the removal of Saudi Arabia 's cinema ban . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 4 Music 4.1 Soundtrack 4.1. 1 Track listing 4.2 Score 4.2. 1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Home media 5.4 Accolades 6 Television series 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In the city of Piqua , Ohio , two fourth - grade friends and next - door neighbors named George Beard ( Kevin Hart ) and Harold Hutchins ( Thomas Middleditch ) are the pranksters at their school , Jerome Horwitz Elementary School . They excessively prank the cruel teachers , with many of these pranks directed at their `` evil '' principal , Mr. Benjamin `` Benny '' Krupp ( Ed Helms ) , putting the two at odds with him . The duo also create comic books about a superhero named Captain Underpants , a character who has superpowers and wears underwear and a cape . They sell these to their schoolmates through a comic company called Treehouse Comix Inc. , located in their treehouse . George and Harold 's pranks come to an apparent end after they 're caught tampering with a toilet invention , the Turbo Toilet 2000 , made by the school 's local snitch and intellectual , Melvin Sneedly ( Jordan Peele ) , on video . Because of this , Mr. Krupp has no choice but to annihilate their friendship by putting them into separate classes . To prevent this , George hypnotizes Mr. Krupp with a 3D Hypno Ring he received out of a box of Frosted Sugar Doodles . The boys see that Mr. Krupp bears an odd resemblance to Captain Underpants without his toupee and command him to be Captain Underpants . The boys soon learn the severity of their actions when `` Captain Underpants '' begins causing problems around Piqua . To prevent these issues , the boys take him to their treehouse , where they discover that they can turn Captain Underpants back into Mr. Krupp by splashing water on him and can turn him back into Captain Underpants by snapping their fingers . Believing that Mr. Krupp will continue trying to separate them , they decide to settle with Captain Underpants but insist that he be dressed up as Mr. Krupp under the pretense of a `` secret identity , '' to which Captain Underpants agrees . His sudden personality change even manages to attract the attention ( and affection ) of the school 's shy lunch lady , Edith ( Kristen Schaal ) . Just when George and Harold believe that their troubles have ended , Jerome Horwitz Elementary School is visited by an odd , German - accented scientist named Professor Pee - Pee Diarrheastein Poopypants , Esq . ( Nick Kroll ) , or as he calls himself , Professor P. Captain Underpants ( disguised as Mr. Krupp ) hires him to be a new teacher , but George and Harold are suspicious of him . As it turns out , Poopypants is seeking to get rid of laughter altogether due to the fact that people have made fun of his name for years . He recruits Melvin to help him , as he discovers his brain makes him incapable of laughing or having fun . After Mr. Krupp finally separates the boys in separate classes from a school carnival accident by Captain Underpants , Professor Poopypants tries to take over the town with a giant version of the Turbo Toilet 2000 , fueled by the school cafeteria 's rotten leftovers left out by Edith and uses Melvin 's brain to turn the children into glum , humorless zombies . Captain Underpants tries to stop the villain , but due to having no actual superpowers , is effortlessly defeated and thrown into the toilet . George and Harold are captured and nearly turned into zombies , but are able to escape after Professor Poopypants includes Uranus as one of the planets he 'll rid of laughter , causing the boys to laugh and damage the Turbo Toilet 2000 's computer , restoring the children back to normal . Upon consuming the mutated leftovers , Captain Underpants acquires superpowers and , with George and Harold 's help , defeats and shrinks Poopypants , though he escapes on a bumblebee shortly thereafter . Knowing that they ca n't control Captain Underpants , George and Harold destroy the Hypno Ring to permanently change him back into Mr. Krupp . Feeling that Mr. Krupp would be nicer if he had friends , the boys set him and lovesick Edith up on a date , thus making Mr. Krupp have a change of heart , returns the comics he took away from George and Harold , and even admits their comics are funny . However , the toxic waste from the Turbo Toilet 2000 transforms all the toilets into vicious monsters which attack the restaurant at which Mr. Krupp and Edith are dining . Upon snapping his fingers , Mr. Krupp once again becomes Captain Underpants , carrying George and Harold away to help him fight them , much to Edith 's surprise and admiration . In a mid-credits scene , George and Harold realize that the secretary , who they put on hold before by faking a contest with a cash prize of $1 billion , has been on the phone for the entire film , so they shut off the call , make the secretary angry , and make a new comic based on her reaction . Voice cast ( edit ) Kevin Hart as George Beard , a fourth - grade student . He is Harold 's best friend and writes stories for the comics he and Harold make . Thomas Middleditch as Harold Hutchins , a fourth - grade student . He is George 's best friend and illustrates the comics he and George make . Ed Helms as Mr. Benjamin `` Benny '' Krupp / Captain Underpants , the mean - spirited principal of Jerome Horwitz Elementary School , who is hypnotized into becoming the superhero created by George and Harold . Nick Kroll as Professor Pee - Pee Diarrheastein Poopypants , Esq. , a scientist angered after being constantly made fun of and not taken seriously for his name , who decides to take over the world to get rid of all laughter and captain underpants _́ s arch - nemesis . Jordan Peele as Melvin Sneedly , George and Harold 's arch - nemesis , a child prodigy inventor ; he becomes Prof. Poopypants ' unwitting sidekick . Kristen Schaal as Edith , the shy school lunch lady and the love interest of Mr. Krupp . Dee Dee Rescher as Ms. Tara Ribble , the 4th - grade teacher ( and George 's new teacher when Mr. Krupp separates the boys ) . Brian Posehn as Mr. Rected , the guidance counselor ( and Harold 's new teacher when Mr. Krupp separates the boys ) . Mel Rodriguez as Mr. Morty Fyde , the science teacher who gets fired by Krupp and is replaced by Professor Poopypants . David Soren as Tommy , a boy who is seen frequently throughout the movie climbing into his own locker and shutting the locker door behind him . Susan Fitzker as Mrs. Dayken , George and Harold 's kindergarten teacher and unintentionally made them laugh by mentioning Uranus Lynnanne Zager as Mrs. Beard Tiffany Lauren Bennicke as Sad Girl James Ryan as Mime Leslie David Baker as Officer McPiggly Sugar Lyn Beard as Goodie Two - Shoes Girl Lesley Nicol as Nobel Moderator Chris Miller as Nobel Audience Member Coco Soren as Balloon Girl Production ( edit ) DreamWorks ' interest in the film rights to the Captain Underpants series dates back to when the first installment was published in 1997 , but creator Dav Pilkey did not want to sell them . Early pitches for an adaptation included video games , animated and live - action films , an animated series , and a live - action series . To persuade him , DreamWorks gave Pilkey a tour around the studio with everyone wearing underpants over their actual pants , which made him laugh . In October 2011 , his representatives indicated Pilkey was ready , and DreamWorks Animation won the rights in an auction . In October 2013 , Rob Letterman was announced as director and Nicholas Stoller as scriptwriter . The two had previously worked together on the film Gulliver 's Travels . In January 2014 , the cast was announced . Ed Helms joined as Mr. Krupp a.k.a. Captain Underpants , Kevin Hart as George Beard , Thomas Middleditch as Harold Hutchins , Nick Kroll as the `` insidious villain '' Professor Poopypants , and Jordan Peele as George and Harold 's `` nerdy nemesis '' Melvin Sneedly . In 2014 , DreamWorks Animation announced a January 2017 release date . Following DreamWorks Animation 's reorganization in early 2015 , the studio announced that the film would be produced outside of the studio 's pipeline at a significantly lower cost . It was instead animated at Mikros Image in Montreal , Canada , and at Technicolor Animation Productions in France , and therefore looks identical to Pilkey 's artwork , as well as differently than most of DWA 's films . A month later , Letterman left the project but came back as an executive producer , and David Soren , the director of Turbo , entered talks to direct the film . During production , Pilkey got to work closely with Soren . He was relieved that Soren was directing since he was a fan of Turbo . In an interview with Los Angeles Times , Pilkey said : `` Once I met David , it was like a huge load fell off my back ; I was like , ' I do n't even have to think about this anymore . Just send me a couple of tickets to the premiere . ' '' Commenting back , Soren said , `` In a way , the controversy over the books ended up being liberating for the film . Normally on an animated movie you 're trying to appeal to every possible demographic , and often that results in your content being watered down a little bit . Obviously we hope we get as wide of an audience as possible . But it 's likely that if people have issues with the books they may have issues with the movie too , and we did n't feel like we needed to waste a lot of time trying to rope them in . It allowed us to make the purest version of the movie . '' Soreness also said that he took inspiration from John Hughes films . In an interview with MovieFreak , he mentioned , ... we actually looked at a lot of John Hughes movies for inspiration , like Ferris Bueller 's Day Off and Weird Science . John Hughes had this great knack for making comedies likes this . Both of those movies have great friendships at the center of them . He seemed to be able to tap into the voice of a generation . They 're very funny , all of his movies , but they are also poignant and they actually have meaningful things to say , which I think is why they have stood the test of time . So there 's timelessness to his work that we were attempting to go for with this . Although it is a CG - animated feature , the film includes scenes that are traditionally animated , flash animated , a short cutout animation segment , and a sock puppet sequence created by Screen Novelties . Music ( edit ) Soundtrack ( edit ) `` Weird Al '' Yankovic wrote and performed the theme song for the film , which was featured in a lyric video . It currently stands at over 10 million views ( as of March 2018 ) . Andy Grammer wrote another original song for the film , titled `` A Friend Like You '' . The film also features music from Adam Lambert , Cold War Kids member Nathan Willett , and Lil Yachty . An 11 - track soundtrack album was released digitally on June 2 , 2017 , by Virgin Records and Deep Well Records . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Captain Underpants Theme Song '' `` Weird Al '' Yankovic and Ed Helms 2 : 14 2 . `` A Friend Like You '' Andy Grammer 3 : 40 3 . `` Saturday ( cast version ) '' Kevin Hart and Thomas Middleditch 0 : 48 4 . `` Think '' Adam Lambert 2 : 59 5 . `` 1812 Ofarture '' The Students of Jerome Horwitz Elementary School 1 : 08 6 . `` Hallelujah '' Kevin Hart , Thomas Middleditch , Ed Helms 0 : 39 7 . `` Oh Yeah '' Lil Yachty 2 : 51 8 . `` Saturday '' Nathan Willett 3 : 29 9 . `` Comic Book Opening '' Theodore Shapiro 1 : 54 10 . `` Saving the Day '' Theodore Shapiro 7 : 22 11 . `` The Prank for Good '' Theodore Shapiro 5 : 38 Total length : 32 : 42 Score ( edit ) The film score was composed by Theodore Shapiro . A soundtrack for the score of the film was released on June 9 . It features 24 pieces of music , and an exclusive digital booklet on iTunes . Three of the scores are also available on the soundtrack ( those being `` Comic Book Opening '' , `` Saving the Day '' , and `` The Prank for Good '' ) . Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by Theodore Shapiro . No . Title Length 2 . `` Treehouse '' 1 : 03 3 . `` Bromance Origin Story '' 1 : 58 4 . `` Annihilate the Friendship '' 2 : 13 5 . `` Tuna Casserole '' 0 : 59 6 . `` Snooping '' 1 : 47 7 . `` Power of the Hypno Ring '' 1 : 57 8 . `` A Hero is Born '' 4 : 14 9 . `` Mad Genius Inventor '' 0 : 53 10 . `` Bringing Krupp Home '' 2 : 20 11 . `` Two Blue Eyes '' 2 : 10 12 . `` Brain of a Child '' 1 : 54 13 . `` Hallelujah , His Name is Poopypants '' 1 : 37 14 . `` The Nobel Prize '' 3 : 02 15 . `` Anti-Humor Boy '' 1 : 49 16 . `` Art Class Liberation '' 1 : 57 17 . `` Carnival Conniptions '' 2 : 17 18 . `` Separation Anxiety '' 1 : 32 19 . `` Poopypants Has No Gas '' 1 : 36 20 . `` A World Without Laughter '' 2 : 53 21 . `` Flip - O-Rama ! '' 1 : 24 22 . `` Really Silly Names '' 1 : 23 Total length : 55 : 42 Release ( edit ) Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie was previously scheduled to be released on March 10 , 2017 , but in September 2015 , The Boss Baby took over its date . The film was then moved to June 2 , 2017 , and was released by 20th Century Fox . Other territories such as Europe and Asia received the film between July and October 2017 and the movie came on DVD and Blu - Ray on September 12 , 2017 and it premiered on May 21 , 2017 at the Regency Village Theater in Los Angeles . The film was chosen along with The Emoji Movie to inaugurate the removal of Saudi Arabia 's cinema ban through a double feature screening on January 13 , 2018 organized by Cinema 70 . Both are the first two movies to be given an official public screening in the country in 35 years . Box Office ( edit ) Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie has grossed $73.9 million in the United States and Canada and $51.2 million in other territories , for a worldwide gross of $125.3 million . In North America , the film was released alongside Wonder Woman , and was projected to gross around $20 million from 3,434 theaters in its opening weekend . It made $8 million on its first day and $23.9 million in its opening weekend , finishing second at the box office , behind Wonder Woman ( $103.3 million ) . The film would go on to gross $12.2 million in its second weekend , $7.2 million in its third and $4.3 million in its fourth . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 86 % based on 116 reviews and an average rating of 6.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` With a tidy plot , clean animation , and humor that fits its source material snugly , Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie is entertainment that wo n't drive a wedge between family members . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 69 out of 100 based on 25 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film three - and - a-half out of four stars . Although Seitz pointed out that the film is hampered by `` a rushed , jumbled quality '' and has `` tiresome '' features that he says are common to DreamWorks , such as `` frenetic action scenes ... and the use of workhorse pop songs '' , he emphasized that `` ( t ) hey 've approached this compendium of elemental slapstick and unabashed childishness with the reverence that the Coen brothers brought to No Country for Old Men . '' He further added that the inclusion of the flip book interludes are the film 's best parts , especially in having the pages accidentally be torn similar to the real books , stating that `` ( i ) t 's not often that a movie puts a spotlight on a mundane ritual in your own life that you never realized was profound and says , ' You probably forgot about this , but I want you to remember it and savor it , because it meant something . ' '' Home Media ( edit ) Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie was released on Digital HD on August 29 , 2017 , and on DVD , Blu - ray and Ultra HD Blu - ray on September 12 , 2017 , by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment , and has been released by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment in certain territories . Accolades ( edit ) Award Recipient ( s ) Result Annie Award Best Animated Feature Mireille Soria and Mark Swift Nominated Music in an Animated Feature Production Theodore Shapiro Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production Nick Kroll Detroit Film Critics Society Best Animated Film Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie Empire Awards Best Animated Film Nominated Golden Tomato Awards 2017 Best Animated Film 5th Place Hollywood Music in Media Awards 2017 Best Original Song - Animated Film `` Captain Underpants Theme Song '' for `` Weird Al '' Yankovic Nominated Best Original Score - Animated Film Theodore Shapiro International Film Music Critics Association Best Original Score for an Animated Film Won IGN Awards Best Animated Movie Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Animated Film Nominated Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society Best Animated Film Nominated St. Louis Film Critics Association Best Animated Feature David Soren 16th Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in an Animated Feature David Soren , Mark Swift , Mireille Soria , David Dulac Television series ( edit ) Main article : The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants On December 12 , 2017 , Netflix and DreamWorks Animation announced that there will be an animated series entitled The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants on Netflix sometime in 2018 . The series will be executive produced by Peter Hastings . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Half - cover of the Yello song of the same name References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rechtshaffen , Michael ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Underpants The First Epic Movie ( 2017 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Preview : ' Wonder Woman ' Readies for $95 M - Plus U.S. Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb.com , Inc . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Captain Underpants ' Could Dramatically Alter The U.S. Feature Animation Industry '' . Cartoon Brew . Cartoon Brew , LLC . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : DreamWorks Animation ( January 21 , 2014 ) . `` Captain Underpants Saves The Day By Recruiting Top Comedy Talent To Voice New DreamWorks Animation Film '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Snetiker , Marc ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Captain Underpants movie recruits Kristen Schaal '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Josh Rottenberg ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Why Captain Underpants author Dav Pilkey played hard to get with Hollywood '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mike Flemming , Jr ( October 19 , 2011 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Wins Auction For ' Captain Underpants ' Feature Film Rights '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 25 , 2013 ) . `` Rob Letterman to Direct ' Captain Underpants ' for DWA ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks Animation Release Dates Include Madagascar 4 '' . Collider.com . June 12 , 2014 . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Restructuring To Cut 500 Jobs With $290 M Charge '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Jeffrey Katzenberg on DWA 's Cutbacks : ' 3 Films a Year Was Too Ambitious '' . Variety . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . `` Trolls , '' set for a 2016 release , will be the first film to be made with the $120 million budget . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr. , Mike ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Rob Letterman Doffs ' Captain Underpants ' ; ' Turbo 's David Soren Being Fitted For DWA Pic '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sara Michelle Fetters . `` '' CAPTAIN UNDERPANTS : THE FIRST EPIC ADVENTURE '' -- INTERVIEW WITH DAVID SOREN `` . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Unknown parameter dat = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Tra la la ! Weird Al Yankovic sings Captain Underpants theme in lyric video '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tom , Lauren ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Captain Underpants ' Movie Scores Epic Soundtrack With ' Weird Al ' , Lil Yachty & More '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie ' Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter . May 11 , 2017 . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( September 18 , 2015 ) . `` Hugh Jackman 's ' Greatest Showman on Earth ' Pushed a Year to Christmas 2017 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Theatrical Movie Schedule Changes and Additions '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb.com , Inc . March 27 , 2016 . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( December 24 , 2016 ) . `` Captain Underpants leaps to the big screen in exclusive first look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Hart , Kristen Schaal attend ' Captain Underpants ' premiere in Los Angeles '' . United Press International . May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Milligan , Mercedes ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Emoji Movie , ' ' Captain Underpants ' Break Saudi Arabia 's 35 - Year Cinema Fast '' . Animation Magazine . Jean Thoren . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' : All The World Is Waiting For You As Warner Bros. / DC Pic Eyes $175 M+ Global Opening '' . Deadline . Penske Business Media , LLC . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Wonder Woman ' Breaks Glass Ceiling For Female Directors & Stomps On ' Iron Man ' With $100.5 M Debut -- Sunday AM Final '' . Deadline.com . June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Tre'vell ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' lassos $100.5 million at domestic box office , ' Captain Underpants ' overperforms '' . Los Angeles Times . Tronc . Jump up ^ `` Why ' Transformers ' Is Screaming For Reboot After $69 M Start ; ' Wonder Woman ' & ' Cars 3 ' Fight Over 2nd Place '' . Deadline . Penske Business Media , LLC . June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie Movie Review '' . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie DVD Release Date '' . DVDs Release Dates . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Walt Disney Company Picks Up 33 Annie Award Nominations , Including 13 For ' Coco ' '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Detroit Film Critics Society Awards Nominations '' . Detroit Film Critics Society . December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ruby , Jennifer ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Empire Film Awards 2018 : The Last Jedi leads the pack with nine nominations including Best Actress for Daisy Ridley '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Leads Nominations for U.K. 's Empire Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BEST - REVIEWED ANIMATED MOVIES 2017 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . January 3 , 2018 . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards Announces Nominees in Film , TV , & Video Game Music '' . Shoot Online . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://filmmusiccritics.org/2018/02/ifmca-award-nominations-2017/ Jump up ^ http://filmmusiccritics.org/2018/02/ifmca-award-winners-2017/ Jump up ^ IGN Editors ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` BEST OF 2017 NOMINEES '' . IGN Awards . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` Nickelodeon 's Kids ' Choice Awards 2018 : Watch Host John Cena Announce the Favorite Movie Nominees '' . E ! Online . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society Film Nominations -- LA Online Film Critics Society '' . laofcs.org . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society Nominations '' . December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Annual StLFCA Awards '' . Sf . Louis Film Association . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' Apes , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' She - Ra ' Scores Netflix Reboot Through DreamWorks Animation '' . 12 December 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Zahed , Ramin ( 2017 ) , The Art of Captain Underpants The First Epic Movie ( 1st ed . ) , Titan Books , ISBN 978 - 1785652905 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie Official website Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie on IMDb Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie at AllMovie Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie at Box Office Mojo Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie at Metacritic Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie at Rotten Tomatoes DreamWorks Animation A subsidiary of NBCUniversal , a Comcast company Feature films Antz ( 1998 ) The Prince of Egypt ( 1998 ) The Road to El Dorado ( 2000 ) Joseph : King of Dreams ( 2000 ) Shrek ( 2001 ) Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron ( 2002 ) Sinbad : Legend of the Seven Seas ( 2003 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Shark Tale ( 2004 ) Madagascar ( 2005 ) Over the Hedge ( 2006 ) Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) Bee Movie ( 2007 ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa ( 2008 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) Megamind ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda 2 ( 2011 ) Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) The Croods ( 2013 ) Turbo ( 2013 ) Mr. Peabody & Sherman ( 2014 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) Penguins of Madagascar ( 2014 ) Home ( 2015 ) Kung Fu Panda 3 ( 2016 ) Trolls ( 2016 ) The Boss Baby ( 2017 ) Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie ( 2017 ) Produced with Aardman Chicken Run ( 2000 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Flushed Away ( 2006 ) Upcoming How to Train Your Dragon 3 ( 2019 ) Franchises Shrek ( since 2001 ) Madagascar ( since 2005 ) Kung Fu Panda ( since 2008 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 -- 14 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( since 2010 ) Tales of Arcadia ( since 2016 ) TV series Toonsylvania ( 1998 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) Alienators : Evolution Continues ( 2001 -- 02 ) Father of the Pride ( 2004 -- 05 ) The Penguins of Madagascar ( 2008 -- 15 ) Neighbors from Hell ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness ( 2011 -- 16 ) DreamWorks Dragons ( 2012 -- 18 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2013 -- 14 ) Turbo FAST ( 2013 -- 16 ) VeggieTales in the House ( 2014 -- 16 ) All Hail King Julien ( 2014 -- 17 ) The Adventures of Puss in Boots ( 2015 -- 18 ) Dawn of the Croods ( since 2015 ) Dinotrux ( since 2015 ) The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show ( since 2015 ) Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh ( since 2016 ) Noddy , Toyland Detective ( since 2016 ) Trollhunters ( since 2016 ) Voltron : Legendary Defender ( since 2016 ) VeggieTales in the City ( since 2017 ) Spirit Riding Free ( since 2017 ) Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! ( since 2018 ) The Boss Baby : Back in Business ( since 2018 ) Upcoming The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants ( 2018 ) Harvey Street Kids ( 2018 ) 3 Below ( 2018 ) Wizards ( 2019 ) Television specials Shrek the Halls ( 2007 ) Monsters vs. Aliens : Mutant Pumpkins from Outer Space ( 2009 ) Merry Madagascar ( 2009 ) Scared Shrekless ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda Holiday ( 2010 ) Madly Madagascar ( 2013 ) Trolls Holiday ( 2017 ) Short films Shrek 4 - D ( 2003 ) Far Far Away Idol ( 2004 ) The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper ( 2005 ) First Flight ( 2006 ) Hammy 's Boomerang Adventure ( 2006 ) Secrets of the Furious Five ( 2008 ) B.O.B. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain%20Underpants%3A%20The%20First%20Epic%20Movie
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when did semi automatic rifles become available to the public
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Semi-automatic rifle
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semi - automatic rifle
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A semi-automatic rifle , also known as a self - loading rifle ( ' SLR ' ) or auto - loading rifle , is a self - loading rifle that fires a single round each time the trigger is pulled . In contrast , a fully automatic rifle continuously fires rounds as long as the trigger is pressed and there is ammunition left .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Operation 2 History 2.1 Blowback semi-automatic 2.2 Early semi-automatic rifles 2.3 Gas - operated rifles 3 Select examples 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Operation ( edit ) Semi-automatic weapons use gas , blowforward , blowback , or recoil energy to eject the spent cartridge after the round has traveled down the barrel , chambers a new cartridge from its magazine , and resets the action ; enabling another round to be fired once the trigger is depressed again . The self - loading design was a successor to earlier rifles that required manual - cycling of the weapon after each shot , such as the bolt - action rifle or repeating rifles , which required the operator to manual cycle the action before each shot . The ability to automatically load the next round allowed for an increase in the rounds per minute the operator could fire . These weapons gave the United States an important edge in World War II , as the M1 Garand was a semi-automatic rifle issued to most soldiers , whereas the Axis powers had generally used bolt action weapons and had only limited quantities of semi-automatic rifles . Semi-automatic rifles are versatile designs . They can be efficiently fed by en - bloc clip and internal magazine , detachable magazine or a combination of stripper clip and internal magazine . History ( edit ) The Fusil Automatique Modele 1917 was a semi-automatic rifle issued in the infantry . The first successful design for a semi-automatic rifle is attributed to Austrian gunsmith Ferdinand Ritter von Mannlicher , who unveiled the design in 1885 . The Model 85 was followed by the equally innovative Mannlicher Models 91 , 93 and 95 semi-automatic rifles . Blowback semi-automatic ( edit ) In 1903 and 1905 , the Winchester Repeating Arms Company introduced the first semi-automatic rimfire and centerfire rifles designed especially for the civilian market . The Winchester Model 1903 and Winchester Model 1905 operated on the principle of blowback in order to function semi-automatically . Designed entirely by T.C. Johnson , the Model 1903 achieved commercial success and continued to be manufactured until 1932 when the Winchester Model 63 replaced it . By the early 20th century , several manufacturers had introduced semi-automatic . 22 rifles , including Winchester , Remington , Fabrique Nationale and Savage Arms , all using the direct blow - back system of operation . Winchester introduced a medium caliber semi-automatic rifle , the Model 1907 as an upgrade to the Model 1905 , utilizing a blowback system of operation , in calibers such as . 351 Winchester . Both the Models of 1905 and 1907 saw limited military and police use . Early semi-automatic rifles ( edit ) The M1 Garand , designed by John Garand in 1936 and initially produced for United States military . In 1906 , Remington Arms introduced the `` Remington Auto - loading Repeating Rifle . '' Remington advertised this rifle , renamed the `` Model 8 '' in 1911 , as a sporting rifle . This is a locked - breech , long recoil action designed by John Browning . The rifle was offered in . 25 , . 30 , . 32 , and . 35 caliber models , and gained popularity among civilians as well as some law enforcement officials who appreciated the combination of a semi-automatic action and relatively powerful rifle cartridges . The Model 81 superseded the Model 8 in 1936 and was offered in . 300 Savage as well as the original Remington calibers . Mexico with the Mondragón rifle ( 7x57 Mauser ) was the first nation to use a semi auto rifle in battle , issued to regular troops ( Mexican revolution 1910 ) Later France used a semi-automatic rifle the Fusil Automatique Modele 1917 . This is a locked breech , gas - operated action which is very similar in its mechanical principles to the future M1 Garand in the United States . The M1917 was fielded during the latter stages of WWI but it did not receive a favorable reception . However its shortened and improved version , the Model 1918 , gave complete satisfaction during the Moroccan Rif War from 1920 to 1926 . The Lebel bolt - action rifle remained the standard French infantry rifle until replaced in 1936 by the ( also bolt action ) MAS - 36 despite the various semi-automatic rifles designed between 1918 and 1935 . Other nations experimented with self - loading rifles between the two World Wars , including the United Kingdom , which had intended to replace the bolt - action Lee -- Enfield with a self - loading rifle , but discarded that plan as the imminence of the Second World War and the emphasis shifted to speeding - up re-armament with existing weapons . The Soviet Union and Nazi Germany both issued successful self - loading and selective - fire rifles on a large scale during the course of the war , but not in sufficient numbers to replace their standard bolt - action rifles . Gas - operated rifles ( edit ) The SKS is a semi-automatic Russian rifle In 1937 , the American M1 Garand was the first semi-automatic rifle to replace its nation 's bolt - action rifle as the standard - issue infantry weapon . The gas - operated M1 Garand was developed by Canadian - born John Garand for the U.S. government at the Springfield Armory in Springfield , Massachusetts . After years of research and testing , the first production model of the M1 Garand was unveiled in 1937 . During World War II , the M1 Garand gave American infantrymen an advantage over their opponents , most of whom were issued slower firing bolt - action rifles . The Soviet AVS - 36 , SVT - 38 and SVT - 40 , as well as the German Gewehr 43 , were semi-automatic gas - operated rifles issued during World War II in relatively small numbers . In practice , they did not replace the bolt - action rifle as a standard infantry weapon of their respective nations . Another gas - operated semi-automatic rifle developed toward the end of World War II was the SKS . Designed by Sergei Gavrilovich Simonov in 1945 , it came equipped with a bayonet and could be loaded with ten rounds , using a stripper clip . However , the SKS was quickly replaced by the AK - 47 . It was the first widely issued rifle to use the 7.62 × 39mm cartridge . Select examples ( edit ) Mondragón rifle Mauser M1916 M1917 RSC M1922 Bang rifle General Liu rifle M1 Garand SKS Dragunov Rifle Gewehr 43 SVT - 40 Charlton Automatic Rifle Ag m / 42 Rasheed Carbine AR - 10 AR - 15 L1A1 Rifle Heckler & Koch PSG1 Heckler & Koch SL8 Heckler & Koch SL7 Heckler & Koch SL6 Farquhar - Hill Rifle Kbsp wz . 1938M M1 Carbine Springfield Armory M1A Ruger Mini-14 M1941 Johnson rifle Gewehr 41 vz. 52 rifle MAS - 49 rifle FN Model 1949 Ruger 10 / 22 Marlin Model 60 Remington Model 7400 Remington Model 8 Winchester Model 1907 Walther WA2000 ZH - 29 See also ( edit ) Assault rifle ( not to be confused with `` Assault weapon '' ) Assault weapon - certain semi-automatic rifles are classified as assault weapons in some jurisdictions Firearm Pistol Revolver Semi-automatic pistol AR - 15 style rifle Personal defense weapon Rifle Automatic rifle Bolt - action rifle Semi-automatic firearm Semi-automatic pistol Semi-automatic shotgun Shotgun Single - shot List of semi-automatic rifles References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jewison , Glenn ; Steiner , Jörg C. ( 2010 ) . `` Ferdinand Ritter von Mannlicher '' . austro-hungarian-army.co.uk . Glenn Jewison . Jump up ^ Smith , Walter H.B. ( 1947 ) . Mannlicher Rifles and Pistols : Famous Sporting and Military Weapons . Military Service Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Firsts : Springfield 375 '' . 2011 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hogg , Ian ( 2002 ) . Jane 's Guns Recognition Guide . Jane 's Information Group . ISBN 0 - 00 - 712760 - X . External links ( edit ) Early Semiauto Rifles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semi-automatic_rifle&oldid=843436631 '' Categories : Semi-automatic rifles Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2011 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia introduction cleanup from December 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2016 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Cymraeg Español فارسی हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית Lietuvių Polski Português Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Svenska Українська 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 04 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what is the difference between brown and white cigarette filters
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Cigarette filter
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cigarette filter
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A cigarette filter is a component of a cigarette , along with cigarette paper , capsules and adhesives . The filter may be made from cellulose acetate fibre , paper or activated charcoal ( either as a cavity filter or embedded into the cellulose acetate ) . Macroporous phenol - formaldehyde resins and asbestos have also been used in cigarette filters . The acetate and paper modify the particulate smoke phase by particle retention ( filtration ) , and finely divided carbon modifies the gaseous phase ( adsorption ) . Filters can reduce `` tar '' and nicotine smoke yields up to 50 % , with a greater removal rate for other classes of compounds ( e.g. , phenols ) , but are ineffective in filtering toxins such as carbon monoxide . Most factory - made cigarettes are equipped with a filter ; those who roll their own can buy them from a tobacconist .
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Contents 1 History 2 Manufacture 3 Health risks 3.1 Light cigarettes 4 Safety 5 Litter 6 See also 7 References History ( edit ) In 1925 , Hungarian inventor Boris Aivaz patented the process of making a cigarette filter from crepe paper . From 1935 , a British company began to develop a machine that made cigarettes incorporating the tipped filter . It was considered a specialty item until 1954 , when manufacturers introduced the machine more broadly , following a spate of speculative announcements from doctors and researchers concerning a possible link between lung diseases and smoking . Since filtered cigarettes were considered `` safer '' , by the 1960s , they dominated the market . Production of filter cigarettes rose from 0.5 percent in 1950 to 87.7 percent by 1975 . Between the 1930s and the 1950s , most cigarettes were 70 mm ( ~ 2 3 / 4 in ) long . The modern cigarette market includes mainly filter cigarettes that are 80 mm ( in boxes ; ~ 3 1 / 8 in ) , 85 mm ( in softpack ; ~ 3 3 / 8 in ) , 100 mm ( ~ 3 15 / 16 in ) , or even 120 mm ( ~ 4 3 / 4 in ) long . Manufacture ( edit ) Spent cigarette filter Cellulose acetate is made by esterifying bleached cotton or wood pulp with acetic acid . Of the three cellulose hydroxy groups available for esterification , between two and three are esterified by controlling the amount of acid ( degree of substitution ( DS ) 2.35 - 2.55 ) . The ester is spun into fibers and formed into bundles called filter tow . Flavors ( menthol ) , sweeteners , softeners ( triacetin ) , flame retardants ( sodium tungstate ) , breakable capsules releasing flavors on demand , and additives colouring the tobacco smoke may be added to cigarette filters . The five largest manufactures of filter tow are Hoechst - Celanese and Eastman Chemicals in the United States , Rhodia Acetow in Germany , Daicel and Mitsubishi Rayon in Japan . Starch glues or emulsion - based adhesives are used for gluing cigarette seams . Hot - melt and emulsion - based adhesives are used for filter seams . Emulsion - based adhesives are used for bonding the filters to the cigarettes . The tip paper may be coated with polyvinyl alcohol . Health risks ( edit ) Main article : Health effects of tobacco In the 1970s epidemiologic evidence relative to tobacco - related cancers and data for coronary heart disease indicated a reduced risk among filter smokers for these diseases . Between 1970 and 1980 some studies showed a 20 - 50 % reduction in risk of lung cancer for long - term smokers of filtered cigarettes as compared to smokers of non-filtered cigarettes ( IARC , 1986 ) but later studies indicated a similar risk for lung cancer in smokers of filtered and non-filtered cigarettes . Various add - on cigarette filters ( `` Water Pik '' , `` Venturi '' , `` David Ross '' ) are sold as stop - smoking or tar - reduction devices . The idea is that filters reduce tar - nicotine levels permitting the smoker to be weaned away from cigarettes . Light cigarettes ( edit ) Main article : Lights ( cigarette type ) The tobacco industry has reduced tar and nicotine yields in cigarette smoke since the 1960s . This has been achieved in a variety of ways including use of selected strains of tobacco plant , changes in agricultural and curing procedures , use of reconstituted sheets ( reprocessed tobacco leaf wastes ) , incorporation of tobacco stalks , reduction of the amount of tobacco needed to fill a cigarette by expanding it ( like puffed wheat ) to increase its `` filling power '' , and by the use of filters and high - porosity wrapping papers . However , just as a drinker tends to drink a larger volume of beer than of wine or spirits , so many smokers tend to modify their smoking pattern inversely according to the strength of the cigarette being smoked . In contrast to the standardized puffing of the smoking machines on which the tar and nicotine yields are based , when a smoker switches to a low - tar , low nicotine cigarette , they smoke more cigarettes , take more puffs and inhale more deeply . Conversely , when smoking a high - tar , high - nicotine cigarette there is a tendency to smoke and inhale less . A cigarette butt littered on the ground In spite of the changes in cigarette design and manufacturing over the last 50 years , the use of filters and `` light '' cigarettes neither decreased the nicotine intake per cigarette , nor lowered the incidence of lung cancers ( NCI , 2001 ; IARC 83 , 2004 ; U.S. Surgeon General , 2004 ) . The shift over the years from higher - to lower - yield cigarettes may explain the change in the pathology of lung cancer . That is , the percentage of lung cancers that are adenocarcinomas has increased , while the percentage of squamous cell cancers has decreased . The change in tumor type is believed to reflect the higher nitrosamine delivery of lower - yield cigarettes and the increased depth or volume of inhalation of lower - yield cigarettes to compensate for lower level concentrations of nicotine in the smoke . Structure formula of cellulose diacetate with one of the acetate groups on the cellulose backbone shown by the red circle . Safety ( edit ) Cellulose acetate is non-toxic , odorless , tasteless , and weakly flammable . It is resistant to weak acids and is largely stable to mineral and fatty oils as well as petroleum . It is biodegradable and the raw material is a renewable natural polymer expected to find application for other uses in the future . Smoked cigarette butts contain 5 -- 7 mg ( ~ 0.08 - 0.11 gr ) nicotine ( about 25 % of the total cigarette nicotine content ) , children ingesting > 2 whole cigarettes , 6 cigarette butts or a total of 0.5 mg / kg ( ~ 0 , 0035 gr / lbs ) of nicotine should be admitted to a hospital . Cellulose acetate is hydrophilic and retains the water - soluble smoke constituents , of which many are irritating ( acids , alkali , aldehydes , and phenols ) , while letting through the lipophilic aromatic compounds . Smoked cigarette butts and cigarette tobacco are toxic to water organisms such as the marine topsmelt ( Atherinops affinis ) and the freshwater fathead minnow ( Pimephales promelas ) . Atmospheric moisture , gastric acid , light , and enzymes hydrolyze cellulose acetate to acetic acid and cellulose . Cellulose may be further hydrolyzed to cellobiose or glucose in an acidic medium , and eventually form valuable humus . Humans can not digest cellulose and excrete the fibers in feces , because , unlike ruminant animals , rabbits , rodents , termites , and some bacteria and fungi , they lack cellulolytic enzymes such as cellulase . Like wood , paper and cotton , cigarette filters in soil rot slowly over months to years . Litter ( edit ) Cigarette butts are the most common form of anthropogenic ( man - made ) litter in the world , as approximately 5.6 trillion cigarettes are smoked every year worldwide . Of those it is estimated that 4.5 trillion cigarette butts become litter every year . The cellulose acetate fibers used as the predominant filter material do not readily biodegrade because of the acetyl groups on the cellulose backbone which in itself can quickly be degraded by various microorganisms employing cellulases . A normal life span of a discarded filter is thought to be up to 15 years . Many governments have sanctioned stiff penalties for littering of cigarette filters ; for example Washington state imposes a penalty of $1,025 for littering cigarette filters . Another option is developing better biodegradable filters , much of this work lies heavily on the research in the secondary mechanism for photodegradation as stated above . The next option is using cigarette packs with a compartment to discard cigarette butts in , implementing monetary deposits on filters , increasing the availability of butt receptacles , and expanding public education . It may even be possible to ban the sale of filtered cigarettes altogether on the basis of their adverse environmental impact . Recent research has been put into finding ways to utilizes the filter waste , to develop a desired product . One research group in South Korea have developed a simple one - step process that converts the cellulose acetate in discarded cigarette filters into a high - performing material that could be integrated into computers , handheld devices , electrical vehicle and wind turbines to store energy . These materials have demonstrated superior performance as compared to commercially available carbon , graphene and carbon nano tubes . The product is showing high promise as a green alternative for the waste problem . Another group of researchers has proposed adding tablets of food grade acid inside the filters . Once wet enough the tablets will release acid that accelerates degradation to around two weeks ( instead of using cellulose triacetate and besides of cigarette smoke being quite acidic ) . A Dutch startup is training crows to recognize and pick up cigarette butts in exchange for treats . See also ( edit ) Cigarette # Cigarette_filter Cigarette # Cigarette_butt Cigarette holder Hookah Bong List of additives in cigarettes Tobacco smoking References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Francois de Dardel ; Thomas V. Arden ( 2007 ) , `` Ion Exchangers '' , Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry ( 7th ed . ) , Wiley , pp. 1 -- 74 , doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a14_393 Jump up ^ Seymour S. Chissick ( 2007 ) , `` Asbestos '' , Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry ( 7th ed . ) , Wiley , pp. 1 -- 18 , doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a03_151 Jump up ^ T.C. Tso ( 2007 ) , `` Tobacco '' , Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry ( 7th ed . ) , Wiley , pp. 1 -- 26 , doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a27_123 Jump up ^ Robert Kapp ( 2005 ) , `` Tobacco Smoke '' , Encyclopedia of Toxicology , 4 ( 2nd ed . ) , Elsevier , pp. 200 -- 202 , ISBN 0 - 12 - 745354 - 7 Jump up ^ `` The History of Filters '' . tobaccoasia.com . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2003 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Leonard M. Schuman ( 1977 ) , `` Patterns of Smoking Behavior '' , in Murray E. Jarvik ; Joseph W. Cullen ; Ellen R. Gritz ; Thomas M. Vogt ; Louis Jolyon West , Research on Smoking Behavior ( PDF ) , NIDA Research Monograph , 17 , pp. 36 -- 65 Jump up ^ Lynn T. Kozlowski ( 1983 ) , `` Physical Indicators of Actual Tar and Nicotine Yields of Cigarettes '' , in John Grabowski ; Catherine S. Bell , Measurement in the Analysis and Treatment of Smoking Behavior ( PDF ) , NIDA Research Monograph , 48 , U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services , pp. 50 -- 61 Jump up ^ Ralf Christoph ; Bernd Schmidt ; Udo Steinberner ; Wolfgang Dilla ; Reetta Karinen ( 2007 ) , `` Glycerol '' , Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry ( 7th ed . ) , Wiley , pp. 1 -- 16 , doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a12_477. pub2 Jump up ^ Erik Lassner ; Wolf - Dieter Schubert ; Eberhard Luderitz ; Hans Uwe Wolf ( 2007 ) , `` Tungsten , Tungsten Alloys , and Tungsten Compounds '' , Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry ( 7th ed . ) , Wiley , pp. 1 -- 37 , doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a27_229 Jump up ^ Werner Haller ; Hermann Onusseit ; Gerhard Gierenz ; Werner Gruber ; Richard D. Rich ; Günter Henke ; Lothar Thiele ; Horst Hoffmann ; Dieter Dausmann ; Riza - Nur Özelli ; Udo Windhövel ; Hans - Peter Sattler ; Wolfgang Dierichs ; Günter Tauber ; Michael Hirthammer ; Christoph Matz ; Matthew Holloway ; David Melody ; Ernst - Ulrich Rust ; Ansgar van Halteren ( 2007 ) , `` Adhesives '' , Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry ( 7th ed . ) , Wiley , pp. 1 -- 70 , doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a01_221 Jump up ^ F.L. Marten ( 2002 ) , `` Vinyl Alcohol Polymers '' , Kirk - Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology ( 5th ed . ) , Wiley , p. 26 , doi : 10.1002 / 0471238961.2209142513011820. a01. pub2 Jump up ^ Ernst L. Wynder ( 1977 ) , `` Interrelationship of Smoking to Other Variables and Preventive Approaches '' , in Murray E. Jarvik ; Joseph W. Cullen ; Ellen R. Gritz ; Thomas M. Vogt ; Louis Jolyon West , Research on Smoking Behavior ( PDF ) , NIDA Research Monograph , 17 , pp. 67 -- 95 Jump up ^ K. Rothwell ; et al. ( 1999 ) , Health effects of interactions between tobacco use and exposure to other agents , Environmental Health Criteria ( 211 ) , World Health Organization Jump up ^ Jerome L. Schwartz ( 1977 ) , `` Smoking Cures : Ways to Kick an Unhealthy Habit '' , in Murray E. Jarvik ; Joseph W. Cullen ; Ellen R. Gritz ; Thomas M. Vogt ; Louis Jolyon West , Research on Smoking Behavior ( PDF ) , NIDA Research Monograph , 17 , pp. 308 -- 336 Jump up ^ Michael A.H. Russell ( 1977 ) , `` Smoking Problems : An Overview '' , in Murray E. Jarvik ; Joseph W. Cullen ; Ellen R. Gritz ; Thomas M. Vogt ; Louis Jolyon West , Research on Smoking Behavior ( PDF ) , NIDA Research Monograph , 17 , pp. 13 -- 34 Jump up ^ Anthony J. Alberg ; Jonathan M. Samet ( 2010 ) , `` Epidemiology of Lung Cancer '' , in Robert J. Mason ; V. Courtney Broaddus ; Thomas R. Martin ; Talmadge E. King , Jr. ; Dean E. Schraufnagel ; John F. Murray ; Jay A. Nadel , Murray and Nadel 's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine , 1 ( 5th ed . ) , Saunders , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 4710 - 0 Jump up ^ Neal L. Benowitz ; Paul G. Brunetta ( 2010 ) , `` Smoking Hazards and Cessation '' , in Robert J. Mason ; V. Courtney Broaddus ; Thomas R. Martin ; Talmadge E. King , Jr. ; Dean E. Schraufnagel ; John F. Murray ; Jay A. Nadel , Murray and Nadel 's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine , 1 ( 5th ed . ) , Saunders , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 4710 - 0 Jump up ^ Klaus Balser ; Lutz Hoppe ; Theo Eicher ; Martin Wandel ; Hans - Joachim Astheimer ; Hans Steinmeier ( 2007 ) , `` Cellulose Esters '' , Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry ( 7th ed . ) , Wiley , pp. 1 -- 45 , doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a05_419. pub2 Jump up ^ Jerrold B. Leikin ; Frank P. Paloucek , eds. ( 2008 ) , `` Nicotine '' , Poisoning and Toxicology Handbook ( 4th ed . ) , Informa , pp. 494 -- 496 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4200 - 4479 - 9 Jump up ^ Slaughter E , Gersberg RM , Watanabe K , Rudolph J , Stransky C , Novotny TE ( 2011 ) . `` Toxicity of cigarette butts , and their chemical components , to marine and freshwater fish '' . Tobacco Control . 20 : 25 -- 29 . doi : 10.1136 / tc. 2010.040170 . PMC 3088407 . ^ Jump up to : Novotny TE , Lum K , Smith E , et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Cigarettes butts and the case for an environmental policy on hazardous cigarette waste '' . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health . 6 : 1691 -- 705 . doi : 10.3390 / ijerph6051691 . Jump up ^ `` The world litters 4.5 trillion cigarette butts a year . Can we stop this ? '' . The Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Frederic Beaudry ( 2017 ) . `` Are Cigarette Butts Biodegradable ? '' . Jump up ^ Aaron Cantú ( 2014 ) . `` New ' Green ' Cigarette Butts Biodegrade Within Days -- And Can Even Sprout Into Grass - The company Greenbutts is manufacturing a new filter to address most common litter problem '' . alternet.org . Jump up ^ `` Accidents , fires : Price of littering goes beyond fines '' . Washington : State of Washington Department of Ecology. 2004 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Minzae L , Gil - Pyo K , Hyeon DS , Soomin P , Jongheop Y ( 2014 ) . `` Preparation of energy storage material derived from a used cigarette filter for a supercapacitor electrode '' . IOP Science . 25 : 34 . Jump up ^ `` No more butts : biodegradable filters a step to boot litter problem '' . Environmental Health News . 2012 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Cecile Borkhataria ; Cheyenne MacDonald ( 13 October 2017 ) , `` The bizarre project to teach CROWS to clean up city streets by collecting cigarette butts in exchange for treats '' , Daily Mail Cigarettes Types Fashion Fire safe Kretek Lights Menthol Beedi Components Tobacco Rolling paper Filter Additives Peripherals Ashtray Case Holder Lighter Pack Receptacles Vending machine Culture Cigarette card Cigarette smoking among college students Loosie Smoking fetishism Tobacco smoking Health issues Chain smoking Cigarette smoking for weight loss Nicotine poisoning Passive smoking Third - hand smoke Schizophrenia and smoking Sidestream smoke Smoking cessation Tobacco harm reduction Related products Electronic cigarette E-liquid Candy cigarette Herbal cigarette Heat - not - burn tobacco product Nicotine patch Nicotine gum Nicotine inhaler Nicotine lozenge Tobacco industry Cultivation of tobacco Egyptian cigarette industry History of commercial tobacco in the United States Tobacco advertising Government and the law Cigarette smuggling Illicit cigarette trade Plain cigarette packaging Smoking age Smoking bans in private vehicles Tobacco control movement Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement Tobacco packaging warning messages Tobacco politics WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products Lists Cigarette brands Cigarette smoke carcinogens Countries by cigarette consumption per capita Rolling papers Smoking bans Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cigarette_filter&oldid=850859549 '' Categories : Cigarettes Filters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Español Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 July 2018 , at 12 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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which state has the most native american reservations
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List of largest Indian reservations in the United States
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list of largest indian reservations in the united states
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This is a list of the 50 largest state recognized Native American reservations in the United States by area . It includes all that are larger than 800 km ( 310 sq mi ) . Area is defined as all areas included in Tribal Census Tracts by the Census Bureau , and includes water as well as land areas . Statistics are as of 1 April 2000 . These 50 reservations comprise 92.925 % ( 271,087.96 km2 of 291,729.22 km2 ) of all Native American territory in the United States , and 64.66 % ( 610,621 of 944,317 ) of their resident population . There are 311 federally recognized reservations in 33 states , plus four joint - use areas that are shared by members of their adjacent tribes . The two smallest reservations are the Seminole Trust Land in Broward County , Florida at 0.005175 km ( 1.279 acres ) , and the Likely Rancheria in Modoc County , California at 0.006236 km ( 1.541 acres ) . The Navajo nation is the largest Indian nation .
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Reservation State ( s ) Area ( land and water ) : km2 / sq. mi . Population ( 2000 census ) Navajo Nation ( Navajo Nation ) Arizona / New Mexico / Utah 70,179.09 / 27,096.30 180,462 Uintah and Ouray Indian Reservation ( Northern Ute Nation ) Utah 17,677.74 / 6,825.41 19,182 Tohono O'odham Indian Reservation Arizona 11,535.22 / 4,453.77 10,787 Cheyenne River Indian Reservation South Dakota 11,446.64 / 4,419.57 8,470 Standing Rock Indian Reservation South Dakota / North Dakota 9,486.19 / 3,662.64 8,250 Crow Indian Reservation ( Crow Nation ) Montana 9,340.89 / 3,606.54 6,894 Wind River Indian Reservation Wyoming 9,147.86 / 3,532.01 23,250 Pine Ridge Indian Reservation South Dakota / Nebraska 8,993.53 / 3,472.42 15,521 Fort Peck Indian Reservation ( Sioux nation ) Montana 8,552.69 / 3,302.21 10,321 San Carlos Indian Reservation ( Apache Nation ) Arizona 7,582.00 / 2,927.43 9,385 Fort Apache Indian Reservation ( Apachesioux Nation ) Arizona 6,814.67 / 2,631.16 12,429 Hopi Indian Reservation ( Hopi Nation ) Arizona 6,558.69 / 2,532.32 6,946 Blackfeet Indian Reservation ( Blackfeet Nation ) Montana 6,217.72 / 2,400.67 10,100 Osage Indian Reservation ( Osage Nation ) Oklahoma 5,966.80 / 2,303.80 44,437 Yakama Indian Reservation ( Yakama Nation ) Washington 5,665.75 / 2,187.56 31,799 Colville Indian Reservation ( Colville Nation ) Washington 5,659.60 / 2,185.18 7,587 Flathead Indian Reservation ( Flathead Nation ) Montana 5,328.50 / 5000 26,172 Rosebud Indian Reservation South Dakota 5,114.06 / 1,974.55 20,762 Hualapai Indian Reservation ( Hualapai Nation ) Arizona 4,155.81 / 1,604.57 1,353 Fort Berthold Indian Reservation North Dakota 4,099.10 / 1,582.67 5,915 Lake Traverse Indian Reservation South Dakota / North Dakota 3,906.95 / 1,508.48 10,409 Jicarilla Apache Indian Reservation New Mexico 3,541.35 / 1,367.32 2,755 Leech Lake Indian Reservation Minnesota 3,392.65 / 1,309.91 10,205 Red Lake Indian Reservation Minnesota 3,259.81 / 1,258.62 5,162 Nez Perce Indian Reservation ( Nez Perce Nation ) Idaho 3,119.18 / 1,204.32 17,959 White Earth Indian Reservation Minnesota 3,022.15 / 1,166.86 9,192 Southern Ute Indian Reservation ( Southern Ute Nation ) Colorado 2,754.14 / 1,063.38 11,159 Warm Springs Indian Reservation ( Chinook Nation ) Oregon 2,651.58 / 1,023.78 3,314 Fort Belknap Indian Reservation Montana 2,637.56 / 1,018.37 2,959 Ute Mountain Indian Reservation Colorado / New Mexico / Utah 2,333.27 / 900.88 1,687 Fort Hall Indian Reservation Idaho 2,216.00 / 855.60 5,762 Laguna Pueblo New Mexico 2,014.80 / 777.92 3,815 Zuni Indian Reservation ( Zuni Nation ) New Mexico / Arizona 1,878.98 / 725.48 7,758 Pyramid Lake Indian Reservation Nevada 1,878.00 / 725.10 1,734 Mescalero Indian Reservation New Mexico 1,862.94 / 719.29 3,156 Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation Montana / South Dakota 1,831.43 / 707.12 4,470 Yankton Indian Reservation South Dakota 1,772.60 / 684.41 6,500 Acoma Pueblo New Mexico 1,541.44 / 595.15 2,802 Gila River Indian Reservation Arizona 1,512.49 / 583.98 11,257 Spirit Lake Indian Reservation North Dakota 1,492.18 / 576.13 4,435 Coeur d'Alene Indian Reservation ( Coeur d'Alene Nation ) Idaho 1,390.23 / 536.77 6,551 Walker River Indian Reservation Nevada 1,376.89 / 531.62 853 Crow Creek Indian Reservation South Dakota 1,194.35 / 461.14 2,225 Duck Valley Indian Reservation Idaho / Nevada 1,172.02 / 452.52 1,265 Colorado River Indian Reservation Arizona / California 1,137.55 / 439.21 9,201 Lower Brule Indian Reservation South Dakota 1,009.11 / 389.62 1,353 Menominee Indian Reservation Wisconsin 934.78 / 360.92 3,225 Isleta Pueblo New Mexico 857.66 / 331.14 3,166 Quinault Indian Reservation ( Quinault Nation ) Washington 840.03 / 324.34 1,370 Omaha Indian Reservation Nebraska / Iowa 803.28 / 310.15 5,194 References ( edit ) Census of 2000 , United States Census Bureau Political divisions of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa The Marianas Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Outlying islands Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island Indian reservations List of Indian reservations largest Associated states Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_largest_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States&oldid=799976684 '' Categories : American Indian reservations Native American - related lists United States - related lists of superlatives Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2000 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Talk About Wikipedia Boarisch Català Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 23 : 08 . About Wikipedia
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name the 6 seasons of india in hindi
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Ritu ( Indian season )
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ritu ( indian season )
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Ritu ( Sanskrit : ऋतु , Bengali : ঋতু ) defines `` season '' in different calendars around the South Asian countries of India , Bangladesh , Nepal and Sri Lanka , and there are six ritus ( also transliterated rutu ) or seasons . The word is derived from the Vedic Sanskrit word Ṛtú , a fixed or appointed time , especially the proper time for sacrifice ( yajna ) or ritual in Vedic religion ; this in turn comes from the word Ṛta ( ऋत ) , as used in Vedic Sanskrit literally means the `` order or course of things '' . This word is used in nearly all Indian languages .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 North , South and West Indian calendars 2 East Indian Calendars 3 Tamil calendar 4 In culture 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading North , South and west Indian calendars ( edit ) Nepal and India observes six ecological seasons . Southern parts of India experiences the seasons on a different schedule than the one depicted here . No . Ritu Season Hindu lunar months Gregorian month Characteristics Seasonal festivals Vasanta वसन्त Spring Chaitra and Vaishakha March & April Temperature around 20 - 30 degrees Celsius ; vernal equinox occurs in the middle of this season . First spring harvest along with harvest festivals . Vasant panchami , Ugadi , Gudhi Padwa , Holi , Rama Navami , Vishu / Rongali Bihu / Baisakhi / Tamil Puthandu , Hanuman Jayanti Grishma ग्रीष्म Summer Jyeshta and Aashaadha ~ May & June Very hot , temperatures up to 45 - 50 degrees Celsius ; summer solstice occurs . This is one of the two typical Indian / Hindu Marriage Seasons . Vat Pournima , Rath Yatra , Guru Purnima Varsha वर्षा Monsoon Shraavana ( Sawan ) and Bhadrapada ( Bhado ) ~ July & August Very hot , very humid and heavy monsoon rains ; begins with the lunar month AFTER the summer solstice . Raksha Bandhan , Krishna Janmaashtami , Ganesh Chaturthi , Nuakhai , Onam , Gurujonar Tithi , Mahalaya Amavasya Sharada शरद् Autumn Ashwin or Asvayuja ( Kwar ) and Kartika ~ Late - September , October & mid-November Mild temperatures ; 19 - 25 degrees Celsius ; autumnal equinox occurs in the middle of this season . First autumn harvest occurs along with harvest festivals . Some trees in the Himalayas or upper elevations change colors much like in northern latitudes across the world . Navaratri , Vijayadashami , Sharad Purnima , Bihu , Deepavali , Dhanatrayodashi , Kartik Purnima 5 Hemanta हेमन्त Fall Margashirsha ( Agrahayana , Agahan ) and Pausha ( Poos , Foos ) ~ Late November & December Very pleasant temperatures ; generally , 19 - 25 degrees Celsius ; ends with the winter solstice . Some trees in the Himalayas and other hills complete shedding their leaves much like in northern latitudes across the world . ( mid-Winter celebration ) Margashira Mahotsavam . Music Season with a number of Indian Carnatic classical music and dance concerts . 6 Shishira शिशिर Winter Maagha and Phalgun ~ January & February Moderately cold , but pleasant during occasional sunshine ; temperatures may decrease below 10 degrees Celsius. This season is typical to tropical and subtropical regions because trees actually shed their leaves in this season in tropical areas ; starts with the winter solstice . Shivaratri , Shigmo , Pongal , Sankranthi East Indian Calendars ( edit ) East Indian Hindu ( Bengali and Mithila which too starts its new year from Mesh Sankranti , in fact , Nepali and Assamese and Odia Hindus too do the same , the season names are in all other in Sanskrit Vasanta , Grisma , Varsha , Sharada , Hemanta , Sisira ) calendar . The Bengali Calendar is similar to the Sanskrit calendar above , but differs in start and end times which moves certain dates / days around ( i.e. , Vasant Panchami occurs here in Vasant ritu but in the calendar above , it occurs in Shishir as that is the Magha Shukla Panchami ) . The East Indian Calendar has the following seasons or ritus : Bengali season Start End Bengali months English Grishmo ( গ্রীষ্মকাল ) Mid-April Mid-June Boishakh , Joishtho Summer Borsha ( বর্ষাকাল ) Mid-June Mid-August Asharh , Srabon Monsoon Shorot ( শরৎকাল ) Mid-August Mid-October Bhadro , Ashwin Autumn Hemonto ( হেমন্তকাল ) mid-October mid-December Kartik , Ogrohayon Pre-Winter Sit ( শীতকাল ) mid-December mid-February Poush , Magh Winter Bosonto ( বসন্তকাল ) mid-February mid-April Falgun , Choitro Spring Tamil calendar ( edit ) The South Indian Hindu Tamil calendar follows a similar pattern of six seasons as described for north Indian Hindu calendars which in fact need adjustment as taking new year from Grishma like that Bengali calendar ... Tamil season Names English Meaning Gregorian Months Tamil Months IlaVenil ( Spring ) இளவேனில் Tender heat / warmth April 15 to June 14 Chithirai and Vaikasi MuthuVenil ( Summer ) முதுவேனில் Matured heat / warmth June 15 to August 14 Aani and Aadi Kaar ( Monsoon ) கார் Dark Clouds August 15 to October 14 Avani and Purattasi Kulir ( Autumn ) குளிர் Cold / Chill October 15 to December 14 Aipasi and Karthikai MunPani ( Winter ) முன்பனி Early ( Frontal ) Dew / Mist December 15 to February 14 Margazhi and Thai PinPani ( Prevernal ) பின்பனி Late ( Rear ) Dew / Mist February 15 to April 14 Maasi and Panguni In culture ( edit ) The seasons are described in literature such as the Sanskrit poem Ṛtusaṃhāra written by the legendary Sanskrit poet Kālidāsa . Names of the ritu are commonly used for persons : typically , Vasant , Sharad , Hemant , Shishir and Varsh are `` male '' names ; `` female '' names include Vasanti , Sharada , Hemanti , Grishma and Varsha . See also ( edit ) Vedic timekeeping References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.mypanchang.com/ritus.php Jump up ^ http://www.drikpanchang.com/seasons/season-tropical-timings.html Further reading ( edit ) Feller , Danielle . The Seasons in Mahākāvya Literature , Eastern Book Linkers , Delhi , 1995 , ISBN 8186339248 Raghavan , V. Ṛtu in Sanskrit literature , Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri Kendriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha , Delhi , 1972 Renou , Louis . Sanskrit et culture , Payot , 1950 Selby , Martha Ann ( translator ) . The Circle of Six Seasons , Penguin , New Delhi , 2003 , ISBN 0 - 14 - 100772 - 9 This Hinduism - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ritu_(Indian_season)&oldid=823930317 '' Categories : Hindu calendar Seasons Hinduism stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Sanskrit - language text Articles containing Bengali - language text All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 4 February 2018 , at 08 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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land is a renewable resource because it can be formed by natural processes
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Renewable resource
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renewable resource
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A renewable resource is a natural resource which replenishes to overcome resource depletion caused by usage and consumption , either through biological reproduction or other naturally recurring processes in a finite amount of time in a human time scale . Renewable resources are a part of Earth 's natural environment and the largest components of its ecosphere . A positive life cycle assessment is a key indicator of a resource 's sustainability .
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Definitions of renewable resources may also include agricultural production , as in sustainable agriculture and to an extent water resources . In 1962 , Paul Alfred Weiss defined Renewable Resources as : `` The total range of living organisms providing man with food , fibres , etc ... '' . Another type of renewable resources is renewable energy resources . Common sources of renewable energy include solar , geothermal and wind power , which are all categorised as renewable resources . Global vegetation oceans and seas often act as renewable resources Sawmill near Fügen , Zillertal , Austria Contents ( hide ) 1 Air , food and water 1.1 Water resources 1.2 Non agricultural food 1.3 Sustainable agriculture 1.4 Air 2 Non-food resources 2.1 Historical role 2.2 Challenges 2.3 Renewables used for self sufficiency 3 Legal situation and subsidies 4 Examples of industrial use 4.1 Biorenewable chemicals 4.2 Bioplastics 4.3 Bioasphalt 4.4 Renewable energy 4.5 Biomass 4.6 Biofuel 4.7 Biogas 4.8 Natural fibre 5 Threats to renewable resources 5.1 Overfishing 5.2 Deforestation 5.3 Endangered species 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading Air , food and water ( edit ) Water resources ( edit ) Main article : Water resources Water can be considered a renewable material when carefully controlled usage , treatment , and release are followed . If not , it would become a non-renewable resource at that location . For example , groundwater is usually removed from an aquifer at a rate much greater than its very slow natural recharge , and so groundwater is considered non-renewable . Removal of water from the pore spaces may cause permanent compaction ( subsidence ) that can not be renewed . 97.5 % of the water on the Earth is salt water , and 3 % is fresh water ; slightly over two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps . The remaining unfrozen freshwater is found mainly as groundwater , with only a small fraction ( 0.008 % ) present above ground or in the air . Water pollution is one of the main concerns regarding water resources . It is estimated that 22 % of worldwide water is used in industry . Major industrial users include hydroelectric dams , thermoelectric power plants ( which use water for cooling ) , ore and oil refineries ( which use water in chemical processes ) and manufacturing plants ( which use water as a solvent ) . Desalination of seawater is considered a renewable source of water , although reducing its dependence on fossil fuel energy is needed for it to be fully renewable . Panorama of a natural wetland ( Sinclair Wetlands , New Zealand ) Non agricultural food ( edit ) Alaska wild `` berries '' from the Innoko National Wildlife Refuge - Renewable Resources Food is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for the body . Most food has its origin in renewable resources . Food is obtained directly from plants and animals . Hunting may not be the first source of meat in the modernised world , but it is still an important and essential source for many rural and remote groups . It is also the sole source of feeding for wild carnivores . Sustainable agriculture ( edit ) Main article : Sustainable agriculture The phrase sustainable agriculture was coined by Australian agricultural scientist Gordon McClymont . It has been defined as `` an integrated system of plant and animal production practices having a site - specific application that will last over the long term '' . Expansion of agricultural land reduces biodiversity and contributes to deforestation . The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations estimates that in coming decades , cropland will continue to be lost to industrial and urban development , along with reclamation of wetlands , and conversion of forest to cultivation , resulting in the loss of biodiversity and increased soil erosion . Polyculture practices in Andhra Pradesh Although air and sunlight are available everywhere on Earth , crops also depend on soil nutrients and the availability of water . Monoculture is a method of growing only one crop at a time in a given field , which can damage land and cause it to become either unusable or suffer from reduced yields . Monoculture can also cause the build - up of pathogens and pests that target one specific species . The Great Irish Famine ( 1845 -- 1849 ) is a well - known example of the dangers of monoculture . Crop rotation and long - term crop rotations confer the replenishment of nitrogen through the use of green manure in sequence with cereals and other crops , and can improve soil structure and fertility by alternating deep - rooted and shallow - rooted plants . Other methods to combat lost soil nutrients are returning to natural cycles that annually flood cultivated lands ( returning lost nutrients indefinitely ) such as the Flooding of the Nile , the long - term use of biochar , and use of crop and livestock landraces that are adapted to less than ideal conditions such as pests , drought , or lack of nutrients . Agricultural practices are the single greatest contributor to the global increase in soil erosion rates . It is estimated that `` more than a thousand million tonnes of southern Africa 's soil are eroded every year . Experts predict that crop yields will be halved within thirty to fifty years if erosion continues at present rates . '' The Dust Bowl phenomenon in the 1930s was caused by severe drought combined with farming methods that did not include crop rotation , fallow fields , cover crops , soil terracing and wind - breaking trees to prevent wind erosion . The tillage of agricultural lands is one of the primary contributing factors to erosion , due to mechanised agricultural equipment that allows for deep plowing , which severely increases the amount of soil that is available for transport by water erosion . The phenomenon called Peak Soil describes how large - scale factory farming techniques are jeopardizing humanity 's ability to grow food in the present and in the future . Without efforts to improve soil management practices , the availability of arable soil will become increasingly problematic . Methods to combat erosion include no - till farming , using a keyline design , growing wind breaks to hold the soil , and widespread use of compost . Chemical fertiliser and pesticides can also have an effect of soil erosion , which can contribute to soil salinity and prevent other species from growing . Phosphate is a primary component in the chemical fertiliser applied most commonly in modern agricultural production . However , scientists estimate that rock phosphate reserves will be depleted in 50 -- 100 years and that Peak Phosphate will occur in about 2030 . Industrial processing and logistics also have an effect on agriculture 's sustainability . The way and locations crops are sold requires energy for transportation , as well as the energy cost for materials , labour , and transport . Food sold at a local location , such a farmers ' market , have reduced energy overheads . Illegal slash and burn practice in Madagascar , 2010 Air ( edit ) Air is a renewable resource . All living organisms need oxygen , nitrogen ( directly or indirectly ) , carbon ( directly or indirectly ) and many other gases in small quantities for their survival . Non-food resources ( edit ) Douglas fir forest created in 1850 , Meymac ( Corrèze ) , France Main articles : Energy crop and Non-food crop An important renewable resource is wood provided by means of forestry , which has been used for construction , housing and firewood since ancient times . Plants provide the main sources for renewable resources , the main distinction is made between energy crops and non-food crops . A large variety of lubricants , industrially used vegetable oils , textiles and fibre made e.g. of cotton , copra or hemp , paper derived from wood , rags or grasses , bioplastic are based on plant renewable resources . A large variety of chemical based products like latex , ethanol , resin , sugar and starch can be provided with plant renewables . Animal based renewables include fur , leather , technical fat and lubricants and further derived products , as e.g. animal glue , tendons , casings or in historical times ambra and baleen provided by whaling . With regard to pharmacy ingredients and legal and illegal drugs , plants are important sources , however e.g. venom of snakes , frogs and insects has been a valuable renewable source of pharmacological ingredients . Before GMO production set in , insulin and important hormones were based on animal sources . Feathers , an important byproduct of poultry farming for food , is still being used as filler and as base for keratin in general . Same applies for the chitin produced in farming Crustaceans which may be used as base of chitosan . The most important part of the human body used for non-medical purposes is human hair as for artificial hair integrations , which is being traded worldwide . Historical role ( edit ) An adult and sub-adult Minke whale are dragged aboard the Nisshin Maru , a Japanese whaling vessel Hemp insulation , a renewable resource used as building material Historically , renewable resources like firewood , latex , guano , charcoal , wood ash , plant colors as indigo , and whale products have been crucial for human needs but failed to supply demand in the beginning of the industrial era . Early modern times faced large problems with overuse of renewable resources as in deforestation , overgrazing or overfishing . Besides fresh meat and milk , which is as a food item not topic of this section , livestock farmers and artisans used further animal ingredients as tendons , horn , bones , bladders . Complex technical constructions as the composite bow were based on combination of animal and plant based materials . The current distribution conflict between biofuel and food production is being described as Food vs. fuel . Conflicts between food needs and usage , as supposed by fief obligations were in so far common in historical times as well . However , a significant percentage of ( middle European ) farmers yields went into livestock , which provides as well organic fertiliser . Oxen and horses were important for transportation purposes , drove engines as e.g. in treadmills . Other regions solved the transportation problem with terracing , urban and garden agriculture . Further conflicts as between forestry and herding , or ( sheep ) herders and cattle farmers led to various solutions . Some confined wool production and sheep to large state and nobility domains or outsourced to professional shepherds with larger wandering herds . The British Agricultural Revolution was mainly based on a new system of crop rotation , the four - field rotation . British agriculturist Charles Townshend recognised the invention in Dutch Waasland and popularised it in the 18th century UK , George Washington Carver in the USA . The system used wheat , turnips and barley and introduced as well clover . Clover is able to fix nitrogen from air , a practically non exhaustive renewable resource , into fertilizing compounds to the soil and allowed to increase yields by large . Farmers opened up a fodder crop and grazing crop . Thus livestock could to be bred year - round and winter culling was avoided . The amount of manure rose and allowed more crops but to refrain from wood pasture . Early modern times and the 19th century saw the previous resource base partially replaced respectively supplemented by large scale chemical synthesis and by the use of fossil and mineral resources respectively . Besides the still central role of wood , there is a sort of renaissance of renewable products based on modern agriculture , genetic research and extraction technology . Besides fears about an upcoming global shortage of fossil fuels , local shortages due to boycotts , war and blockades or just transportation problems in remote regions have contributed to different methods of replacing or substituting fossil resources based on renewables . Challenges ( edit ) The use of certain basically renewable products as in TCM endangers various species . Just the black market in rhinoceros horn reduced the world 's rhino population by more than 90 percent over the past 40 years . Renewables used for self sufficiency ( edit ) In vitro - culture of Vitis ( grapevine ) , Geisenheim Grape Breeding Institute The success of the German chemical industry till World War I was based on the replacement of colonial products . The predecessors of IG Farben dominated the world market for synthetic dyes at the beginning of the 20th century and had an important role in artificial pharmaceuticals , photographic film , agricultural chemicals and electrochemicals . However the former Plant breeding research institutes took a different approach . After the loss of the German colonial empire , important players in the field as Erwin Baur and Konrad Meyer switched to using local crops as base for economic autarky . Meyer as a key agricultural scientist and spatial planner of the Nazi era managed and lead Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft resources and focused about a third of the complete research grants in Nazi Germany on agricultural and genetic research and especially on resources needed in case of a further German war effort . A wide array of agrarian research institutes still existing today and having importance in the field was founded or enlarged in the time . There were some major failures as trying to e.g. grow frost resistant olive species , but some success in the case of hemp , flax , rapeseed , which are still of current importance . During World War 2 , German scientists tried to use Russian Taraxacum ( dandelion ) species to manufacture natural rubber . Rubber dandelions are still of interest , as scientists in the Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology ( IME ) announced 2013 to have developed a cultivar that is suitable for commercial production of natural rubber . Legal situation and subsidies ( edit ) Several legal and economic means have been used to enhance the market share of renewables . The UK uses Non-Fossil Fuel Obligations ( NFFO ) , a collection of orders requiring the electricity Distribution Network Operators in England and Wales to purchase electricity from the nuclear power and renewable energy sectors . Similar mechanisms operate in Scotland ( the Scottish Renewable Orders under the Scottish Renewables Obligation ) and Northern Ireland ( the Northern Ireland Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation ) . In the USA , Renewable Energy Certificates ( RECs ) , use a similar approach . German Energiewende is using fed - in tariffs . An unexpected outcome of the subsidies was the quick increase of pellet byfiring in conventional fossil fuel plants ( compare Tilbury power stations ) and cement works , making wood respectively biomass accounting for about half of Europe 's renewable - energy consumption . Examples of industrial use ( edit ) Biorenewable chemicals ( edit ) Biorenewable chemicals are chemicals created by biological organisms that provide feedstocks for the chemical industry . Biorenewable chemicals can provide solar - energy - powered substitutes for the petroleum - based carbon feedstocks that currently supply the chemical industry . The tremendous diversity of enzymes in biological organisms , and the potential for synthetic biology to alter these enzymes to create yet new chemical functionalities , can drive the chemical industry . A major platform for creation of new chemicals is the polyketide biosynthetic pathway , which generates chemicals containing repeated alkyl chain units with potential for a wide variety of functional groups at the different carbon atoms . Bioplastics ( edit ) Main article : Bioplastics A packaging blister made from cellulose acetate , a bioplastic Bioplastics are a form of plastics derived from renewable biomass sources , such as vegetable fats and oils , lignin , corn starch , pea starch or microbiota . The most common form of bioplastic is thermoplastic starch . Other forms include Cellulose bioplastics , bio polyester , Polylactic acid , and bio-derived polyethylene . The production and use of bioplastics is generally regarded as a more sustainable activity when compared to plastic production from petroleum ( petroplastic ) ; however , manufacturing of bioplastic materials is often still reliant upon petroleum as an energy and materials source . Because of the fragmentation in the market and ambiguous definitions it is difficult to describe the total market size for bioplastics , but the global production capacity is estimated at 327,000 tonnes . In contrast , global consumption of all flexible packaging is estimated at around 12.3 million tonnes . Bioasphalt ( edit ) Main article : Bioasphalt Bioasphalt is an asphalt alternative made from non-petroleum based renewable resources . Manufacturing sources of bioasphalt include sugar , molasses and rice , corn and potato starches , and vegetable oil based waste . Asphalt made with vegetable oil based binders was patented by Colas SA in France in 2004 . Renewable energy ( edit ) Main article : Renewable energy Renewable energy refers to the provision of energy via renewable resources which are naturally replenished fast enough as being used . It includes e.g. sunlight , wind , biomass , rain , tides , waves and geothermal heat . Renewable energy may replace or enhance fossil energy supply various distinct areas : electricity generation , hot water / space heating , motor fuels , and rural ( off - grid ) energy services . Biomass ( edit ) Main article : Biomass A sugarcane plantation in Brazil ( State of São Paulo ) . Cane is used for biomass energy . Biomass is referring to biological material from living , or recently living organisms , most often referring to plants or plant - derived materials . Sustainable harvesting and use of renewable resources ( i.e. , maintaining a positive renewal rate ) can reduce air pollution , soil contamination , habitat destruction and land degradation . Biomass energy is derived from six distinct energy sources : garbage , wood , plants , waste , landfill gases , and alcohol fuels . Historically , humans have harnessed biomass - derived energy since the advent of burning wood to make fire , and wood remains the largest biomass energy source today . However , low tech use of biomass , which still amounts for more than 10 % of world energy needs may induce indoor air pollution in developing nations and results in between 1.5 million and 2 million deaths in 2000 . The biomass used for electricity generation varies by region . Forest by - products , such as wood residues , are common in the United States . Agricultural waste is common in Mauritius ( sugar cane residue ) and Southeast Asia ( rice husks ) . Animal husbandry residues , such as poultry litter , are common in the UK . The biomass power generating industry in the United States , which consists of approximately 11,000 MW of summer operating capacity actively supplying power to the grid , produces about 1.4 percent of the U.S. electricity supply . Biofuel ( edit ) Main article : Biofuels Brazil has bioethanol made from sugarcane available throughout the country . Shown a typical Petrobras gas station at São Paulo with dual fuel service , marked A for alcohol ( ethanol ) and G for gasoline . A biofuel is a type of fuel whose energy is derived from biological carbon fixation . Biofuels include fuels derived from biomass conversion , as well as solid biomass , liquid fuels and various biogases . Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermentation , mostly from carbohydrates produced in sugar or starch crops such as corn , sugarcane or switchgrass . Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils and animal fats . Biodiesel is produced from oils or fats using transesterification and is the most common biofuel in Europe . Biogas is methane produced by the process of anaerobic digestion of organic material by anaerobes. , etc. is also a renewable source of energy . Biogas ( edit ) Biogas typically refers to a mixture of gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen . Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion with anaerobic bacteria or fermentation of biodegradable materials such as manure , sewage , municipal waste , green waste , plant material , and crops . It is primarily methane ( CH ) and carbon dioxide ( CO ) and may have small amounts of hydrogen sulphide ( H S ) , moisture and siloxanes . Natural fibre ( edit ) Main article : Natural fiber Natural fibres are a class of hair - like materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces , similar to pieces of thread . They can be used as a component of composite materials . They can also be matted into sheets to make products such as paper or felt . Fibres are of two types : natural fibre which consists of animal and plant fibres , and man made fibre which consists of synthetic fibres and regenerated fibres . Threats to renewable resources ( edit ) Renewable resources are endangered by non-regulated industrial developments and growth . They must be carefully managed to avoid exceeding the natural world 's capacity to replenish them . A life cycle assessment provides a systematic means of evaluating renewability . This is a matter of sustainability in the natural environment . Overfishing ( edit ) Atlantic cod stocks severely overfished leading to abrupt collapse Main article : Overfishing National Geographic has described ocean over fishing as `` simply the taking of wildlife from the sea at rates too high for fished species to replace themselves . '' Tuna meat is driving overfishing as to endanger some species like the bluefin tuna . The European Community and other organisations are trying to regulate fishery as to protect species and to prevent their extinctions . The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea treaty deals with aspects of overfishing in articles 61 , 62 , and 65 . Examples of overfishing exist in areas such as the North Sea of Europe , the Grand Banks of North America and the East China Sea of Asia . The decline of penguin population is caused in part by overfishing , caused by human competition over the same renewable resources Deforestation ( edit ) Main article : Deforestation Deforestation in Brazil 1996 Besides their role as a resource for fuel and building material , trees protect the environment by absorbing carbon dioxide and by creating oxygen . The destruction of rain forests is one of the critical causes of climate change . Deforestation causes carbon dioxide to linger in the atmosphere . As carbon dioxide accrues , it produces a layer in the atmosphere that traps radiation from the sun . The radiation converts to heat which causes global warming , which is better known as the greenhouse effect . Deforestation also affects the water cycle . It reduces the content of water in the soil and groundwater as well as atmospheric moisture . Deforestation reduces soil cohesion , so that erosion , flooding and landslides ensue . Rain forests house many species and organisms providing people with food and other commodities . In this way biofuels may well be unsustainable if their production contributes to deforestation . Endangered species ( edit ) Over-hunting of American Bison . Main article : Endangered species Some renewable resources , species and organisms are facing a very high risk of extinction caused by growing human population and over-consumption . It has been estimated that over 40 % of all living species on Earth are at risk of going extinct . Many nations have laws to protect hunted species and to restrict the practice of hunting . Other conservation methods include restricting land development or creating preserves . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is the best - known worldwide conservation status listing and ranking system . Internationally , 199 countries have signed an accord agreeing to create Biodiversity Action Plans to protect endangered and other threatened species . See also ( edit ) Renewable energy portal Environment portal Ecology portal Earth sciences portal Sustainable development portal Energy portal Exploitation of natural resources Habitat conservation List of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom Natural capital Natural resource Non-renewable resource Recycling Resource Seed tree Stewardship Sustainable development Scarcity References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Management for a Small Planet '' by Jean Garner Stead and W. Edward Stead , M.E. 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Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Hong Chua1 , Peter H.F. Yu , and Chee K. Ma ( March 1999 ) . `` Accumulation of biopolymers in activated sludge biomass '' . Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology . Humana Press Inc. 78 : 389 -- 399 . doi : 10.1385 / ABAB : 78 : 1 - 3 : 389 . ISSN 0273 - 2289 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 24 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ NNFCC Renewable Polymers Factsheet : Bioplastics -- NNFCC . Nnfcc.co.uk ( 2010 - 02 - 19 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` FYI charts '' . Plastics News . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Colas S.A. : Information and Much More from '' . Answers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ COLAS CST - Végécol Archived October 12 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The myth of renewable energy Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists '' . Thebulletin.org. 2011 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ REN21 ( 2010 ) . 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Jump up ^ Assessing biofuels : towards sustainable production and use of resources , International Resource Panel , United Nations Environment Programme , 2009 , retrieved 2013 - 01 - 05 Jump up ^ `` Threatened Species '' . Conservation and Wildlife . Retrieved 2 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Red List Overview '' . IUCN . February 2011 . Archived from the original on 27 May 2012 . Retrieved 2 June 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Krzeminska , Joanna , Are Support Schemes for Renewable Energies Compatible with Competition Objectives ? An Assessment of National and Community Rules , Yearbook of European Environmental Law ( Oxford University Press ) , Volume VII , Nov. 2007 , p. 125 Masters , G.M. ( 2004 ) . Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons . Panwar , N.L. , Kaushik , S.C. , & Kothari , S. ( 2011 , April ) . Role of renewable energy sources in environmental protection : A review . Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews , 15 ( 3 ) , 1513 - 1524 . Sawin , Janet . `` Charting a New Energy Future . '' State of the World 2003 . By Lester R. Brown . Boston & Company , Incorporated , 2003 . ( hide ) Natural resources Air Pollution / quality Ambient standards ( USA ) Index Indoor developing nations Law Clean Air Act ( USA ) Ozone depletion Emissions Airshed Trading Deforestation ( REDD ) Energy Law Resources Fossil fuels ( peak oil ) Geothermal Nuclear Solar sunlight shade Tidal Wave Wind Land Arable peak farmland Degradation Law property Management habitat conservation Minerals mining law sand peak rights Soil conservation fertility health resilience Use planning reserve Life Biodiversity Bioprospecting Biosphere Bushfood Bushmeat Fisheries law management Food Forests genetic resources law management Game law Gene bank Herbalist plants Marine conservation Non-timber forest products Rangeland Seed bank Wildlife conservation management Wood Water Types / location Aquifer storage and recovery Drinking Fresh Groundwater pollution recharge remediation Hydrosphere Ice bergs glacial polar Irrigation Rain harvesting Stormwater Surface water Wastewater reclaimed Aspects Desalination Floods Law Leaching Sanitation Conflict Conservation Peak water Pollution Privatization Quality Right Resources management policy Related Commons enclosure global land tragedy of Economics ecological land Ecosystem services Exploitation overexploitation Earth Overshoot Day Management adaptive Natural capital accounting Nature reserve Systems ecology Urban ecology Wilderness Resource Common - pool Conflict ( perpetuation ) Curse Depletion Extraction Nationalism Renewable / Non-renewable Portals Agriculture and agronomy Energy Environment Fishing Forestry Mining Water Wetlands agencies law management ministries organizations Colleges Natural resources BNF : cb11949997j ( data ) GND : 4152831 - 1 LCCN : sh85112839 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renewable_resource&oldid=841810402 '' Categories : Resources Natural resources Renewable resources Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2013 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Հայերեն हिन्दी עברית Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Русский Shqip Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 06 : 30 . 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