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how long did it take to build great pyramid of giza	Based on these estimates , building the pyramid in 20 years would involve installing approximately 800 tonnes of stone every day . Additionally , since it consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks , completing the building in 20 years would involve moving an average of more than 12 of the blocks into place each hour , day and night . The first precision measurements of the pyramid were made by Egyptologist Sir Flinders Petrie in 1880 -- 82 and published as The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh . Almost all reports are based on his measurements . Many of the casing stones and inner chamber blocks of the Great Pyramid fit together with extremely high precision . Based on measurements taken on the northeastern casing stones , the mean opening of the joints is only 0.5 millimetre wide ( 1 / 50 of an inch ) .	20 years	Great pyramid of Giza	great pyramid of giza	The Great Pyramid of Giza ( also known as the Pyramid of Khufu or the Pyramid of Cheops ) is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex bordering what is now El Giza , Egypt . It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World , and the only one to remain largely intact .	Based on a mark in an interior chamber naming the work gang and a reference to fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu , Egyptologists believe that the pyramid was built as a tomb over a 10 to 20 - year period concluding around 2560 BC . Initially at 146.5 metres ( 481 feet ) , the Great Pyramid was the tallest man - made structure in the world for more than 3,800 years . Originally , the Great Pyramid was covered by casing stones that formed a smooth outer surface ; what is seen today is the underlying core structure . Some of the casing stones that once covered the structure can still be seen around the base . There have been varying scientific and alternative theories about the Great Pyramid 's construction techniques . Most accepted construction hypotheses are based on the idea that it was built by moving huge stones from a quarry and dragging and lifting them into place . There are three known chambers inside the Great Pyramid . The lowest chamber is cut into the bedrock upon which the pyramid was built and was unfinished . The so - called Queen 's Chamber and King 's Chamber are higher up within the pyramid structure . The main part of the Giza complex is a setting of buildings that included two mortuary temples in honour of Khufu ( one close to the pyramid and one near the Nile ) , three smaller pyramids for Khufu 's wives , an even smaller `` satellite '' pyramid , a raised causeway connecting the two temples , and small mastaba tombs surrounding the pyramid for nobles . Transparent view of Khufu 's pyramid from SE . Taken from a 3d model Contents ( hide ) 1 History and description 2 Materials 2.1 Casing stones 2.2 Construction theories 3 Interior 3.1 Queen 's Chamber 3.2 Grand Gallery 3.3 King 's Chamber 3.4 Modern entrance 4 Pyramid complex 5 Boats 6 Looting 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History and description Timeline and map of the Great Pyramid of Giza and the other Wonders of the Ancient World It is believed the pyramid was built as a tomb for Fourth Dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Khufu ( often Hellenicised as `` Cheops '' ) and was constructed over a 20 - year period . Khufu 's vizier , Hemiunu ( also called Hemon ) , is believed by some to be the architect of the Great Pyramid . It is thought that , at construction , the Great Pyramid was originally 280 Egyptian cubits tall ( 146.5 metres ( 480.6 ft ) ) , but with erosion and absence of its pyramidion , its present height is 138.8 metres ( 455.4 ft ) . Each base side was 440 cubits , 230.4 metres ( 755.9 ft ) long . The mass of the pyramid is estimated at 5.9 million tonnes . The volume , including an internal hillock , is roughly 2,500,000 cubic metres ( 88,000,000 cu ft ) . Based on these estimates , building the pyramid in 20 years would involve installing approximately 800 tonnes of stone every day . Additionally , since it consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks , completing the building in 20 years would involve moving an average of more than 12 of the blocks into place each hour , day and night . The first precision measurements of the pyramid were made by Egyptologist Sir Flinders Petrie in 1880 -- 82 and published as The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh . Almost all reports are based on his measurements . Many of the casing stones and inner chamber blocks of the Great Pyramid fit together with extremely high precision . Based on measurements taken on the northeastern casing stones , the mean opening of the joints is only 0.5 millimetre wide ( 1 / 50 of an inch ) . Great Pyramid of Giza from a 19th - century stereopticon card photo The pyramid remained the tallest man - made structure in the world for over 3,800 years , unsurpassed until the 160 - metre - tall ( 520 ft ) spire of Lincoln Cathedral was completed c. 1300 . The accuracy of the pyramid 's workmanship is such that the four sides of the base have an average error of only 58 millimetres in length . The base is horizontal and flat to within ± 15 mm ( 0.6 in ) . The sides of the square base are closely aligned to the four cardinal compass points ( within four minutes of arc ) based on true north , not magnetic north , and the finished base was squared to a mean corner error of only 12 seconds of arc . The completed design dimensions , as suggested by Petrie 's survey and subsequent studies , are estimated to have originally been 280 royal cubits high by 440 cubits long at each of the four sides of its base . The ratio of the perimeter to height of 1760 / 280 royal cubits equates to 2 π to an accuracy of better than 0.05 % ( corresponding to the well - known approximation of π as 22 / 7 ) . Some Egyptologists consider this to have been the result of deliberate design proportion . Verner wrote , `` We can conclude that although the ancient Egyptians could not precisely define the value of π , in practice they used it '' . Petrie , author of Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh concluded : `` but these relations of areas and of circular ratio are so systematic that we should grant that they were in the builder 's design '' . Others have argued that the Ancient Egyptians had no concept of pi and would not have thought to encode it in their monuments . They believe that the observed pyramid slope may be based on a simple seked slope choice alone , with no regard to the overall size and proportions of the finished building . In 2013 rolls of papyrus called The diary of Merer were discovered written by some of those who delivered stone and other construction materials to Khufu 's brother at Giza . Materials The Great Pyramid consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks which most believe to have been transported from nearby quarries . The Tura limestone used for the casing was quarried across the river . The largest granite stones in the pyramid , found in the `` King 's '' chamber , weigh 25 to 80 tonnes and were transported from Aswan , more than 800 km ( 500 mi ) away . Traditionally , ancient Egyptians cut stone blocks by hammering into them some wooden wedges , which were then soaked with water . As the water was absorbed , the wedges expanded , causing the rock to crack . Once they were cut , they were carried by boat either up or down the Nile River to the pyramid . It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of limestone , 8,000 tonnes of granite ( imported from Aswan ) , and 500,000 tonnes of mortar were used in the construction of the Great Pyramid . Casing stones Casing stone in the British Museum . At completion , the Great Pyramid was surfaced by white `` casing stones '' -- slant - faced , but flat - topped , blocks of highly polished white limestone . These were carefully cut to what is approximately a face slope with a seked of 51⁄2 palms to give the required dimensions . Visibly , all that remains is the underlying stepped core structure seen today . In AD 1303 , a massive earthquake loosened many of the outer casing stones , which were then carted away by Bahri Sultan An - Nasir Nasir - ad - Din al - Hasan in 1356 to build mosques and fortresses in nearby Cairo . Many more casing stones were removed from the great pyramids by Muhammad Ali Pasha in the early 19th century to build the upper portion of his Alabaster Mosque in Cairo not far from Giza . These limestone casings can still be seen as parts of these structures . Later explorers reported massive piles of rubble at the base of the pyramids left over from the continuing collapse of the casing stones , which were subsequently cleared away during continuing excavations of the site . Nevertheless , a few of the casing stones from the lowest course can be seen to this day in situ around the base of the Great Pyramid , and display the same workmanship and precision that has been reported for centuries . Petrie also found a different orientation in the core and in the casing measuring 193 centimetres ± 25 centimetres . He suggested a redetermination of north was made after the construction of the core , but a mistake was made , and the casing was built with a different orientation . Petrie related the precision of the casing stones as to being `` equal to opticians ' work of the present day , but on a scale of acres '' and `` to place such stones in exact contact would be careful work ; but to do so with cement in the joints seems almost impossible '' . It has been suggested it was the mortar ( Petrie 's `` cement '' ) that made this seemingly impossible task possible , providing a level bed , which enabled the masons to set the stones exactly . Construction theories Main article : Egyptian pyramid construction techniques Clay seal bearing the name of Khufu from the great pyramid . On display at the Musée du Louvre . Many alternative , often contradictory , theories have been proposed regarding the pyramid 's construction techniques . Many disagree on whether the blocks were dragged , lifted , or even rolled into place . The Greeks believed that slave labour was used , but modern discoveries made at nearby workers ' camps associated with construction at Giza suggest that it was built instead by tens of thousands of skilled workers . Verner posited that the labour was organized into a hierarchy , consisting of two gangs of 100,000 men , divided into five zaa or phyle of 20,000 men each , which may have been further divided according to the skills of the workers . One mystery of the pyramid 's construction is its planning . John Romer suggests that they used the same method that had been used for earlier and later constructions , laying out parts of the plan on the ground at a 1 - to - 1 scale . He writes that `` such a working diagram would also serve to generate the architecture of the pyramid with precision unmatched by any other means '' . He also argues for a 14 - year time span for its construction . A modern construction management study , in association with Mark Lehner and other Egyptologists , estimated that the total project required an average workforce of 14,567 people and a peak workforce of roughly 40,000 . Without the use of pulleys , wheels , or iron tools , they used critical path analysis methods , which suggest that the Great Pyramid was completed from start to finish in approximately 10 years . Interior Diagram of the interior structures of the Great Pyramid . The inner line indicates the pyramid 's present profile ; the outer line indicates the original profile . The original entrance to the Great Pyramid is on the north , 17 metres ( 56 ft ) vertically above ground level and 7.29 metres ( 23.9 ft ) east of the centre line of the pyramid . From this original entrance , there is a Descending Passage 0.96 metres ( 3.1 ft ) high and 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) wide , which goes down at an angle of 26 ° 31'23 '' through the masonry of the pyramid and then into the bedrock beneath it . After 105.23 metres ( 345.2 ft ) , the passage becomes level and continues for an additional 8.84 metres ( 29.0 ft ) to the lower Chamber , which appears not to have been finished . There is a continuation of the horizontal passage in the south wall of the lower chamber ; there is also a pit dug in the floor of the chamber . Some Egyptologists suggest that this Lower Chamber was intended to be the original burial chamber , but Pharaoh Khufu later changed his mind and wanted it to be higher up in the pyramid . 28.2 metres ( 93 ft ) from the entrance is a square hole in the roof of the Descending Passage . Originally concealed with a slab of stone , this is the beginning of the Ascending Passage . The Ascending Passage is 39.3 metres ( 129 ft ) long , as wide and high as the Descending Passage and slopes up at almost precisely the same angle to reach the Grand Gallery . The lower end of the Ascending Passage is closed by three huge blocks of granite , each about 1.5 metres ( 4.9 ft ) long . One must use the Robbers ' Tunnel ( see below ) to access the Ascending Passage . At the start of the Grand Gallery on the right - hand side there is a hole cut in the wall . This is the start of a vertical shaft which follows an irregular path through the masonry of the pyramid to join the Descending Passage . Also at the start of the Grand Gallery there is the Horizontal Passage leading to the `` Queen 's Chamber '' . The passage is 1.1 m ( 3'8 `` ) high for most of its length , but near the chamber there is a step in the floor , after which the passage is 1.73 metres ( 5.7 ft ) high . Queen 's Chamber Richard Pococke 's sketch of Pyramid of Cheops from 1754 . The `` Queen 's Chamber '' is exactly halfway between the north and south faces of the pyramid and measures 5.75 metres ( 18.9 ft ) north to south , 5.23 metres ( 17.2 ft ) east to west , and has a pointed roof with an apex 6.23 metres ( 20.4 ft ) above the floor . At the eastern end of the chamber there is a niche 4.67 metres ( 15.3 ft ) high . The original depth of the niche was 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) , but has since been deepened by treasure hunters . In the north and south walls of the Queen 's Chamber there are shafts , which unlike those in the King 's Chamber that immediately slope upwards ( see below ) , are horizontal for around 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) before sloping upwards . The horizontal distance was cut in 1872 by a British engineer , Waynman Dixon , who believed a shaft similar to those in the King 's Chamber must also exist . He was proved right , but because the shafts are not connected to the outer faces of the pyramid or the Queen 's Chamber , their purpose is unknown . At the end of one of his shafts , Dixon discovered a ball of black diorite ( a type of rock ) and a bronze implement of unknown purpose . Both objects are currently in the British Museum . The shafts in the Queen 's Chamber were explored in 1993 by the German engineer Rudolf Gantenbrink using a crawler robot he designed , Upuaut 2 . After a climb of 65 m ( 213 ft ) , he discovered that one of the shafts was blocked by limestone `` doors '' with two eroded copper `` handles '' . Some years later the National Geographic Society created a similar robot which , in September 2002 , drilled a small hole in the southern door , only to find another door behind it . The northern passage , which was difficult to navigate because of twists and turns , was also found to be blocked by a door . Research continued in 2011 with the Djedi Project . Realizing the problem was that the National Geographic Society 's camera was only able to see straight ahead of it , they instead used a fiber - optic `` micro snake camera '' that could see around corners . With this they were able to penetrate the first door of the southern shaft through the hole drilled in 2002 , and view all the sides of the small chamber behind it . They discovered hieroglyphs written in red paint . They were also able to scrutinize the inside of the two copper `` handles '' embedded in the door , and they now believe them to be for decorative purposes . They also found the reverse side of the `` door '' to be finished and polished , which suggests that it was not put there just to block the shaft from debris , but rather for a more specific reason . Grand Gallery The Grand Gallery of the Great Pyramid of Giza The Grand Gallery continues the slope of the Ascending Passage , but is 8.6 metres ( 28 ft ) high and 46.68 metres ( 153.1 ft ) long . At the base it is 2.06 metres ( 6.8 ft ) wide , but after 2.29 metres ( 7.5 ft ) the blocks of stone in the walls are corbelled inwards by 7.6 centimetres ( 3.0 in ) on each side . There are seven of these steps , so , at the top , the Grand Gallery is only 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) wide . It is roofed by slabs of stone laid at a slightly steeper angle than the floor of the gallery , so that each stone fits into a slot cut in the top of the gallery like the teeth of a ratchet . The purpose was to have each block supported by the wall of the Gallery rather than resting on the block beneath it , which would have resulted in an unacceptable cumulative pressure at the lower end of the Gallery . At the upper end of the Gallery on the right - hand side there is a hole near the roof that opens into a short tunnel by which access can be gained to the lowest of the Relieving Chambers . The other Relieving Chambers were discovered in 1837 - 1838 by Colonel Howard Vyse and J.S. Perring , who dug tunnels upwards using blasting powder . The floor of the Grand Gallery consists of a shelf or step on either side , 51 centimetres ( 20 in ) wide , leaving a lower ramp 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) wide between them . In the shelves there are 54 slots , 27 on each side matched by vertical and horizontal slots in the walls of the Gallery . These form a cross shape that rises out of the slot in the shelf . The purpose of these slots is not known , but the central gutter in the floor of the Gallery , which is the same width as the Ascending Passage , has led to speculation that the blocking stones were stored in the Grand Gallery and the slots held wooden beams to restrain them from sliding down the passage . This , in turn , has led to the proposal that originally many more than 3 blocking stones were intended , to completely fill the Ascending Passage . At the top of the Grand Gallery , there is a step giving onto a horizontal passage some metres long and approximately 1.02 metres ( 3.3 ft ) in height and width , in which can be detected four slots , three of which were probably intended to hold granite portcullises . Fragments of granite found by Petrie in the Descending Passage may have come from these now - vanished doors . King 's Chamber Sarcophagus in the King 's chamber The `` King 's Chamber '' is 20 cubits or 10.47 metres ( 34.4 ft ) from east to west and 10 cubits or 5.234 metres ( 17.17 ft ) north to south . It has a flat roof 11 cubits and 5 digits or 5.852 metres ( 19 feet 2 inch ) above the floor . 0.91 m ( 3.0 ft ) above the floor there are two narrow shafts in the north and south walls ( one is now filled by an extractor fan in an attempt to circulate air inside the pyramid ) . The purpose of these shafts is not clear : they appear to be aligned towards stars or areas of the northern and southern skies , yet one of them follows a dog - leg course through the masonry , indicating no intention to directly sight stars through them . They were long believed by Egyptologists to be `` air shafts '' for ventilation , but this idea has now been widely abandoned in favour of the shafts serving a ritualistic purpose associated with the ascension of the king 's spirit to the heavens . The King 's Chamber is entirely faced with granite . Above the roof , which is formed of nine slabs of stone weighing in total about 400 tons , are five compartments known as Relieving Chambers . The first four , like the King 's Chamber , have flat roofs formed by the floor of the chamber above , but the final chamber has a pointed roof . Vyse suspected the presence of upper chambers when he found that he could push a long reed through a crack in the ceiling of the first chamber . From lower to upper , the chambers are known as `` Davison 's Chamber '' , `` Wellington 's Chamber '' , `` Nelson 's Chamber '' , `` Lady Arbuthnot 's Chamber '' , and `` Campbell 's Chamber '' . It is believed that the compartments were intended to safeguard the King 's Chamber from the possibility of a roof collapsing under the weight of stone above the Chamber . As the chambers were not intended to be seen , they were not finished in any way and a few of the stones still retain masons ' marks painted on them . One of the stones in Campbell 's Chamber bears a mark , apparently the name of a work gang . The entrance of the Pyramid The only object in the King 's Chamber is a rectangular granite sarcophagus , one corner of which is broken . The sarcophagus is slightly larger than the Ascending Passage , which indicates that it must have been placed in the Chamber before the roof was put in place . Unlike the fine masonry of the walls of the Chamber , the sarcophagus is roughly finished , with saw marks visible in several places . This is in contrast with the finely finished and decorated sarcophagi found in other pyramids of the same period . Petrie suggested that such a sarcophagus was intended but was lost in the river on the way north from Aswan and a hurriedly made replacement was used instead . Modern entrance Today tourists enter the Great Pyramid via the Robbers ' Tunnel , a tunnel purportedly created around AD 820 by Caliph al - Ma'mun 's workmen using a battering ram . The tunnel is cut straight through the masonry of the pyramid for approximately 27 metres ( 89 ft ) , then turns sharply left to encounter the blocking stones in the Ascending Passage . It is believed that their efforts dislodged the stone fitted in the ceiling of the Descending Passage to hide the entrance to the Ascending Passage and it was the noise of that stone falling and then sliding down the Descending Passage , which alerted them to the need to turn left . Unable to remove these stones , however , the workmen tunnelled up beside them through the softer limestone of the Pyramid until they reached the Ascending Passage . It is possible to enter the Descending Passage from this point , but access is usually forbidden . Pyramid complex Main article : Giza pyramid complex Map of Giza pyramid complex -- `` Pyramid of Khufu '' refers to the Great Pyramid . The Great Pyramid is surrounded by a complex of several buildings including small pyramids . The Pyramid Temple , which stood on the east side of the pyramid and measured 52.2 metres ( 171 ft ) north to south and 40 metres ( 130 ft ) east to west , has almost entirely disappeared apart from the black basalt paving . There are only a few remnants of the causeway which linked the pyramid with the valley and the Valley Temple . The Valley Temple is buried beneath the village of Nazlet el - Samman ; basalt paving and limestone walls have been found but the site has not been excavated . The basalt blocks show `` clear evidence '' of having been cut with some kind of saw with an estimated cutting blade of 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) in length , capable of cutting at a rate of 1.5 inches ( 38 mm ) per minute . John Romer suggests that this `` super saw '' may have had copper teeth and weighed up to 300 pounds ( 140 kg ) . He theorizes that such a saw could have been attached to a wooden trestle and possibly used in conjunction with vegetable oil , cutting sand , emery or pounded quartz to cut the blocks , which would have required the labour of at least a dozen men to operate it . On the south side are the subsidiary pyramids , popularly known as Queens ' Pyramids . Three remain standing to nearly full height but the fourth was so ruined that its existence was not suspected until the recent discovery of the first course of stones and the remains of the capstone . Hidden beneath the paving around the pyramid was the tomb of Queen Hetepheres I , sister - wife of Sneferu and mother of Khufu . Discovered by accident by the Reisner expedition , the burial was intact , though the carefully sealed coffin proved to be empty . Group photo of Australian 11th Battalion soldiers on the Great Pyramid in 1915 . Aerial photography , taken from Eduard Spelterini 's balloon on 21 November 1904 The Giza pyramid complex , which includes among other structures the pyramids of Khufu , Khafre and Menkaure , is surrounded by a cyclopean stone wall , the Wall of the Crow . Mark Lehner has discovered a worker 's town outside of the wall , otherwise known as `` The Lost City '' , dated by pottery styles , seal impressions , and stratigraphy to have been constructed and occupied sometime during the reigns of Khafre ( 2520 -- 2494 BC ) and Menkaure ( 2490 -- 2472 BC ) . Recent discoveries by Mark Lehner and his team at the town and nearby , including what appears to have been a thriving port , suggest the town and associated living quarters consisting of barracks called `` galleries '' may not have been for the pyramid workers after all , but rather for the soldiers and sailors who utilized the port . In light of this new discovery , as to where then the pyramid workers may have lived Lehner now suggests the alternative possibility they may have camped on the ramps he believes were used to construct the pyramids or possibly at nearby quarries . In the early 1970s , the Australian archaeologist Karl Kromer excavated a mound in the South Field of the plateau . This mound contained artefacts including mudbrick seals of Khufu , which he identified with an artisans ' settlement . Mudbrick buildings just south of Khufu 's Valley Temple contained mud sealings of Khufu and have been suggested to be a settlement serving the cult of Khufu after his death . A worker 's cemetery used at least between Khufu 's reign and the end of the Fifth Dynasty was discovered south of the Wall of the Crow by Zahi Hawass in 1990 . Boats Main article : Khufu ship There are three boat - shaped pits around the pyramid , of a size and shape to have held complete boats , though so shallow that any superstructure , if there ever was one , must have been removed or disassembled . In May 1954 , the Egyptian archaeologist Kamal el - Mallakh discovered a fourth pit , a long , narrow rectangle , still covered with slabs of stone weighing up to 15 tons . Inside were 1,224 pieces of wood , the longest 23 metres ( 75 ft ) long , the shortest 10 centimetres ( 0.33 ft ) . These were entrusted to a boat builder , Haj Ahmed Yusuf , who worked out how the pieces fit together . The entire process , including conservation and straightening of the warped wood , took fourteen years . The result is a cedar - wood boat 43.6 metres ( 143 ft ) long , its timbers held together by ropes , which is currently housed in a special boat - shaped , air - conditioned museum beside the pyramid . During construction of this museum , which stands above the boat pit , a second sealed boat pit was discovered . It was deliberately left unopened until 2011 when excavation began on the boat . Looting Comparison of approximate profiles of the Great Pyramid of Giza with some notable pyramidal or near - pyramidal buildings . Dotted lines indicate original heights , where data are available . In its SVG file , hover over a pyramid to highlight and click for its article . Although succeeding pyramids were smaller , pyramid building continued until the end of the Middle Kingdom . However , as authors Briar and Hobbs claim , `` all the pyramids were robbed '' by the New Kingdom , when the construction of royal tombs in a desert valley , now known as the Valley of the Kings , began . Joyce Tyldesley states that the Great Pyramid itself `` is known to have been opened and emptied by the Middle Kingdom '' , before the Arab caliph Abdullah al - Mamun entered the pyramid around AD 820 . I.E.S. Edwards discusses Strabo 's mention that the pyramid `` a little way up one side has a stone that may be taken out , which being raised up there is a sloping passage to the foundations '' . Edwards suggested that the pyramid was entered by robbers after the end of the Old Kingdom and sealed and then reopened more than once until Strabo 's door was added . He adds : `` If this highly speculative surmise be correct , it is also necessary to assume either that the existence of the door was forgotten or that the entrance was again blocked with facing stones '' , in order to explain why al - Ma'mun could not find the entrance . He also discusses a story told by Herodotus . Herodotus visited Egypt in the 5th century BC and recounts a story that he was told concerning vaults under the pyramid built on an island where the body of Cheops lies . Edwards notes that the pyramid had `` almost certainly been opened and its contents plundered long before the time of Herodotus '' and that it might have been closed again during the Twenty - sixth Dynasty of Egypt when other monuments were restored . He suggests that the story told to Herodotus could have been the result of almost two centuries of telling and retelling by Pyramid guides . See also Djedi Project Golden Ratio dimensions in Egyptian pyramids Index of Egypt - related articles List of archaeoastronomical sites by country List of Egyptian pyramids List of largest monoliths in the world including a section on calculating the weight of megaliths List of tallest freestanding structures Pyramid inch Pyramidion Pyramidology The Upuaut Project References Notes Jump up ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiunu . ^ Jump up to : `` By themselves , of course , none of these modern labels define the ancient purposes of the architecture they describe . '' -- Romer ( 2007 ) , p. 8 Jump up ^ Shaw ( 2003 ) , p. 89 Jump up ^ Levy ( 2005 ) , p. 17 ^ Jump up to : Petrie ( 1883 ) Jump up ^ I.E.S. Edwards ( 1986 ) ( 1947 ) . The Pyramids of Egypt . p. 285 . Jump up ^ Collins ( 2001 ) , p. 234 Jump up ^ Cole Survey ( 1925 ) based on side lengths 230.252 m , 230.454 m , 230.391 m , 230.357 m Jump up ^ Lehner ( 1997 ) , p. 108 Jump up ^ Petrie ( 1883 ) , p. 38 For 2600 BC , bisecting the semi-circular path of star 10i Draconis around the North Celestial Pole during the half - day darkness of a mid-winter evening would easily provide accurate true north . See Nature 412 : 699 ( 2001 ) ; further sources and discussion available via DIO . Jump up ^ Petrie ( 1883 ) , p. 125 Jump up ^ Petrie ( 1883 ) , p. 39 Jump up ^ Verner ( 2003 ) , p. 70 Jump up ^ Petrie Wisdom of the Egyptians 1940 : 30 Jump up ^ Rossi , Corina ( 2007 ) , Architecture and Mathematics in Ancient Egypt , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 69053 - 9 Jump up ^ Stille , Alexander . `` The World 's Oldest Papyrus and What It Can Tell Us About the Great Pyramids '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Lehner ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Romer ( 2007 ) , p. 157 Jump up ^ `` British Museum -- Limestone block from the pyramid of Khufu '' . britishmuseum.org . Jump up ^ Romer ( 2007 ) , p. 41 Jump up ^ Clarke , Somers ; Reginal Engelbach ( 1991 ) . Ancient Egyptian construction and architecture . Dover Publications . pp. 78 -- 79 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 26485 - 1 . Jump up ^ Stocks , Denys Allen ( 2003 ) . Experiments in Egyptian archaeology : stoneworking technology in ancient Egypt . Routledge . pp. 182 -- 183 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 30664 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Building the Great Pyramid '' . BBC . 3 February 2006 . Jump up ^ Verner ( 2001 ) , p. 75 -- 82 Jump up ^ Romer ( 2007 ) , p. 327 , 329 -- 337 Jump up ^ Romer ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ `` Civil Engineering '' . June 1999 . Archived from the original on 8 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Unfinished Chamber '' . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved 11 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lower Northern Shaft '' . The Upuaut Project . Retrieved 11 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Will the Great Pyramid 's Secret Doors Be Opened ? '' . Fox News . 12 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Gupton , Nancy ( 4 April 2003 ) . `` Ancient Egyptian Chambers Explored '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 11 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Third `` Door '' Found in Great Pyramid `` . National Geographic . 23 September 2002 . Retrieved 11 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` First images from Great Pyramid 's chamber of secrets '' . New Scientist . Reed Business Information . 25 May 2011 . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Lehner , Mark ( 1997 ) . The Complete Pyramids . London : Thames and Hudson . p. 113 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05084 - 8 . Jump up ^ Jackson & Stamp ( 2002 ) , p. 79 , 104 Jump up ^ `` Vyse , H. ( 1840 ) Operations Carried on at the Pyramids of Gizeh in 1837 : With an Account of a Voyage into Upper Egypt , and an Appendix . Vol I . '' . Internet Archive . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas and Dr Zahi Hawass inside the Great Pyramid '' . BBC . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tyldesley ( 2007 ) , p. 38 Jump up ^ Tyldesley ( 2007 ) , pp. 38 -- 40 Jump up ^ Shafer , Byron E. ; Dieter Arnold ( 2005 ) . Temples of Ancient Egypt . I.B. Tauris . pp. 51 -- 52 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85043 - 945 - 5 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Dieter ; Nigel Strudwick ; Helen Strudwick ( 2002 ) . The encyclopaedia of ancient Egyptian architecture . I.B. Tauris . p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86064 - 465 - 8 . Jump up ^ Romer Jump up ^ `` Egyptian Pyramids -- Lost City of the Pyramid Builders -- AERA -- Ancient Egypt Research Associates '' . aeraweb.org . Jump up ^ `` Dating the Lost City of the Pyramids -- Mark Lehner & AERA -- Ancient Egypt Research Associates '' . aeraweb.org . Jump up ^ `` Ruins of Bustling Port Unearthed at Egypt 's Giza Pyramids '' . Livescience.com. 2014 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Zahi Hawass : ' `` Giza , workmen 's community '' , In : Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt . Compiled and edited by Kathryn A. Bard . London / New York 1999 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 18589 - 0 pp. 423 -- 426 Jump up ^ Hawass , Zahi ; Ashraf Senussi ( 2008 ) . Old Kingdom Pottery from Giza . Supreme Council of Antiquities . pp. 127 -- 128 . ISBN 978 - 977 - 305 - 986 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hawass , Zahi . `` The Discovery of the Tombs of the Pyramid Builders at Giza '' . Retrieved 21 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Khufu 's Second Boat '' . Institute of Egyptology . Tokyo , Japan : Waseda University . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Brier 1999 , p. 164 . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 19 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Cremin 2007 p. 96 . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 19 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Edwards ( 1986 ) , p. 99 -- 100 Jump up ^ Edwards ( 1986 ) , p. 990 -- 91 Bibliography Bauval , Robert & , Hancock , Graham ( 1996 ) . Keeper of Genesis . Mandarin books . ISBN 0 - 7493 - 2196 - 2 . Brier , Bob & , Hobbs , A. Hoyt ( 1999 ) . Daily Life of the Ancient Egyptians . Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30313 - 5 . Calter , Paul A. ( 2008 ) . Squaring the Circle : Geometry in Art and Architecture . Key College Publishing . ISBN 1 - 930190 - 82 - 4 . Clayton , Peter A. ( 1994 ) . Chronicle of the Pharaohs . Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05074 - 0 . Cole , JH. ( 1925 ) . Determination of the Exact Size and Orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza . Cairo : Government Press . SURVEY OF EGYPT Paper No. 39 . Collins , Dana M. ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510234 - 5 . Cremin , Aedeen ( 2007 ) . Archaeologica . Frances Lincoln . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7112 - 2822 - 1 . Edwards , I.E.S. ( 1986 ) ( 1962 ) . The Pyramids of Egypt . Max Parrish . Gahlin , Lucia ( 2003 ) . Myths and Mythology of Ancient Egypt . Anness Publishing Ltd . ISBN 1 - 84215 - 831 - 7 . Hassan , Selim ( 1960 ) . The Great Pyramid of Khufu and its Mortuary Chapel With Names and Titles of Vols . I-X of the Excavations at Giza ( PDF ) . Ministry of Culture and National Orientation , Antiquities Department of Egypt . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 January 2013 . Jackson , K. ; Stamp , J. ( 2002 ) . Pyramid : Beyond Imagination . Inside the Great Pyramid of Giza . BBC Worldwide Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 563 - 48803 - 3 . Lehner , Mark ( 1997 ) . The Complete Pyramids . London : Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05084 - 8 . Levy , Janey ( 2005 ) . The Great Pyramid of Giza : Measuring Length , Area , Volume , and Angles . Rosen Publishing Group . ISBN 1 - 4042 - 6059 - 5 . Lepre , J.P. ( 1990 ) . The Egyptian Pyramids : A Comprehensive , Illustrated Reference . McFarland & Company . ISBN 0 - 89950 - 461 - 2 . Lightbody , David I ( 2008 ) . Egyptian Tomb Architecture : The Archaeological Facts of Pharaonic Circular Symbolism . British Archaeological Reports International Series S1852 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4073 - 0339 - 0 . Oakes , Lorana ; Lucia Gahlin ( 2002 ) . Ancient Egypt . Hermes House . ISBN 1 - 84309 - 429 - 0 . Petrie , Sir William Matthew Flinders ( 1883 ) . The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh . Field & Tuer . ISBN 0 - 7103 - 0709 - 8 . Romer , John ( 2007 ) . The Great Pyramid : Ancient Egypt Revisited . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87166 - 2 . Scarre , Chris ( 1999 ) . The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World . Thames & Hudson , London . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 05096 - 5 . Seidelmann , P. Kenneth ( 1992 ) . Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac . University Science Books . ISBN 0 - 935702 - 68 - 7 . Shaw , Ian ( 2003 ) . The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 815034 - 2 . Siliotti , Alberto ( 1997 ) . Guide to the pyramids of Egypt ; preface by Zahi Hawass . Barnes & Noble Books . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 0763 - 4 . Smyth , Piazzi ( 1978 ) . The Great Pyramid . Crown Publishers Inc . ISBN 0 - 517 - 26403 - X . Tyldesley , Joyce ( 2007 ) . Egypt : How a lost civilization was rediscovered . BBC Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 563 - 52257 - 7 . Verner , Miroslav ( 2001 ) . The Pyramids : The Mystery , Culture , and Science of Egypt 's Great Monuments . Grove Press . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 1703 - 1 . Verner , Miroslav ( 2003 ) . The Pyramids : Their Archaeology and History . Atlantic Books . ISBN 1 - 84354 - 171 - 8 . Wirsching , Armin ( 2009 ) . Die Pyramiden von Giza -- Mathematik in Stein gebaut ( 2nd ed . ) . Books on Demand . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8370 - 2355 - 8 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Pyramid of Giza . Pyramids at DMOZ Building the Khufu Pyramid `` The Giza Plateau Mapping Project '' . Oriental Institute . Records Preceded by Red Pyramid World 's tallest structure c. 2570BC -- 1300AD 146.6 m Succeeded by Lincoln Cathedral Egyptian pyramids List of Egyptian pyramids ( Lepsius ) Commons Period Dynasty Pyramids Old Kingdom ( 2686 -- 2181 BC ) III Djoser Buried Layer Lepsius I ( de ) Athribis Elephantine Edfu South el - Kula ( de ) Naqada Saujet el - Meitin ( de ) Sinki ( de ) IV Seila ( de ) Meidum Bent Red Khufu Djedefre Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el'Aryan Khafre Menkaure Khentkaus I ( de ) Mastabet el - Fara'un G1 - a G1 - b G1 - c G1 - d Lepsius L ( de ) V Userkaf Neferhetepes ( de ) Sahure Neferirkare Khentkaus II Neferefre Unfinished Niuserre ( de ) Lepsius XXIV Double Headless Djedkare - Isesi Unas VI Teti Pepi I Merenre Pepi II Sesheshet 1 Intermediate Period ( 2181 -- 2040 BC ) VII VIII Ity Neferkare Neby Ibi Khui X Merikare Middle Kingdom ( 2040 -- 1650 BC ) XI Reherishefnakht XII Amenemhat I Senusret I White Senusret II ( de ) Senusret III Black Hawara Neferuptah ( de ) Central Dahshur ( de ) South Mazghuna North Mazghuna XIII Ameny Qemau Khendjer Southern South Saqqara SAK S 3 SAK S 7 ( de ) South Dahshur A ( de ) South Dahshur B ( de ) DAS 46 DAS 49 DAS 50 DAS 51 DAS 53 ( de ) S 9 S 10 Merneferre Ay Second Intermediate ( 1650 -- 1570 BC ) XVII Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre - Wepmaat Intef Nubkheperre Intef Senakhtenre Ahmose Seqenenre Tao Kamose New Kingdom ( 1570 -- 1070 BC ) XVIII Ahmose Step pyramid Construction techniques Seked Texts Pyramidion Pyramidology Mathematics and art Forms Algorithmic art Anamorphic art Computer art 4D art Fractal art Islamic geometric patterns Girih Jali Muqarnas Zellige Knotting Architecture Geodesic dome Islamic Mughal Pyramid Vastu shastra Music Origami Textiles String art Sculpture Tiling Artworks List of works designed with the golden ratio Continuum Octacube Pi Pi in the Sky Buildings Hagia Sophia Pantheon Parthenon Pyramid of Khufu Sagrada Família St Mary 's Cathedral Sydney Opera House Taj Mahal Artists Renaissance Paolo Uccello Piero della Francesca Albrecht Dürer Leonardo da Vinci Vitruvian Man Parmigianino Self - portrait in a Convex Mirror 19th -- 20th Century William Blake The Ancient of Days Newton ) Jean Metzinger Danseuse au café L'Oiseau bleu Man Ray René Magritte La condition humaine Salvador Dalí Crucifixion The Swallow 's Tail Giorgio de Chirico M.C. Escher Circle Limit III Print Gallery Relativity Reptiles Waterfall Contemporary Martin and Erik Demaine Scott Draves Jan Dibbets John Ernest Helaman Ferguson Peter Forakis Bathsheba Grossman George W. Hart Desmond Paul Henry John A. Hiigli Anthony Hill Charles Jencks Garden of Cosmic Speculation Robert Longhurst István Orosz Hinke Osinga Hamid Naderi Yeganeh A Bird in Flight Boat Tony Robbin Oliver Sin Hiroshi Sugimoto Daina Taimina Roman Verostko Concepts Algorithm Catenary Fractal Golden ratio Hyperboloid structure Minimal surface Paraboloid Perspective Camera lucida Camera obscura Projective geometry Proportion Architecture Human Symmetry Tessellation Wallpaper group Theorists Ancient Polykleitos Canon Vitruvius De architectura Renaissance Luca Pacioli De divina proportione Piero della Francesca De prospectiva pingendi Leon Battista Alberti De pictura De re aedificatoria Sebastiano Serlio Regole generali d'architettura Andrea Palladio I quattro libri dell'architettura Albrecht Dürer Vier Bücher von Menschlicher Proportion Romantic Frederik Macody Lund `` Ad Quadratum '' Jay Hambidge `` The Greek Vase '' Samuel Colman `` Nature 's Harmonic Unity '' Modern Owen Jones The Grammar of Ornament Ernest Hanbury Hankin The Drawing of Geometric Patterns in Saracenic Art G.H. Hardy A Mathematician 's Apology George David Birkhoff Aesthetic Measure Douglas Hofstadter Gödel , Escher , Bach Nikos Salingaros The ' Life ' of a Carpet Publications Journal of Mathematics and the Arts Organizations Ars Mathematica The Bridges Organization European Society for Mathematics and the Arts Goudreau Museum of Mathematics in Art and Science Institute For Figuring Museum of Mathematics Related topics Droste effect Mathematical beauty Patterns in nature Sacred geometry Memphis and the Memphis pyramid complex City Memphis Abu Rawash Pyramid of Djedefre Giza Giza pyramid complex Great Pyramid of Giza Pyramid of Khafre Pyramid of Menkaure Sphinx Zawyet el'Aryan Abusir Abu Gorab Saqqara Step Pyramid Pyramid of Unas Mastabet el - Fara'un Serapeum Pyramid of Teti Imhotep Museum Dahshur Bent Pyramid Red Pyramid Black Pyramid Mazghuna See also Egyptian pyramid construction techniques Lepsius list of pyramids Seven Wonders of the Ancient World The Seven Wonders Great Pyramid of Giza Hanging Gardens of Babylon Statue of Zeus at Olympia Temple of Artemis Mausoleum at Halicarnassus Colossus of Rhodes Lighthouse of Alexandria Related Wonders of the World Seven Wonders of the World ( 1956 film ) VIAF : 247198851 LCCN : sh85057002 GND : 4093545 - 0 SUDOC : 027326578 BNF : cb11939303h ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=800811421 '' Categories : Buildings and structures completed in the 26th century BC Pyramids of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt Former world 's tallest buildings Giza Plateau Khufu Seven Wonders of the Ancient World Buildings and structures in Giza Tourist attractions in Egypt Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from June 2011 Use British English Oxford spelling from August 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles using infobox pyramid using locally defined parameters Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles with DMOZ links Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kurdî ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Livvinkarjala Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Twi Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 Zeêuws 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 20 : 33 . 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when was the women's first world cup held	The FIFA Women 's World Cup is an international football competition contested by the senior women 's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The competition has been held every four years since 1991 , when the inaugural tournament , then called the FIFA Women 's World Championship , was held in China .	1991	FIFA Women 's World Cup	fifa women's world cup	The FIFA Women 's World Cup is an international football competition contested by the senior women 's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The competition has been held every four years since 1991 , when the inaugural tournament , then called the FIFA Women 's World Championship , was held in China .	Under the tournament 's current format , national teams vie for 23 slots in a three - year qualification phase . ( The host nation 's team is automatically entered as the 24th slot . ) The tournament proper , alternatively called the World Cup Finals , is contested at venues within the host nation ( s ) over a period of about one month . The seven FIFA Women 's World Cup tournaments have been won by four different national teams . The current champion is the United States , after winning their third title in the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Format 2.1 Qualification 2.2 Final tournament 3 Results 4 All - time performance 5 Overall team records 6 Attendance 7 Broadcasting 8 Awards 9 Player records 9.1 Most goals 9.2 Most tournaments 9.3 Most matches 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) In 1988 -- 58 years after the first Men 's FIFA World Cup tournament in 1930 and approximately 17 years after the FA ban on women 's football was eliminated in 1971 -- FIFA hosted an invitational in China as a test to see if a global women 's World Cup was feasible . Twelve national teams took part in the competition -- four from UEFA , three from AFC , two from CONCACAF and one from CONMEBOL , CAF and OFC . The tournament saw European champion Norway defeat Sweden 1 -- 0 in the final to win the tournament , while Brazil clinched third place by beating the hosts in a penalty shootout . The competition was deemed a success and on 30 June FIFA approved the establishment of an official World Cup , which was to take place in 1991 again in China . Again , twelve teams competed , this time culminating in the United States beating Norway in the final 2 - 1 . In the 1999 edition , one of the most famous moments of the tournament was American defender Brandi Chastain 's victory celebration after scoring the Cup - winning penalty kick against China . She took off her jersey and waved it over her head ( as men frequently do ) , showing her muscular torso and sports bra as she celebrated . The 1999 final in the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California had an attendance of 90,185 , a world record for a women 's sporting event . The 1999 and 2003 Women 's World Cups were both held in the United States ; in 2003 China was supposed to host it , but the tournament was moved because of SARS . As compensation , China retained its automatic qualification to the 2003 tournament as host nation , and was automatically chosen to host the 2007 FIFA Women 's World Cup . Germany hosted the 2011 FIFA Women 's World Cup , as decided by vote in October 2007 . In March 2011 , FIFA awarded Canada the right to host the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup . The 2015 edition saw the field expand from 16 to 24 teams . During the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup , both Formiga of Brazil and Homare Sawa of Japan made a record of appearing in six World Cups , a feat that had never been achieved before by either female or male players . Christie Rampone is the oldest player to ever play in a Women 's World Cup match , at the age of 40 years . In March 2015 , FIFA awarded France the right to host the 2019 FIFA Women 's World Cup over South Korea . The tournament will begin on 1 June 2019 and the final will be played on 30 June 2019 ; both the opening and final matches will be played at Parc Olympique Lyonnais , a venue with a capacity of 58,000 in the Lyon suburb of Décines . Format ( edit ) Qualification ( edit ) Main article : FIFA Women 's World Cup qualification Qualifying tournaments are held within the six FIFA continental zones ( Africa , Asia , North and Central America and Caribbean , South America , Oceania , Europe ) , and are organised by their respective confederations : Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) , Asian Football Confederation ( AFC ) , Confederation of North , Central America and Caribbean Association Football ( CONCACAF ) , South American Football Confederation CONMEBOL , Oceania Football Confederation ( OFC ) , and Union of European Football Associations UEFA ) . For each tournament , FIFA decides beforehand the number of berths awarded to each of the continental zones , based on the relative strength of the confederations ' teams . The hosts of the World Cup receive an automatic berth in the finals . Since the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup , the number of finalists increased from 16 to 24 . Final tournament ( edit ) The final tournament has featured between twelve and twenty - four national teams competing over about one month in the host nation ( s ) . There are two stages : the group stage followed by the knockout stage . In the group stage , teams are drawn into groups of four teams each . Each group plays a round - robin tournament , in which each team is scheduled for three matches against other teams in the same group . The last round of matches of each group is scheduled at the same time to preserve fairness among all four teams . In the 2015 24 - team format , the two teams finishing first and second in each group and the four best teams among those ranked third qualify for the round of 16 , also called the knockout stage . Points are used to rank the teams within a group . Since 1994 , three points have been awarded for a win , one for a draw and none for a loss ( before , winners received two points ) . The ranking of each team in each group is determined as follows : Greatest number of points in group matches Greatest goal difference in group matches Greatest number of goals scored in group matches If more than one team remain level after applying the above criteria , their ranking will be determined as follows : Greatest number of points in head - to - head matches among those teams Greatest goal difference in head - to - head matches among those teams Greatest number of goals scored in head - to - head matches among those teams If any of the teams above remain level after applying the above criteria , their ranking will be determined by the drawing of lots The knockout stage is a single - elimination tournament in which teams play each other in one - off matches , with extra time and penalty shootouts used to decide the winner if necessary . It begins with the round of 16 . This is followed by the quarter - finals , semi-finals , the third - place match ( contested by the losing semi-finalists ) , and the final . Results ( edit ) See also : List of FIFA Women 's World Cup finals Year Host Champions Score Runners - up Third Place Score Fourth Place Teams 1991 China United States 2 -- 1 Norway Sweden 4 -- 0 Germany 12 1995 Sweden Norway 2 -- 0 Germany United States 2 -- 0 China PR 12 1999 United States United States 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) ( 5 -- 4 p ) China PR Brazil 0 -- 0 ( 5 -- 4 p ) Norway 16 2003 United States Germany 2 -- 1 ( a.g.g.e.t. ) Sweden United States 3 -- 1 Canada 16 2007 China Germany 2 -- 0 Brazil United States 4 -- 1 Norway 16 2011 Germany Japan 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) ( 3 -- 1 p ) United States Sweden 2 -- 1 France 16 2015 Canada United States 5 -- 2 Japan England 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Germany 24 2019 France 24 2023 TBD No extra time was played . All - time performance ( edit ) Main article : National team appearances in the FIFA Women 's World Cup # Team Titles Runners - up Third Place Fourth Place Total United States 3 ( 1991 , 1999 , 2015 ) 1 ( 2011 ) 3 ( 1995 , 2003 , 2007 ) -- 7 Germany 2 ( 2003 , 2007 ) 1 ( 1995 ) -- 2 ( 1991 , 2015 ) 5 Norway 1 ( 1995 ) 1 ( 1991 ) -- 2 ( 1999 , 2007 ) Japan 1 ( 2011 ) 1 ( 2015 ) -- -- 5 Sweden -- 1 ( 2003 ) 2 ( 1991 , 2011 ) -- 6 Brazil -- 1 ( 2007 ) 1 ( 1999 ) -- 7 China PR -- 1 ( 1999 ) -- 1 ( 1995 ) 8 England -- -- 1 ( 2015 ) -- 9 Canada -- -- -- 1 ( 2003 ) France -- -- -- 1 ( 2011 ) Overall team records ( edit ) As per statistical convention in football , matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses , while matches decided by penalty shoot - outs are counted as draws . 3 points per win , 1 point per draw and 0 points per loss . Rank Team Part Pld GF GA GD Points United States 7 43 33 6 112 35 + 77 105 Germany 7 39 26 5 8 111 37 + 74 83 Norway 7 35 22 10 86 45 + 41 69 Sweden 7 33 18 5 10 59 42 + 17 59 5 Brazil 7 30 18 8 59 35 + 24 58 6 China PR 6 29 15 6 8 52 29 + 23 51 7 Japan 7 29 13 13 36 54 - 18 42 8 England 19 10 5 30 25 + 5 34 9 Canada 6 23 6 5 12 30 49 - 19 23 10 France 14 6 5 22 16 + 6 21 11 Australia 6 22 5 5 12 29 44 - 15 20 12 Russia 8 0 16 14 + 2 12 13 Nigeria 7 22 16 18 56 - 38 12 14 North Korea 13 8 12 20 - 8 11 15 Italy 7 11 8 + 3 10 16 Denmark 14 10 19 26 - 7 10 17 Cameroon 0 9 + 5 6 18 Colombia 7 9 - 5 5 19 Netherlands - 1 20 South Korea 7 5 5 19 - 14 21 Ghana 9 7 6 30 - 24 22 Switzerland 0 11 5 + 6 23 Thailand 0 10 - 7 24 Chinese Taipei 0 15 - 13 25 New Zealand 12 0 9 7 29 - 22 26 Mexico 9 0 6 6 30 - 24 27 Costa Rica 0 - 1 28 Spain 0 - 2 29 Equatorial Guinea 0 0 7 - 5 0 30 Ivory Coast 0 0 16 - 13 0 31 Ecuador 0 0 17 - 16 0 32 Argentina 6 0 0 6 33 - 31 0 Attendance ( edit ) Tournament Matches Attendance Ref Total Average Highest 1991 China 26 510,000 18,344 65,000 1995 Sweden 26 112,213 4,316 17,158 1999 USA 32 1,214,209 37,944 90,185 2003 USA 32 679,664 21,240 34,144 5 2007 China 32 1,190,971 37,218 55,832 6 2011 Germany 32 845,751 26,430 73,680 7 2015 Canada 52 1,353,506 26,029 54,027 Notes : The 2003 Women 's World Cup was originally scheduled for China but re-located in May 2003 to the United States after a SARS outbreak in China . The 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup set a new attendance record for all previous FIFA competitions other than the men 's FIFA World Cup . Broadcasting ( edit ) See also : List of FIFA Women 's World Cup broadcasters As of 2017 , the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup Final was the most watched soccer match in American history with nearly 23 million viewers until this summer where even more people watched a friendly between Manchester United and Real Madrid , more than the 2015 NBA Finals and Stanley Cup . It was also the most watched Spanish - language broadcast in tournament history . More than 750 million viewers were reported to have watched the tournament worldwide . Awards ( edit ) Main article : FIFA Women 's World Cup awards At the end of each World Cup , awards are presented to select players and teams for accomplishments other than their final team positions in the tournament . There are currently seven awards : The Golden Ball for the best player , determined by a vote of media members ( first awarded in 1991 ) ; the Silver Ball and the Bronze Ball are awarded to the players finishing second and third in the voting respectively . The Golden Boot ( also known as the Golden Shoe ) for the top goalscorer ( first awarded in 1991 ) . The Silver Boot and the Bronze Boot have been awarded to the second and third top goalscorers respectively . If two or more players finish the tournament with the same number of goals , tiebreakers are used in the following order : Most assists . Fewest minutes played . The Golden Glove Award for the best goalkeeper , decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group . First awarded in 2007 as `` Best Goalkeeper '' ; current award name adopted in 2011 . The Best Young Player Award for the best player no older than age 21 as of 1 January of the year of the final tournament , decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group ( first awarded in 2011 ) . The FIFA Fair Play Award for the team with the best record of fair play , according to the points system and criteria established by the FIFA Fair Play Committee ( first awarded in 1991 ) . The All - Star Team , consisting of the best players of the tournament as determined by the FIFA Technical Study Group ( first selected in 1999 ) . The Dream Team , consisting of the best players of the tournament as chosen by users of fifa.com ( first selected in 2015 ) . Another award is presented a week after the final match : The Goal of the Tournament , consisting of the tournament 's best goal , as chosen by users of fifa.com from a shortlist of 12 goals selected by FIFA 's web administrators ( first awarded in 2015 ) . One past award is no longer presented : The Most Entertaining Team Award for the team that has entertained the public the most during the World Cup , determined by a poll of the general public ( awarded in 2003 and 2007 ) . Player records ( edit ) Main article : FIFA Women 's World Cup records Most goals ( edit ) Main article : List of FIFA Women 's World Cup goalscorers Marta of Brazil is the all - time leading scorer of the World Cup . Birgit Prinz is tied for the second most goals in all tournaments , and won the title twice representing Germany . Rank Name World Cup Total ' 91 ' 95 ' 99 ' 03 ' 07 ' 11 ' 15 Marta 7 15 Birgit Prinz 7 5 0 14 Abby Wambach 6 14 Michelle Akers 10 0 12 5 Sun Wen 7 11 Bettina Wiegmann 11 7 Ann Kristin Aarønes 6 10 Heidi Mohr 7 10 9 Linda Medalen 6 9 Hege Riise 5 0 9 Christine Sinclair 9 12 Kerstin Garefrekes 8 Mia Hamm 8 Kristine Lilly 0 8 Liu Ailing 8 Marianne Pettersen 8 Célia Šašić 6 8 Homare Sawa 0 0 0 5 0 8 Formiga and Homare Sawa are the only players to appear in six Women 's World Cup editions . Most tournaments ( edit ) Main article : List of players who have appeared in multiple FIFA Women 's World Cups # Player Appearances Formiga 6 ( 1995 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , 2011 , 2015 ) Homare Sawa 6 ( 1995 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , 2011 , 2015 ) Kristine Lilly 5 ( 1991 , 1995 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 ) Bente Nordby 5 ( 1991 * , 1995 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 ) Birgit Prinz 5 ( 1995 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , 2011 ) Karina LeBlanc 5 ( 1999 * , 2003 , 2007 * , 2011 , 2015 * ) Nadine Angerer 5 ( 1999 * , 2003 * , 2007 , 2011 , 2015 ) Christie Rampone 5 ( 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , 2011 , 2015 ) * Did not play but was part of the squad . Most matches ( edit ) # Player Matches Kristine Lilly 30 Abby Wambach 25 Formiga 24 Julie Foudy 24 Birgit Prinz 24 Homare Sawa 24 7 Joy Fawcett 23 Mia Hamm 23 9 Bente Nordby 22 Hege Riise 22 Bettina Wiegmann 22 See also ( edit ) FIFA Women 's Club World Cup FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup Women 's association football portal Association football portal Women 's Sport portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The History of Women 's Football '' . England Football Association . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . Jump up ^ FIFA KOs Greece . El Mundo Deportivo , 01 / 07 / 88 Jump up ^ `` Women 's World Cup History '' . The Sports Network . Retrieved 25 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Koppel , Naomi ( 3 May 2003 ) . `` FIFA moves Women 's World Cup from China because of SARS '' . USA Today . Retrieved 27 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Molinaro , John F. ( 3 March 2011 ) . `` Canada gets 2015 Women 's World Cup of soccer '' . CBC Sports . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Japan legend Sawa makes cut for sixth World Cup '' . Reuters. 1 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USWNT 'S Christie Rampone Is Now The Oldest Player To Appear In The Women 's World Cup '' . Huffington Post . 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` France to host the FIFA Women 's World Cup in 2019 '' . FIFA.com. 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LA FINALE DU MONDIAL FEMININ 2019 AU PARC OL ! '' ( Press release ) ( in French ) . Groupama Stadium . 15 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Champions : USA Wins 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup '' . U.S. Soccer. 5 July 2004 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations FIFA Women 's World Cup Canada 2015 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil takes third '' . SI / CNN . 10 July 1999 . Archived from the original on 28 February 2002 . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Women 's World Cup Germany 2011 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . pp. 109 -- 110 . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Women 's World Cup Germany 2011 Statistics '' . FIFA . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Key figures from the FIFA Women 's World Cup Canada 2015 TM '' . FIFA. 7 July 2015 . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Women 's World Cup Final Is Most - watched Soccer Match in U.S. History '' . U.S. Soccer. 8 July 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hinog , Mark ( 6 July 2015 ) . `` More Americans watched the Women 's World Cup final than the NBA Finals or the Stanley Cup 24 '' . SB Nation . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Record - breaking FIFA Women 's World Cup tops 750 million TV viewers '' . FIFA. 17 December 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA Women 's World Cup . 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who played spock's mother in star trek 2009	Winona Ryder as Amanda Grayson , Spock 's mother .	Winona Ryder	Star Trek ( film )	star trek ( film )	Star Trek is a 2009 American science fiction adventure film directed by J.J. Abrams and written by Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman . It is the eleventh film in the Star Trek film franchise , and is also a reboot that features the main characters of the original Star Trek television series portrayed by a new cast , as the first in the rebooted film series . The film follows James T. Kirk ( Chris Pine ) and Spock ( Zachary Quinto ) aboard USS Enterprise as they combat Nero ( Eric Bana ) , a Romulan from their future who threatens the United Federation of Planets . The story takes place in an alternate reality because of time travel by both Nero and the original Spock ( Leonard Nimoy ) . The alternate timeline was created in an attempt to free the film and the franchise from established continuity constraints while simultaneously preserving original story elements .	The idea for a prequel film which would follow the Star Trek characters during their time in Starfleet Academy was discussed by series creator Gene Roddenberry in 1968 . The concept resurfaced in the late 1980s , when it was postulated by Harve Bennett as a possible plotline for what would become Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country , but was rejected in lieu of other projects by Roddenberry . Following the critical and commercial failure of Star Trek : Nemesis and the cancellation of the television series Star Trek : Enterprise , the franchise 's executive producer Rick Berman and screenwriter Erik Jendresen wrote an unproduced film titled Star Trek : The Beginning , which would take place after Enterprise . After the separation of Viacom and CBS Corporation in 2005 , former Paramount Pictures president Gail Berman convinced CBS to allow Paramount to produce a new film in the franchise . Orci and Kurtzman , both fans of Star Trek , were approached to write the film , and J.J. Abrams was approached to direct it . Kurtzman and Orci used inspiration from novels and graduate school dissertations , as well as the series itself . Principal photography commenced on November 7 , 2007 and ended on March 27 , 2008 . The film was shot in various locations around California and Utah . Abrams wanted to avoid using bluescreen and greenscreen , opting to use sets and locations instead . Heavy secrecy surrounded the film 's production and was under the fake working title Corporate Headquarters . Industrial Light & Magic used digital ships for the film , as opposed to the previous films in the franchise . Production for the film concluded by the end of 2008 . Star Trek was heavily promoted in the months preceding its release ; pre-release screenings for the film premiered in select cities around the world , including Austin , Texas , Sydney , Australia , and Calgary , Alberta . It was released in the United States and Canada on May 8 , 2009 , to critical acclaim ; critics praised its character development , as well as its storyline , effects , stunts , action sequences , direction , and its score by Michael Giacchino . Star Trek was a box office success , grossing over $385.7 million worldwide against its $150 million production budget . It was nominated for several awards , including four Academy Awards at the 82nd Academy Awards , ultimately winning Best Makeup , making it the first Star Trek film to win an Academy Award . It was followed by two sequels , Star Trek Into Darkness ( 2013 ) and Star Trek Beyond ( 2016 ) , with a fourth having been announced . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Design 3.4 Filming 3.5 Effects 3.6 Music 3.7 Sound effects 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 Sequels 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In the 23rd century , the Federation starship USS Kelvin is investigating a `` lightning storm '' in space . A Romulan ship , Narada , emerges from the storm and attacks Kelvin . Narada 's first officer , Ayel , demands that Kelvin 's Captain Robau come aboard to negotiate a truce . Robau is questioned about the current stardate and an `` Ambassador Spock '' , whom he does not recognize . Narada 's commander , Nero , kills him , and resumes attacking Kelvin . George Kirk , Kelvin 's first officer , orders the ship 's personnel , including his pregnant wife Winona , to abandon ship while he pilots Kelvin on a collision course with Narada . Kirk sacrifices his life to ensure Winona 's survival as she gives birth to James T. Kirk . Seventeen years later on the planet Vulcan , a young Spock is accepted to join the Vulcan Science Academy . Realizing that the Academy views his human mother Amanda as a `` disadvantage '' , he joins Starfleet instead . On Earth , Kirk becomes a reckless but intelligent young adult . Following a bar fight with Starfleet cadets accompanying Nyota Uhura , Kirk meets Captain Christopher Pike , who encourages him to enlist in Starfleet Academy , where Kirk meets and befriends doctor Leonard McCoy . Three years later , Commander Spock accuses Kirk of cheating during the Kobayashi Maru simulation . Kirk argues that cheating was acceptable because the simulation was designed to be unbeatable . The disciplinary hearing is interrupted by a distress signal from Vulcan . With the primary fleet out of range , the cadets are mobilized . McCoy and Kirk board Pike 's ship , the Enterprise . Realizing that the `` lightning storm '' observed near Vulcan is similar to the one that occurred when he was born , Kirk breaks protocol to convince Pike that the distress signal is a trap . Enterprise arrives to find the fleet destroyed and Narada drilling into Vulcan 's core . Narada attacks Enterprise and Pike surrenders , delegating command of the ship to Spock and promoting Kirk to first officer . Kirk , Hikaru Sulu and Chief Engineer Olson perform a space jump onto the drilling platform . Olson is killed but Kirk and Sulu disable the drill . Despite their efforts , Nero launches `` red matter '' into Vulcan 's core , forming an artificial black hole that destroys Vulcan . Spock rescues the high council and his father Sarek , but his mother Amanda dies . As Narada moves toward Earth , Nero tortures Pike to gain access to Earth 's defense codes . Spock maroons Kirk on Delta Vega after Kirk attempts mutiny . Kirk encounters an older Spock , who explains that he and Nero are from 129 years in the future . In that future , Romulus was threatened by a supernova . Spock 's attempt to use `` red matter '' to create an artificial black hole and consume the supernova failed , and Nero 's family perished along with Romulus . Narada and Spock 's vessel were caught in the black hole , sending them back in time . Nero stranded Spock on Delta Vega to watch Vulcan 's destruction . Reaching a Starfleet outpost on Delta Vega , Kirk and the elder Spock meet Montgomery Scott . With the elder Spock 's help , Kirk and Scott beam onto Enterprise . Following the elder Spock 's advice , Kirk provokes younger Spock into attacking him , forcing Spock to recognize himself as emotionally compromised and relinquish command to Kirk . After talking with Sarek , Spock decides to help Kirk . While Enterprise hides itself within the gas clouds of Titan , Kirk and Spock beam aboard Narada . Kirk fights with Nero and Ayel , killing the latter and rescuing Pike , while Spock uses the elder Spock 's ship to destroy the drill . Spock leads Narada away from Earth and sets his ship to collide with Nero 's ship . Enterprise beams Kirk , Pike , and Spock aboard . The older Spock 's ship and Narada collide , igniting the `` red matter '' . Kirk offers Nero help to escape , but Nero refuses , prompting Kirk to give the order to fire , dooming Narada to be consumed in a black hole . Kirk is promoted to Captain and given command of Enterprise while Pike is promoted to Rear Admiral . Spock encounters his older self , who persuades his younger self to continue serving in Starfleet , encouraging him to do , for once , what feels right instead of what is logical . Spock remains in Starfleet , becoming first officer under Kirk 's command . Enterprise goes to warp as the elder Spock speaks the `` where no one has gone before '' monologue . Cast ( edit ) From top to bottom : Chris Pine , Zachary Quinto and Zoe Saldana . Chris Pine as James T. Kirk Pine described his first audition as `` awful '' , because he could not take himself seriously as a leader . Abrams did not see Pine 's first audition , and it was only after Pine 's agent met Abrams ' wife that the director decided to give him another audition opposite Quinto . Quinto was supportive of Pine 's casting because they knew each other from working out at the same gym . After getting the part , Pine sent William Shatner a letter and received a reply containing Shatner 's approval . Pine watched classic episodes and read encyclopedias about the Star Trek universe , but stopped as he felt weighed down by the feeling he had to copy Shatner . Pine felt he had to show Kirk 's `` humor , arrogance and decisiveness , '' but not Shatner 's speech pattern , which would have bordered on imitation . Pine said that when watching the original series , he was also struck by how Shatner 's performance was characterized by humor . Instead , Pine chose to incorporate elements of Tom Cruise from Top Gun and Harrison Ford 's portrayals of Indiana Jones and Han Solo . Chris Pratt also auditioned for the role . Jimmy Bennett portrays a younger Kirk . Zachary Quinto as Spock The younger alternate - timeline Spock . Quinto expressed interest in the role because of the duality of Spock 's half - human , half - Vulcan heritage , and how `` he is constantly exploring that notion of how to evolve in a responsible way and how to evolve in a respectful way . I think those are all things that we as a society , and certainly the world , could implement . '' He mentioned he heard about the new film and revealed his interest in the role in a December 2006 interview with the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette ; the article was widely circulated and he attracted Abrams ' interest . For the audition , Quinto wore a blue shirt and flattened his hair down to feel more like Spock . He bound his fingers to practice the Vulcan salute , shaved his eyebrows , and grew and dyed his hair for the role . He conveyed many of Spock 's attributes , such as his stillness and the way Nimoy would hold his hands behind his back . Quinto commented that the physical transformation aided in portraying an alien , joking `` I just felt like a nerd . I felt like I was 12 again . You look back at those pictures and you see the bowl cut . There 's no question I was born to play the Spock role . I was sporting that look for a good four or five years . The film officially establishes ( to Kirk 's surprise ) that Uhura and Spock are lovers and have been romantically linked for some time , a point which had never been previously explored on TV or in film . '' Adrien Brody had discussed playing the role with the director before Quinto was cast . Jacob Kogan portrays a younger Spock . Eric Bana as Captain Nero The film 's time - traveling Romulan villain . Bana shot his scenes toward the end of filming . He was n't `` a huge Trekkie when ( he ) was a kid '' , and had not seen the films . Even though he was `` crazy about the original series , '' he would not have accepted the role unless he liked the script , which he deemed `` awesome '' once he read it . Bana knew Abrams because they coincidentally shared the same agent . Bana improvised the character 's speech patterns . Leonard Nimoy as Spock Prime : Nimoy reprises the role of the older Spock from the original Star Trek timeline , credited as `` Spock Prime '' . He was a longtime friend of Abrams ' parents , but became better acquainted with Abrams during filming . Although Quinto watched some episodes of the show during breaks in filming , Nimoy was his main resource in playing Spock . Abrams and the writers met Nimoy at his house ; writer Roberto Orci recalled that the actor gave a `` ' Who are you guys and what are you up to ? ' vibe '' before being told how important he was to them . He was silent , and Nimoy 's wife Susan Bay told the creative team he had remained in his chair after their conversation , emotionally overwhelmed by his decision after turning down many opportunities to revisit the role . Had Nimoy disliked the script , production would have been delayed for it to be rewritten . Nimoy later said , `` This is the first and only time I ever had a filmmaker say , ' We can not make this film without you and we wo n't make it without you ' '' . He was `` genuinely excited '' by the script 's scope and its detailing of the characters ' backstories , saying , `` We have dealt with ( Spock 's being half - human , half - Vulcan ) , but never with quite the overview that this script has of the entire history of the character , the growth of the character , the beginnings of the character and the arrival of the character into the Enterprise crew . '' Abrams commented , `` It was surreal to direct him as Spock , because what the hell am I doing there ? This guy has been doing it for forty years . It 's like ' I think Spock would ... ' '' Zoe Saldana as Nyota Uhura Abrams asked her to play the role because he had seen her previous work and liked it . Saldana had never seen the original series , though she had played a Trekkie in The Terminal ( 2004 ) , but agreed to play the role after Abrams complimented her . `` For an actor , that 's all you need , that 's all you want . To get the acknowledgment and respect from your peers , '' she said . She met with Nichelle Nichols , who explained to her how she had created Uhura 's background and had named the character . Saldana 's mother was a Star Trek fan and sent her voice mails during filming , giving advice on the part . Sydney Tamiia Poitier also auditioned for the part . The film officially establishes the character 's first name , which had never been previously uttered on TV or in film . It also establishes ( in an officially discreet manner ) that Uhura and Spock are , in fact , lovers and had been romantically linked for some time during the film . Karl Urban as Dr. Leonard `` Bones '' McCoy Like Pine , Urban said of taking on the role that `` it is a case of not doing some sort of facsimile or carbon copy , but really taking the very essence of what DeForest Kelley has done and honoring that and bringing something new to the table '' . Urban has been a fan of the show since he was seven years old and actively pursued the role after rediscovering the series on DVD with his son . Urban was cast at his first audition , which was two months after his initial meeting with Abrams . He said he was happy to play a role with lots of comedy , something he had not done since The Price of Milk , because he was tired of action - oriented roles . When asked why McCoy is so cantankerous , Urban joked the character might be a `` little bipolar actually ! '' Orci and Kurtzman had collaborated with Urban on Xena : Warrior Princess , in which he played Cupid and Caesar . Simon Pegg as Montgomery `` Scotty '' Scott Abrams contacted Pegg by e-mail , offering him the part . To achieve Scotty 's accent , Pegg was assisted by his wife Maureen , who is from Glasgow , although Pegg said that Scotty was from Linlithgow and that he therefore wanted his accent to sound more East Coast Scottish . As a result , the accent he used is a mixture of both , although it leans more towards the West sound . He was also aided by James Doohan 's son , Chris , and Tommy Gormley , the film 's Glaswegian first assistant director . Pegg described Scotty as a positive Scottish stereotype , noting `` Scots are the first people to laugh at the fact that they drink and fight a bit '' , and that Scotty comes from a long line of Scots with technical expertise , such as John Logie Baird and Alexander Graham Bell . Years before , Pegg 's character on Spaced joked that every odd - numbered Star Trek film being `` shit '' was a fact of life . Pegg noted `` Fate put me in the movie to show me I was talking out of my ass . '' John Cho as Hikaru Sulu Abrams had at first been concerned about casting a Korean - American as a Japanese character , but George Takei reassured him that Sulu had been meant to represent all of Asia on Enterprise , so Abrams went ahead with Cho . Cho acknowledged that being an Asian - American , `` there are certain acting roles that you are never going to get , and one of them is playing a cowboy . ( Playing Sulu ) is a realization of that dream -- going into space . '' He cited the masculinity of the character as being important to him , and spent two weeks fight training . Although Cho suffered an injury to his wrist during filming , a representative reassured the public that the injury was `` no big deal '' . James Kyson Lee had originally been interested in playing the part of Sulu , but both he and Quinto , who had already been cast as Spock , were at the time members of the cast of the television series Heroes , and its producers told Lee they did not want to lose another cast member for three months . Anton Yelchin as Pavel Chekov As with the rest of the cast , Yelchin was allowed to choose what elements there were from their predecessor 's performances . Yelchin decided to carry on Walter Koenig 's speech patterns of replacing `` v '' s with `` w '' s , although he and Abrams felt this was a trait more common of Polish accents than Russian ones . He described Chekov as an odd character , being a Russian who was brought on to the show `` in the middle of the Cold War . '' He recalled a `` scene where they 're talking to Apollo ( who says ) , ' I am Apollo . ' And Chekov is like , ' And I am the czar of all the Russias . ' ( ... ) They gave him these lines . I mean he really is the weirdest , weirdest character . '' Bruce Greenwood as Christopher Pike , the captain of USS Enterprise . Ben Cross as Sarek , Spock 's father . Winona Ryder as Amanda Grayson , Spock 's mother . Clifton Collins Jr. as Ayel , Nero 's first officer . Chris Hemsworth plays George Kirk , James Tiberius Kirk 's father , who dies aboard USS Kelvin while battling Nero . Mark Wahlberg was also approached for the role . Faran Tahir plays Kelvin captain Richard Robau . Winona Kirk , Kirk 's mother , is played by Jennifer Morrison . Greg Ellis plays Chief Engineer Olson , the redshirt who is killed during the space jump . Additional minor roles include Rachel Nichols as Gaila , an Orion Starfleet cadet ; Deep Roy as Scotty 's alien ( Royla ) assistant Keenser ; and Paul McGillion as a Starfleet barracks leader . Chris Doohan , the son of the original Scotty , James Doohan , makes a cameo appearance in the transporter room as Lt. Kyle . Some characters had their scenes substantially or entirely cut from the film , including Brad William Henke as Kirk 's stepfather ( the character 's lines in the film were provided by Greg Grunberg ) . Spencer Daniels originally played Kirk 's older brother , George Samuel `` Sam '' Kirk , Jr. , but the majority of his scenes were cut and the opening car chase scene where Kirk can be heard calling out to him was overdubbed . Victor Garber plays a Klingon interrogator who tortures Nero during his time on Rura Penthe . Tyler Perry appears as the head of Starfleet Academy , Admiral Richard Barnett . James Cawley , producer and star of the web series Star Trek : New Voyages , appears as a Starfleet officer , while Pasha Lychnikoff and Lucia Rijker play Romulans , Lychnikoff a Commander and Rijker a Communications Officer . W. Morgan Sheppard , who played a Klingon in Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country , as well as Data 's allegorical grandfather in the TNG episode `` The Schizoid Man '' , appears in this film as the head of the Vulcan Science Council . Wil Wheaton , known for portraying Wesley Crusher on Star Trek : The Next Generation , was brought in , through urging by Greg Grunberg , to voice several of the other Romulans in the film . Star Trek fan and Carnegie Mellon University professor Randy Pausch cameoed as a Kelvin crew member , and has a line of dialogue . Majel Barrett , the widow of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry , reprised her role as the voice of Enterprise 's computer , which she completed two weeks before her death on December 18 , 2008 . Orci and Kurtzman wrote a scene for Shatner , in which old Spock gives his younger self a recorded message by Kirk from the previous timeline . `` It was basically a Happy Birthday wish knowing that Spock was going to go off to Romulus , and Kirk would probably be dead by the time , '' and it would have shifted into Shatner reciting `` Where no man has gone before '' . However , Shatner wanted to share Nimoy 's major role , and did not want a cameo , despite his character 's death in Star Trek Generations . He suggested the film canonize his novels where Kirk is resurrected , but Abrams decided if his character was accompanying Nimoy 's , it would have become a film about the resurrection of Kirk , and not about introducing the new versions of the characters . Nimoy disliked the character 's death in Generations , but also felt resurrecting Kirk would be detrimental to this film , and his friendship with Shatner caused them to avoid discussing the film . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) As early as the 1968 World Science Fiction Convention , Star Trek creator Roddenberry had said he was going to make a film prequel to the television series . But the prequel concept did not resurface until the late 1980s , when Ralph Winter and Harve Bennett submitted a proposal for a prequel during development of the fourth film . Roddenberry rejected Bennett 's prequel proposal in 1991 , after the completion of Star Trek V : The Final Frontier . Then David Loughery wrote a script entitled The Academy Years , but it was shelved in light of objections from Roddenberry and the fanbase . The film that was commissioned instead ended up being Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country . In February 2005 , after the financial failure of the tenth film , Star Trek : Nemesis ( 2002 ) , and the cancellation of the television series Star Trek : Enterprise , the franchise 's executive producer Rick Berman and screenwriter Erik Jendresen began developing a new film entitled Star Trek : The Beginning . It was to revolve around a new set of characters , led by Kirk 's ancestor Tiberius Chase , and be set during the Earth - Romulan War -- after the events of Enterprise but before the events of the original series . In 2005 , Viacom , which owned Paramount Pictures , separated from CBS Corporation , which retained Paramount 's television properties , including ownership of the Star Trek brand . Gail Berman , then president of Paramount , convinced CBS ' chief executive , Leslie Moonves , to allow them eighteen months to develop a new Star Trek film , otherwise Paramount would lose the film rights . Berman approached Mission : Impossible III writers Orci and Kurtzman for ideas on the new film , and after the film had completed shooting she asked their director , Abrams , to produce it . Abrams , Orci and Kurtzman , plus producers Damon Lindelof and Bryan Burk , felt the franchise had explored enough of what took place after the series , Orci and Lindelof consider themselves trekkies , and feel some of the Star Trek novels have canonical value , although Roddenberry never considered the novels to be canon . Kurtzman is a casual fan , while Burk was not . Abrams ' company , Bad Robot Productions produced the film with Paramount , marking the first time another company had financed a Star Trek film . Bill Todman , Jr. 's Level 1 Entertainment also co-produced the film , but , during 2008 , Spyglass Entertainment replaced them as financial partner . In an interview , Abrams said that he had never seen Star Trek : Nemesis because he felt the franchise had `` disconnected '' from the original series . For him , he said , Star Trek was about Kirk and Spock , and the other series were like `` separate space adventure ( s ) with the name Star Trek '' . He also acknowledged that as a child he had actually preferred the Star Wars movies . He noted that his general knowledge of Star Trek made him well suited to introduce the franchise to newcomers , and that , being an optimistic person , he would make Star Trek an optimistic film , which would be a refreshing contrast to the likes of The Dark Knight . He added that he loved the focus on exploration in Star Trek and the idea of the Prime Directive , which forbids Starfleet to interfere in the development of primitive worlds , but that , because of the budgetary limitations of the original series , it had `` never had the resources to actually show the adventure '' . He noted he only became involved with the project as producer initially because he wanted to help Orci , Kurtzman and Lindelof . On February 23 , 2007 , Abrams accepted Paramount 's offer to direct the film , after having initially been attached to it solely as a producer . He explained that he had decided to direct the film because , after reading the script , he realized that he `` would be so agonizingly envious of whoever stepped in and directed the movie . '' Orci and Kurtzman said that their aim had been to impress a casual fan like Abrams with their story . Abrams noted that , during filming , he had been nervous `` with all these tattooed faces and pointy ears , bizarre weaponry and Romulan linguists , with dialogue about ' Neutral Zones ' and ' Starfleet ' ( but ) I knew this would work , because the script Alex and Bob wrote was so emotional and so relatable . I did n't love Kirk and Spock when I began this journey -- but I love them now . '' Writing ( edit ) `` We 're from different worlds , Alex ( Kurtzman ) was born here , and I was born in Mexico City and lived there until I was nine . Kirk and Spock are opposites from two worlds . That 's us in a nutshell . We 're drawn to each by what each of us lacks . The story of this film is about two guys who are such opposites that they might end up strangling each other but instead they bond and thrive together . That 's us . We can go warp speed together . '' Roberto Orci on the film 's emotional context . Orci said getting Nimoy in the film was important . `` Having him sitting around a camp fire sharing his memories was never gon na cut it '' though , and time travel was going to be included in the film from the beginning . Kurtzman added , saying the time travel creates jeopardy , unlike other prequels where viewers `` know how they all died '' . The writers acknowledged time travel had been overused in the other series , but it served a good purpose in creating a new set of adventures for the original characters before they could completely do away with it in other films . Abrams selected the Romulans as the villains because they had been featured less than the Klingons in the series , and thought it was `` fun '' to have them meet Kirk before they do in the series . Orci and Kurtzman noted it would feel backward to demonize the Klingons again after they had become heroes in later Star Trek series , and the Romulan presence continues Spock 's story from his last chronological appearance in `` Unification '' , an episode of Star Trek : The Next Generation set in 2368 . The episode of the original continuity in which Kirk becomes the first human to ever see a Romulan , `` Balance of Terror '' , served as one of the influences for the film . Orci said it was difficult giving a good explanation for the time travel without being gimmicky , like having Nero specifically seeking to assassinate Kirk . Orci noted while the time travel story allowed them to alter some backstory elements such as Kirk 's first encounter with the Romulans , they could not use it as a crutch to change everything and they tried to approach the film as a prequel as much as possible . Kirk 's service on Farragut , a major backstory point to the original episode `` Obsession '' , was left out because it was deemed irrelevant to the story of Kirk meeting Spock , although Orci felt nothing in his script precluded it from the new film 's backstory . There was a scene involving Kirk meeting Carol Marcus ( who is revealed as the mother of his son in Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan ) as a child , but it was dropped because the film needed more time to introduce the core characters . Figuring out ways to get the crew together required some contrivances , which Orci and Kurtzman wanted to explain from old Spock as a way of the timeline mending itself , highlighting the theme of destiny . The line was difficult to write and was ultimately cut out . The filmmakers sought inspiration from novels such as Prime Directive , Spock 's World and Best Destiny to fill in gaps unexplained by canon ; Best Destiny particularly explores Kirk 's childhood and names his parents . One idea that was justified through information from the novels was having Enterprise built on Earth , which was inspired by a piece of fan art of Enterprise being built in a shipyard . Orci had sent the fan art to Abrams to show how realistic the film could be . Orci explained parts of the ship would have to be constructed on Earth because of the artificial gravity employed on the ship and its requirement for sustaining warp speed , and therefore the calibration of the ship 's machinery would be best done in the exact gravity well which is to be simulated . They felt free to have the ship built in Iowa because canon is ambiguous as to whether it was built in San Francisco , but this is a result of the time travel rather than something intended to overlap with the original timeline . Abrams noted the continuity of the original series itself was inconsistent at times . Orci and Kurtzman said they wanted the general audience to like the film as much as the fans , by stripping away `` Treknobabble '' , making it action - packed and giving it the simple title of Star Trek to indicate to newcomers they would not need to watch any of the other films . Abrams saw humor and sex appeal as two integral and popular elements of the show that needed to be maintained . Orci stated being realistic and being serious were not the same thing . Abrams , Burk , Lindelof , Orci and Kurtzman were fans of The Wrath of Khan , and also cited The Next Generation episode `` Yesterday 's Enterprise '' as an influence . Abrams ' wife Katie was regularly consulted on the script , as were Orci , Kurtzman and Lindelof 's wives , to make the female characters as strong as possible . Katie Abrams ' approval of the strong female characters was partly why Abrams signed on to direct . Orci and Kurtzman read graduate school dissertations on the series for inspiration ; they noted comparisons of Kirk , Spock and McCoy to Shakespearian archetypes , and Kirk and Spock 's friendship echoing that of John Lennon and Paul McCartney . They also noted that , in the creation of this film , they were influenced by Star Wars , particularly in pacing . `` I want to feel the space , I want to feel speed and I want to feel all the things that can become a little bit lost when Star Trek becomes very stately '' said Orci . Star Wars permeated in the way they wrote the action sequences , while Burk noted Kirk and Spock 's initially cold relationship mirrors how `` Han Solo was n't friends with anyone when they started on their journey . '' Spock and Uhura were put in an actual relationship as a nod to early episodes highlighting her interest in him . Orci wanted to introduce strong Starfleet captains , concurring with an interviewer that most captains in other films were `` patsies '' included to make Kirk look greater by comparison . USS Kelvin , the ship Kirk 's father serves on , is named after J.J. Abrams ' grandfather , as well as the physicist and engineer Lord Kelvin ( William Thomson ) . Kelvin 's captain , Richard Robau ( Faran Tahir ) , is named after Orci 's Cuban uncle : Orci theorized the fictional character was born in Cuba and grew up in the Middle East . Another reference to Abrams ' previous works is Slusho , which Uhura orders at the bar where she meets Kirk . Abrams created the fictitious drink for Alias and it reappeared in viral marketing for Cloverfield . Its owner , Tagruato , is also from Cloverfield and appears on a building in San Francisco . The red matter in the film is in the shape of a red ball , an Abrams motif dating back to the pilot of Alias . Design ( edit ) The film 's production designer was Scott Chambliss , a longtime collaborator with Abrams . Chambliss worked with a large group of concept illustrators , including James Clyne , Ryan Church , creature designer Neville Page , and Star Trek veteran John Eaves . Abrams stated the difficulty of depicting the future was that much of modern technology was inspired by the original show , and made it seem outdated . Thus the production design had to be consistent with the television series but also feel more advanced than the real world technology developed after it . `` We all have the iPhone that does more than the communicator , '' said Abrams . `` I feel like there 's a certain thing that you ca n't really hold onto , which is kind of the kitschy quality . That must go if it 's going to be something that you believe is real . '' Prop master Russell Bobbitt collaborated with Nokia on recreating the original communicator , creating a $50,000 prototype . Another prop recreated for the film was the tricorder . Bobbitt brought the original prop to the set , but the actors found it too large to carry when filming action scenes , so technical advisor Doug Brody redesigned it to be smaller . The phaser props were designed as spring - triggered barrels that revolve and glow as the setting switches from `` stun '' to `` kill '' . An Aptera Typ - 1 prototype car was used on location . Panorama of Enterprise 's redesigned bridge Production designer Scott Chambliss maintained the layout of the original bridge , but aesthetically altered it with brighter colors to reflect the optimism of Star Trek . The viewscreen was made into a window that could have images projected on it to make the space environment palpable . Abrams compared the redesign to the sleek modernist work of Pierre Cardin and the sets from 2001 : A Space Odyssey , which were from the 1960s . He joked the redesigned bridge made the Apple Store look `` uncool '' . At the director 's behest , more railings were added to the bridge to make it look safer , and the set was built on gimbals so its rocking motions when the ship accelerates and is attacked was more realistic . To emphasize the size of the ship , Abrams chose to give the engine room a highly industrial appearance : he explained to Pegg that he was inspired by RMS Titanic , a sleek ship in which there was an `` incredible gut '' . Abrams selected Michael Kaplan to design the costumes because he had not seen any of the films , meaning he would approach the costumes with a new angle . For the Starfleet uniforms , Kaplan followed the show 's original color - coding , with dark gray ( almost black ) undershirts and pants and colored overshirts showing each crew member 's position . Command officers wear gold shirts , science and medical officers wear blue , and operations ( technicians , engineers , and security personnel ) wear red . Kaplan wanted the shirts to be more sophisticated than the originals and selected to have the Starfleet symbol patterned on them . Kirk wears only the undershirt because he is a cadet . Kaplan modelled the uniforms on Kelvin on science fiction films of the 1940s and 1950s , to contrast with Enterprise - era uniforms based on the ones created in the 1960s . For Abrams , `` The costumes were a microcosm of the entire project , which was how to take something that 's kind of silly and make it feel real . But how do you make legitimate those near - primary color costumes ? '' Lindelof compared the film 's Romulan faction to pirates with their bald , tattooed heads and disorganized costuming . Their ship , Narada , is purely practical with visible mechanics as it is a `` working ship '' , unlike the Enterprise crew who give a respectable presentation on behalf of the Federation . Chambliss was heavily influenced by the architecture of Antoni Gaudí for Narada , who created buildings that appeared to be inside out : by making the ship 's exposed wires appear like bones or ligaments , it would create a foreboding atmosphere . The ship 's interior was made of six pieces that could be rearranged to create a different room . The Romulan actors had three prosthetics applied to their ears and foreheads , while Bana had a fourth prosthetic for the bitemark on his ear that extends to the back of his character 's head . The film 's Romulans lacked the ' V ' - shaped ridges on the foreheads , which had been present in all of their depictions outside the original series . Neville Page wanted to honor that by having Nero 's crew ritually scar themselves too , forming keloids reminiscent of the ' V ' - ridges . It was abandoned as they did not pursue the idea enough . Kaplan wanted aged , worn and rugged clothes for the Romulans because of their mining backgrounds , and found some greasy looking fabrics at a flea market . Kaplan tracked down the makers of those clothes , who were discovered to be based in Bali , and commissioned them to create his designs . Barney Burman supervised the makeup for the other aliens : his team had to rush the creation of many of the aliens , because originally the majority of them were to feature in one scene towards the end of filming . Abrams deemed the scene too similar to the cantina sequence in Star Wars and decided to dot the designs around the film . A tribble was placed in the background of Scotty 's introduction . Both digital and physical makeup was used for aliens . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography for the film began on November 7 , 2007 and culminated on March 27 , 2008 ; however second unit filming occurred in Bakersfield , California in April 2008 , which stood in for Kirk 's childhood home in Iowa . Filming was also done at the City Hall of Long Beach , California ; the San Rafael Swell in Utah ; and the California State University , Northridge in Los Angeles ( which was used for establishing shots of students at Starfleet Academy ) . A parking lot outside Dodger Stadium was used for the ice planet of Delta Vega and the Romulan drilling rig on Vulcan . The filmmakers expressed an interest in Iceland for scenes on Delta Vega , but decided against it : Chambliss enjoyed the challenge of filming scenes with snow in southern California . Other Vulcan exteriors were shot at Vasquez Rocks , a location that was used in various episodes of the original series . A Budweiser plant in Van Nuys was used for Enterprise 's engine room , while a Long Beach power plant was used for Kelvin 's engine room . Filming locations in Star Trek Vasquez Rocks San Rafael Swell California State University , Northridge Following the initiation of the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike on November 5 , 2007 , Abrams , himself a WGA member , told Variety that while he would not render writing services for the film and intended to walk the picket line , he did not expect the strike to impact his directing of the production . In the final few weeks before the strike and start of production , Abrams and Lindelof polished the script for a final time . Abrams was frustrated that he was unable to alter lines during the strike , whereas normally they would have been able to improvise new ideas during rehearsal , although Lindelof acknowledged they could dub some lines in post-production . Orci and Kurtzman were able to stay on set without strikebreaking because they were also executive producers on the film ; they could `` make funny eyes and faces at the actors whenever they had a problem with the line and sort of nod when they had something better '' . Abrams was able to alter a scene where Spock combats six Romulans from a fistfight to a gunfight , having decided there were too many physical brawls in the film . The production team maintained heavily enforced security around the film . Karl Urban revealed , `` ( There is a ) level of security and secrecy that we have all been forced to adopt . I mean , it 's really kind of paranoid crazy , but sort of justified . We 're not allowed to walk around in public in our costumes and we have to be herded around everywhere in these golf carts that are completely concealed and covered in black canvas . The security of it is immense . You feel your freedom is a big challenge . '' Actors like Jennifer Morrison were only given the scripts of their scenes . The film 's shooting script was fiercely protected even with the main cast . Simon Pegg said , `` I read ( the script ) with a security guard near me -- it 's that secretive . '' The film used the fake working title of Corporate Headquarters . Some of the few outside of the production allowed to visit the set included Rod Roddenberry , Ronald D. Moore , Jonathan Frakes , Walter Koenig , Nichelle Nichols , Ben Stiller , Tom Cruise and Steven Spielberg ( who had partially convinced Abrams to direct because he liked the script , and he even advised the action scenes during his visit ) . When the shoot ended , Abrams gave the cast small boxes containing little telescopes , which allowed them to read the name of each constellation it was pointed at . `` I think he just wanted each of us to look at the stars a little differently , '' said John Cho . After the shoot , Abrams cut out some scenes of Kirk and Spock as children , including seeing the latter as a baby , as well as a subplot involving Nero being imprisoned by the Klingons and his escape : this explanation for his absence during Kirk 's life confused many to whom Abrams screened the film . Other scenes cut out explained that the teenage Kirk stole his stepfather 's antique car because he had forced him to clean it before an auction ; and that the Orion he seduced at the Academy worked in the operations division . Afterwards , she agrees to open the e-mail containing his patch that allows him to pass the Kobayashi Maru test . Abrams chose to shoot the film in the anamorphic format on 35 mm film after discussions about whether the film should be shot in high - definition digital video . Cinematographer Dan Mindel and Abrams agreed the choice gave the film a big - screen feel and the realistic , organic look they wanted for the film setting . Abrams and Mindel used lens flares throughout filming to create an optimistic atmosphere and a feeling that activity was taking place off - camera , making the Star Trek universe feel more real . `` There 's something about those flares , especially in a movie that potentially could be incredibly sterile and CG and overly controlled . There 's just something incredibly unpredictable and gorgeous about them . '' Mindel would create more flares by shining a flashlight or pointing a mirror at the camera lens , or using two cameras simultaneously and therefore two lighting set - ups . Editor Mary Jo Markey later said in interview that he had not told her ( or fellow editor Maryann Brandon ) this , and initially contacted the film developers asking why the film seemed overexposed . Effects ( edit ) Industrial Light & Magic and Digital Domain were among several companies that created over 1,000 special effect shots . The visual effects supervisors were Roger Guyett , who collaborated with Abrams on Mission : Impossible III and also served as second unit director , and Russell Earl . Abrams avoided shooting only against bluescreen and greenscreen , because it `` makes me insane '' , using them instead to extend the scale of sets and locations . The Delta Vega sequence required the mixing of digital snow with real snow . Star Trek was the first film ILM worked on using entirely digital ships . Enterprise was intended by Abrams to be a merging of its design in the series and the refitted version from the original film . Abrams had fond memories of the revelation of Enterprise 's refit in Star Trek : The Motion Picture , because it was the first time the ship felt tangible and real to him . The iridescent pattern on the ship from The Motion Picture was maintained to give the ship depth , while model maker Roger Goodson also applied the `` Aztec '' pattern from The Next Generation . Goodson recalled Abrams also wanted to bring a `` hot rod '' aesthetic to the ship . Effects supervisor Roger Guyett wanted the ship to have more moving parts , which stemmed from his childhood dissatisfaction with the ship 's design : The new Enterprise 's dish can expand and move , while the fins on its engines split slightly when they begin warping . Enterprise was originally redesigned by Ryan Church using features of the original , at 1,200 feet ( 370 m ) long , but was doubled in size to 2,357 feet ( 718 m ) long to make it seem `` grander '' , while the Romulan Narada is five miles long and several miles wide . The filmmakers had to simulate lens flares on the ships in keeping with the film 's cinematography . Carolyn Porco of NASA was consulted on the planetary science and imagery . The animators realistically recreated what an explosion would look like in space : short blasts , which suck inward and leave debris from a ship floating . For shots of an imploding planet , the same explosion program was used to simulate it breaking up , while the animators could manually composite multiple layers of rocks and wind sucking into the planet . Unlike other Star Trek films and series , the transporter beam effects swirl rather than speckle . Abrams conceived the redesign to emphasize the notion of transporters as beams that can pick up and move people , rather than a signal composed of scrambled atoms . Lola Visual Effects worked on 48 shots , including some animation to Bana and Nimoy . Bana required extensive damage to his teeth , which was significant enough to completely replace his mouth in some shots . Nimoy 's mouth was reanimated in his first scene with Kirk following a rerecording session . The filmmakers had filmed Nimoy when he rerecorded his lines so they could rotoscope his mouth into the film , even recreating the lighting conditions , but they realized they had to digitally recreate his lips because of the bouncing light created by the camp fire . Music ( edit ) Main article : Star Trek ( soundtrack ) Michael Giacchino , Abrams ' most frequent collaborator , composed the music for Star Trek . He kept the original theme by Alexander Courage for the end credits , which Abrams said symbolized the momentum of the crew coming together . Giacchino admitted personal pressure in scoring the film , as `` I grew up listening to all of that great ( Trek ) music , and that 's part of what inspired me to do what I 'm doing ( ... ) You just go in scared . You just hope you do your best . It 's one of those things where the film will tell me what to do . '' Scoring took place at the Sony Scoring Stage with a 107 - piece orchestra and 40 - person choir . An erhu , performed by Karen Han , was used for the Vulcan themes . A distorted recording was used for the Romulans . Varèse Sarabande , the record label responsible for releasing albums of Giacchino 's previous scores for Alias , Lost , Mission : Impossible III , and Speed Racer , released the soundtrack for the film on May 5 . The music for the theatrical trailers were composed by Two Steps from Hell . Sound effects ( edit ) The sound effects were designed by Star Wars veteran Ben Burtt . Whereas the phaser blast noises from the television series were derived from The War of the Worlds ( 1953 ) , Burtt made his phaser sounds more like his blasters from Star Wars , because Abrams ' depiction of phasers were closer to the blasters ' bullet - like fire , rather than the steady beams of energy in previous Star Trek films . Burtt reproduced the classic photon torpedo and warp drive sounds : he tapped a long spring against a contact microphone , and combined that with cannon fire . Burtt used a 1960s oscillator to create a musical and emotional hum to the warping and transporting sounds . Release ( edit ) Urban , Pine , Burk , Quinto , Abrams , Bana and Cho attending the film 's premiere at the Sydney Opera House on April 7 , 2009 . In February 2008 , Paramount announced they would move Star Trek from its December 25 , 2008 release date to May 8 , 2009 , as the studio felt more people would see the film during summer than winter . The film was practically finished by the end of 2008 . Paramount 's decision came about after visiting the set and watching dailies , as they realized the film could appeal to a much broader audience . Even though the filmmakers liked the Christmas release date , Damon Lindelof acknowledged it would allow more time to perfect the visual effects . The months - long gap between the completion of the production and release meant Alan Dean Foster was allowed to watch the whole film before writing the novelization , although the novel would contain scenes absent from the final edit . Quinto narrated the audiobook . A surprise public screening was held on April 6 , 2009 , at the Alamo Drafthouse theater in Austin , Texas , hosted by writers Robert Orci , Alex Kurtzman , and producer Damon Lindelof . The showing was publicized as a screening of Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan , followed by a ten - minute preview of the new Star Trek film . A few minutes into Khan , the film appeared to melt and Nimoy appeared on stage with Orci , Kurtzman and Lindelof , asking the audience , `` would n't you rather see the new movie ? '' Following the surprise screening in Texas , the first of many premieres across the world was held at the Sydney Opera House in Sydney on April 7 , 2009 . For almost two years , the town of Vulcan , Alberta had campaigned to have the film premiere there , but because it had no theater , Paramount arranged instead a lottery where 300 winning residents would be taken to a prerelease screening in Calgary . Marketing ( edit ) See also : Star Trek : Countdown and Star Trek DAC The first teaser trailer debuted in theaters with Cloverfield on January 18 , 2008 , which showed Enterprise under construction . Abrams himself directed the first part of the trailer , where a welder removes his goggles . Professional welders were hired for the teaser . The voices of the 1960s played over the trailer were intended to link the film to the present day ; John F. Kennedy in particular was chosen because of similarities with the character of James T. Kirk and because he is seen to have `` kicked off '' the Space Race . Orci explained that : `` If we do indeed have a Federation , I think Kennedy 's words will be inscribed in there someplace . '' Star Trek 's later trailers would win four awards , including Best in Show , in the tenth annual Golden Trailer Awards . Paramount faced two obstacles in promoting the film : the unfamiliarity of the `` MySpace generation '' with the franchise and the relatively weak international performance of the previous films . Six months before the film 's release , Abrams toured Europe and North America with 25 minutes of footage . Abrams noted the large - scale campaign started unusually early , but this was because the release delay allowed him to show more completed scenes than normal . The director preferred promoting his projects quietly , but concurred Paramount needed to remove Star Trek 's stigma . Abrams would exaggerate his preference for other shows to Star Trek as a child to the press , with statements like `` I 'm not a Star Trek fan '' and `` this movie is not made for Star Trek fans necessarily '' . Orci compared Abrams ' approach to The Next Generation episode `` A Matter of Honor '' , where William Riker is stationed aboard a Klingon vessel . `` On that ship when someone talks back to you , you would have to beat them down or you lose the respect of your crew , which is protocol , whereas on a Federation ship that would be a crime . So we have to give ( J.J. Abrams ) a little bit of leeway , when he is traveling the ' galaxy ' over there where they do n't know Trek , to say the things that need to be said in order to get people onto our side . '' Promotional partners on the film include Nokia , Verizon Wireless , Esurance , Kellogg 's , Burger King and Intel Corporation , as well as various companies specializing in home decorating , apparel , jewelry , gift items and `` Tiberius '' , `` Pon Farr '' and `` Red Shirt '' fragrances . Playmates Toys , who owned the Star Trek toy license until 2000 , also held the merchandise rights for the new film . The first wave was released in March and April 2009 . Playmates hope to continue their toy line into 2010 . The first wave consists of 3.75 `` , 6 '' and 12 '' action figures , an Enterprise replica , prop toys and play sets . to recreate the whole bridge , one would have to buy more 3.75 '' figures , which come with chairs and consoles to add to the main set consisting of Kirk 's chair , the floor , the main console and the viewscreen . Master Replicas , Mattel , Hasbro and Fundex Games will promote the film via playing cards , Monopoly , UNO , Scrabble , Magic 8 - Ball , Hot Wheels , Tyco R / C , 20Q , Scene It ? and Barbie lines . Some of these are based on previous Star Trek iterations rather than the film . CBS also created a merchandising line based around Star Trek caricatures named `` Quogs '' . Home release ( edit ) The film was released on DVD and Blu - ray on October 19 , 2010 in North America , November 16 in the United Kingdom and October 26 in Australia and New Zealand . In Sweden and Germany , it was released on November 4 . First week sales stood at 5.7 million DVDs along with 1.1 million Blu - ray Discs , giving Paramount Pictures their third chart topping release in five weeks following Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen and G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Official screenings in the United States started at 7 pm on May 7 , 2009 , grossing $4 million on its opening day . By the end of the weekend , Star Trek had opened with $79,204,300 , as well as $35,500,000 from other countries . Adjusted and unadjusted for inflation , it beat Star Trek : First Contact for the largest American opening for a Star Trek film . The film made US $8.5 million from its IMAX screenings , breaking The Dark Knight 's $6.3 million IMAX opening record . The film is the highest - grossing in the United States and Canada from the entire Star Trek film franchise , eclipsing The Voyage Home and Star Trek : The Motion Picture . Its opening weekend numbers alone outgross the entire individual runs of The Undiscovered Country , The Final Frontier , Insurrection and Nemesis . Star Trek ended its United States theatrical run on October 1 , 2009 , with a box office total of $257,730,019 , which places it as the seventh highest - grossing film for 2009 behind The Hangover . The film grossed $127,764,536 in international markets , for a total worldwide gross of $385,494,555 . While foreign grosses represent only 31 % of the total box office receipts , executives of Paramount were happy with the international sales , as Star Trek historically was a movie franchise that never has been a big draw overseas . Critical response ( edit ) Star Trek was acclaimed by film critics . On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , it received 95 % approval with an average rating of 8.2 / 10 ( the highest scored Star Trek film ) , based on 333 reviews , with the consensus : `` Star Trek reignites a classic franchise with action , humor , a strong story , and brilliant visuals , and will please traditional Trekkies and new fans alike . '' Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score , gave the film an 83 out of 100 based on 37 reviews from critics . The editing , cinematography , and special effects work are state - of - the - art , as you 'd expect -- extra praise goes to an astonishingly detailed sound mix -- but so are the same aspects of Wolverine , and that film 's a joyless bore by comparison . What lifts the Abrams film into the ether is the rightness of its casting and playing , from Saldana 's Uhura , finally a major character after all these years , to Urban 's loyal , dyspeptic McCoy , to Simon Pegg 's grandly comic Scotty , the movie 's most radical reimagining of a Star Trek regular . -- Ty Burr of the Boston Globe Ty Burr of the Boston Globe gave the film a perfect four star rating , describing it as `` ridiculously satisfying '' , and the `` best prequel ever '' . Burr praised the character development in the film , opining that `` emotionally , Star Trek hits every one of its marks , functioning as a family reunion that extends across decades , entertainment mediums , even blurring the line between audience and show . '' He continued : `` Trading on affections sustained over 40 years of popular culture , Star Trek does what a franchise reboot rarely does . It reminds us why we loved these characters in the first place . '' Owen Gleiberman from Entertainment Weekly gave the film an ' A - ' grade , commenting that director Abrams `` crafts an origin story that avoids any hint of the origin doldrums . '' Similar sentiments were expressed by Rolling Stone journalist Peter Travers , who gave the film a 3.5 out of 4 stars . He felt that the acting from the cast was the highlight of the filming , asserting that the performance of Pine radiated star quality . Likewise , Travers called Quinto 's performance `` sharp '' and `` intuitive '' , and felt that Quinto `` gave the film a soul '' . Manohla Dargis of the New York Times wrote , `` Star Trek ( ... ) is n't just a pleasurable rethink of your geek uncle 's favorite science - fiction series . It 's also a testament to television 's power as mythmaker , as a source for some of the fundamental stories we tell about ourselves , who we are and where we came from . Slate 's Dana Stevens felt that the film was `` a gift to those of us who loved the original series , that brainy , wonky , idealistic body of work that aired to almost no commercial success between 1966 -- 69 and has since become a science fiction archetype and object of cult adoration . '' Time Out London 's Tom Huddleston praised the aesthetic qualities of the film , such as the design of Enterprise , and praised the performances of the cast . He wrote , `` The cast are equally strong : Quinto brings wry charm to an otherwise calculating character , while Pine powers through his performance in bullish , if not quite Shatner-esque fashion . '' The chemistry between Pine and Quinto was well received by critics . Gleiberman felt that as the film progressed to the conclusion , Pine and Quinto emulated the same connection as Kirk and Spock . Tim Robey of The Telegraph echoed similar attitudes ; `` The movie charts their relationship ( ... ) in a nicely oblique way . '' Robey resumed : `` It 's the main event , dramatically speaking , but there 's always something more thumpingly urgent to command their attention , whether it 's a Vulcan distress signal or the continuing rampages of those pesky Romulans . '' Burr opined that Abrams had an accurate understanding of the relationship between Kirk and Spock , and wrote , `` Pine makes a fine , brash boy Kirk , but Quinto 's Spock is something special -- an eerily calm figure freighted with a heavier sadness than Roddenberry 's original . The two ground each other and point toward all the stories yet to come . '' Similarly , The Guardian writer Peter Bradshaw expressed : `` The story of Kirk and Spock is brought thrillingly back to life by a new first generation : Chris Pine and Zachary Quinto , who give inspired , utterly unselfconscious and lovable performances , with power , passion and some cracking comic timing . '' Some film critics were polarized with Star Trek . Keith Phipps of The A.V. Club gave the film a ' B + ' grade , and asserted that it was `` a reconsideration of what constitutes Star Trek , one that deemphasizes heady concepts and plainly stated humanist virtues in favor of breathless action punctuated by bursts of emotion . It might not even be immediately recognizable to veteran fans . '' In concurrence , Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times stated that `` the Gene Roddenberry years , when stories might play with questions of science , ideals or philosophy , have been replaced by stories reduced to loud and colorful action . '' Ebert ultimately gave it a 2.5 out of 4 stars . Similarly , Marc Bain of Newsweek opined : `` The latest film version of Star Trek ( ... ) is more brawn than brain , and it largely jettisons complicated ethical conundrums in favor of action sequences and special effects . Slate journalist Juliet Lapidos argued that the new film , with its `` standard Hollywood torture scene '' , failed to live up to the intellectual standard set by the 1992 Next Generation episode `` Chain of Command '' , whose treatment of the issue she found both more sophisticated and pertinent to the ongoing debate over the United States ' use of enhanced interrogation techniques . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Star Trek ( film ) The film garnered numerous accolades after its release . In 2010 , it was nominated for four Academy Awards at the 82nd Academy Awards , for Best Sound Editing , Best Sound Mixing , Best Visual Effects , and Best Makeup . Star Trek won in the category for Best Makeup , making it the first Star Trek film to receive an Academy Award . The film was nominated for three Empire Awards , to which it won for Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy . In October 2009 , Star Trek won the Hollywood Award for Best Movie , and attained six Scream Awards and the 2009 Scream Awards Ceremony . The film attained a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture at the 16th Screen Actors Guild Awards . Star Trek received several nominations . The film was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media , but was beaten out by Up , also composed by Michael Giacchino . At the 36th People 's Choice Awards , the film received four nominations : the film was a contender for Favorite Movie , Zoe Saldana was nominated for Favorite Breakout Movie Actress , and both Pine and Quinto were nominated for Favorite Breakout Movie Actor . On June 15 , 2009 , the film was nominated for five Teen Choice Awards . In addition , Star Trek was nominated for five Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards and was named one of the top - ten films of 2009 by the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures . Sequels ( edit ) Main articles : Star Trek Into Darkness and Star Trek Beyond The film 's major cast members signed on for two sequels as part of their original deals . Abrams and Bryan Burk signed to produce and Abrams signed to direct the first sequel . The sequel , Star Trek Into Darkness , starring Benedict Cumberbatch as Khan Noonien Singh , was released on May 16 , 2013 . A third film , Star Trek Beyond , directed by Justin Lin and starring Idris Elba as the main antagonist , was released on July 22 , 2016 , to positive reviews . In July 2016 , Abrams confirmed plans for a fourth film , and stated that Chris Hemsworth would return as Kirk 's father . Most of the cast and producers of Beyond have also agreed to return ; however , Abrams stated Anton Yelchin 's role would not be recast following his death . See also ( edit ) Star Trek film series References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` STAR TREK '' . British Board of Film Classification . 2009 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Trek ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll `` ' Star Trek ' Sequel Will Deal With ' Unpredictable Future ' '' . MTV . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2009 - 05 - 15 ) . `` ' Star Trek ' Director Open To Sequel With William Shatner Or Khan '' . MTV . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Cargill , JD ( 2009 - 05 - 08 ) . `` The Scene : ' Trek ' actors dive onto Vulcan '' . CNN . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Plait , Phil ( 2009 - 05 - 08 ) . `` BA Review : Star Trek '' . Discover . Kalmbach Publishing . Retrieved December 10 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Jeff Jensen ( 2008 - 10 - 24 ) . `` ' Star Trek ' : New Movie , New Vision '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time , Inc . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : John Jurgensen ( 2009 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Boldly Revisiting Roles '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Pascale , Anthony ( 2009 - 02 - 28 ) . `` WonderCon 09 : Star Trek Panel Detailed Report & Pictures '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Kaleem Aftab ( 2008 - 03 - 10 ) . `` Exclusive : Trek Star Reveals Captain Kirk Inspiration '' . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Nolan Feeney ( 2014 - 07 - 14 ) . `` Chris Pratt Was Turned Down for Roles in Star Trek and Avatar '' . Time . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony Pascale ( 2008 - 04 - 14 ) . `` Grand Slam XVI : Two Spocks Rock The House '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony Pascale ( 2009 - 05 - 05 ) . `` Interview with Zachary Quinto '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Josh Horowitz ( 2007 - 09 - 26 ) . `` Adrien Brody Confirms He Was Almost Mr. Spock '' . MTV ( Viacom ) . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Shawn Adler ( 2008 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Eric Bana Boldly Goes On About New ' Star Trek ' '' . MTV ( Viacom ) . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Brian Jacks ( 2009 - 05 - 05 ) . `` Eric Bana Has Never Seen A ' Star Trek ' Movie '' . MTV ( Viacom ) . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Bana calls ' Star Trek ' role irresistible '' . United Press International . 2008 - 02 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Anthony Pascale ( 2008 - 02 - 26 ) . `` Bana Spoofs Star Trek Plot Details '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Peter Mitchell ( 2009 - 03 - 06 ) . `` Bana dons face tattoos for new role '' . ninemsn . 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Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Anthony Pascale ( 2008 - 03 - 23 ) . `` Giacchino 's Star Trek Soundtrack Announced -- Available For Pre-order '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Two Steps From Hell : Music for Motion Picture Advertising '' . TwoStepsFromHell.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Michael Kunkes ( 2009 - 04 - 29 ) . `` More Sound Trekking '' . Motion Picture Editors Guild . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Trek ' boldly goes to summer 2009 in schedule shift '' . KATU. 2008 - 02 - 15 . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Anthony Pascale ( 2009 - 02 - 12 ) . `` Alan Dean Foster Writing Star Trek Movie Adaptation '' . StarTrek.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 12 . 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Fernandez and Borys Kit ( 2008 - 11 - 21 ) . `` '' Star Trek '' promo blasting off six months early `` . Reuters . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Stanley , T.L. ( 2009 - 04 - 16 ) . `` Paramount forges ' Star Trek ' tie - ins '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` CBS Announces New Star Trek Licenses -- Including Monopoly , Uno , Apparel , Fragrances + more ( UPDATED ) '' . StarTrek.com. 2009 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ John Tenuto ( 2008 - 01 - 27 ) . `` Star Trek Headed Back To Playmates '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ John Tenuto ( 2008 - 11 - 19 ) . `` Details On First Two Waves Of Playmates Star Trek Movie Toys + Nero 's Ship Name Revealed ( UPDATED ) '' . StarTrek.com . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ John Tenuto ( 2009 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Exclusive Details On Playmates Full Line Of Star Trek Movie Toys + Hi Res Images '' . StarTrek.com . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ John Tenuto ( 2008 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Corgi Announces Star Trek Movie License '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ John Tenuto ( 2009 - 01 - 19 ) . `` Star Trek Hot Wheels Coming in May '' . StarTrek.com . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ John Tenuto ( 2009 - 02 - 12 ) . `` CBS Introduces Star Trek QUOGS -- New Cartoon - style TOS Character Designs For Multiple Products '' . StarTrek.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` '' Star Trek '' DVDs will beam up on Nov. 17th `` . The Times - Picayune . Ashton Phelps Jr. 2009 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek XI 2 - disc edition '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek ( 2009 ) '' ( in Swedish ) . WebHallen . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas ( 2009 - 11 - 25 ) . `` ' Star Trek ' tops video charts '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 12 . 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Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Reviews , Ratings , Credits '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Releases by Score ( 2009 ) '' . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Burr , Ty ( 2009 - 05 - 05 ) . `` A Fresh Frontier '' . Boston Globe . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Gleiberman , Owen ( 2009 - 05 - 08 ) . `` Star Trek '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time , Inc . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Traver , Peter ( 2009 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Star Trek '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( 2009 - 05 - 08 ) . `` Star Trek ( 2009 ) '' . New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Dana ( 2009 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Go See ' Star Trek ' '' . Slate . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Huddleston , Tom ( 2009 - 05 - 07 ) . `` Star Trek ( 2009 ) '' . Time Out London . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . 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the romans used concrete extensively in their building projects			Ancient Roman architecture	ancient roman architecture	Ancient Roman architecture adopted the external language of classical Greek architecture for the purposes of the ancient Romans , but differed from Greek buildings , becoming a new architectural style . The two styles are often considered one body of classical architecture . Roman architecture flourished in the Roman Republic and even more so under the Empire , when the great majority of surviving buildings were constructed . It used new materials , particularly concrete , and newer technologies such as the arch and the dome to make buildings that were typically strong and well - engineered . Large numbers remain in some form across the empire , sometimes complete and still in use .	Roman Architecture covers the period from the establishment of the Roman Republic in 509 BC to about the 4th century AD , after which it becomes reclassified as Late Antique or Byzantine architecture . Almost no substantial examples survive from before about 100 BC , and most of the major survivals are from the later empire , after about 100 AD . Roman architectural style continued to influence building in the former empire for many centuries , and the style used in Western Europe beginning about 1000 is called Romanesque architecture to reflect this dependence on basic Roman forms . The Romans only began to achieve significant originality in architecture around the beginning of the Imperial period , after they had combined aspects of their original Etruscan architecture with others taken from Greece , including most elements of the style we now call classical architecture . They moved from trabeated construction mostly based on columns and lintels to one based on massive walls , punctuated by arches , and later domes , both of which greatly developed under the Romans . The classical orders now became largely decorative rather than structural , except in colonnades . Stylistic developments included the Tuscan and Composite orders ; the first being a shortened , simplified variant on the Doric order and the Composite being a tall order with the floral decoration of the Corinthian and the scrolls of the Ionic . The period from roughly 40 BC to about 230 AD saw most of the greatest achievements , before the Crisis of the Third Century and later troubles reduced the wealth and organizing power of the central government . The Romans produced massive public buildings and works of civil engineering , and were responsible for significant developments in housing and public hygiene , for example their public and private baths and latrines , under - floor heating in the form of the hypocaust , mica glazing ( examples in Ostia Antica ) , and piped hot and cold water ( examples in Pompeii and Ostia ) . Contents 1 Overview 1.1 Origins 1.2 Roman Architectural Revolution 1.3 Domes 2 Influence on later architecture 3 Materials 3.1 Stone 3.2 Roman brick 3.3 Roman concrete 4 City design 5 Building types 5.1 Amphitheatre 5.2 Basilica 5.3 Circus 5.4 Forum 5.5 Horreum 5.6 Insula 5.7 Lighthouses 5.8 Thermae 5.9 Temples 5.10 Theatres 5.11 Villa 5.12 Watermills 6 Decorative structures 6.1 Monoliths 6.2 Obelisks 6.3 Roman gardens 6.4 Triumphal arch 6.5 Victory columns 7 Infrastructure 7.1 Roads 7.2 Aqueduct 7.3 Bridges 7.4 Canals 7.5 Cisterns 7.6 Dams 7.7 Defensive walls 8 Architectural features 8.1 Mosaics 8.2 Hypocaust 8.3 Roman roofs 8.4 Spiral stairs 9 Significant buildings and areas 9.1 Public buildings 9.2 Private architecture 9.3 Civil engineering 9.4 Military engineering 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Footnotes 11.2 Works cited 12 Further reading 13 External links Overview ( edit ) Despite the technical developments of the Romans , which took their buildings far away from the basic Greek conception where columns were needed to support heavy beams and roofs , they were very reluctant to abandon the classical orders in formal public buildings , even though these had become essentially decorative . However , they did not feel entirely restricted by Greek aesthetic concerns , and treated the orders with considerable freedom . Innovation started in the 3rd or 2nd century BC with the development of Roman concrete as a readily available adjunct to , or substitute for , stone and brick . More daring buildings soon followed , with great pillars supporting broad arches and domes . The freedom of concrete also inspired the colonnade screen , a row of purely decorative columns in front of a load - bearing wall . In smaller - scale architecture , concrete 's strength freed the floor plan from rectangular cells to a more free - flowing environment . Factors such as wealth and high population densities in cities forced the ancient Romans to discover new architectural solutions of their own . The use of vaults and arches , together with a sound knowledge of building materials , enabled them to achieve unprecedented successes in the construction of imposing infrastructure for public use . Examples include the aqueducts of Rome , the Baths of Diocletian and the Baths of Caracalla , the basilicas and Colosseum . These were reproduced at a smaller scale in most important towns and cities in the Empire . Some surviving structures are almost complete , such as the town walls of Lugo in Hispania Tarraconensis , now northern Spain . The administrative structure and wealth of the empire made possible very large projects even in locations remote from the main centres , as did the use of slave labour , both skilled and unskilled . Especially under the empire , architecture often served a political function , demonstrating the power of the Roman state in general , and of specific individuals responsible for building . Roman architecture perhaps reached its peak in the reign of Hadrian , whose many achievements include rebuilding the Pantheon in its current form and leaving his mark on the landscape of northern Britain with Hadrian 's Wall . Origins ( edit ) While borrowing much from the preceding Etruscan architecture , such as the use of hydraulics and the construction of arches , Roman prestige architecture remained firmly under the spell of Ancient Greek architecture and the classical orders . This came initially from Magna Graecia , the Greek colonies in southern Italy , and indirectly from Greek influence on the Etruscans , but after the Roman conquest of Greece directly from the best classical and Hellenistic examples in the Greek world . The influence is evident in many ways ; for example , in the introduction and use of the Triclinium in Roman villas as a place and manner of dining . Roman builders employed Greeks in many capacities , especially in the great boom in construction in the early Empire . Roman architectural Revolution ( edit ) The Roman Pantheon was the largest dome in the world for more than a millennium . It is the largest unreinforced solid concrete dome to this day The Roman Architectural Revolution , also known as the Concrete Revolution , was the widespread use in Roman architecture of the previously little - used architectural forms of the arch , vault , and dome . For the first time in history , their potential was fully exploited in the construction of a wide range of civil engineering structures , public buildings , and military facilities . These included amphitheatres , aqueducts , baths , bridges , circuses , dams , domes , harbours , temples , and theatres . A crucial factor in this development , which saw a trend toward monumental architecture , was the invention of Roman concrete ( opus caementicium ) , which led to the liberation of shapes from the dictates of the traditional materials of stone and brick . These enabled the building of the many aqueducts throughout the empire , such as the Aqueduct of Segovia , the Pont du Gard , and the eleven aqueducts of Rome . The same concepts produced numerous bridges , some of which are still in daily use , for example the Puente Romano at Mérida in Spain , and the Pont Julien and the bridge at Vaison - la - Romaine , both in Provence , France . The dome permitted construction of vaulted ceilings without crossbeams and made possible large covered public space such as public baths and basilicas , such as Hadrian 's Pantheon , the Baths of Diocletian and the Baths of Caracalla , all in Rome . The Romans first adopted the arch from the Etruscans , and implemented it in their own building . The use of arches that spring directly from the tops of columns was a Roman development , seen from the 1st century AD , that was very widely adopted in medieval Western , Byzantine and Islamic architecture . Domes ( edit ) Main article : History of Roman and Byzantine domes Further information : List of Roman domes Dome of the Pantheon , inner view The Romans were the first builders in the history of architecture to realize the potential of domes for the creation of large and well - defined interior spaces . Domes were introduced in a number of Roman building types such as temples , thermae , palaces , mausolea and later also churches . Half - domes also became a favoured architectural element and were adopted as apses in Christian sacred architecture . Monumental domes began to appear in the 1st century BC in Rome and the provinces around the Mediterranean Sea . Along with vaults , they gradually replaced the traditional post and lintel construction which makes use of the column and architrave . The construction of domes was greatly facilitated by the invention of concrete , a process which has been termed the Roman Architectural Revolution . Their enormous dimensions remained unsurpassed until the introduction of structural steel frames in the late 19th century ( see List of the world 's largest domes ) . Influence on later architecture ( edit ) Palladian Stowe House , by William Kent Roman architecture supplied the basic vocabulary of Pre-Romanesque and Romanesque architecture , and spread across Christian Europe well beyond the old frontiers of the empire , to Ireland and Scandinavia for example . In the East , Byzantine architecture developed new styles of churches , but most other buildings remained very close to Late Roman forms . The same can be said in turn of Islamic architecture , where Roman forms long continued , especially in private buildings such as houses and the Turkish bath , and civil engineering such as fortifications and bridges . In Europe the Italian Renaissance saw a conscious revival of correct classical styles , initially purely based on Roman examples . Vitruvius was respectfully reinterpreted by a series of architectural writers , and the Tuscan and Composite orders formalized for the first time , to give five rather than three orders . After the flamboyance of Baroque architecture , the Neoclassical architecture of the 18th century revived purer versions of classical style , and for the first time added direct influence from the Greek world . Numerous local classical styles developed , such as Palladian architecture , Georgian architecture and Regency architecture in the English - speaking world , Federal architecture in the United States , and later Stripped Classicism and PWA Moderne . Roman influences may be found around us today , in banks , government buildings , great houses , and even small houses , perhaps in the form of a porch with Doric columns and a pediment or in a fireplace or a mosaic shower floor derived from a Roman original , often from Pompeii or Herculaneum . The mighty pillars , domes and arches of Rome echo in the New World too , where in Washington DC we see them in the Capitol Building , the White House , the Lincoln Memorial and other government buildings . All across the US the seats of regional government were normally built in the grand traditions of Rome , with vast flights of stone steps sweeping up to towering pillared porticoes , with huge domes gilded or decorated inside with the same or similar themes that were popular in Rome . In Britain , a similar enthusiasm has seen the construction of thousands of neo-Classical buildings over the last five centuries , both civic and domestic , and many of the grandest country houses and mansions are purely Classical in style , an obvious example being Buckingham Palace . Materials ( edit ) Frigidarium of Baths of Diocletian , today Santa Maria degli Angeli Stone ( edit ) Marble is not found especially close to Rome , and was only rarely used there before Augustus , who famously boasted that he had found Rome made of brick and left it made of marble , though this was mainly as a facing for brick or concrete . The Temple of Hercules Victor of the late 2nd century BC is the earliest surviving exception in Rome . From Augustus ' reign the quarries at Carrara were extensively developed for the capital , and other sources around the empire exploited , especially the prestigious Greek marbles like Parian . Travertine limestone was found much closer , around Tivoli , and was used from the end of the Republic ; the Colosseum is mainly built of this stone , which has good load - bearing capacity , with a brick core . Other more or less local stones were used around the empire . The Romans were extremely fond of luxury imported coloured marbles with fancy veining , and the interiors of the most important buildings were very often faced with slabs of these , which have usually now been removed even where the building survives . Imports from Greece for this purpose began in the 2nd century BC . Roman brick ( edit ) Main article : Roman brick Close - up view of the wall of the Roman shore fort at Burgh Castle , Norfolk , showing alternating courses of flint and brickwork . The Romans made fired clay bricks from about the beginning of the Empire , replacing earlier sun - dried mud - brick . Roman brick was almost invariably of a lesser height than modern brick , but was made in a variety of different shapes and sizes . Shapes included square , rectangular , triangular and round , and the largest bricks found have measured over three feet in length . Ancient Roman bricks had a general size of 11⁄2 Roman feet by 1 Roman foot , but common variations up to 15 inches existed . Other brick sizes in ancient Rome included 24 '' x 12 '' x 4 `` , and 15 '' x 8 '' x 10 `` . Ancient Roman bricks found in France measured 8 '' x 8 '' x 3 `` . The Constantine Basilica in Trier is constructed from Roman bricks 15 '' square by 11⁄2 '' thick . There is often little obvious difference ( particularly when only fragments survive ) between Roman bricks used for walls on the one hand , and tiles used for roofing or flooring on the other , so archaeologists sometimes prefer to employ the generic term ceramic building material ( or CBM ) . The Romans perfected brick - making during the first century of their empire and used it ubiquitously , in public and private construction alike . The Romans took their brickmaking skills everywhere they went , introducing the craft to the local populations . The Roman legions , which operated their own kilns , introduced bricks to many parts of the empire ; bricks are often stamped with the mark of the legion that supervised their production . The use of bricks in southern and western Germany , for example , can be traced back to traditions already described by the Roman architect Vitruvius . In the British Isles , the introduction of Roman brick by the ancient Romans was followed by a 600 -- 700 year gap in major brick production . Roman concrete ( edit ) Example of opus caementicium on a tomb on the ancient Appian Way in Rome . The original covering has been removed . Main article : Roman concrete Concrete quickly supplanted brick as the primary building material , and more daring buildings soon followed , with great pillars supporting broad arches and domes rather than dense lines of columns suspending flat architraves . The freedom of concrete also inspired the colonnade screen , a row of purely decorative columns in front of a load - bearing wall . In smaller - scale architecture , concrete 's strength freed the floor plan from rectangular cells to a more free - flowing environment . Most of these developments are described by Vitruvius , writing in the first century AD in his work De Architectura . Although concrete had been used on a minor scale in Mesopotamia , Roman architects perfected Roman concrete and used it in buildings where it could stand on its own and support a great deal of weight . The first use of concrete by the Romans was in the town of Cosa sometime after 273 BC . Ancient Roman concrete was a mixture of lime mortar , aggregate , pozzolana , water , and stones , and was stronger than previously - used concretes . The ancient builders placed these ingredients in wooden frames where they hardened and bonded to a facing of stones or ( more frequently ) bricks . The aggregates used were often much larger than in modern concrete , amounting to rubble . When the framework was removed , the new wall was very strong , with a rough surface of bricks or stones . This surface could be smoothed and faced with an attractive stucco or thin panels of marble or other coloured stones called revetment . Concrete construction proved to be more flexible and less costly than building solid stone buildings . The materials were readily available and not difficult to transport . The wooden frames could be used more than once , allowing builders to work quickly and efficiently . Concrete is arguably the Roman contribution most relevant to modern architecture . City design ( edit ) The Temple of Claudius to the south ( left ) of the Colosseum ( model of Imperial Rome at the Museo della civiltà romana in Rome ) Further information : Centuriation , Decumanus Maximus , and Cardo The ancient Romans employed regular orthogonal structures on which they molded their colonies . They probably were inspired by Greek and Hellenic examples , as well as by regularly planned cities that were built by the Etruscans in Italy . ( see Marzabotto ) The Romans used a consolidated scheme for city planning , developed for military defense and civil convenience . The basic plan consisted of a central forum with city services , surrounded by a compact , rectilinear grid of streets , and wrapped in a wall for defense . To reduce travel times , two diagonal streets crossed the square grid , passing through the central square . A river usually flowed through the city , providing water , transport , and sewage disposal . Hundreds of towns and cities were built by the Romans throughout their empire . Many European towns , such as Turin , preserve the remains of these schemes , which show the very logical way the Romans designed their cities . They would lay out the streets at right angles , in the form of a square grid . All roads were equal in width and length , except for two , which were slightly wider than the others . One of these ran east -- west , the other , north -- south , and they intersected in the middle to form the center of the grid . All roads were made of carefully fitted flag stones and filled in with smaller , hard - packed rocks and pebbles . Bridges were constructed where needed . Each square marked off by four roads was called an insula , the Roman equivalent of a modern city block . Each insula was 80 yards ( 73 m ) square , with the land within it divided . As the city developed , each insula would eventually be filled with buildings of various shapes and sizes and crisscrossed with back roads and alleys . Most insulae were given to the first settlers of a Roman city , but each person had to pay to construct his own house . The city was surrounded by a wall to protect it from invaders and to mark the city limits . Areas outside city limits were left open as farmland . At the end of each main road was a large gateway with watchtowers . A portcullis covered the opening when the city was under siege , and additional watchtowers were constructed along the city walls . An aqueduct was built outside the city walls . The development of Greek and Roman urbanization is relatively well - known , as there are relatively many written sources , and there has been much attention to the subject , since the Romans and Greeks are generally regarded as the main ancestors of modern Western culture . It should not be forgotten , though , that the Etruscans had many considerable towns and there were also other cultures with more or less urban settlements in Europe , primarily of Celtic origin . Building types ( edit ) Amphitheatre ( edit ) Main article : Roman amphitheatre Further information : List of Roman amphitheatres The amphitheatre was , with the triumphal arch and basilica , the only major new type of building developed by the Romans . Some of the most impressive secular buildings are the amphitheatres , over 200 being known and many of which are well preserved , such as that at Arles , as well as its progenitor , the Colosseum in Rome . They were used for gladiatorial contests , public displays , public meetings and bullfights , the tradition of which still survives in Spain . Their typical shape , functions and name distinguish them from Roman theatres , which are more or less semicircular in shape ; from the circuses ( akin to hippodromes ) whose much longer circuits were designed mainly for horse or chariot racing events ; and from the smaller stadia , which were primarily designed for athletics and footraces . The earliest Roman amphitheatres date from the middle of the first century BC , but most were built under Imperial rule , from the Augustan period ( 27 BC -- 14 AD ) onwards . Imperial amphitheatres were built throughout the Roman empire ; the largest could accommodate 40,000 -- 60,000 spectators , and the most elaborate featured multi-storeyed , arcaded façades and were elaborately decorated with marble , stucco and statuary . After the end of gladiatorial games in the 5th century and of animal killings in the 6th , most amphitheatres fell into disrepair , and their materials were mined or recycled . Some were razed , and others converted into fortifications . A few continued as convenient open meeting places ; in some of these , churches were sited . Architecturally , they are typically an example of the Roman use of the classical orders to decorate large concrete walls pierced at intervals , where the columns have nothing to support . Aesthetically , however , the formula is successful . Basilica ( edit ) Northern aisle of the Basilica of Maxentius in Rome The Aula Palatina of Trier , Germany ( then part of the Roman province of Gallia Belgica ) , built during the reign of Constantine I ( r . 306 - 337 AD ) The Roman basilica was a large public building where business or legal matters could be transacted . They were normally where the magistrates held court , and used for other official ceremonies , having many of the functions of the modern town hall . The first basilicas had no religious function at all . As early as the time of Augustus , a public basilica for transacting business had been part of any settlement that considered itself a city , used in the same way as the late medieval covered market houses of northern Europe , where the meeting room , for lack of urban space , was set above the arcades , however . Although their form was variable , basilicas often contained interior colonnades that divided the space , giving aisles or arcaded spaces on one or both sides , with an apse at one end ( or less often at each end ) , where the magistrates sat , often on a slightly raised dais . The central aisle tended to be wide and was higher than the flanking aisles , so that light could penetrate through the clerestory windows . The oldest known basilica , the Basilica Porcia , was built in Rome in 184 BC by Cato the Elder during the time he was Censor . Other early examples include the basilica at Pompeii ( late 2nd century BC ) . After Christianity became the official religion , the basilica shape was found appropriate for the first large public churches , with the attraction of avoiding reminiscences of the Greco - Roman temple form . Circus ( edit ) The Roman circus was a large open - air venue used for public events in the ancient Roman Empire . The circuses were similar to the ancient Greek hippodromes , although circuses served varying purposes and differed in design and construction . Along with theatres and amphitheatres , Circuses were one of the main entertainment sites of the time . Circuses were venues for chariot races , horse races , and performances that commemorated important events of the empire were performed there . For events that involved re-enactments of naval battles , the circus was flooded with water . The performance space of the Roman circus was normally , despite its name , an oblong rectangle of two linear sections of race track , separated by a median strip running along the length of about two thirds the track , joined at one end with a semicircular section and at the other end with an undivided section of track closed ( in most cases ) by a distinctive starting gate known as the carceres , thereby creating a circuit for the races . Forum ( edit ) Further information : Roman Forum and List of monuments of the Roman Forum The Roman Forum A forum was a central public open space in a Roman municipium , or any civitas , primarily used as a marketplace , along with the buildings used for shops and the stoas used for open stalls . Other large public buildings were often sited at the edges or close by . Many forums were constructed at remote locations along a road by the magistrate responsible for the road , in which case the forum was the only settlement at the site and had its own name , such as Forum Popili or Forum Livi . During the years of the Republic , Augustus claimed he `` found the city in brick and left it in marble '' . While chances are high that this was an exaggeration , there is something to be said for the influx of marble use in Roman Forum from 63 BC onwards . During Augustus reign , the Forum was described to have been `` a larger , freer space than was the Forum of imperial times . '' The Forum began to take on even more changes upon the arrival of Julius Casear who drew out extensive plans for the market hub . While Casear 's death came prematurely , the ideas himself , as well as Augustus had in regards to the Forum proved to be the most influential for years to come . According to Walter Dennison 's The Roman Forum As Cicero Saw It , the author writes that `` the diverting of public business to the larger and splendid imperial fora erected in the vicinity resulted in leaving the general design of the Forum Romanum '' . Every city had at least one forum of varying size . In addition to its standard function as a marketplace , a forum was a gathering place of great social significance , and often the scene of diverse activities , including political discussions and debates , rendezvous , meetings , etc . Much the best known example is the Roman Forum , the earliest of several in Rome . In new Roman towns the forum was usually located at , or just off , the intersection of the main north - south and east - west streets ( the cardo and decumanus ) . All forums would have a Temple of Jupiter at the north end , and would also contain other temples , as well as the basilica ; a public weights and measures table , so customers at the market could ensure they were not being sold short measures ; and would often have the baths nearby . A panoramic view of the Forum Trajanum , with the Trajan 's Column on the far left . Horreum ( edit ) The Horrea Epagathiana et Epaphroditiana , a horreum in Ostia built c. 145 - 150 AD A horreum was a type of public warehouse used during the ancient Roman period . Although the Latin term is often used to refer to granaries , Roman horrea were used to store many other types of consumables ; the giant Horrea Galbae in Rome were used not only to store grain but also olive oil , wine , foodstuffs , clothing and even marble . By the end of the imperial period , the city of Rome had nearly 300 horrea to supply its demands . The biggest were enormous , even by modern standards ; the Horrea Galbae contained 140 rooms on the ground floor alone , covering an area of some 225,000 square feet ( 21,000 m2 ) . The first horrea were built in Rome towards the end of the 2nd century BC , with the first known public horreum being constructed by the ill - fated tribune , Gaius Gracchus in 123 BC . The word came to be applied to any place designated for the preservation of goods ; thus it was often used refer to cellars ( horrea subterranea ) , but it could also be applied to a place where artworks were stored , or even to a library . Some public horrea functioned somewhat like banks , where valuables could be stored , but the most important class of horrea were those where foodstuffs such as grain and olive oil were stored and distributed by the state . The word itself is thought to have linguist roots tied to the word hordeum which in Latin means ' barley ' . In the John 's Hopkin 's University Press , The Classical Weekly states that `` Pliny the Elder does indeed make a distinction between the two words . He describes the horreum as a structure made of brick , the walls of which were not less than three feet thick ; it had no windows or openings for ventilation '' . Furthermore , the storehouses would also host oil and wine and also utilize large jars that could serve as cache 's for large amounts of products. These storehouses were also used to house keep large sums of money and were used much like personal storage units today are . Romans were `` These horrea were divided and subdivided , so that one could hire only so much space as one wanted , a whole room ( cella ) , a closet ( armarium ) , or only a chest or strong box ( arca , arcula , locus , loculus ) . '' Insula ( edit ) Main article : Insula ( building ) Insula in Ostia Antica Multi-story apartment blocks called insulae catered to a range of residential needs . The cheapest rooms were at the top owing to the inability to escape in the event of a fire and the lack of piped water . Windows were mostly small , facing the street , with iron security bars . Insulae were often dangerous , unhealthy , and prone to fires because of overcrowding and haphazard cooking arrangements . There are examples in the Roman port town of Ostia , that date back to the reign of Trajan , but they seem to have been found only in Rome and a few other places . Elsewhere writers report them as something remarkable , but Livy and Vituvius refer to them in Rome . External walls were in `` Opus Reticulatum '' and interiors in `` Opus Incertum '' , which would then be plastered and sometimes painted . To lighten up the small dark rooms , tenants able to afford a degree of painted colourful murals on the walls . Examples have been found of jungle scenes with wild animals and exotic plants . Imitation windows ( trompe l'oeil ) were sometimes painted to make the rooms seem less confined . Ancient Rome had elaborate and luxurious houses owned by the elite . The average house , or in cities apartment , of a commoner or plebe did not contain many luxuries . The domus , or single - family residence , was only for the well - off in Rome , with most having a layout of the closed unit , consisting of one or two rooms . Between 312 and 315 A.D. Rome had 1781 domus and 44,850 of insulae . Insulae have been the subject of great debate for historians of Roman culture , defining the various meanings of the word . Insula was a word used to describe apartment buildings , or the apartments themselves , meaning apartment , or inhabitable room , demonstrating just how small apartments for Plebes were . Urban divisions were originally street blocks , and later began to divide into smaller divisions , the word insula referring to both blocks and smaller divisions . The insula contained cenacula , tabernae , storage rooms under the stairs , and lower floor shops . Another type of housing unit for Plebes was a cenaculum , an apartment , divided into three individual rooms : cubiculum , exedra , and medianum . Common Roman apartments were mainly masses of smaller and larger structures , many with narrow balconies that present mysteries as to their use , having no doors to access them , and they lacked the excessive decoration and display of wealth that aristocrats ' houses contained . Luxury in houses was not common , as the life of the average person did not consist of being in their houses , as they instead would go to public baths , and engage in other communal activities . Lighthouses ( edit ) Main article : Roman lighthouse The Tower of Hercules , a Roman lighthouse in Spain Many lighthouses were built around the Mediterranean and the coasts of the empire , including the Tower of Hercules at A Coruña in northern Spain , a structure which survives to this day . A smaller lighthouse at Dover , England also exists as a ruin about half the height of the original . The light would have been provided by a fire at the top of the structure . Thermae ( edit ) Main article : Thermae Further information : List of Roman public baths All Roman cities had at least one thermae , a popular facility for public bathing , exercising and socializing . Exercise might include wrestling and weight - lifting , as well as swimming . Bathing was an important part of the Roman day , where some hours might be spent , at a very low cost subsidized by the government . Wealthier Romans were often accompanied by one or more slaves , who performed any required tasks such as fetching refreshment , guarding valuables , providing towels , and at the end of the session , applying olive oil to their masters ' bodies which was then scraped off with a strigil , a scraper made of wood or bone . Romans did not wash with soap and water as we do now . Roman bath - houses were also provided for private villas , town houses and forts . They were normally supplied with water from an adjacent river or stream , or by aqueduct . The design of thermae is discussed by Vitruvius in De Architectura . Temples ( edit ) Main article : Roman temple `` Roman Baroque '' Temple of Bacchus at Baalbek , Lebanon Roman temples were among the most important and richest buildings in Roman culture , though only a few survive in any sort of complete state . Their construction and maintenance was a major part of ancient Roman religion , and all towns of any importance had at least one main temple , as well as smaller shrines . The main room ( cella ) housed the cult image of the deity to whom the temple was dedicated , and often a small altar for incense or libations . Behind the cella was a room or rooms used by temple attendants for storage of equipment and offerings . Some remains of many Roman temples survive , above all in Rome itself , but the relatively few near - complete examples were nearly all converted to Christian churches ( and sometimes subsequently to mosques ) , usually a considerable time after the initial triumph of Christianity under Constantine . The decline of Roman religion was relatively slow , and the temples themselves were not appropriated by the government until a decree of the Emperor Honorius in 415 . Some of the oldest surviving temples include the Temple of Hercules Victor ( mid 2nd century BC ) and Temple of Portunus ( 120 - 80 BC ) , both standing within the Forum Boarium . The form of the Roman temple was mainly derived from the Etruscan model , but using Greek styles . Roman temples emphasised the front of the building , which followed Greek temple models and typically consisted of wide steps leading to a portico with columns , a pronaos , and usually a triangular pediment above , which was filled with statuary in the most grand examples ; this was as often in terracotta as stone , and no examples have survived except as fragments . However , unlike the Greek models , which generally gave equal treatment to all sides of the temple , which could be viewed and approached from all directions , the sides and rear of Roman temples might be largely undecorated ( as in the Pantheon , Rome and Vic ) , inaccessible by steps ( as in the Maison Carrée and Vic ) , and even back on to other buildings . As in the Maison Carrée , columns at the side might be half - columns , emerging from ( `` engaged with '' in architectural terminology ) the wall . The platform on which the temple sat was typically raised higher in Roman examples than Greek , with up ten or twelve or more steps rather than the three typical in Greek temples ; the Temple of Claudius was raised twenty steps . These steps were normally only at the front , and typically not the whole width of that . The Greek classical orders in all their details were closely followed in the façades of temples , as in other prestigious buildings . However the idealized proportions between the different elements set out by the only significant Roman writer on architecture to survive , Vitruvius , and subsequent Italian Renaissance writers , do not reflect actual Roman practice , which could be very variable , though always aiming at balance and harmony . Following a Hellenistic trend , the Corinthian order and its variant the Composite order were most common in surviving Roman temples , but for small temples like that at Alcántara , a simple Tuscan order could be used . There was considerable local variation in style , as Roman architects often tried to incorporate elements the population expected in its sacred architecture . This was especially the case in Egypt and the Near East , where different traditions of large stone temples were already millennia old . The Romano - Celtic temple was a simple style for small temples found in the Western Empire , and by far the most common type in Roman Britain . It often lacked any of the distinctive classical features , and may have had considerable continuity with pre-Roman temples of the Celtic religion . Theatres ( edit ) Roman Theatre ( Mérida ) , Spain Roman theatres were built in all areas of the empire from Spain , to the Middle East . Because of the Romans ' ability to influence local architecture , we see numerous theatres around the world with uniquely Roman attributes . These buildings were semi-circular and possessed certain inherent architectural structures , with minor differences depending on the region in which they were constructed . The scaenae frons was a high back wall of the stage floor , supported by columns . The proscaenium was a wall that supported the front edge of the stage with ornately decorated niches off to the sides . The Hellenistic influence is seen through the use of the proscaenium . The Roman theatre also had a podium , which sometimes supported the columns of the scaenae frons . The scaenae was originally not part of the building itself , constructed only to provide sufficient background for the actors . Eventually , it became a part of the edifice itself , made out of concrete . The theatre itself was divided into the stage ( orchestra ) and the seating section ( auditorium ) . Vomitoria or entrances and exits were made available to the audience . Villa ( edit ) Villa of the Mysteries just outside Pompeii , seen from above Main article : Roman villa See also : Villa rustica , List of Roman villas in England , and List of Roman villas in Belgium A Roman villa was a country house built for the upper class , while a domus was a wealthy family 's house in a town . The Empire contained many kinds of villas , not all of them lavishly appointed with mosaic floors and frescoes . In the provinces , any country house with some decorative features in the Roman style may be called a `` villa '' by modern scholars . Some were pleasure palaces such as those -- like Hadrian 's Villa at Tivoli -- that were situated in the cool hills within easy reach of Rome or -- like the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum -- on picturesque sites overlooking the Bay of Naples . Some villas were more like the country houses of England or Poland , the visible seat of power of a local magnate , such as the famous palace rediscovered at Fishbourne in Sussex . Suburban villas on the edge of cities were also known , such as the Middle and Late Republican villas that encroached on the Campus Martius , at that time on the edge of Rome , and which can be also seen outside the city walls of Pompeii , including the Villa of the Mysteries , famous for its frescos . These early suburban villas , such as the one at Rome 's Auditorium site or at Grottarossa in Rome , demonstrate the antiquity and heritage of the villa suburbana in Central Italy . It is possible that these early , suburban villas were also in fact the seats of power ( maybe even palaces ) of regional strongmen or heads of important families ( gentes ) . A third type of villa provided the organizational center of the large farming estates called latifundia ; such villas might be lacking in luxuries . By the 4th century , villa could simply mean an agricultural estate or holding : Jerome translated the Gospel of Mark ( xiv , 32 ) chorion , describing the olive grove of Gethsemane , with villa , without an inference that there were any dwellings there at all ( Catholic Encyclopedia `` Gethsemane '' ) . With the colossal Diocletian 's Palace , built in the countryside but later turned into a fortified city , a form of residential castle emerges , that anticipates the Middle Ages . Watermills ( edit ) Further information : List of ancient watermills The initial invention of the watermill appears to have occurred in the hellenized eastern Mediterranean in the wake of the conquests of Alexander the Great and the rise of Hellenistic science and technology . In the subsequent Roman era , the use of water - power was diversified and different types of watermills were introduced . These include all three variants of the vertical water wheel as well as the horizontal water wheel . Apart from its main use in grinding flour , water - power was also applied to pounding grain , crushing ore , sawing stones and possibly fulling and bellows for iron furnaces . Decorative structures ( edit ) Monoliths ( edit ) Further information : List of ancient Greek and Roman monoliths In architecture , a monolith is a structure which has been excavated as a unit from a surrounding matrix or outcropping of rock . Monoliths are found in all types of Roman buildings . They were either : quarried without being moved ; or quarried and moved ; or quarried , moved and lifted clear off the ground into their position ( e.g. architraves ) ; or quarried , moved and erected in an upright position ( e.g. columns ) . Transporting was done by land or water ( or a combination of both ) , in the later case often by special - built ships such as obelisk carriers . For lifting operations , ancient cranes were employed since ca . 515 BC , such as in the construction of Trajan 's Column . Obelisks ( edit ) Further information : List of obelisks in Rome Obelisco Sallustiano in front of the church of Trinità dei Monti in Rome An obelisk is a tall , four - sided , narrow tapering monument which ends in a pyramid - like shape at the top . These were originally called `` tekhenu '' by the builders , the ancient Egyptians . The Greeks who saw them used the Greek ' obeliskos ' to describe them , and this word passed into Latin and then English . The Romans commissioned obelisks in an ancient Egyptian style . Examples include : Arles , France -- the Arles Obelisk , in Place de la République , a 4th - century obelisk of Roman origin Benevento , Italy -- three Roman obelisks Munich -- obelisk of Titus Sextius Africanus , Staatliches Museum Ägyptischer Kunst , Kunstareal , 1st century AD , 5.80 m Rome -- there are five ancient Roman obelisks in Rome . Roman gardens ( edit ) Gardens in Conimbriga , Portugal Roman gardens were influenced by Egyptian , Persian , and Greek gardening techniques . In Ancient Latium , a garden was part of every farm . According to Cato the Elder , every garden should be close to the house and should have flower beds and ornamental trees . Horace wrote that during his time flower gardens became a national indulgence . Gardens were not reserved for the extremely wealthy . Excavations in Pompeii show that gardens attaching to residences were scaled down to meet the space constraints of the home of the average Roman . Modified versions of Roman garden designs were adopted in Roman settlements in Africa , Gaul , and Britannia . As town houses were replaced by tall insula ( apartment buildings ) , these urban gardens were replaced by window boxes or roof gardens . Triumphal arch ( edit ) Further information : List of Roman triumphal arches The Arch of Titus in Rome , an early Roman imperial triumphal arch with a single archway Titus ' triumphal procession depicted on the Arch of Titus , showing the loot captured from Jerusalem in 81 AD A triumphal arch is a monumental structure in the shape of an archway with one or more arched passageways , often designed to span a road . The origins of the Roman triumphal arch are unclear . There were precursors to the triumphal arch within the Roman world ; in Italy , the Etruscans used elaborately decorated single bay arches as gates or portals to their cities . Surviving examples of Etruscan arches can still be seen at Perugia and Volterra . The two key elements of the triumphal arch -- a round - topped arch and a square entablature -- had long been in use as separate architectural elements in ancient Greece . The innovation of the Romans was to use these elements in a single free - standing structure . The columns became purely decorative elements on the outer face of arch , while the entablature , liberated from its role as a building support , became the frame for the civic and religious messages that the arch builders wished to convey . Little is known about how the Romans viewed triumphal arches . Pliny the Elder , writing in the first century AD , was the only ancient author to discuss them . He wrote that they were intended to `` elevate above the ordinary world '' an image of an honoured person usually depicted in the form of a statue with a quadriga . The first recorded Roman triumphal arches were set up in the time of the Roman Republic . Generals who were granted a triumph were termed triumphators and would erect fornices or honorific arches bearing statues to commemorate their victories . Roman triumphal practices changed significantly at the start of the imperial period when the first Roman Emperor Augustus decreed that only emperors would be granted triumphs . The triumphal arch changed from being a personal monument to being an essentially propagandistic one , serving to announce and promote the presence of the ruler and the laws of the state . Arches were not necessarily built as entrances , but -- unlike many modern triumphal arches -- they were often erected across roads and were intended to be passed through , not round . Most Roman triumphal arches were built during the imperial period . By the fourth century AD there were 36 such arches in Rome , of which three have survived -- the Arch of Titus ( AD 81 ) , the Arch of Septimius Severus ( 203 - 205 ) and the Arch of Constantine ( 312 ) . Numerous arches were built elsewhere in the Roman Empire . The single arch was the most common , but many triple arches were also built , of which the Triumphal Arch of Orange ( circa AD 21 ) is the earliest surviving example . From the 2nd century AD , many examples of the arcus quadrifrons -- a square triumphal arch erected over a crossroads , with arched openings on all four sides -- were built , especially in North Africa . Arch - building in Rome and Italy diminished after the time of Trajan ( AD 98 - 117 ) but remained widespread in the provinces during the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD ; they were often erected to commemorate imperial visits . The ornamentation of an arch was intended to serve as a constant visual reminder of the triumph and triumphator . The façade was ornamented with marble columns , and the piers and attics with decorative cornices . Sculpted panels depicted victories and achievements , the deeds of the triumphator , the captured weapons of the enemy or the triumphal procession itself . The spandrels usually depicted flying Victories , while the attic was often inscribed with a dedicatory inscription naming and praising the triumphator . The piers and internal passageways were also decorated with reliefs and free - standing sculptures . The vault was ornamented with coffers . Some triumphal arches were surmounted by a statue or a currus triumphalis , a group of statues depicting the emperor or general in a quadriga . Inscriptions on Roman triumphal arches were works of art in themselves , with very finely cut , sometimes gilded letters . The form of each letter and the spacing between them was carefully designed for maximum clarity and simplicity , without any decorative flourishes , emphasizing the Roman taste for restraint and order . This conception of what later became the art of typography remains of fundamental importance down to the present day . Victory columns ( edit ) Further information : List of Roman victory columns Infrastructure ( edit ) A Roman street in Pompeii Roads ( edit ) Roman roads were vital to the maintenance and development of the Roman state , and were built from about 500 BC through the expansion and consolidation of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire . They provided efficient means for the overland movement of armies , officials and civilians , and the inland carriage of official communications and trade goods . At the peak of Rome 's development , no fewer than 29 great military highways radiated from the capital , and the Late Empire 's 113 provinces were interconnected by 372 great road links . Roman road builders aimed at a regulation width ( see Laws and standards above ) , but actual widths have been measured at between 3.6 ft ( 1.1 m ) and more than 23 ft ( 7.0 m ) . Today , the concrete has worn from the spaces around the stones , giving the impression of a very bumpy road , but the original practice was to produce a surface that was no doubt much closer to being flat . Aqueduct ( edit ) Main article : Roman aqueduct Further information : List of aqueducts in the Roman Empire The Aqueduct of Segovia , Spain The Pont du Gard , near Vers - Pont - du - Gard , France The Romans constructed numerous aqueducts in order to bring water from distant sources into their cities and towns , supplying public baths , latrines , fountains and private households . Waste water was removed by complex sewage systems and released into nearby bodies of water , keeping the towns clean and free from effluent . Aqueducts also provided water for mining operations , milling , farms and gardens . Aqueducts moved water through gravity alone , being constructed along a slight downward gradient within conduits of stone , brick or concrete . Most were buried beneath the ground , and followed its contours ; obstructing peaks were circumvented or , less often , tunnelled through . Where valleys or lowlands intervened , the conduit was carried on bridgework , or its contents fed into high - pressure lead , ceramic or stone pipes and siphoned across . Most aqueduct systems included sedimentation tanks , sluices and distribution tanks to regulate the supply at need . Rome 's first aqueduct supplied a water - fountain sited at the city 's cattle market . By the third century AD , the city had eleven aqueducts , sustaining a population of over a million in a water - extravagant economy ; most of the water supplied the city 's many public baths . Cities and municipalities throughout the Roman Empire emulated this model , and funded aqueducts as objects of public interest and civic pride , `` an expensive yet necessary luxury to which all could , and did , aspire . '' Most Roman aqueducts proved reliable , and durable ; some were maintained into the early modern era , and a few are still partly in use . Methods of aqueduct surveying and construction are noted by Vitruvius in his work De Architectura ( 1st century BC ) . The general Frontinus gives more detail in his official report on the problems , uses and abuses of Imperial Rome 's public water supply . Notable examples of aqueduct architecture include the supporting piers of the Aqueduct of Segovia , and the aqueduct - fed cisterns of Constantinople . Bridges ( edit ) The Alcántara Bridge , Spain , a masterpiece of ancient bridge building Main article : Roman bridge Further information : List of Roman bridges Roman bridges , built by ancient Romans , were the first large and lasting bridges built . Roman bridges were built with stone and had the arch as the basic structure ( see arch bridge ) . Most utilized concrete as well , which the Romans were the first to use for bridges . Roman arch bridges were usually semicircular , although a few were segmental ( such as Alconétar Bridge ) . A segmental arch is an arch that is less than a semicircle . The advantages of the segmental arch bridge were that it allowed great amounts of flood water to pass under it , which would prevent the bridge from being swept away during floods and the bridge itself could be more lightweight . Generally , Roman bridges featured wedge - shaped primary arch stones ( voussoirs ) of the same in size and shape . The Romans built both single spans and lengthy multiple arch aqueducts , such as the Pont du Gard and Segovia Aqueduct . Their bridges featured from an early time onwards flood openings in the piers , e.g. in the Pons Fabricius in Rome ( 62 BC ) , one of the world 's oldest major bridges still standing . Roman engineers were the first and until the industrial revolution the only ones to construct bridges with concrete , which they called Opus caementicium . The outside was usually covered with brick or ashlar , as in the Alcántara bridge . The Romans also introduced segmental arch bridges into bridge construction . The 330 m long Limyra Bridge in southwestern Turkey features 26 segmental arches with an average span - to - rise ratio of 5.3 : 1 , giving the bridge an unusually flat profile unsurpassed for more than a millennium . Trajan 's bridge over the Danube featured open - spandrel segmental arches made of wood ( standing on 40 m high concrete piers ) . This was to be the longest arch bridge for a thousand years both in terms of overall and individual span length , while the longest extant Roman bridge is the 790 m long Puente Romano at Mérida . Canals ( edit ) Further information : List of Roman canals Roman canals were typically multi-purpose structures , intended for irrigation , drainage , land reclamation , flood control and navigation where feasible . Some navigational canals were recorded by ancient geographers and are still traceable by modern archaeology . Channels which served the needs of urban water supply are covered at the List of aqueducts in the Roman Empire . Cisterns ( edit ) Further information : List of Roman cisterns The Basilica Cistern in Constantinople provided water for the Imperial Palace . Freshwater reservoirs were commonly set up at the termini of aqueducts and their branch lines , supplying urban households , agricultural estates , imperial palaces , thermae or naval bases of the Roman navy . Dams ( edit ) Further information : List of Roman dams and reservoirs Roman dam construction began in earnest in the early imperial period . For the most part , it concentrated on the semi-arid fringe of the empire , namely the provinces of North Africa , the Near East , and Hispania . The relative abundance of Spanish dams below is due partly to more intensive field work there ; for Italy only the Subiaco Dams , created by emperor Nero ( 54 -- 68 AD ) for recreational purposes , are attested . These dams are noteworthy , though , for their extraordinary height , which remained unsurpassed anywhere in the world until the Late Middle Ages . The most frequent dam types were earth - or rock - filled embankment dams and masonry gravity dams . These served a wide array of purposes , such as irrigation , flood control , river diversion , soil - retention , or a combination of these functions . The impermeability of Roman dams was increased by the introduction of waterproof hydraulic mortar and especially opus caementicium in the Concrete Revolution . These materials also allowed for bigger structures to be built , like the Lake Homs Dam , possibly the largest water barrier today , and the sturdy Harbaqa Dam , both of which consist of a concrete core . Roman builders were the first to realize the stabilizing effect of arches and buttresses , which they integrated into their dam designs . Previously unknown dam types introduced by the Romans include arch - gravity dams , arch dams , ; buttress dams , and multiple - arch buttress dams . Defensive walls ( edit ) Roman walls of Lugo , Spain The Porta Nigra of Trier , Germany , capital of the Roman province of Gallia Belgica , constructed between 186 and 200 AD Main article : Ancient Roman defensive walls The Romans generally fortified cities , rather than fortresses , but there are some fortified camps , such as the Saxon Shore forts like Porchester Castle in England . City walls were already significant in Etruscan architecture , and in the struggle for control of Italy under the early Republic many more were built , using different techniques . These included tightly - fitting massive irregular polygonal blocks , shaped to fit exactly in a way reminiscent of later Inca work . The Romans called a simple rampart wall an agger ; at this date great height was not necessary . The Servian Wall around Rome was an ambitious project of the early 4th century BC . The wall was up to 10 metres ( 32.8 ft ) in height in places , 3.6 metres ( 12 ft ) wide at its base , 11 km ( 7 mi ) long , and is believed to have had 16 main gates , though many of these are mentioned only from writings , with no other known remains . Some of it had a fossa or ditch in front , and an agger behind , and it was enough to deter Hannibal . Later the Aurelian Wall replaced it , enclosing an expanded city , and using more sophisticated designs , with small forts at intervals . The Romans walled major cities and towns in areas they saw as vulnerable , and parts of many walls remain incorporated in later defences , as at Córdoba ( 2nd century BC ) , Chester ( earth and wood in the 70s AD , stone from c. 100 ) , and York ( from 70s AD ) . Strategic walls across open country were far rarer , and Hadrian 's Wall ( from 122 ) and the Antonine Wall ( from 142 , abandoned only 8 years after completion ) are the most significant examples , both on the Pictish frontier . Architectural features ( edit ) Mosaics ( edit ) Main article : Roman mosaic On his return from campaigns in Greece , the general Sulla brought back what is probably the most well - known element of the early imperial period , the mosaic , a decoration made of colourful chips of stone inserted into cement . This tiling method took the empire by storm in the late first century and the second century and in the Roman home joined the well known mural in decorating floors , walls , and grottoes with geometric and pictorial designs . There were two main techniques in Greco - Roman mosaic : opus vermiculatum used tiny tesserae , typically cubes of 4 millimeters or less , and was produced in workshops in relatively small panels which were transported to the site glued to some temporary support . The tiny tesserae allowed very fine detail , and an approach to the illusionism of painting . Often small panels called emblemata were inserted into walls or as the highlights of larger floor - mosaics in coarser work . The normal technique , however , was opus tessellatum , using larger tesserae , which were laid on site . There was a distinct native Italian style using black on a white background , which was no doubt cheaper than fully coloured work . A specific genre of Roman mosaic obtained the name asaroton ( Greek `` unswept floor '' ) . It represented an optical illusion of the leftovers from a feast on the floor of reach houses . Hypocaust ( edit ) Part - excavated hypocaust under the floor in a Roman villa in Vieux - la - Romaine , near Caen , France A hypocaust was an ancient Roman system of underfloor heating , used to heat houses with hot air . The Roman architect Vitruvius , writing about the end of the 1st century B.C. , attributes their invention to Sergius Orata . Many remains of Roman hypocausts have survived throughout Europe , western Asia , and northern Africa . The hypocaust was an invention which improved the hygiene and living conditions of citizens , and was a forerunner of modern central heating . Hypocausts were used for heating hot baths ( thermae ) , houses and other buildings , whether public or private . The floor was raised above the ground by pillars , called pilae stacks , with a layer of tiles , then a layer of concrete , then another of tiles on top ; and spaces were left inside the walls so that hot air and smoke from the furnace would pass through these enclosed areas and out of flues in the roof , thereby heating but not polluting the interior of the room . Roman roofs ( edit ) Further information : List of ancient Greek and Roman roofs In Sicily truss roofs presumably appeared as early as 550 BC. Their potential was fully realized in the Roman period , which saw trussed roofs over 30 wide spanning the rectangular spaces of monumental public buildings such as temples , basilicas , and later churches . Such spans were three times as wide as the widest prop - and - lintel roofs and only surpassed by the largest Roman domes . The largest truss roof by span of ancient Rome covered the Aula Regia ( throne room ) built for emperor Domitian ( 81 -- 96 AD ) on the Palatine Hill , Rome . The timber truss roof had a width of 31.67 m , slightly surpassing the postulated limit of 30 m for Roman roof constructions . Tie - beam trusses allowed for much larger spans than the older prop - and - lintel system and even concrete vaulting . Nine out of the ten largest rectangular spaces in Roman architecture were bridged this way , the only exception being the groin vaulted Basilica of Maxentius . Spiral stairs ( edit ) Further information : List of ancient spiral stairs The spiral stair is a type of stairway which , due to its complex helical structure , was introduced relatively late into architecture . Although the oldest example dates back to the 5th century BC , it was only in the wake of the influential design of Trajan 's Column that this space - saving new type permanently caught hold in Roman architecture . Apart from the triumphal columns in the imperial cities of Rome and Constantinople , other types of buildings such as temples , thermae , basilicas and tombs were also fitted with spiral stairways . Their notable absence in the towers of the Aurelian Wall indicates that although used in medieval castles , they did not yet figure prominently in Roman military engineering . By late antiquity , separate stair towers were constructed adjacent to the main buildings , as in the Basilica of San Vitale . The construction of spiral stairs passed on both to Christian and Islamic architecture . Significant buildings and areas ( edit ) Hadrian 's Wall Public buildings ( edit ) Baths of Trajan -- these were a massive thermae , a bathing and leisure complex , built in ancient Rome starting from 104 AD and dedicated during the Kalends of July in 109 . Baths of Diocletian -- in ancient Rome , these were the grandest of the public baths ( thermae ) , built by successive emperors Baths of Caracalla Colosseum Trajan 's Column , in Rome Circus Maximus , in Rome Curia Hostilia ( Senate House ) , in Rome Domus Aurea ( former building ) Pantheon Tower of Hercules Tropaeum Traiani Hadrian 's Villa Verona Arena , in Verona Private architecture ( edit ) Alyscamps -- a necropolis in Arles , France , one of the most famous necropolises of the ancient world Domus Catacombs of Rome Roman villa Pompeii and Herculaneum Civil engineering ( edit ) Roman engineering -- Romans are famous for their advanced engineering accomplishments , although some of their own inventions were improvements on older ideas , concepts and inventions . Roman watermill Military engineering ( edit ) Antonine Wall , in Scotland Hadrian 's Wall Limes Germanicus See also ( edit ) Outline of ancient Rome Outline of architecture Architecture of Mesopotamia Persian architecture Ancient Rome portal Italy portal History portal Architecture portal References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Henig , 26 Jump up ^ Henig , 27 Jump up ^ `` BUILDING BIG : Pantheon '' . PBS . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Roman Pantheon : The Triumph of Concrete '' . Roman Concrete . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ DeLaine 1990 , p. 407 . Jump up ^ Rook 1992 , pp. 18f ... Jump up ^ Gardner 2005 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Ward - Perkins 1956 . ^ Jump up to : Rasch 1985 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Lechtman & Hobbs 1986 . Jump up ^ Mark & Hutchinson 1986 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Heinle & Schlaich 1996 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Henig , 28 Jump up ^ Henig , 32 Jump up ^ Favro , ( ii ) Materials and construction techniques Jump up ^ Henig , 22 ; Favro , ( ii ) Materials and construction techniques , which lists major quarries Jump up ^ Juracek 1996 , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Peet 1911 , p. 35 -- 36 . ^ Jump up to : Walters & Birch 1905 , p. 330 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Morris 1972 , pp. 39 - 41 , 51 - 60 . Jump up ^ Kolb 1984 , pp. 169 - 238 . Jump up ^ Benevolo 1993 , pp. 256 - 267 . Jump up ^ Harris 1989 , pp. 375 -- 392 : `` The Etruscans were , in their turn , probably also influenced in this respect by Greek and Hellenic culture . '' Jump up ^ Vitrivius 1914 . Jump up ^ Demandt 1998 : `` In fact , many sites where the Romans created towns , such as Paris , Vienna and Bratislava , had previously been Celtic settlements of more or less urban character . '' Jump up ^ Henig , 26 . Blagg also mentions baths , granaries , insulae and large villas . Jump up ^ Bomgardner 2000 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Bomgardner 2000 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Bomgardner 2000 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Bomgardner 2000 , p. 201 -- 223 . Jump up ^ Abbott & Johnson 1926 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` A Page from Latin Notes Supplement XV , Entitled SOME STORIES ABOUT THE ROMAN FORUM '' . Latin Notes . 3 ( 6 ) . 1926 . JSTOR 43943460 . ^ Jump up to : Dennison , Walter ( June 1908 ) . `` The Roman Forum as Cicero Saw It '' . The Classical Journal . 3 ( 8 ) : 318 -- 326 . JSTOR 3287491 . Jump up ^ Richardson 1992 , p. 193 . Jump up ^ Lampe 2006 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Potter & Mattingly 1999 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Patrich 1996 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Métreaux 1998 , p. 14 - 15 . Jump up ^ Pliny , Epist . VIII. 18 Jump up ^ Seneca , Epist. 45 Jump up ^ Schmitz 1875 , p. 618 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , David ( Dec 2 , 1929 ) . `` Horrea Romana : Roman Storehouses '' . The John 's Hopkin 's University Press . 7 ( 7 ) : 49 -- 54 . doi : 10.2307 / 4389377 . 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Gunther . `` Glossary and Index of ( mostly ) Asian Art '' . Old Stones : The Monuments of Art History . Archived from the original on 5 April 2007 . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Wirsching 2000 . Jump up ^ Coulton 1974 , pp. 7 , 16 . Jump up ^ Lancaster 1999 , pp. 419 -- 439 . Jump up ^ Baker & Baker 2001 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ `` Museo del Sannio '' . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Three Obelisks in Benevento '' . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Semple 1929 , pp. 435 . Jump up ^ Semple 1929 , pp. 436 . ^ Jump up to : Zaho 2004 , p. 18 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Sullivan 2006 , p. 133 -- 134 . ^ Jump up to : Fürst & Grundmann 1998 , p. 43 . ^ Jump up to : Triumphal Arch at Encyclopædia Britannica ^ Jump up to : F.B. Sear and Richard John . `` Triumphal arch . '' Grove Art Online . Oxford Art Online . 30 Jul. 2010 ^ Jump up to : Honour & Fleming 2005 . Jump up ^ Forbes 1993 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Kaszynski 2000 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Bunson 2009 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ O'Flaherty 2002 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Gagarin & Fantham 2010 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ O'Connor 1993 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Beall , Christine ( 1988 ) . `` Designing the segmental arch '' ( PDF ) . ebuild.com . Retrieved 8 May 2010 . Jump up ^ O'Connor 1993 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Döring 2002 , pp. 310 -- 319 . ^ Jump up to : Hodge 1992 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Schnitter 1978 , p. 28 , fig. 7 . Jump up ^ Hodge 1992 , p. 80 . ^ Jump up to : Hodge 2000 , p. 332 . Jump up ^ Smith 1970 , pp. 60f ... Jump up ^ Hodge 2000 , pp. 331f ... Jump up ^ Hodge 1992 , pp. 86f ... Jump up ^ Smith 1971 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Smith 1971 , p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : James & Chanson 2002 . Jump up ^ Smith 1971 , pp. 33 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Schnitter 1978 , pp. 31f ... Jump up ^ Schnitter 1987a , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Schnitter 1987c , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Hodge 2000 , p. 332 , fn. 2 . Jump up ^ Schnitter 1987b , pp. 59 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Schnitter 1978 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Schnitter 1987b , pp. 60 , table 1 , 62 . 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Jahrhunderts '' , in Garbrecht , Günther , Historische Talsperren , 1 , Stuttgart : Verlag Konrad Wittwer , pp. 9 -- 20 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 87919 - 145 - 1 Schnitter , Niklaus ( 1987b ) , `` Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Pfeilerstaumauer '' , in Garbrecht , Günther , Historische Talsperren , 1 , Stuttgart : Verlag Konrad Wittwer , pp. 57 -- 74 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 87919 - 145 - 1 Schnitter , Niklaus ( 1987c ) , `` Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Bogenstaumauer '' , in Garbrecht , Günther , Historische Talsperren , 1 , Stuttgart : Verlag Konrad Wittwer , pp. 75 -- 96 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 87919 - 145 - 1 Semple , Ellen Churchill ( July 1929 ) . `` Ancient Mediterranean Pleasure Gardens '' . Geographical Review . 19 ( 3 ) : 420 -- 443 . doi : 10.2307 / 209149 . JSTOR 209149 . Smith , D.J. ( 1983 ) . `` Mosaics '' . In Martin Henig . A Handbook of Roman Art . Phaidon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7148 - 2214 - 3 . 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The Ten Books on Architecture , Bk I. Morris H. Morgan ( translator ) . Harvard University Press . Walters , Henry Beauchamp ; Birch , Samuel ( 1905 ) . History of Ancient Pottery : Greek , Etruscan , and Roman . John Murray . Ward - Perkins , Bryan ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter 12 . Land , labour , and settlement '' . In Cameron , Averil ; Ward - Perkins , Bryan ; Whitby , Michael . Late Antiquity : Empire and Successors A.D. 425 - 600 . The Cambridge Ancient History . Volume XIV . Cambridge University Press . Part III : East and West : Economy and Society . doi : 10.1017 / CHOL9780521325912 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 32591 - 2 . Ward - Perkins , J.B. ( 1956 ) . Nero 's Golden House . Antiquity. 30 . pp. 217 -- 19 . Wikander , Örjan ( 1985 ) , `` Archaeological Evidence for Early Water - Mills . An Interim Report '' , History of Technology , 10 , pp. 151 -- 179 Wikander , Örjan ( 2000a ) , `` The Water - Mill '' , in Wikander , Örjan , Handbook of Ancient Water Technology , Technology and Change in History , 2 , Leiden : Brill , pp. 371 -- 400 , ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 11123 - 3 Wikander , Örjan ( 2000b ) , `` Industrial Applications of Water - Power '' , in Wikander , Örjan , Handbook of Ancient Water Technology , Technology and Change in History , 2 , Leiden : Brill , pp. 401 -- 410 , ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 11123 - 3 Wilson , Andrew ( 2002 ) , `` Machines , Power and the Ancient Economy '' , The Journal of Roman Studies , ( Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies , Cambridge University Press ) , 92 , pp. 1 -- 32 , doi : 10.2307 / 3184857 , JSTOR 3184857 Wilson Jones , Mark ( 2000 ) . Principles of Roman architecture . New Haven , Conn : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 08138 - 1 . Wirsching , Armin ( 2000 ) , `` How the Obelisks Reached Rome : Evidence of Roman Double - Ships '' , The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology , 29 ( 2 ) : 273 -- 283 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 9270.2000. tb01456. x Zaho , Margaret Ann ( 2004 ) . Imago triumphalis : the function and significance of triumphal imagery for Italian Renaissance rulers . Peter Lang . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8204 - 6235 - 6 . Further reading ( edit ) Adam , Jean Pierre . Roman Building : Materials and Techniques . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 1994 . Anderson , James C. Roman Architecture and Society . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 1997 . Boëthius , Axel . Etruscan and Early Roman Architecture . New Haven : Yale University Press , 1994 . Fant , J. Clayton . `` Quarrying and Stoneworking . '' In The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World , edited by John P. Oleson , 121 -- 135 . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2008 . Hopkins , John North . The Genesis of Roman Architecture . New Haven : Yale University Press , 2016 . Lancaster , Lynne C. Concrete Vaulted Construction In Imperial Rome : Innovations In Context . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2005 . -- . `` Roman Engineering and Construction . '' In The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World , edited by John P. Oleson , 256 -- 284 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . 2008 . MacDonald , William Lloyd . The Architecture of the Roman Empire . Rev. ed . New Haven : Yale University Press , 1982 . Macready , Sarah , and F.H. Thompson . Roman architecture in the Greek world . London : Society of Antiquaries , 1987 . Sear , Frank . Roman Architecture . Ithaca : Cornell University Press , 1983 . Thomas , Edmund V. Monumentality and the Roman Empire : Architecture in the Antonine age . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2007 . Ulrich , Roger B. Roman Woodworking . New Haven : Yale University Press , 2007 . Ulrich , Roger B. , and Caroline K Quenemoen . A Companion to Roman Architecture . Somerset : Wiley , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ancient Roman architecture . Wikibooks has more on the topic of : Ancient Roman architecture Library resources about Ancient Roman architecture Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Traianus -- Technical investigation of Roman public works Housing and apartments in Rome -- A look at various aspects of housing in ancient Rome , apartments and villas . 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who controled the house and senate in 2015			113th United States Congress	113th united states congress	The One Hundred Thirteenth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government , from January 3 , 2013 , to January 3 , 2015 , during the fifth and sixth years of Barack Obama 's presidency . It was composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives based on the results of the 2012 Senate elections and the 2012 House elections . The seats in the House were apportioned based on the 2010 United States Census . It first met in Washington , D.C. on January 3 , 2013 , and it ended on January 3 , 2015 . Senators elected to regular terms in 2008 were in the last two years of those terms during this Congress .	The Senate had a Democratic majority , while the House had a Republican majority . Widespread public dissatisfaction with the institution increased over its second year , and some commentators have ranked it among the worst in United States congressional history , until 2017 . According to a Gallup Poll released in August 2014 , the 113th Congress had the highest disapproval rating of any Congress since 1974 , when data first started being collected : 83 % of Americans surveyed said that they disapproved of the job Congress was doing , while only 13 % said that they approved . In October 2013 , during the government shutdown , this decreased to 10 % approval according to several polls . Contents ( hide ) 1 Major events 2 Major legislation 2.1 Enacted 2.2 Proposed 2.3 Appropriations bills 2.3. 1 Fiscal year 2014 2.3. 2 Fiscal year 2015 3 Party summary 3.1 Senate 3.2 House of Representatives 4 Leadership 4.1 Senate 4.1. 1 Majority ( Democratic ) leadership 4.1. 2 Minority ( Republican ) leadership 4.2 House of Representatives 4.2. 1 Majority ( Republican ) leadership 4.2. 2 Minority ( Democratic ) leadership 5 Members 5.1 Senate 5.1. 1 Alabama 5.1. 2 Alaska 5.1. 3 Arizona 5.1. 4 Arkansas 5.1. 5 California 5.1. 6 Colorado 5.1. 7 Connecticut 5.1. 8 Delaware 5.1. 9 Florida 5.1. 10 Georgia 5.1. 11 Hawaii 5.1. 12 Idaho 5.1. 13 Illinois 5.1. 14 Indiana 5.1. 15 Iowa 5.1. 16 Kansas 5.1. 17 Kentucky 5.1. 18 Louisiana 5.1. 19 Maine 5.1. 20 Maryland 5.1. 21 Massachusetts 5.1. 22 Michigan 5.1. 23 Minnesota 5.1. 24 Mississippi 5.1. 25 Missouri 5.1. 26 Montana 5.1. 27 Nebraska 5.1. 28 Nevada 5.1. 29 New Hampshire 5.1. 30 New Jersey 5.1. 31 New Mexico 5.1. 32 New York 5.1. 33 North Carolina 5.1. 34 North Dakota 5.1. 35 Ohio 5.1. 36 Oklahoma 5.1. 37 Oregon 5.1. 38 Pennsylvania 5.1. 39 Rhode Island 5.1. 40 South Carolina 5.1. 41 South Dakota 5.1. 42 Tennessee 5.1. 43 Texas 5.1. 44 Utah 5.1. 45 Vermont 5.1. 46 Virginia 5.1. 47 Washington 5.1. 48 West Virginia 5.1. 49 Wisconsin 5.1. 50 Wyoming 5.2 House of Representatives 5.2. 1 Alabama 5.2. 2 Alaska 5.2. 3 Arizona 5.2. 4 Arkansas 5.2. 5 California 5.2. 6 Colorado 5.2. 7 Connecticut 5.2. 8 Delaware 5.2. 9 Florida 5.2. 10 Georgia 5.2. 11 Hawaii 5.2. 12 Idaho 5.2. 13 Illinois 5.2. 14 Indiana 5.2. 15 Iowa 5.2. 16 Kansas 5.2. 17 Kentucky 5.2. 18 Louisiana 5.2. 19 Maine 5.2. 20 Maryland 5.2. 21 Massachusetts 5.2. 22 Michigan 5.2. 23 Minnesota 5.2. 24 Mississippi 5.2. 25 Missouri 5.2. 26 Montana 5.2. 27 Nebraska 5.2. 28 Nevada 5.2. 29 New Hampshire 5.2. 30 New Jersey 5.2. 31 New Mexico 5.2. 32 New York 5.2. 33 North Carolina 5.2. 34 North Dakota 5.2. 35 Ohio 5.2. 36 Oklahoma 5.2. 37 Oregon 5.2. 38 Pennsylvania 5.2. 39 Rhode Island 5.2. 40 South Carolina 5.2. 41 South Dakota 5.2. 42 Tennessee 5.2. 43 Texas 5.2. 44 Utah 5.2. 45 Vermont 5.2. 46 Virginia 5.2. 47 Washington 5.2. 48 West Virginia 5.2. 49 Wisconsin 5.2. 50 Wyoming 5.2. 51 Non-voting members 6 Changes in membership 6.1 Senate 6.2 House of Representatives 7 Committees 7.1 Senate 7.2 House of Representatives 7.3 Joint committees 8 Caucuses 9 Employees 9.1 Legislative branch agency directors 9.2 Senate 9.3 House of Representatives 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Major events ( edit ) A government shutdown notice posted on October 1 , 2013 , with the Statue of Liberty in the far background Main articles : 2013 in the United States , 2014 in the United States , and 2015 in the United States January 3 , 2013 : Election of Speaker . Incumbent Speaker John Boehner was re-elected despite the largest number of defections in the vote for speaker since at least 1991 . January 4 , 2013 : Joint session to count the Electoral College votes for the 2012 presidential election . January 20 -- 21 , 2013 : Second inauguration of President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden . The terms began January 20 , but because that was a Sunday , the Joint Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies scheduled the inauguration ceremony for the next day . February 12 , 2013 : Joint session to hear the 2013 State of the Union Address . March 6 -- 7 , 2013 : Senator Rand Paul led a filibuster of the nomination of John O. Brennan for Director of the Central Intelligence Agency with a 12 - hour , 52 - minute speech . June 5 , 2013 : The first media reports of Edward Snowden 's surveillance disclosures surfaced in the media . June 25 , 2013 : The Supreme Court struck down section 4 ( b ) of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 in Shelby County v. Holder , ending the need for some counties and states to receive `` preclearance '' from the Justice Department before changing election laws . June 26 , 2013 : The Supreme Court struck down section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act in United States v. Windsor , forcing the federal government to acknowledge same - sex marriages granted under the laws of states . July 16 , 2013 : The Senate reached a deal to allow some presidential nominations to come to a vote , avoiding the `` Nuclear option '' for filibuster reform . September 24 -- 25 , 2013 : Senator Ted Cruz delivered a 21 - hour , 19 - minute speech , one of the longest in Senate history , in opposition to the Affordable Care Act . Cruz 's speech was not a filibuster , as it delayed no vote . October 1 -- 17 , 2013 : The United States federal government was shut down as most routine operations were curtailed after Congress failed to enact legislation appropriating funds for fiscal year 2014 , or a continuing resolution for the interim authorization of appropriations for fiscal year 2014 . October 3 , 2013 : United States Capitol shooting incident November 21 , 2013 : In a 52 -- 48 vote , the Senate ended the use of the filibuster on all executive branch nominees , as well as on most judicial nominees . The filibuster remained in place for Supreme Court nominees and for legislation . November 4 , 2014 : United States elections , 2014 , including United States Senate elections , 2014 and United States House of Representatives elections , 2014 . Major legislation ( edit ) Enacted ( edit ) Main article : Acts of the 113th United States Congress March 7 , 2013 : Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013 , Pub. L. 113 -- 4 March 13 , 2013 : Pandemic and All - Hazards Preparedness Reauthorization Act of 2013 , Pub. L. 113 -- 5 March 26 , 2013 : 2013 United States federal budget ( as Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act , 2013 ) , Pub. L. 113 -- 6 June 3 , 2013 : Stolen Valor Act of 2013 , Pub. L. 113 -- 12 August 9 , 2013 : Hydropower Regulatory Efficiency Act of 2013 , Pub. L. 113 -- 23 August 9 , 2013 : Bipartisan Student Loan Certainty Act of 2013 , Pub. L. 113 -- 28 September 30 , 2013 : Pay Our Military Act , Pub. L. 113 -- 39 November 27 , 2013 : Drug Quality and Security Act , Pub. L. 113 -- 54 December 26 , 2013 : National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014 , Pub. L. 113 -- 66 January 17 , 2014 : Consolidated Appropriations Act , 2014 , Pub. L. 113 -- 76 February 7 , 2014 : Agricultural Act of 2014 , Pub. L. 113 -- 79 March 21 , 2014 : Homeowner Flood Insurance Affordability Act of 2014 , Pub. L. 113 -- 89 April 3 , 2014 : Gabriella Miller Kids First Research Act , Pub. L. 113 -- 94 April 3 , 2014 : Support for the Sovereignty , Integrity , Democracy , and Economic Stability of Ukraine Act of 2014 , Pub. L. 113 -- 95 May 9 , 2014 : Digital Accountability and Transparency Act ( DATA ) , Pub. L. 113 -- 101 May 20 , 2014 : Kilah Davenport Child Protection Act , Pub. L. 113 -- 104 June 10 , 2014 : Water Resources Reform and Development Act , Pub. L. 113 -- 121 July 23 , 2014 : Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act , Pub. L. 113 -- 128 August 1 , 2014 : Unlocking Consumer Choice and Wireless Competition Act , Pub. L. 113 -- 144 August 7 , 2014 : Veterans ' Access to Care through Choice , Accountability , and Transparency Act of 2014 , Pub. L. 113 -- 146 September 29 , 2014 : Preventing Sex Trafficking and Strengthening Families Act , Pub. L. 113 -- 183 October 6 , 2014 : IMPACT Act of 2014 , Pub. L. 113 -- 185 November 26 , 2014 : Presidential and Federal Records Act Amendments of 2014 , Pub. L. 113 -- 187 November 26 , 2014 : Government Reports Elimination Act of 2014 , Pub. L. 113 -- 188 December 18 , 2014 : Death in Custody Reporting Act of 2013 , Pub. L. 113 -- 242 December 18 , 2014 : Transportation Security Acquisition Reform Act , Pub. L. 113 -- 245 December 18 , 2014 : American Savings Promotion Act , Pub. L. 113 -- 251 December 18 , 2014 : Credit Union Share Insurance Fund Parity Act , Pub. L. 113 -- 252 December 18 , 2014 : EPS Service Parts Act of 2014 Pub. L. 113 -- 263 December 18 , 2014 : Venezuela Defense of Human Rights and Civil Society Act of 2014 , Pub. L. 113 -- 278 December 18 , 2014 : Insurance Capital Standards Clarification Act of 2014 , Pub. L. 113 -- 279 Proposed ( edit ) Main article : List of bills in the 113th United States Congress 2014 United States federal budget : H. Con. Res. 25 , S. Con. Res. 8 Assault Weapons Ban of 2013 ( S. 150 ) - Introduced after Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting Justice Safety Valve Act of 2013 : S. 619 , H.R. 1695 Marketplace Fairness Act of 2013 : ( H.R 684 , S. 743 ) - Also known as the `` Internet Sales Tax '' Border Security , Economic Opportunity , and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013 ( S. 744 ) - Also known as the immigration bill Appropriations bills ( edit ) Fiscal year 2014 ( edit ) Fiscal year 2014 runs from October 1 , 2013 , to September 30 , 2014 . Military Construction and Veterans Affairs , and Related Agencies Appropriations Act , 2014 ( H.R. 2216 ) - proposed Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act , 2014 ( H.R. 2217 ) - proposed Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act , 2014 ( H.R. 2609 ) - proposed Fiscal year 2015 ( edit ) Main article : 2015 United States federal appropriations Fiscal year 2015 runs from October 1 , 2014 , to September 20 , 2015 . Agriculture , Rural Development , Food and Drug Administration , and Related Agencies Appropriations Act , 2015 ( H.R. 4800 ) - considered in the House on June 11 , 2014 . The bill would appropriate $20.9 billion . Commerce , Justice , Science , and Related Agencies Appropriations Act , 2015 ( H.R. 4660 ) - passed the House on May 30 , 2014 . The total amount of money appropriated in the bill was $51.2 billion , approximately $400 million less than fiscal year 2014 . Department of Defense Appropriations Act , 2015 - considered in the House on June 18 , 2014 . The bill would provide funding of approximately $491 billion . Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act , 2015 ( H.R. 4923 ; 113th Congress ) ( H.R. 4923 ) - The bill would appropriate $34 billion to the United States Department of Energy , the United States Army Corps of Engineers , and related agencies . Legislative Branch Appropriations Act , 2015 ( H.R. 4487 ) - passed in the House on May 1 , 2014 . The bill would appropriate $3.3 billion to the legislative branch for FY 2015 . Military Construction and Veterans Affairs and Related Agencies Appropriations Act , 2015 ( H.R. 4486 ) - passed the House on April 30 , 2014 . The total amount appropriated by the introduced version of the bill is $71.5 billion . Transportation , Housing and Urban Development , and Related Agencies Appropriations Act , 2015 ( H.R. 4745 or `` THUD '' ) - passed the House on June 10 , 2014 . The bill would appropriate $17 billion to the Department of Transportation and $40.3 billion to the Department of Housing and Urban Development . Party summary ( edit ) Resignations and new members are discussed in the `` Changes in membership '' section , below . Senate ( edit ) Senate party standings ( at the end of the Congress ) 53 Democrats 2 Independents , both caucusing with Democrats 45 Republicans Party ( Shading indicates majority caucus ) Total Vacant Democratic Independent Republican End of previous Congress 51 47 100 0 Begin 53 45 100 0 June 3 , 2013 52 99 June 6 , 2013 46 100 0 October 31 , 2013 53 45 February 6 , 2014 52 99 February 9 , 2014 53 100 0 Final voting share 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 % 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 % Beginning of the next Congress 44 54 100 0 House of Representatives ( edit ) House party standings ( at the end of the Congress ) 234 Republicans 201 Democrats Party ( Shading indicates majority caucus ) Total Vacant Democratic Republican End of previous Congress 191 240 431 Begin 200 233 433 January 22 , 2013 232 432 April 9 , 2013 201 433 May 7 , 2013 233 434 June 4 , 2013 234 435 0 July 15 , 2013 200 434 August 2 , 2013 233 433 September 26 , 2013 232 432 October 18 , 2013 231 431 November 16 , 2013 232 432 December 10 , 2013 201 433 December 17 , 2013 233 434 January 6 , 2014 200 433 January 27 , 2014 232 432 February 18 , 2014 199 431 March 11 , 2014 233 432 June 24 , 2014 234 433 August 18 , 2014 233 432 November 4 , 2014 201 234 435 0 Final voting share 7001462000000000000 ♠ 46.2 % 7001538000000000000 ♠ 53.8 % Non-voting members 6 0 6 0 Beginning of the next Congress 188 247 435 0 Leadership ( edit ) Section contents : Senate : Majority ( D ) , Minority ( R ) House : Majority ( R ) , Minority ( D ) Senate ( edit ) Senate President Joe Biden ( D ) Senate President pro tempore Patrick Leahy ( D ) President : Joe Biden ( D ) President pro tempore : Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority ( Democratic ) leadership ( edit ) Majority Leader and Caucus Chair : Harry Reid Assistant Majority Leader ( Majority Whip ) : Dick Durbin Caucus Vice Chair and Policy Committee Chair : Chuck Schumer Caucus Secretary : Patty Murray Senatorial Campaign Committee Chair : Michael Bennet Policy Committee Vice Chair : Debbie Stabenow Steering and Outreach Committee Chair : Mark Begich Steering and Outreach Committee Vice Chair : Jeanne Shaheen Chief Deputy Whip : Barbara Boxer Minority ( Republican ) leadership ( edit ) Minority Leader : Mitch McConnell Assistant Minority Leader ( Minority Whip ) : John Cornyn Conference Chairman : John Thune Conference Vice Chair : Roy Blunt Senatorial Committee Chair : Jerry Moran Policy Committee Chairman : John Barrasso Deputy Whips : Roy Blunt , Richard Burr , Mike Crapo , Saxby Chambliss , Rob Portman , David Vitter , Roger Wicker House of Representatives ( edit ) Speaker of the House John Boehner ( R ) ( until October 29 , 2015 ) Speaker : John Boehner ( R ) Majority ( Republican ) leadership ( edit ) Majority Leader : Eric Cantor , until August 1 , 2014 Kevin McCarthy , from August 1 , 2014 Majority Whip : Kevin McCarthy , until August 1 , 2014 Steve Scalise , from August 1 , 2014 Majority Chief Deputy Whip : Peter Roskam , until August 1 , 2014 Patrick McHenry , from August 1 , 2014 Conference Chair : Cathy McMorris Rodgers Conference Vice-Chair : Lynn Jenkins Conference Secretary : Virginia Foxx Campaign Committee Chairman : Greg Walden Policy Committee Chairman : James Lankford Campaign Committee Deputy Chairman : Lynn Westmoreland Minority ( Democratic ) leadership ( edit ) Minority Leader : Nancy Pelosi Minority Whip : Steny Hoyer Assistant Democratic Leader : Jim Clyburn Caucus Chairman : Xavier Becerra Caucus Vice-Chairman : Joseph Crowley Campaign Committee Chairman : Steve Israel Steering and Policy Committee Co-Chairs : Rosa DeLauro ( Steering ) and Rob Andrews ( Policy , until February 18 , 2014 ) ; George Miller ( Policy , from March 24 , 2014 ) Organization , Study , and Review Chairman : Mike Capuano Senior Chief Deputy Minority Whip : John Lewis Chief Deputy Minority Whips : Terri Sewell , Keith Ellison , Jim Matheson , Ben R. Luján , Jan Schakowsky , Diana DeGette , G.K. Butterfield , Debbie Wasserman Schultz , Peter Welch Members ( edit ) Senate ( edit ) Senators are listed by state , and the numbers refer to their Senate classes , In this Congress , Class 2 meant their term ended with this Congress , requiring re-election in 2014 ; Class 3 meant their term began in the last Congress , requiring re-election in 2016 ; and Class 1 meant their term began in this Congress , requiring re-election in 2018 . Alabama ( edit ) 2 . Jeff Sessions ( R ) 3 . Richard Shelby ( R ) Alaska ( edit ) 2 . Mark Begich ( D ) 3 . Lisa Murkowski ( R ) Arizona ( edit ) 1 . Jeff Flake ( R ) 3 . John McCain ( R ) Arkansas ( edit ) 2 . Mark Pryor ( D ) 3 . John Boozman ( R ) California ( edit ) 1 . Dianne Feinstein ( D ) 3 . Barbara Boxer ( D ) Colorado ( edit ) 2 . Mark Udall ( D ) 3 . Michael Bennet ( D ) Connecticut ( edit ) 1 . Chris Murphy ( D ) 3 . Richard Blumenthal ( D ) Delaware ( edit ) 1 . Tom Carper ( D ) 2 . Chris Coons ( D ) Florida ( edit ) 1 . Bill Nelson ( D ) 3 . Marco Rubio ( R ) Georgia ( edit ) 2 . Saxby Chambliss ( R ) 3 . Johnny Isakson ( R ) Hawaii ( edit ) 1 . Mazie Hirono ( D ) 3 . Brian Schatz ( D ) Idaho ( edit ) 2 . Jim Risch ( R ) 3 . Mike Crapo ( R ) Illinois ( edit ) 2 . Dick Durbin ( D ) 3 . Mark Kirk ( R ) Indiana ( edit ) 1 . Joe Donnelly ( D ) 3 . Dan Coats ( R ) Iowa ( edit ) 2 . Tom Harkin ( D ) 3 . Chuck Grassley ( R ) Kansas ( edit ) 2 . Pat Roberts ( R ) 3 . Jerry Moran ( R ) Kentucky ( edit ) 2 . Mitch McConnell ( R ) 3 . Rand Paul ( R ) Louisiana ( edit ) 2 . Mary Landrieu ( D ) 3 . David Vitter ( R ) Maine ( edit ) 1 . Angus King ( I ) 2 . Susan Collins ( R ) Maryland ( edit ) 1 . Ben Cardin ( D ) 3 . Barbara Mikulski ( D ) Massachusetts ( edit ) 1 . Elizabeth Warren ( D ) 2 . John Kerry ( D ) , until February 1 , 2013 Mo Cowan ( D ) , February 1 , 2013 -- July 16 , 2013 Ed Markey ( D ) , from July 16 , 2013 Michigan ( edit ) 1 . Debbie Stabenow ( D ) 2 . Carl Levin ( D ) Minnesota ( edit ) 1 . Amy Klobuchar ( D ) 2 . Al Franken ( D ) Mississippi ( edit ) 1 . Roger Wicker ( R ) 2 . Thad Cochran ( R ) Missouri ( edit ) 1 . Claire McCaskill ( D ) 3 . Roy Blunt ( R ) Montana ( edit ) 1 . Jon Tester ( D ) 2 . Max Baucus ( D ) , until February 6 , 2014 John Walsh ( D ) , from February 9 , 2014 Nebraska ( edit ) 1 . Deb Fischer ( R ) 2 . Mike Johanns ( R ) Nevada ( edit ) 1 . Dean Heller ( R ) 3 . Harry Reid ( D ) New Hampshire ( edit ) 2 . Jeanne Shaheen ( D ) 3 . Kelly Ayotte ( R ) New Jersey ( edit ) 1 . Bob Menendez ( D ) 2 . Frank Lautenberg ( D ) , until June 3 , 2013 Jeffrey Chiesa ( R ) , June 6 , 2013 -- October 31 , 2013 Cory Booker ( D ) , from October 31 , 2013 New Mexico ( edit ) 1 . Martin Heinrich ( D ) 2 . Tom Udall ( D ) New York ( edit ) 1 . Kirsten Gillibrand ( D ) 3 . Chuck Schumer ( D ) North Carolina ( edit ) 2 . Kay Hagan ( D ) 3 . Richard Burr ( R ) North Dakota ( edit ) 1 . Heidi Heitkamp ( D ) 3 . John Hoeven ( R ) Ohio ( edit ) 1 . Sherrod Brown ( D ) 3 . Rob Portman ( R ) Oklahoma ( edit ) 2 . Jim Inhofe ( R ) 3 . Tom Coburn ( R ) Oregon ( edit ) 2 . Jeff Merkley ( D ) 3 . Ron Wyden ( D ) Pennsylvania ( edit ) 1 . Bob Casey Jr . ( D ) 3 . Pat Toomey ( R ) Rhode Island ( edit ) 1 . Sheldon Whitehouse ( D ) 2 . Jack Reed ( D ) South Carolina ( edit ) 2 . Lindsey Graham ( R ) 3 . Tim Scott ( R ) South Dakota ( edit ) 2 . Tim Johnson ( D ) 3 . John Thune ( R ) Tennessee ( edit ) 1 . Bob Corker ( R ) 2 . Lamar Alexander ( R ) Texas ( edit ) 1 . Ted Cruz ( R ) 2 . John Cornyn ( R ) Utah ( edit ) 1 . Orrin Hatch ( R ) 3 . Mike Lee ( R ) Vermont ( edit ) 1 . Bernie Sanders ( I ) 3 . Patrick Leahy ( D ) Virginia ( edit ) 1 . Tim Kaine ( D ) 2 . Mark Warner ( D ) Washington ( edit ) 1 . Maria Cantwell ( D ) 3 . Patty Murray ( D ) West Virginia ( edit ) 1 . Joe Manchin ( D ) 2 . Jay Rockefeller ( D ) Wisconsin ( edit ) 1 . Tammy Baldwin ( D ) 3 . Ron Johnson ( R ) Wyoming ( edit ) 1 . John Barrasso ( R ) 2 . Mike Enzi ( R ) Party membership of the Senate , by state 2 Democrats 2 Republicans 1 Democrat and 1 Republican 1 Independent ( caucuses with Democrats ) and 1 Democrat 1 Independent ( caucuses with Democrats ) and 1 Republican Senate Majority Leaders Democratic Leader Harry Reid Democratic Whip Dick Durbin Senate Minority Leaders Republican Leader Mitch McConnell Republican Whip John Cornyn House of Representatives ( edit ) For maps of congressional districts , see List of United States congressional districts . Contents Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Non-voting members Alabama ( edit ) 1 . Jo Bonner ( R ) , until August 2 , 2013 Bradley Byrne ( R ) , from January 7 , 2014 2 . Martha Roby ( R ) 3 . Mike Rogers ( R ) 4 . Robert Aderholt ( R ) 5 . Mo Brooks ( R ) 6 . Spencer Bachus ( R ) 7 . Terri Sewell ( D ) Alaska ( edit ) At - large . Don Young ( R ) Arizona ( edit ) 1 . Ann Kirkpatrick ( D ) 2 . Ron Barber ( D ) 3 . Raúl Grijalva ( D ) 4 . Paul Gosar ( R ) 5 . Matt Salmon ( R ) 6 . David Schweikert ( R ) 7 . Ed Pastor ( D ) 8 . Trent Franks ( R ) 9 . Kyrsten Sinema ( D ) Arkansas ( edit ) 1 . Rick Crawford ( R ) 2 . Timothy Griffin ( R ) 3 . Steve Womack ( R ) 4 . Tom Cotton ( R ) California ( edit ) 1 . Doug LaMalfa ( R ) 2 . Jared Huffman ( D ) 3 . John Garamendi ( D ) 4 . Tom McClintock ( R ) 5 . Mike Thompson ( D ) 6 . Doris Matsui ( D ) 7 . Ami Bera ( D ) 8 . Paul Cook ( R ) 9 . Jerry McNerney ( D ) 10 . Jeff Denham ( R ) 11 . George Miller ( D ) 12 . Nancy Pelosi ( D ) 13 . Barbara Lee ( D ) 14 . Jackie Speier ( D ) 15 . Eric Swalwell ( D ) 16 . Jim Costa ( D ) 17 . Mike Honda ( D ) 18 . Anna Eshoo ( D ) 19 . Zoe Lofgren ( D ) 20 . Sam Farr ( D ) 21 . David Valadao ( R ) 22 . Devin Nunes ( R ) 23 . Kevin McCarthy ( R ) 24 . Lois Capps ( D ) 25 . Buck McKeon ( R ) 26 . Julia Brownley ( D ) 27 . Judy Chu ( D ) 28 . Adam Schiff ( D ) 29 . Tony Cardenas ( D ) 30 . Brad Sherman ( D ) 31 . Gary Miller ( R ) 32 . Grace Napolitano ( D ) 33 . Henry Waxman ( D ) 34 . Xavier Becerra ( D ) 35 . Gloria Negrete McLeod ( D ) 36 . Raul Ruiz ( D ) 37 . Karen Bass ( D ) 38 . Linda Sanchez ( D ) 39 . Ed Royce ( R ) 40 . Lucille Roybal - Allard ( D ) 41 . Mark Takano ( D ) 42 . Ken Calvert ( R ) 43 . Maxine Waters ( D ) 44 . Janice Hahn ( D ) 45 . John Campbell ( R ) 46 . Loretta Sanchez ( D ) 47 . Alan Lowenthal ( D ) 48 . Dana Rohrabacher ( R ) 49 . Darrell Issa ( R ) 50 . Duncan D. Hunter ( R ) 51 . Juan Vargas ( D ) 52 . Scott Peters ( D ) 53 . Susan Davis ( D ) Colorado ( edit ) 1 . Diana DeGette ( D ) 2 . Jared Polis ( D ) 3 . Scott Tipton ( R ) 4 . Cory Gardner ( R ) 5 . Doug Lamborn ( R ) 6 . Mike Coffman ( R ) 7 . Ed Perlmutter ( D ) Connecticut ( edit ) 1 . John Larson ( D ) 2 . Joe Courtney ( D ) 3 . Rosa DeLauro ( D ) 4 . Jim Himes ( D ) 5 . Elizabeth Esty ( D ) Delaware ( edit ) At - large . John Carney ( D ) Florida ( edit ) 1 . Jeff Miller ( R ) 2 . Steve Southerland ( R ) 3 . Ted Yoho ( R ) 4 . Ander Crenshaw ( R ) 5 . Corrine Brown ( D ) 6 . Ron DeSantis ( R ) 7 . John Mica ( R ) 8 . Bill Posey ( R ) 9 . Alan Grayson ( D ) 10 . Daniel Webster ( R ) 11 . Rich Nugent ( R ) 12 . Gus Bilirakis ( R ) 13 . Bill Young ( R ) , until October 18 , 2013 David Jolly ( R ) , from March 13 , 2014 14 . Kathy Castor ( D ) 15 . Dennis Ross ( R ) 16 . Vern Buchanan ( R ) 17 . Tom Rooney ( R ) 18 . Patrick Murphy ( D ) 19 . Trey Radel ( R ) , until January 27 , 2014 Curt Clawson ( R ) , from June 25 , 2014 20 . Alcee Hastings ( D ) 21 . Ted Deutch ( D ) 22 . Lois Frankel ( D ) 23 . Debbie Wasserman Schultz ( D ) 24 . Frederica Wilson ( D ) 25 . Mario Diaz - Balart ( R ) 26 . Joe Garcia ( D ) 27 . Ileana Ros - Lehtinen ( R ) Georgia ( edit ) 1 . Jack Kingston ( R ) 2 . Sanford Bishop ( D ) 3 . Lynn Westmoreland ( R ) 4 . Hank Johnson ( D ) 5 . John Lewis ( D ) 6 . Tom Price ( R ) 7 . Rob Woodall ( R ) 8 . Austin Scott ( R ) 9 . Doug Collins ( R ) 10 . Paul Broun ( R ) 11 . Phil Gingrey ( R ) 12 . John Barrow ( D ) 13 . David Scott ( D ) 14 . Tom Graves ( R ) Hawaii ( edit ) 1 . Colleen Hanabusa ( D ) 2 . Tulsi Gabbard ( D ) Idaho ( edit ) 1 . Raul Labrador ( R ) 2 . Mike Simpson ( R ) Illinois ( edit ) 1 . Bobby Rush ( D ) 2 . Robin Kelly ( D ) , from April 9 , 2013 3 . Dan Lipinski ( D ) 4 . Luis Gutiérrez ( D ) 5 . Mike Quigley ( D ) 6 . Peter Roskam ( R ) 7 . Danny K. Davis ( D ) 8 . Tammy Duckworth ( D ) 9 . Jan Schakowsky ( D ) 10 . Brad Schneider ( D ) 11 . Bill Foster ( D ) 12 . William Enyart ( D ) 13 . Rodney L. Davis ( R ) 14 . Randy Hultgren ( R ) 15 . John Shimkus ( R ) 16 . Adam Kinzinger ( R ) 17 . Cheri Bustos ( D ) 18 . Aaron Schock ( R ) Indiana ( edit ) 1 . Pete Visclosky ( D ) 2 . Jackie Walorski ( R ) 3 . Marlin Stutzman ( R ) 4 . Todd Rokita ( R ) 5 . Susan Brooks ( R ) 6 . Luke Messer ( R ) 7 . André Carson ( D ) 8 . Larry Bucshon ( R ) 9 . Todd Young ( R ) Iowa ( edit ) 1 . Bruce Braley ( D ) 2 . David Loebsack ( D ) 3 . Tom Latham ( R ) 4 . Steve King ( R ) Kansas ( edit ) 1 . Tim Huelskamp ( R ) 2 . Lynn Jenkins ( R ) 3 . Kevin Yoder ( R ) 4 . Mike Pompeo ( R ) Kentucky ( edit ) 1 . Ed Whitfield ( R ) 2 . Brett Guthrie ( R ) 3 . John Yarmuth ( D ) 4 . Thomas Massie ( R ) 5 . Hal Rogers ( R ) 6 . Andy Barr ( R ) Louisiana ( edit ) 1 . Steve Scalise ( R ) 2 . Cedric Richmond ( D ) 3 . Charles Boustany ( R ) 4 . John Fleming ( R ) 5 . Rodney Alexander ( R ) , until September 26 , 2013 Vance McAllister ( R ) , from November 21 , 2013 6 . Bill Cassidy ( R ) Maine ( edit ) 1 . Chellie Pingree ( D ) 2 . Mike Michaud ( D ) Maryland ( edit ) 1 . Andrew Harris ( R ) 2 . Dutch Ruppersberger ( D ) 3 . John Sarbanes ( D ) 4 . Donna Edwards ( D ) 5 . Steny Hoyer ( D ) 6 . John Delaney ( D ) 7 . Elijah Cummings ( D ) 8 . Chris Van Hollen ( D ) Massachusetts ( edit ) 1 . Richard Neal ( D ) 2 . Jim McGovern ( D ) 3 . Niki Tsongas ( D ) 4 . Joseph P. Kennedy III ( D ) 5 . Ed Markey ( D ) , until July 15 , 2013 Katherine Clark ( D ) , from December 12 , 2013 6 . John Tierney ( D ) 7 . Mike Capuano ( D ) 8 . Stephen Lynch ( D ) 9 . Bill Keating ( D ) Michigan ( edit ) 1 . Dan Benishek ( R ) 2 . Bill Huizenga ( R ) 3 . Justin Amash ( R ) 4 . Dave Camp ( R ) 5 . Dan Kildee ( D ) 6 . Fred Upton ( R ) 7 . Tim Walberg ( R ) 8 . Mike Rogers ( R ) 9 . Sander Levin ( D ) 10 . Candice Miller ( R ) 11 . Kerry Bentivolio ( R ) 12 . John Dingell ( D ) 13 . John Conyers ( D ) 14 . Gary Peters ( D ) Minnesota ( edit ) 1 . Tim Walz ( D ) 2 . John Kline ( R ) 3 . Erik Paulsen ( R ) 4 . Betty McCollum ( D ) 5 . Keith Ellison ( D ) 6 . Michele Bachmann ( R ) 7 . Collin Peterson ( D ) 8 . Rick Nolan ( D ) Mississippi ( edit ) 1 . Alan Nunnelee ( R ) 2 . Bennie Thompson ( D ) 3 . Gregg Harper ( R ) 4 . Steven Palazzo ( R ) Missouri ( edit ) 1 . Lacy Clay ( D ) 2 . Ann Wagner ( R ) 3 . Blaine Luetkemeyer ( R ) 4 . Vicky Hartzler ( R ) 5 . Emanuel Cleaver ( D ) 6 . Sam Graves ( R ) 7 . Billy Long ( R ) 8 . Jo Ann Emerson ( R ) , until January 22 , 2013 Jason T. Smith ( R ) , from June 4 , 2013 Montana ( edit ) At - large . Steve Daines ( R ) Nebraska ( edit ) 1 . Jeff Fortenberry ( R ) 2 . Lee Terry ( R ) 3 . Adrian M. Smith ( R ) Nevada ( edit ) 1 . Dina Titus ( D ) 2 . Mark Amodei ( R ) 3 . Joe Heck ( R ) 4 . Steven Horsford ( D ) New Hampshire ( edit ) 1 . Carol Shea - Porter ( D ) 2 . Ann McLane Kuster ( D ) New Jersey ( edit ) 1 . Rob Andrews ( D ) until February 18 , 2014 Donald Norcross ( D ) , from November 12 , 2014 2 . Frank LoBiondo ( R ) 3 . Jon Runyan ( R ) 4 . Chris Smith ( R ) 5 . Scott Garrett ( R ) 6 . Frank Pallone ( D ) 7 . Leonard Lance ( R ) 8 . Albio Sires ( D ) 9 . Bill Pascrell ( D ) 10 . Donald Payne Jr . ( D ) 11 . Rodney Frelinghuysen ( R ) 12 . Rush Holt Jr . ( D ) New Mexico ( edit ) 1 . Michelle Lujan Grisham ( D ) 2 . Steve Pearce ( R ) 3 . Ben Ray Lujan ( D ) New York ( edit ) 1 . Timothy Bishop ( D ) 2 . Peter King ( R ) 3 . Steve Israel ( D ) 4 . Carolyn McCarthy ( D ) 5 . Gregory Meeks ( D ) 6 . Grace Meng ( D ) 7 . Nydia Velazquez ( D ) 8 . Hakeem Jeffries ( D ) 9 . Yvette Clarke ( D ) 10 . Jerrold Nadler ( D ) 11 . Michael Grimm ( R ) 12 . Carolyn Maloney ( D ) 13 . Charles Rangel ( D ) 14 . Joe Crowley ( D ) 15 . Jose E. Serrano ( D ) 16 . Eliot Engel ( D ) 17 . Nita Lowey ( D ) 18 . Sean Patrick Maloney ( D ) 19 . Chris Gibson ( R ) 20 . Paul Tonko ( D ) 21 . Bill Owens ( D ) 22 . Richard Hanna ( R ) 23 . Thomas Reed ( R ) 24 . Daniel Maffei ( D ) 25 . Louise Slaughter ( D ) 26 . Brian Higgins ( D ) 27 . Chris Collins ( R ) North Carolina ( edit ) 1 . G.K. Butterfield ( D ) 2 . Renee Ellmers ( R ) 3 . Walter Jones Jr . ( R ) 4 . David Price ( D ) 5 . Virginia Foxx ( R ) 6 . Howard Coble ( R ) 7 . Mike McIntyre ( D ) 8 . Richard Hudson ( R ) 9 . Robert Pittenger ( R ) 10 . Patrick McHenry ( R ) 11 . Mark Meadows ( R ) 12 . Mel Watt ( D ) , until January 6 , 2014 Alma Adams ( D ) , from November 12 , 2014 13 . George Holding ( R ) North Dakota ( edit ) At - large . Kevin Cramer ( R ) Ohio ( edit ) 1 . Steve Chabot ( R ) 2 . Brad Wenstrup ( R ) 3 . Joyce Beatty ( D ) 4 . Jim Jordan ( R ) 5 . Bob Latta ( R ) 6 . Bill Johnson ( R ) 7 . Bob Gibbs ( R ) 8 . John Boehner ( R ) 9 . Marcy Kaptur ( D ) 10 . Mike Turner ( R ) 11 . Marcia Fudge ( D ) 12 . Pat Tiberi ( R ) 13 . Tim Ryan ( D ) 14 . David Joyce ( R ) 15 . Steve Stivers ( R ) 16 . Jim Renacci ( R ) Oklahoma ( edit ) 1 . Jim Bridenstine ( R ) 2 . Markwayne Mullin ( R ) 3 . Frank Lucas ( R ) 4 . Tom Cole ( R ) 5 . James Lankford ( R ) Oregon ( edit ) 1 . Suzanne Bonamici ( D ) 2 . Greg Walden ( R ) 3 . Earl Blumenauer ( D ) 4 . Peter DeFazio ( D ) 5 . Kurt Schrader ( D ) Pennsylvania ( edit ) 1 . Bob Brady ( D ) 2 . Chaka Fattah ( D ) 3 . Mike Kelly ( R ) 4 . Scott Perry ( R ) 5 . Glenn Thompson ( R ) 6 . Jim Gerlach ( R ) 7 . Pat Meehan ( R ) 8 . Mike Fitzpatrick ( R ) 9 . Bill Shuster ( R ) 10 . Tom Marino ( R ) 11 . Lou Barletta ( R ) 12 . Keith Rothfus ( R ) 13 . Allyson Schwartz ( D ) 14 . Michael F. Doyle ( D ) 15 . Charles Dent ( R ) 16 . Joseph R. Pitts ( R ) 17 . Matt Cartwright ( D ) 18 . Timothy F. Murphy ( R ) Rhode Island ( edit ) 1 . David Cicilline ( D ) 2 . James Langevin ( D ) South Carolina ( edit ) 1 . Mark Sanford ( R ) , from May 7 , 2013 2 . Joe Wilson ( R ) 3 . Jeff Duncan ( R ) 4 . Trey Gowdy ( R ) 5 . Mick Mulvaney ( R ) 6 . Jim Clyburn ( D ) 7 . Tom Rice ( R ) South Dakota ( edit ) At - large . Kristi Noem ( R ) Tennessee ( edit ) 1 . Phil Roe ( R ) 2 . Jimmy Duncan ( R ) 3 . Chuck Fleischmann ( R ) 4 . Scott DesJarlais ( R ) 5 . Jim Cooper ( D ) 6 . Diane Black ( R ) 7 . Marsha Blackburn ( R ) 8 . Stephen Fincher ( R ) 9 . Steve Cohen ( D ) Texas ( edit ) 1 . Louie Gohmert ( R ) 2 . Ted Poe ( R ) 3 . Sam Johnson ( R ) 4 . Ralph Hall ( R ) 5 . Jeb Hensarling ( R ) 6 . Joe Barton ( R ) 7 . John Culberson ( R ) 8 . Kevin Brady ( R ) 9 . Al Green ( D ) 10 . Michael McCaul ( R ) 11 . Mike Conaway ( R ) 12 . Kay Granger ( R ) 13 . Mac Thornberry ( R ) 14 . Randy Weber ( R ) 15 . Ruben Hinojosa ( D ) 16 . Beto O'Rourke ( D ) 17 . Bill Flores ( R ) 18 . Sheila Jackson Lee ( D ) 19 . Randy Neugebauer ( R ) 20 . Joaquin Castro ( D ) 21 . Lamar S. Smith ( R ) 22 . Pete Olson ( R ) 23 . Pete Gallego ( D ) 24 . Kenny Marchant ( R ) 25 . Roger Williams ( R ) 26 . Michael C. Burgess ( R ) 27 . Blake Farenthold ( R ) 28 . Henry Cuellar ( D ) 29 . Gene Green ( D ) 30 . Eddie Bernice Johnson ( D ) 31 . John Carter ( R ) 32 . Pete Sessions ( R ) 33 . Marc Veasey ( D ) 34 . Filemon Vela Jr . ( D ) 35 . Lloyd Doggett ( D ) 36 . Steve Stockman ( R ) Utah ( edit ) 1 . Rob Bishop ( R ) 2 . Chris Stewart ( R ) 3 . Jason Chaffetz ( R ) 4 . Jim Matheson ( D ) Vermont ( edit ) At - large . Peter Welch ( D ) Virginia ( edit ) 1 . Rob Wittman ( R ) 2 . Scott Rigell ( R ) 3 . Bobby Scott ( D ) 4 . Randy Forbes ( R ) 5 . Robert Hurt ( R ) 6 . Bob Goodlatte ( R ) 7 . Eric Cantor ( R ) , until August 18 , 2014 Dave Brat ( R ) , from November 12 , 2014 8 . Jim Moran ( D ) 9 . Morgan Griffith ( R ) 10 . Frank Wolf ( R ) 11 . Gerry Connolly ( D ) Washington ( edit ) 1 . Suzan DelBene ( D ) 2 . Rick Larsen ( D ) 3 . Jaime Herrera Beutler ( R ) 4 . Doc Hastings ( R ) 5 . Cathy McMorris Rodgers ( R ) 6 . Derek Kilmer ( D ) 7 . Jim McDermott ( D ) 8 . Dave Reichert ( R ) 9 . Adam Smith ( D ) 10 . Dennis Heck ( D ) West Virginia ( edit ) 1 . David McKinley ( R ) 2 . Shelley Moore Capito ( R ) 3 . Nick Rahall ( D ) Wisconsin ( edit ) 1 . Paul Ryan ( R ) 2 . Mark Pocan ( D ) 3 . Ron Kind ( D ) 4 . Gwen Moore ( D ) 5 . Jim Sensenbrenner ( R ) 6 . Tom Petri ( R ) 7 . Sean Duffy ( R ) 8 . Reid Ribble ( R ) Wyoming ( edit ) At - large . Cynthia Lummis ( R ) Non-voting members ( edit ) American Samoa . Eni Faleomavaega ( D ) District of Columbia . Eleanor Holmes Norton ( D ) Guam . Madeleine Z . Bordallo ( D ) Northern Mariana Islands . Gregorio Sablan ( D ) Puerto Rico . Pedro Pierluisi ( Resident Commissioner ) ( D / PNP ) U.S. Virgin Islands . Donna Christian - Christensen ( D ) Percentage of members from each party by state , ranging from dark blue ( most Democratic ) to dark red ( most Republican ) . Party membership of the House , by district Democratic Republican House Majority Leaders Republican Leader ( until July 31 , 2014 ) Eric Cantor Republican Whip ( until July 31 , 2014 ) Republican Leader ( from August 1 , 2014 ) Kevin McCarthy Republican Whip ( from August 1 , 2014 ) Steve Scalise House Minority Leaders Democratic Leader Nancy Pelosi Democratic Whip Steny Hoyer Changes in membership ( edit ) Senate ( edit ) See also : List of special elections to the United States Senate State ( class ) Vacator Reason for change Successor Date of successor 's formal installation Massachusetts ( 2 ) John Kerry ( D ) Resigned February 1 , 2013 , to become U.S. Secretary of State . Successor was appointed February 1 , 2013 , to continue the term . Mo Cowan ( D ) February 1 , 2013 New Jersey ( 2 ) Frank Lautenberg ( D ) Died June 3 , 2013 . Successor was appointed June 6 , 2013 , to continue the term . Jeffrey Chiesa ( R ) June 10 , 2013 Massachusetts ( 2 ) Mo Cowan ( D ) Appointment expired July 16 , 2013 , following a special election . Successor was elected June 25 , 2013 , to finish the term ending with this Congress . Ed Markey ( D ) July 16 , 2013 New Jersey ( 2 ) Jeffrey Chiesa ( R ) Appointment expired October 31 , 2013 , following a special election . Successor was elected October 16 , 2013 , to finish the term ending with this Congress . Cory Booker ( D ) October 31 , 2013 Montana ( 2 ) Max Baucus ( D ) Resigned February 6 , 2014 , to become U.S. Ambassador to China . Successor was appointed February 9 , 2014 , to finish the term ending with this Congress . John Walsh ( D ) February 11 , 2014 House of Representatives ( edit ) See also : List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives District Vacator Reason for change Successor Date successor seated Illinois 2nd Vacant Jesse Jackson Jr . ( D ) resigned November 21 , 2012 , near the end of the previous Congress for health reasons . A special election was held April 9 , 2013 . Robin Kelly ( D ) April 11 , 2013 South Carolina 1st Vacant Tim Scott ( R ) resigned January 2 , 2013 , near the end of the previous Congress , when appointed to the Senate . A special election was held May 7 , 2013 . Mark Sanford ( R ) May 15 , 2013 Missouri 8th Jo Ann Emerson ( R ) Resigned January 22 , 2013 , to become president and CEO of the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association . A special election was held June 4 , 2013 . Jason Smith ( R ) June 5 , 2013 Massachusetts 5th Ed Markey ( D ) Resigned July 16 , 2013 , having been elected to the United States Senate in a special election . A special election was held December 10 , 2013 . Katherine Clark ( D ) December 12 , 2013 Alabama 1st Jo Bonner ( R ) Resigned August 2 , 2013 , to become a vice chancellor in the University of Alabama System . A special election was held December 17 , 2013 . Bradley Byrne ( R ) January 7 , 2014 Louisiana 5th Rodney Alexander ( R ) Resigned September 26 , 2013 , to become the secretary of the Louisiana Department of Veterans Affairs . A special election was held November 16 , 2013 . Vance McAllister ( R ) November 21 , 2013 Florida 13th Bill Young ( R ) Died October 18 , 2013 . A special election was held March 11 , 2014 . David Jolly ( R ) March 13 , 2014 North Carolina 12th Mel Watt ( D ) Resigned January 6 , 2014 , to become head of the Federal Housing Finance Agency . A special election was held November 4 , 2014 . Alma Adams ( D ) November 12 , 2014 Florida 19th Trey Radel ( R ) Resigned January 27 , 2014 following a conviction for cocaine possession . A special election was held June 24 , 2014 . Curt Clawson ( R ) June 25 , 2014 New Jersey 1st Rob Andrews ( D ) Resigned February 18 , 2014 , to take a position at a Philadelphia law firm . A special election was held November 4 , 2014 . Donald Norcross ( D ) November 12 , 2014 Virginia 7th Eric Cantor ( R ) Resigned August 18 , 2014 following his primary defeat . A special election was held November 4 , 2014 . Dave Brat ( R ) November 12 , 2014 Committees ( edit ) ( Section contents : Senate , House , Joint ) Listed alphabetically by chamber , including Chairperson and Ranking Member . Senate ( edit ) Main article : List of current United States Senate committees Agriculture , Nutrition and Forestry : Debbie Stabenow , Thad Cochran Commodities , Markets , Trade and Risk Management : Joe Donnelly , Saxby Chambliss Conservation , Forestry and Natural Resources : Michael Bennet , John Boozman Jobs , Rural Economic Growth and Energy Innovation : Heidi Heitkamp , Mike Johanns Livestock , Dairy , Poultry , Marketing and Agriculture Security : Kirsten Gillibrand , Pat Roberts Nutrition , Specialty Crops , Food and Agricultural Research : Mo Cowan ( then Mark Pryor , then Bob Casey ) , John Hoeven Aging ( Special ) : Bill Nelson , Susan Collins Appropriations : Barbara Mikulski , Richard Shelby Agriculture , Rural Development , Food and Drug Administration , and Related Agencies : Mark Pryor , Roy Blunt Commerce , Justice , Science , and Related Agencies : Jon Tester , Mike Johanns Defense : Dick Durbin , Thad Cochran Energy and Water Development : Dianne Feinstein , Lamar Alexander Financial Services and General Government : Tom Udall , Mike Johanns Homeland Security : Mary Landrieu , Dan Coats Interior , Environment , and Related Agencies : Jack Reed , Lisa Murkowski Labor , Health and Human Services , Education , and Related Agencies : Tom Harkin , Jerry Moran Legislative Branch : Jeanne Shaheen , John Hoeven Military Construction , Veterans Affairs , and Related Agencies : Tim Johnson , Mark Kirk State , Foreign Operations , and Related Programs : Patrick Leahy , Lindsey Graham Transportation , Housing and Urban Development , and Related Agencies : Patty Murray , Susan Collins Armed Services : Carl Levin , James Inhofe Airland : Joe Manchin , Roger Wicker Emerging Threats and Capabilities : Kay Hagan , Deb Fischer Personnel : Kirsten Gillibrand , Lindsey Graham Readiness and Management Support : Jeanne Shaheen , Kelly Ayotte SeaPower : Jack Reed , John McCain Strategic Forces : Mark Udall , Jeff Sessions Banking , Housing , and Urban Affairs : Tim Johnson , Mike Crapo Economic Policy : Jeff Merkley , Dean Heller Financial Institutions and Consumer Protection : Sherrod Brown , Pat Toomey Housing , Transportation , and Community Development : Robert Menendez , Jerry Moran Securities , Insurance , and Investment : Jon Tester , Mike Johanns Security and International Trade and Finance : Mark Warner , Mark Kirk Budget : Patty Murray , Jeff Sessions Commerce , Science and Transportation : Jay Rockefeller , John Thune Aviation Operations , Safety , and Security : Maria Cantwell , Marco Rubio Communications , Technology , and the Internet : Brian Schatz , Tim Scott Competitiveness , Innovation , and Export Promotion : Amy Klobuchar , Roy Blunt Consumer Protection , Product Safety , and Insurance : Mark Pryor , Kelly Ayotte Oceans , Atmosphere , Fisheries , and Coast Guard : Mark Begich , Deb Fischer Science and Space : Bill Nelson , Ted Cruz Surface Transportation and Merchant Marine Infrastructure , Safety , and Security : Frank Lautenberg ( until June 3 , 2013 ) then Richard Blumenthal , Roger Wicker Energy and Natural Resources : Mary Landrieu , Lisa Murkowski Energy : Al Franken , Jim Risch National Parks : Mark Udall , Rob Portman Public Lands and Forests : Joe Manchin , Rob Barrasso Water and Power : Brian Schatz , Mike Lee Environment and Public Works : Barbara Boxer , David Vitter Clean Air and Nuclear Safety : Tom Carper , Jeff Sessions Green Jobs and the New Economy : Jeff Merkley , Roger Wicker Oversight : Sheldon Whitehouse , Jim Inhofe Superfund , Toxics and Environmental Health : Frank Lautenberg ( until June 3 , 2013 ) then Tom Udall , Mike Crapo Transportation and Infrastructure : Vacant , John Barrasso Water and Wildlife : Ben Cardin , John Boozman Ethics ( Select ) : Barbara Boxer , Johnny Isakson Finance : Ron Wyden , Orrin Hatch Health Care : Jay Rockefeller , Pat Roberts International Trade , Customs , and Global Competitiveness : Ron Wyden , Johnny Isakson Energy , Natural Resources , and Infrastructure : Debbie Stabenow , John Cornyn Social Security , Pensions , and Family Policy : Sherrod Brown , Pat Toomey Taxation and IRS Oversight : Michael Bennet , Mike Enzi Fiscal Responsibility and Economic Growth : Bob Casey , Rob Portman Foreign Relations : Bob Menendez , Bob Corker African Affairs : Chris Coons , Jeff Flake East Asian and Pacific Affairs : Ben Cardin , Marco Rubio European Affairs : Chris Murphy , Ron Johnson International Development and Foreign Assistance , Economic Affairs and International Environmental Protection , and Peace Corps : Tim Kaine , John Barrasso International Operations and Organizations , Human Rights , Democracy and Global Women 's Issues : Barbara Boxer , Rand Paul Near Eastern and South and Central Asian Affairs : Bob Casey , Jim Risch Western Hemisphere and Global Narcotics Affairs : Tom Udall , John McCain Health , Education , Labor , and Pensions : Tom Harkin , Lamar Alexander Subcommittee on Children and Families : Kay Hagan , Mike Enzi Subcommittee on Employment and Workplace Safety : Bob Casey , Johnny Isakson Subcommittee on Primary Health and Aging : Bernie Sanders , Richard Burr Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs : Tom Carper , Tom Coburn Investigations ( Permanent ) : Carl Levin , John McCain Financial and Contracting Oversight : Claire McCaskill , Ron Johnson Efficiency and Effectiveness of Federal Programs and the Federal Workforce : Jon Tester , Rob Portman Emergency Management , Intergovernmental Relations , and the District of Columbia : Mark Begich , Rand Paul Indian Affairs : Jon Tester , John Barrasso Intelligence ( Select ) : Dianne Feinstein , Saxby Chambliss Judiciary : Patrick Leahy , Chuck Grassley Administrative Oversight and the Courts : Chris Coons , Jeff Sessions Antitrust , Competition Policy and Consumer Rights : Amy Klobuchar , Mike Lee The Constitution , Civil Rights and Human Rights : Dick Durbin , Ted Cruz Crime and Terrorism : Sheldon Whitehouse , Lindsey Graham Immigration , Refugees and Border Security : Chuck Schumer , John Cornyn Oversight , Federal Rights and Agency Activities : Richard Blumenthal , Orrin Hatch Privacy , Technology and the Law : Al Franken , Jeff Flake Rules and Administration : Chuck Schumer , Pat Roberts Small Business and Entrepreneurship : Maria Cantwell , ( Jim Risch ) ) Veterans ' Affairs : Bernie Sanders , Richard Burr House of Representatives ( edit ) Main article : List of United States House of Representatives committees Sources : H. Res. 6 , H. Res. 7 Agriculture : Frank Lucas , Collin Peterson Conservation , Energy , and Forestry : Glenn Thompson , Tim Walz Department Operations , Oversight , and Nutrition : Steve King , Marcia Fudge General Farm Commodities and Risk Management : Mike Conaway , David Scott Horticulture , Research , Biotechnology , and Foreign Agriculture : Austin Scott , Kurt Schrader Livestock , Rural Development , and Credit : Rick Crawford , Jim Costa Appropriations : Hal Rogers , Nita Lowey Agriculture , Rural Development , Food and Drug Administration , and Related Agencies : Robert Aderholt , Sam Farr Commerce , Justice , Science , and Related Agencies : Frank Wolf , Chaka Fattah Defense : Rodney Frelinghuysen , Pete Visclosky Energy and Water Development : Rodney Frelinghuysen , Marcy Kaptur Financial Services and General Government : Ander Crenshaw , José Serrano Homeland Security : John Carter , David Price Interior , Environment , and Related Agencies : Mike Simpson , Jim Moran Labor , Health and Human Services , Education , and Related Agencies : Jack Kingston , Rosa DeLauro Legislative Branch : Rodney Alexander , Debbie Wasserman Schultz Military Construction , Veterans Affairs , and Related Agencies : John Culberson , Sanford Bishop State , Foreign Operations , and Related Programs : Kay Granger , Nita Lowey Transportation , Housing and Urban Development , and Related Agencies : Tom Latham , Ed Pastor Armed Services : Buck McKeon , Adam Smith Tactical Air and Land Forces : Mike Turner , Loretta Sanchez Military Personnel : Joe Wilson , Susan Davis Oversight and Investigations : Martha Roby , Niki Tsongas Readiness : Rob Wittman , Madeleine Bordallo Seapower and Projection Forces : Randy Forbes , Mike McIntyre Strategic Forces : Mike Rogers , Jim Cooper Emerging Threats and Capabilities : Mac Thornberry , Jim Langevin Budget : Paul Ryan , Chris Van Hollen Education and the Workforce : John Kline Ranking : George Miller Early Childhood , Elementary and Secondary Education : Todd Rokita , Carolyn McCarthy Workforce Protections : Tim Walberg , Joe Courtney Higher Education and Workforce Training : Virginia Foxx , Ruben Hinojosa Health , Employment , Labor , and Pensions : Phil Roe , Rob Andrews Energy and Commerce : Fred Upton , Henry Waxman Commerce , Manufacturing and Trade : Lee Terry , Jan Schakowsky Communications and Technology : Greg Walden , Anna Eshoo Energy and Power : Ed Whitfield , Bobby Rush Environment and the Economy : John Shimkus , Paul Tonko Health : Joe Pitts , Frank Pallone Oversight and Investigations : Tim Murphy , Diana DeGette Ethics : Mike Conaway , Linda Sanchez Financial Services : Jeb Hensarling , Maxine Waters Capital Markets and Government - Sponsored Enterprises : Scott Garrett , Carolyn Maloney Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit : Shelley Moore Capito , Gregory Meeks Housing and Insurance : Randy Neugebauer , Mike Capuano Monetary Policy and Trade : John Campbell , Lacy Clay Oversight and Investigations : Patrick McHenry , Al Green Foreign Affairs : Ed Royce , Eliot Engel Africa , Global Health , and Human Rights : Chris Smith , Karen Bass Asia and the Pacific : Steve Chabot , Eni Faleomavaega Europe , Eurasia and Emerging Threats : Dana Rohrabacher , Bill Keating Middle East and North Africa : Ileana Ros - Lehtinen , Ted Deutch Terrorism , Nonproliferation , and Trade : Ted Poe , Brad Sherman Western Hemisphere : Matt Salmon , Albio Sires Homeland Security : Michael McCaul , Bennie Thompson Border and Maritime Security : Candice Miller , Sheila Jackson Lee Counterterrorism and Intelligence : Peter King , Brian Higgins Cybersecurity , Infrastructure Protection , and Security Technologies : Patt Meehan , Yvette Clarke Emergency Preparedness , Response , and Communications : Susan Brooke , Donald Payne Oversight and Management Efficiency : Jeff Duncan , Ron Barber Transportation Security : Richard Hudson , Cedric Richmond House Administration : Candice Miller , Bob Brady Intelligence ( Permanent Select ) : Mike Rogers , Dutch Ruppersberger Oversight : Lynn Westmoreland , Jan Schakowsky Technical and Tactical Intelligence : Joe Heck , Adam Schiff Terrorism , HUMINT , Analysis and Counterintelligence : Mike Conaway , Mike Thompson Judiciary : Bob Goodlatte , John Conyers The Constitution and Civil Justice : Trent Franks , Jerrold Nadler Courts , Intellectual Property and the Internet : Howard Coble , Mel Watt ( until January 6 , 2014 ) Crime , Terrorism , Homeland Security and Investigations : Jim Sensenbrenner , Bobby Scott Immigration Policy and Border Security : Trey Gowdy , Zoe Lofgren Regulatory Reform , Commercial and Antitrust Law : Spencer Bachus , Steve Cohen Natural Resources : Doc Hastings , Ed Markey , until July 15 , 2013 , then Peter DeFazio Energy and Mineral Resources : Doug Lamborn , Rush Holt Fisheries , Wildlife , Oceans and Insular Affairs : John Fleming , Gregorio Sablan Indian and Alaska Native Affairs : Don Young , Colleen Hanabusa Public Lands and Environmental Regulation : Rob Bishop , Raul Grijalva Water and Power : Tom McClintock , Grace Napolitano Oversight and Government Reform : Darrell Issa , Elijah Cummings Federal Workforce , U.S. Postal Service and the Census : Blake Farenthold , Stephen Lynch Government Operations : John Mica , Gerry Connolly Energy Policy , Health Care and Entitlements : James Lankford , Jackie Speier National Security : Jason Chaffetz , John Tierney Economic Growth , Job Creation and Regulatory Affairs : Jim Jordan , Matt Cartwright Rules : Pete Sessions , Louise Slaughter Legislative and Budget Process : Pete Sessions , Alcee Hastings Rules and the Organization of the House : Rich Nugent , Jim McGovern Science , Space and Technology : Lamar Smith , Eddie Bernice Johnson Energy : Cynthia Lummis , Eric Swalwell Environment : Andy Harris , Suzanne Bonamici Oversight : Paul Broun , Dan Maffei Research : Larry Buschon , Dan Lipinski Space : Steve Palazzo , Donna Edwards Technology : Thomas Massie , 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Ayers Attending Physician of the United States Congress : Brian Monahan Comptroller General of the United States : Eugene Louis Dodaro Director of the Congressional Budget Office : Keith Hall Librarian of Congress : James H. Billington Public Printer of the United States : Davita E. Vance - Cooks Senate ( edit ) Chaplain : Barry C. Black Historian : Donald A. Ritchie Parliamentarian : Elizabeth MacDonough Secretary : Nancy Erickson Secretary for the Majority : Gary B. Myrick Secretary for the Minority : Laura C. Dove Sergeant at Arms : Terrance W. Gainer House of Representatives ( edit ) Chaplain : Patrick J. Conroy Chief Administrative Officer : Ed Cassidy ( until December 31 ) , Will Plaster ( starting January 1 ) Clerk : Karen L. Haas Inspector General : Parliamentarian : Thomas J. Wickham Jr . Sergeant at Arms : Paul D. Irving See also ( edit ) United States elections , 2012 ( elections leading to this Congress ) United States presidential election , 2012 United States Senate elections , 2012 United States House of Representatives elections , 2012 United States elections , 2014 ( elections during this Congress , leading to the next Congress ) United States Senate elections , 2014 United States House of Representatives elections , 2014 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Domenico Montanaro , NBC News , October 10 , 2013 , NBC / WSJ poll : 60 percent say fire every member of Congress , Accessed October 10 , 2013 , `` ... 60 percent of Americans ... saying if they had the chance to vote to defeat and replace every single member of Congress , including their own representative , they would ... '' Jump up ^ Wall Street Journal , Approval of Congress Matches All - Time Low , accessed June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carrie Dann , NBC News , Americans ' faith in Congress lower than all major institutions -- ever , accessed June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` White House : Republicans Will ' Do the Right Thing ' '' . Voice of America . October 9 , 2013 . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Congress and the Public '' . Gallup.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , Alyssa ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` U.S. Congress Approval Remains Dismal '' . Gallup.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Holly ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Federal shutdown closes Statue of Liberty and other top tourist sites '' . Yahoo News . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Micah . `` Fivethirtyeight blog : Were the GOP Votes Against Boehner a Historic Rejection ? '' . NYTimes.com . The New York Times . Jump up ^ H.J. Res. 122 ^ Jump up to : `` Joint Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies '' . Inaugural.senate.gov . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Volz , Dustin ( December 31 , 2013 ) . `` Everything We Learned From Edward Snowden in 2013 '' . National Journal . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` McCain claims Senate leaders have deal to avert showdown over Obama nominees '' . FoxNews . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Peters , Jeremy W. ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` After 21 Hours , Cruz Ends Senate Speech '' . the New York Times . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` In Landmark Vote , Senate Limits Use of the Filibuster '' . New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Heniff Jr. , Bill ( November 26 , 2012 ) . `` Basic Federal Budgeting Terminology '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 4800 - All Actions '' . United States Congress . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cox , Ramsey ; Marcos , Cristina ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday : School is out but Congress considers student loans , lunches '' . The Hill . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 4660 - All Actions '' . United States Congress . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marcos , Cristina ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` House passes third ' 15 appropriations bill '' . The Hill . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marcos , Cristina ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` This week : Spending bills , VA reform , leadership races '' . The Hill . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marcos , Cristina ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` This week : Sportsmen 's bill , appropriations '' . The Hill . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 4487 - All Actions '' . United States Congress . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Marcos , Cristina ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Next week : Appropriations season begins '' . The Hill . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 4486 - All Actions '' . United States Congress . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 4745 - All Actions '' . United States Congress . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marcos , Cristina ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` House passes fourth ' 15 appropriations bill '' . The Hill . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Newlin , Eliza . `` Res . Com . Pedro Pierluisi ( D - PR , At - large ) - The Almanac of American Politics '' . Nationaljournal.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Matt ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` US senate special election to replace John Kerry will be June 25 '' . metrowestdailynews.com . Cambridge Chronicle & Tab . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Landler , Mark ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` Kerry Named for the Role of a Lifetime '' . NYTimes.com . The New York Times . p . A1 . Retrieved January 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seelye , Katharine ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` Governor Names Longtime Friend to Kerry 's Seat '' . NYTimes.com . The New York Times . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Santi , Angela ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` Chris Christie : Special Election To Be Held In October For Frank Lautenberg 's Seat '' . AP . The Huffington Post . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cramer , Ruby ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Cory Booker To Be Sworn In To The Senate On Halloween '' . Buzzfeed . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Ed ( November 21 , 2012 ) . `` Jesse Jackson Jr. resigns : Read his resignation letter '' . washingtonpost.com . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Kelly , Robin L '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Jump up ^ 2012 Congressional Record , Vol. 158 , Page H7467 ( December 30 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Camia , Catalina ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` Mark Sanford to be sworn in Wednesday '' . USAToday.com . USA Today . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Missouri rep leaving Congress in February '' . cnn.com . CNN . December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Missouri House 8th District Special Election '' . Politico.com . Politico . June 4 , 2013 . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Smith sworn in as newest Missourian in Congress '' . stltoday.com . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . June 6 , 2013 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Isenstadt , Alex ( December 10 , 2013 ) . `` Katherine Clark wins Massachusetts special '' . Jump up ^ McGaughy , Lauren ( August 7 , 2013 ) . `` Rodney Alexander to join Jindal administration , departure from Congress will trigger special election '' . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alpert , Bruce ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Vance McAllister 's first visit to Washington is to take a seat in Congress '' . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.wtsp.com/news/topstories/article/360110/250/Jolly-to-be-sworn-in-Thursday-afternoon Jump up ^ Sherman , Jake ( January 27 , 2014 ) . `` Trey Radel to resign House seat '' . politico.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ostermeier , Eric ( February 4 , 2014 ) . `` Andrews Exits US House with Top 10 Longest Tenure in New Jersey History '' . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Ramshaw , Emily ( June 26 , 2011 ) . `` Joaquin Castro : The 113th Congress and New District Brings Positive Change For Texas '' . NYTimes.com . The New York Times . Peters , Jeremy W. ( December 9 , 2012 ) . `` 113th Congress : This Time , It 's Out With the New '' . NYTimes.com . The New York Times . Retrieved December 10 , 2012 . `` Videos of House of Representatives Sessions for the 113th Congress from www.C-SPAN.org '' . `` Videos of Senate Sessions for the 113th Congress from www.C-SPAN.org '' . `` Videos of Committees from the House and Senate for the 113th Congress from www.C-SPAN.org '' . House of Representatives Session Calendar for the 113th Congress , 2013 calendar ( PDF ) . House of Representatives Session Calendar for the 113th Congress , 2014 calendar ( PDF ) . Senate Session Calendar for the 113th Congress ( PDF ) . Congressional Pictorial Directory for the 113th Congress ( PDF ) . 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who assigned the atomic number of each element in the periodic table			Atomic number	atomic number	The atomic number or proton number ( symbol Z ) of a chemical element is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom . It is identical to the charge number of the nucleus . The atomic number uniquely identifies a chemical element . In an uncharged atom , the atomic number is also equal to the number of electrons .	The sum of the atomic number Z and the number of neutrons , N , gives the mass number A of an atom . Since protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass ( and the mass of the electrons is negligible for many purposes ) and the mass defect of nucleon binding is always small compared to the nucleon mass , the atomic mass of any atom , when expressed in unified atomic mass units ( making a quantity called the `` relative isotopic mass '' ) , is within 1 % of the whole number A . Atoms with the same atomic number Z but different neutron numbers N , and hence different atomic masses , are known as isotopes . A little more than three - quarters of naturally occurring elements exist as a mixture of isotopes ( see monoisotopic elements ) , and the average isotopic mass of an isotopic mixture for an element ( called the relative atomic mass ) in a defined environment on Earth , determines the element 's standard atomic weight . Historically , it was these atomic weights of elements ( in comparison to hydrogen ) that were the quantities measurable by chemists in the 19th century . The conventional symbol Z comes from the German word Zahl meaning number , which , prior to the modern synthesis of ideas from chemistry and physics , merely denoted an element 's numerical place in the periodic table , whose order is approximately , but not completely , consistent with the order of the elements by atomic weights . Only after 1915 , with the suggestion and evidence that this Z number was also the nuclear charge and a physical characteristic of atoms , did the word Atomzahl ( and its English equivalent atomic number ) come into common use in this context . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 The periodic table and a natural number for each element 1.2 The Rutherford - Bohr model and van den Broek 1.3 Moseley 's 1913 experiment 1.4 Missing elements 1.5 The proton and the idea of nuclear electrons 1.6 The discovery of the neutron makes Z the proton number 2 The symbol of Z 3 Chemical properties 4 New elements 5 See also 6 References History ( edit ) The periodic table and a natural number for each element ( edit ) Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev , creator of the periodic table . Loosely speaking , the existence or construction of a periodic table of elements creates an ordering of the elements , and so they can be numbered in order . Dmitri Mendeleev claimed that he arranged his first periodic tables in order of atomic weight ( `` Atomgewicht '' ) . However , in consideration of the elements ' observed chemical properties , he changed the order slightly and placed tellurium ( atomic weight 127.6 ) ahead of iodine ( atomic weight 126.9 ) . This placement is consistent with the modern practice of ordering the elements by proton number , Z , but that number was not known or suspected at the time . A simple numbering based on periodic table position was never entirely satisfactory , however . Besides the case of iodine and tellurium , later several other pairs of elements ( such as argon and potassium , cobalt and nickel ) were known to have nearly identical or reversed atomic weights , thus requiring their placement in the periodic table to be determined by their chemical properties . However the gradual identification of more and more chemically similar lanthanide elements , whose atomic number was not obvious , led to inconsistency and uncertainty in the periodic numbering of elements at least from lutetium ( element 71 ) onwards ( hafnium was not known at this time ) . Niels Bohr , creator of the Bohr model . The Rutherford - Bohr model and Van den Broek ( edit ) In 1911 , Ernest Rutherford gave a model of the atom in which a central core held most of the atom 's mass and a positive charge which , in units of the electron 's charge , was to be approximately equal to half of the atom 's atomic weight , expressed in numbers of hydrogen atoms . This central charge would thus be approximately half the atomic weight ( though it was almost 25 % different from the atomic number of gold ( Z = 79 , A = 197 ) , the single element from which Rutherford made his guess ) . Nevertheless , in spite of Rutherford 's estimation that gold had a central charge of about 100 ( but was element Z = 79 on the periodic table ) , a month after Rutherford 's paper appeared , Antonius van den Broek first formally suggested that the central charge and number of electrons in an atom was exactly equal to its place in the periodic table ( also known as element number , atomic number , and symbolized Z ) . This proved eventually to be the case . Moseley 's 1913 experiment ( edit ) Henry Moseley in his lab . The experimental position improved dramatically after research by Henry Moseley in 1913 . Moseley , after discussions with Bohr who was at the same lab ( and who had used Van den Broek 's hypothesis in his Bohr model of the atom ) , decided to test Van den Broek 's and Bohr 's hypothesis directly , by seeing if spectral lines emitted from excited atoms fitted the Bohr theory 's postulation that the frequency of the spectral lines be proportional to the square of Z . To do this , Moseley measured the wavelengths of the innermost photon transitions ( K and L lines ) produced by the elements from aluminum ( Z = 13 ) to gold ( Z = 79 ) used as a series of movable anodic targets inside an x-ray tube . The square root of the frequency of these photons ( x-rays ) increased from one target to the next in an arithmetic progression . This led to the conclusion ( Moseley 's law ) that the atomic number does closely correspond ( with an offset of one unit for K - lines , in Moseley 's work ) to the calculated electric charge of the nucleus , i.e. the element number Z . Among other things , Moseley demonstrated that the lanthanide series ( from lanthanum to lutetium inclusive ) must have 15 members -- no fewer and no more -- which was far from obvious from the chemistry at that time . Missing elements ( edit ) After Moseley 's death in 1915 , the atomic numbers of all known elements from hydrogen to uranium ( Z = 92 ) were examined by his method . There were seven elements ( with Z < 92 ) which were not found and therefore identified as still undiscovered , corresponding to atomic numbers 43 , 61 , 72 , 75 , 85 , 87 and 91 . From 1918 to 1947 , all seven of these missing elements were discovered . By this time the first four transuranium elements had also been discovered , so that the periodic table was complete with no gaps as far as curium ( Z = 96 ) . The proton and the idea of nuclear electrons ( edit ) In 1915 the reason for nuclear charge being quantized in units of Z , which were now recognized to be the same as the element number , was not understood . An old idea called Prout 's hypothesis had postulated that the elements were all made of residues ( or `` protyles '' ) of the lightest element hydrogen , which in the Bohr - Rutherford model had a single electron and a nuclear charge of one . However , as early as 1907 Rutherford and Thomas Royds had shown that alpha particles , which had a charge of + 2 , were the nuclei of helium atoms , which had a mass four times that of hydrogen , not two times . If Prout 's hypothesis were true , something had to be neutralizing some of the charge of the hydrogen nuclei present in the nuclei of heavier atoms . In 1917 Rutherford succeeded in generating hydrogen nuclei from a nuclear reaction between alpha particles and nitrogen gas , and believed he had proven Prout 's law . He called the new heavy nuclear particles protons in 1920 ( alternate names being proutons and protyles ) . It had been immediately apparent from the work of Moseley that the nuclei of heavy atoms have more than twice as much mass as would be expected from their being made of hydrogen nuclei , and thus there was required a hypothesis for the neutralization of the extra protons presumed present in all heavy nuclei . A helium nucleus was presumed to be composed of four protons plus two `` nuclear electrons '' ( electrons bound inside the nucleus ) to cancel two of the charges . At the other end of the periodic table , a nucleus of gold with a mass 197 times that of hydrogen , was thought to contain 118 nuclear electrons in the nucleus to give it a residual charge of + 79 , consistent with its atomic number . The discovery of the neutron makes Z the proton number ( edit ) All consideration of nuclear electrons ended with James Chadwick 's discovery of the neutron in 1932 . An atom of gold now was seen as containing 118 neutrons rather than 118 nuclear electrons , and its positive charge now was realized to come entirely from a content of 79 protons . After 1932 , therefore , an element 's atomic number Z was also realized to be identical to the proton number of its nuclei . The symbol of Z ( edit ) The conventional symbol Z possibly comes from the German word Atomzahl ( atomic number ) . However , prior to 1915 , the word Zahl ( simply number ) was used for an element 's assigned number in the periodic table . Chemical properties ( edit ) Each element has a specific set of chemical properties as a consequence of the number of electrons present in the neutral atom , which is Z ( the atomic number ) . The configuration of these electrons follows from the principles of quantum mechanics . The number of electrons in each element 's electron shells , particularly the outermost valence shell , is the primary factor in determining its chemical bonding behavior . Hence , it is the atomic number alone that determines the chemical properties of an element ; and it is for this reason that an element can be defined as consisting of any mixture of atoms with a given atomic number . New elements ( edit ) The quest for new elements is usually described using atomic numbers . As of 2010 , all elements with atomic numbers 1 to 118 have been observed . Synthesis of new elements is accomplished by bombarding target atoms of heavy elements with ions , such that the sum of the atomic numbers of the target and ion elements equals the atomic number of the element being created . In general , the half - life becomes shorter as atomic number increases , though an `` island of stability '' may exist for undiscovered isotopes with certain numbers of protons and neutrons . See also ( edit ) Look up atomic number in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . History of the periodic table Effective atomic number Atomic theory Prout 's hypothesis References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Periodic Table of Elements , American Institute of Physics Jump up ^ The Development of the Periodic Table , Royal Society of Chemistry Jump up ^ Ordering the Elements in the Periodic Table , Royal Chemical Society Jump up ^ Moseley , H.G.J. ( 1913 ) . `` XCIII. The high - frequency spectra of the elements '' . Philosophical Magazine . Series 6 . 26 ( 156 ) : 1024 . doi : 10.1080 / 14786441308635052 . Archived from the original on 22 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Eric Scerri , A tale of seven elements , ( Oxford University Press 2013 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 539131 - 2 , p. 47 Jump up ^ Scerri chaps. 3 -- 9 ( one chapter per element ) Jump up ^ Ernest Rutherford NZHistory.net.nz , New Zealand history online . Nzhistory.net.nz ( 19 October 1937 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Origin of symbol Z. frostburg.edu GND : 4306456 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atomic_number&oldid=842578785 '' Categories : Chemical properties Nuclear physics Atoms Dimensionless numbers of chemistry Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2015 Articles containing German - language text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 贛語 ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Võro 文言 West - Vlams Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語中文 110 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 10 : 23 . 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smoking in a car with a child law alberta			Smoking in Canada	smoking in canada	Smoking in Canada is banned in indoor public spaces and workplaces ( including restaurants , bars , and casinos ) , by all territories and provinces , and by the federal government . As of 2010 , legislation banning smoking within each of these jurisdictions is mostly consistent , despite the separate development of legislation by each jurisdiction . Notable variations between the jurisdictions include : whether , and in what circumstances ventilated smoking rooms are permitted ; whether , and up to what distance away from a building is smoking banned outside of a building ; and , whether smoking is banned in private vehicles occupied by children .	Some municipalities have bylaws restricting smoking further than the applicable national / provincial / territorial legislation . The federal government 's smoking ban in workplaces and on common carriers applies only to the federal government and to federally regulated businesses , such as airports . Smoking rooms are not permitted . As of 2015 , 13 % of Canadians smoke . Contents 1 Smoking bans 1.1 Alberta 1.2 British Columbia 1.3 Manitoba 1.4 New Brunswick 1.5 Newfoundland and Labrador 1.6 Nova Scotia 1.7 Ontario 1.8 Prince Edward Island 1.9 Québec 1.10 Saskatchewan 1.11 Northwest Territories 1.12 Nunavut 1.13 Yukon 2 See also 3 References Smoking bans ( edit ) Alberta ( edit ) Alberta banned smoking in public spaces and workplaces , including within 5 metres of doors , windows , and intakes , on 1 January 2008 . A tobacco display ban ( or `` powerwall '' ) law requiring shop owners to keep tobacco sales out of sight was implemented 1 July 2008 . As of 1 January 2009 , cigarette sales in Alberta have been banned in all stores containing a pharmacy as well as post-secondary institutions . It is an offence for a minor to possess or consume tobacco products with fines starting at $100 . It is also illegal to sell to minors . Retailers who sell tobacco products to minors are subject to a fine of $3,000 for the individual sales person ( plus an additional fine of $50,000 for the business ) . As of 2015 , 15.8 % of Alberta residents smoke . As of November 14 , 2014 it has been illegal to smoke in a vehicle with children under the age of 16 . British Columbia ( edit ) British Columbia banned smoking in all public spaces and workplaces including , as of March 2008 , within a 6 - metre radius of doors , open windows and air intakes . Additionally , all commercial displays of tobacco visible to people under the age of 19 was banned in public areas under the same legislation . As of March 2008 , ventilated smoking rooms are only permitted in nursing homes and care facilities . Smoking in a motor vehicle when a passenger is 16 years or under , regardless of the use of windows or sunroofs to vent smoke , is prohibited by section 231.1 of the Motor Vehicle Act . The smoking ban does not apply to hotel rooms , though many have private bans on the practice . As of 2015 , 10.2 % of British Columbia residents smoke , the lowest of any province . Manitoba ( edit ) Manitoba banned smoking in all workplaces and enclosed public spaces on October 1 , 2004 . Specially ventilated rooms are not allowed in bars and restaurants . A law banning retail displays of tobacco and heavily restricting promotion and advertising of tobacco and tobacco - related products came into effect on 15 October 2005 . An act banning smoking in vehicles when children under 16 are present became law July 15 , 2010 and applies to all lighted tobacco products . As of 2015 , 14.8 % of Manitoba residents smoke . New Brunswick ( edit ) New Brunswick banned smoking in public spaces and workplaces in October 2004 . Ventilated smoking rooms are not permitted . Since 1 January 2009 , tobacco products can not be displayed prominently in stores . Since 1 January 2010 . the ban was expanded to include vehicles with children under 16 present . As of 2015 , 14.2 % of New Brunswick residents smoke . Newfoundland and Labrador ( edit ) Newfoundland and Labrador banned smoking within public places such as day cares , schools , taxis , hospitals , retail stores , and recreational facilities in 1994 . From 1994 to 2002 public places , such as food establishments , bars and bingo halls , and workplaces could allow smoking in designated smoking areas or rooms . In 2002 , through an amendment to the Smoke - free Environment Act , smoking was banned in food establishments , shopping malls , transportation terminals , hotel / motel common areas , games arcades , public libraries and boys and girls clubs . In 2005 , smoking was banned in all public spaces and workplaces , under the province 's Smoke - Free Environment Act , including licensed liquor establishments and bingo halls . Enclosed , ventilated smoking rooms are permitted only in psychiatric facilities and long term care facilities . Sales of tobacco are prohibited in places such as in retail stores that have a pharmacy , on university and college campuses , or recreational facilities . Smoking in a motor vehicle , when a person under the age of 16 is present , became illegal in 2011 . As of 2015 , 18.5 % of Newfoundland and Labrador residents smoke , the highest of any province . Nova Scotia ( edit ) Nova Scotia banned smoking in public spaces and workplaces on 1 December 2006 . Ventilated smoking rooms are permitted in nursing homes and care facilities . Tobacco products can not be displayed prominently in stores . On 1 April 2008 , smoking in a car with passengers under 19 inside became illegal . Minors are prohibited from possessing tobacco products . As of 2015 , 17.8 % of Nova Scotia residents smoke . Ontario ( edit ) Ontario banned smoking in public spaces and workplaces in 2006 under the Smoke Free Ontario Act . In 2008 , a ban on retail displays of tobacco was implemented . Since 21 January 2009 , smoking is banned in all vehicles if anyone under the age of 16 is present . As of 1 January 2015 , smoking is prohibited province - wide on all bar and restaurant patios and within a 20 - meter radius of all playgrounds and sports fields . Tobacco sales are prohibited on college and university campuses . As of January 1 2018 , hospital properties must be 100 % smoke - free Many Ontario municipalities ( cities , counties and regions ) have passed smoke - free bylaws that are stricter than the provincial Smoke Free Ontario Act , such as City of Toronto , City of Ottawa , Region of Niagara , Region of Peel , City of Hamilton , and City of Barrie . For example , as of 2 April 2012 in Ottawa , smoke free regulations prohibit smoking on all municipal properties , including parks , playgrounds , beaches , sports fields , fruit and vegetable markets and outdoor areas around City facilities . Outdoor restaurant and bar patios and terraces are also smoke free . Smoking has also been prohibited on all public transit ( OC Transpo ) properties including station platforms , since 2007 . Fines for non-compliance range from $305 to $5000 as per the Provincial Offences Act . Hamilton banned smoking on all municipal properties , including parks , playgrounds , beaches , sports fields on 31 May 2012 . Any person who contravenes a provision of this By - law is guilty of an offence and upon conviction is liable to a maximum fine of $10,000.00 . In Toronto , Municipal Code prohibits smoking within 9 meters of an entrance or exit of any building used by the public . Smoking is also prohibited in all public squares and within 9 meters of park amenities such as playgrounds , sports fields , skate parks , ski hills , picnic areas , swimming pools , theatre space , splash pads , washrooms , beaches , park zoos and farms , and service waiting lines . In Ontario , where more than one regulation , act or bylaw exists , the one that is the most restrictive of smoking prevails . As of 2015 , 11.3 % of Ontario residents smoke . Prince Edward Island ( edit ) Prince Edward Island banned smoking in public spaces and workplaces in 2003 . Ventilated smoking rooms are only allowed in long - term care facilities . As of 2015 , 12.9 % of Prince Edward Island residents smoke . Quebec ( edit ) Quebec banned smoking in public spaces and workplaces , such as offices , hospitals , restaurants and bars on 31 May 2006 . Smoking is banned within a 9m radius of the entrances of social services institutions such as hospitals , community centres , CEGEP , colleges and universities . Smoking is banned on the properties of elementary and high schools . The province eliminated designated smoking rooms in 2008 . The law was amended by Bill 44 in November 2015 . The sale of electronic cigarettes is regulated like tobacco , including restrictions on advertising . ID requirements for tobacco sales are stricter and fines are increased . It is prohibited to sell flavoured tobacco products , including menthol . All public organizations , such as hospitals and post-secondary education institutions , must adopt a smoke - free and smoking cessation policy and report to the government . Since May 26 , 2016 , smoking and e-cigarettes are banned on restaurant and bar patios and terraces , playgrounds and sports fields , including a 9 m ( 30 ft ) radius . Smoking in a vehicle with children under 16 is also prohibited . As of November 2016 , smoking was banned within a 9 m ( 30 ft ) radius of all doors , windows and air intakes of any building open to the public . Standardized warning label sizes was applied to all tobacco packages . As of 2015 , 14.2 % of Quebec residents smoke . Saskatchewan ( edit ) Saskatchewan banned smoking in public places on 1 January 2005 and banned smoking in workplaces on 31 May 2009 . The province reinstated tobacco display ban ( 2005 ) requires shop owners to keep tobacco sales out of sight . There are fines of up to $10 000 for violation of the Tobacco Control Act which bans smoking in all public areas , indoor and outdoor , including clubs for veterans . Since 1 October 2010 , smoking is prohibited if there are children under 16 years of age in the vehicle . As of 2015 , 16.9 % of Saskatchewan residents smoke . Northwest territories ( edit ) The Northwest Territories banned smoking in public places and workplaces on 1 May 2004 . Nunavut ( edit ) Nunavut banned smoking in public spaces and workplace , including within three metres of entrances and exits to those buildings , on 1 May 2004 . As of 2014 , 62 % of Nunavut residents smoke , the highest of any territory . Yukon ( edit ) The Yukon banned smoking in public spaces and workplaces on 15 May 2008 . It was the last of the provinces and territories to implement a ban . See also ( edit ) Smoking cessation programs in Canada Tobacco - Free Pharmacies in Canada References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/161109/cg-b002-eng.htm Jump up ^ Smoke Free Alberta News & Information Archived 2010 - 08 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://calsun.canoe.ca/News/Alberta/2008/12/23/7834776-sun.html ^ Jump up to : Barbara von Tigerstrom , `` Public Health '' in Jocelyn Downie et al. , eds. , Canadian Health Law and Policy ( Canada : LexisNexis , 2007 - updated 2014 ) at 502 . Jump up ^ http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/161109/cg-b002-eng.htm Jump up ^ `` Health -- Province of British Columbia '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tobacco Control Program '' . Ministry of Health , Province of British Columbia . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/161109/cg-b002-eng.htm Jump up ^ `` Non-Smokers Health Protection Act '' . Manitoba . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tobacco Control & Cessation -- Questions & Answers for Retailers '' . Archived from the original on 1 October 2015 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Highway Traffic Amendment Act ( Promoting Safer and Healthier Conditions in Motor Vehicles ) '' . Manitoba . Archived from the original on 1 October 2015 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/161109/cg-b002-eng.htm Jump up ^ http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/161109/cg-b002-eng.htm Jump up ^ Department of Health and Community Services - Smoke - Free Environments Frequently Asked Questions Archived 2014 - 11 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ SNL1993 CHAPTER T - 4.1 TOBACCO CONTROL ACT Jump up ^ Changes to the Smoke - Free Environment Act 2005 Archived 2014 - 11 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/161109/cg-b002-eng.htm ^ Jump up to : In Depth : Smoking CBC News Jump up ^ Nova Scotia bans smoking in cars with children as of April 1 21 March 2008 Jump up ^ http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/161109/cg-b002-eng.htm Jump up ^ `` Smoke - Free Ontario '' . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.thestar.com/news/queenspark/2014/11/07/ontario_to_ban_smoking_on_restaurant_patios_sports_fields.html Jump up ^ https://www.ontario.ca/page/smoke-free-ontario Jump up ^ http://ottawa.ca/en/residents/public-health/healthy-living/smoke-free-regulations . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Legislation -- Live Tobacco - Free -- Healthy Lifestyle -- City of Toronto '' . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/161109/cg-b002-eng.htm Jump up ^ http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/161109/cg-b002-eng.htm Jump up ^ http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=/T_0_01/T0_01_A.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Assemblee nationale du Quebec http://www.assnat.qc.ca/en/travaux-parlementaires/projets-loi/projet-loi-44-41-1.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/161109/cg-b002-eng.htm Jump up ^ ( 1 ) CBC News Jump up ^ http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/161109/cg-b002-eng.htm Jump up ^ Canada - no-smoke.org Jump up ^ Public Smoking Bans by Province and Territory - Factsheets Archived 2011 - 03 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Smokers , by sex , provinces and territories ( Percent ) '' . Statistics Canada . Archived from the original on 1 October 2015 . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . 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who plays bell in beauty and the beast	Belle has garnered widespread acclaim from film critics who appreciated the character 's bravery , intelligence and independence . Reception towards her feminism , however , has been more mixed , with commentators accusing the character 's actions of being romance - oriented . The fifth Disney Princess , Belle is often ranked among the franchise 's best . Highly regarded as one of Disney 's strongest examples of a feminist character , critics agree that Belle helped spearhead a generation of independent film heroines while changing the reputation of a Disney princess . Also one of Disney 's most iconic characters , Belle was the only animated heroine nominated for the American Film Institute 's greatest heroes in film ranking . The character also appears in the film 's several sequels and spin - offs , as well as her own live - action television series . American actress Susan Egan originated the role of Belle in the Broadway musical adaptation of the film , for which she was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical . Emma Watson plays a live - action version of the character in a 2017 live action adaptation of the original 1991 film .	Susan Egan\|Tony Award	Belle ( Disney )	belle ( disney )	Maurice ( father ) ,	Prince Ben ( son , in Descendants only ) Significant other ( s ) Prince Nationality French Belle is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures ' 30th animated feature film Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) . Originally voiced by American actress and singer Paige O'Hara , Belle is the non-conforming daughter of an inventor . Belle yearns to abandon her predictable village life in return for adventure . When her father Maurice is imprisoned by a cold - hearted beast , Belle offers him her own freedom in exchange for her father 's , and eventually learns to love the Beast despite his unsightly outward appearance . Walt Disney Studios chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg commissioned Beauty and the Beast as an animated musical with a strong heroine and hired first - time screenwriter Linda Woolverton to write it . Basing her on the heroine of Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's fairy tale `` Beauty and the Beast '' , Woolverton adapted Belle into a stronger and less passive character for the film . Inspired by the women 's rights movement , Woolverton wanted Belle to be a unique Disney heroine different from The Little Mermaid 's popular Ariel , and thus deliberately conceived the character as a feminist in an effort to avoid the criticism Disney had long been receiving due to the studio 's reputation of depicting its female characters as victims . Belle 's strength and love of reading was inspired by American actress Katharine Hepburn 's performance as Jo March in the film Little Women ( 1933 ) , while the writers instilled the adventure - seeking heroine with goals and aspirations beyond romance . However , the story artists and animators often disagreed with Woolverton 's liberated vision for the character . Animated by James Baxter and Mark Henn , the former of whom based the character 's graceful gait on those of impressionist Edgar Degas ' ballerinas , Belle 's European facial features were inspired by those of British actresses Vivien Leigh and Audrey Hepburn . Several additional Hollywood actresses inspired Belle 's appearance , including Natalie Wood , Elizabeth Taylor , and Grace Kelly . Belle has garnered widespread acclaim from film critics who appreciated the character 's bravery , intelligence and independence . Reception towards her feminism , however , has been more mixed , with commentators accusing the character 's actions of being romance - oriented . The fifth Disney Princess , Belle is often ranked among the franchise 's best . Highly regarded as one of Disney 's strongest examples of a feminist character , critics agree that Belle helped spearhead a generation of independent film heroines while changing the reputation of a Disney princess . Also one of Disney 's most iconic characters , Belle was the only animated heroine nominated for the American Film Institute 's greatest heroes in film ranking . The character also appears in the film 's several sequels and spin - offs , as well as her own live - action television series . American actress Susan Egan originated the role of Belle in the Broadway musical adaptation of the film , for which she was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical . Emma Watson plays a live - action version of the character in a 2017 live action adaptation of the original 1991 film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Conception and writing 1.2 Voice 1.3 Personality 1.4 Design and animation 2 Characterization and themes 3 Appearances 3.1 Film and television 3.1. 1 Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 live action film ) 3.2 Broadway musical 3.3 Miscellaneous 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Feminist analysis 5 Impact and legacy 6 References 7 External links Development ( edit ) Conception and writing ( edit ) After the success of Walt Disney Productions ' first feature - length animated film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) , filmmaker Walt Disney himself made several attempts to adapt the fairy tale `` Beauty and the Beast '' by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont into one of the studio 's earliest animated feature films during the 1930s and 1950s . However , the project was continuously abandoned due to the fairy tale 's `` static '' plot and main characters . The filmmaker was also concerned about the `` unnecessary intensity '' required to depict Belle imprisoned . Inspired by the unprecedented success of The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) , Walt Disney Studios chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg green - lit another attempt at adapting `` Beauty and the Beast '' under the direction of Richard Purdum . However , Katzenberg did not approve of Purdum 's dark , somber version of the fairy tale , and ultimately ordered that it be restarted from scratch in favor of creating a Broadway - style musical film starring a strong heroine , similar to The Little Mermaid . Opting instead for a `` feminist twist '' on the story , Katzenberg hired television writer Linda Woolverton , who had never written an animated film before , to write the film 's screenplay . American actress Katharine Hepburn 's performance as Jo March in the film Little Women ( 1933 ) served as screenwriter Linda Woolverton 's inspiration for Belle 's personality . Before Beauty and the Beast , Disney 's tradition of depicting female characters as victims had already long been established . The fact that Belle was hardly depicted as a feminist in earlier versions of the film became a point of contention among the filmmakers . Despite the fact that Disney wanted Beauty and the Beast to resemble an old - fashioned film , the filmmakers envisioned Belle as `` a woman that was ahead of her time '' . As the first woman in the history of Disney to write a feature - length animated film , Woolverton decided to explore Belle as an opportunity to create a female character who would ultimately be better received than Disney 's previous animated heroines , specifically Ariel from The Little Mermaid . Woolverton was aware that the task would be particularly challenging due to the previous character 's popularity , but fought relentlessly to make sure that she was creating `` a new kind of Disney heroine . '' Inspired by the women 's rights movement Woolverton herself had experienced during the 1960s and 1970s , the screenwriter was determined to avoid creating another `` insipid '' Disney princess and decided to conceive Belle as a headstrong feminist . Woolverton strongly believed that contemporary audiences would not identify with Belle unless she was updated appropriately , and thus evolved the character into `` a woman of the ' 90s '' . The screenwriter refused to watch Jean Cocteau 's 1946 film adaptation of the fairy tale and chose to base Belle on American actress Katharine Hepburn 's portrayal of Jo March in the 1933 film adaptation of Louisa May Alcott 's book Little Women instead , who she felt was `` a real depiction of womanhood . '' Similarly , story artist Brenda Chapman drew influence from Hepburn 's on - screen bickering with actor Spencer Tracy during the scene in which Belle tends to the Beast 's wounds . Animator Mark Henn observed that , unlike Ariel , Belle does not `` fall in love at first sight '' ; instead `` there 's an actual relationship you see grow '' . In the original fairy tale , Belle has two selfish sisters who both have their own respective love interests , all of whom Woolverton omitted from the screenplay in favor of focusing solely on Belle 's relationship with Gaston . At one point , Belle had a younger sister named Clarice and a cruel aunt named Marguerite , both of whom were discarded -- Clarice to emphasize Belle 's loneliness , and Marguerite to be replaced by Gaston as the film 's villain . Woolverton also eliminated the subplot of Belle asking her father for a rose . Despite constant `` regressive '' re-writes , Woolverton 's overall vision for Belle generally remained intact . Beauty and the Beast 's story department was predominantly male , a time during which few women were involved . Woolverton often found herself at odds and disagreeing with the more traditional story artists in regards to Belle 's role in the film , but continued to be supported by Katzenberg and lyricist Howard Ashman . According to Woolverton , the story team challenged nearly every line of dialogue Woolverton suggested for the character . On one occasion , the story artists re-wrote what Woolverton had originally scripted as Belle using a map to indicate places to where she would like to travel to the character baking a cake . Arguing that the liberated Belle would not even know how to bake , Woolverton decided to compromise by having the character read a book instead , which was similarly debated because some filmmakers considered reading to be too passive an activity . To resolve this , Woolverton scripted Belle walk while reading , an activity in which Woolverton herself partook as a child . In Beaumont 's fairy tale , Belle is essentially forced to replace her father as the Beast 's prisoner . To make the character more independent , Woolverton re-wrote her so that she willingly ventures into the woods in search of her father , bravely confronts the Beast and ultimately trades her own freedom in return for Maurice 's instead . During Gaston 's climactic fight with the Beast , the character 's line `` Time to die ! '' was changed to `` Belle is mine ! '' in order to return the focus of the story to Belle . Voice ( edit ) Disney had originally considered casting actress Jodi Benson , who famously voiced Ariel in The Little Mermaid , as Belle , but ultimately felt that she sounded `` too American '' and young , opting for a `` more classical ... womanly '' voice instead . Describing the character as `` a woman that was ahead of her time , '' the filmmakers wanted Belle to sound `` more like a woman than a girl . '' However , Benson voiced Belle in a few episodes of Disney 's House of Mouse . Director Kirk Wise was particularly interested in casting an actress capable of `` creat ( ing ) a character completely with her voice '' , envisioning a voice similar to that of American entertainer Judy Garland . American actress and singer Paige O'Hara was performing on Broadway when she first read about Disney 's then - upcoming animated project Beauty and the Beast in an article in The New York Times . Upon discovering that the studio was holding auditions for the lead role of Belle and , at the behest of lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken , specifically recruiting Broadway performers , O'Hara immediately insisted that her agent get her an audition . Familiar with O'Hara's Broadway stint as Ellie May Chipley in the musical Show Boat ; Ashman had already been eyeing O'Hara for the part . O'Hara auditioned for the role five times , competing against approximately 500 other actresses . First auditioning solely for casting director Albert Taveres , O'Hara's next two auditions simply required the actress to mail audio recordings of her voice to the studio in Los Angeles . Required to perform a song of her choice , O'Hara sang `` Heaven Help My Heart '' from the musical Chess . At her first legitimate audition , O'Hara spoke and sang in a higher register than her own in an effort to mimic Snow White from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , but the filmmakers insisted that she use her own voice instead . In addition to Ashman and Menken , O'Hara's last few auditions were attended by directors Wise and Gary Trousdale , and producers Katzenberg and Don Hahn . O'Hara recalled that the songwriters would first close their eyes and listen to her before finally watching her perform . An hour after her fifth and final audition , O'Hara received a telephone call from Disney on her birthday informing her that she had been cast . The actress was fairly confident that the role was hers before she was officially cast , and credits the fact that Ashman enjoyed her performance on the cast recording of the musical Show Boat . O'Hara admitted , `` I 'm not usually confident about auditions ... but I just understood ( Belle ) so much . '' 30 years - old at the time of her audition , O'Hara consequently imbued Belle 's voice with a mature , `` womanly quality '' despite the character 's young age . Woolverton appreciated the fact that O'Hara sounded more mature than traditional Disney heroines . Additionally , O'Hara identified with her character because they were both ostracized by their peers throughout their childhood because of their unconventional interests , explaining , `` I was odd growing up myself . I mean , I was into musical theater and Gershwin and Rodgers and Hammerstein while people were going to Led Zeppelin concerts . So I understood that ... I was n't the norm either . I was very focused on my career , on my performing all through my childhood and my teens ... I had a one - track mind , and I think that Belle was like that a lot . '' O'Hara also shares Belle 's interest in reading . Wise was pleased with the quality of O'Hara's voice , which reminded him of Garland . O'Hara initially found it challenging to control her speaking volume due to having been trained to project as a stage actress . O'Hara told The Guardian that to solve this she `` softened and used the microphone . '' As per the filmmakers ' encouragement , the actress would occasionally ad - lib her own dialogue , none was included in the final film because it sounded `` too modern '' . The animators would videotape O'Hara daily while she recorded to incorporate her `` quirky '' mannerisms , expressions and gestures into the character , among them her hair constantly falling into her eyes . O'Hara and American actor Robby Benson , who provides the voice of the Beast , asked Disney to allow the co-stars to record together as opposed to the traditional method of being isolated in a recording booth , to which the studio agreed despite its costliness . O'Hara credited the filmmaker 's decision with developing both the film and Belle and the Beast 's relationship . O'Hara and Benson became the first Disney voice actors to record together . In total , the recording process took over two years to complete . O'Hara had already been friends with co-star Richard White , who voices Gaston , for 15 years . Despite her successful stage career , O'Hara was virtually unknown to Hollywood audiences when she was cast in Beauty and the Beast ; she was one of the last obscure actresses to be cast in a feature - length Disney animated film before the studio began casting better known talent in subsequent animated projects . Since the November 1991 release of Beauty and the Beast , O'Hara has returned to The Walt Disney Company on several occasions to voice Belle in a variety of media and merchandise , including its direct - to - video sequels Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) , Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) and Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) , as well as various video game releases such as the Kingdom Hearts series and several audio and video recordings associated with the Disney Princess franchise . Additionally , O'Hara was hired by Disney to perform the song `` Belle '' at the 64th Academy Awards in 1992 . O'Hara has referred to the studio as her `` main employer for 20 years '' . In 2011 , O'Hara was officially replaced by actress Julie Nathanson , who first voiced Belle in the video game Kinect Disneyland Adventures ( 2011 ) . O'Hara revealed to the Las Vegas Review - Journal that news of the replacement greatly upset her to the point of which she was willing to re-record much of Belle 's dialogue in an attempt to prove to the company that she is still capable of voicing the character . However , O'Hara eventually admitted that she found the process quite difficult as a result of the way in which her voice has changed over the course of 20 years . In July 2017 , it was announced that O'Hara would return as the voice of Belle in the 2018 film Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 . Personality ( edit ) According to producer Don Hahn , Beaumont 's Belle is an `` incredibly passive '' character , the personality of whom he likened to those of Sleeping Beauty and Cinderella , as well as American actress and animal rights activist Doris Day , describing them as women who are `` capable , but filling a role that women might fill in the 1950s and 1960s . '' The filmmakers painstakingly reworked Belle into a more three - dimensional character by providing her with goals and aspirations beyond romance and marriage , while expanding her passive role into that of a more inquisitive heroine . Determined to have Belle resemble `` an unusual Disney heroine , '' Woolverton deliberately molded her into an independent character who is not a princess , enjoys books and has little interest in marriage , and worked closely with Ashman to create a proactive heroine `` who was a thinker and a reader and she was n't about what she looked like and she was n't a victim . '' Although Belle being well - read is mentioned in the original fairy tale , it is hardly important to its plot . Thus , Belle 's passion for reading was vastly expanded upon , borrowing from both the Little Woman character Jo March and Woolverton 's own love of reading to further demonstrate the character 's intelligence and open mind . Both Woolverton and O'Hara encouraged the filmmakers to emphasize the intelligent and book - loving aspects of Belle 's personality . However , at times the animators struggled to fulfill Woolverton 's vision . Originally , Belle was depicted constantly crying throughout her imprisonment ; Woolverton resented this , arguing that the character was much more likely to be either searching for an escape or simply `` be intrigued that she was living in an enchanted castle '' than crying . `` Once everybody realized she was n't going to be this typical Disney female , they would go to the extreme ... She became bitchy '' ; the screenwriter argued that Belle would be `` too smart '' to act this way . A few years older than The Little Mermaid 's Ariel , Belles ' love of reading makes the character more worldly and mature than her predecessor . Belle is believed by Henn to be `` probably '' the oldest of Disney 's princesses , at 20 years of age . Design and animation ( edit ) British actress Vivien Leigh was one among several Hollywood screen legends whose appearance provided inspiration for Belle 's . Beauty and the Beast became the first animated film to fully credit each animator responsible for animating a specific character during the film 's closing credits . Belle 's supervising animators were James Baxter and Mark Henn . Belle was Henn 's second Disney heroine , after he had previously contributed to animating Ariel . Henn was specifically assigned certain scenes to animate from the studio 's Florida division , namely the character exploring the West Wing , the scene in which Belle tends to the Beast 's wounds , and the `` Something There '' musical sequence . Having since animated Jasmine in Aladdin ( 1992 ) , Mulan in Mulan ( 1998 ) and Tiana in The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) , Henn has established himself `` as the go - to man behind many Disney princesses . '' To demonstrate that the character is not perfect , Woolverton described `` a little wisp of hair that keeps falling in her face , '' which was the only direction she used to describe Belle 's physical appearance . Wanting Belle to be significantly different and more European in appearance than Ariel , the animators drew her with fuller lips , narrower eyes and darker eyebrows , which were inspired by the facial features of British actresses Vivien Leigh and Audrey Hepburn . More statuesque than most Disney princesses , Belle 's appearance was inspired by that of American actress Jennie Garth . The animators also used photographs of Hollywood actresses Natalie Wood , Elizabeth Taylor and Grace Kelly for reference . Baxter studied the art of French impressionist Edgar Degas , a painter known for his portraits of ballerinas , whose work inspired the animator to incorporate `` graceful , swan - like movements '' into Belle 's performance . Belle 's yellow ballgown was inspired by a similar costume Hepburn had worn in the film Roman Holiday ( 1953 ) . Hahn and a team of male filmmakers designed the ballgown while consuming pizza and alcohol . Originally , the marketing department ordered that Belles ' dress be pink to cater to the female audience , but art director Brian McEntee convinced studio to make the dress gold in order to make her to distinguish her from other Disney Princess , specifically Aurora 's from Sleeping Beauty ( 1950 ) . Art director Brian McEntee suggested that Belle be the only character in her village to wear blue in order emphasize the fact that she is different and an outcast . The colors Belle wears also mimic her emotions , blue being associated with sadness and loneliness . Blue was also used to symbolize good , while Gaston 's red represented evil . According to the Directory of World Cinema : American Hollywood by Lincoln Geraghty , Belle was inspired by actress Judy Garland 's role as Dorothy Gale in The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) and Julie Andrews ' performance as Maria von Trapp in The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) . Actress and model Sherri Stoner served as the performance model for Belle , providing live - action reference for the animators as they drew the character . Belle 's tendency to constantly brush her hair away from her face was also inspired by both Stoner and O'Hara . `` I was constantly doing that and little quirky things that they would catch , '' O'Hara told The Guardian . The animators also incorporated O'Hara's eyes , cheekbones and the way in which she raises her eyebrow into Belle 's face . O'Hara felt that Belle originally looked `` too perfect , '' likening the character 's appearance to actresses Elizabeth Taylor and Angelina Jolie . Writing for the Los Angeles Times , Charles Solomon observed inconsistencies in Belle 's appearance , writing , `` The prettiest and liveliest Belle waltzes with Beast in his marble ballroom and weeps over his body before he 's transformed into the Prince '' while `` The Belle who receives the library from Beast has wider - set eyes and a more prominent mouth than the noticeably slimmer Belle who sings ' Something There ' '' . Characterization and themes ( edit ) Woolverton created Belle as part of `` her self - directed mandate to move women and girls forward . '' The Express - Times described the character as an intelligent young woman who `` sings songs about reading and wanting to gain knowledge , rather than falling in love . '' Woolverton credits Belle 's knowledge and love of books with providing the character with a `` point of view of her life and that does n't necessarily involve a man getting her there . '' One of the film 's main themes , Belle is considered an outsider because her love of reading provides her with knowledge of the outside world as opposed to her `` narrow - minded '' village peers . Writing for Wired.com , Matt Blum dubbed Belle `` the geekiest heroine of any Disney animated film '' , exemplified by an opening number that demonstrates just how much she does not fit in with her peers due to her intelligence and active imagination . Similarly , Boxoffice 's Amy Nicholson coined the character `` Disney 's Smartest Heroine , '' while Rob Burch of The Hollywood News observed that the character `` comes across as arrogant at times '' because she `` spends much of the first act complaining . '' In her book Sex , Love and Abuse : Discourses on Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault , author Sharon Hayes described Belle as `` the quintessential beautiful young ingenue . '' Comparing Belle 's personality to that of the princess in the Brothers Grimm 's fairy tale `` The Frog Prince '' , The Meanings of `` Beauty and the Beast '' : A Handbook author Jerry Griswold described the character as a similarly `` feisty and outspoken '' heroine . Writing for St. Francis Xavier University , Dawn Elizabeth England observed that Belle possesses equally as many traditionally feminine as she does masculine traits , citing her bravery , independence and assertiveness as masculine , and her sensitivity and fearfulness as feminine . According to Hard Bodies : Hollywood Masculinity in the Reagan Era author Susan Jeffords , `` Belle 's credentials as heroine are established ... when she is the only one of the town 's single women not to swoon over Gaston , '' while the character 's love of reading is essentially manipulated `` to mark her as better than the rest of the townspeople . '' Writing for The Statesman , David O'Connor cited Belle 's intelligence and bibliophilia as `` in stark opposition to the insensitive and significantly dim - witted Gaston . '' Critics continue to debate over whether Belle or the Beast is the film 's protagonist . Susan Jeffords , author of Hard Bodies : Hollywood Masculinity in the Reagan Era , felt that although Belle appears to be the protagonist in Beaumont 's original fairy tale , the character becomes `` less the focus of the narrative '' in Disney 's adaptation and more of a `` mechanism for solving the Beast 's ' dilemma ' . '' In her article `` The Tangled Evolution of the Disney Princess '' , Noelle Buffam felt that Belle arrived just in time when Disney 's heroines were `` in a dire need for some change , '' awarding her `` the red stamp of approval '' for her intelligence and spirit . Analyzing ways in which Disney 's heroines have evolved overtime due to `` the approach to the characterization of the princesses chang ( ing ) '' as the characters gradually transformed from passive young women into heroines who `` had ambitions and desires aside from finding true love , '' critics often divide the Disney Princesses into three separate categories and rank Belle among the middle of the timeline , with Kit Steinkellner of HelloGiggles observing that the character improved upon `` the Disney princess archetype '' by simultaneously serving as both a `` dreamer '' and a `` doer '' in her film , as opposed to exclusively the former . Film historian Paula Sigman Lowery explained to the Daily Express that Belle 's personality is a combination of Ariel 's spirit and burgeoning independence , and Pocahontas ' maturity , while Belle is `` a little older ( than Ariel ) and a little further along in their journey towards independence . '' About.com 's David Nusair believes that Belle belongs to a category of Disney Princesses known as `` The Lady Vanishes , '' in which the heroines , in spite of being brave , outspoken and independent , nonetheless `` are forced to behave passively as others help them achieve their respective goals . '' Michelle Munro , writing for Durham College of Applied Arts and Technology , felt that even though Belle shares several traits with her more passive predecessors , the character introduced `` new possibilities for princesses . '' Girls in Capes wrote that Belle pioneered a generation of princesses who taught `` about ambition , self - discovery and the pursuit of what we want . '' Additionally , Belle remains Disney 's first and only princess to have hazel eyes . Appearances ( edit ) Film and television ( edit ) Belle debuted in Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) as a beautiful bibliophile who , although praised by her fellow villagers for her unrivaled beauty , is at the same time ridiculed for her intelligence and non-conformity . Having grown weary of her uneventful provincial life , in which she is relentlessly romantically pursued by an arrogant hunter named Gaston , Belle longs for adventure . After her father 's horse returns without its rider , she willingly ventures into the woods in search of her father . She persuades the Beast that she will trade her own freedom in return for her father 's , since her father is ill in the dungeon , promising to remain with the Beast in his castle among his staff of enchanted objects forever . Belle 's curiosity leads her to the forbidden west wing where she discovers an enchanted rose without realizing that it is tied to the Beast 's fate ; and the Beast 's rage at her trespassing causes her to flee the castle on horseback . Belle is pursued by wolves in the woods but they are driven off by the Beast , afterwards Belle helps the injured Beast back to the castle and nurses him back to health . Although she initially dislikes her captor , Belle gradually learns to accept the Beast in spite of his appearance and eventually befriends him . Belle and the Beast 's strong bond greatly envies Gaston to the point of which he storms the castle and mortally wounds the Beast , though Gaston falls to his own death in the process . However , Belle confesses her love for the Beast just in time to break the spell under which he had been placed by an enchantress as punishment for his selfish ways , and the Beast ultimately transforms back into a handsome prince . In Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) , Belle attempts to reignite the castle 's waning spirit by reintroducing and celebrating Christmas , in spite of the Beast 's strong resentment towards the holiday . Meanwhile , a solemn pipe organ named Forte grows determined to sabotage Belle and the Beast 's burgeoning friendship because he longs to maintain his co-dependent relationship with his master . Tricked by Forte into retrieving a large Christmas tree from a frozen pond , Belle nearly drowns , only to be rescued by the Beast . The Beast , however , having been misinformed by Forte , wrongly accuses Belle of trying to escape again , and locks her in the dungeon as punishment . When the Beast finally discovers the truth , they forgive each other , and Belle helps him thwart Forte 's plan to destroy the castle . Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) , depicts Belle as she interacts with both the Beast and his enchanted servants in various segments , exploring themes such as forgiveness , friendship , cooperation and respect . In Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) , a spin - off of the film series , Belle owns a bookstore in which she teaches valuable lessons to children by reading and retelling well - known stories and fairy tales , narrating four classic Disney animated shorts : The Three Little Pigs ( 1933 ) , Peter and the Wolf ( 1946 ) , The Wise Little Hen ( 1934 ) and Morris the Midget Moose ( 1950 ) . For the first time , Belle appears as both animated and live - action versions of herself , voiced and portrayed by actresses Paige O'Hara and Lyndsey McLeod , respectively . In the television series Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) , Belle , in a role reprised by McLeod , owns her own music and bookshop , where she is visited by children to whom she tells and sings stories . Belle appeared in the animated television series Disney 's House of Mouse and its direct - to - video films Mickey 's Magical Christmas : Snowed in at the House of Mouse and Mickey 's House of Villains . In the television series , Belle is voiced by American actress and singer Jodi Benson , while O'Hara reprises her role in the film . A live - action version of Belle appears as a main character in the ABC television series Once Upon a Time , where she serves as the love interest of Rumplestiltskin ( who is the show 's version of the Beast ) . She is portrayed by Australian actress Emilie de Ravin . Another live - action version of the character appeared in the 2015 television film Descendants , where she was played by Keegan Connor Tracy ( who is also a cast member on Once Upon a Time , except she plays The Blue Fairy / Mother Superior in the series ) and serves as the Queen of the United States of Auradon . The series Sofia the First included a cameo by Belle in a 2013 episode . British actress Amy Jackson who portrayed as Belle opposite Indian actor Vikram , who being portrayed as Beast for sequences in a dreamy song `` Ennodu Nee Irundhal '' in the 2015 Tamil language romantic thriller `` I '' . The original prosthetic make - up for the characters were provided by Sean Foot ( Shaun ) and Davina Lamont and additional works were done by National Film Award winners -- Christien Tinsley and Dominie Till . Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 live action film ) ( edit ) English actress Emma Watson portrays Belle in the 2017 live - action version of the film . In January 2015 , English actress Emma Watson announced that she will be portraying Belle in a live - action adaptation of the film , which was released in 2017 . Beauty and the Beast is the first of the Disney remakes in which an A-list actress portrays a Disney princess , as all previous Disney live - action adaptations used then - unknowns . As a feminist and model , Watson suggested several changes to the character in the live - action film . For costume design Watson rejected the traditional `` big princess dress '' and corset for the golden gown as that would have reduced her mobility , with the gown seen as crucial for marketing the film , while for the village scenes she requested boots instead of ballet slippers to give the character more ruggednes . Nonetheless Belle 's attire in the live - action remake largely stays true to its animated predecessor . Thanks to Watson 's influence , Belle is not only a bookworm but also an inventor like her father - she uses her inventions for everyday chores such as laundry , which in turn provides her with time to pursue her passion for reading . It is also revealed that Belle 's mother died of a disease plague during Belle 's infancy , consequently Maurice is somewhat overprotective of Belle and does not allow her to leave the village . For instance , Maurice creates `` music boxes playing tunes from faraway places , in a bid to sate her thirst for exploration '' , as he is unwilling to let Belle be adventurous due to her mother 's death , although Belle harbors no hard feelings about this . Watson 's portrayal of Belle won her the MTV Movie Award for Best Performance at the 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards . Broadway musical ( edit ) Belle appeared in the Broadway musical adaptation of Beauty and the Beast . The role was originated by actress Susan Egan , who was initially reluctant to audition for Beauty and the Beast because she `` thought it was a terrible idea for Disney to put a cartoon on Broadway . '' However , her agent managed to convince her otherwise , and Egan ultimately turned down callbacks for roles in the musicals My Fair Lady , Carousel and Grease in favor of starring as Belle in Beauty and the Beast because she had always wanted to originate a Broadway role . Egan had never watched Beauty and the Beast prior to her audition , relying solely on `` her own creative instincts '' instead . Egan 's performance earned her a Tony Award nomination for Best Actress in a Musical at the 48th Tony Awards . A total of seventeen actresses have portrayed Belle in the Broadway musical , among them recording artists Debbie Gibson and Toni Braxton , The Sopranos ' Jamie - Lynn Sigler , and Disney Channel alumnae Christy Carlson Romano and Anneliese van der Pol , the latter of whom became Broadway 's final Belle when the show ended its thirteen - year - long run in 2007 . Actress Sarah Litzsinger remains Broadway 's longest - running Belle . A best - selling R&B singer , Braxton made her Broadway debut when she was cast as Belle in 1998 , turning down actress Halle Berry 's role in the film Why Do Fools Fall In Love ( 1998 ) . Braxton 's desire to pursue an acting career stemmed from a series of conflicts with the singer 's record label at the time , in turn making her the only African American to portray Belle in the show 's history . Belle 's ballad `` A Change in Me '' was written by songwriters Alan Menken and Tim Rice specifically for Braxton . However , the song was ultimately so well - received that it has been included in the musical ever since . During her tenure as Belle , Braxton was stalked by an `` obsessed fan . '' The stalker had reportedly `` bombarded '' Braxton with threatening e-mails and letters . Several measures were taken to ensure the singer 's safety , including forcing Braxton to dress in full disguise when traveling to and from the theatre in addition to reducing her total number of weekly performances from eight to seven . The stalker was eventually arrested and charged with `` aggravated harassment . '' Miscellaneous ( edit ) Belle along with Beast and Chip appeared at the 64th Academy Awards as presenters for Best Animated Short Feature . She also makes a brief cameo appearance in Disney 's 34th animated feature film The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) during the `` Out There '' musical sequence . She was featured as one of the seven Princesses of Heart in the Kingdom Hearts video game series . Belle was also the main character in various comic books based on the film , including one set during Belle 's stay at the castle published by Marvel Comics , and a prequel set several years before the film distributed by Disney Comics . In the former , the storylines generally have the servants trying to coax Belle into doing something with the Beast , only for it to backfire and nearly ruin their friendship before they make up . In the latter serial , Belle ends up locked up in a cellar by village children after reluctantly playing pirates with them , and later nearly goes down the path leading to Beast 's castle . The latter serial also implies that she holds misandric views and refuses to associate herself with the village children , especially the males , due to their not being as well - versed in literature as she . Belle and the other characters from the first movie appear in the stage show , Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage at Disney 's Hollywood Studios , Walt Disney World . Belle appears in a meet - and - greet attraction at Magic Kingdom 's Fantasyland called Enchanted Tales with Belle . In season 18 of Dancing With the Stars , Danica McKellar played Belle while performing a Quickstep on a Disney themed episode . Ginger Zee and Edyta Śliwińska also both portrayed Belle while performing a Foxtrot and Waltz respectively during the Disney night episode of the 22nd season of Dancing with the Stars . Emma Slater then played Belle while dancing a Foxtrot during the Disney theme night of the show 's 24th season . Belle , alongside other Disney Princesses , is set to cameo in the film Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 , as was announced at the 2017 D23 Expo , with Paige O'Hara returning to the role after seven years . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Belle has garnered widespread acclaim from film critics , several of whom voiced their preference for the character over her predecessor , Ariel from The Little Mermaid . Hal Hinson of The Washington Post described Belle as a `` compelling '' character who is `` more mature , more womanly and less blandly asexual '' than Ariel , as well as `` a more worldly girl '' , describing her as `` a bookworm , with gumption and a mind of her own . '' Similarly comparing Belle to Ariel , John Hartl of The Seattle Times wrote that , in Beauty and the Beast , `` there 's rarely a sense of deja vu , perhaps because the heroine is so different from ' Mermaid 's ' dependent Ariel , and her dilemma is more poignant , '' while Boxoffice scribed , `` Undoubtedly in response to criticism that the cute little ' Mermaid ' Ariel was nothing more than a precocious sexpot , the idea - people behind this beauty -- aptly named Belle ... chose to make her an icon of self - reliance and a voracious reader with a curiosity and love for everything around her . '' Jennie Punter of The Globe and Mail extolled Belle as a `` smart , courageous ... ' take - charge kind of gal ' , '' while crowning her the `` main attraction of Beauty and the Beast . '' Emma Cochrane of Empire hailed Belle as `` a feminist heroine who ( is ) more rounded than previous Disney characters '' , while Paste 's Annlee Ellingson similarly enjoyed the character 's `` feminist kick . '' Stephen Hunter of The Baltimore Sun wrote that `` Belle ... is no passive fairy tale princess , but a real live girl , with a spunky personality and her own private agenda . '' TV Guide wrote that `` The familiar narrative is strengthened by the independent , self - assured character of Belle , '' concluding , `` Unlike Disney heroines from Snow White through Ariel , Belle is smart , knows what she wants , and does n't spend her time pining away for the love of a handsome prince . '' Marc Bernardin of Entertainment Weekly praised Belle 's heroism , dubbing her `` the hero '' of Beauty and the Beast , while Entertainment Weekly 's Christian Blauvelt opined , `` Unlike previous Disney heroines who needed to be rescued by a prince themselves , Belle not only saves the Beast 's life , she saves his soul . '' TLC 's Vicki Arkoff received Belle as a `` smart '' and `` sharp - tongued '' heroine , crediting the character for `` break ( ing ) Disney 's passive - princess mold . '' About.com 's David Nusair described Belle as an `` admirable '' heroine . AllMovie 's Don Kaye and Perry Seibert echoed each other 's reviews of the character , with Kaye describing both Belle and the Beast as `` three - dimensional ... complex individuals who defy stereotyping and change over the course of the story , '' and Seibert calling Belle a `` strong female character '' who `` sidesteps most of the clichés surrounding Disney heroines . '' Common Sense Media hailed Belle as `` one of Disney 's smartest , most independent heroines . '' Meanwhile , Belle 's relationship with the Beast has also been met with positive reviews . About. com 's David Nusair wrote that `` the palpable chemistry between Belle and The Beast ensur ( es ) that Beauty and the Beast lives up to its reputation as one of the most memorable romances of all time . '' Describing it as an `` unconventional romance , '' Charles Solomon of the Los Angeles Times opined , `` The idea of a young woman learning to love a gentle heart hidden beneath a baleful exterior represented a major break with tradition . '' Likewise , critics enjoyed O'Hara's performance . According to Variety , Belle was `` magnificently voiced by O'Hara . '' The Star - Ledger 's Stephen Whitty enjoyed O'Hara's `` pretty soprano . '' John Hartl of The Seattle Times wrote , `` O'Hara does a spirited job of investing the character with warmth , intuition and maturity , '' while the Sun - Sentinel 's Candice Russel felt that O'Hara `` does a good job of creating Belle as intellectual , wisely feminine and disarmed by the stirrings of her heart . '' According to the Young Writers Society , Belle remains the best - reviewed Disney Princess to - date . One of the character 's few negative reviews was written by Ethan Alter of Television Without Pity , who opined : ( T ) he movie ... present ( ed ) audiences with a willful female protagonist that was firmly in control of her romantic destiny and regularly placed reading books above chasing after boys . And it 's true that in that respect at least , Belle stood in stark contrast to past Disney heroines ... Still , the filmmakers did n't do the character any favors by swapping out that boy crazy trait for a pronounced maternalistic streak that comes across as a little creepy . Besides being utterly devoted to her father , Belle 's relationship with the Beast possesses a distinctly mother / toddler dynamic ... Their romance also lacks spark because -- due to the fundamental set - up of the narrative ... it 's always clear that he needs her far more than she needs him . Particularly when compared to some of the dynamic animated heroines that came after her ... today Belle ca n't help but seem ... bland . -- Television Without Pity 's Ethan Alter 's mixed analysis of Belle . Feminist analysis ( edit ) Jezebel determined that Belle `` is often held up as the standard of the ' feminist ' Disney princess . '' According to Tales , Then and Now : More Folktales as Literary Fictions for Young Adults author Anna E. Altmann , Disney heavily promoted Beauty and the Beast as `` a feminist fairy tale '' due to Belle 's characterization and role in the film . In his book Hearing a Film , Seeing a Sermon : Preaching and Popular Movies , author Timothy B. Cargal agreed that the character indicated `` Disney 's ... continued efforts to reshape their heroines for a more feminist age . '' According to Girl Culture : An Encyclopedia author Claudia Mitchell , Belle 's feminism was influenced by third - wave feminism and the relatively new concept of girl power during the 1990s . Feminist critics have been generally mixed in their analyses of Belle , arguing over whether or not the character is in fact `` feminist enough . '' Although Beauty and the Beast was initially lauded upon release for starring a `` forward thinking and feminist '' heroine , critics tend to agree that , in spite of Belle 's independence and resentment towards Gaston , Beauty and the Beast essentially remains a romance about a girl who finally `` meets her ideal man . '' Acknowledging that Belle `` represented significant change from ( her ) sweet , mop - wielding predecessors , '' Twilight and History author Nancy Reagin observed that `` the end result of fulfillment through marriage has been maintained . '' Kathleen Maher of The Austin Chronicle cited Belle as an example of `` pseudo-feminism '' because she rejects one man , Gaston , in favor of another , a prince . While commending Belle for `` seeing past the beast 's appearance , '' Judith Welikala of The Independent in the end accused the character of `` melting back into the role of wife when he turns back into a handsome prince . '' Fairy Tale author Andrew Teverson referred to Belle as Disney 's attempt to address `` feminist criticism of its representation of women in earlier films , '' but ultimately criticized the character 's curiosity for `` extend ( ing ) only to romance , '' additionally accusing her of being `` a zealous individualist with a pathological hostility to common men and women . '' Meanwhile , Stylist ranked Belle among the most feminist Disney characters , describing her as an `` incredibly intelligent '' woman who `` does n't stand for a man who considers her as just a piece of meat ... she wants someone who loves her for her mind too . '' Acknowledging the character 's `` feminist longings , '' Daniel Eagen , author of America 's Film Legacy : The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry , cited Belle as Disney 's `` modern - day corrective to Snow White . '' Beyond Adaptation : Essays on Radical Transformations of Original Works author Phyllis Frus wrote that , initially , Beauty and the Beast does not seem `` remotely feminist . '' However , the author did acknowledge Belle as `` an appealing character with a noticeable feminist streak , '' but in the end criticized Disney 's Consumer Products of reversing what the film had nearly accomplished by inducting the character into the Disney Princess franchise . In Refinery29 's `` Definitive Ranking Of Disney Princesses As Feminist Role Models , '' author Vanessa Golembewski ranked the character eighth but described her personality and ambitions as `` confusing . '' Complex 's Tara Aquino described Belle as `` a kinda feminist ... who 's well - read , self - sufficient , and with standards high enough that she does n't fall for the town 's brain - dead pretty boy . '' Commentators have generally reacted more cynically towards Belle 's relationship with the film 's male characters , particularly the Beast , questioning its morality . Writing for the University of Central Florida , Faith Dickens felt that after Belle 's introduction , the character becomes little more than `` a vehicle for exploring the Beast 's dilemmas , '' while her initial pining for adventure is replaced by romance . Dickens went on to criticize the fact that while Belle appears to be `` perfect the way she is , '' the Beast `` need ( s ) to be reformed . '' Anna E. Altmann , author of Tales , Then and Now : More Folktales as Literary Fictions for Young Adults , disliked the fact that Belle appears to share a motherly relationship with both the Beast and Maurice . Altman also panned the fact that Belle 's interest in reading appears to be limited to fairy tales , ultimately dismissing the character as little more than `` a feisty North American version of '' Beaumont 's heroine . Orange Coast writer Henry A. Giroux felt that Belle serves as little more than `` a prop for resolving the Beast 's problems . '' Sonia Saraiya of Nerve ranked Belle the sixth most feminist Disney Princess , writing that , unlike Ariel , `` Belle 's sass does n't come from teenage rebellion , but rather from intellectual acuity . '' Saraiya commended Belle for resisting `` her village 's expectations of what her life should look like , '' crediting her with being `` the first princess to express some skepticism about married life . '' While calling Belle 's sacrifice `` brave , '' the author also labeled it `` not much of a step for womankind , '' in the end accusing her of falling `` for a domineering man . '' Similarly , Kit Steinkellner of HelloGiggles expressed concern over the `` abusive undercurrents running through Belle and Beast 's relationship . '' Meanwhile , Bustle 's Mary Grace Garis also commended Belle 's aspirations and love of reading , but criticized her relationship with the Beast , concluding , `` Though the ' 90s showed a move toward princesses wanting to buck conventions and free themselves from their fathers ( or the town misogynist ) the endgame is the still the same , elaborating , `` When the movie ends , they 're still solidly with a man , their dreams of adventure abandoned . Therefore , the Disney renaissance is characterized more by theoretical want of adventure rather than a genuine pursuit . '' Impact and Legacy ( edit ) Dubbed an `` iconoclast '' by Boxoffice , Belle continues to garner media recognition for her role in Beauty and the Beast . Established as a cultural icon , the character maintains the distinction of being Disney 's first feminist princess . Commentators believe that the character 's role in Beauty and the Beast as one of Disney 's first strong female characters is responsible for changing the way in which women would be depicted in subsequent animated films . According to Kevin Fallon of The Daily Beast , `` being a Disney princess meant singing songs about how much you love combing your hair with a fork and giving away your voice if it meant you got to marry the guy with that dreamy chiseled jaw '' prior to Belle 's arrival . The Los Angeles Times ' Charles Solomon ranked Belle among the four Disney Princesses responsible for breaking `` the bonds of convention . '' About.com 's David Nusair agreed that Belle successfully `` updated the princess formula for an entirely new generation . '' The Atlantic 's Lindsay Lowe echoed Nusair 's sentiment , citing Belle as the character responsible for ending Disney 's `` history of ... docile heroines . '' The Daily Campus ' Cathy Schmidt recognized Belle and Ariel as `` the beginnings of the more modern Disney princesses . '' Writing for Virgin Media , Limara Salt believes that the character `` proved that audiences could fall in love with a brown - haired intellectual . '' A survey conducted by Disney after the film 's release determined that Belle 's love of books inspired young women to read . Justin Humphreys of The Hook expressed , `` Belle remains a most successful princess because people can relate '' to her . Elina Bolokhova of Parenting believes that Belle 's `` bravery and independence helped redefine the meaning of a Disney princess . '' According to Justine McGrath of Teen Vogue , Belle has `` become one of the most popular classic Disney princesses of all time . '' Commending her intelligence and lack of vanity , the character was placed at number one on E ! 's ranking of the Disney Princesses , while Cosmopolitan ranked her fourth . In the magazine 's `` Definitive Ranking Of Disney Princesses '' , Seventeen ranked Belle fifth . Similarly , BuzzFeed also ranked the character fifth , praising her love of reading . A reader poll conducted by BuzzFeed also determined that Belle is the most popular Disney Princess , having garnered 18 % of votes . Belle is the fifth most successful Disney Princess in terms of box office revenue , with Beauty and the Beast having grossed over $350 million . However , Belle was the lowest - selling Disney Princess on eBay in 2013 , with sales of less than $7,000 despite the fact that she is often cited as a customer favorite . `` As Disney heroines go , Belle was an iconoclast . Her strong - willed , independent personality feels invigorating in a medium where most damsels are in distress . That was definitely true 20 years ago when Beauty was released , and it 's still half - true today . '' -- Boxoffice 's Todd Gilchrist explaining the way in which Belle altered Disney heroines for the 20th and 21st centuries . Belle is considered to be among Disney 's most beloved animated heroines . According to Scott Huver of People , the character 's `` popularity remains a force to be reckoned with '' even 25 years after the film 's release . Belle was the only animated heroine nominated for the American Film Institute 's greatest heroes in film ranking ; only eight women were included on the final list . CNN ranked Belle among `` Merida and other animated heroines '' , a list recognizing some of Disney 's greatest heroines . According to the Daily Mirror , Belle is Disney 's second most iconic character , behind only Mickey and Minnie Mouse , describing her as a `` portrait of bravery , teaching us to look beyond appearances and stand up for what we believe in . '' Meanwhile , PopMatters ranked Belle Disney 's second best hero . Considered to be both a sex symbol and fashion icon , Belle has garnered accolades for both her appearance and costumes . The character was ranked 64th on UGO 's list of the most attractive female cartoon characters , while being ranked 14th on Complex 's `` 25 Hottest Cartoon Women of All Time '' . E ! ranked Belle the second best - dressed Disney Princess , crowning her `` the most couture of all the Disney princesses . '' Author Emily Popp went on to praise the character 's ballgown for being `` off the Oscar de la Renta runway , '' while Vogue included it among the `` Most Famous Dresses '' , with author Sarah Karmali dubbing it `` One of the most instantly recognizable dresses in Disney history . '' Revered as iconic , the dress is currently among the most famous in film history 25 years after its debut . Belle appeared on BuzzFeed 's `` Definitive Ranking Of 72 Disney Princess Outfits '' four times , ranking the character 's green , blue , pink and yellow dresses 51st , 37th , 31st and 15th , respectively . Similarly , Belle 's blue , pink , yellow and green costumes were ranked 18th , 10th , ninth and fourth by Official Disney Blogs , whose author believes that the character 's ballgown `` went down in the history books . '' Belle appeared on Stylist 's list of the `` Best beauty looks in Disney '' twice , both for the character 's hairstyles . Entertainment Weekly ranked Belle 's hair fifth in the magazine 's `` Disney Princesses : Ranking Their Hairdos -- and Don'ts ! '' Belle helped establish Woolverton as a `` legendary screenwriter '' ; the writer continues to be commended for her dedication to creating strong female characters ; ever since Belle , the majority of Woolverton 's female characters have been headstrong , independent women , namely Nala in The Lion King ( 1994 ) , Mulan in Mulan ( 1998 ) , Alice in Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) and Maleficent in Maleficent ( 2014 ) . Susan Wloszczyna of Indiewire wrote that `` Woolverton set a new standard for fully fleshed - out fairy - tale heroines ... with Belle '' , in turn paving the way for The Hunger Games ' Katniss Everdeen , and Frozen 's Anna and Elsa ( 2013 ) . Woolverton remains protective of Belle , explaining , `` ( she ) was my first - born child , so there 's a little bit of possessiveness , which really I had to let it go '' . Beauty and the Beast , Belle performs the film 's opening number , `` Belle '' , which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 64th Academy Awards in 1992 . In 1998 , O'Hara was nominated for an Annie Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting by a Female Performer in an Animated Feature Production for reprising her role as Belle in the second of Beauty and the Beast 's three direct - to - video sequels , Belle 's Magical World . To commemorate her work on Beauty and the Beast and various contributions to Disney , O'Hara was honored with a Disney Legends award on August 19 , 2011 . Disney hired Spanish actress Penélope Cruz to pose as Belle in photographer Annie Leibovitz 's Disney Dream Portrait Series , while actor Jeff Bridges posed as the Beast . 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Belle on IMDb Belle at Disney.com Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Disney Princess Snow White Cinderella Aurora Ariel Belle Jasmine Pocahontas Mulan Tiana Rapunzel Merida Films Featured Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Cinderella Sleeping Beauty The Little Mermaid Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Pocahontas Mulan The Princess and the Frog Tangled Brave Sequels The Return of Jafar Aladdin and the King of Thieves Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea Cinderella II : Dreams Come True Cinderella III : A Twist in Time Mulan II Tangled : Before Ever After Prequels Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Magical World The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning Shorts Tangled Ever After The Legend of Mor'du Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams ( DTV 2 shorts ) Live - action Maleficent Cinderella Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Television The Little Mermaid Aladdin Sing Me a Story with Belle Tangled : The Series Albums Disney 's Princess Favorites Disney Princess : The Ultimate Song Collection Disney Princess Tea Party Ultimate Disney Princess Related If You Can Dream Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Sofia the First Disney Princess : Enchanted Journey Kingdom Hearts Disney Princess : My Fairytale Adventure Once Upon a Time Disney 's Descendants Elena of Avalor The 7D Elena and the Secret of Avalor List of Disney Princess firsts MusicBrainz : 2e56f4a1 - 5871 - 47d3 - 8029 - 7f22c9aa1e7d Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belle_(Disney)&oldid=809061725 '' Categories : Disney Princess characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast characters Fictional characters introduced in 1991 Fictional French people Kingdom Hearts characters Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 CS1 Tamil - language sources ( ta ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from November 2015 Good articles Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 Português Русский Simple English Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 22 : 19 . 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when did the utah jazz change their colors			Utah Jazz	utah jazz	The Utah Jazz are an American professional basketball team based in Salt Lake City , Utah . The Jazz compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member club of the league 's Western Conference Northwest Division . Since 1991 , the team has played its home games at Vivint Smart Home Arena . The franchise began play in 1974 as the New Orleans Jazz ( as a tribute to New Orleans ' history of originating Jazz music ) , an expansion team based in New Orleans ; the Jazz moved to Salt Lake City in 1979 .	The Jazz were one of the least successful teams in the league in their early years . Although 10 seasons elapsed before the Jazz qualified for their first playoff appearance in 1984 , they did not miss the playoffs again until 2004 . During the late 1980s , John Stockton and Karl Malone arose as the franchise players for the team , and formed one of the most famed point guard -- power forward duos in NBA history . Led by coach Jerry Sloan , who took over from Frank Layden in 1988 , they became one of the powerhouse teams of the 1990s , culminating in two NBA Finals appearances in 1997 and 1998 , where they lost both times to the Chicago Bulls , led by Michael Jordan . Both Stockton and Malone moved on in 2003 . After missing the playoffs for three consecutive seasons the Jazz returned to prominence under the on - court leadership of point guard Deron Williams . However , partway through the 2010 -- 11 NBA season , the Jazz began restructuring after Sloan 's retirement and Williams ' trade to the New Jersey Nets . Quin Snyder was hired as head coach in June 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 1974 -- 1979 : Early years in New Orleans 1.2 Moving to Utah 1.3 1979 -- 1984 : Frank Layden era 1.4 1984 -- 2003 : Stockton and Malone era 1.4. 1 1988 -- 1990 : Arrival of Jerry Sloan 1.4. 2 1990 -- 1996 : Working toward championship contention 1.4. 3 1996 -- 1998 : Reaching the NBA Finals 1.4. 4 1998 -- 2003 : Final years of Stockton and Malone 1.5 2003 -- 2005 : Rebuilding 1.6 2005 -- 2010 : Williams and Boozer era 1.7 2010 -- 2013 : Millsap and Jefferson era 1.8 2013 -- 2017 : Hayward era and rebuilding 1.9 2017 -- present : Mitchell and Gobert era 2 Rivalries 3 Season records 4 Arenas 5 Mascot 6 Logos and uniforms 7 Players 7.1 Current roster 7.2 Retained draft rights 7.3 Retired numbers 7.4 Basketball Hall of Famers 7.5 Franchise leaders 7.6 Individual awards 7.7 NBA All - Star Weekend 8 Broadcasters 9 Head coaches 10 References 11 External links Franchise history ( edit ) 1974 -- 1979 : early years in new Orleans ( edit ) Pete Maravich played for the Jazz from 1974 to 1980 . On June 7 , 1974 , the New Orleans Jazz were admitted as an expansion franchise into the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Team officials selected the name because of its definition in the dictionary : collective improvisation . The team began its inaugural season in New Orleans in the 1974 -- 75 season . The team 's first major move was to trade for star player Pete Maravich ( who had played collegiately at LSU ) from the Atlanta Hawks for two first - round draft picks , three second - round picks and one third - round pick over the next three years . Although he was considered one of the most entertaining players in the league and won the scoring championship for the 1976 - 77 season with 31.1 points per game , the Jazz 's best record while in New Orleans was 39 -- 43 in the 1977 -- 78 season . Maravich struggled with knee injuries from that season onward . Venue issues were a continual problem for the team while it was based in New Orleans . In the Jazz 's first season , they played in the Municipal Auditorium and Loyola Field House , where the basketball court was raised so high that the NBA Players Association made the team put a net around the court to prevent players from falling off of the court and into the stands . Later , the Jazz played games in the cavernous Louisiana Superdome , but things were no better , becaus of high demand for the stadium , onerous lease terms and Maravich 's constant knee problems . They also faced the prospect of spending a whole month on the road each year because of New Orleans ' Mardi Gras festivities , similar to the long road trip faced by the San Antonio Spurs each season during their city 's rodeo . Years later , founding owner Sam Battistone claimed that there was no contingency plan in case the Jazz had ever qualified for the playoffs . However , the Superdome 's manager at the time , Bill Curl , said that the stadium 's management always submitted a list of potential playoff dates to the Jazz management , but these letters were never answered . After what turned out to be their final season in New Orleans , the Jazz were dealt a further humiliation when the Los Angeles Lakers selected Magic Johnson with the first overall pick in the 1979 NBA draft . The pick would have been the Jazz 's had they not traded it to acquire Gail Goodrich two years earlier . Also , the Jazz had given up the rights to Moses Malone in order to regain one of the three first - round picks used for the Goodrich trade ; the combination of Johnson and Malone blossoming into Hall of Famers and Goodrich 's ineffective , injury - ruined few years in New Orleans made this transaction one of the most lopsided in NBA history . Moving to Utah ( edit ) Despite being barely competitive , the Jazz drew well during their first five years . However , by 1979 the franchise was sinking financially . Barry Mendelson , the team 's executive vice president for most of the early years , said one factor in the financial trouble was an 11 - percent amusement tax , highest in the U.S. at the time . The team also could not attract much local corporate support -- an important factor even in those days -- or local investors . Battistone concluded that the franchise could not be viable in New Orleans and decided to move it . After scouting several new homes , he decided on Salt Lake City , even though it was a smaller market . Salt Lake City had previously been home to the Utah Stars of the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) from 1970 to 1976 . The Stars had been extremely popular in the city and had even won an ABA title in their first season after moving from Los Angeles . However , their finances collapsed in their last two seasons , and they were shut down by the league 16 games into the 1975 -- 76 season after missing payroll . Although Salt Lake City was not known for its jazz culture , the team decided to keep the name , as there was not enough time before the start of the 1979 -- 80 season to receive league approval for a name change . The Jazz also preserved the original Mardi Gras - themed colors : green , purple and gold . 1979 -- 1984 : Frank Layden era ( edit ) The Jazz 's attendance declined slightly after the team 's move from New Orleans to Utah , partly because of a late approval for the move ( June 1979 ) and also poor marketing in the Salt Lake City area . The team 's management made the first of several moves in 1979 , bringing high - scoring forward Adrian Dantley to Utah in exchange for Spencer Haywood . Dantley averaged 28 points per game during the 1979 -- 80 season , allowing the team to waive Pete Maravich early in the year . The team struggled to a 24 -- 58 mark , but was rewarded with the second overall pick in the 1980 NBA draft , which they used to pick Darrell Griffith of Louisville , another piece of the rebuilding puzzle . During the 1980 -- 81 NBA season , the Jazz struggled financially as well as on the court . Despite having perennial All - Star Dantley , 20 - point - per - game scorer Griffith and emerging point guard Rickey Green , the Jazz were still unable to get above . 500 , finishing 25 - 57 . Tom Nissalke departed as coach after the Jazz started the 1981 -- 82 season 8 -- 12 , and general manager Frank Layden replaced him . Layden 's coaching was not an improvement early on , as the Jazz went 17 -- 45 the rest of that season to finish 25 -- 57 . The 1982 NBA draft saw the Jazz pick Georgia 's Dominique Wilkins , though the team would have preferred either James Worthy or Terry Cummings , but those players went 1 - 2 to the Lakers and Clippers respectively . Utah had been confident that the Lakers would take Wilkins , which would have given them a shot at either of the other top forwards ( they favored Cummings over Worthy because Cummings had shown he could play both small and power forward ) . However , Utah was not aware that the Lakers had researched both Worthy and Wilkins and decided on Worthy out of concern about Wilkins ' perceived selfishness . Battistone 's continued financial problems , combined with Wilkins making it clear he did not want to play in Utah , resulted in the Jazz sending Wilkins to Atlanta in return for John Drew and Freeman Williams . This trade , even considering the circumstances , turned out to be one of the worst in NBA history . Wilkins would go on to a Hall of Fame career , while Drew and Williams would only play a combined four seasons with the Jazz . In the 1982 -- 83 season , leading scorer Dantley missed 60 of 82 games and newcomer Drew also missed time , playing in only 44 games . The Jazz ended up being led by Griffith ( 22.2 points per game ) , Green ( 14.3 points per game ) and Danny Schayes ( 12.4 points per game ) . A rookie 7'4 '' center , Mark Eaton , manned the post . The team finished 30 -- 52 , still out of the playoffs , but an improvement over recent years . During the 1983 NBA draft , the Jazz used their first - round pick , seventh overall , to choose Thurl Bailey , and later took Bob Hansen in the third round , 54th overall . 1983 -- 84 opened as a season of uncertainty . The team was losing money , and management was crafting stunts , such as playing games at the Thomas & Mack Center in Las Vegas , to help the team become more profitable . The team was rumored to be moving as a result of Battistone 's cash shortage as well as the fact they were playing in the league 's smallest market . However , fortunes on the court improved , with a healthy Dantley , Jeff Wilkins and rookie Bailey at the forward positions , Eaton and Rich Kelley jointly manning the post , Green and Griffith at the guards and Drew adding 17 points per game off the bench . They went 45 -- 37 and won the Midwest Division , the first winning season and division championship in team history . The Jazz advanced to the playoffs , defeating the Denver Nuggets 3 -- 2 in the first round , and moving on to play the Phoenix Suns in the second round . Despite having home court advantage in the best - of - seven series , the Jazz lost to the more experienced Suns , 4 -- 2 . 1984 -- 2003 : Stockton and Malone era ( edit ) Jazz fans were not happy when the team picked an unknown guard in the first round of the 1984 NBA draft , John Stockton . The Jazz fans on hand for the draft party booed the selection . The 1984 -- 85 season saw the emergence of Mark Eaton as a defensive force . Eaton averaged 5.56 blocks per game along with 9.7 points and 11.3 rebounds , and won the NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award . On the downside , John Drew played only 19 games all season , which deprived the team of their high - scoring sixth man . But the Jazz returned to the playoffs , facing the Houston Rockets and their All - Star centers , Hakeem Olajuwon and Ralph Sampson . The Jazz prevailed in the series , 3 -- 2 , and advanced to the second round , losing the series to the high - scoring Denver Nuggets , 4 - 1 . The team 's perennial financial woes and instability were somewhat stabilized during April 1985 , when auto dealer Larry H. Miller bought 50 percent of the team from Battistone for $8 million . Battistone had been seeking to move the team . In the 1985 NBA draft , the team added Louisiana Tech power forward Karl Malone , who made an immediate impact in the 1985 -- 86 season , averaging 14.9 points and 8.9 rebounds per game . However , starter Darrell Griffith missed the season with a stress fracture , and the Jazz hovered around . 500 most of the year . In postseason , the Jazz lost in the first round to the Dallas Mavericks , 3 -- 1 . During the 1986 offseason , Battistone was approached to sell the team to Marv Wolfenson and Harvey Ratner , who would have moved the team to Minneapolis . Larry Miller did not want to sell the team , but because of contractual language in his agreement with Battistone , could have been bought out by the new owners if he had refused to sell . Offers went as high as $28 million ( the Jazz were valued at $16 million less than a year earlier when Miller purchased half for $8 million ) before Miller stepped in at the last minute , purchasing Battistone 's remaining 50 percent for $14 million and keeping the team in Utah . Wolfenson and Ratner later became the founders of the Minnesota Timberwolves expansion franchise which , coincidentally , was almost sold and moved to New Orleans in 1994 . The 1986 -- 87 season was one of change . Adrian Dantley , the team 's star player who had carried them through the early years in Utah , was traded to Detroit for Kelly Tripucka , who ended up splitting time with Thurl Bailey . Darrell Griffith , back from injuries that caused him to miss the 1985 -- 86 season , lost his starter spot at guard to Bob Hansen . Stockton warranted more time at the point guard position . Despite all these changes , the team finished 44 -- 38 before losing to the Golden State Warriors in the first round of the playoffs . For the 1987 -- 88 season , Stockton took over for Rickey Green as the starting point guard , and Malone established himself as one of the better power forwards in the league . The team finished 47 -- 35 and defeated Portland , 3 -- 1 , in the first round , earning a second - round matchup with the reigning NBA champions , the Los Angeles Lakers . After Los Angeles took Game 1 at home , the Jazz won Game 2 in Los Angeles , 101 -- 97 , and took the lead in the series 2 -- 1 with a Game 3 win in Salt Lake City . The Jazz lost Games 4 and 5 , but won Game 6 , 108 -- 80 , tying the series 3 -- 3 . In the decisive Game 7 , the Lakers won 109 -- 98 . 1988 -- 1990 : arrival of Jerry Sloan ( edit ) During the 1988 -- 89 season , Frank Layden stepped down as head coach of the Jazz after the first 17 games , and was replaced by Jerry Sloan . The Jazz won 51 games and the Midwest Division championship as they grew better overall . Malone and Stockton , as well as Mark Eaton , were the leaders of the team and also All - Star selections . Eaton won Defensive Player of the Year for the second time , and it appeared the Jazz were ready to take the next step toward contending for an NBA title , after having pushed the Lakers to seven games in the Western Conference semifinals the previous season . However , the second - seeded Jazz were eliminated in the first round in three games by the seventh - seeded Golden State Warriors . The following year , 1989 -- 90 , the Jazz made some changes . Thurl Bailey , who was relied on for 19 points per game the previous season , saw his playing time reduced in favor of rookie Blue Edwards , who played a prominent role with the team . The result was the best win - loss mark in team history , as the Jazz finished 55 -- 27 , second in the division to the San Antonio Spurs ( 56 -- 26 ) . Malone had his best season statistically , averaging 31.0 points and 11.1 rebounds . Stockton averaged 17.2 points and 14.5 assists per game , both career highs , with the assist total and average leading the NBA that season . In the playoffs , the Jazz played the Phoenix Suns in the first round , led by All - Stars Tom Chambers and Kevin Johnson . The Suns defeated the Jazz 3 games to 2 . Again , the Jazz were left with questions as to how they could do so well in the regular season but fail to advance in the playoffs . 1990 -- 1996 : working toward championship contention ( edit ) For the 1990 -- 91 season , the Jazz made another move to improve the team by executing a three - way trade that brought shooting guard Jeff Malone to Utah from the Washington Bullets , while Eric Leckner and Bob Hansen were sent from Utah to the Sacramento Kings and Pervis Ellison going from Sacramento to Washington . The Jazz began the season 22 -- 15 before going 27 -- 8 in January and February , with new addition Jeff Malone averaging 18.6 points , giving them three strong scoring options ( Karl Malone , Jeff Malone , and John Stockton -- 64.8 of the team 's 104 points per game ) . The Jazz finished 54 -- 28 , second in the division to San Antonio by a game , similar to their division finish the prior year . In the playoffs , they met the Phoenix Suns for the second year in a row . Game 1 was a blowout Utah win , in Phoenix , 129 -- 90 , which set the tone for the series , as Utah eliminated the Suns 3 -- 1 , earning a second round matchup with the Portland Trail Blazers , the defending Western Conference champions . The Jazz played well , keeping close in most of the games , but lost the series 4 -- 1 to a deeper and more experienced Trail Blazers team . The 1991 -- 92 season proved to be the most successful in team history to that time . The Jazz moved to the Delta Center , a state - of - the art arena that featured a seating capacity of 19,911 . The new venue was a considerable improvement over the Salt Palace , which seated just over 12,000 and lacked luxury suites and retail space . Early in the year , a trade brought Tyrone Corbin , a tough defensive forward , from Minnesota in exchange for fan - favorite Thurl Bailey . The Jazz went 55 -- 27 and won the Midwest Division championship for the first time since 1989 . In the playoffs , the Jazz defeated the Los Angeles Clippers 3 -- 2 in the first round , then beat the Seattle SuperSonics in the second round , 4 -- 1 , to advance to the Western Conference Finals for the first time , where they again faced and lost to Portland , this time 4 -- 2 . The 1992 -- 93 season was a letdown , as the team slumped to 47 -- 35 and third place in the division . The center position , manned by Mark Eaton for most of the past decade , became suspect as he struggled with injuries and age . The bright spot was the hosting of the NBA All - Star Game and the surrounding events of All - Star Weekend . In the playoffs , the Jazz lost to Seattle in the first round , 3 -- 2 . During the postseason , the team addressed the center position by acquiring Felton Spencer from Minnesota in return for backup center Mike Brown . During the 1993 -- 94 season , the Jazz traded Jeff Malone to the Philadelphia 76ers for shooting guard Jeff Hornacek . Hornacek meshed well with Stockton , and the Jazz improved to 53 -- 29 . In the playoffs , they faced San Antonio in the first round , shutting down NBA scoring leader David Robinson in the series . Robinson had averaged 29.8 points on 50 percent shooting during the regular season , numbers that dropped to 20.0 and 41 percent in the series against Utah . The Jazz then fought off a determined Denver Nuggets team 4 -- 3 in the Conference semifinals ( almost blowing a 3 - 0 series lead in the process ) to advance to the Western Conference Finals , where they lost to the eventual NBA champion Houston Rockets 4 -- 1 . In the 1994 -- 95 season , the Jazz had significant depth and talent and were expected to make a serious run for the championship . However , they lost starter Spencer 34 games into the season with a ruptured Achilles tendon . Despite this setback , the Jazz finished 60 -- 22 before again losing to Houston in the playoffs , 3 - 2 , in the first round . Greg Ostertag was added to the team for the 1995 -- 96 season . The Jazz went 55 -- 27 , and reached the Conference Finals for the third time in history , nearly overcoming 3 -- 1 series deficit before eventually succumbing to Seattle , 4 - 3 . 1996 -- 1998 : reaching the NBA Finals ( edit ) In the next two seasons , the Jazz were finally able to capitalize on regular season success . In 1996 -- 97 , the Jazz had the best record in franchise history ( 64 -- 18 ) , won the Midwest Division and finished with the best record in the Western Conference . The team included Stockton , Malone and Hornacek , as well as Bryon Russell , Antoine Carr , Howard Eisley and Shandon Anderson . Malone won his first NBA MVP award , averaging 27.4 points , 9.9 rebounds and 4.5 assists per game . The Jazz reached the NBA Finals for the first time after beating the Clippers 3 -- 0 , Lakers 4 -- 1 and Rockets 4 -- 2 . The Jazz then met Michael Jordan and the Chicago Bulls in the Finals , losing the series 4 -- 2 , with the last two games decided in the final seconds ( scores of 90 -- 88 and 90 -- 86 ) . During the offseason , the Jazz made no changes to the roster . As the 1997 -- 98 season neared , they were expected to be contenders for the championship again . However , Stockton suffered a serious knee injury before the season , and missed the first 18 games , in which the Jazz went 11 -- 7 . Once he returned , the team went 51 -- 13 , to finish at 62 -- 20 , and won the Midwest Division and home - court advantage for the playoffs . In the playoffs , the Jazz beat Houston 3 - 2 , and San Antonio 4 -- 1 , to advance to the Western Conference Finals for the third straight year . Utah , with a veteran roster of Stockton , Malone and Hornacek , faced a Los Angeles Lakers team led by superstar Shaquille O'Neal , guards Eddie Jones , Nick Van Exel and a young Kobe Bryant . The Jazz set the tone for the series with a win in Game 1 , 112 -- 77 . Game 2 , a 99 -- 95 Jazz victory , and Games 3 and 4 in Los Angeles were decided by an average of 7.5 points . The Jazz swept the Lakers and earned a second consecutive trip to the NBA Finals . In the 1998 NBA Finals ( again against the Chicago Bulls ) , the Jazz took Game 1 at home , 88 -- 85 in overtime . However , the Bulls overcame a slow start to win Game 2 , 93 -- 88 , easily took Game 3 , 96 -- 54 , and won Game 4 , 86 -- 82 , to lead the series 3 -- 1 . The Jazz fought back and won Game 5 on the road , 83 -- 81 , to trail 3 -- 2 in the series , with Game 6 ( and a Game 7 if needed ) in Salt Lake City . The Jazz held a lead in most of Game 6 , but the Bulls rallied , and in the last seconds of the game , Michael Jordan stole the ball from Malone on the final Jazz possession and then made a famous jump shot to win the game , 87 -- 86 , and the series for Chicago , 4 -- 2 . 1998 -- 2003 : final years of Stockton and Malone ( edit ) Karl Malone John Stockton In the 1999 season , shortened to 50 games due to a lockout , the Jazz finished 37 -- 13 , tied with the Spurs for the best record in the league . They defeated the Sacramento Kings in five games in the first round of the playoffs . However , they lost in the second round of the playoffs to the Portland Trail Blazers . Despite yet another disappointment , Malone was awarded his second MVP . During the 1999 -- 2000 season , the Jazz finished 55 -- 27 and won the Midwest Division but again struggled in the postseason , and lost to the Portland Trail Blazers in the second round . In the off - season , Hornacek retired and Howard Eisley was traded in a four - team deal that brought in Donyell Marshall . They selected promising high school basketball star DeShawn Stevenson in the first round of the 2000 NBA draft . In the 2000 -- 01 season , they went 53 -- 29 , but they lost in the playoffs , surrendering a 2 -- 0 series lead in the first round of the playoffs to the Dallas Mavericks , to lose the series 3 -- 2 , their earliest exit from the playoffs since the 1994 -- 95 season . In the 2001 -- 02 season , Andrei Kirilenko made his rookie debut , averaging 10.7 points , 4.9 rebounds , and 1.91 blocks per game . The team started slowly , 16 -- 15 over the first two months , and finished 12 -- 13 to go 44 -- 38 overall . They lost to the Sacramento Kings 3 -- 1 in the first round of the playoffs . Prior to the 2002 -- 03 season , Marshall and Russell moved on to other teams . Matt Harpring was brought over from the Philadelphia 76ers . He took over the starting forward spot next to Malone and averaged 17.6 points and 6.6 rebounds , the best numbers of his career . The Jazz approached 50 wins going into the playoffs , but went 47 -- 35 . They faced the Sacramento Kings again , and lost in a five - game first round series , 4 -- 1 . After the season , the end of an era came as Stockton retired , and Malone left as a free agent to join the Los Angeles Lakers . 2003 -- 2005 : rebuilding ( edit ) With their two franchise lead players Malone and Stockton gone , the team lacked foundation as it went into the 2003 -- 04 season . They were expected to finish near the bottom of the NBA by several NBA preview magazines , including Sports Illustrated . The Jazz finished with a 42 -- 40 record . The team featured several unheralded players who emerged as key contributors , including Kirilenko , Raja Bell , and Carlos Arroyo . In particular , Kirilenko demonstrated versatility on both offense and defense and earned a spot in the All - Star Game . The Jazz missed the playoffs by one game to the Denver Nuggets , ending a streak of 20 consecutive seasons in the playoffs . Jerry Sloan finished second in the voting for the NBA Coach of the Year Award , losing to Hubie Brown of the Memphis Grizzlies . During the offseason , the team made moves to change the roster ; they acquired Carlos Boozer and Mehmet Okur as free agents and re-signed Carlos Arroyo and Gordan Giricek to extensions . The 2004 -- 05 season was marked by injuries , first to Arroyo and Raúl López , and later to Boozer and Kirilenko , which were a large part of the team 's fall to the bottom of the division . When healthy , Boozer averaged 17.8 points and 9.0 rebounds in 51 games . The Jazz ended the 2004 -- 05 season 26 -- 56 , their worst since the 1981 -- 82 season . 2005 -- 2010 : Williams and Boozer era ( edit ) In summer 2005 , the Jazz continued to change the roster by trading three draft picks to acquire the number 3 overall pick , which they used to select Deron Williams . Other transactions included Raja Bell leaving the team for the Phoenix Suns , the Jazz re-obtaining center Greg Ostertag from the Kings , and oft - injured Raúl López being traded to the Memphis Grizzlies . The 2005 -- 06 season was injury - plagued before it started ; Boozer missed the first 49 games and Gordan Giricek and Kirilenko both missed significant time due to injuries . Okur and Kirilenko , however , showed consistently good play , while Williams , despite a mid-season slump , did not disappoint . However , team owner Larry Miller expressed displeasure with the team 's effort during the season . The Jazz stayed in the playoff race until the third - to - last game , when they lost to the Dallas Mavericks . The Jazz ended the season 41 -- 41 , three games out of the playoffs . Ostertag retired at the end of the season , having spent 10 of his 11 NBA seasons with the Jazz . In the 2006 NBA draft , the Jazz selected Ronnie Brewer in the first round and in the second round selected Dee Brown and Paul Millsap . Several young players were traded to the Golden State Warriors for Derek Fisher , which give them a veteran point guard . The Jazz were heralded by several major sports websites for drafting well and making good off - season moves . During the 2006 -- 07 season , the Jazz improved considerably compared to the prior years , finishing with a 51 -- 31 record . Boozer was selected as an All - Star for the first time ( though he missed the game due to a minor injury ) and center Mehmet Okur was selected to the All - Star game as well . Deron Williams finished third in the league in assists per game with 9.3 ( behind Steve Nash and Chris Paul ) . The team also developed a deep bench ; in the 10 games that Boozer and Okur ( the two leading scorers ) missed , the team went 8 -- 2 . Millsap was a surprise rookie , becoming a competent backup to Boozer . Despite the elevated play of the Jazz , Kirilenko had a significant drop in his statistics and seemed to struggle adapting to a reduced role , which eventually led to a well - publicized breakdown early in the first round of the playoffs . The Jazz faced the Houston Rockets in the first round , a match - up of number 4 and number 5 seeds ( Utah was seeded higher due to winning the Northwest Division , but Houston had a 52 -- 30 record opposed to Utah 's 51 -- 31 , giving them home court advantage in the series ) . It was a physical , close - fought match - up , with each of the first six games being won by the home team . The Jazz broke this trend in the seventh game , and beat the Rockets 103 -- 99 in Houston . The Jazz went on to face the eighth - seeded Golden State Warriors , who were coming off a historic upset of the number 1 - seeded Dallas Mavericks . However , the Jazz easily handled the Warriors , and won the series 4 -- 1 . The Jazz then faced the San Antonio Spurs in the Western Conference finals , but lost to the more experienced Spurs , 4 games to 1 in the series . The Spurs eventually won the NBA championship that season by defeating the Cleveland Cavaliers 4 games to 0 in the NBA Finals . During the off - season , the Jazz gained a hometown NBA Development League affiliate in the Utah Flash ( based in Orem ) , which they shared with the Boston Celtics . They selected Morris Almond in the first round , although ultimately they made few lineup changes . The most significant move was in letting Derek Fisher go . Fisher had become a fan favorite due to his strong play , and also a sympathetic one due to his daughter 's well - publicized battle with a rare form of eye cancer . Fisher moved to Los Angeles during the off - season to be closer to better care for his daughter , and later signed with the Los Angeles Lakers . Controversy arose after Kirilenko led his Russian national team to a win in EuroBasket 2007 ( the European championship ) , a tournament in which he was named MVP . After that , Kirilenko posted on a blog that he wished to be traded from the Jazz and would be willing to walk away from his contract . He later reaffirmed this in interviews . However , no trade was made and he remained with the team . During the 2007 -- 08 season , after a trade that sent Gordan Giricek to the Philadelphia 76ers in exchange for Kyle Korver , the Jazz had a record - tying 19 - game home winning streak and improved on the road after a rough December . Despite the off - season controversy and trade talk , Kirilenko elevated his play , improving all stats from the previous season , and seemed content with his new role as a defender and a facilitator opposed to a scorer . Boozer again was an All - Star selection , while Williams continued to elevate his play . The Jazz finished the regular season fifth - best in the Western Conference with a 54 -- 28 record . The Jazz sold out 46 of 47 home games ( including playoffs ) during the year , and possessed a 37 -- 4 home regular season record ; that was , however , offset by a sub-par road win - loss record . The Jazz again faced the Houston Rockets in the first round of the playoffs , this time as a number 4 seed ( although the Rockets possessed home - court advantage due to a better record ) . The Jazz took a 2 -- 0 series lead in Houston , but lost the first game in Salt Lake City . After splitting the next two games , the Jazz beat the Rockets 113 -- 91 in game 6 , placing them into a second - round match - up with the number 1 seeded Los Angeles Lakers , their first postseason meeting since the 1998 Western Conference finals . Utah lost games 1 and 2 in Los Angeles . However the Jazz held up their great home win record and defeated Los Angeles in Games 3 and 4 . The Jazz lost game 5 in Los Angeles and were eliminated in Game 6 . The Jazz made no major moves during the off - season . The 2008 -- 09 season was difficult for the Jazz as they struggled with injuries that disrupted team chemistry , and although they were again nearly unstoppable at home , they possessed a poor road record . Utah 's top three players all missed significant time due to sickness or injury ; Williams missed 13 of the first 15 games , Boozer missed more than half of the season , and Okur missed sporadic time due to both injury and his father 's sickness that led him to travel to his native Turkey early in the season . On February 20 , 2009 , Jazz owner Larry H. Miller died of complications from diabetes . His son , Greg Miller , became the new CEO of the team . The Jazz finished with a 48 -- 34 record , slipping to No. 8 in the competitive Western Conference playoff race , after which they were eliminated by the Los Angeles Lakers for the second year in a row , 4 games to 1 . The season was the last for long - time radio and former TV announcer Hot Rod Hundley , who announced his retirement after being with the Jazz for their entire history ( 35 years ) . Despite the disappointment , Williams proved to be one of the elite point guards in the league , averaging 19.4 points and 10.8 assists per game , second in the league , despite playing the entire season with a lingering ankle injury . During the 2009 NBA draft , the Jazz selected Eric Maynor No. 20 overall to back up Williams . Veteran Matt Harpring retired , citing consistent injuries sustained from his physical playing style . Rumors circulated that Boozer wanted a trade , fueled by rumors that the Jazz were shopping him after he chose to opt into the last year of his contract ; however , the team stated publicly that they did not seek to trade him . Boozer remained with the team heading into the 2009 -- 10 season . The Jazz also added rookie Wesley Matthews to the lineup after an impressive training camp . As the 2009 -- 10 season began they started 19 -- 17 . Several trades were made by the team , one that sent Maynor and the contract of the retired Harpring to the Oklahoma City Thunder and another that sent starter Ronnie Brewer to the Memphis Grizzlies at mid-season , a trade which was openly criticized by Williams . The Brewer trade cleared the way for Matthews to take over his starter spot . Also , Williams was selected to play in the All - Star Game for the first time , and after a controversial off - season , Boozer played better than the year prior , averaging 19.5 points and 11.2 rebounds per game , and missed only four games to injury . He suggested that he would be happy to stay with Utah long - term . After returning from an early - season injury , Kyle Korver set the NBA record for three - point field goal percentage in a season . In a tight Western Conference , the Jazz finished 53 -- 29 and lost the division in a tiebreaker with the Denver Nuggets , ending with the No. 5 seed , matched up with the Nuggets in the first round of the playoffs . Kirilenko , who had missed 13 of the last 15 games of the season due to an injury , re-aggravated the injury the day before the first game of the playoffs and missed the first round , while Okur tore his Achilles tendon in the first game and missed the rest of the playoffs . Despite the injuries , the Jazz played well enough to defeat Denver 4 -- 2 in the series . The Jazz were then eliminated by the Los Angeles Lakers for the third year in a row , being swept 4 -- 0 ( the first four - game sweep in Jazz history ) . 2010 -- 2013 : Millsap and Jefferson era ( edit ) In the 2010 NBA draft , the Utah Jazz selected Gordon Hayward from Butler University with the No. 9 overall pick , and Jeremy Evans with the No. 55 overall pick . Boozer agreed to a five - year , $80 million contract with the Chicago Bulls in free agency on July 7 , 2010 . The Jazz turned the transaction into a sign - and - trade one day later , receiving a trade exception worth around $13 million in return from Chicago . Kyle Korver also agreed to sign with the Bulls , two days later . Terms were not announced , but multiple reports had his deal as three years , $13 million . Wesley Matthews signed a five - year , $33 million offer sheet with the Portland Trail Blazers on July 10 , 2010 . Less than a week after the Boozer loss , the Jazz traded Kosta Koufos and two future first - round picks to Minnesota for Al Jefferson , using the trade exception from the Boozer deal to receive Jefferson 's contract without exceeding the salary cap . Raja Bell was added also , to provide backcourt help after the losses of Korver and Matthews . He was signed to a three - year , $10 million contract . On June 15 , 2010 , the Jazz unveiled a new color scheme and logo , which represented a return to the old ' music note ' logo . The team unveiled new uniforms on August 16 . The Jazz tendered restricted free - agent center Kyrylo Fesenko a $1 million qualifying offer in June 2010 . The offer entitled Utah to match any offer that Fesenko accepted from another team , whether signed or not . Fesenko signed the offer on September 27 , 2010 , the day before training camp began . On the eve of training camp , the Jazz added two more players , Francisco Elson and Earl Watson for the 2010 -- 11 season . The 2010 -- 11 season began on a positive note , as the team went undefeated ( 8 -- 0 ) in the preseason , and in mid-January , they were 27 -- 13 and seemed well on their way to another winning season , had that pace continued . However , over the next 14 games , Utah went 4 -- 10 . On February 10 , 2011 , with the team record at 31 -- 23 after a loss to the Chicago Bulls , head coach Jerry Sloan resigned , along with assistant Phil Johnson . Another of Sloan 's assistants , Tyrone Corbin , was named the new head coach , while Scott Layden , the other assistant , remained as well . At the time of his departure , Sloan was the longest - tenured coach in the NBA . A week later , the Jazz hired former Jazz player Jeff Hornacek as an assistant coach . On February 23 , 2011 , the Jazz traded star player Deron Williams to the New Jersey Nets for players Derrick Favors and Devin Harris , as well as two first round draft picks ( New Jersey 's 2011 and Golden State 's conditional 2012 ) . It was rumored that Williams got into a shouting match with head coach Sloan during a game against the Chicago Bulls , which preceded Sloan 's resignation and eventually , the Jazz 's decision to trade Williams . While Williams was under contract through 2011 -- 12 with a player option worth $17.7 million for 2012 -- 13 , Jazz chief executive officer Greg Miller did not believe they would be able to re-sign him . `` And while I never saw any indication that he would n't re-sign with us , I never saw any indication he would '' , said Miller . The remainder of the season saw the Jazz continue to struggle , finishing with a 39 -- 43 record , 11th in the Western Conference , therefore missing the playoffs for the first time since 2006 . During the 2011 draft , the Jazz had two top - 14 picks ( one acquired in the trade that sent Williams to the New Jersey Nets ) , and used them on Enes Kanter and Alec Burks . Following the end of the 2011 NBA lockout that saw the 2011 -- 12 season shortened to 66 games , the Jazz bid farewell to their two longest - tenured players -- Mehmet Okur was traded to the Nets for a future second - round pick , and Andrei Kirilenko , who played in his native Russia during the lockout and whose contract had expired after the 2011 season , decided to stay in Russia for the remainder of the 2011 -- 12 season . They also acquired free agent veterans Josh Howard and Jamaal Tinsley . During the 2012 offseason , the Jazz traded Devin Harris to the Hawks for Marvin Williams . In the 2012 draft , the Jazz selected Kevin Murphy with the No. 47 overall pick . The Jazz signed Mo Williams and Randy Foye , both former Clippers , and re-signed Jeremy Evans and Tinsley during the off - season . Long - time Jazz player C.J. Miles decided to sign with Cleveland . Andrei Kirilenko did not re-sign with the Jazz in the off - season . The Jazz also named Dennis Lindsey as general manager and Kevin O'Connor as vice president of basketball operations . Longtime assistant coach Scott Layden left Utah to be a part of the San Antonio Spurs front office . 2013 -- 2017 : Hayward era and rebuilding ( edit ) Before the 2013 -- 14 season began , Utah did not retain either Paul Millsap or Al Jefferson . Millsap accepted a two - year offer to join the Atlanta Hawks , while Jefferson signed with the Charlotte Bobcats . Jeff Hornacek was hired during the off - season as head coach of the Phoenix Suns . On March 14 , 2014 , the Jazz were officially eliminated from playoff contention with a 96 -- 87 loss to the Los Angeles Clippers . On June 27 , 2013 , Rudy Gobert was selected with the 27th overall pick in the 2013 NBA draft by the Denver Nuggets . He was later traded on draft night to the Utah Jazz . On July 6 , he signed his rookie scale contract with the Jazz and joined them for the 2013 NBA Summer League . On May 20 , 2014 , the Jazz earned the 5th pick in the 2014 NBA draft at the NBA Draft Lottery , with which they chose 18 - year - old Australian point guard Dante Exum . They also had the 23rd pick from a trade with the Golden State Warriors and their own pick in the second round ( the 35th pick overall ) . With the 23rd pick they selected Rodney Hood from Duke University . The 35th pick was used to select Jarnell Stokes , who was subsequently traded to the Memphis Grizzlies for a future second - round pick . On June 6 , 2014 , Atlanta Hawks assistant coach Quin Snyder was named the eighth head coach in team history . Snyder signed a three - year contract with a team option for a fourth . He replaced Tyrone Corbin . Prior to joining the Utah Jazz , Snyder previously served as an NBA assistant coach for the Atlanta Hawks , Los Angeles Clippers , Philadelphia 76ers , and Los Angeles Lakers . The Jazz ended the 2015 -- 16 season with a win - loss record of 40 -- 42 , good for ninth place in the Western Conference ; however , the team failed to qualify to play in the NBA Playoffs by one game . The Jazz finished 51 -- 31 during the 2016 -- 17 season and qualified to play in the NBA Playoffs as the Western Conference 's fifth seed . They defeated the Los Angeles Clippers in seven games in the first round for the team 's first playoff series win since 2010 . The team advanced to play the defending Western Conference champion Golden State Warriors in the conference semifinals where they were swept 4 -- 0 , ending their season . Gordon Hayward and Rudy Gobert had breakout seasons in 2017 . After putting together several solid seasons in prior years , Hayward was named an NBA All - Star , while Gobert was named to the NBA Defensive First Team and All NBA Second Team . Hayward left the Jazz to sign with the Boston Celtics as a free agent on July 4 , 2017 , announcing his decision in a letter published by The Players ' Tribune . Hayward 's contract was finalized on July 14 , 2017 . 2017 -- present : Mitchell and Gobert era ( edit ) Main article : 2017 -- 18 Utah Jazz season After the loss of Hayward , the Jazz began the following season poorly , with an injury to Gobert and Hayward 's lack of scoring leaving the Jazz with a 17 -- 21 record by the end of December . The Jazz also appeared to replace Hayward ineffectively , with the arrival of Ricky Rubio , a defensive playmaker and scorer ( albeit not to the level of Hayward ) , their only notable transaction in the off - season . In the turn of the new year , however , the Jazz invested heavily in rookie prospect Donovan Mitchell , who was selected with the 13th overall pick by the Denver Nuggets , before the Jazz acquired him in exchange for the 24th pick and Trey Lyles . Mitchell was quickly promoted to starter , and flourished as a scorer and team defender , leading the team and all rookies in the league in points scored . Donovan Mitchell went on to break the record for the most 3 pointers ever by a rookie . This caused the team to improve drastically as a scoring team , and with the return of Gobert , improved defensively to allow for a 9 -- 2 winning record by the end of February . Rivalries ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Jazz -- Rockets rivalry The Jazz have not had a natural or fierce rival throughout their history , where each team has been competitive with the other over a long period of time . There have been several teams they have run into many times in the playoffs , however : Houston ( 8 ) -- 1985 , 1994 , 1995 , 1997 , 1998 , 2007 , 2008 , 2018 ( Jazz 5 -- 3 Houston ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 6 ) -- 1988 , 1997 , 1998 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 ( Lakers 4 -- 2 Jazz ) Portland ( 6 ) -- 1988 , 1991 , 1992 , 1996 , 1999 , 2000 ( Portland 4 -- 2 Jazz ) Seattle / Oklahoma City ( 5 ) -- 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 2000 , 2018 ( Jazz 3 -- 2 Seattle / Oklahoma City ) San Antonio ( 5 ) -- 1994 , 1996 , 1998 , 2007 , 2012 ( Jazz 3 -- 2 San Antonio ) Houston won two NBA Championships ( 1994 , 1995 ) while defeating Utah along the way . Utah advanced to the NBA Finals both times that they defeated the Lakers , while Los Angeles has advanced to the Finals each year they defeated Utah in a series , winning NBA Championships in 1988 , 2009 , and 2010 . Portland advanced to the NBA Finals in 1992 after defeating Utah , while the Seattle SuperSonics ( now known as the Oklahoma City Thunder ) advanced to the NBA Finals in 1996 after defeating Utah as well . San Antonio won an NBA Championship in 2007 after defeating Utah in a series , while Utah advanced to the NBA Finals in 1998 after defeating San Antonio in a series . The Jazz also have a regional rivalry with the Denver Nuggets . Both clubs are geographically situated in the Rocky Mountains , and have been part of the same division since 1979 , having moved to the Northwest Division for the 2004 -- 05 season . During the 2012 -- 13 season , the Jazz and the Lakers competed for the number 8 seed in the Western Conference . However , the Jazz did not qualify for the Playoffs ; the Lakers passed the Houston Rockets in the standings to claim the number 7 seed , and the Rockets moved down to the number 8 seed . The Lakers would eventually lose in a four - game sweep in the first round versus the eventual Western Conference champion San Antonio Spurs , who lost to the Miami Heat in seven games in the NBA Finals . Season records ( edit ) Main article : List of Utah Jazz seasons The Jazz are the only team in NBA history not to have lost 60 or more games in a season . This distinction was achieved when the New York Knicks and the Los Angeles Lakers both lost more than 60 games in the 2014 -- 15 NBA season . Arenas ( edit ) Loyola Field House ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Municipal Auditorium ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Louisiana Superdome ( 1975 -- 1979 ) Salt Palace ( 1979 -- 1991 ) Vivint Smart Home Arena ( formerly known as the Delta Center and Energy Solutions Arena ) ( 1991 -- present ) Mascot ( edit ) Main article : Jazz Bear Jazz Bear is the club 's mascot . He was introduced to the league on November 4 , 1994 . Logos and uniforms ( edit ) Primary logo , used while the team was located in New Orleans ( 1974 -- 1979 ) . Since the team 's move from New Orleans to Salt Lake City in 1979 , the Utah Jazz have worn several uniforms throughout their franchise history . From 1979 to 1996 , the Jazz ' home uniforms consisted of the logo ( the word `` Jazz '' with the J represented as a musical note combined with a basketball ) on the center chest , with purple numbers . The only modification to this uniform was the word `` Utah '' being added to the center chest logo before the 1986 -- 87 season . The road uniforms were purple with the ' J - note ' logo and numbers in white . From 1981 -- 84 , the Jazz ' road uniforms were dark green , with the aforementioned Jazz logo on the center chest and gold numbers . For the 1984 -- 85 season , the road uniforms were changed back to purple , this time with gold numbers and white trim , along with the addition of the word ' Utah ' on the logo . These uniforms were worn until the 1995 -- 96 season . Primary logo , 1996 -- 2004 . For the 1996 -- 97 season , the Jazz drastically updated their logos and uniforms , with a new color scheme of purple ( slightly lighter from the previous shade ) , copper and turquoise . Their new uniform set featured a silhouette of the Wasatch Range on the center chest , with a stylish new Jazz script , and purple and turquoise details . On the road purple jersey , the white mountain range gradually fades to purple just above the numbers , which are white , with copper interior trim and teal outlining . On the home white jersey , the numbers are purple , with white interior trim and teal outlining . The Jazz wore these jerseys until the 2003 -- 04 season . The Jazz also introduced an alternate black jersey in the 1998 -- 99 season , with the Jazz script on the center chest , but without the Wasatch Range silhouette . On this jersey , both the Jazz script and numbers are white , with purple interior trim and copper outlining , and copper side panels . These jerseys were worn until the 2003 -- 04 season . Primary logo , 2004 -- 2010 . In the 2004 -- 05 season , the Jazz once again updated their color scheme , logos and uniforms . The new color scheme , which the team used until the end of the 2009 -- 10 season , consisted of navy blue , powder blue , silver and purple , though the latter color was only used on the primary logo and alternate logo . The team logo remained substantially the same , with the exception of the new color variation . The new home uniform consisted of an updated `` Jazz '' script on the center chest in navy blue , with navy numbers , both of which had silver interior trim and powder blue outlining . The new road uniform was navy blue , with a `` Utah '' script in powder blue on the center chest and powder blue numbers , both of which had silver outlining and white interior trim . In the 2006 -- 07 season , the Jazz introduced a new alternate powder blue uniform . This uniform , which the team used until the end of the 2009 -- 10 season , featured a Jazz script identical to the team logo and navy blue numbers below the script , also with silver and white trim . The nameplate on the back of the jersey was navy blue . The team 's former primary logo , 2010 -- 2016 . On June 15 , 2010 , the Jazz unveiled a new logo and color scheme on the team 's official website . For the 2010 -- 11 season , the Jazz reverted to the team 's original music note logo ( without the word Utah ) , with a new color scheme of navy blue , gold , dark green & gray . The new uniform set , which was unveiled on August 16 , 2010 , features a design nearly identical to the team 's aforementioned 1984 -- 96 uniform designs , with the following differences : navy blue replacing purple on the road uniform , dark green numerals on the home white jerseys , a white Jazz logo script on the road jerseys and side panels on both the home and away jerseys . The new uniforms were a combination of both the old and new styles , with navy blue retained from the most recent color scheme , but the now - famous ' J - note ' logo and gold and green were revived . The team 's script logo , 2010 -- 2016 . On December 9 , 2011 , the Jazz unveiled an alternate jersey that is similar to their road jersey , but swaps the navy and green colors so that the primary color is green , with a navy stripe on the side . On May 12 , 2016 , the Utah Jazz unveiled a refreshed brand identity . The new brand identity includes a new logo system , with some uniform modifications , a new home court design , and the selection of the team 's wordmark logo as its new primary logo . In 2017 , as part of the switch to Nike as the NBA 's uniform provider , the Jazz made some slight changes to their uniform set . While the white `` Association '' and navy `` Icon '' uniforms remained mostly intact , the Jazz retired their green and navy sleeved alternates in favor of a gold `` Statement '' uniform , featuring the navy ' J - note ' logo and green numbers . The `` City '' uniform , worn for the 2017 -- 18 season , was inspired from the red rock formations found in Southern Utah , and it featured a gradient of gold , orange , burgundy and black . Players ( edit ) Main article : Utah Jazz all - time roster Current roster ( edit ) Utah Jazz roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 6.0 ! C 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Bradley , Tony 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 248 lb ( 112 kg ) 1998 -- 01 -- 08 North Carolina 1.5 ! G 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Burks , Alec 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 214 lb ( 97 kg ) 1991 -- 07 -- 20 Colorado 4.0 ! F 7001990000000000000 ♠ 99 Crowder , Jae 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1990 -- 07 -- 06 Marquette 1.5 ! G 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Exum , Dante 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 1995 -- 07 -- 13 Lake Ginninderra ( AUS ) 5.5 ! F / C 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Favors , Derrick 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 265 lb ( 120 kg ) 1991 -- 07 -- 15 Georgia Tech 6.0 ! C 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Gobert , Rudy ( C ) 7000215899999999999 ♠ 7 ft 1 in ( 2.16 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) 1992 -- 06 -- 26 France 4.0 ! F 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Ingles , Joe 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 226 lb ( 103 kg ) 1987 -- 10 -- 02 Lake Ginninderra ( AUS ) 4.0 ! F 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Jerebko , Jonas 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 231 lb ( 105 kg ) 1987 -- 03 -- 02 Sweden 4.0 ! F 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 McCree , Erik ( TW ) 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1993 -- 12 -- 20 Louisiana Tech 1.5 ! G 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 Mitchell , Donovan 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1996 -- 09 -- 07 Louisville 1.5 ! G 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Neto , Raul 7000185420000000000 ♠ 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) 179 lb ( 81 kg ) 1992 -- 05 -- 19 Brazil 4.0 ! F 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 Niang , Georges ( TW ) 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 231 lb ( 105 kg ) 1993 -- 06 -- 17 Iowa State 4.0 ! F 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 O'Neale , Royce 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 226 lb ( 103 kg ) 1993 -- 06 -- 05 Baylor 1.5 ! G 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Rubio , Ricky 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 1990 -- 10 -- 21 Spain 4.0 ! F 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Sefolosha , Thabo ( S ) 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1984 -- 05 -- 02 Switzerland 1.5 ! G 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Stockton , David 7000180340000000000 ♠ 5 ft 11 in ( 1.80 m ) 165 lb ( 75 kg ) 1991 -- 06 -- 24 Gonzaga 5.5 ! F / C 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 Udoh , Ekpe 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) 1987 -- 05 -- 20 Baylor Head coach Quin Snyder Assistant coach ( es ) Johnnie Bryant Alex Jensen Brad Jones Antonio Lang Mike Wells Mark McKown ( player development ) Jeff Watkinson ( player development ) Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( GL ) On assignment to G League affiliate ( TW ) Two - way affiliate player Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2018 -- 05 -- 08 Retained draft rights ( edit ) The Jazz hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA . A drafted player , either an international draftee or a college draftee , who is not signed by the team that drafted him , is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams . In this case , the team retains the player 's draft rights in the NBA until one year after the player 's contract with the non-NBA team ends . This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams . Draft Round Pick Player Pos . Nationality Current team Note ( s ) Ref 2017 55 Williams - Goss , Nigel Nigel Williams - Goss United States Partisan NIS ( Serbia ) 2008 44 Tomić , Ante Ante Tomić Croatia FC Barcelona Lassa ( Spain ) Retired numbers ( edit ) Utah Jazz retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure Date Frank Layden Head coach 1981 -- 1988 December 9 , 1988 Adrian Dantley 1979 -- 1986 April 11 , 2007 7 Pete Maravich 1974 -- 1979 December 14 , 1985 9 Larry H. Miller Owner 1985 -- 2009 April 14 , 2010 12 John Stockton 1984 -- 2003 November 22 , 2004 14 Jeff Hornacek 1994 -- 2000 November 19 , 2002 32 Karl Malone 1985 -- 2003 March 23 , 2006 35 Darrell Griffith 1980 -- 1991 December 4 , 1993 53 Mark Eaton 1982 -- 1993 March 1 , 1996 1223 Jerry Sloan Head coach 1988 -- 2011 January 31 , 2014 `` Hot '' Rod Hundley Broadcaster 1974 -- 2009 January 29 , 2010 Basketball Hall of Famers ( edit ) Utah Jazz Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Tenure Inducted 7 44 Pete Maravich 1974 -- 1980 8 Walt Bellamy 1993 25 Gail Goodrich 1976 -- 1979 Adrian Dantley F / G 1979 -- 1986 2008 12 John Stockton 1984 -- 2003 2009 32 Karl Malone 1985 -- 2003 22 Bernard King 1979 -- 1980 2013 24 Spencer Haywood F / C 1979 2015 Coaches Name Position Tenure Inducted Elgin Baylor Head coach 1976 -- 1979 1977 1223 Jerry Sloan Head coach 1988 -- 2011 2009 Notes : Started playing for the team when they were known as New Orleans Jazz . Played for the team when they were known as New Orleans Jazz . In total , Bellamy was inducted into the Hall of Fame twice -- as player and as a member of the 1960 Olympic team . In total , Stockton was inducted into the Hall of Fame twice -- as player and as a member of the 1992 Olympic team . In total , Malone was inducted into the Hall of Fame twice -- as player and as a member of the 1992 Olympic team . Coached when the team was known as New Orleans Jazz . Inducted as player . Franchise leaders ( edit ) Bold denotes still active with team . `` Name * '' includes points scored for the team while in the ABA . Italics denotes still active but not with team . Points scored ( regular season ) ( as of the end of the 2017 -- 18 season ) Karl Malone ( 36,374 ) John Stockton ( 19,711 ) Adrian Dantley ( 13,635 ) Darrell Griffith ( 12,391 ) Thurl Bailey ( 9,897 ) Andrei Kirilenko ( 8,411 ) Pete Maravich ( 8,324 ) Gordon Hayward ( 8,077 ) Deron Williams ( 7,576 ) Mehmet Okur ( 7,255 ) Rickey Green ( 6,917 ) Jeff Hornacek ( 6,848 ) Carlos Boozer ( 6,821 ) Paul Millsap ( 6,713 ) Derrick Favors ( 6,070 ) Bryon Russell ( 5,752 ) Matt Harpring ( 5,604 ) Mark Eaton ( 5,216 ) Jeff Malone ( 5,158 ) Al Jefferson ( 4,089 ) Rich Kelley ( 4,044 ) Aaron James ( 3,829 ) Bob Hansen ( 3,550 ) Alec Burks ( 3,528 ) Jeff Wilkins ( 3,445 ) Greg Ostertag ( 3,425 ) C.J. Miles ( 3,264 ) Rudy Gobert ( 3,240 ) Jim McElroy ( 3,188 ) David Benoit ( 3,035 ) Other statistics ( regular season ) ( as of the end of the 2016 -- 17 season ) Most minutes played Player Minutes Karl Malone 53,479 John Stockton 47,764 Mark Eaton 25,169 Darrell Griffith 21,403 Andrei Kirilenko 20,989 Most rebounds Player Rebounds Karl Malone 14,601 Mark Eaton 6,939 John Stockton 4,051 Greg Ostertag 3,978 Rich Kelley 3,972 Most assists Player Assists John Stockton 15,806 Karl Malone 5,085 Rickey Green 4,159 Deron Williams 4,003 Andrei Kirilenko 1,919 Most steals Player Steals John Stockton 3,265 Karl Malone 2,035 Rickey Green 1,100 Andrei Kirilenko 960 Darrell Griffith 931 Most blocks Player Blocks Mark Eaton 3,064 Andrei Kirilenko 1,380 Greg Ostertag 1,253 Karl Malone 1,125 Thurl Bailey 879 Individual awards ( edit ) NBA MVP Karl Malone -- 1997 , 1999 NBA Rookie of the Year Darrell Griffith -- 1981 NBA Defensive Player of the Year Mark Eaton -- 1985 , 1989 NBA Coach of the Year Frank Layden -- 1984 NBA Executive of the Year Frank Layden -- 1984 J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award Frank Layden - 1984 Thurl Bailey - 1989 All - NBA First Team Pete Maravich -- 1976 , 1977 Karl Malone -- 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 John Stockton -- 1994 , 1995 All - NBA Second Team Pete Maravich -- 1978 Adrian Dantley -- 1981 , 1984 Karl Malone -- 1988 , 2000 John Stockton -- 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 Deron Williams -- 2008 , 2010 Rudy Gobert -- 2017 All - NBA Third Team John Stockton -- 1991 , 1997 , 1999 Karl Malone -- 2001 Carlos Boozer -- 2008 NBA All - Defensive First Team E.C. Coleman -- 1977 Mark Eaton -- 1985 , 1986 , 1989 Karl Malone -- 1997 , 1998 , 1999 Andrei Kirilenko -- 2006 Rudy Gobert -- 2017 , 2018 NBA All - Defensive Second Team Mark Eaton -- 1987 , 1988 Karl Malone -- 1988 John Stockton -- 1989 , 1991 , 1992 , 1995 , 1997 Andrei Kirilenko -- 2004 , 2005 NBA All - Rookie First Team Darrell Griffith -- 1981 Thurl Bailey -- 1984 Karl Malone -- 1986 Andrei Kirilenko -- 2002 Deron Williams -- 2006 Trey Burke -- 2014 Donovan Mitchell -- 2018 NBA All - Rookie Second Team Blue Edwards -- 1990 Paul Millsap -- 2007 Derrick Favors -- 2011 NBA All - Star Weekend ( edit ) NBA All - Star Selections Pete Maravich - 1977 , 1978 , 1979 Truck Robinson - 1978 Adrian Dantley - 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 Rickey Green - 1984 Karl Malone - 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 John Stockton - 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 2000 Mark Eaton - 1989 Andrei Kirilenko - 2004 Carlos Boozer - 2007 , 2008 Mehmet Okur - 2007 Deron Williams - 2010 , 2011 Gordon Hayward - 2017 NBA All - Star Game MVP Karl Malone - 1989 , 1993 John Stockton - 1993 NBA All - Star Game head coaches Frank Layden - 1984 Broadcasters ( edit ) See also : Utah Jazz Radio Network The Jazz 's flagship radio stations are KZNS ( 1280 ) `` The Zone '' and KZNS - FM Fox Sports Radio 97.5 . The Jazz signed a new exclusive 12 - year agreement with then FSN Utah , ( now part of AT&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain ) on October 20 , 2009 , ending the team 's broadcasts on KJZZ - TV . The team 's current TV and radio announcers are : Craig Bolerjack ( TV play - by - play ) Matt Harpring ( TV color commentary ) David Locke ( radio play - by - play ) Ron Boone ( radio broadcast analyst ) Dan Roberts ( public address announcer , home games ) Alema Harrington ( TV host , pre-game and post-game ) Thurl Bailey ( TV broadcast analyst ) Steve Brown ( TV sideline reporter ) Kristen Kenney ( TV sideline reporter ) Nelson Moran ( Spanish Radio : play - by - play / color commentary ) Isidro Lopez ( Spanish Radio : play - by - play ) Nicole Hernandez ( Spanish Radio : color commentary / sideline reporter ) Retired announcers : Rod Hundley ( TV and Radio play - by - play ) ( 1974 -- 2009 ) Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of Utah Jazz head coaches Years Coach Regular season Postseason Scotty Robertson 1 -- 14 Elgin Baylor 0 -- 1 1974 -- 1976 Butch van Breda Kolff 74 -- 100 1976 -- 1979 Elgin Baylor 86 -- 134 1979 -- 1981 Tom Nissalke 60 -- 124 1981 -- 1988 Frank Layden 277 -- 294 18 -- 23 1988 -- 2011 Jerry Sloan 1127 -- 682 96 -- 100 2011 -- 2014 Tyrone Corbin 112 -- 146 0 -- 4 2014 -- present Quin Snyder 177 -- 151 9 -- 13 Total 1914 -- 1646 123 -- 140 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` All Time History '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com/Stats -- Utah Jazz seasons '' . National Basketball Association . October 17 , 2015 . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` History : Team by Team '' ( PDF ) . Official National Basketball Association Guide 2017 -- 18 . National Basketball Association . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Utah Jazz Modify Look of Uniforms , Court , Logo '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . May 12 , 2016 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Jazz Name and Logo '' ( PDF ) . Utah Jazz 2017 - 18 Media Guide . NBA Properties , Inc . October 14 , 2017 . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Jazz Reproduction and Usage Guideline Sheet '' . NBA Properties , Inc . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Jazz and Qualtrics Partner To Revolutionize Fan Experience and Analytics and Accelerate Efforts to Eradicate Cancer '' . NBA.com ( Press release ) . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . February 13 , 2017 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sanchez , Matt ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Jazz President Rigby Announces Decision to Retire '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Starks Named President of Miller Sports Properties '' ( Press release ) . Larry H. Miller Sports & Entertainment . March 18 , 2015 . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton , Linda ( 29 October 2008 ) . `` Utah Jazz : Roots of Utah 's team planted in New Orleans '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 29 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Finney , Peter ( October 30 , 2002 ) . `` Former Jazzman James remembers 1970s NBA hoopla '' . The Times - Picayune . p . C1 . Jump up ^ `` Jazz Basketball Investors , Inc '' . FundingUniverse.com . Retrieved April 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Remember the ABA : Utah Stars '' . Remember the ABA . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Doe , John ( October 29 , 2008 ) . `` Utah Jazz : Team name still draws snide remarks '' . deseretnews.com . Deseret News . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . He also said that when the Jazz got NBA approval to move to Utah in June 1979 , `` We did n't have time to change the name '' before the season started . Jump up ^ Blackwell , Dave ( August 26 , 2013 ) . `` Utah History Encyclopedia '' . State of Utah . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Utah History Encyclopedia -- Utah Jazz '' . Utah Education Network . October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Blinebury , Fran ( September 11 , 2009 ) . `` Quiet , efficient , tough as nails , Stockton defined the point '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pincus , Eric ( February 26 , 2013 ) . `` How Jerry Buss helped keep the Jazz in Utah '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2013 . 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Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kurkjian , Tim ( October 28 , 1997 ) . `` CNN / SI NBA Preview ' 97 : Utah Jazz Scouting Report '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2001 . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ www.lakersuniverse.com , Lakers Universe , . `` Los Angeles Lakers History : Playoff Performances '' . www.lakersuniverse.com . Jump up ^ `` Season Review : 1997 - 98 '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen , Loren ( May 28 , 1999 ) . `` Over and Out MVP an MIA in Jazz 's latest playoff failure `` . Deseret News . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SI 's 2003 - 4 NBA Preview : Utah Jazz '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( September 21 , 2006 ) . `` Offseason review : Rating the West from Mavs to Griz '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Blinebury , Fran ( April 23 , 2007 ) . `` Kirilenko feels like forgotten man '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved October 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Kirilenko ' ready ' to leave NBA , $63 mil contract '' . ESPN.com . September 21 , 2007 . Retrieved September 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Buckley , Tim ( February 20 , 2010 ) . `` Utah Jazz : Deron Williams sad to say goodbye '' . Deseret Morning News . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Genessy , Jody ( February 24 , 2010 ) . `` Utah Jazz : Boozer wants to stay '' . Deseret Morning News . Retrieved February 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Genessy , Jody ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Utah Jazz : Kyle Korver sets NBA record for 3 - point accuracy '' . Deseret Morning News . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Buckley , Tim ( July 8 , 2010 ) . `` Utah Jazz : Carlos Boozer sign - and - trade agreement reached with Bulls '' . Deseret News . Retrieved August 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls sign guard Kyle Korver '' . NBA.com/Bulls . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . July 13 , 2010 . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . 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Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( July 5 , 2013 ) . `` Sources : Paul Millsap , Hawks agree '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` HAWKS SIGN FORWARD PAUL MILLSAP '' . NBA.com/Hawks ( Press release ) . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . July 10 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bobcats Sign Free Agent Center Al Jefferson '' . NBA.com/Bobcats . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . June 10 , 2013 . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Suns Name Jeff Hornacek As Head Coach '' . NBA.com/Suns . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . May 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jazz Acquires Draft Rights to Rudy Gobert from Denver '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . June 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jazz Signs First - Round Pick Rudy Gobert '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . July 6 , 2013 . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Jazz Names Quin Snyder Head Coach '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . June 6 , 2014 . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hayward , Gordon ( July 4 , 2017 ) . `` Thank You , Utah '' . The Players ' Tribune . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Golen , Jimmy ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Gordon Hayward signs 4 - year , maximum deal with Boston Celtics '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Associated Press . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Tony ; Falk , Aaron ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` Chasing Gordon Hayward '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Donovan Mitchell broke record for most three pointers by a rookie '' . hoopyhype.com . Hoops Hype. April 10 , 2018 . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Utah Jazz Franchise Index '' . Sports Reference LLC . August 13 , 2015 . Retrieved August 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Salvadore , Damon ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` NBA : Los Angeles Lakers & New York Knicks Hit All - Time Low , But Which Team is Having More Disappointing Season ? '' . Latin Post . Retrieved August 13 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Coon , Larry . `` NBA Salary Cap FAQ -- 2011 Collective Bargaining Agreement '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . If the player is already under contract to , or signs a contract with a non-NBA team , the team retains the player 's draft rights for one year after the player 's obligation to the non-NBA team ends . Essentially , the clock stops as long as the player plays pro ball outside the NBA . Jump up ^ `` Reaction : Utah Jazz select Nigel Williams - Goss # 55 '' . SLCDunk.com . SB - Nation . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIBA World Cup 2014 : Utah Jazz draft pick Ante Tomic , once out of mind , may not be out of sight for long '' . SLCDunk.com . SB - Nation . August 13 , 2013 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jazz : Players '' . Sports Reference LLC . May 27 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Larry H. Miller Communications Corporation Re-Launches 1280 The Zone '' . NBA.com ( Press release ) . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . May 23 , 2012 . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Siler , Ross ( 20 October 2009 ) . `` Jazz sign 12 - year agreement with FSN Utah '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Utah Jazz . Official website Utah Jazz Founded in 1974 Played in New Orleans ( 1974 -- 1979 ) Based in Salt Lake City , Utah Franchise Franchise Summer League 1974 Expansion Draft All - time roster Draft history Records Head coaches Seasons Current season Arenas Loyola Field House New Orleans Municipal Auditorium Louisiana Superdome Salt Palace Vivint Smart Home Arena Personnel Checketts Gardner Rigby G League affiliate Salt Lake City Stars Administration Owner : Jazz Basketball Investors , Inc. ( represented by Gail Miller , widow of Larry H. 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what does a hud 1 statement look like			HUD - 1 settlement Statement	hud - 1 settlement statement	The HUD - 1 Settlement Statement was a standard form in use in the United States of America which was used to itemize services and fees charged to the borrower by the lender or broker when applying for a loan for the purpose of purchasing or refinancing real estate . HUD refers to the Department of Housing and Urban Development .	The borrower had the right to inspect the HUD - 1 one day prior to day of settlement . The form would have been filled out by the settlement agent who would conduct the settlement . Beginning in 2010 , the HUD - 1 settlement statement also contained what was referred to as a Good Faith Estimate or GFE . This additional set of figures specified estimated settlement figures provided by the lender upon application of the loan . Borrowers could compare their Good Faith Estimate to the HUD - 1 Settlement Statement and ask their lender or broker about any changes . As part of new rules established by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau effective October 3 , 2015 , the HUD - 1 Settlement Statement became obsolete . It has been replaced by a document called the Closing Disclosure that consolidates the HUD - 1 , Good Faith Estimate , and Truth in Lending Act disclosures . References ( edit ) RESPA - Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act Simple guide to the HUD - 1 Settlement Statement This article relating to law in the United States or its constituent jurisdictions is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HUD-1_Settlement_Statement&oldid=749672570 '' Categories : Real property law in the United States United States government forms United States Department of Housing and Urban Development Housing law United States law stubs Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 November 2016 , at 16 : 34 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HUD-1%20Settlement%20Statement	791
the environmental health model focuses on conditions outside the individual			Health belief model	health belief model	The health belief model ( HBM ) is a psychological health behavior change model developed to explain and predict health - related behaviors , particularly in regard to the uptake of health services . The health belief model was developed in the 1950s by social psychologists at the U.S. Public Health Service and remains one of the best known and most widely used theories in health behavior research . The health belief model suggests that people 's beliefs about health problems , perceived benefits of action and barriers to action , and self - efficacy explain engagement ( or lack of engagement ) in health - promoting behavior . A stimulus , or cue to action , must also be present in order to trigger the health - promoting behavior .	The health belief model Contents 1 History 2 Theoretical constructs 2.1 Perceived severity 2.2 Perceived susceptibility 2.3 Perceived benefits 2.4 Perceived barriers 2.5 Modifying variables 2.6 Cues to action 2.7 Self - efficacy 3 Empirical support 4 Applications 5 Limitations 6 References History ( edit ) One of the first theories of health behavior , the health belief model was developed in the 1950s by social psychologists Irwin M. Rosenstock , Godfrey M. Hochbaum , S. Stephen Kegeles , and Howard Leventhal at the U.S. Public Health Service to better understand the widespread failure of screening programs for tuberculosis . The health belief model has been applied to predict a wide variety of health - related behaviors such as being screened for the early detection of asymptomatic diseases and receiving immunizations . More recently , the model has been applied to understand patients ' responses to symptoms of disease , compliance with medical regimens , lifestyle behaviors ( e.g. , sexual risk behaviors ) , and behaviors related to chronic illnesses , which may require long - term behavior maintenance in addition to initial behavior change . Amendments to the model were made as late as 1988 to incorporate emerging evidence within the field of psychology about the role of self - efficacy in decision - making and behavior . Theoretical constructs ( edit ) The following constructs of the health belief model are proposed to vary between individuals and predict engagement in health - related behaviors ( e.g. , getting vaccinated , getting screened for asymptomatic diseases , exercising ) . Health belief model chart ( smoking as an example ) Modifying Variables ( age , gender , race , economy , characteristics ) Perceived Severity + Perceived Susceptibility + perceived benefit - perceived barriers + Cues to Action = taking action ( or not ) ( base score for this person 's health ) ( base score as to the belief that smoking will harm one 's health ) ( base score for smoking behavior ) Perceived severity ( edit ) Perceived severity refers to the subjective assessment of the severity of a health problem and its potential consequences . The health belief model proposes that individuals who perceive a given health problem as serious are more likely to engage in behaviors to prevent the health problem from occurring ( or reduce its severity ) . Perceived seriousness encompasses beliefs about the disease itself ( e.g. , whether it is life - threatening or may cause disability or pain ) as well as broader impacts of the disease on functioning in work and social roles . For instance , an individual may perceive that influenza is not medically serious , but if he or she perceives that there would be serious financial consequences as a result of being absent from work for several days , then he or she may perceive influenza to be a particularly serious condition . Perceived susceptibility ( edit ) Perceived susceptibility refers to subjective assessment of risk of developing a health problem . The health belief model predicts that individuals who perceive that they are susceptible to a particular health problem will engage in behaviors to reduce their risk of developing the health problem . Individuals with low perceived susceptibility may deny that they are at risk for contracting a particular illness . Others may acknowledge the possibility that they could develop the illness , but believe it is unlikely . Individuals who believe they are at low risk of developing an illness are more likely to engage in unhealthy , or risky , behaviors . Individuals who perceive a high risk that they will be personally affected by a particular health problem are more likely to engage in behaviors to decrease their risk of developing the condition . The combination of perceived severity and perceived susceptibility is referred to as perceived threat . Perceived severity and perceived susceptibility to a given health condition depend on knowledge about the condition . The health belief model predicts that higher perceived threat leads to higher likelihood of engagement in health - promoting behaviors . Perceived benefits ( edit ) Health - related behaviors are also influenced by the perceived benefits of taking action . Perceived benefits refer to an individual 's assessment of the value or efficacy of engaging in a health - promoting behavior to decrease risk of disease . If an individual believes that a particular action will reduce susceptibility to a health problem or decrease its seriousness , then he or she is likely to engage in that behavior regardless of objective facts regarding the effectiveness of the action . For example , individuals who believe that wearing sunscreen prevents skin cancer are more likely to wear sunscreen than individuals who believe that wearing sunscreen will not prevent the occurrence of skin cancer . Perceived barriers ( edit ) Health - related behaviors are also a function of perceived barriers to taking action . Perceived barriers refer to an individual 's assessment of the obstacles to behavior change . Even if an individual perceives a health condition as threatening and believes that a particular action will effectively reduce the threat , barriers may prevent engagement in the health - promoting behavior . In other words , the perceived benefits must outweigh the perceived barriers in order for behavior change to occur . Perceived barriers to taking action include the perceived inconvenience , expense , danger ( e.g. , side effects of a medical procedure ) and discomfort ( e.g. , pain , emotional upset ) involved in engaging in the behavior . For instance , lack of access to affordable health care and the perception that a flu vaccine shot will cause significant pain may act as barriers to receiving the flu vaccine . Modifying variables ( edit ) Individual characteristics , including demographic , psychosocial , and structural variables , can affect perceptions ( i.e. , perceived seriousness , susceptibility , benefits , and barriers ) of health - related behaviors . Demographic variables include age , sex , race , ethnicity , and education , among others . Psychosocial variables include personality , social class , and peer and reference group pressure , among others . Structural variables include knowledge about a given disease and prior contact with the disease , among other factors . The health belief model suggests that modifying variables affect health - related behaviors indirectly by affecting perceived seriousness , susceptibility , benefits , and barriers . Cues to action ( edit ) The health belief model posits that a cue , or trigger , is necessary for prompting engagement in health - promoting behaviors . Cues to action can be internal or external . Physiological cues ( e.g. , pain , symptoms ) are an example of internal cues to action . External cues include events or information from close others , the media , or health care providers promoting engagement in health - related behaviors . Examples of cues to action include a reminder postcard from a dentist , the illness of a friend or family member , and product health warning labels . The intensity of cues needed to prompt action varies between individuals by perceived susceptibility , seriousness , benefits , and barriers . For example , individuals who believe they are at high risk for a serious illness and who have an established relationship with a primary care doctor may be easily persuaded to get screened for the illness after seeing a public service announcement , whereas individuals who believe they are at low risk for the same illness and also do not have reliable access to health care may require more intense external cues in order to get screened . Self - efficacy ( edit ) Self - efficacy was added to the four components of the health belief model ( i.e. , perceived susceptibility , severity , benefits , and barriers ) in 1988 . Self - efficacy refers to an individual 's perception of his or her competence to successfully perform a behavior . Self - efficacy was added to the health belief model in an attempt to better explain individual differences in health behaviors . The model was originally developed in order to explain engagement in one - time health - related behaviors such as being screened for cancer or receiving an immunization . Eventually , the health belief model was applied to more substantial , long - term behavior change such as diet modification , exercise , and smoking . Developers of the model recognized that confidence in one 's ability to effect change in outcomes ( i.e. , self - efficacy ) was a key component of health behavior change . Empirical support ( edit ) The health belief model has gained substantial empirical support since its development in the 1950s . It remains one of the most widely used and well - tested models for explaining and predicting health - related behavior . A 1984 review of 18 prospective and 28 retrospective studies suggests that the evidence for each component of the health belief model is strong . The review reports that empirical support for the health belief model is particularly notable given the diverse populations , health conditions , and health - related behaviors examined and the various study designs and assessment strategies used to evaluate the model . A more recent meta - analysis found strong support for perceived benefits and perceived barriers predicting health - related behaviors , but weak evidence for the predictive power of perceived seriousness and perceived susceptibility . The authors of the meta - analysis suggest that examination of potential moderated and mediated relationships between components of the model is warranted . Applications ( edit ) The health belief model has been used to develop effective interventions to change health - related behaviors by targeting various aspects of the model 's key constructs . Interventions based on the health belief model may aim to increase perceived susceptibility to and perceived seriousness of a health condition by providing education about prevalence and incidence of disease , individualized estimates of risk , and information about the consequences of disease ( e.g. , medical , financial , and social consequences ) . Interventions may also aim to alter the cost - benefit analysis of engaging in a health - promoting behavior ( i.e. , increasing perceived benefits and decreasing perceived barriers ) by providing information about the efficacy of various behaviors to reduce risk of disease , identifying common perceived barriers , providing incentives to engage in health - promoting behaviors , and engaging social support or other resources to encourage health - promoting behaviors . Furthermore , interventions based on the health belief model may provide cues to action to remind and encourage individuals to engage in health - promoting behaviors . Interventions may also aim to boost self - efficacy by providing training in specific health - promoting behaviors , particularly for complex lifestyle changes ( e.g. , changing diet or physical activity , adhering to a complicated medication regimen ) . Interventions can be aimed at the individual level ( i.e. , working one - on - one with individuals to increase engagement in health - related behaviors ) or the societal level ( e.g. , through legislation , changes to the physical environment ) . Limitations ( edit ) The health belief model attempts to predict health - related behaviors by accounting for individual differences in beliefs and attitudes . However , it does not account for other factors that influence health behaviors . For instance , habitual health - related behaviors ( e.g. , smoking , seatbelt buckling ) may become relatively independent of conscious health - related decision making processes . Additionally , individuals engage in some health - related behaviors for reasons unrelated to health ( e.g. , exercising for aesthetic reasons ) . Environmental factors outside an individual 's control may prevent engagement in desired behaviors . For example , an individual living in a dangerous neighborhood may be unable to go for a jog outdoors due to safety concerns . Furthermore , the health belief model does not consider the impact of emotions on health - related behavior . Evidence suggests that fear may be a key factor in predicting health - related behavior . Alternative factors may predict health behavior , such as outcome expectancy ( i.e. , whether the person feels they will be healthier as a result of their behavior ) and self - efficacy ( i.e. , the person 's belief in their ability to carry out preventative behavior ) . The theoretical constructs that constitute the health belief model are broadly defined . Furthermore , the health belief model does not specify how constructs of the model interact with one another . Therefore , different operationalizations of the theoretical constructs may not be strictly comparable across studies . Research assessing the contribution of cues to action in predicting health - related behaviors is limited . Cues to action are often difficult to assess , limiting research in this area . For instance , individuals may not accurately report cues that prompted behavior change . Cues such as a public service announcement on television or on a billboard may be fleeting and individuals may not be aware of their significance in prompting them to engage in a health - related behavior . Interpersonal influences are also particularly difficult to measure as cues . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Siddiqui , Taranum Ruba ; Ghazal , Saima ; Bibi , Safia ; Ahmed , Waquaruddin ; Sajjad , Shaimuna Fareeha ( 2016 - 11 - 10 ) . `` Use of the Health Belief Model for the Assessment of Public Knowledge and Household Preventive Practices in Karachi , Pakistan , a Dengue - Endemic City '' . PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases . 10 ( 11 ) : e0005129 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pntd. 0005129 . ISSN 1935 - 2735 . ^ Jump up to : Janz , Nancy K. ; Marshall H. Becker ( 1984 ) . `` The Health Belief Model : A Decade Later '' . Health Education & Behavior . 11 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 47 . doi : 10.1177 / 109019818401100101 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenstock , Irwin ( 1974 ) . `` Historical Origins of the Health Belief Model '' . Health Education & Behavior . 2 ( 4 ) : 328 -- 335 . doi : 10.1177 / 109019817400200403 . ^ Jump up to : Carpenter , Christopher J. ( 2010 ) . `` A meta - analysis of the effectiveness of health belief model variables in predicting behavior '' . Health Communication . 25 ( 8 ) : 661 -- 669 . doi : 10.1080 / 10410236.2010. 521906 . ^ Jump up to : Glanz , Karen ; Bishop , Donald B. ( 2010 ) . `` The role of behavioral science theory in development and implementation of public health interventions '' . Annual Review of Public Health . 31 : 399 -- 418 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. publhealth. 012809.103604 . ^ Jump up to : Glanz , Karen ; Barbara K. Rimer ; K. Viswanath ( 2008 ) . Health behavior and health education : theory , research , and practice ( PDF ) ( 4th ed . ) . San Francisco , CA : Jossey - Bass . pp. 45 -- 51 . ISBN 978 - 0787996147 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenstock , Irwin M. ; Strecher , Victor J. ; Becker , Marshall H. ( 1988 ) . `` Social learning theory and the health belief model '' . Health Education & Behavior . 15 ( 2 ) : 175 -- 183 . doi : 10.1177 / 109019818801500203 . Jump up ^ Stretcher , Victor J. ; Irwin M. Rosenstock ( 1997 ) . `` The health belief model '' . In Andrew Baum . Cambridge handbook of psychology , health and medicine . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . pp. 113 -- 117 . ISBN 0521430739 . Jump up ^ Schwarzer , Ralf ( April 2001 ) . `` Social - Cognitive Factors in Changing Health - Related Behaviors '' . Current Directions in Psychological Science . 10 ( 2 ) : 47 -- 51 . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 8721.00112 . Jump up ^ Seyde , Erwin ; Taal , Erik ; Wiegman , Oene ( 1990 ) . `` Risk - appraisal , outcome and self - efficacy expectancies : Cognitive factors in preventive behaviour related to cancer '' . Psychology & Health . 4 ( 2 ) : 99 -- 109 . doi : 10.1080 / 08870449008408144 . Jump up ^ Maiman , Lois A. ; Marshall H. Becker ; John P. Kirscht ; Don P. Haefner ; Robert H. Drachman ( 1977 ) . `` Scales for Measuring Health Belief Model Dimensions : A Test of Predictive Value , Internal Consistency , and Relationships Among Beliefs '' . Health Education & Behavior . 5 : 215 -- 230 . doi : 10.1177 / 109019817700500303 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 22 . 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what are the top ten most populated cities in the world			List of cities proper by Population	list of cities proper by population	This article lists the most populous cities in the world defined according to a concept of city proper . A city proper is a locality defined according to legal or political boundaries and an administratively recognised urban status that is usually characterised by some form of local government . Cities proper and their boundaries and population data may not include suburbs .	World Urbanization Prospects , a UN publication , defines population of a city proper as `` the population living within the administrative boundaries of a city or controlled directly from the city by a single authority . '' The book continues to say that `` city proper as defined by administrative boundaries may not include suburban areas where an important proportion of the population working or studying in the city lives . '' This definition does not give an accurate picture of the urban area or metropolitan area of cities . Using this strictly administrative definition , many cities will be included on this list that are smaller than their urban area . However , many Chinese cities included govern territories that extend well beyond the traditional `` city proper '' into suburban and rural areas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cities proper by population 2 Notes 3 References 4 See also 5 External links Cities proper by Population ( edit ) This is an incomplete list , which may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . Please observe the definition of the list when adding or editing entries . Rank City Image Population Definition Total area ( km2 ) Population density ( / km2 ) Country Shanghai 7007242568000000000 ♠ 24,256,800 Municipality 7003634050000000000 ♠ 6,340.5 3,826 China Beijing 7007215160000000000 ♠ 21,516,000 Municipality 7004164105400000000 ♠ 16,410.54 1,311 China Delhi 7007167879410000000 ♠ 16,787,941 Union territory 7003148400000000000 ♠ 1,484 11,313 India Lagos 7007160603030000000 ♠ 16,060,303 Metropolitan City 7003117128000000000 ♠ 1,171.28 13,712 Nigeria 5 Tianjin 7007152000000000000 ♠ 15,200,000 Municipality 7004117600000000000 ♠ 11,760 1,293 China 6 Karachi 7007149103520000000 ♠ 14,910,352 Metropolitan Corporation 7003352700000000000 ♠ 3,527 4,572 Pakistan 7 Istanbul 7007141604670000000 ♠ 14,160,467 Metropolitan Municipality 7003546100000000000 ♠ 5,461 2,593 Turkey 8 Tokyo 7007135137340000000 ♠ 13,513,734 Metropolis 7003219100000000000 ♠ 2,191 6,168 Japan 9 Guangzhou 7007130805000000000 ♠ 13,080,500 Sub-provincial City 7003743440000000000 ♠ 7,434.4 1,759 China 10 Mumbai 7007124423730000000 ♠ 12,442,373 Municipal Corporation 7002603400000000000 ♠ 603.4 20,680 India 11 Moscow 7007123806640000000 ♠ 12,380,664 Federal City 7003251012000000000 ♠ 2,510.12 4,859 Russia 12 São Paulo 7007120381750000000 ♠ 12,038,175 Municipality City 7003152111000000000 ♠ 1,521.11 7,914 Brazil 13 Lahore 7007111262850000000 ♠ 11,126,285 City District 7003177200000000000 ♠ 1,772 5,673 Pakistan 14 Shenzhen 7007104674000000000 ♠ 10,467,400 Sub-provincial City 7003199164000000000 ♠ 1,991.64 5,256 China 15 Jakarta 7007100753100000000 ♠ 10,075,310 DKI Jakarta 7002664120000000000 ♠ 664.12 15,171 Indonesia 16 Seoul 7006999578400000000 ♠ 9,995,784 Special City 7002605210000000000 ♠ 605.21 17,134 South Korea 17 Wuhan 7006978539200000000 ♠ 9,785,392 Sub-provincial City 7003132761000099999 ♠ 1,327.61 5,187 China 18 Kinshasa 7006973500000000000 ♠ 9,735,000 Metropolitan Municipality - Province 7003111762000099999 ♠ 1,117.62 8,710 Democratic Republic of the Congo 19 Cairo 7006927844100000000 ♠ 9,278,441 Governorate 7003308510000000000 ♠ 3,085.1 3,008 Egypt 20 Dhaka 7006890603900000000 ♠ 8,906,039 City Corporation 7002300000000000000 ♠ 300 29,687 Bangladesh 21 Mexico City 7006887472400000000 ♠ 8,874,724 Federal District 7003148549000000000 ♠ 1,485.49 5,974 Mexico 22 London 7006878789200000000 ♠ 8,787,892 Greater London Authority 7003157215000000000 ♠ 1,572.15 5,590 United Kingdom 23 Lima 7006869338700000000 ♠ 8,693,387 Metropolitan Municipality - Province 7003267230000000000 ♠ 2,672.3 3,253 Peru 24 New York City 7006853767300000000 ♠ 8,537,673 City 7002783840000000000 ♠ 783.84 10,892 United States 25 Bengaluru 7006844367500000000 ♠ 8,443,675 Municipal Corporation 7002741000000000000 ♠ 741.00 11,876 India 26 Bangkok 7006828092500000000 ♠ 8,280,925 Metropolitan Municipality - Province 7003156874000000000 ♠ 1,568.74 5,279 Thailand 27 Ho Chi Minh City 7006822440000000000 ♠ 8,224,400 Metropolitan Municipality - Province 7003209550000000000 ♠ 2,095.5 3,925 Vietnam 28 Dongguan 7006822020700000000 ♠ 8,220,207 Prefecture - level City 7003246940000000000 ♠ 2,469.4 3,329 China 29 Chongqing 7006818980000000000 ♠ 8,189,800 Central Chongqing Municipality 7003547300000000000 ♠ 5,473 1,496 China 30 Nanjing 7006818782800000000 ♠ 8,187,828 Sub-provincial City 7003471385000000000 ♠ 4,713.85 1,737 China 31 Tehran 7006815405100000000 ♠ 8,154,051 City Municipality 7002450930000000000 ♠ 450.93 18,083 Iran 32 Shenyang 7006810617100000000 ♠ 8,106,171 Sub-provincial City 7004129420000000000 ♠ 12,942 626 China 33 Bogotá 7006777684500000000 ♠ 7,776,845 Capital District 7002859110000000000 ♠ 859.11 9,052 Colombia 34 Ningbo 7006760568900000000 ♠ 7,605,689 Sub-provincial city 7003981623000000000 ♠ 9,816.23 775 China 35 Hong Kong 7006729860000000000 ♠ 7,298,600 Special Administrative Region 7003110443000000000 ♠ 1,104.43 6,608 China 36 Hanoi 7006723270000000000 ♠ 7,232,700 Metropolitan Municipality - Province 7003332450000000000 ♠ 3,324.5 2,176 Vietnam 37 Baghdad 7006718088900000000 ♠ 7,180,889 Metropolitan Municipality - Province 7003455500000000000 ♠ 4,555 1,576 Iraq 38 Changsha 7006704411800000000 ♠ 7,044,118 Prefecture - level City 7004118190000000000 ♠ 11,819 596 China 39 Hyderabad 7006673179000000000 ♠ 6,731,790 Municipal Corporation 7002621480000000000 ♠ 621.48 10,832 India 40 Chennai 7006672700000000000 ♠ 6,727,000 Municipal Corporation 7002426510000000000 ♠ 426.51 15,772 India 41 Rio de Janeiro 7006649883700000000 ♠ 6,498,837 Municipality City 7003120027000000000 ♠ 1,200.27 5,414 Brazil 42 Faisalabad 7006320384600000000 ♠ 3,203,846 City District 7002214000000000000 ♠ 214 14,971 Pakistan 43 Foshan 7006615162200000000 ♠ 6,151,622 Prefecture - level City 7003203462000000000 ♠ 2,034.62 3,023 China 44 Santiago 7006574371900000000 ♠ 5,743,719 Metropolitan Municipality - Province 7003124990000000000 ♠ 1,249.9 4,595 Chile 45 Riyadh 7006567662100000000 ♠ 5,676,621 Municipality City 7003123398000000000 ♠ 1,233.98 4,600 Saudi Arabia 46 Ahmedabad 7006557058500000000 ♠ 5,570,585 Municipal Corporation 7002475000000000000 ♠ 475 11,728 India 47 Singapore 7006553500000000000 ♠ 5,535,000 City State 7002719100000000000 ♠ 719.1 7,697 Singapore 48 Shantou 7006539102800000000 ♠ 5,391,028 Prefecture - level City 7003206442000000000 ♠ 2,064.42 2,611 China 49 Saint Petersburg 7006528157900000000 ♠ 5,281,579 Federal City 7003143900000000000 ♠ 1,439 3,608 Russia 50 Yangon 7006521400000000000 ♠ 5,214,000 Metropolitan Municipality - Province 7002598750000000000 ♠ 598.75 8,708 Myanmar 51 Abidjan 7006476500000000000 ♠ 4,765,000 Department / City District 7003211900000000000 ♠ 2,119 2,249 Ivory Coast 52 Chengdu 7007144275000000000 ♠ 14,427,500 Sub-provincial City 7002421000000000000 ♠ 421 11,263 China 53 Alexandria 7006461662500000000 ♠ 4,616,625 Governorate 7003230000000000000 ♠ 2,300 2,007 Egypt 54 Kolkata 7006449669400000000 ♠ 4,496,694 Municipal Corporation 7002185000000000000 ♠ 185 24,306 India 55 Ankara 7006447080000000000 ♠ 4,470,800 Metropolitan Municipality - Province 7003191092000000000 ♠ 1,910.92 2,340 Turkey 56 Xi'an 7006870560000000000 ♠ 8,705,600 Sub-provincial City 7002832170000000000 ♠ 832.17 5,369 China 57 Surat 7006446200200000000 ♠ 4,462,002 Municipal Corporation 7002326515000000000 ♠ 326.515 13,666 India 58 Johannesburg 7006443482700000000 ♠ 4,434,827 Municipality City 7003164498000000000 ♠ 1,644.98 2,696 South Africa 59 Dar es Salaam 7006436454100000000 ♠ 4,364,541 Metropolitan Municipality - Province 7003163112000000000 ♠ 1,631.12 2,676 Tanzania 60 Suzhou 7006432706600000000 ♠ 4,327,066 Prefecture - level City 7003164972000000000 ♠ 1,649.72 2,623 China 61 Harbin 7006428070100000000 ♠ 4,280,701 Sub-provincial City 7003171820000000000 ♠ 1,718.2 2,491 China 62 Giza 7006423998800000000 ♠ 4,239,988 Governorate 7002289080000000000 ♠ 289.08 14,667 Egypt 63 Zhengzhou 7006412208700000000 ♠ 4,122,087 Sub-provincial City 7003101566000000000 ♠ 1,015.66 4,059 China 64 Los Angeles 7006397632200000000 ♠ 3,976,322 Municipality City 7003121385000099999 ♠ 1,213.85 3,276 United States 65 New Taipei City 7006395492900000000 ♠ 3,954,929 Special Municipality 7003205257000000000 ♠ 2,052.57 1,927 Taiwan 66 Cape Town 7006374002600000000 ♠ 3,740,026 Municipality City 7003244497000099999 ♠ 2,444.97 1,530 South Africa 67 Yokohama 7006372616700000000 ♠ 3,726,167 Designated City 7002437490000000000 ♠ 437.49 8,517 Japan 68 Berlin 7006367100000000000 ♠ 3,671,000 City State 7002891750000000000 ♠ 891.75 4,117 Germany 69 Busan 7006359010100000000 ♠ 3,590,101 Metropolitan City 7002766120000000000 ♠ 766.12 4,686 South Korea 70 Hangzhou 7006356039100000000 ♠ 3,560,391 Sub-provincial City 7002728190000000000 ♠ 728.19 4,889 China 71 Xiamen 7006353134700000000 ♠ 3,531,347 Sub-provincial City 7003169900000000000 ♠ 1,699 2,078 China 72 Quanzhou 7006352084600000000 ♠ 3,520,846 Prefecture - level City 7003106200000000000 ♠ 1,062 3,315 China 73 Rawalpindi 7006209823100000000 ♠ 2,098,231 City District 7002127000000000000 ♠ 127 16,522 Pakistan 74 Gujranwala 2,027,001 City Pakistan 74 Jeddah 7006345625900000000 ♠ 3,456,259 Municipality City 7003176500000000000 ♠ 1,765 1,958 Saudi Arabia 75 Durban 7006344236100000000 ♠ 3,442,361 Municipality City 7003229131000000000 ♠ 2,291.31 1,502 South Africa 76 Hyderabad 7006173269300000000 ♠ 1,732,693 City District 7002114000000000000 ♠ 114 15,199 Pakistan 77 Kabul 7006341410000000000 ♠ 3,414,100 Municipality City 7002275000000000000 ♠ 275 12,415 Afghanistan 78 Casablanca 7006335981800000000 ♠ 3,359,818 Prefecture 7002387000000000000 ♠ 387 8,682 Morocco 79 Hefei 7006335207600000000 ♠ 3,352,076 Prefecture - level City 7002838520000000000 ♠ 838.52 3,998 China 80 Pyongyang 7006325538800000000 ♠ 3,255,388 Direct - controlled Municipality 7003211300000000000 ♠ 2,113 1,541 North Korea 81 Madrid 7006320724700000000 ♠ 3,207,247 Municipality City 7002605770000000000 ♠ 605.77 5,294 Spain 82 Peshawar 7006197004200000000 ♠ 1,970,042 Municipal Corporation 7002125000000000000 ♠ 125 15,760 Pakistan 83 Ekurhuleni 7006317847000000000 ♠ 3,178,470 Municipality City 7003197531000000000 ♠ 1,975.31 1,609 South Africa 84 Nairobi 7006313836900000000 ♠ 3,138,369 Capital District 7002694900000000000 ♠ 694.9 4,829 Kenya 85 Zhongshan 7006312127500000000 ♠ 3,121,275 Prefecture - level City 7003178367000000000 ♠ 1,783.67 1,750 China 86 Pune 7006311543100000000 ♠ 3,115,431 Municipal Corporation 7002450690000000000 ♠ 450.69 6,913 India 87 Addis Ababa 7006310367300000000 ♠ 3,103,673 Metropolitan Municipality - Province 7002526990000000000 ♠ 526.99 5,889 Ethiopia 88 Jaipur 7006307335000000000 ♠ 3,073,350 Municipal Corporation 7002485000000000000 ♠ 485 6,337 India 89 Buenos Aires 7006305430000000000 ♠ 3,054,300 Federal District 7002203000000000000 ♠ 203 15,046 Argentina 90 Brasília 7006303944400000000 ♠ 3,039,444 Distrito Federal 7003580193000000000 ♠ 5,801.93 524 Brazil 91 Wenzhou 7006303943900000000 ♠ 3,039,439 Prefecture - level City 7003118788000000000 ♠ 1,187.88 2,559 China Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Metropolitan Lagos consists 16 out of Lagos State 's 20 LGA , which excludes : Badagry , Epe , Ibeju - Lekki and Ikorodu . Jump up ^ Sum of the 2014 population estimates for the `` urban - function core district '' and `` urban - function extended district '' of Chongqing , which were 3,677,600 and 4,512,200 respectively . See also the next note . Jump up ^ The nine districts of Yuzhong , Jiangbei , Shapingba , Jiulongpo , Nan'an , Dadukou , Banan , Yubei and Beibei together comprise the area commonly referred to as Central Chongqing ( 重庆主城区 ) . The first six districts make up the `` urban - function core district '' ( 都市功能核心区 ) and the last three comprise the `` urban - function extended district '' ( 都市功能拓展区 ) defined by the Chongqing municipal government . Jump up ^ Sum of the areas of the `` urban - function core district '' and `` urban - function extended district '' of Chongqing . See also the previous note . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` World Urbanization Prospects : The 2007 Revision Population Database '' . Esa.un.org . Archived from the original on 22 August 2010 . Retrieved 26 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Statistics Division -- Demographic and Social Statistics '' . Millenniumindicators.un.org . Retrieved 26 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Demographic Yearbook 2005 , Volume 57 . United Nations . 2008 . p. 2 ; 756 . ISBN 92 - 1 - 051099 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : World Urbanization Prospects : The 2003 Revision . United Nations . 2004 . ISBN 92 - 1 - 151396 - 0 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Ruth ( 29 January 2012 ) . `` The world 's biggest cities : How do you measure them ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ 2014 年上海市国民经济 ( Shanghai Economic and Social Development Statistical Bulletin 2014 ) ( in Chinese ) . 28 February 2015 . Retrieved 1 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Land Area '' . Basic Facts . Shanghai Municipal People 's Government . Retrieved 19 July 2011 . Jump up ^ 北京市 2014 年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 ( Beijing Economic and Social Development Statistical Bulletin 2014 ) ( in Chinese ) . Beijing Bureau of Statistics . 12 February 2015 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2016 . Retrieved 1 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Doing Business in China -- Survey '' . Ministry Of Commerce -- People 's Republic Of China . Archived from the original on 5 August 2013 . Retrieved 5 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` India : Delhi '' . citypopulation.de . citypopulation.de . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Population - Lagos State '' . Lagos State Government . Archived from the original on 18 October 2015 . Retrieved 21 February 2016 . Jump up ^ The surface of the Metropolitan Lagos is 1171 square kilometres , but 171 square kilometres is water ( lagoon ) . Jump up ^ `` 2013 年天津市国民经济和社会发展统计公报数据 '' . Enorth.com.cn . Retrieved 1 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CHINA : Administrative Division of Tianjin ( 天津市 ) '' . Jump up ^ Pakistan Bureau of Statistics . `` Population of Major Cities - Census 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Town / District Maps '' . Urban Habitat . Jump up ^ `` The Results of Address Based Population Registration System , 2013 '' . Turkish Statistical Institute . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ The city , considered capital of Istanbul Province , is administered by the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality ( IMM ) , which oversees the thirty - nine districts of the city - province ( thirty - six urban districts and three rural districts ) . Jump up ^ Sources have provided conflicting figures on the area of Istanbul . The most authoritative source on this figure ought to be the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality ( MMI ) , but the English version of its website suggests a few figures for this area . One page states that `` Each MM is sub-divided into District Municipalities ( '' DM `` ) of which there are 27 in Istanbul '' ( emphasis added ) with a total area of 1,538.9 square kilometers ( 594.2 sq mi ). ( 73 ) However , the Municipal History page appears to be the most explicit and most updated , saying that in 2004 , `` Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality 's jurisdiction was enlarged to cover all the area within the provincial limits '' . It also states a 2008 law merged the Eminönü district into the Fatih district ( a point that is not reflected in the previous source ) and increased the number of districts in Istanbul to thirty - nine. ( 74 ) That total area , as corroborated on the Turkish version of the MMI website , ( 75 ) and a recently updated Jurisdiction page on the English site ( 76 ) is 5,343 square kilometers ( 2,063 sq mi ) ... ^ Jump up to : `` 2015 Population Census '' . Statistics Bureau , Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ 2014 年广州市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 ( Guangzhou Economic and Social Development Statistics Bulletin 2014 ) ( in Chinese ) . Guangzhou Daily . 22 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 12 March 2016 . Retrieved 1 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 土地面积、人口密度 ( 2008 年 ) '' . Statistics Bureau of Guangzhou . Retrieved 8 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Greater Mumbai ( Maharashtra , India ) - Population Statistics and Location in Maps and Charts - City Population '' . Citypopulation.de . Retrieved 19 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Mumbai City consists of two distinct regions : Mumbai City district ( Island City ) and Mumbai Suburban district ( Western Suburban and Eastern Suburban ) , grouped into 24 wards , under the administration of Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation ( BMC ) . The remaining area belongs to Defence , Mumbai Port Trust , Atomic Energy Commission and Borivali National Park , which are out of the jurisdiction of the BMC . Jump up ^ `` RUSSIA : Moscow '' . Jump up ^ `` Территориальное устройство '' . Moscow City Government . Archived from the original on 8 January 2013 . Jump up ^ The federal city of Moscow is divided into twelve administrative okrugs , which are in turn subdivided into districts ( raions ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation . Federal Registration , Cadastre&Cartography Service . Russia Landuse National Report 2008 , p. 187 - 188 ( in Russian ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IBGE divulga as estimativas populacionais dos municípios em 2016 '' ( in Portuguese ) . IBGE . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Administratively , the Municipality of São Paulo is divided into 31 subprefectures , each in turn divided into 96 districts . Locally , districts may contain one or more neighborhoods ( bairros ) . The city of São Paulo recognizes ten geographical areas used to reference locations in the city . Jump up ^ Pakistan Bureau of Statistics . `` Population of Major Cities - Census 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Demographia World Urban Areas '' ( PDF ) . Demographia . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shenzhen Statistics '' . Shenzhen Government Online . Retrieved 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Shenzhen General Info '' . Shenzhen Government Online . Retrieved 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Data Jumlah Penduduk DKI Jakarta ( 2014 ) '' . Dinas Kependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil Provinsi DKI Jakarta . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` INDONESIA : Administrative Division '' . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ 2016 년 5 월 행정 자치부 주민등록 인구 통계 Jump up ^ `` Seoul Statistics ( Land Area ) '' . Seoul Metropolitan Government . Retrieved 2012 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 武汉市 2010 年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报 -- 湖北省统计局 ( Main Data from Wuhan 2010 Census ) '' . Hubei Provincial Statistics Bureau . 9 August 2011 . Retrieved 26 August 2016 . Jump up ^ The sub-provincial city of Wuhan has direct jurisdiction over 13 districts ( eight urban / five rural ) . The city proper ( urban ) based on the districts of Jiang'an , Jianghan , Qiaokou , Hanyang , Wuchang and Qingshan considered `` core districts '' + Inner suburbs ( districts ) : Hongshan , Dongxihu . Jump up ^ Wuhan Statistical Yearbook 2010 Archived 5 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine . p. 15 ^ Jump up to : `` Demographia World Urban Areas ( 2014 ) '' ( PDF ) . Demographia . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Evenements : `` Avec une population de 9 , 5 millions , Kinshasa est la troisième plus grande ville sur le continent africain , de taille égale à Johannesburg . Le Kinois ( habitants de Kinshasa ) sont connus pour leur sens de l'humour , leur musique et leur amour pour la danse . '' ( 2013 ) `` . Ville de Kinshasa . Jump up ^ The province of Kinshasa is divided into twenty - four districts , administered by the Metropolitan Municipality of Kinshasa . But the districts ( communes ) of Maluku and Nsele ( N'Sele ) are rural and not part of the city proper . The city proper ( urban area ) of Kinshasa is generally considered to be formed by twenty - two `` communes '' . Jump up ^ According to the Constitution of Democratic Republic of the Congo , the province of Kinshasa covers 9965.21 km . Maluku and N'Sele ( total area 8847.59 km ) are entirely rural , with a very very low density . Jump up ^ `` Egypt '' . citypopulation.de . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ In April 2011 , Prime Minister Essam Sharaf abolished the Helwan Governorate and reincorporated its territory into the Cairo Governorate . The total area of the governorate is 3085.1 square kilometers , the city area is 453 square kilometers , but the Egyptian government considered the Cairo Governorate is that a whole city and all statistics relate to the `` governorate '' . Jump up ^ `` EGYPT : Cairo '' . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.citypopulation.de/php/bangladesh-dhaka.php . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Brinkhoff , Thomas . `` Bangladesh : Districts and Cities '' . CityPopulation . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MEXICO : Mexico City ( 2014 ) '' . CityPopulation.De . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Consejo Nacional de Población , México ; Delimitación de las zonas metropolitanas de México 2005 Archived 2 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 26 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Population Estimates for UK , England and Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland '' . ONS. 22 June 2017 . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ The 33 local authorities are the 32 London borough councils and the City of London Corporation . Jump up ^ `` PERU : Lima population '' . La Republica . Jump up ^ The province of Lima is divided into forty three `` districts of Lima '' which are administered by the Metropolitan Municipality of Lima . ^ Jump up to : `` Census Estimates ( 2016 ) '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ New York City is composed of five boroughs : Manhattan , The Bronx , Brooklyn , Queens , Staten Island Jump up ^ `` Bangalore ( Karnataka , India ) - Population Statistics and Location in Maps and Charts - City Population '' . Citypopulation.de . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Table 1 Population by sex , household type and household by type , average size of private household by region and area : 2010 '' . Statistic tables , NSO website . National Statistics Office . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Bangkok is subdivided into 50 districts ( khet เขต , also sometimes wrongly called amphoe อําเภอ as in the other provinces , derived from Pali khetta , cognate to Sanskrit kṣetra ) , which are further subdivided into 169 khwaeng แขวง , roughly equivalent to tambon ตําบล in the other provinces . ^ Jump up to : Statistical Handbook of Vietnam 2014 Archived 6 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine. , General Statistics Office Of Vietnam Jump up ^ `` China -- Guangdong Province ( 2010 ) '' . GeoHive . Archived from the original on 14 March 2014 . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . Jump up ^ 2014 年重庆市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 ( Chongqing Economic and Social Development Statistical Bulletin 2014 ) ( in Chinese ) . Chongqing Bureau of Statistics . 16 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 23 May 2015 . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Position of Five Function Districts in Chongqing '' . Chongqing Municipal Government . 22 September 2013 . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ 五大功能区域 : 都市功能核心区 ( Five Functional Districts : Urban - function Core District ) . CQNEWS Corporation . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Te Kan ( 9 November 2007 ) . `` New city group in the making '' . China Daily . Beijing . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Census ( 2014 ) '' . Nanjing Municipal Bureru Statistucs . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IRAN : Tehran City ( Census 2011 ) '' . CITY POPULATION.DE . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TEHRAN : Administrative Districts '' . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About Teheran '' . Tehran Municipality . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 年沈阳市第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报 ( Sixth National Population Census of the People 's Republic of China '' . National Bureau of Statistics of China . Jump up ^ `` Estimaciones y proyecciones de hogares y viviendas '' . DANE ( 2014 ) . Archived from the original on 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ The Capital District of Bogotá is divided into twenty districts , administered by the Metropolitan Municipality of Bogotá . Jump up ^ `` Límites '' . Bogota Government Corporation . Jump up ^ The district of Sumapaz is completely rural ( no city services ) and is not part of the city proper . The area was an important pilgrimage arheoligic site for the Muisca indigenous peoples in pre-Columbian times and for visiting the Sumapaz National Park . The district of Sumapaz represents 0.1 % of the population ( 48 % `` area '' ) of Bogotá Municipality . Jump up ^ `` Ningbo 2011 population report issued '' . Ningbo Municipal People 's Government . Jump up ^ `` Hong Kong Statistics '' . Census and Statistics Department . The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ The only legally defined city in Hong Kong is the City of Victoria but it serves almost no administrative function . Jump up ^ `` Hong Kong Geographic '' ( PDF ) . The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administration Region . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Demographic Statistics of Iraq ( 2009 ) '' . Central Statistical Government of Iraq . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . Jump up ^ The province of Baghdad is divided into nine district , administered by the Metropolitan Municipality of Baghdad . The districts are distributed into 89 Neighborhood Councils . Jump up ^ There are many disputes about Baghdad city ( urban ) area . The city of Baghdad has the special status of provincial . The demographic information reported to the city proper are non-existent or are the estimates , projections inconclusive . The Metropolitan Municipality of Baghdad is a city `` federal district -- province '' . Is similar to the case of Cairo Governorate . Jump up ^ Hunan Statistical Bureau ( 2011 - 5 - 13 ) : Hunan Major data communique of National Census 2010 Jump up ^ Based on the following districts : Furong , Tianxin , Yuelu , Kaifu , Yuhua ; see Administration Jump up ^ `` Greater Hyderabad ( Maharashtra , India ) - Population Statistics and Location in Maps and Charts - City Population '' . Citypopulation.de . Retrieved 19 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Greater Hyderabad Municipal corporation 2010 '' . GHMC . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai : India Smart Cities Challenge '' . Official website of Smart Cities Challenge , India . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Chennai city is governed by the Chennai Corporation , dividing into three regions -- fifteen districts : North ( Tiruvottiyur , Manali , Madhavaram , Tondiarpet and Royapuram ) , South ( Valasaravakkam , Alandur , Adyar , Perungudi and Sholinganallur ) and Central ( Thiru - Vi - Ka Nagar , Ambattur , Anna Nagar , Teynampet and Kodambakkam ) , which covers 200 wards . Of the total land area , reserved forests cover 2.71 km2 and is concentrated in and around the Guindy National Park region , one of the few national parks in the world located within a city . Jump up ^ `` Expanded Chennai Corporationto be divided into 3 regions '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 22 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IBGE divulga as estimativas populacionais dos municípios em 2016 '' ( in Portuguese ) . IBGE . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística ( 2013 ) '' . Archived from the original on 10 October 2012 . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Pakistan Bureau of Statistics . `` Population of Major Cities - Census 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` 佛山 2010 年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报 ( 1 ) '' . City of Foshan . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Districts of Changcheng , Nanhai , Shunde ; see Foshan # Administration Jump up ^ `` About Foshan '' . City of Foshan . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chile -- Santiago ( Census 2012 ) '' . Archived from the original on 2 March 2014 . Retrieved 1 March 2014 . Jump up ^ The province of Santiago is divided into thirty - two districts , administered by the Metropolitan Municipality of Santiago . But the district of Lo Barnechea is rural ( mountains ) and is not part of the city proper . The city proper ( urban area ) of Santiago is generally considered to be formed by thirty - one districts ( Province of Santiago ) , the district of Puente Alto ( Province of Cordillera ) , and the district of San Bernardo ( Province of Maipo ) . Jump up ^ `` Composition of Population ( 2012 ) '' ( PDF ) . Arriyadh Development Authority . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Riyadh is divided into 15 branch municipalities , in addition to the Diplomatic Quarter . Each branch municipality in turn contains several districts , amounting to over 130 in total , though some districts are divided between more than one branch municipality . The branch municipalities are Al - Shemaysi , Irqah , Al - Ma'athar , Al - Olayya , Al - Aziziyya , Al - Malaz , Al - Selayy , Nemar , Al - Neseem , Al - Shifa , Al - ' Urayja , Al - Bat'ha , Al - Ha'ir , Al - Rawdha , and Al - Shimal ( `` the North '' ) . Jump up ^ Arriyadh Development Authority ( Investment_Arriyadh_2013 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Cities having population 1 lakh and above '' ( PDF ) . censusindia . The Registrar General & Census Commissioner , India . Retrieved 18 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population & Land Area ( Mid-Year Estimates ) '' . Statistics Singapore . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 现将汕头市 2010 年第六次全国人口普查分区县常住人口 ( 2 ) 数据公布如下 : '' . 汕头市 2010 年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报 ( 1 ) . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Rosstat . Оценка численности постоянного населения на 1 января 2017 г. ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ `` Demographia World Urban Areas ( 2014 ) '' ( PDF ) . Demographia . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Yangon is administered by the Yangon City Development Committee ( YCDC ) . The city proper is divided into four districts : Western District , Eastern District , Southern District and Northern District . The districts combined have a total of 33 townships . Jump up ^ Third Regional EST Forum , Presentation of Myanmar . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Presentation '' . District Autonome D'Abidjan . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 3 - 2 各市 ( 州 ) 年末常住人口、出生率、死亡率、自然增长率、城镇化率和人口密度 ( 2014 年 ) - tjsql.com '' . www.tjsql.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference 2010census was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Estimated Population by Governorate '' . CAPMAS . Retrieved September 2013 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Egypt : Administrative Units '' . GeoHive . Archived from the original on 16 January 2012 . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ The city of Alexandria has an area of approximately 400 square kilometres . Egyptian officials provides information at governorate level . In the case of `` city proper '' provides information at intervals of many years . It is impossible to assess the population ( official ) reported in the city proper area . Jump up ^ `` Kolkata ( West Bengal , India ) - Population Statistics and Location in Maps and Charts - City Population '' . Citypopulation.de . Retrieved 19 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey : Ankara City '' . citypopulation.de . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . Jump up ^ The province of Ankara is divided into twenty five districts , administered by the Metropolitan Municipality of Ankara . The city proper ( urban area ) of Ankara is generally considered to be formed by eight districts ( Sincan , Yenimahalle , Etimesgut , Keçiören , Pursaklar , Altındağ , Mamak , Çankaya ) . Here , Gölbaşı district is excluded , because it is rural . Jump up ^ Yenimahalle district , whose area is not given by citypopulation.de , covers 274 km Jump up ^ `` Districts of Turkey '' . statoids . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 西安市 2015 年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 '' . http://www.xatj.gov.cn/ . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 12 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ The sub-provincial city of Xi'an has direct jurisdiction over 9 districts ( 区 qu ) and 4 counties ( 县 xian ) . The city proper based on the districts of Xīnchéng , Bēilín and Liánhú considered `` core districts '' + Inner suburbs ( districts ) : Bàqiáo , Wèiyāng and Yàntǎ . Jump up ^ Demographics : Surat Municipal Corporation ^ Jump up to : `` Census ( 2011 ) '' . Statistics South Africa . Retrieved 23 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Pinda , Mizengo Peter . `` Welcome to the 2012 Tanzania Population and Housing Census WebPage . '' . Census General Report ( pdf ) ; available by clicking `` Population Distribution by Administrative Units '' . National Bureau of Statistics of Tanzania . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Dar es Salaam is divided into five districts , governed as municipal councils , and so all of the city 's suburbs or wards are affiliated with them . Jump up ^ `` TANZANIA : Administrative Division '' . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Suzhou ( Statistics 2013 ) '' ( PDF ) . Sztjj.gov.cn . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ The city proper based on the districts of Gūsū , Wúzhōng , Sūzhōu Gōngyèyuán ( Industrial Park ) , Xiàngchéng and Sūzhōu Gāo Xīnjìshù Chǎnyè Kāifāqū ( New District ) Jump up ^ Sztjj.gov.cn Jump up ^ `` 黑龙江省 2010 年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报 '' . National Bureau of Statistics of the People 's Republic of China . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ All city proper districts except Sōngběi ; namely Dàolǐ , Nángǎng , Dàowài , Píngfáng , Xiāngfang ; see Harbin # Administrative divisions Jump up ^ `` 中国年鉴信息网 -- 中国规模最大、实力最强的研究报告提供商 ! '' . Harbin Yearbook . China Yearbook . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` EGYPT : Greater Cairo ( 2006 ) '' . citypopulation.de . Retrieved 20 February 2014 . Jump up ^ All districts that are listed as being in Greater Cairo and are contiguous ; namely Ad - Duqī , Al - Ahrām ; Al - ' Ajūzah ; Al - Badrashayn ; Al - Ḥawāmidiyah ; Al - Jīzah ; Al - Jīzah ; Al - ' Umrāniyah ; Al - Warrāq ; Awsīm ; Būlāq al - Dakrūr ; Imbābah ; Kirdāsah . Jump up ^ Sub-provincial City ( Census 2010 ) Jump up ^ The city proper based on the districts of Zhōngyuán , Èrqī , Guǎnchéng Huízú , Jīnshuǐ and Huìjì Jump up ^ Los Angeles City is divided into over 80 districts and neighborhoods . Jump up ^ `` TAIWAN : Administrative Division ( Census 2013 ) '' . CityPopulation.De . Retrieved 23 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Taipei City '' . New Taipei City Government . Retrieved 18 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Berlins Einwohnerzahl wächst 2016 weiter '' ( PDF ) . Statistics Agency Berlin - Brandenburg . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) , Retrieved 1 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : 杭州市 2010 年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 ( in Chinese ) . Hangzhou Municipal Statistic Bureau . 24 February 2011 . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Xiamen ( Sub-provincial city , Fujian ) '' . citypopulation.de. 1 November 2010 . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Following sections : Licheng District , Fengze District , Shishi City , Jinjiang City ; see Quanzhou # Administrative divisions Jump up ^ Pakistan Bureau of Statistics . `` Population of Major Cities - Census 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Census - 2010 '' . Central Departament of Statistics Saudi Government . Archived from the original on 1 December 2013 . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Area and Population '' . Jeddah Municipality . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Pakistan Bureau of Statistics . `` Population of Major Cities - Census 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan ( 2013 ) '' . GeoHive . Archived from the original on 6 August 2014 . Retrieved 21 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Morocco : Grand Casablanca - Settat '' . citypopulation.de . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 合肥市 2010 年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报 : 合肥市 2010 年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报 ( 1 ) '' . Baidu . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . Jump up ^ The prefecture - level city of Hefei administers 9 county - level divisions , including 4 districts , 1 County - city and 4 counties . The city proper based on the districts of Luyang , Yaohai , Shushan and Baohe considered `` core districts '' . Jump up ^ United Nations Statistics Division ; Preliminary results of the 2008 Census of Population of the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea conducted on 1 -- 15 October 2008 ( pdf - file ) Archived 25 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 1 March 2009 . Jump up ^ PYONGYANG Jump up ^ `` Municipal Register : Last data published : Population at 1st January ( 2013 ) '' . Instituto Nacional de Estadística ( INE -- Spain ) . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Pakistan Bureau of Statistics . `` Population of Major Cities - Census 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Kenya ( Census 2009 ) '' . Geohive . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 14 March 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Population Size of Towns by Sex , Region , Zone and Wereda : July 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Central Statistical Agency -- CSA . Retrieved July 2013 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` based on the districts of Akaki Kaliti - Sub City , Nefas Silk - Lafto - Sub City , Kolfe Keraniyo - Sub City , Gulele - Sub City , Lideta - Sub City , Kirkos - Sub City , Arada - Sub City , Addis Ketema - Sub City , Yeka - Sub City , Bole - Sub City considered `` districts '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Argentina : Provinces and Agglomerations '' . citypopulation.de . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1Estimativas populacionais para os municípios e para as Unidades da Federação brasileiros em 01.07. 2017 '' . Baidu . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Based on the following districts : Lucheng , Longwan , Ouhai ; see Administration Jump up ^ `` 1103 - 浙江省温州市 2010 年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报 : 温州市 2010 年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报 '' . Baidu . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Based on the following districts : Lucheng , Longwan , Ouhai ; see Administration See also ( edit ) List of agglomerations by population List of metropolitan areas by population List of population concern organizations External links ( edit ) The worlds biggest cities : How do you measure them ? -- BBC article ( hide ) World 's largest cities City proper World ( Capitals ) Americas ( North Latin Central South ) Asia ( Arab world ASEAN Arabia Far East ) Europe ( European Union Nordic ) Metropolitan area World Americas ( North South West Indies ) Europe ( European Union Nordic ) Asia Africa Transborder Aggregate urban area † World Europe ( European Union Nordic ) Asia Urban agglomeration † North America Europe ( European Union ) Asia Historical World Europe Related articles Global city Megacity Megalopolis Conurbation Suburbs † Aggregate urban areas are entire continuous built - up areas , grouping together contiguous cities ( known as conurbations ) , whereas urban agglomerations are the built - up areas of individual cities . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_proper_by_population&oldid=808195857 '' Categories : Censuses Demographic lists Lists of cities by demography Lists of cities by population Lists of cities ( worldwide ) by population Populated places by type Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 errors : dates Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles with Russian - language external links Pages with broken reference names CS1 errors : external links Articles to be merged from June 2017 All articles to be merged Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from February 2016 Dynamic lists Articles needing more detailed references Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Буряад Català Dansk Deutsch Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português Русский Scots Shqip Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 13 : 17 . 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where is the college football national championship played this year	The 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship was a bowl game that was used to determine a national champion of college football in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision for the 2016 season . The game was played at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa , Florida , on January 9 , 2017 . It was the culminating game of the 2016 -- 17 bowl season .	Raymond James Stadium in Tampa , Florida	2017 College Football Playoff national championship	2017 college football playoff national championship	The 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship was a bowl game that was used to determine a national champion of college football in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision for the 2016 season . The game was played at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa , Florida , on January 9 , 2017 . It was the culminating game of the 2016 -- 17 bowl season .	The game was played between the winners of two pre-designated bowl games played on December 31 , 2016 : the Clemson Tigers , who defeated the Ohio State Buckeyes in the Fiesta Bowl , and the Alabama Crimson Tide , who defeated the Washington Huskies in the Peach Bowl . Having met in the previous year 's championship game , the resulting title game between Clemson and Alabama became college football 's first rematch between # 1 and # 2 in national championship game history . The Tigers won the game 35 -- 31 on a go - ahead touchdown with one second left , having come back from a 14 -- 0 deficit earlier in the game . Clemson quarterback and Heisman Finalist Deshaun Watson set the record for most passing yards in a championship game with 420 , breaking his own record of 405 yards set in the 2016 national championship game . Deshaun Watson and Ben Boulware were named the Offensive and Defensive Most Valuable Players respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Teams 2.1 Alabama 2.2 Clemson 3 2017 College Football Playoff 4 Game summary 4.1 Scoring summary 4.2 Statistics 5 Broadcasting 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) The 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship was played at Raymond James Stadium . Competing bids were placed to host the championship game by Tampa , Jacksonville , Minneapolis , San Antonio , San Francisco , and South Florida . Raymond James Stadium in Tampa , Florida , was announced as the host site for the third College Football Playoff ( CFP ) National Championship game on December 17 , 2013 . It became the first CFP championship game to not be held at the site of one of the `` New Year 's Six '' bowls . This championship game is part of the third annual CFP , constituted by four teams playing to decide the national champion of the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision . The four teams were originally selected by a 13 member - committee . Teams ( edit ) The championship game was a rematch of the 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship , where Alabama defeated Clemson , 45 -- 40 . Overall , the championship game marked the 17th meeting between the two schools ; however , prior to the previous championship game , the programs had only met once in the regular season since 1975 . Alabama ( edit ) See also : 2016 Alabama Crimson Tide football team Alabama was led by head coach Nick Saban . The Crimson Tide were undefeated in the regular season and played the Washington Huskies in the 2016 Peach Bowl , winning 24 -- 7 . Alabama 's defense was ranked first in the nation in points allowed ( 11.8 ) and yards per game ( 248 ) . The defense was led by defensive back Minkah Fitzpatrick , who had six interceptions and 62 total tackles . Jalen Hurts attempted to become the first t rue freshman quarterback since 1985 and only the second ever to win the National Championship . Alabama had four AP First - Team All - Americans on its roster and entered the game as a 6.5 - point favorite over Clemson . Clemson ( edit ) See also : 2016 Clemson Tigers football team Clemson was led by head coach Dabo Swinney . The Tigers entered the game with a 13 - 1 record , with their only loss being to Pittsburgh . Clemson played the Ohio State Buckeyes in the 2016 Fiesta Bowl and won , 31 -- 0 . On offense , the Tigers were led by quarterback Deshaun Watson , who threw for 4,173 yards , 38 touchdowns and 17 interceptions on the season . Watson was also Clemson 's second - leading rusher , rushing for 586 yards and 8 touchdowns . Clemson had two Associated Press Second - Team All - Americans and three AP Third - Team All - Americans . Clemson 's cornerback Cordrea Tankersley and defensive end Christian Wilkins were First - team All - Americans with USA Today and the Football Writers Association ( FWAA ) , respectively . 2017 College Football Playoff ( edit ) Semifinals 2017 Championship Game December 31 -- Fiesta Bowl 2 Clemson 31 3 Ohio State 0 January 9 -- National Championship 2 Clemson 35 1 Alabama 31 December 31 -- Peach Bowl 1 Alabama 24 4 Washington 7 This bracket : view talk edit Game Summary ( edit ) Total # 2 Clemson 0 7 7 21 35 # 1 Alabama 7 7 10 7 31 Alabama opened the game with a three - and - out , and Clemson failed to capitalize , turning the ball over on downs after failing to convert a 4th & 1 . On Alabama 's ensuing drive , Bo Scarbrough opened the game 's scoring with a 25 - yard rushing touchdown . The first quarter ended with Alabama leading Clemson , 7 -- 0 . Scarbrough scored again in the second quarter , on a 37 - yard rush to increase Alabama 's lead to 14 -- 0 . Clemson quarterback Deshaun Watson scored the Tigers ' first touchdown of the game on an eight -- yard run with six minutes left in the second quarter . The game went to halftime with Alabama leading , 14 -- 7 . The Tigers turned the ball over on their first drive in the second half ; their fumble was recovered by Ryan Anderson and returned to Clemson 's 16 yard line -- the Tide increased their lead to 10 after converting a 27 - yard field goal . Clemson cut the lead to three with seven minutes left in the third quarter after Watson found Hunter Renfrow over the middle for a 24 - yard touchdown pass . After an injury to Scarbrough , the Tide came out and scored on a 68 - yard pass from Jalen Hurts to O.J. Howard on the next play ; this put Alabama back up by ten points with 1 : 53 left in the third quarter , which ended with Alabama leading Clemson , 24 -- 14 . Clemson scored just three plays into the final quarter as Watson threw a touchdown pass to Mike Williams ; this cut the lead down to 24 -- 21 . With 4 : 38 to go in the game , Clemson took their first lead in the game after Wayne Gallman scored on a one - yard touchdown rush ; Alabama got the ball back on their own 32 yard line with 4 : 38 remaining in the game . The drive came to a 3rd & 16 , on which Jalen Hurts found ArDarius Stewart for a 15 - yard pass to set up a 4th & 1 , which the Tide converted via a Damien Harris 5 - yard rush . Hurts found the end zone on a 30 - yard rush just a few plays later to give Alabama the lead back , 31 -- 28 . Clemson took possession of the ball with 2 : 01 on the clock and the ball on their own 36 yard line . After another long catch by Mike Williams , the drive came to a 3rd & 3 on the Alabama 32 yard line , which was converted on a pass to Renfrow to the Alabama 26 yard line with 0 : 19 left . The next play saw Watson find Jordan Leggett on a pass down to the Tide 9 yard line with 0 : 14 left . Watson threw to the end zone on 1st & goal ; the pass was overthrown and the clock stopped with 0 : 09 . On 2nd & goal , Watson targeted Mike Williams , who was tripped in the end zone . The resulting pass interference call gave the Tigers 1st & goal with the ball placed on the 2 - yard line with 0 : 06 left . On the next play , Watson threw a touchdown pass to Renfrow with 0 : 01 left ; putting Clemson back in the lead , 35 -- 31 . After Clemson recovered an onside kick attempting to run out the clock , the game ended with a kneel - down and Clemson won the National Championship Game . Watson , who went 36 - for - 56 ( 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 % ) on pass attempts for 420 yards with three passing touchdowns , and ran for 43 yards and one rushing touchdown , was named the game 's Offensive Most Valuable Player . Ben Boulware , who recorded six tackles , including one for loss of yards , was named the Defensive Most Valuable Player . Scoring Summary ( edit ) ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP Clemson Alabama 9 : 23 59 0 : 58 Alabama Bo Scarbrough 25 - yard touchdown run , Adam Griffith kick good 0 7 10 : 42 5 74 1 : 24 Alabama Bo Scarbrough 37 - yard touchdown run , Adam Griffith kick good 0 14 6 : 09 7 87 1 : 33 Clemson Deshaun Watson 8 - yard touchdown run , Greg Huegel kick good 7 14 12 : 25 7 1 : 29 Alabama 27 - yard field goal by Adam Griffith 7 17 7 : 10 42 1 : 03 Clemson Hunter Renfrow 24 - yard touchdown reception from Deshaun Watson , Greg Huegel kick good 14 17 1 : 53 79 1 : 01 Alabama O.J. Howard 68 - yard touchdown reception from Jalen Hurts , Adam Griffith kick good 14 24 14 : 00 9 72 2 : 47 Clemson Mike Williams 4 - yard touchdown reception from Deshaun Watson , Greg Huegel kick good 21 24 4 : 38 6 88 1 : 55 Clemson Wayne Gallman 1 - yard touchdown run , Greg Huegel kick good 28 24 2 : 07 6 68 2 : 31 Alabama Jalen Hurts 30 - yard touchdown run , Adam Griffith kick good 28 31 0 : 01 9 68 2 : 00 Clemson Hunter Renfrow 2 - yard touchdown reception from Deshaun Watson , Greg Huegel kick good 35 31 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 35 31 Source : Statistics ( edit ) Statistics Clemson Alabama First Downs 31 16 Plays - yards 99 -- 511 66 -- 376 Third down efficiency 7 -- 18 2 -- 15 Rushes - yards 42 -- 91 34 -- 221 Passing yards 420 155 Passing , Comp - Att - Int 36 -- 57 -- 0 14 -- 32 -- 0 Time of Possession 34 : 44 25 : 16 Source : ( 1 ) Team Player Statistics Clemson Passing Deshaun Watson 36 / 56 , 420 yds , 3 TD Rushing Wayne Gallman 18 car , 46 yds , 1 TD Receiving Hunter Renfrow 10 rec , 92 yds , 2 TD Alabama Passing Jalen Hurts 13 / 31 , 131 yds , 1 TD Rushing Bo Scarbrough 16 car , 93 yds , 2 TD Receiving O.J. Howard 4 rec , 106 yds , 1 TD Source : ( 2 ) Broadcasting ( edit ) The game was broadcast in the United States by ESPN , ESPN Deportes ( Spanish ) , and ESPN Radio . As in past years , ESPN provided Megacast coverage of the game , which supplemented coverage with analysis and additional perspectives of the game on different ESPN channels and platforms . A 30 - second commercial cost up to $1 million to air . The game had a total of 26.03 million viewers , and earned a 15.3 overnight Nielsen rating , a 4 % increase from the 2016 championship game . ESPN reported that the game set records in online streaming with a 710,000 average audience , 2.41 million unique viewers , and 182.5 million overall minutes watched . However , according to USA Today `` the combined overnight rating fell well short of the record for a College Football Playoff title . '' This became the third - highest watched game by streaming on ESPN , after two games from the FIFA World Cup . See also ( edit ) College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Johnson , Richard . `` Bama - Clemson is college football 's first - ever true title rematch '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hutchins , Andy . `` How Deshaun Watson became a superstar '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paine , Neil ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Deshaun Watson And Clemson Made History Against Alabama '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ English , Antonya ; Jamison , Peter ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Tampa to host 2017 college football national championship '' . Tampa Bay Times . Tampa , Florida : Times Publishing Company . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the College Football Playoff Selection Committee '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama beats Clemson 45 -- 40 to win national championship '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama , Clemson square off in national championship rematch '' . CNN . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Bill . `` Bama vs. Clemson changed both programs last time '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : College football playoff : Alabama vs. Clemson preview , how to watch , game time for national championship . NCAA.com . January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kirshner , Alex . `` Hurts : Second - ever true freshman national champ QB ? '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National championship , Alabama vs. Clemson predictions , picks , spread , line '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Badenhausen , Kurt . `` College Football National Championship : Alabama Vs. Clemson By The Numbers '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Clemson has 6 named to All - American Teams '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Zimanek , Brad ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Alabama 's offensive deficiencies drag Tide down '' . Montgomery Advertiser . Tampa , Florida : Gannett Company . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keepfer , Scott ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Hunter Renfrow continues his playoff prowess '' . The Greenville News . Tampa , Florida : Gannett Company . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Borden , Sam ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Clemson Upsets Alabama to Win the College Football Championship '' . The New York Times . Tampa , Florida : The New York Times Company . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bonnell , Rick ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Clemson rides a frantic 4th quarter to national championship '' . The Charlotte Observer . Tampa , Florida : The McClatchy Company . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hurt , Cecil ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Alabama ca n't complete perfect season '' . The Tuscaloosa News . Tampa , Florida : GateHouse Media . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Auerbach , Nicole ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Clemson gets revenge vs. Alabama to win national championship '' . USA Today . Tampa , Florida : Gannett Company . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Russo , Ralph ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Watson and Clemson dethrone top - ranked Tide , 35 -- 31 '' . Associated Press . Tampa , Florida : AP Sports . Associated Press . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clements , Ron ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Clemson follows MVPs Deshaun Watson , Ben Boulware to national title '' . SportingNews.com . Sporting News . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` StatMonitr Stat Feed '' . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN Game Summary -- Clemson vs Alabama '' . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 College Football Playoff Championship Megacast : What 's on each ESPN network '' . SB Nation . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barrabi , Thomas ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Alabama - Clemson Football : Thrilling Upset , But TV Ratings Sink '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Clemson - Alabama title game ratings better than last year , but far off record '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . 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Forward slash ( / ) denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game Clemson Tigers bowl games 1940 Cotton Bowl Classic 1949 Gator Bowl 1951 Orange Bowl 1952 Gator Bowl 1957 Orange Bowl 1959 Sugar Bowl 1959 Bluebonnet Bowl 1977 Gator Bowl 1978 Gator Bowl 1979 Peach Bowl 1982 Orange Bowl # 1985 Independence Bowl 1986 Gator Bowl 1988 Florida Citrus Bowl 1989 Florida Citrus Bowl 1989 Gator Bowl 1991 Hall of Fame Bowl 1992 Florida Citrus Bowl 1993 Peach Bowl 1996 Gator Bowl 1996 Peach Bowl 1998 Peach Bowl 1999 Peach Bowl 2001 Gator Bowl 2001 Humanitarian Bowl 2002 Tangerine Bowl 2004 Peach Bowl 2005 Champs Sports Bowl 2006 Music City Bowl 2007 Chick - fil - A Bowl 2009 Gator Bowl 2009 Music City Bowl 2010 Meineke Car Care Bowl 2012 Orange Bowl 2012 Chick - fil - A Bowl 2014 Orange Bowl 2014 Russell Athletic Bowl 2015 Orange Bowl 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship # 2016 Fiesta Bowl 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship # Pound sign ( # ) denotes national championship game . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_College_Football_Playoff_National_Championship&oldid=797268530 '' Categories : 2016 -- 17 NCAA football bowl games 2016 -- 17 College Football Playoff Alabama Crimson Tide football bowl games Clemson Tigers football bowl games 2017 in sports in Florida Sports competitions in Tampa , Florida American football in Florida 21st century in Tampa , Florida January 2017 sports events in the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2017 , at 23 : 51 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%20College%20Football%20Playoff%20National%20Championship	794
where did the term french kissing come from	A French kiss is so called because at the beginning of the 20th century , in the English - speaking world , the French had acquired a reputation for more adventurous and passionate sex practices . It originated in America and Great Britain . In France , it is referred to as un baiser amoureux ( `` a lover 's kiss '' ) or un baiser avec la langue ( `` a kiss with the tongue '' ) , even if in past times it was also known as baiser Florentin ( `` Florentine kiss '' ) . The Petit Robert 2014 French dictionary , released on May 30 , 2013 , added the French verb `` se galocher '' -- slang for kissing with tongues -- making it the first time a single word described the practice ( except in Quebec , where the verb `` frencher '' means French kissing ; Australia , where the term `` pash '' is used ; the English verb '' shift '' is used in casual conversation in Ireland ; the German verb knutschen ; the Italian verbs limonare and pomiciare ; and the Hungarian verb megcsókol / csókolózik ) .		French kiss	french kiss	In English informal speech , a French kiss , also known as a deep kiss , is an amorous kiss in which the participants ' tongues extend to touch each other 's lips or tongue . A `` kiss with the tongue '' stimulates the partner 's lips , tongue and mouth , which are sensitive to the touch and induce physiological sexual arousal . The oral zone is one of the principal erogenous zones of the body . The implication is of a slow , passionate kiss which is considered intimate , romantic , erotic or sexual . The sensation when two tongues touch , also known as `` tongue touching '' , has been proven to stimulate endorphin release and reduce acute stress levels . French kissing is often described as ' 1st base ' , and is used by many as an indicator of what stage a relationship has reached .	Contents 1 Etymology 2 Disease risks 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Etymology ( edit ) A French kiss is so called because at the beginning of the 20th century , in the English - speaking world , the French had acquired a reputation for more adventurous and passionate sex practices . It originated in America and Great Britain . In France , it is referred to as un baiser amoureux ( `` a lover 's kiss '' ) or un baiser avec la langue ( `` a kiss with the tongue '' ) , even if in past times it was also known as baiser Florentin ( `` Florentine kiss '' ) . The Petit Robert 2014 French dictionary , released on May 30 , 2013 , added the French verb `` se galocher '' -- slang for kissing with tongues -- making it the first time a single word described the practice ( except in Quebec , where the verb `` frencher '' means French kissing ; Australia , where the term `` pash '' is used ; the English verb '' shift '' is used in casual conversation in Ireland ; the German verb knutschen ; the Italian verbs limonare and pomiciare ; and the Hungarian verb megcsókol / csókolózik ) . Disease risks ( edit ) French kissing carries moderate risk of HPV . The possibility of contracting HIV from French kissing is extremely low as transmission would require an open wound . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention considers transmission of Hepatitis B via French kissing to be an unlikely mode of infection . Occasionally syphilis can be passed through prolonged French kissing , but this usually requires contact with an active lesion . French kissing is an unlikely mode of transmission of infection by Hepatitis B or gonorrhea . See also ( edit ) Human sexual activity Oral sex Fellatio Cunnilingus Socialist fraternal kiss References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Toglia , Michelle ( 2013 - 07 - 12 ) . `` Pucker Up : The Origin Of The French Kiss '' . Tango Media . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` French kissing ups risk of oral HPV infection '' . Reuters . Retrieved 12 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` HIV / AIDS 101 '' ( PDF ) . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man with HIV may have infected partner with a kiss '' . CNN . 10 July 1997 . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hepatitis B '' ( PDF ) . CDC. 2012 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Syphilis Symptoms , Causes , and Diagnosis '' . WebMD . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Fantry , M.D. , M.P.H. , Lori E. ; Tramont , M.D. , F.A.C.P. , Edmund C. `` Treponema Pallidum ( Syphilis ) '' . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 12 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Connelly , D.D.S. , Thomas P. ( 2012 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Oral Gonorrhea ? Yes , You Can Get Gonorrhea of the Mouth and Throat '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 12 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tongue kisses . Discussion of the `` biochemistry , psychology , anthropology and history of kissing '' on BBC Radio 4 in July 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_kiss&oldid=866396000 '' Categories : Oral eroticism Kissing Tongue Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kinyarwanda Lietuvių مازِرونی မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Tagalog Türkçe Українська 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 02 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20kiss	795
where does the saying eat crow come from			Eating crow	eating crow	Eating crow is a colloquial idiom , used in English - speaking countries that means humiliation by admitting having been proven wrong after taking a strong position . Crow is presumably foul - tasting in the same way that being proven wrong might be emotionally hard to swallow . The exact origin of the idiom is unknown , but it probably began with an American story published around 1850 about a dim - witted New York farmer . Eating crow is of a family of idioms having to do with eating and being proven incorrect , such as to `` eat dirt '' and to `` eat your hat '' ( or shoe ) , all probably originating from `` to eat one 's words '' , which first appears in print in 1571 in one of John Calvin 's tracts , on Psalm 62 : `` God eateth not his words when he hath once spoken '' .	An Australian demonym for South Australian people is croweater but it does not carry the same idomatic meaning as eating crow . Contents 1 Origin theories 2 South Australian croweater 3 Notable examples of use 4 See also 5 Notes Origin theories ( edit ) Literally eating a crow is traditionally seen as being distasteful ; the crow is one of the birds listed in Leviticus chapter 11 as being unfit for eating . Scavenging carrion eaters have a long association with the battlefield , `` They left the corpses behind for the raven , never was there greater slaughter in this island , '' says the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle . Along with buzzards , rats , and other carrion - eating scavenging animals , there is a tradition in Western culture going back to at least the Middle Ages of seeing them as distasteful ( even illegal at times ) to eat , and thus naturally humiliating if forced to consume against one 's will . In the modern figurative sense of being proven wrong , eating crow probably first appeared in print in 1850 , as an American humor piece about a rube farmer near Lake Mahopack , New York . The OED V2 says the story was first published as `` Eating Crow '' in San Francisco 's Daily Evening Picayune ( Dec. 3 , 1851 ) , but two other early versions exist , one in The Knickerbocker ( date unknown ) , and one in the Saturday Evening Post ( Nov. 2 , 1850 ) called `` Can You Eat Crow ? '' . All tell a similar story : a slow - witted New York farmer is outfoxed by his ( presumed urban ) boarders ; after they complain about the poor food being served , the farmer discounts the complaint by claiming he `` kin eat anything '' , and the boarders wonder if he can eat a crow . `` I kin eat a crow ! '' the farmer says . The boarders take him up on the challenge but also secretly spike the crow with Scotch snuff . The story ends with the farmer saying : `` I kin eat a crow , but I be darned if I hanker after it . '' Although the humor might produce a weak smile today , it was probably a knee slapper by 19th - century standards , guaranteeing the story would be often retold in print and word of mouth , thus explaining , in part , the idiom 's origin . In 1854 Samuel Putnam Avery published a version called `` Crow Eating '' in his collection Mrs. Parkington 's Carpet - Bag of Fun . A similar British idiom is to eat humble pie . The English phrase is something of a pun -- `` umbles '' were the intestines , offal and other less valued meats of a deer . Pies made of this were said to be served to those of lesser class who did not eat at the king 's / lord 's / governor 's table , possibly following speculation in Brewer 's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable but there is little evidence for this . Early references in cookbooks such as Liber Cure Cocorum present a grand dish with exotic spices . Another dish likely to be served with humble pie is rook pie ( rooks being closely related to crows ) . `` Pie '' is also an antiquated term for the European magpie , a type of crow . There is a similarity with the American version of `` umble '' , since the Oxford English Dictionary defines crow ( sb3 ) as meaning `` intestine or mesentery of an animal '' and cites usages from the 17th century into the 19th century ( e.g. , Farley , Lond Art of Cookery : `` the harslet , which consists of the liver , crow , kidneys , and skirts ) . '' South Australian Croweater ( edit ) Main article : Wiktionary : Croweater A popular Australian demonym for South Australian people is `` Croweater '' . The earliest known usage dates to 1881 in the book To Mount Browne and Back by J.C.F. Johnson who writes : `` I was met with the startling information that all Adelaide men were croweaters ... because it was asserted that the early settlers ... when short of mutton , made a meal of the unwary crow '' . According to a newsletter of the Australian National Dictionary Centre , early settlers did in fact eat cockatoo and parrots . How they became known as crow eaters instead is unknown but notably this term appears after the American usage in 1850 but does not carry the same idiomatic or pejorative meaning of being proven wrong . Notable examples of use ( edit ) The following examples illustrate notable uses of the idiom after its origin in the 1850s . Rudyard Kipling ( 1865 -- 1936 ) used this concept as a central metaphor in his short story `` The Strange Ride of Morrowbie Jukes '' ( 1885 ) . Morrowbie Jukes , a European colonist in India , falls into a sand - pit from which he can not escape . Another man , a native Indian , is also trapped there who catches wild crows and eats them , but Morrowbie in his pride declares , `` I shall never eat crow ! '' After days of nothing to eat , his hunger and desperation finally force him to do what he swore he would never do : literally eat crow . After incumbent Harry Truman defeated Thomas Dewey in the 1948 United States presidential election despite many media predictions of a Dewey victory , the Washington Post sent a telegram to the victor : You Are Hereby Invited To A `` Crow Banquet '' To Which This Newspaper Proposes To Invite Newspaper Editorial Writers , Political Reporters And Editors , Including Our Own , Along With Pollsters , Radio Commentators And Columnists ... Main Course Will Consist Of Breast Of Tough Old Crow En Glace . ( You Will Eat Turkey . ) On November 7 , 2000 , the election night of the 2000 Presidential Election , after the polls had closed , CNN predicted Al Gore would win Florida and the presidency . Later , CNN retracted the call and put Florida back in the too - close - to - call column before finally awarding Florida to George Bush . One of the anchors , Greenfield , likened CNN 's error to eating crow . See also ( edit ) Humble pie Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Oxford English Dictionary 2 , `` crow '' , n . # 1 , 3a . ^ Jump up to : Eating Crow , and other indigestibles by Michael Quinion at World Wide Words , last accessed September 2014 ^ Jump up to : Popik , Barry A. , Studies in Slang , VII Archived 26 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , Gerald Leonard Cohen 2006 , pp. 119 - 122 Archived 26 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Re-printed from Comments on Etymology , October 2003 , Vol. 33 , No. 1 , pp. 7 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Leviticus 11 : 13 '' in Holy Bible , Leviticus 11 : 13 ( New International Version ) Jump up ^ Joyce Salisbury . The Beast Within : Animals in the Middle Ages , Routledge , 2011 . Jump up ^ Samuel Putnam Avery . Mrs. Partington 's Carpet - Bag of Fun , `` Crow eating '' , 1854 , pg. 145 . Jump up ^ `` Magpie '' in The New Century Book of Facts , 1911 , pg. 715 Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary , `` crow '' , sb3 . Jump up ^ Kel Richards . `` Wordwatch : Croweater '' . ABC NewsRadio . Archived from the original on 15 September 2005 . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Rudyard Kipling . The Man Who Would Be King and Other Stories . Oxford University Press , 1999 . Jump up ^ `` What Happened ? '' Time , 15 November 1948 . Jump up ^ `` What Have We Learned from Election 2000 ? '' . CNN . November 7 , 2000 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eating_crow&oldid=853599233 '' Categories : English - language idioms Metaphors referring to birds Metaphors referring to food and drink Error Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from June 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 21 : 51 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eating%20crow	796
what is the war in iraq and afghanistan about			War in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- present )	war in afghanistan ( 2001 - - present )		War in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- present ) Part of the larger War in Afghanistan , and the Global War on Terrorism Clockwise from top - left : British Royal Marines take part in the clearance of Nad - e Ali District of Helmand Province ; two F / A-18 strike fighters conduct combat missions over Afghanistan ; an anti-Taliban fighter during an operation to secure a compound in Helmand Province ; a French chasseur alpin patrols a valley in Kapisa Province ; U.S. Marines prepare to board buses shortly after arriving in southern Afghanistan ; Taliban fighters in a cave hideout ; U.S. soldiers prepare to fire a mortar during a mission in Paktika Province , U.S. troops disembark from a helicopter , a MEDCAP centre in Khost Province . ( For a map of the current military situation in Afghanistan , see here . ) Date 7 October 2001 -- present ( 17 years , 3 weeks and 2 days ) Location Afghanistan Status Invasion and occupation of Afghanistan Destruction of al - Qaeda and Taliban militant training camps Fall of the Taliban government Establishment of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan under the Karzai administration Start of Taliban insurgency Drone strikes in the tribal areas of Afghanistan and Pakistan Death of Osama bin Laden Death of Mohammed Omar in July 2013 Over two - thirds of Al - Qaeda 's operatives killed or captured International Security Assistance Force ( ISAF ) disbanded in December 2014 Commencement of Resolute Support Mission in December 2014 Belligerents Invasion ( 2001 ) : Northern Alliance United States United Kingdom Canada Australia Germany Invasion ( 2001 ) : Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan al - Qaeda 055 Brigade IMU TNSM ETIM ISAF phase ( 2001 -- 14 ) : Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ISAF United States United Kingdom Canada Australia Italy Germany Georgia Jordan Turkey Bulgaria Poland Romania Spain Czech Republic Continued list ( show ) Macedonia Denmark Armenia Azerbaijan Finland France Croatia Hungary Norway Lithuania Mongolia United Arab Emirates Belgium Portugal Slovakia Netherlands Montenegro Latvia Sweden Albania Ukraine Bosnia and Herzegovina Greece Ireland Iceland Estonia Malaysia Slovenia Austria Bahrain El Salvador Luxembourg New Zealand South Korea Tonga Pakistan Singapore ( 2008 -- 13 ) Switzerland ( 2004 -- 08 ) RS phase ( from 2015 ) : Resolute Support United States Italy Germany Georgia Turkey Romania United Kingdom Australia Czech Republic Poland Continued list ( show ) Armenia Mongolia Netherlands Denmark Croatia Azerbaijan Bulgaria Hungary Albania Belgium Bosnia - Herzegovina Norway Macedonia Slovakia Finland Sweden Latvia Lithuania Montenegro Austria New Zealand Portugal Ukraine Spain Slovenia Estonia Greece Iceland Luxembourg Support : ( show ) India ISAF / RS Phase ( from 2001 ) : Taliban Islamic Jihad Union Haqqani network ( from 2002 ) al - Qaeda Allied groups : HIG ( until 2016 ) IJU ( from 2002 ) IMU ( until 2015 ) ETIM Taliban splinter groups Fidai Mahaz ( from 2013 ) IEHCA loyal to Muhammad Rasul ( from 2015 ) ISIL - KP ( from 2015 ) IMU Allied groups : LeJ Pakistani Taliban LeI Commanders and leaders Hamid Karzai Ashraf Ghani Donald Trump Theresa May Scott Morrison Giuseppe Conte Angela Merkel John F. Campbell List of former ISAF Commanders Former ( show ) Gerhard Schröder Silvio Berlusconi Romano Prodi Mario Monti Enrico Letta Matteo Renzi Paolo Gentiloni Tony Blair Gordon Brown David Cameron George W. Bush Barack Obama Jean Chrétien Paul Martin Stephen Harper John Howard Kevin Rudd Julia Gillard Tony Abbott Malcolm Turnbull Mohammed Omar † Akhtar Mansoor † Abdul Ghani Baradar ( POW ) Hibatullah Akhundzada Jalaluddin Haqqani Obaidullah Akhund † Dadullah Akhund † Gulbuddin Hekmatyar Osama bin Laden † Ayman al - Zawahiri Muhammad Rasul ( POW ) Haji Najibullah Strength Afghan National Security Forces : 352,000 ISAF : 18,000 + Military Contractors : 20,000 + Taliban : 60,000 ( tentative estimate ) Haqqani network : 4,000 -- 15,000 HIG : 1,500 -- 2,000 + al - Qaeda : 50 -- 100 ( ~ 3,000 in 2001 ) IEHCA : 3,000 -- 3,500 Fidai Mahaz : 8,000 Casualties and losses Afghan security forces : 45,735 killed Northern Alliance : 200 killed Coalition Dead : 3,546 ( United States : 2,412 , United Kingdom : 456 , Canada : 158 , France : 89 , Germany : 57 , Italy : 53 , Others : 321 ) Wounded : 22,773 ( United States : 19,950 , United Kingdom : 2,188 , Canada : 635 ) Contractors Dead : 2,000 Wounded : 15,000 + Total killed : 51,481 Total killed : 72,000 + Civilians killed : 31,000 ( 2001 -- 2016 ) The continued list includes nations who have contributed fewer than 200 troops as of November 2014 . The continued list includes nations who have contributed fewer than 200 troops as of May 2017 . War in Afghanistan ( 1978 -- present ) Saur Revolution ( 1978 ) Herat uprising ( 1979 ) Chindawol uprising ( 1979 ) Bala Hissar uprising ( 1979 ) Soviet -- Afghan War ( 1979 -- 89 ) Afghan Civil War ( 1989 -- 92 ) Afghan Civil War ( 1992 -- 96 ) Afghan Civil War ( 1996 -- 2001 ) War in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- present ) War in North - West Pakistan Wana Sunrise Mir Ali Rah - e-Haq Earthquake Righteous Path Sherdil Angur Ada Black Thunderstorm Rah - e-Raast Janbaz Khyber Pass Rah - e-Nijat Khwakh Ba De Sham Mohmand Neptune Spear Zarb - e-Azb Khyber Ghazi Radd - ul - Fasaad American airstrikes Damadola Chenagai Dande Darpakhel Miramshah Baghar China Laghman Shrawangai Nazarkhel Datta Khel Afghanistan -- Pakistan skirmishes ( since 2003 ) Pakistan -- United States skirmishes ( 2008 -- 2012 ) 2009 refugee crisis in Pakistan India -- Pakistan border skirmishes ( 2014 -- 2015 ) War in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- present ) Timeline 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Battles and operations Invasion Crescent Wind Rhino Mazar - i - Sharif Kunduz Herat Kabul Tarinkot Trent Kandahar Qala - i - Jangi Shawali Kowt Sayyd Alma Kalay Tora Bora Helmand Province campaign Lejay Eagle Fury Lashkar Gah Mountain Thrust 1st Sangin Mountain Fury Now Zad Achilles Musa Qala I Volcano Kryptonite Silver Pickaxe - Handle Hammer Nasrat Musa Qala II Garmsir Eagle 's Summit Red Dagger Shahi Tandar Diesel Mar Lewe Panther 's Claw Nad Strike of the Sword Dahaneh Cobra 's Anger Moshtarak Tor Shezada 2nd Sangin Camp Bastion Fall of Sangin Kandahar Province Tarnak Farm Airstrike Medusa Avalanche Kaika Panjwaii Falcon Summit Hoover Luger Kamin Shah Wali Kot 1st Kandahar Spin Boldak Sarposa Prison Arghandab Wech Baghtu 2nd Kandahar Nadahan wedding bombing Hamkari Dragon Strike Baawar Kandahar Eastern Afghanistan Hazar Qadam Anaconda ( Takur Ghar ) Warrior Sweep Jacana Haven Denial Mountain Resolve Tar Heels Korangal valley ( Red Wings ) Afghanya Ebrahimkhel Jaji border incident Nangar Khel South Korean hostages Wanat Alasay Nishagam Ganjal Kamdesh 2010 Badakhshan massacre Narang Khataba Bad Pakh Bulldog Bite Do Ab Asadabad Battle of Barawala Kalay Valley Nangarhar Jani Khel Tora Bora Kabul Province 1st Kabul Hotel Serena 1st Indian Embassy Uzbin Feb 2009 Kabul raid 2nd Indian Embassy Bakhtar guest house NATO headquarters Jan 2010 Kabul raid Feb 2010 Kabul raid May 2010 Kabul bombing NATO convoy 2nd Kabul Kunduz Province Kunduz airstrike Oqab Sahda Ehlm Gala - e Gorg Harekate Yolo Karez Halmazag 1st Kunduz 2nd Kunduz 3rd Kunduz Mountain Viper Asbury Park Perth Chora Firebase Anaconda Shewan Balamorghab Derapet Doan Omari Tarinkot 1st Darzab Farah 2nd Darzab Ghazni Airstrikes Azizabad Baraki Barak Deh Bala Gora Prai Granai Hyderabad Kapisa Kunar Raid Kunduz Mano Gai Sayyd Alma Kalay Sangin Uruzgan Wech Baghtu MSF hospital Sangin Nangarhar Major insurgent attacks 2002 -- 2007 Kabul ( 2002 ) 1st Bagram Airfield ( 2007 ) South Korean hostage crisis ( 2007 ) Baghlan ( 2007 ) 2008 Kandahar Spin Boldak Khost Kabul Indian Embassy 1st Kabul Serena Hotel 2009 Kabul raids Kandahar Kabul Indian Embassy Kabul UN guesthouse Camp Chapman Kabul central district Kabul guesthouses Kabul U.S. convoy Nadahan 2011 Logar Kabul Inter-Continental Hotel Nimruz Zabul 1st Kabul embassy district Kabul & Mazar - e-Sharif 2012 April 2012 raids Camp Bastion 2013 Farah 1st Kabul Supreme Court Kabul Presidential palace Jalalabad Indian embassy Herat U.S. consulate 2014 Kabul restaurant 2nd Kabul Serena Hotel Herat Indian consulate 2nd Bagram Airfield 1st Paktika 2nd Paktika Kabul French high school 2015 April 2015 Jalalabad suicide bombing Kabul Park Palace Hotel Kabul Parliament Khost Kabul Police Academy Kabul Airport Kabul NATO convoy Ghazni prison escape Kandahar Airport Kabul Spanish Embassy 3rd Bagram Airfield 2016 Kabul ANCOP Jalalabad Kabul NDS Kunduz - Takhar highway Kabul Canadian Embassy convoy Wardak Province Kabul Hazara protest Kabul Northgate Hotel Kabul American University Kabul Defense Ministry Mazar - i - Sharif German consulate 4th Bagram Airfield Kabul Shia mosque 2017 10 January bombings 2nd Kabul Supreme Court Kabul Sardar Daud Khan hospital Camp Shaheen 2nd Kabul embassy district Kabul funeral 1st Herat mosque Kabul mosque Lashkargah Kabul Iraqi embassy 2nd Herat mosque Ghazni & Gardez Kandahar Army base Kabul & Ghor Province mosques Kabul Shi'ite Cultural Center 2018 2nd Kabul Inter-Continental Hotel Jalalabad ( Save The Children ) Kabul ambulance Kabul Sakhi Shrine Kabul Dashte Barchi 2nd Kabul NDS July 2018 Jalalabad suicide bombing Chinese Camp Baghlan Province 2nd Kabul Dashte Barchi 3rd Kabul Dashte Barchi Kandahar Governor 's Compound Massacres Dasht - i - Leili Shinwar Nangar Narang Maywand Khataba Badakhshan Kandahar FOB Delhi Other U.S. urination incident 2012 Quran burning protests Insurgents ' bodies U.S. -- Afghan Strategic Agreement U.S. Withdrawal The War in Afghanistan ( or the U.S. War in Afghanistan ; code named Operation Enduring Freedom -- Afghanistan ( 2001 -- 2014 ) and Operation Freedom 's Sentinel ( 2015 -- present ) ) followed the United States invasion of Afghanistan of 7 October 2001 . The U.S. was supported initially by the United Kingdom and Canada and later by a coalition of over 40 countries , including all NATO members . The war 's public aims were to dismantle al - Qaeda and to deny it a safe base of operations in Afghanistan by removing the Taliban from power . The War in Afghanistan is the second longest war in United States history , behind the Vietnam War . Following the September 11 attacks in 2001 on the U.S. , which President George W. Bush blamed on Osama bin Laden who was living or hiding in Afghanistan , President Bush demanded that the Taliban hand over Osama bin Laden and expel al - Qaeda ; bin Laden had already been wanted by the U.S. since 1998 . The Taliban declined to extradite him unless they were provided evidence of his involvement in the September 11 attacks and also declined demands to extradite others on the same grounds . The U.S. dismissed the request for evidence as a delaying tactic , and on 7 October 2001 launched Operation Enduring Freedom with the United Kingdom . The two were later joined by other forces , including the Northern Alliance which had been fighting the Taliban in the ongoing civil war since 1996 . In December 2001 , the United Nations Security Council established the International Security Assistance Force ( ISAF ) , to assist the Afghan interim authorities with securing Kabul . At the Bonn Conference the same month , Hamid Karzai was selected to head the Afghan Interim Administration , which after a 2002 loya jirga ( grand assembly ) in Kabul became the Afghan Transitional Administration . In the popular elections of 2004 , Karzai was elected president of the country , now named the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan . NATO became involved in ISAF in August 2003 , and later that year assumed leadership of it . At this stage , ISAF included troops from 43 countries with NATO members providing the majority of the force . One portion of U.S. forces in Afghanistan operated under NATO command ; the rest remained under direct U.S. command . Following defeat in the initial invasion , the Taliban was reorganized by its leader Mullah Omar , and launched an insurgency against the government and ISAF in 2003 . Though outgunned and outnumbered , insurgents from the Taliban , Haqqani Network , Hezb - e-Islami Gulbuddin and other groups have waged asymmetric warfare with guerrilla raids and ambushes in the countryside , suicide attacks against urban targets and turncoat killings against coalition forces . The Taliban exploited weaknesses in the Afghan government , which is among the most corrupt in the world , to reassert influence across rural areas of southern and eastern Afghanistan . In the initial years there was little fighting , but from 2006 the Taliban made significant gains and showed an increased willingness to commit atrocities against civilians . ISAF responded in 2006 by increasing troops for counterinsurgency operations to `` clear and hold '' villages and `` nation building '' projects to `` win hearts and minds '' . Violence sharply escalated from 2007 to 2009 . While ISAF continued to battle the Taliban insurgency , fighting crossed into neighboring North - West Pakistan . Troop numbers began to surge in 2009 continued to increase through 2011 when roughly 140,000 foreign troops operated under ISAF and U.S. command in Afghanistan . Of these 100,000 were from the U.S. On 1 May 2011 , United States Navy SEALs killed Osama bin Laden in Abbotabad , Pakistan . In May 2012 , NATO leaders endorsed an exit strategy for withdrawing their forces . UN-backed peace talks have since taken place between the Afghan government and the Taliban . In May 2014 , the United States announced that its major combat operations would end in December 2014 , and that it would leave a residual force in the country . In October 2014 , British forces handed over the last bases in Helmand to the Afghan military , officially ending their combat operations in the war . On 28 December 2014 , NATO formally ended ISAF combat operations in Afghanistan and officially transferred full security responsibility to the Afghan government . The NATO - led Operation Resolute Support was formed the same day as a successor to ISAF . As of May 2017 , over 13,000 foreign troops remain in Afghanistan without any formal plans to withdraw , and continue their fight against the Taliban , which remains by far the largest single group fighting against the Afghan government and foreign troops . Tens of thousands of people have been killed in the war . Over 4,000 ISAF soldiers and civilian contractors , over 15,000 Afghan national security forces were killed , as well as over 31,000 civilians . Contents 1 Before the start of war 1.1 Origins of Afghanistan 's civil war 1.2 Warlord rule ( 1992 -- 1996 ) 1.3 Taliban Emirate vs Northern Alliance 1.3. 1 Al - Qaeda 1.3. 2 Change in U.S. policy toward Afghanistan 1.3. 3 Northern Alliance on the eve of 9 / 11 1.4 11 September attacks 1.5 U.S. ultimatum to Taliban 2 History 2.1 U.S. invasion of Afghanistan 2.2 Post-Anaconda operations 2.3 2003 -- 2005 Taliban resurgence , war with Afghan forces 2.4 2006 : War between NATO forces and Taliban 2.5 2007 : US build - up , ISAF war against Taliban 2.6 Reassessment and renewed commitment 2008 2.7 Taliban attacks on supply lines 2008 2.8 US action into Pakistan 2008 -- 2009 2.9 2009 US reinforcements , Taliban progress 2.9. 1 Northern Distribution Network 2.9. 2 2009 Increase in U.S. troops 2.9. 3 Kunduz airstrike 2.9. 4 Operation Khanjar and Operation Panther 's Claw 2.9. 5 Taliban gains 2.10 2010 : American -- British offensive and Afghan peace initiative 2.10. 1 Troop surge 2.10. 2 Battle of Marjah 2.10. 3 WikiLeaks disclosure 2.10. 4 Pakistan and U.S. tensions 2.11 2011 : U.S. and NATO drawdown 2.11. 1 Battle of Kandahar 2.11. 2 Death of Osama bin Laden 2.11. 3 Withdrawal 2.11. 4 2011 U.S. -- NATO attack in Pakistan 2.12 2012 : Strategic agreement 2.12. 1 Reformation of the United Front ( Northern Alliance ) 2.12. 2 High - profile U.S. military incidents 2.12. 3 Enduring Strategic Partnership Agreement 2.12. 4 NATO Chicago Summit : Troops withdrawal and long - term presence 2.13 2013 : Withdrawal 2.13. 1 Karzai -- Obama meeting 2.13. 2 Security transfer 2.14 2014 : Withdrawal continues and the insurgency increases 2.15 2015 Taliban resurgence 2.15. 1 Kabul Parliament attack 2.15. 2 Kunduz Offensive 2.16 Taliban negotiations , 2015 -- 2016 2.17 Taliban infighting , 2015 -- 2016 2.18 Taliban offensive in Helmand Province , 2015 -- 2018 2.19 2016 2.19. 1 2016 peace deal 2.20 2017 2.20. 1 Events 2.20. 2 Donald Trump 's Afghanistan policy 2.21 2018 2.21. 1 Events 3 Impact on Afghan society 3.1 Civilian casualties 3.2 Health 3.3 Refugees 3.4 Interpreters 3.5 Drug trade 3.6 Public education 3.6. 1 Girls ' education 4 War crimes 4.1 Taliban 4.2 Northern Alliance 4.3 NATO & Allies 5 Costs 5.1 Criticism of costs 6 Stability problems 7 Afghan security forces 7.1 Afghan National Army 7.2 Afghan National Police 8 Tactics / strategy of anti-government elements 8.1 ISAF conception of Taliban strategy 9 Insider attacks 10 Reactions 10.1 Domestic reactions 10.2 International reactions 10.3 Public opinion in 2001 10.4 Development of public opinion 10.5 Protests , demonstrations and rallies 11 Human rights abuses 11.1 Taliban 11.2 White phosphorus use 11.3 Human Rights Abuses Against Afghan Refugees 12 Environmental legacy 13 See also 14 Footnotes 15 References 16 Sources 17 Further reading 18 External links Before the start of war ( edit ) Origins of Afghanistan 's civil war ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : War in Afghanistan ( 1978 -- present ) Soviet troops in 1986 , during the Soviet -- Afghan War Afghanistan 's political order began to break down with the overthrow of King Zahir Shah by his distant cousin Mohammed Daoud Khan in a bloodless 1973 Afghan coup d'état . Daoud Khan had served as prime minister since 1953 and promoted economic modernization , emancipation of women , and Pashtun nationalism . This was threatening to neighboring Pakistan , faced with its own restive Pashtun population . In the mid-1970s , Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto began to encourage Afghan Islamist leaders such as Burhanuddin Rabbani and Gulbuddin Hekmatyar , to fight against the regime . In 1978 , Daoud Khan was killed in a coup by Afghan 's Communist Party , his former partner in government , known as the People 's Democratic Party of Afghanistan ( PDPA ) . The PDPA pushed for a socialist transformation by abolishing arranged marriages , promoting mass literacy and reforming land ownership . This undermined the traditional tribal order and provoked opposition across rural areas . The PDPA 's crackdown was met with open rebellion , including Ismail Khan 's Herat Uprising . The PDPA was beset by internal leadership differences and was weakened by an internal coup on 11 September 1979 when Hafizullah Amin ousted Nur Muhammad Taraki . The Soviet Union , sensing PDPA weakness , intervened militarily three months later , to depose Amin and install another PDA faction led by Babrak Karmal . The entry of Soviet forces in Afghanistan in December 1979 prompted its Cold War rivals , the United States , Pakistan , Saudi Arabia and China to support rebels fighting against the Soviet - backed Democratic Republic of Afghanistan . In contrast to the secular and socialist government , which controlled the cities , religiously motivated mujahideen held sway in much of the countryside . Beside Rabbani , Hekmatyar , and Khan , other mujahideen commanders included Jalaluddin Haqqani . The CIA worked closely with Pakistan 's Inter-Service Intelligence to funnel foreign support for the mujahideen . The war also attracted Arab volunteers , known as `` Afghan Arabs '' , including Osama bin Laden . After the withdrawal of the Soviet military from Afghanistan in May 1989 , the PDPA regime under Najibullah held on until 1992 , when the collapse of the Soviet Union deprived the regime of aid , and the defection of Uzbek general Abdul Rashid Dostum cleared the approach to Kabul . With the political stage cleared of socialists , the warlords , some of them Islamist , vied for power . By then , Bin Laden had left the country and the United States ' interest in Afghanistan also diminished . Warlord rule ( 1992 -- 1996 ) ( edit ) Ahmad Shah Massoud ( right ) with Pashtun anti-Taliban leader and later Vice-President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Haji Abdul Qadir Main article : Civil war in Afghanistan ( 1992 -- 96 ) In 1992 , Rabbani officially became president of the Islamic State of Afghanistan , but had to battle other warlords for control of Kabul . In late 1994 , Rabbani 's defense minister , Ahmad Shah Massoud , defeated Hekmatyar in Kabul and ended ongoing bombardment of the capital . Massoud tried to initiate a nationwide political process with the goal of national consolidation . Other warlords , including Ismail Khan in the west and Dostum in the north , maintained their fiefdoms . In 1994 , Mohammed Omar , a mujahideen member who taught at a Pakistani madrassa , returned to Kandahar and formed the Taliban movement . His followers were religious students , known as the Talib and they sought to end warlordism through strict adherence to Islamic law . By November 1994 , the Taliban had captured all of Kandahar Province . They declined the government 's offer to join in a coalition government and marched on Kabul in 1995 . Taliban Emirate vs Northern Alliance ( edit ) Main article : Civil war in Afghanistan ( 1996 -- 2001 ) The Taliban 's early victories in 1994 were followed by a series of costly defeats . Pakistan provided strong support to the Taliban . Analysts such as Amin Saikal described the group as developing into a proxy force for Pakistan 's regional interests , which the Taliban denied . The Taliban started shelling Kabul in early 1995 , but were driven back by Massoud . On 27 September 1996 , the Taliban , with military support by Pakistan and financial support from Saudi Arabia , seized Kabul and founded the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan . They imposed their fundamentalist interpretation of Islam in areas under their control , issuing edicts forbidding women to work outside the home , attend school , or to leave their homes unless accompanied by a male relative . According to the Pakistani expert Ahmed Rashid , `` between 1994 and 1999 , an estimated 80,000 to 100,000 Pakistanis trained and fought in Afghanistan '' on the side of the Taliban . Massoud and Dostum , former arch - enemies , created a United Front against the Taliban , commonly known as the Northern Alliance . In addition to Massoud 's Tajik force and Dostum 's Uzbeks , the United Front included Hazara factions and Pashtun forces under the leadership of commanders such as Abdul Haq and Haji Abdul Qadir . Abdul Haq also gathered a limited number of defecting Pashtun Taliban . Both agreed to work together with the exiled Afghan king Zahir Shah . International officials who met with representatives of the new alliance , which the journalist Steve Coll referred to as the `` grand Pashtun - Tajik alliance '' , said , `` It 's crazy that you have this today ... Pashtuns , Tajiks , Uzbeks , Hazara ... They were all ready to buy in to the process ... to work under the king 's banner for an ethnically balanced Afghanistan . '' The Northern Alliance received varying degrees of support from Russia , Iran , Tajikistan and India . The Taliban captured Mazar - i - Sharif in 1998 and drove Dostum into exile . The conflict was brutal . According to the United Nations ( UN ) , the Taliban , while trying to consolidate control over northern and western Afghanistan , committed systematic massacres against civilians . UN officials stated that there had been `` 15 massacres '' between 1996 and 2001 . The Taliban especially targeted the Shia Hazaras . In retaliation for the execution of 3,000 Taliban prisoners by Uzbek general Abdul Malik Pahlawan in 1997 , the Taliban executed about 4,000 civilians after taking Mazar - i - Sharif in 1998 . Bin Laden 's 055 Brigade was responsible for mass killings of Afghan civilians . The report by the United Nations quotes eyewitnesses in many villages describing `` Arab fighters carrying long knives used for slitting throats and skinning people '' . By 2001 , the Taliban controlled as much as 90 % of Afghanistan , with the Northern Alliance confined to the country 's northeast corner . Fighting alongside Taliban forces were some 28,000 -- 30,000 Pakistanis ( usually also Pashtun ) and 2,000 -- 3,000 Al - Qaeda militants . Many of the Pakistanis were recruited from madrassas . A 1998 document by the U.S. State Department confirmed that `` 20 -- 40 percent of ( regular ) Taliban soldiers are Pakistani . '' The document said that many of the parents of those Pakistani nationals `` know nothing regarding their child 's military involvement with the Taliban until their bodies are brought back to Pakistan '' . According to the U.S. State Department report and reports by Human Rights Watch , other Pakistani nationals fighting in Afghanistan were regular soldiers , especially from the Frontier Corps , but also from the Pakistani Army providing direct combat support . Al - Qaeda ( edit ) In August 1996 , Bin Laden was forced to leave Sudan and arrived in Jalalabad , Afghanistan . He had founded Al - Qaeda in the late 1980s to support the Mujahideen 's war against the Soviets , but became disillusioned by infighting among warlords . He grew close to Mullah Omar and moved Al - Qaeda 's operations to eastern Afghanistan . The 9 / 11 Commission in the U.S. found that under the Taliban , al - Qaeda was able to use Afghanistan as a place to train and indoctrinate fighters , import weapons , coordinate with other jihadists , and plot terrorist actions . While al - Qaeda maintained its own camps in Afghanistan , it also supported training camps of other organizations . An estimated 10,000 to 20,000 men passed through these facilities before 9 / 11 , most of whom were sent to fight for the Taliban against the United Front . A smaller number were inducted into al - Qaeda . After the August 1998 U.S. Embassy bombings were linked to bin Laden , President Bill Clinton ordered missile strikes on militant training camps in Afghanistan . U.S. officials pressed the Taliban to surrender bin Laden . In 1999 , the international community imposed sanctions on the Taliban , calling for bin Laden to be surrendered . The Taliban repeatedly rebuffed these demands . Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) Special Activities Division paramilitary teams were active in Afghanistan in the 1990s in clandestine operations to locate and kill or capture Osama bin Laden . These teams planned several operations , but did not receive the order to proceed from President Clinton . Their efforts built relationships with Afghan leaders that proved essential in the 2001 invasion . Change in U.S. policy toward Afghanistan ( edit ) During the Clinton administration , the U.S. tended to favor Pakistan and until 1998 -- 1999 had no clear policy toward Afghanistan . In 1997 , for example , the U.S. State Department 's Robin Raphel told Massoud to surrender to the Taliban . Massoud responded that , as long as he controlled an area the size of his hat , he would continue to defend it from the Taliban . Around the same time , top foreign policy officials in the Clinton administration flew to northern Afghanistan to try to persuade the United Front not to take advantage of a chance to make crucial gains against the Taliban . They insisted it was the time for a cease - fire and an arms embargo . At the time , Pakistan began a `` Berlin - like airlift to resupply and re-equip the Taliban '' , financed with Saudi money . U.S. policy toward Afghanistan changed after the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings . Subsequently , Osama bin Laden was indicted for his involvement in the embassy bombings . In 1999 both the U.S. and the United Nations enacted sanctions against the Taliban via United Nations Security Council Resolution 1267 , which demanded the Taliban surrender Osama bin Laden for trial in the U.S. and close all terrorist bases in Afghanistan . The only collaboration between Massoud and the U.S. at the time was an effort with the CIA to trace bin Laden following the 1998 bombings . The U.S. and the European Union provided no support to Massoud for the fight against the Taliban . By 2001 the change of policy sought by CIA officers who knew Massoud was underway . CIA lawyers , working with officers in the Near East Division and Counter-terrorist Center , began to draft a formal finding for President George W. Bush 's signature , authorizing a covert action program in Afghanistan . It would be the first in a decade to seek to influence the course of the Afghan war in favor of Massoud . Richard A. Clarke , chair of the Counter-Terrorism Security Group under the Clinton administration , and later an official in the Bush administration , allegedly presented a plan to incoming Bush National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice in January 2001 . A change in U.S. policy was effected in August 2001 . The Bush administration agreed on a plan to start supporting Massoud . A meeting of top national security officials agreed that the Taliban would be presented with an ultimatum to hand over bin Laden and other al - Qaeda operatives . If the Taliban refused , the U.S. would provide covert military aid to anti-Taliban groups . If both those options failed , `` the deputies agreed that the United States would seek to overthrow the Taliban regime through more direct action . '' Northern Alliance on the eve of 9 / 11 ( edit ) Ahmad Shah Massoud was the only leader of the United Front in Afghanistan . In the areas under his control , Massoud set up democratic institutions and signed the Women 's Rights Declaration . As a consequence , many civilians had fled to areas under his control . In total , estimates range up to one million people fleeing the Taliban . Further information : Afghan Civil War ( 1996 -- 2001 ) In late 2000 , Ahmad Shah Massoud , a Tajik nationalist and leader of the Northern Alliance , invited several other prominent Afghan tribal leaders to a jirga in northern Afghanistan `` to settle political turmoil in Afghanistan '' . Among those in attendance were Pashtun nationalists , Abdul Haq and Hamid Karzai . In early 2001 , Massoud and several other Afghan leaders addressed the European Parliament in Brussels , asking the international community to provide humanitarian help . The Afghan envoy asserted that the Taliban and al - Qaeda had introduced `` a very wrong perception of Islam '' and that without the support of Pakistan and Osama bin Laden , the Taliban would not be able to sustain their military campaign for another year . Massoud warned that his intelligence had gathered information about an imminent , large - scale attack on U.S. soil . On 9 September 2001 , two French - speaking Algerians posing as journalists killed Massoud in a suicide attack in Takhar Province of Afghanistan . The two perpetrators were later alleged to be members of al - Qaeda . They were interviewing Massoud before detonating a bomb hidden in their video camera . Both of the alleged al - Qaeda men were subsequently killed by Massoud 's guards . 11 September attacks ( edit ) Main article : September 11 attacks Ground Zero in New York following the attacks of 11 September 2001 On the morning of 11 September 2001 , a total of 19 Arab men -- 15 of whom were from Saudi Arabia -- carried out four coordinated attacks in the United States . Four commercial passenger jet airliners were hijacked . The hijackers -- members of al - Qaeda 's Hamburg cell -- intentionally crashed two of the airliners into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City , killing everyone on board and more than 2,000 people in the buildings . Both buildings collapsed within two hours from damage related to the crashes , destroying nearby buildings and damaging others . The hijackers crashed a third airliner into the Pentagon in Arlington , Virginia , just outside Washington , D.C. The fourth plane crashed into a field near Shanksville , in rural Pennsylvania , after some of its passengers and flight crew attempted to retake control of the plane , which the hijackers had redirected toward Washington , D.C. , to target the White House , or the U.S. Capitol . No one aboard the flights survived . According to the New York State Health Department , the death toll among responders including firefighters and police was 836 as of June 2009 . Total deaths were 2,996 , including the 19 hijackers . U.S. ultimatum to Taliban ( edit ) The Taliban publicly condemned the 11 September attacks . U.S. President George W. Bush issued an ultimatum to the Taliban to hand over Osama bin Laden , `` close immediately every terrorist training camp , hand over every terrorist and their supporters , and give the United States full access to terrorist training camps for inspection . '' Osama bin Ladin was protected by the traditional Pashtun laws of hospitality . In the weeks ahead and at the beginning of the US and NATO invasion of Afghanistan , Taliban demanded evidence of bin Laden 's guilt , and consequently offered to hand over Osama bin Laden . US President , George W. Bush , rejected the idea , citing policies such as `` we do not negotiate with terrorists . '' Britain deputy prime minister , John Prescott , claimed the group expressions amount to an admission of guilt for the September 11 attacks . After the US invasion , Taliban repeatedly requested for due diligence investigation and willingness to handover Osama to a third country for due prosecutions . US refused and continued bombardments of Kabul airport and other cities . Haji Abdul Kabir , the third most powerful figure in the ruling Taliban regime , told reporters : `` If the Taliban is given evidence that Osama bin Laden is involved , we would be ready to hand him over to a third country . '' History ( edit ) U.S. invasion of Afghanistan ( edit ) Main article : United States invasion of Afghanistan U.S. Army Special Forces and U.S. Air Force Combat Controllers with Northern Alliance troops on horseback Immediately after the attacks , General Tommy Franks , then - commanding general of Central Command ( CENTCOM ) , initially proposed to President George W. Bush and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld that the U.S. invade Afghanistan using a conventional force of 60,000 troops , preceded by six months of preparation . Rumsfield and Bush feared that a conventional invasion of Afghanistan could bog down as had happened to the Soviets and the British . Rumsfield rejected Franks 's plan , saying `` I want men on the ground now ! '' Franks returned the next day with a plan utilizing U.S. Special Forces . On 26 September 2001 , fifteen days after the 9 / 11 attack , the U.S. covertly inserted members of the CIA 's Special Activities Division led by Gary Schroen as part of team Jawbreaker into Afghanistan , forming the Northern Afghanistan Liaison Team . They linked up with the Northern Alliance as part of Task Force Dagger . Two weeks later , Task Force Dagger ; Operational Detachment Alpha ( ODA ) 555 and 595 , both 12 - man Green Beret teams from 5th Special Forces Group , plus Air Force combat controllers , were airlifted by helicopter from the Karshi - Khanabad Air Base in Uzbekistan more than 300 kilometers ( 190 mi ) across the 16,000 feet ( 4,900 m ) Hindu Kush mountains in zero - visibility conditions by two SOAR MH - 47E Chinook helicopters . The Chinooks were refueled in - flight three times during the 11 - hour mission , establishing a new world record for combat rotorcraft missions at the time . They linked up with the CIA and Northern Alliance . Within a few weeks the Northern Alliance , with assistance from the U.S. ground and air forces , captured several key cities from the Taliban . American and British special forces operators at Tora Bora , 2001 The U.S. officially launched Operation Enduring Freedom on 7 October 2001 , with the assistance of the United Kingdom . The two were later joined by other countries . The U.S. and its allies drove the Taliban from power and built military bases near major cities across the country . Most al - Qaeda and Taliban were not captured , escaping to neighboring Pakistan or retreating to rural or remote mountainous regions . On 20 December 2001 , the United Nations authorized an International Security Assistance Force ( ISAF ) , with a mandate to help the Afghans maintain security in Kabul and surrounding areas . It was initially established from the headquarters of the British 3rd Mechanised Division under Major General John McColl , and for its first years numbered no more than 5,000 . Its mandate did not extend beyond the Kabul area for the first few years . Eighteen countries were contributing to the force in February 2002 . At the Bonn Conference in December 2001 , Hamid Karzai was selected to head the Afghan Interim Administration , which after a 2002 loya jirga in Kabul became the Afghan Transitional Administration . In the popular elections of 2004 , Karzai was elected president of the country , now named the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan . Post-anaconda operations ( edit ) Following the battle at Shahi - Kot , al - Qaeda fighters established sanctuaries on the Pakistani border , where they launched cross-border raids beginning in the summer of 2002 . Guerrilla units , numbering between 5 and 25 men , regularly crossed the border to fire rockets at coalition bases , ambush convoys and patrols and assault non-governmental organizations . The area around the Shkin base in Paktika province saw some of the heaviest activity . Taliban fighters remained in hiding in the rural regions of four southern provinces : Kandahar , Zabul , Helmand and Uruzgan . After Anaconda the Department of Defense requested British Royal Marines , highly trained in mountain warfare , to be deployed . In response , 45 Commando deployed under the operational codename Operation Jacana in April 2002 . They conducted missions ( including Operation Snipe , Operation Condor , and Operation Buzzard ) over several weeks with varying results . The Taliban avoided combat . In May 2002 Combined Joint Task Force 180 became the senior U.S. military headquarters in the country , under Lieutenant General Dan K. McNeill . Later in 2002 , CJSOFT became a single integrated command under the broader CJTF - 180 that commanded all US forces assigned to OEF - A , it was built around an Army Special Forces Group ( often manned by National Guard units ) and SEAL teams . A small JSOC element ( formerly Task Force Sword / 11 ) not under direct CTJF command - embedded within CJSOFT , it was manned by a joint SEAL and Ranger element that rotated command , it was not under direct ISAF command , although it operated in support of NATO operations . 2003 -- 2005 Taliban resurgence , war with Afghan forces ( edit ) Further information : Taliban insurgency , War in North - West Pakistan , 2003 in Afghanistan , 2004 in Afghanistan , and 2005 in Afghanistan Map detailing the spread of the Taliban - insurgency in Afghanistan 2002 -- 2006 A U.S. Navy Corpsman searches for Taliban fighters in the spring of 2005 . A number of 1.25 lb M112 demolition charges , consisting of a C - 4 compound , sit atop degraded weaponry scheduled for destruction . Pamphlets early 2003 turned up strewn in towns and countryside , by Taliban and other groups , urging Islamic faithful to rise up against US forces and other foreign soldiers in holy war . On 27 January 2003 , during Operation Mongoose , a band of fighters were assaulted by U.S. forces at the Adi Ghar cave complex 25 km ( 15 mi ) north of Spin Boldak. 18 rebels were reported killed with no U.S. casualties . The site was suspected to be a base for supplies and fighters coming from Pakistan . The first isolated attacks by relatively large Taliban bands on Afghan targets also appeared around that time . In May 2003 , Taliban 's Supreme Court 's chief justice , Abdul Salam , proclaimed that the Taliban were back , regrouped , rearmed , ready for guerrilla war to expel US forces from Afghanistan . Omar assigned five operational zones to Taliban commanders such as Dadullah , who took charge in Zabul province . Small mobile training camps were established along the border to train recruits in guerrilla warfare , said senior Taliban warrior Mullah Malang in June 2003 . Most were drawn from tribal area madrassas in Pakistan . Bases , a few with as many as 200 fighters , emerged in the tribal areas by the summer of 2003 . Pakistani will to prevent infiltration was uncertain , while Pakistani military operations proved of little use . U.S. troops board a helicopter An Apache helicopter provides protection from the air , October 2005 As the summer of 2003 continued , Taliban attacks gradually increased in frequency . Dozens of Afghan government soldiers , NGO humanitarian workers , and several U.S. soldiers died in the raids , ambushes and rocket attacks . Besides guerrilla attacks , Taliban fighters began building up forces in the district of Dai Chopan in Zabul Province . The Taliban decided to make a stand there . Over the course of the summer , up to 1,000 guerrillas moved there . Over 220 people , including several dozen Afghan police , were killed in August 2003 . On 11 August 2003 , NATO assumed control of ISAF . following NATO , taking the helm at ISAF . Some U.S. forces in Afghanistan operated under NATO command ; the rest remained under direct U.S. command . Taliban leader Mullah Omar reorganized the movement , and in 2003 , launched an insurgency against the government and ISAF . In late 2004 , the then hidden Taliban leader Mohammed Omar announced an insurgency against `` America and its puppets '' ( referring to transitional Afghan government forces ) to `` regain the sovereignty of our country '' . In late August 2005 , Afghan government forces attacked , backed by U.S. troops with air support . After a one - week battle , Taliban forces were routed with up to 124 fighters killed . On 31 July 2006 , ISAF assumed command of the south of the country , and by 5 October 2006 , of the east . Once this transition had taken place , ISAF grew to a large coalition involving up to 46 countries , under a U.S. commander . 2006 : war between NATO forces and Taliban ( edit ) Further information : Taliban insurgency , Coalition combat operations in Afghanistan in 2006 , and 2006 in Afghanistan A U.S. Army soldier from 10th Mountain Division , patrols Aranas , Afghanistan From January 2006 , a multinational ISAF contingent started to replace U.S. troops in southern Afghanistan . The British 16 Air Assault Brigade ( later reinforced by Royal Marines ) formed the core of the force , along with troops and helicopters from Australia , Canada and the Netherlands . The initial force consisted of roughly 3,300 British , 2,300 Canadian , 1,963 Dutch , 300 Australian , 290 Danish and 150 Estonian troops . Air support was provided by U.S. , British , Dutch , Norwegian and French combat aircraft and helicopters . In January 2006 , NATO 's focus in southern Afghanistan was to form Provincial Reconstruction Teams with the British leading in Helmand while the Netherlands and Canada would lead similar deployments in Orūzgān and Kandahar , respectively . Local Taliban figures pledged to resist . Swedish Army medic in the Mazar - e Sharif region NATO operations in Southern Afghanistan in 2006 were led by British , Canadian and Dutch commanders . Operation Mountain Thrust was launched on 17 May 2006 . On 29 May 2006 , while according to American website The Spokesman - Review Afghanistan faced `` a mounting threat from armed Taliban fighters in the countryside '' , a US military truck that was part of a convoy in Kabul lost control and plowed into twelve civilian vehicles , killing one and injuring six people . The surrounding crowd got angry and a riot arose , lasting all day ending with 20 dead and 160 injured . When stone - throwing and gunfire had come from a crowd of some 400 men , the US troops had used their weapons `` to defend themselves '' while leaving the scene , a US military spokesman said . A correspondent for the Financial Times in Kabul suggested that this was the outbreak of `` a ground swell of resentment '' and `` growing hostility to foreigners '' that had been growing and building since 2004 , and may also have been triggered by a US air strike a week earlier in southern Afghanistan killing 30 civilians , where she assumed that `` the Taliban had been sheltering in civilian houses '' . In July , Canadian Forces , supported by U.S. , British , Dutch and Danish forces , launched Operation Medusa . A combined force of Dutch and Australians launched a successful offensive between late April to mid July 2006 to push the Taliban out of the Chora and Baluchi areas . On 18 September 2006 Italian special forces of Task Force 45 and airborne troopers of the `` Trieste '' infantry regiment of the Rapid Reaction Corps composed of Italian and Spanish forces , took part in the Wyconda Pincer operation in the districts of Bala Buluk and Pusht - i - Rod , in Farah Province . Italian forces killed at least 70 Taliban . The situation in RC - W then deteriorated . Hotspots included Badghis in the far north and Farah in the southwest . Further NATO operations included the Battle of Panjwaii , Operation Mountain Fury and Operation Falcon Summit . NATO achieved tactical victories and area denial , but the Taliban were not completely defeated . NATO operations continued into 2007 . 2007 : U.S. build - up , ISAF war against Taliban ( edit ) Main article : Coalition combat operations in Afghanistan in 2007 Further information : 2007 in Afghanistan U.S. and British troops during a patrol in Helmand Province In January and February 2007 , British Royal Marines mounted Operation Volcano to clear insurgents from firing - points in the village of Barikju , north of Kajaki . Other major operations during this period included Operation Achilles ( March -- May ) and Operation Lastay Kulang . The UK Ministry of Defence announced its intention to bring British troop levels in the country up to 7,700 ( committed until 2009 ) . Further operations , such as Operation Silver and Operation Silicon , took place to keep up the pressure on the Taliban in the hope of blunting their expected spring offensive . A U.S. soldier conducts a mountain patrol in Nuristan Province . In February 2007 , Combined Forces Command - Afghanistan inactivated . Combined Joint Task Force 76 , a two - star U.S. command headquartered on Bagram Airfield , assumed responsibility as the National Command Element for U.S. forces in Afghanistan . Combined Security Transition Command - Afghanistan , or CSTC - A , the other two - star U.S. command , was charged with training and mentoring the Afghan National Security Forces . On 4 March 2007 , U.S. Marines killed at least 12 civilians and injured 33 in Shinwar district , Nangrahar , in a response to a bomb ambush . The event became known as the `` Shinwar massacre '' . The 120 member Marine unit responsible for the attack were ordered to leave the country by Army Major General Frank Kearney , because the incident damaged the unit 's relations with the local Afghan population . Chinooks transporting troops to Bagram Later in March 2007 , the U.S. during the Bush Administration deployed another more than 3,500 troops to Afghanistan to expand the fight against the Taliban . On 12 May 2007 , ISAF forces killed Mullah Dadullah . Eleven other Taliban fighters died in the same firefight . During the summer , NATO forces achieved tactical victories at the Battle of Chora in Orūzgān , where Dutch and Australian ISAF forces were deployed . U.S. Army paratroopers navigate to Observation Post Chuck Norris in Dangam . On 16 August , eight civilians including a pregnant woman and a baby died when , few hours after an insurgent IED ambush damaged a Polish wheeled armored vehicle , Polish soldiers shelled the village of Nangar Khel , Paktika Province . Seven soldiers were charged with war crimes , after locals stated the Polish unit fired mortar rounds and machine guns into a wedding celebration without provocation , but they were cleared of all charges in 2011 . On 28 October about 80 Taliban fighters were killed in a 24 - hour battle in Helmand . Western officials and analysts estimated the strength of Taliban forces at about 10,000 fighters fielded at any given time . Of that number , only 2,000 to 3,000 were highly motivated , full - time insurgents . The rest were volunteer units , made up of young Afghans , angered by deaths of Afghan civilians in military airstrikes and American detention of Muslim prisoners who had been held for years without being charged . In 2007 , more foreign fighters came into Afghanistan than ever before , according to officials . Approximately 100 to 300 full - time combatants were foreigners , many from Pakistan , Uzbekistan , Chechnya , various Arab countries and perhaps even Turkey and western China . They were reportedly more violent , incontrollable and extreme , often bringing superior video - production or bombmaking expertise . On 2 November security forces killed a top - ranking militant , Mawlawi Abdul Manan , after he was caught crossing the border . The Taliban confirmed his death . On 10 November the Taliban ambushed a patrol in eastern Afghanistan . This attack brought the U.S. death toll for 2007 to 100 , making it the Americans ' deadliest year in Afghanistan . The Battle of Musa Qala took place in December . Afghan units were the principal fighting force , supported by British forces . Taliban forces were forced out of the town . Reassessment and renewed Commitment 2008 ( edit ) Main article : Coalition combat operations in Afghanistan in 2008 Further information : 2008 in Afghanistan Development of ISAF troop strength A U.S. Army Special Forces medic in Kandahar Province in September 2008 Admiral Mike Mullen , Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , said that while the situation in Afghanistan is `` precarious and urgent '' , the 10,000 additional troops needed there would be unavailable `` in any significant manner '' unless withdrawals from Iraq are made . The priority was Iraq first , Afghanistan second . In the first five months of 2008 , the number of U.S. troops in Afghanistan increased by over 80 % with a surge of 21,643 more troops , bringing the total from 26,607 in January to 48,250 in June . In September 2008 , President Bush announced the withdrawal of over 8,000 from Iraq and a further increase of up to 4,500 in Afghanistan . In June 2008 , British prime minister Gordon Brown announced the number of British troops serving in Afghanistan would increase to 8,030 -- a rise of 230 . The same month , the UK lost its 100th serviceman . U.S. troops burn a suspected Taliban safe house On 13 June , Taliban fighters demonstrated their ongoing strength , liberating all prisoners in Kandahar jail . The operation freed 1200 prisoners , 400 of whom were Taliban , causing a major embarrassment for NATO . On 13 July 2008 , a coordinated Taliban attack was launched on a remote NATO base at Wanat in Kunar province . On 19 August , French troops suffered their worst losses in Afghanistan in an ambush with 10 soldiers killed in action and 21 injured . Later in the month , an airstrike targeted a Taliban commander in Herat province and killed 90 civilians . Late August saw one of NATO 's largest operations in Helmand , Operation Eagle 's Summit , aiming to bring electricity to the region . On 3 September , commandos , believed to be U.S. Army Special Forces , landed by helicopter and attacked three houses close to a known enemy stronghold in Pakistan . The attack killed between seven and twenty people . Local residents claimed that most of the dead were civilians . Pakistan condemned the attack , calling the incursion `` a gross violation of Pakistan 's territory '' . Burning hashish seized in Operation Albatross , a combined operation of Afghan officials , NATO and the DEA On 6 September , in an apparent reaction , Pakistan announced an indefinite disconnection of supply lines . On 11 September , militants killed two U.S. troops in the east . This brought the total number of U.S. losses to 113 , more than in any prior year . Several European countries set their own records , particularly the UK , who suffered 108 casualties . Taliban attacks on supply lines 2008 ( edit ) In November and December 2008 , multiple incidents of major theft , robbery , and arson attacks afflicted NATO supply convoys in Pakistan . Transport companies south of Kabul were extorted for money by the Taliban . These incidents included the hijacking of a NATO convoy carrying supplies in Peshawar , the torching of cargo trucks and Humvees east of the Khyber pass and a half - dozen raids on NATO supply depots near Peshawar that destroyed 300 cargo trucks and Humvees in December 2008 . U.S. action into Pakistan 2008 -- 2009 ( edit ) Main articles : Pakistan 's role in the War on Terror and Pakistan -- United States skirmishes Barack Obama with Afghan President Hamid Karzai and Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari in 2009 An unnamed senior Pentagon official told the BBC that at some point between 12 July -- 12 September 2008 , President Bush issued a classified order authorizing raids against militants in Pakistan . Pakistan said it would not allow foreign forces onto its territory and that it would vigorously protect its sovereignty . In September , the Pakistan military stated that it had issued orders to `` open fire '' on U.S. soldiers who crossed the border in pursuit of militant forces . On 25 September 2008 , Pakistani troops fired on ISAF helicopters . This caused confusion and anger in the Pentagon , which asked for a full explanation into the incident and denied that U.S. helicopters were in Pakistani airspace . Chief Pakistani military spokesman Major General Athar Abbas said that the helicopters had `` crossed into our territory in Ghulam Khan area . They passed over our checkpost so our troops fired warning shots '' . A few days later a CIA drone crashed into Pakistan territory . A further split occurred when U.S. troops apparently landed on Pakistani soil to carry out an operation against militants in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province . Pakistanis reacted angrily to the action , saying that 20 innocent villagers had been killed by U.S. troops . However , despite tensions , the U.S. increased the use of remotely piloted drone aircraft in Pakistan 's border regions , in particular the Federally Administered Tribal Areas ( FATA ) and Balochistan ; as of early 2009 , drone attacks were up 183 % since 2006 . By the end of 2008 , the Taliban apparently had severed remaining ties with al - Qaeda . According to senior U.S. military intelligence officials , perhaps fewer than 100 members of al - Qaeda remained in Afghanistan . In a meeting with General Stanley McChrystal , Pakistani military officials urged international forces to remain on the Afghan side of the border and prevent militants from fleeing into Pakistan . Pakistan noted that it had deployed 140,000 soldiers on its side of the border to address militant activities , while the coalition had only 100,000 soldiers to police the Afghanistan side . 2009 U.S. reinforcements , Taliban progress ( edit ) A U.S. Army soldier with 1st Battalion , 32nd Infantry Regiment , 10th Mountain Division , fires his weapon during a battle with insurgent forces in Barge Matal , during Operation Mountain Fire in 2009 . Further information : 2009 in Afghanistan , List of military operations in the war in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- 2014 ) § 2009 operations , and Khyber Border Coordination Center Northern Distribution Network ( edit ) Main article : NATO logistics in the Afghan War § Northern Distribution Network A U.S. soldier and an Afghan interpreter in Zabul , 2009 In response to the increased risk of sending supplies through Pakistan , work began on the establishment of a Northern Distribution Network ( NDN ) through Russia and Central Asian republics . Initial permission to move supplies through the region was given on January 20 , 2009 , after a visit to the region by General David Petraeus . The first shipment along the NDN route left on 20 February from Riga , Latvia , then traveled 5,169 km ( 3,212 mi ) to the Uzbek town of Termez on the Afghanistan border . In addition to Riga , other European ports included Poti , Georgia and Vladivostok , Russia . U.S. commanders hoped that 100 containers a day would be shipped along the NDN . By comparison , 140 containers a day were typically shipped through the Khyber Pass . By 2011 , the NDN handled about 40 % of Afghanistan - bound traffic , versus 30 % through Pakistan . On 11 May 2009 , Uzbekistan president Islam Karimov announced that the airport in Navoi ( Uzbekistan ) was being used to transport non-lethal cargo into Afghanistan . Due to the still unsettled relationship between Uzbekistan and the U.S. following the 2005 Andijon massacre and subsequent expulsion of U.S. forces from Karshi - Khanabad airbase , U.S. forces were not involved in the shipments . Instead , South Korea 's Korean Air , which overhauled Navoi 's airport , officially handled logistics . U.S. soldiers fire mortars in Zabul . Originally only non-lethal resources were allowed on the NDN . In July 2009 , however , shortly before a visit by new President Barack Obama to Moscow , Russian authorities announced that U.S. troops and weapons could use the country 's airspace to reach Afghanistan . Human rights advocates were ( as of 2009 ) concerned that the U.S. was again working with the government of Uzbekistan , which is often accused of violating human rights . U.S. officials promised increased cooperation with Uzbekistan , including further assistance to turn Navoi into a regional distribution center for both military and civilian ventures . 2009 increase in U.S. troops ( edit ) U.S. Army soldiers patrol the Korangal Valley in Kunar province . In January 2009 , about 3,000 U.S. soldiers from the 3rd Brigade Combat Team of the 10th Mountain Division moved into the provinces of Logar , Wardak and Kunar . Afghan Federal Guards fought alongside them . The troops were the first wave of an expected surge of reinforcements originally ordered by President Bush and increased by President Obama . U.S. Army soldiers fire mortar rounds at suspected Taliban fighting positions in Nuristan province . In mid-February 2009 , it was announced that 17,000 additional troops would be deployed in two brigades and support troops ; the 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade of about 3,500 and the 5th Brigade , 2nd Infantry Division , a Stryker Brigade with about 4,000 . ISAF commander General David McKiernan had called for as many as 30,000 additional troops , effectively doubling the number of troops . On 23 September , a classified assessment by General McChrystal included his conclusion that a successful counterinsurgency strategy would require 500,000 troops and five years . In November 2009 , Ambassador Karl W. Eikenberry sent two classified cables to Washington expressing concerns about sending more troops before the Afghan government demonstrates that it is willing to tackle the corruption and mismanagement that has fueled the Taliban 's rise . Eikenberry , a retired three - star general who in 2006 -- 2007 commanded U.S. troops in Afghanistan , also expressed frustration with the relative paucity of funds set aside for development and reconstruction . In subsequent cables , Eikenberry repeatedly cautioned that deploying sizable American reinforcements would result in `` astronomical costs '' -- tens of billions of dollars -- and would only deepen the Afghan government 's dependence on the United States . U.S. Army soldiers watch the surrounding hills for insurgents during a three - hour gun battle in Kunar province . On 26 November 2009 , Karzai made a public plea for direct negotiations with the Taliban leadership . Karzai said there is an `` urgent need '' for negotiations and made it clear that the Obama administration had opposed such talks . There was no formal U.S. response . On 1 December , Obama announced at the U.S. Military Academy in West Point that the U.S. would send 30,000 more troops . Antiwar organizations in the U.S. responded quickly , and cities throughout the U.S. saw protests on 2 December . Many protesters compared the decision to deploy more troops in Afghanistan to the expansion of the Vietnam War under the Johnson administration . Kunduz airstrike ( edit ) Main article : 2009 Kunduz airstrike On 4 September , during the Kunduz Province Campaign a devastating NATO air raid was conducted 7 kilometres southwest of Kunduz where Taliban fighters had hijacked civilian supply trucks , killing up to 179 people , including over 100 civilians . Operation Khanjar and Operation Panther 's Claw ( edit ) Main articles : Operation Strike of the Sword and Operation Panther 's Claw On 25 June U.S. officials announced the launch of Operation Khanjar ( `` strike of the sword '' ) . About 4000 U.S. Marines from the 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade and 650 Afghan soldiers participated . Khanjar followed a British - led operation named Operation Panther 's Claw in the same region . Officials called it the Marines ' largest operation since the 2004 invasion of Fallujah , Iraq . Operation Panther 's Claw was aimed to secure various canal and river crossings to establish a long - term ISAF presence . U.S. soldiers conduct an operation . Initially , Afghan and American soldiers moved into towns and villages along the Helmand River to protect the civilian population . The main objective was to push into insurgent strongholds along the river . A secondary aim was to bring security to the Helmand Valley in time for presidential elections , set to take place on 20 August . A soldier on patrol Taliban gains ( edit ) Former Taliban fighters turn in their weapons as part of a reintegration program According to a 22 December briefing by Major General Michael T. Flynn , the top U.S. intelligence officer in Afghanistan , `` The Taliban retains ( the ) required partnerships to sustain support , fuel legitimacy and bolster capacity . '' The 23 - page briefing states that `` Security incidents ( are ) projected to be higher in 2010 . '' Those incidents were already up by 300 percent since 2007 and by 60 percent since 2008 , according to the briefing . NATO intelligence at the time indicated that the Taliban had as many as 25,000 dedicated soldiers , almost as many as before 9 / 11 and more than in 2005 . On 10 August McChrystal , newly appointed as U.S. commander in Afghanistan , said that the Taliban had gained the upper hand . In a continuation of the Taliban 's usual strategy of summer offensives , the militants aggressively spread their influence into north and west Afghanistan and stepped up their attack in an attempt to disrupt presidential polls . Calling the Taliban a `` very aggressive enemy '' , he added that the U.S. strategy was to stop their momentum and focus on protecting and safeguarding Afghan civilians , calling it `` hard work '' . The Taliban 's claim that the over 135 violent incidents disrupting elections was largely disputed . However , the media was asked to not report on any violent incidents . Some estimates reported voter turn out as much less than the expected 70 percent . In southern Afghanistan where the Taliban held the most power , voter turnout was low and sporadic violence was directed at voters and security personnel . The chief observer of the European Union election mission , General Philippe Morillon , said the election was `` generally fair '' but `` not free '' . Western election observers had difficulty accessing southern regions , where at least 9 Afghan civilians and 14 security forces were killed in attacks intended to intimidate voters . The Taliban released a video days after the elections , filming on the road between Kabul and Kandahar , stopping vehicles and asking to see their fingers . The video went showed ten men who had voted , listening to a Taliban militant . The Taliban pardoned the voters because of Ramadan . The Taliban attacked towns with rockets and other indirect fire . Amid claims of widespread fraud , both top contenders , Hamid Karzai and Abdullah Abdullah , claimed victory . Reports suggested that turnout was lower than in the prior election . After Karzai 's alleged win of 54 per cent , which would prevent a runoff , over 400,000 Karzai votes had to be disallowed after accusations of fraud . Some nations criticized the elections as `` free but not fair '' . In December , an attack on Forward Operating Base Chapman , used by the CIA to gather information and to coordinate drone attacks against Taliban leaders , killed at least six CIA officers . 2010 : American -- British offensive and Afghan peace initiative ( edit ) A U.S. Marine Corps sergeant exits an Italian Army CH - 47 Chinook helicopter , 30 November 2010 . U.S. Marines with Bravo Company , 1st Battalion , 6th Marine Regiment return fire on Taliban forces in Marjeh in February 2010 . U.S. Marines with Explosive Ordnance Disposal ( EOD ) destroy an Improvised Explosive Device ( IED ) cache in Southern Shorsurak , Helmand province in June 2010 . U.K. service members of the Royal Air Force Regiment stop on a road while conducting a combat mission near Kandahar Airfield , Afghanistan , 2 January 2010 . Australian and Afghan soldiers patrol the poppy fields in the Baluchi Valley Region , April 2010 . Main article : 2010 in Afghanistan In public statements U.S. officials had previously praised Pakistan 's military effort against militants during its offensive in South Waziristan in November 2009 . Karzai started peace talks with Haqqani network groups in March 2010 , and there were other peace initiatives including the Afghan Peace Jirga 2010 . In July 2010 , a U.S. Army report read : `` It seems to always be this way when we go there ( to meet civilians ) . No one wants anything to do with us . '' A report on meeting up with school representatives mentioned students throwing rocks at soldiers and not welcoming their arrival , as had been reported on several occasions elsewhere . President Zardari said that Pakistan had spent over 35 billion U.S. dollars during the previous eight years fighting against militancy . According to the Afghan government , approximately 900 Taliban were killed in operations conducted during 2010 . Due to increased use of IEDs by insurgents the number of injured coalition soldiers , mainly Americans , significantly increased . Beginning in May 2010 NATO special forces began to concentrate on operations to capture or kill specific Taliban leaders . As of March 2011 , the U.S. military claimed that the effort had resulted in the capture or killing of more than 900 low - to mid-level Taliban commanders . Overall , 2010 saw the most insurgent attacks of any year since the war began , peaking in September at more than 1,500 . Insurgent operations increased `` dramatically '' in two - thirds of Afghan provinces . Troop surge ( edit ) Deployment of additional U.S. troops continued in early 2010 , with 9,000 of the planned 30,000 in place before the end of March and another 18,000 expected by June , with the 101st Airborne Division as the main source and a Marine Expeditionary Force in the Helmand Province . U.S. troops in Afghanistan outnumbered those in Iraq for the first time since 2003 . The CIA , following a request by General McChrystal , planned to increase teams of operatives , including elite SAD officers , with U.S. military special operations forces . This combination worked well in Iraq and was largely credited with the success of that surge . The CIA also increased its campaign using Hellfire missile strikes on Al - Qaeda in Pakistan . The number of strikes in 2010 , 115 , more than doubled the 50 drone attacks that occurred in 2009 . The surge in troops supported a sixfold increase in Special Forces operations . 700 airstrikes occurred in September 2010 alone versus 257 in all of 2009 . From July 2010 to October 2010 , 300 Taliban commanders and 800 - foot - soldiers were killed . Hundreds more insurgent leaders were killed or captured as 2010 ended . Petraeus said , `` We 've got our teeth in the enemy 's jugular now , and we 're not going to let go . '' The CIA created Counter-terrorism Pursuit Teams ( CTPT ) staffed by Afghans at the war 's beginning . This force grew to over 3,000 by 2010 and was considered one of the `` best Afghan fighting forces '' . Firebase Lilley was one of SAD 's nerve centers . These units were not only effective in operations against the Taliban and al - Qaeda forces in Afghanistan , but have expanded their operations into Pakistan . They were also important factors in both the `` counterterrorism plus '' and the full `` counter-insurgency '' options discussed by the Obama administration in the December 2010 review . Battle of Marjah ( edit ) In early February , Coalition and Afghan forces began highly visible plans for an offensive , codenamed Operation Moshtarak , on the Taliban stronghold near the village of Marjah . It began on 13 February and , according to U.S. and Afghan officials , was the first operation where Afghan forces led the coalition . Led by the 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade ( US ) , the offensive involved 15,000 US , British , Canadian , Estonian , Danish , French , and Afghan troops . It was the biggest joint operation since the 2001 invasion that ousted the Taliban . The troops were fighting over an area of less than 100 square miles ( 260 km ) , with a population of 80,000 . WikiLeaks disclosure ( edit ) Main article : Afghan War documents leak On 25 July 2010 , the release of 91,731 classified documents from the WikiLeaks organization was made public . The documents cover U.S. military incident and intelligence reports from January 2004 to December 2009 . Some of these documents included sanitized , and `` covered up '' , accounts of civilian casualties caused by Coalition Forces . The reports included many references to other incidents involving civilian casualties like the Kunduz airstrike and Nangar Khel incident . The leaked documents also contain reports of Pakistan collusion with the Taliban . According to Der Spiegel , `` the documents clearly show that the Pakistani intelligence agency Inter-Services Intelligence ( usually known as the ISI ) is the most important accomplice the Taliban has outside of Afghanistan . '' Pakistan and U.S. tensions ( edit ) Main articles : Pakistan -- United States skirmishes and Pakistan -- United States relations Tensions between Pakistan and the U.S. were heightened in late September after several Pakistan Frontier Corps soldiers were killed and wounded . The troops were attacked by a U.S. piloted aircraft that was pursuing Taliban forces near the Afghan - Pakistan border , but for unknown reasons opened fire on two Pakistan border posts . In retaliation for the strike , Pakistan closed the Torkham ground border crossing to NATO supply convoys for an unspecified period . This incident followed the release of a video allegedly showing uniformed Pakistan soldiers executing unarmed civilians . After the Torkham border closing , Pakistani Taliban attacked NATO convoys , killing several drivers and destroying around 100 tankers . 2011 : U.S. and NATO drawdown ( edit ) Soldiers prepare for operation U.S. Army soldiers return fire during a firefight with Taliban forces in Kunar Province , 31 March 2011 U.S. Army National Guard soldiers patrol the villages in the Bagram Security Zone , 23 March 2011 Soldiers from 34th Infantry Division , Task Force Red Bulls , discuss plans to maneuver into Pacha Khak village , Kabul Province , while conducting a dismounted patrol , 7 April 2011 An Australian service light armored vehicle drives through Tangi Valley , 29 March 2011 Further information : 2011 in Afghanistan and Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan Battle of Kandahar ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Kandahar The Battle of Kandahar was part of an offensive named after the Battle of Bad'r that took place on 13 March 624 , between Medina and Mecca . The Battle followed an 30 April announcement that the Taliban would launch their Spring offensive . On 7 May the Taliban launched a major offensive on government buildings in Kandahar . The Taliban said their goal was to take control of the city . At least eight locations were attacked : the governor 's compound , the mayor 's office , the NDS headquarters , three police stations and two high schools . The battle continued onto a second day . The BBC 's Bilal Sarwary called it `` the worst attack in Kandahar province since the fall of the Taliban government in 2001 , and a embarrassment for the Western - backed Afghan government . '' Death of Osama bin Laden ( edit ) Main article : Death of Osama bin Laden On 2 May U.S. officials announced that al - Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden had been killed in Operation Neptune Spear , conducted by the U.S. Navy SEALs , in Pakistan . Withdrawal ( edit ) On 22 June President Obama announced that 10,000 troops would be withdrawn by the end of 2011 and an additional 23,000 troops would return by the summer of 2012 . After the withdrawal of 10,000 U.S. troops , only 80,000 remained . In July 2011 Canada withdrew its combat troops , transitioning to a training role . Following suit , other NATO countries announced troop reductions . The United Kingdom stated that it would gradually withdraw its troops , however it did not specify numbers or dates . France announced that it would withdraw roughly 1,000 soldiers by the end of 2012 , with 3,000 soldiers remaining . Hundreds would come back at the end of 2011 and in the beginning of 2012 , when the Afghan National Army took control of Surobi district . The remaining troops would continue to operate in Kapisa . Their complete withdrawal was expected by the end of 2014 or earlier given adequate security . Belgium announced that half of their force would withdraw starting in January 2012 . Norway announced it had started a withdrawal of its near 500 troops and would be completely out by 2014 . Equally , the Spanish Prime Minister announced the withdrawal of troops beginning in 2012 , including up to 40 percent by the end of the first half of 2013 , and complete withdrawal by 2014 . 2011 U.S. -- NATO attack in Pakistan ( edit ) Main article : 2011 NATO attack in Pakistan After Neptune Spear , ISAF forces accidentally attacked Pakistan 's armed forces on 26 November , killing 24 Pakistani soldiers . Pakistan blocked NATO supply lines and ordered Americans to leave Shamsi Airfield . NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen said the attack was ' tragic ' and ' unintended ' . `` This ( regret ) is not good enough . We strongly condemn the attacks and reserve the right to take action , '' said DG ISPR Major General Athar Abbas . `` This could have serious consequences in the level and extent of our cooperation . '' 2012 : Strategic agreement ( edit ) Main article : 2012 in Afghanistan Taliban attacks continued at the same rate as they did in 2011 , around 28,000 attacks . In September 2012 , the surge of American personnel that began in late 2009 ended . Reformation of the United Front ( Northern Alliance ) ( edit ) Ahmad Zia Massoud ( left ) , former Vice-President of Afghanistan , shaking hands with a U.S. Provincial Reconstruction Team at the ceremony for a new road In late 2011 the National Front of Afghanistan ( NFA ) was created by Ahmad Zia Massoud , Abdul Rashid Dostum and Haji Mohammad Mohaqiq in what many analysts have described as a reformation of the military wing of the United Front ( Northern Alliance ) to oppose a return of the Taliban to power . Meanwhile , much of the political wing reunited under the National Coalition of Afghanistan led by Abdullah Abdullah becoming the main democratic opposition movement in the Afghan parliament . Former head of intelligence Amrullah Saleh has created a new movement , Basej - i Milli ( Afghanistan Green Trend ) , with support among the youth mobilizing about 10,000 people in an anti-Taliban demonstration in Kabul in May 2011 . In January 2012 , the National Front of Afghanistan raised concerns about the possibility of a secret deal between the U.S. , Pakistan and the Taliban during a widely publicized meeting in Berlin . U.S. Congressman Louie Gohmert wrote , `` These leaders who fought with embedded Special Forces to initially defeat the Taliban represent over 60 - percent of the Afghan people , yet are being entirely disregarded by the Obama and Karzai Administrations in negotiations . '' After the meeting with U.S. congressmen in Berlin the National Front signed a joint declaration stating among other things : We firmly believe that any negotiation with the Taliban can only be acceptable , and therefore effective , if all parties to the conflict are involved in the process . The present form of discussions with the Taliban is flawed , as it excludes anti-Taliban Afghans . It must be recalled that the Taliban extremists and their Al - Qaeda supporters were defeated by Afghans resisting extremism with minimal human embedded support from the United States and International community . The present negotiations with the Taliban fail to take into account the risks , sacrifices and legitimate interests of the Afghans who ended the brutal oppression of all Afghans . -- National Front Berlin Statement , January 2012 High - profile U.S. military incidents ( edit ) U.S. Army soldiers prepare to conduct security checks near the Pakistan border , February 2012 Beginning in January 2012 , incidents involving U.S. troops occurred which were described by The Sydney Morning Herald as `` a series of damaging incidents and disclosures involving U.S. troops in Afghanistan ( ... ) '' . These incidents created fractures in the partnership between Afghanistan and ISAF , raised the question whether discipline within U.S. troops was breaking down , undermined `` the image of foreign forces in a country where there is already deep resentment owing to civilian deaths and a perception among many Afghans that U.S. troops lack respect for Afghan culture and people '' and strained the relations between Afghanistan and the United States . Besides an incident involving U.S. troops who posed with body parts of dead insurgents and a video apparently showing a U.S. helicopter crew singing `` Bye - bye Miss American Pie '' before blasting a group of Afghan men with a Hellfire missile these `` high - profile U.S. military incidents in Afghanistan '' also included the 2012 Afghanistan Quran burning protests and the Panjwai shooting spree . Enduring Strategic Partnership agreement ( edit ) Main article : U.S. -- Afghanistan Strategic Partnership Agreement Afghan Army units neutralizes an IED in Sangin , Helmand province On 2 May 2012 , Presidents Karzai and Obama signed a strategic partnership agreement between the two countries , after the U.S. president had arrived unannounced in Kabul on the first anniversary of Osama bin Laden 's death . The U.S. -- Afghanistan Strategic Partnership Agreement , officially entitled the `` Enduring Strategic Partnership Agreement between the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and the United States of America '' , provides the long - term framework for the two countries ' relationship after the drawdown of U.S. forces . The Strategic Partnership Agreement went into effect on 4 July 2012 , according to Secretary of State Hillary Clinton on 8 July 2012 at the Tokyo Conference on Afghanistan . On 7 July 2012 , as part of the agreement , the U.S. designated Afghanistan a major non-NATO ally after Karzai and Clinton met in Kabul . On 11 November 2012 , as part of the agreement , the two countries launched negotiations for a bilateral security agreement . NATO Chicago Summit : troops withdrawal and Long - term presence ( edit ) Further information : 2012 Chicago Summit , 2011 NATO attack in Pakistan , and Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan On 21 May 2012 the leaders of NATO - member countries endorsed an exit strategy during the NATO Summit . ISAF Forces would transfer command of all combat missions to Afghan forces by the middle of 2013 , while shifting from combat to advising , training and assisting Afghan security forces . Most of the 130,000 ISAF troops would depart by the end of December 2014 . A new NATO mission would then assume the support role . 2013 : withdrawal ( edit ) Karzai -- Obama meeting ( edit ) Karzai visited the U.S. in January 2012 . At the time the U.S. Government stated its openness to withdrawing all of its troops by the end of 2014 . On 11 January 2012 Karzai and Obama agreed to transfer combat operations from NATO to Afghan forces by spring 2013 rather than summer 2013 . `` What 's going to happen this spring is that Afghans will be in the lead throughout the country '' , Obama said . `` They ( ISAF forces ) will still be fighting alongside Afghan troops ... We will be in a training , assisting , advising role . '' Obama added He also stated the reason of the withdrawals that `` We achieved our central goal , or have come very close ... which is to de-capacitate al - Qaeda , to dismantle them , to make sure that they ca n't attack us again . '' Soldiers from the Michigan Army National Guard and the Latvian Army patrol through a village in Konar province . Obama also stated that he would determine the pace of troop withdrawal after consultations with commanders . He added that any U.S. mission beyond 2014 would focus solely on counterterrorism operations and training . Obama insisted that a continuing presence must include an immunity agreement in which U.S. troops are not subjected to Afghan law . `` I can go to the Afghan people and argue for immunity for U.S. troops in Afghanistan in a way that Afghan sovereignty will not be compromised , in a way that Afghan law will not be compromised , '' Karzai replied . Both leaders agreed that the United States would transfer Afghan prisoners and prisons to the Afghan government and withdraw troops from Afghan villages in spring 2013 . `` The international forces , the American forces , will be no longer present in the villages , that it will be the task of the Afghan forces to provide for the Afghan people in security and protection , '' the Afghan president said . Security transfer ( edit ) On 18 June 2013 the transfer of security responsibilities was completed . The last step was to transfer control of 95 remaining districts . Karzai said , `` When people see security has been transferred to Afghans , they support the army and police more than before . '' NATO leader Rasmussen said that Afghan forces were completing a five - stage transition process that began in March 2011 . `` They are doing so with remarkable resolve , '' he said . `` Ten years ago , there were no Afghan national security forces ... now you have 350,000 Afghan troops and police . '' ISAF remained slated to end its mission by the end of 2014 . Some 100,000 ISAF forces remained in the country . 2014 : withdrawal continues and the insurgency increases ( edit ) Resolute Support Colors presented at Kabul on 28 December , after the ISAF colors are encased See also : NATO logistics in the Afghan War After 2013 , the Taliban escalated suicide bombings . An example of this is a bombing of a Lebanese restaurant in the Wazir Akbar Khan area of Kabul on 18 February 2014 . Among the dead in this attack were UN staff and the owner of a restaurant , who died protecting his business ; 21 people altogether were killed . Meanwhile , the withdrawal continued , with 200 more U.S. troops going home . The UK halved their force and were slowing withdrawal with all but two bases being closed down . On 20 March 2014 , more than 4 weeks after a bomb in a military bus by the Taliban rocked the city once again , a raid on the Serena Hotel 's restaurant in Kabul by the Taliban resulted in the deaths of 9 people , including the 4 perpetrators . The attack came just 8 days after Swedish radio journalist Nils Horner was shot dead by the Taliban . However , as the U.S. troops withdrew from Afghanistan , they were replaced by private security companies hired by the United States government and the United Nations . Many of these private security companies ( also termed military contractors ) consisted of ex U.S. Army , U.S. Marine , British , French and Italian defense personnel who had left the defense after a few years of active service . Their past relations with the defense helped establish their credentials , simultaneously allowing the U.S. and British to continue to be involved in ground actions without the requirement to station their own forces . This included companies such as the Ohio - based military contracting company , Mission Essential Personnel set up by Sunil Ramchand , a former White House staffer and U.S. Navy veteran . Despite the crisis in Crimea , by March 2014 Russia had not tried to exert pressure on the U.S. via the Northern Distribution Network supply line . On 9 June 2014 a coalition air strike mistakenly killed five U.S. troops , an Afghan National Army member and an interpreter in Zabul Province . A dust storm enveloping Camp Bastion in May 2014 On 5 August 2014 , a gunman in an Afghan military uniform opened fire on a number of U.S. , foreign and Afghan soldiers , killing a U.S. general , Harold J. Greene and wounding about 15 officers and soldiers including a German brigadier general and a large number of U.S. soldiers at Camp Qargha , a training base west of Kabul . Two longterm security pacts , the Bilaterial Security agreement between Afghanistan and the United States of America and the NATO Status of Forces Agreement between NATO and Afghanistan , were signed on 30 September 2014 . Both pacts lay out the framework for the foreign troop involvement in Afghanistan after the year 2014 . After 13 years Britain and the United States officially ended their combat operation in Afghanistan on 26 October 2014 . On that day Britain handed over its last base in Afghanistan , Camp Bastion , while the United States handed over its last base , Camp Leatherneck , to Afghan forces . As early as November 2012 , the U.S. and NATO were considering the precise configuration of their post-2014 presence in Afghanistan . On 27 May 2014 , President Barack Obama announced that U.S. combat operations in Afghanistan would end in December 2014 ( see Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan ) . 9,800 troops were to remain , training Afghan security forces and supporting counterterrorism operations against remnants of al - Qaeda . This force would be halved by the end of 2015 , and consolidated at Bagram Air Base and in Kabul . All U.S. forces , with the exception of a `` normal embassy presence '' , would be removed from Afghanistan by the end of 2016 . In 2014 , 56 United States service members , and 101 contractors , died in Afghanistan . On 28 December 2014 NATO officially ended combat operations in a ceremony held in Kabul . Continued operations by United States forces within Afghanistan will continue under the name Operation Freedom 's Sentinel ; this was joined by a new NATO mission under the name of Operation Resolute Support . Operation Resolute Support will involve 28 NATO nations , 14 partner nations , 11,000 American troops , and 850 German troops . The Special Operations Joint Task Force -- Afghanistan , the remnant U.S. / NATO special forces organisation , includes a counter-terrorism task force . In the words of the U.S. Special Operations Command Factbook for 2015 , this task force ' ( c ) onducts offensive operations in Afghanistan to degrade the Taliban , al - Qaeda , and the Haqqani Networks in order to prevent them from establishing operationally significant safe havens which threaten the stability and sovereignty of Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and the United States . ' This task force is similar to previous forces such as Task Force 373 . The UK officially commemorated the end of its role in the Afghan war in a ceremony held in St Paul 's cathedral on 13 March 2015 . Around 500 UK troops remain in `` non-combat '' roles . 2015 Taliban resurgence ( edit ) Further information : 2015 in Afghanistan The Taliban began a resurgence due to several factors . At the end of 2014 , the US and NATO combat mission ended and the withdrawal of most foreign forces from Afghanistan reduced the risk the Taliban faced of being bombed and raided . In June 2014 , the Pakistani military 's Operation Zarb - e-Azb , launched in the North Waziristan tribal area in June 2014 , dislodged thousands of mainly Uzbek , Arab and Pakistani militants , who flooded into Afghanistan and swelled the Taliban 's ranks . The group was further emboldened by the comparative lack of interest from the international community and the diversion of its attention to crisis in other parts of the world , such as Syria , Iraq , Yemen , and Ukraine . Afghan security forces also lack certain capabilities and equipment , especially air power and reconnaissance . The political infighting in the central government in Kabul and the apparent weakness in governance at different levels are also exploited by the Taliban . In May 2015 , Russia has closed a key military transport corridor which allowed NATO to deliver military supplies to Afghanistan through the Russian territory . On 5 January , a suicide car bomber attacked the HQ of EUPOL Afghanistan in Kabul , killing 1 person and injuring 5 . The Taliban claimed responsibility . On 15 January , Afghan security officials arrested five men in Kabul in relation to their suspected involvement in the 2014 Peshawar school massacre in Pakistan . In mid-January 2015 , the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant established a branch in Afghanistan called Wilayah Khorasan and began recruiting fighters and clashing with the Taliban . However , an Afghan military officer stated that he believed the Afghan military could handle any threat that the group presented in the country . American forces have increased raids against `` Islamist militants '' , moving beyond counter-terrorism missions . This is partially due to improved relations with the United States due to the Ghani presidency . Reasoning used for these raids include protecting American forces , which has been broadly interpreted . One raid , a joint raid by American and Afghan forces arrested six Taliban connected to the 2014 Peshawar school massacre . American Secretary of Defense Ash Carter traveled to Afghanistan in February 2015 ; during a period when it was discussed that the U.S. would slow down its withdrawal from Afghanistan . In February 2015 , the headquarters element of the U.S. 7th Infantry Division began to deploy to Afghanistan . It will serve as the Resolute Support Mission 's Train Advise Assist Command - South headquarters . It will be joined by 10th Mountain Division 's 2nd Brigade Combat Team , and 101st Combat Aviation Brigade . On 18 March , Hafiz Wahidi , ISIL 's replacement deputy Emir in Afghanistan , was killed by the Afghan Armed Forces , along with 9 other ISIL militants accompanying him . On 19 March , it was reported by Reuters that the U.S. military bases in Kandahar and Jalalabad were likely to remain open beyond the end of 2015 , a senior U.S. official said , as the Federal Government of the United States considered slowing its military withdrawal to help the new government fight the Taliban . The anticipated policy reversal reflected U.S. support of Afghanistan 's new and more cooperative president , Ashraf Ghani , and a desire to avoid the collapse of local security forces that occurred in Iraq after the U.S. withdrawal there . On 25 March , the Afghan National Army killed twenty - nine insurgents and injured twenty - one others in a series of operations in the Daikundi , Ghazni , and Parwan provinces . Eleven people , including one U.S. service member , died in a Taliban attack on Camp Integrity in Kabul in August . Suicide bombers attacked Hetal Hotel in May . Norwegian Marinejegerkommandoen special forces were central in saving 37 Australian hostages while maintaining direct contact with the Australian ambassador in Kabul . Throughout 2015 , the US launched about one thousand bombs and missiles at targets in Afghanistan , according to the Council on Foreign Relations . Kabul parliament attack ( edit ) Main article : 2015 Kabul Parliament attack On 22 June 2015 , the Taliban detonated a car bomb outside the National Assembly in Kabul , and Taliban fighters attacked the building with assault rifles and RPGs . A Taliban fighter driving a car loaded with explosives managed to get through security checkpoints before detonating the vehicle outside the parliament 's gates . Six Taliban insurgents with AK - 47 rifles and RPGs took up positions in a construction site nearby . Members of Parliament were evacuated to safety , while security forces engaged the insurgents in a two - hour gun battle . Afghan Interior Ministry spokesman Sediq Sediqqi said all seven attackers were killed by police and no MPs were wounded . The UN mission in Afghanistan said a woman and a child were killed in the attack , and forty civilians were injured . Kunduz offensive ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Kunduz Heavy fighting has occurred in the Kunduz province , which was the site of clashes from 2009 onwards . In May , flights into the Northern city of Kunduz were suspended due to weeks of clashes between the Afghan security forces and the Taliban outside the city . The intensifying conflict in the Northern Char Dara District within the Kunduz province led the Afghan government to enlist local militia fighters to bolster opposition to the Taliban insurgency . In June , the Taliban intensified attacks around the Northern city of Kunduz as part of a major offensive in an attempt to capture the city . Tens of thousands of inhabitants have been displaced internally in Afghanistan by the fighting . The government recaptured the Char Dara district after roughly a month of fighting . In late September , Taliban forces launched an attack on Kunduz , seizing several outlying villages and entering the city . The Taliban stormed the regional hospital and clashed with security forces at the nearby university . The fighting saw the Taliban attack from four different districts : Char Dara to the west , Aliabad to the south - west , Khanabad to the east and Imam Saheb to the north . The Taliban took the Zakhel and Ali Khel villages on the highway leading south , which connects the city to Kabul and Mazar - e Sharif through Aliabad district , and reportedly made their largest gains in the south - west of Kunduz , where some local communities had picked up weapons and supported the Taliban . Taliban fighters had allegedly blocked the route to the Airport to prevent civilians fleeing the city . One witness reported that the headquarters of the National Directorate of Security was set on fire . Kunduz was recaptured by Afghan and American forces on 14 October 2015 . Taliban negotiations , 2015 -- 2016 ( edit ) Chinese officials have declared that Afghan stability affects separatist movements in the region , including in China 's West as well as the security of the China -- Pakistan Economic Corridor . China and Pakistan have been involved in negotiations between the Afghan government and the Taliban . The Quadrilateral Coordination Group - consisting of Afghan , American , Chinese and Pakistani officials have been inviting the Taliban to discuss peace talks since January 2016 , but currently they are presumably preoccupied with fighting each other and the government forces . A meeting between representatives of both sides were expected to take place in early March but the Taliban stated they would not participate . The bombing of the Kabul parliament has highlighted differences within the Taliban in their approach to peace talks . In April 2016 , President Ashraf Ghani `` pulled the plug '' on the Afghan governments failing effort to start peace talks with the Taliban . And due to the Haqqani Networks integration into the Taliban leadership , it will now be harder for peace talks to take place . Although leader of the Taliban , Haibatullah Akhundzada , said a peace agreement was possible if the government in Kabul renounced its foreign allies . Taliban infighting , 2015 -- 2016 ( edit ) On 11 November 2015 , it was reported that infighting had broken out between different Taliban factions in Zabul Province . Fighters loyal to the new Taliban leader Mullah Akhtar Mansoor fought a Pro-ISIL splinter faction led by Mullah Mansoor Dadullah . Even though Dadullah 's faction enjoyed the support of foreign ISIL fighters , including Uzbeks and Chechens , it was reported that Mansoor 's Taliban loyalists had the upper hand . According to Ghulam Jilani Farahi , provincial director of security in Zabul , more than 100 militants from both sides were killed since the fighting broke out . The infighting has continued into 2016 ; on 10 March 2016 , officials said that the Taliban clashed with the Taliban splinter group ( led by Muhammad Rasul ) in the Shindand district of Herat with up to 100 militants killed ; the infighting has also stifled peace talks . As a result of the infighting , which has resulted in Mansour being consumed with a campaign to quell dissent against his leadership ; Sirajuddin Haqqani , chief of the Haqqani Network was selected to become the deputy leader of the Taliban in the summer of 2015 , during a leadership struggle within the Taliban . Sirajuddin and other Haqqani leaders increasingly run the day - to - day military operations for the Taliban , in particular ; refining urban terrorist attacks and cultivating a sophisticated international fund - raising network , they have also appointing Taliban governors and began uniting the Taliban . As a result , the Haqqani Network is now closely integrated with the Taliban at a leadership level , and is growing in influence within the insurgency , whereas the network was largely autonomous before , and there are concerns that the fighting is going to be deadlier . Tensions with the Pakistani military have also been raised because American and Afghan officials accuse them of sheltering the Haqqanis as a proxy group . Taliban offensive in Helmand province , 2015 -- 2018 ( edit ) In 2015 the Taliban began an offensive in Helmand Province , taking over parts of the Province . By June 2015 , they had seized control of Dishu and Baghran killing 5,588 Afghan government security forces ( 3,720 of them were police officers ) . By the end of July , the Taliban had overrun Nawzad District and on 26 August , the Taliban took control of Musa Qala . the status of the remaining districts , by 18 December 2015 , is that Taliban and Afghan security forces are contesting Nahr - i - Sarraj , Sangin , Kajaki , Nad Ali and Khanashin ( Afghan security forces claim to have previously `` ejected '' the Taliban from the Khanashin district center , with 42 Taliban fighters killed ) whilst Garmsir , Washir , and Nawa - i - Barak are believed to be contested . In October 2015 , Taliban forces had attempted to take Lashkar Gah ; the capital of Helmand province , the Afghan 's 215th Corps and special operations forces launched a counteroffensive against the Taliban in November , Whilst the assault was repelled , Taliban forces remained dug into the city 's suburbs as of December 2015 . December 2015 saw a renewed Taliban offensive in Helmand focused on the town of Sangin , Sangin district fell to the Taliban on 21 December , after fierce clashes that killed more than 90 soldiers in two days . It was reported that 30 members of the SAS alongside 60 US special forces operators joined the Afghan Army in the Battle to retake parts of Sangin from Taliban insurgents , in addition , about 300 U.S. troops and a small number of British troops are in Helmand and are advising Afghan commanders at the Corps level . On or around 23 December , approximately 200 Afghan Police and Army forces were besieged inside the town 's police headquarters , with ammunition , military equipment and food having to be airdropped to their positions , with the rest of Sangin being under Taliban control , and an attempted relief mission failing . As of 27 December 2015 , the Taliban control the districts of Musa Qala , Nawzad , Baghran , and Disho and districts of Sangin , Marja , Khanishin , Nad Ali , and Kajaki have also experienced sustained fighting according to Mohammad Karim Attal , the chief of the Helmand Provincial council . U.S. Army soldier in Nangarhar Province , 6 January 2015 Senior American commanders said that the Afghan troops in the province have lacked effective leaders as well as the necessary weapons and ammunition to hold off persistent Taliban attacks . Some Afghan soldiers in Helmand have been fighting in tough conditions for years without a break to see their family , leading to poor morale and high desertion rates . In early February 2016 , Taliban insurgents renewed their assault on Sangin , after previously being repulsed in December 2015 , launching a string of ferocious attacks on Afghan government forces earlier in the month . As a result , the United States decided to send troops from the 2nd Battalion , 87th Infantry Regiment , 10th Mountain Division , in order to prop up the Afghan 215th Corps in Helmand province , particularly around Sangin , joining US special operations forces already in the area . On 23 February 2016 , CNN announced that Afghan troops pulled out of Nawzad and Musa Qala districts in Helmand Province on 20 and 21 February in what a senior military official said was a `` tactical '' move . Head of the local provincial council Mohammad Karim Atal told CNN , `` Afghan soldiers had paid a heavy price and had recaptured some of the areas in those districts by shedding their blood only few months back , but now because of mismanagement , lack of coordination and weak leadership they left them in the hands of enemies . '' On 14 March 2016 , Khanneshin District in Helmand Province fell to the Taliban ; and district by district , Afghan troops are retreating back to urban centers in Helmand . In early April 2016 , 600 Afghan troops launched a major offensive to retake Taliban - occupied areas of Sangin and the area around it , an Afghan army offensive to retake the town of Khanisheen was repelled by the Taliban , desertions from the army in the area are rife . By 28 July 2016 , the outlook on the situation in Helmand province was good , U.S. military officials are now expecting a major Taliban offensive . General Nicholson said , `` Now , fighting season 's not over . We anticipate we 'll see other enemy attempts to regain territory in Helmand . But thus far , things are on a real positive trajectory . '' TAAC - E advisers in February 2015 Despite US airstrikes , militants besieged Lashkar Gah , reportedly controlling all roads leading to the city and areas a few miles away . The US stepped up airstrikes in support of Afghan ground forces . Afghan forces in Lashkar Gah were reported as `` exhausted '' whilst police checkpoints around the capital were falling one by one ; whilst the Taliban sent a new elite commando force into Helmand called `` Sara Khitta '' in Pashto . Afghan security forces beat back attacks by Taliban fighters encroaching on Chah - e-Anjir , just 10 km from Lashkar Gah ; Afghan special forces backed by U.S. airstrikes battled increasingly well - armed and disciplined Taliban militants . An Afghan special forces commander said `` The Taliban have heavily armed , uniformed units that are equipped with night vision and modern weapons . '' On 22 August 2016 , the US announced that 100 U.S. troops were sent to Lashkar Gah to help prevent the Taliban from overrunning it , in what Brigadier General Charles Cleveland called a `` temporary effort '' to advise the Afghan police . The deployment brought the number of US troops deployed in and around Lashkar Gah to about 700 ; according to a spokesman for the provincial governor of Helmand , U.S. forces have been carrying out operations with Afghan forces in the Chah Anjir area of Nad - e-Ali district and around the Babaji area . On 1 October 2016 , it was reported that Taliban fighters advanced closer to Lashkar Gah by pushing into a farming district on the other side of the river from the town . Despite pushing back the Taliban with the support of US airstrikes in August , the Afghan government is struggling to reverse the tide of fighting . Local officials said that security forces were engaging insurgents and were expected to begin offensive operations soon . On 10 October , it was reported that the Taliban launched a large - scale attack on Lashkar Gah , pushing into the town , and were said to have taken Bolan and Nawa . On 31 December 2016 , the Taliban continued their assault on the province with attacks on Sangin and Marjah districts . In January 2017 , the Marine Corps Times reported that in spring 2017 , the U.S. Marine Corps will deploy a task force of 300 personnel ( known as Task Force Southwest ) for nine months to southwestern Afghanistan to advise - and - assist local security forces in countering Taliban gains in the Helmand province . Officials said the Marines will work alongside `` key leaders '' from the Afghan National Army 's 215th Corps and the 505th Zone National Police `` to further optimize their capabilities in that region . '' Task Force Southwest will comprise mostly more - senior military personnel selected from units across II Marine Expeditionary Force , including the 6th Marine Regiment ; the Task Force will be replacing the US Army 's Task Force Forge , which has conducted a similar advisory role for much of 2016 . Some estimates suggest the Taliban has retaken more than 80 % of Helmand province . According to Defense Department statistics 9 U.S. service members were killed in action and another 70 were wounded there by hostile activity throughout 2016 . The Washington Post reported that the Afghan government control 2 districts whilst 6 districts are contested and the 6 others are largely controlled by the Taliban . On 12 February 2017 , the Huffington Post reported that , according to a UN report , that US aircraft conducted around 30 air strikes in Helmand Province in the preceding week ; according to a U.N. statement , air strikes in Sangin district on 9 and 10 February killed as many as 18 civilians . Military.com reported that the Helmand governor 's office said 60 Taliban fighters , including 8 commanders , were killed in the recent fighting but denied any civilian deaths . During the early hours of 23 March 2017 Sangin district was captured by the Taliban as they have overrun the district center , the town of Sangin . During earlier phase of the war almost a quarter of British casualties were caused by fighting for the town , while more recently hundreds of Afghan troops lost their lives defending it . On 29 April 2017 , the Donald Trump administration deployed an additional 5,000 US Marines to the Southern Helmand Province , this marks the return of US marines to the province since 2014 . The Washington Post reported on 16 April 2018 , that the Afghan government believe they have Lashkar Gah and Gereshk under control , and have expanded security as far south as Garmser district center and as far west as Marjah district center , but most of those two districts and many others remain under Taliban influence or control . On 1 April 2018 , Afghan forces , with US air support launched an offensive in Nad - e Ali district . 2016 ( edit ) Further information : 2016 in Afghanistan See also : Nangarhar Offensive ( 2016 ) , Battle of Kunduz ( 2016 ) , Battle of Boz Qandahari , April 2016 Kabul attack , July 2016 Kabul bombing , August 2016 Kabul attack , Jani Khel offensive , September 2016 Kabul bombing , and Battle of Tarinkot ( 2016 ) In January 2016 , the US government sent a directive to the Pentagon which granted new legal authority for the U.S. military to go on the offensive against Militants affiliated with the ISIL - KP ( Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant -- Khorasan Province ) , after the State Department announced the designation of ISIS in Afghanistan and Pakistan as a foreign terrorists organisation . ISIS - K formed in January 2015 after it pledged its allegiance to Abu Bakr al - Baghdadi , the number of militants started with around 60 or 70 , with most of them coming over the border with Pakistan but now they range between 1,000 and 3,000 militants , mainly defectors from the Afghan and the Pakistani Taliban , and is generally confined to Nangarhar Province but also has / had a presence in Kunar province . A USAF F - 16 Fighting Falcon takes off at Bagram Airfield for a combat sortie , 14 March 2016 For 3 weeks in that month , the U.S. military carried out at least a dozen operations , including commando raids and airstrikes , many of these raids and strikes taking place in the Tora Bora region of Nangarhar Province . American commanders in Afghanistan said they believed that between 90 and 100 Islamic State militants had been killed in these recent operations . By 11 February , ABC news reported the U.S. military had carried out 20 airstrikes on ISIS in eastern Afghanistan in the previous 3 weeks . On 21 February , the Wall Street Journal reported that , just over a week before , Afghan forces supported by U.S. airstrikes launched an operation dubbed `` Eagle 18 '' , against ISIL forces in Nangarhar province . Ground forces led by the Afghan army and backed by police and paramilitary groups pushed into Achin district , the group 's main base and Dislodged Islamic State From their Stronghold , U.S. airstrikes had hit the area almost daily for weeks , killing militants affiliated with Islamic State and weakening their grip on the district . Two Afghan soldiers were wounded in the operation but ISIL militants retreated from Achin and other districts . On 6 March 2016 , Afghanistan 's President Ashraf Ghani announced in the Afghan parliament that the Islamic State has been defeated in the eastern parts of the country , Afghan forces claimed victory following the 21 - day operation in Achin and Shinwar districts of Nangarhar province , claiming at least 200 militants killed . The operation was aided by local civilians who set up checkpoints to help maintain security in their villages and later supplemented the Afghan forces . On 15 March 2016 , an official confirmed that Islamic State militants had moved into Chahar Dara district of Kunduz province and into Kunar province . In early April 2016 , it was reported that US and Afghan forces had killed 1,979 suspected militants , 736 others wounded and 965 detained between April 2015 and March 2016 , ISIS militants have also been trying to flee into Ghazni and Nuristan province , whilst a rise in defections from the group to the government and the Taliban . On 12 April 2016 , the Taliban announced that they would launch an offensive called Operation Omari . U.S. Secretary of Defense Ash Carter speaks to troops at Bagram Airfield , 12 July 2016 In late June 2016 , IS militants attacked police checkpoints in the Kot area of Nangarhar province , heavy fighting between Islamic State militants and government security forces has claimed dozens of lives in eastern Afghanistan , as many as 36 IS militants are reported to have been killed in the assaults , at least a dozen Afghan security forces and civilians have been killed , with another 18 wounded . The latest attacks indicate the group remains a potent threat to a government already battling an insurgency dominated by the rival Taliban . U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry in Kabul , 9 April 2016 Afghan forces have been battling the Taliban in northeastern Kunduz as part of the Afghan forces ' own spring offensive . On 14 April , hundreds of Taliban and other insurgents attempted to retake Kunduz , however Afghan forces repelled the assault , according to Kunduz provincial police chief , allegedly killing 40 and injuring between 8 and 60 Taliban , whilst Afghan forces suffered 4 killed and 6 wounded . U.S. surveillance aircraft are supporting Afghan forces as they try to push the Taliban back , there has also been fighting in at least 6 other districts , where a further 28 Taliban fighters were killed with another 28 wounded . On 18 July 2016 , at least 100 Taliban fighters attacked Qalai Zal district , Kunduz Province , in an attempt to take the district , but Afghan forces pushed them back , 8 Taliban -- including a commander -- were killed , while 1 Afghan security force member was killed and three others wounded . The Taliban executed at least 10 people , some of whom were reportedly off - duty soldiers from the Afghan army on 31 May 2016 after kidnapping up to 220 people from buses and cars at a checkpoint on the Kunduz - Takhar highway . The majority of the passengers were released after they were interrogated by the Taliban insurgents , however at least 18 individuals still remained hostage . On 7 June 2016 , in Ghazni province 12 members of Afghan security forces were killed , they include seven policemen , three soldiers , and two officials from the National Directorate of Security , the next day in the northern province of Kunduz Taliban fighters stopped a bus on a highway near the provincial capital and abducted 40 passengers -- the second such abduction in the province in less than two weeks . On 1 June 2016 , Taliban insurgents stormed a court in the Afghan city of Ghazni , clashing with police for at least an hour in an attack in which 10 people , including all five of the militants , were killed , police said . The attack came days after the Taliban , vowed to seek revenge for the execution last month of six Taliban prisoners by the Afghan government . Another retaliatory attack for the execution of prisoners by the Afghan government came on 5 June 2016 , leaving at least 5 people killed and at least 19 others injured at an appeals court in Pul - e Alam in Logar province , among the five killed in the attack was the newly named head of the appeals court . Later same day an Afghan member of parliament , Shir Wali Wardak , was killed by a bomb planted near his residence in the capital Kabul , another 11 people were injured by the blast , no group has claimed responsibility . In June 2016 , President Obama approved a policy to give the U.S. military greater ability to accompany and enable Afghan forces fighting the Taliban ; the decision also allows greater use of US air power , particularly in CAS missions . The US commander in Afghanistan , General John Nicholson , will now be able to decide when it is appropriate for American troops to accompany conventional Afghan forces into the field ; something they have so far only been allowed to do with Afghan special forces . A senior US defence official said that the expanded powers are only meant to be employed `` in those select instances in which their engagement can enable strategic effects on the battlefield '' . Previous US rules of engagement in Afghanistan impose limits on US forces ability to strike at insurgents ; being allowed to take action against the Taliban in moments when their assistance was needed to prevent a significant Afghan military setback . The Taliban are refocusing their attention mostly on Helmand , Kandahar and Uruzgan province , according to U.S. and Afghan military officials , although the insurgents also have struck elsewhere . The Taliban still have a large presence in the region with as many as 25,000 fighters with more than 30,000 Afghan security forces fighting to quell the group 's resurgence . On 24 June , it was reported that in the previous week , the U.S. military had launched its first airstrikes against the Taliban since the change in US policy ; carrying out a `` couple '' of airstrikes on targets in southern Afghanistan . In July 2016 , President Obama announced that he plans to leave 8,400 US troops in Afghanistan when he finishes his term -- instead of reducing the number of personnel to 5,500 troops by the end of this year , reflecting the difficulty of drawing down the US presence in the country . Whilst the UK sent up to 50 additional military personnel to Afghanistan : 21 will join the counter-terrorism mission , 15 will be involved in a leadership development at the Afghan army 's officer training academy , and 13 will join the Resolute Support Mission , joining the 450 British troops already in the country . UK troops had been due to leave Afghanistan this year but will now have their mission extended into 2017 . On 30 June 2016 , two suicide bombers attacked an Afghan police convoy carrying recently graduated cadets on the western outskirts of the capital Kabul , killing up to 40 cadets , while injuring 40 more . The incident comes 10 days after an attack on a bus carrying Nepali security guards working for the Canadian embassy in Kabul that killed 14 people . As of July 2016 , the US American Time magazine estimated that at least 20 % of Afghanistan was under Taliban control with southernmost Helmand Province as major stronghold , while US commanding General in Afghanistan , J.M. Nicholson , stated that Afghan official armed forces ' casualties had risen 20 percent compared to 2015 . On 23 July 2016 , Afghan and U.S. forces began an offensive to clear Nangarhar province of Islamic State militants hours after the Kabul bombing , the operation was dubbed `` Wrath of the Storm '' involving both Afghan regular army and special forces and is the Afghan army 's first major strategic offensive of the summer . The operation was backed by U.S. special forces troops and airstrikes ; 5 US special forces troops were wounded by small arms fire or shrapnel over 24 and 25 July whilst clearing areas of southern Nangarhar with Afghan special operations troops , it appeared to be the first reported instance of U.S. troops being wounded in fighting ISIL in Afghanistan . On 26 July , in overnight raid in Kot district during the operation , supported by foreign air support , one of the most important leaders of IS in the region , Saad Emarati , one of the founders of the ISIL - KP , was killed along with 120 other suspected militants killed ; by 30 July killed hundreds of IS militants in eastern Afghanistan . Afghan troops pushed into Kot district after a heavy air and artillery bombardment that forced Daesh to flee into nearby mountain areas , Afghan forces met little resistance , finding an already destroyed training camp , by 30 July , the provincial governor said that 78 Daesh fighters had been killed in the operation . The operation reclaimed large and significant parts of eastern Afghanistan , forcing Daesh militants back into the mountains of southern Nangarhar . The estimated size of the ISIL - KP in January 2016 was around 3,000 , but by July 2016 the number had been reduced to closely 1,000 to 1,500 , with 70 % of its fighters come from the TTP . Green Berets of the 10th SFG memorialize two comrades who were killed in action during the Battle of Boz Qandahari on 2 -- 3 November 2016 On 4 October 2016 , A US soldier from B Company , 2nd Battalion , 10th SFG was killed by a roadside bomb blast in Achin , Nangarhar province , he was on a patrol with Afghan forces during an operation against ISIL - K militants . This marked the first time a U.S. serviceman was killed in combat against IS militants in the country . The Washington Post reported that during October , as part of coordinated attacks on several cities in the country in an attempt to retake territory lost during the invasion , Farah was besieged for three weeks by the Taliban and was only ended with US air support . Afghan intelligence officials said four dead Iranian Commandos were discovered , village elders told Afghan provincial officials that many Taliban dead and wounded were taken back across the Iranian border , where the insurgents had been recruited and trained . CNN reported that during the month , US aircraft dropped 203 bombs , missiles and other munitions on Taliban and local ISIS targets in Afghanistan . In December 2016 , CNN reported that The Afghan air force was just beginning to conduct its first independent airstrikes ; whilst the Afghan government had become increasingly reliant on Afghan Special Forces to carry out the fight against ISIS and the Taliban -- the 17,000 - strong force is responsible for 70 % of offensive military operations , an operational tempo that the commander of the international coalition , General John Nicholson acknowledged is difficult to sustain . As of December 2016 , there are 9,800 US service members in Afghanistan , Nicholson told reporters at the Pentagon that the number of US forces would be reduced to 8,450 by 2017 ; the US and its 39 coalition partners in Afghanistan are committed to providing support to Afghanistan for through 2020 , in particular , Nicholson added that the international community had pledged millions of dollars and advisory support to Afghanistan -- these commitments would help grow the size of the Afghan Special Forces . Even with the US providing advisers and airstrikes to the Afghan forces , the US military believes that the government only controls about 64 % of the country , with the Taliban controlling about 10 % and the remainder being contested by the army and the insurgency ; Nicholson also said that US - led operations in 2016 had killed or captured 50 leaders from al Qaeda and AQIS . On 24 December 2016 , Military.com reported that Brigadier General Charles Cleveland said that ISIL - K 's presence in the country has been pushed back from nearly a dozen districts to just two or three , the number of its members in Afghanistan had been reduced to about 1,000 from an estimated strength of between 1,500 and 3,000 members the previous year . Overall , U.S. troops in Afghanistan conducted more than 350 operations against the IS and al - Qaeda this year , more than 200 al - Qaeda members were killed or captured . In early December , General John Nicholson said U.S. - led counter-terrorism operations and Afghan government forces had killed 12 of the organization 's top leaders in the country ; U.S. officials have said IS fighters are primarily located in Nangarhar and Kunar Province 's and Al - Qaida fighters operate in at least 6 provinces also along the country 's eastern border . In January 2017 , the Marine Corps Times reported that according to an inspector general , the Afghan army comprises about 169,000 soldiers , but in 2016 they suffered a 33 percent attrition rate -- a 7 percent increase from 2015 . 2016 peace deal ( edit ) On 22 September 2016 , the Afghan government signed a draft peace deal with Hezb - i - Islami . According to the draft agreement , Hezb - i - Islami agreed to cease hostilities , cut ties to extremist groups and respect the Afghan Constitution , in exchange for government recognition of the group and support for the removal of United Nations and American sanctions against Hekmatyar , who was also promised an honorary post in the government . The agreement was formalized on 29 September by both Afghan President Ashraf Ghani and Hekmatyar who appeared via a video link in the presidential palace , signing the agreement . 2017 ( edit ) Further information : 2017 in Afghanistan See also : 2017 Sangin airstrike , Fall of Sangin , 10 January 2017 Afghanistan bombings , February 2017 Afghanistan 's Supreme Court in Kabul attack , March 2017 Kabul attack , 2017 Nangarhar airstrike , 2017 Camp Shaheen attack , Battle of Darzab ( 2017 ) , and May 2017 Kabul attack Events ( edit ) Map showing insurgent and government - controlled areas of Afghanistan , as of 19 February 2017 In early January 2017 , the Marine Corps Times reported that Afghan forces seek to rebuild , following an exhausting 2016 fighting season ; 33 districts , which are spread across 16 Afghan provinces , are under insurgent control whilst 258 are under government control and nearly 120 districts remain `` contested '' . On 9 February 2017 , General John W. Nicholson Jr. told Congress that NATO and allied forces in Afghanistan are facing a `` stalemate '' and that he needed a few thousand additional troops to more effectively train and advise Afghan soldiers . He also asserted that Russia was trying to `` legitimize '' the Taliban by creating the `` false narrative '' that the militant organization has been fighting the Islamic State and that Afghan forces have not , he asserted Russia 's goal , was `` to undermine the United States and NATO '' in Afghanistan . However he said that the area in which Islamic State fighters operate in Afghanistan had been greatly reduced . A U.S. Special Forces soldier was severely wounded that day when the base he was at was attacked in Helmand province , raising the number of U.S. troops injured in combat nationwide so far this year to at least 6 , Nicholson indicated the soldier was wounded in Sangin . The Military Times reported that on 26 February 2017 , a USAF airstrike that killed the Taliban leadership commander Mullah Abdul Salam in Kunduz province in a joint operation with Afghan security forces . The airstrike marked a renewed strategy by U.S. forces under the Trump administration to remove the Taliban leadership / commanders from the battlefield . The Obama administration strategy had focused much of its efforts in pushing reconciliation between the Taliban and the central government of Afghanistan ; although in June 2016 , to turn back the tide of Taliban gains , President Obama changed the rules of engagement to give U.S. commanders more flexibility to provide airstrikes and ground support to struggling Afghan forces , if those efforts were perceived to provide `` strategic effects . '' It made a concerted effort to kill high - profile al - Qaeda and Haqqani terrorists - groups officially designated as terrorist organizations by the U.S. State Department - while attempting to draw down U.S. and NATO forces in the region , having a tangible successes . The Army Times reported that in early March 2017 , American and Afghan forces launched Operation Hamza to `` flush '' ISIS - K from its stronghold in eastern Afghanistan , engaging in regular ground battles . Stars and Stripes reported that General Dawlat Waziri , spokesman for Afghanistan 's Defense Ministry , said that for four weeks before 13 April Nangarhar airstrike ( which was part of the operation ) , Afghan special forces unsuccessfully attempted to penetrate the area because of the difficult terrain and improvised explosive device ( IEDs ) planted by ISIS - KP militants . The governor of Achin province Ismail Shinwary , confirmed to the BBC that two weeks preceding the strike that Afghan special forces , with the US air support , had begun anti-IS operations in the area two weeks ago . In April 2017 , the Washington Post reported that Captain Bill Salvin , a spokesman for NATO 's mission to Afghanistan , said that Afghan and international forces had reduced ISIS - K controlled territory in Afghanistan by two - thirds and had killed around half their fighters in the previous two years . Since the beginning of 2017 , 460 airstrikes against terrorists ( with drone strikes alone killing more than 200 IS militants ) ; he added that the affiliate has an estimated 600 - 800 fighters in two eastern Afghan provinces . U.S. Secretary of Defense James Mattis speaks with Afghanistan 's Minister of Defense Abdullah Habibi , Kabul , April 2017 On 13 April 2017 , the United States dropped the largest non-nuclear bomb , known as the GBU - 43 / B Massive Ordnance Air Blast ( MOAB ) Mother of All Bombs , at 34.073336 , 70.631215 ( latitude and longitude coordinates ) near Momand village upon a Nangahar 's Achin District village in eastern Afghanistan to destroy tunnel complexes used by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant -- Khorasan Province ( ISIL - KP or ISIS - K ) . The Guardian reported that following the strike , US and Afghan forces conducted clearing operations and airstrikes in the area and assessed the damage . On 21 April 2017 , Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan fighters along with Afghan security forces allied to them stormed 209th Corps military base near Mazar - e-Sharif , killing over 140 Afghan soldiers . On 28 April 2017 , the Washington Post reported that the Taliban announced the beginning of their spring offensive dubbed `` Operation Mansouri . '' On 20 May , Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan fully secured Waghaz District in the province of Ghazni , while at the same time stormed Dih Yak district center and blew up Governor of Ghazni compound in Ghazni city . Another major assault took place on 22 May in Shah Wali Kot district , Northern Kandahar province , during which Taliban managed to capture large military base , while inflicting heavy casualties to the Afghan army , reportedly killing 35 and capturing 4 soldiers as well as 3 Armoured Personnel Carriers . During the same day they had overran a border outpost in southern Shorabak district , killing 15 soldiers , in addition to another outpost in district of Khakrez , killing 8 more . The next day rebels assaulted another military base in Shah Wali Kot and an outpost , killing 4 soldiers and injuring 4 more , while pro-government forces abandoned a village in northern district of Maruf . On 24 May Taliban assaulted a base in Maiwand district killing 13 soldiers . Taliban launched another attack in province of Kandahar on 26 May , killing at least 18 soldiers , injuring 16 more and capturing 4 according to security officials , while the group itself claimed to have killed 35 soldiers and capturing 7 more , while also seizing 7 Armoured Personnel Carriers and an array of weapons On 27 May , 13 members of Khost Provincial Force , a CIA funded and equipped paramilitary group , known for torture and extrajudicial killings , were killed after a Taliban car bomb blew up in Khost city . On 31 May 2017 , the German embassy in Kabul was attacked by a suicide truck , located in the heavily fortified area of Kabul , killing over 90 and injuring over 350 . No one has claimed responsibility for the attack yet . The bomb went off at about 08 : 25 local time ( 03 : 55 GMT ) during rush hour . The fortified area is considered the safest area of Kabul , with 3 m ( 10 ft ) tall blast walls . India 's foreign minister Sushma Swaraj said its embassy staff were safe . On 23 August 2017 , the Taliban captured the district of Zana Khan in Ghazni Province after a series of clashes with Afghan security forces . The Guardian reported that following the announcement of Donald Trump new strategy in the country , More than 900 munitions were released in August and September , bringing the total number of munitions used in 2017 to nearly 3,000 , more than twice the expended munitions in 2016 . On 14 October 2017 , The Guardian reported that there were then between 600 and 800 ISIL - KP militants left in Afghanistan , who are mostly concentrated in Nangarhar Province . CNN reported that throughout October , US aircraft dropped 653 bombs , missiles and other munitions on Taliban and local ISIL targets in Afghanistan ; military officials said that the success against ISIS in Iraq and Syria has freed up air assets to be deployed to Afghanistan and other theatres . The Washington Post reported that on 20 November 2017 , General John W. Nicholson announced that US aircraft were targeting drug production facilities in Afghanistan under a new strategy aimed at cutting off Taliban funding , saying that the Taliban was `` becoming a criminal organization '' that was earning about $200 million a year from drug - related activities . President Ashraf Ghani strongly endorsed the new campaign of U.S. and Afghan airstrikes against the Taliban - run narcotic centers ; the following day , a spokesman for the Helmand governor 's office said that the past week 's air operations involving coalition forces and Afghan air force planes conducted `` direct strikes on Taliban hideouts and narcotics centers '' ( 8 strikes by the coalition and 2 by the afghan air force ) , killing more than 40 Taliban fighters and that a `` main processing center of narcotics was destroyed '' along with about 2,200 pounds of drugs . CNN reported that the campaign is known as Operation Jagged Knife , three of the strikes occurred in Kajaki district , four in Musa Qala and one in Sangin ; a Pentagon spokesman said that the airstrikes were carried out by US F - 16s and B - 52s , General Nicholson told reporters at the Pentagon that a US F - 22 Raptor and Afghan Air Force A-29s also participated in the strikes . Nicholson estimated that there are approximately 400 to 500 such facilities in Afghanistan and that `` these operations will continue on in the coming days . '' CNN also reported that General Nicholson said `` our priority 's been in Iraq and Syria and , as we continue to see success there , we hope to see more assets coming over to enable us to do more of these kinds of operations , '' the strikes marked the first time commanders used their newly granted authorities to target Taliban revenue sources . Vice President Mike Pence announced on 21 December 2017 that Afghan President Ashraf Ghani told him that more senior Taliban leaders have been killed in 2017 than in all prior years of the war combined . Pence also stated that the USA was making great progress with the war in Afghanistan . Donald Trump 's Afghanistan policy ( edit ) U.S. President Donald Trump with Afghan President Ashraf Ghani in October 2017 On 21 August 2017 , US President Donald Trump stated that he would expand the American presence in Afghanistan , without giving details on how or when . Trump did not formulate any timelines , troop numbers or specific purposes to be met ; only that a US withdrawal was not an option now as it would play into the hands of terrorists and that publicising deadlines and exact plans would only help those groups prepare . Trump also said that 20 US designated terrorist organizations are active in Afghanistan and Pakistan . According to The Washington Post , this contradicts the official US Government list which only has 13 such organizations . The Guardian reported that Afghan government officials praised the new strategy , not only for increasing troop numbers and removing with strict timelines , but for increasing pressure on Pakistan - which they see as a main sponsor of the insurgency . In a televised address , President Trump said a new approach to Pakistan would be a `` pillar '' of the new strategy , adding that `` we can no longer be silent about Pakistan 's safe havens for terrorist organisations , the Taliban and other groups that pose a threat to the region and beyond ; '' Najibullah Azad , a spokesman for the Afghan president , said that `` the strategy is made in accordance with realities on the ground '' , and that `` this is the first time the US government is coming with a very clear - cut message to Pakistan to either stop what you 're doing or face the negative consequences . '' Other statements by Afghan officials such as Davood Moradian , the director general of the Afghan Institute for Strategic Studies in Kabul , said that `` the new strategy is premised on ' peace through strength ' , in contrast to Obama 's failed approach , which was essentially ' peace through appeasement ' . '' In response , Pakistani security officials accused Trump of shifting blame for its failures in the war against the Taliban and other armed groups in Afghanistan and of endangering the already fraught bilateral relations between the two countries . On 15 September 2017 , the New York Times reported that the CIA was looking to reportedly seeking authority to conduct its own drone strikes in Afghanistan and other war zones , according to current and former intelligence and military officials , the change in authority was being considered by the White House as part of the new strategy , despite concerns by the Pentagon . On 19 September 2017 , the Trump Administration deployed another 3,000 US troops to Afghanistan . They will add to the approximately 11,000 US troops already serving in Afghanistan , bringing the total to at least 14,000 US troops stationed in Afghanistan . On 4 October 2017 , Fox News reported that Defense Secretary Jim Mattis approved a change in rules of engagement as part of the new strategy so that there is no longer a requirement for US troops to be in contact with enemy forces in Afghanistan before opening fire . 2018 ( edit ) Further information : 2018 in Afghanistan , Battle of Darzab ( 2018 ) , and Ghazni offensive Events ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( May 2018 ) Curtis Scaparrotti , the Supreme Allied Commander Europe , and Kay Bailey Hutchison with Brig. Gen. Wolf - Jürgen Stahl in Afghanistan in February 2018 In January 2018 , the BBC reported that the Taliban are openly active in 70 % of the country ( being in full control of 14 districts and have an active and open physical presence in a further 263 ) and that Islamic State is more active in the country than ever before . Following attacks by the Taliban and Islamic State that killed scores of civilians , President Trump and Afghan officials decided to rule out any talks with the Taliban . On 15 February 2018 , The New York Times reported the rise of Afghan civilians being intentionally targeted by the Taliban , based on an annual United Nations report released a week earlier . This report offered a detailed assessment of the 16 year Afghan war , showing the rise of complex bombing attacks deliberately targeting civilians in 2017 , having 10,453 Afghan civilians wounded or killed . As the US and Afghan government are publishing fewer statistics , the UN report is one of the most reliable indicators about the war 's impact by 2018 . The report emphasizes the rise of `` complex attacks '' , a type of suicide assault that is becoming more deadly , described by the New York Times as the hallmark of the war in 2018 . These attacks are referred to as the Taliban 's ferocious response to US President Trump 's new strategy of war , an increased pace of aerial bombardments targeting Taliban and Islamic State Militants , giving the message that the Taliban can strike at will , even in the capital city , Kabul . The UN report included a statement showing the Taliban 's position , the Taliban blamed the U.S and its allies for fighting war in Afghanistan , and it denied targeting civilians . The New York Times quoted Atiqullah Amarkhel , a retired general and military analyst based in Kabul , saying that the UN report proved the failure of peace talks , as the Taliban and the US government are both determined for victory rather than negotiating settlement . He said `` More airstrikes mean more suicide attacks , '' proving the intensification of the war by 2018 . In September 2018 , the United Nations raised concerns over the increasing number of civilian casualties due to air strikes in Afghanistan . The U.S. air force dropped around 3,000 bombs in the first six months of the year , to force Taliban militants for peace talks . In a statement issued by the UNAMA , it reminded all the parties involved in the conflict `` to uphold their obligations to protect civilians from harm . '' On 17 October 2018 , days before parliamentary election , Abdul Jabar Qahraman , an election candidate was killed in an attack by Taliban . The Taliban issued a statement , warning teachers and students to not participate in the upcoming elections or use schools as polling centers . Impact on Afghan Society ( edit ) Civilian casualties ( edit ) Main article : Civilian casualties in the war in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- present ) According to the Watson Institute for International Studies Costs of War Project , roughly 31,000 civilians had been killed as a result of the war up to the middle of 2016 . A report titled Body Count put together by Physicians for Social Responsibility , Physicians for Global Survival and the Nobel Peace Prize - winning International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War ( IPPNW ) concluded that 106,000 -- 170,000 civilians have been killed as a result of the fighting in Afghanistan at the hands of all parties to the conflict . Victims of the Narang night raid that killed at least 10 Afghan civilians , December 2009 A UN report over the year 2009 stated that , of the 1,500 civilians having died from January until the end of August 2009 , 70 % were blamed on `` anti-government elements '' . The US website of The Weekly Standard stated in 2010 , referring to a UN Report , that 76 % of civilian deaths in Afghanistan over the past year had been `` caused by the Taliban '' . That is a misquotation of the UNAMA Report , which does not attribute numbers of deaths directly to the Taliban , but to `` anti-government elements '' ( AGE ) and to `` pro-government forces '' ( PGF ) . Over the period January until June 2010 , indeed the report published in August 2010 stated that , of all 3,268 civilian casualties ( dead or wounded ) , 2,477 casualties ( 76 % ) were caused by AGE , 386 caused by PGF ( 11 % ) . Over the whole of 2010 , with a total of 2,777 civilians killed , the UN reported 2,080 civilian deaths caused by `` anti-government elements '' ( 75 % ) , `` pro-government forces '' caused 440 deaths , and 257 deaths `` could not be attributed to any party '' . In July 2011 , a UN report said `` 1,462 non-combatants died '' in the first six months of 2011 ( insurgents 80 % ) . In 2011 a record 3,021 civilians were killed , the fifth successive annual rise . According to a UN report , in 2013 there were 2,959 civilian deaths with 74 % being blamed on anti-government forces , 8 % on Afghan security forces , 3 % on ISAF forces , 10 % to ground engagements between anti-Government forces and pro-Government forces and 5 % of the deaths were unattributed. 60 % of Afghans have direct personal experience and most others report suffering a range of hardships . 96 % have been affected either personally or from the wider consequences . In 2015 , according to the United Nations ( UN ) annual report there were 3,545 civilian deaths and 7,457 people wounded . The anti-government elements were responsible for 62 percent of the civilians killed or wounded . The pro-government forces caused 17 percent of civilian deaths and injuries -- including United States and NATO troops , which were responsible for about 2 percent of the casualties . In 2016 , a total of 3,498 civilians deaths and 7,920 injuries were recorded by the United Nations . The UN attributed 61 % of casualties to anti-government forces . Afghan security forces caused about 20 percent of the overall casualties , while pro-government militias and Resolute Support Mission caused 2 percent each . Air strikes by US and NATO warplanes resulted in at least 127 civilian deaths and 108 injuries . While , the Afghan air force accounted for at least 85 deaths and 167 injuries . The UN was not able to attribute responsibility for the remaining 38 deaths and 65 injuries resulting from air strikes . During the parliamentary elections on 20 October 2018 , several explosions targeting the polling stations took place . At least 36 people were killed and 130 were injured . Previously , ten election candidates were killed during the campaigning by the Taliban and the Islamic State group . Health ( edit ) According to Nicholas Kristoff , improved healthcare resulting from the war has saved hundreds of thousands of lives . Refugees ( edit ) Since 2001 , more than 5.7 million former refugees have returned to Afghanistan , but 2.2 million others remained refugees in 2013 . In January 2013 the UN estimated that 547,550 were internally displaced persons , a 25 % increase over the 447,547 IDPs estimated for January 2012 Interpreters ( edit ) Afghans who interpreted for the British army have been tortured and killed in Afghanistan , including their families . As of May 2018 the UK government has not resettled any interpreter or family member in the UK . Drug Trade ( edit ) Main article : Opium production in Afghanistan Opium production levels for 2005 -- 2007 Regional security risks and levels of opium poppy cultivation in 2007 -- 2008 From 1996 to 1999 , the Taliban controlled 96 % of Afghanistan 's poppy fields and made opium its largest source of revenue . Taxes on opium exports became one of the mainstays of Taliban income . According to Rashid , `` drug money funded the weapons , ammunition and fuel for the war . '' In The New York Times , the Finance Minister of the United Front , Wahidullah Sabawoon , declared the Taliban had no annual budget but that they `` appeared to spend U.S. $300 million a year , nearly all of it on war '' . He added that the Taliban had come to increasingly rely on three sources of money : `` poppy , the Pakistanis and bin Laden '' . By 2000 Afghanistan accounted for an estimated 75 % of the world 's opium supply and in 2000 produced an estimated 3276 tonnes from 82,171 hectares ( 203,050 acres ) . Omar then banned opium cultivation and production dropped to an estimated 74 metric tonnes from 1,685 hectares ( 4,160 acres ) . Some observers say the ban -- which came in a bid for international recognition at the United Nations -- was issued only to raise opium prices and increase profit from the sale of large existing stockpiles. 1999 had yielded a record crop and had been followed by a lower but still large 2000 harvest . The trafficking of accumulated stocks continued in 2000 and 2001 . In 2002 , the UN mentioned the `` existence of significant stocks of opiated accumulated during previous years of bumper harvests '' . In September 2001 -- before 11 September attacks against the U.S. -- the Taliban allegedly authorized Afghan peasants to sow opium again . Soon after the invasion opium production increased markedly . By 2005 , Afghanistan was producing 90 % of the world 's opium , most of which was processed into heroin and sold in Europe and Russia . In 2009 , the BBC reported that `` UN findings say an opium market worth $65 bn ( £ 39bn ) funds global terrorism , caters to 15 million addicts , and kills 100,000 people every year '' . Public education ( edit ) As of 2017 , the Afghan government has cooperated with Taliban forces to provide education services : in Khogyani District , the government is given `` nominal control '' by local Taliban fighters in return for paying the wages of teachers whom the Taliban appoint in local schools . Girls ' education ( edit ) A young Afghan girl in Qalat pictured by the 116th Infantry Battalion before receiving school supplies in 2011 As of 2013 , 8.2 million Afghans attended school , including 3.2 million girls , up from 1.2 million in 2001 , including fewer than 50,000 girls . While the Taliban have typically opposed girls ' education , in 2017 in Khogyani District it has allowed girls to receive education in order to improve its standing among local residents . War crimes ( edit ) Further information : List of war crimes § Civil war in Afghanistan 1978 -- present War crimes ( a serious violation of the laws and customs of war giving rise to individual criminal responsibility ) have been committed by both sides including civilian massacres , bombings of civilian targets , terrorism , use of torture and the murder of prisoners of war . Additional common crimes include theft , arson , and the destruction of property not warranted by military necessity . Taliban ( edit ) In 2011 , The New York Times reported that the Taliban was responsible for ⁄ of all civilian deaths in the war in Afghanistan . In 2013 the UN stated that the Taliban had been placing bombs along transit routes . In 2015 , Amnesty International reported that the Taliban committed mass murder and gang rape of Afghan civilians in Kunduz . Taliban fighters killed and raped female relatives of police commanders and soldiers as well as midwives . One female human rights activist described the situation in the following manner : When the Taliban asserted their control over Kunduz , they claimed to be bringing law and order and Shari'a to the city . But everything they 've done has violated both . I do n't know who can rescue us from this situation . Northern Alliance ( edit ) In December 2001 , the Dasht - i - Leili massacre took place , where between 250 and 3,000 Taliban fighters who had surrendered , were shot and / or suffocated to death in metal truck containers during transportation by Northern Alliance forces . Reports place U.S. ground troops at the scene . The Irish documentary Afghan Massacre : The Convoy of Death investigated these allegations and claimed that mass graves of thousands of victims were found by UN investigators and that the U.S. blocked investigations into the incident . NATO & allies ( edit ) Young Afghan farmer boy murdered on 15 January 2010 by a group of U.S. Army soldiers called the Kill Team On 21 June 2003 , David Passaro , a CIA contractor and former United States Army Ranger , killed Abdul Wali , a prisoner at a U.S. base 16 km ( 10 mi ) south of Asadabad , in Kunar Province . Passaro was found guilty of one count of felony assault with a dangerous weapon and three counts of misdemeanor assault . On 10 August 2009 , he was sentenced to 8 years and 4 months in prison . In 2002 , two unarmed civilian Afghan prisoners were tortured and later killed by U.S. armed forces personnel at the Bagram Theater Internment Facility ( also Bagram Collection Point or B.C.P. ) in Bagram , Afghanistan . The prisoners , Habibullah and Dilawar , were chained to the ceiling and beaten , which caused their deaths . Military coroners ruled that both the prisoners ' deaths were homicides . Autopsies revealed severe trauma to both prisoners ' legs , describing the trauma as comparable to being run over by a bus . Fifteen soldiers were charged . During the summer of 2010 , ISAF charged five United States Army soldiers with the murder of three Afghan civilians in Kandahar province and collecting their body parts as trophies in what came to be known as the Maywand District murders . In addition , seven soldiers were charged with crimes such as hashish use , impeding an investigation and attacking the whistleblower , Specialist Justin Stoner . Eleven of the twelve soldiers were convicted on various counts . A British Royal Marine Sergeant , identified as Sergeant Alexander Blackman from Taunton , Somerset , was convicted at court martial in Wiltshire of the murder of an unarmed , reportedly wounded , Afghan fighter in Helmand Province in September 2011 . In 2013 , he received a life sentence from the court martial in Bulford , Wiltshire , and was dismissed with disgrace from the Royal Marines . In 2017 , after appeal to the Court Martial Appeal Court ( CMAC ) , his conviction was lessened to manslaughter on the grounds of diminished responsibility and the sentence was reduced to seven years effectively releasing Blackman due to time served . On 11 March 2012 , the Kandahar massacre occurred when sixteen civilians were killed and six wounded in the Panjwayi District of Kandahar Province , Afghanistan . Nine of the victims were children , and eleven of the dead were from the same family . United States Army Staff Sergeant Robert Bales was taken into custody and charged with sixteen counts of premeditated murder . After pleading guilty to sixteen counts of premeditated murder , Bales was sentenced to life in prison without parole and dishonorably discharged from the United States Army . Costs ( edit ) The cost of the war reportedly was a major factor as U.S. officials considered drawing down troops in 2011 . A March 2011 Congressional Research Service report noted , 1 ) following the Afghanistan surge announcement in 2009 , Defense Department spending on Afghanistan increased by 50 % , going from $4.4 billion to $6.7 billion a month . During that time , troop strength increased from 44,000 to 84,000 , and was expected to be at 102,000 for fiscal year 2011 ; 2 ) The total cost from inception to the fiscal year 2011 was expected to be $468 billion . The estimate for the cost of deploying one U.S. soldier in Afghanistan is over U.S. $1 million a year . According to `` Investment in Blood '' , a book by Frank Ledwidge , summations for the UK contribution to the war in Afghanistan came to £ 37bn ( $56.46 billion ) . Criticism of Costs ( edit ) In 2011 , the independent Commission on Wartime Contracting reported to Congress that , during the previous decade in Iraq and Afghanistan , the United States had lost between $31 and $60 billion to waste and fraud and that this amount may continue to increase . In the summer of 2013 , preparing for withdrawal the following year , the U.S. military destroyed over 77,000 metric tons of equipment and vehicles worth over $7 billion that could not be shipped back to the United States . Some was sold to Afghans as scrap metal . In 2013 , the Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction , a U.S. government oversight body , criticized the misuse or waste of hundreds of millions of dollars in U.S. aid , including the $772 million purchase of aircraft for the Afghan military especially since `` the Afghans lack the capacity to operate and maintain them . '' Stability problems ( edit ) A soldier fits shoes for Afghan children in the Zabul Province An Afghan market teems with vendors and shoppers on 4 February 2009 U.S. Army soldiers unload humanitarian aid for distribution to the town of Rajan Kala , 5 December 2009 In a 2008 interview , the then - head U.S. Central Command General David H. Petraeus , insisted that the Taliban were gaining strength . He cited a recent increase in attacks in Afghanistan and in neighboring Pakistan . Petraeus insisted that the problems in Afghanistan were more complicated than the ones he had faced in Iraq during his tour and required removing widespread sanctuaries and strongholds . Observers have argued that the mission in Afghanistan is hampered by a lack of agreement on objectives , a lack of resources , lack of coordination , too much focus on the central government at the expense of local and provincial governments , and too much focus on the country instead of the region . In 2009 , Afghanistan moved three places in Transparency International 's annual index of corruption , becoming the world 's second most - corrupt country just ahead of Somalia . In the same month , Malalai Joya , a former member of the Afghan Parliament and the author of `` Raising My Voice '' , expressed opposition to an expansion of the U.S. military presence and her concerns about the future . `` Eight years ago , the U.S. and NATO -- under the banner of women 's rights , human rights , and democracy -- occupied my country and pushed us from the frying pan into the fire . Eight years is enough to know better about the corrupt , mafia system of President Hamid Karzai . My people are crushed between two powerful enemies . From the sky , occupation forces bomb and kill civilians ... and on the ground , the Taliban and warlords continue their crimes . It is better that they leave my country ; my people are that fed up . Occupation will never bring liberation , and it is impossible to bring democracy by war . '' Pakistan plays a central role in the conflict . A 2010 report published by the London School of Economics says that Pakistan 's ISI has an `` official policy '' of support to the Taliban . `` Pakistan appears to be playing a double - game of astonishing magnitude , '' the report states . Amrullah Saleh , former director of Afghanistan 's intelligence service , stated , `` We talk about all these proxies ( Taliban , Haqqanis ) but not the master of proxies , which is the Pakistan army . The question is what does Pakistan 's army want to achieve ... ? They want to gain influence in the region '' About the presence of foreign troops in Afghanistan he stated : `` ( T ) hey fight for the U.S. national interest but ... without them we will face massacre and disaster and God knows what type of a future Afghanistan will have . '' Afghan security forces ( edit ) Further information : Afghan National Army § Current status Afghan National Army ( edit ) Afghan Commandos practice infiltration techniques , 1 April 2010 at Camp Morehead in the outer regions of Kabul . U.S. Marines and ANA soldiers take cover in Marja on 13 February 2010 during their offensive to secure the city from the Taliban . U.S. policy called for boosting the Afghan National Army to 134,000 soldiers by October 2010 . By May 2010 the Afghan Army had accomplished this interim goal and was on track to reach its ultimate number of 171,000 by 2011 . This increase in Afghan troops allowed the U.S. to begin withdrawing its forces in July 2011 . In 2010 , the Afghan National Army had limited fighting capacity . Even the best Afghan units lacked training , discipline and adequate reinforcements . In one new unit in Baghlan Province , soldiers had been found cowering in ditches rather than fighting . Some were suspected of collaborating with the Taliban . `` They do n't have the basics , so they lay down , '' said Capt . Michael Bell , who was one of a team of U.S. and Hungarian mentors tasked with training Afghan soldiers . `` I ran around for an hour trying to get them to shoot , getting fired on . I could n't get them to shoot their weapons . '' In addition , 9 out of 10 soldiers in the Afghan National Army were illiterate . The Afghan Army was plagued by inefficiency and endemic corruption . U.S. training efforts were drastically slowed by the problems . U.S. trainers reported missing vehicles , weapons and other military equipment , and outright theft of fuel . Death threats were leveled against U.S. officers who tried to stop Afghan soldiers from stealing . Afghan soldiers often snipped the command wires of IEDs instead of marking them and waiting for U.S. forces to come to detonate them . This allowed insurgents to return and reconnect them . U.S. trainers frequently removed the cell phones of Afghan soldiers hours before a mission for fear that the operation would be compromised . American trainers often spent large amounts of time verifying that Afghan rosters were accurate -- that they are not padded with `` ghosts '' being `` paid '' by Afghan commanders who stole the wages . Desertion was a significant problem . One in every four combat soldiers quit the Afghan Army during the 12 - month period ending in September 2009 , according to data from the U.S. Defense Department and the Inspector General for Reconstruction in Afghanistan . In early 2015 , Philip Munch of the Afghanistan Analysts ' Network wrote that ' ... the available evidence suggests that many senior ANSF members , in particular , use their positions to enrich themselves . Within the ANSF there are also strong external loyalties to factions who themselves compete for influence and access to resources . All this means that the ANSF may not work as they officially should . Rather it appears that the political economy of the ANSF prevents them from working like modern organisations -- the very prerequisite ' of the Resolute Support Mission . Formal and informal income , Munch said , which can be generated through state positions , is rent - seeking -- income without a corresponding investment of labour or capital . ' Reportedly , ANA appointees also often maintain clients , so that patron - client networks , structured into competing factions , can be traced within the ANA down to the lowest levels ... There is evidence that Afghan officers and officials , especially in the higher echelons , appropriate large parts of the vast resource flows which are directed by international donors into the ANA . Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction has reported that roughly half of Afghan soldiers brought to the United States for training go absent without leave which may inhibit the operational readiness of their units back in Afghanistan , negatively impact the morale of other trainees and home units and pose security risks to the United States . Afghan National police ( edit ) The Afghan National Police provides support to the Afghan army . Police officers in Afghanistan are also largely illiterate . Approximately 17 percent of them tested positive for illegal drugs in 2010 . They were widely accused of demanding bribes . Attempts to build a credible Afghan police force were faltering badly , according to NATO officials . A quarter of the officers quit every year , making the Afghan government 's goals of substantially building up the police force even harder to achieve . Tactics / strategy of anti-government elements ( edit ) The armed opposition or anti-government elements -- some Western news media tend to address them all simply as `` Taliban '' -- have from 2008 into 2009 shifted their tactics from frontal attacks on pro-government forces to guerrilla type activities , including suicide , car and road side bombs ( IEDs ) , and targeted assassinations , said a UNAMA report in July 2009 . Mr. Maley , an Afghanistan expert at the Australian National University , stated in 2009 that IEDs had become Taliban 's weapon of choice . In 2008 -- 2009 , according to the Christian Science Monitor , 16 improvised explosive devices ( IEDs ) were planted in girls ' schools in Afghanistan , but there 's no certainty who did that . ISAF conception of Taliban strategy ( edit ) In 2009 , Colonel Richard Kemp , formerly Commander of British forces in Afghanistan and current intelligence coordinator for the British government -- thus part of the anti-Taliban coalition ( ISAF ) , made these comments about the Taliban tactics and strategy as he perceived them : Like Hamas in Gaza , the Taliban in southern Afghanistan are masters at shielding themselves behind the civilian population and then melting in among them for protection . Women and children are trained and equipped to fight , collect intelligence , and ferry arms and ammunition between battles . Female suicide bombers are increasingly common . The use of women to shield gunmen as they engage NATO forces is now so normal it is deemed barely worthy of comment . Schools and houses are routinely booby - trapped . Snipers shelter in houses deliberately filled with women and children . Insider attacks ( edit ) Beginning in 2011 , insurgent forces in Afghanistan began using a tactic of insider attacks on ISAF and Afghan military forces . In the attacks , Taliban personnel or sympathizers belonging to , or pretending to belong to , the Afghan military or police forces attack ISAF personnel , often within the security of ISAF military bases and Afghan government facilities . In 2011 , for example , 21 insider attacks killed 35 coalition personnel . Forty - six insider attacks killed 63 and wounded 85 coalition troops , mostly American , in the first 11 months of 2012 . The attacks continued but began diminishing towards the planned 31 December 2014 ending of combat operations in Afghanistan by ISAF . However , on 5 August 2014 , a gunman in an Afghan military uniform opened fire on a number of international military personnel , killing a U.S. general and wounding about 15 officers and soldiers , including a German brigadier general and 8 U.S. troops , at a training base west of Kabul . Reactions ( edit ) Domestic reactions ( edit ) In November 2001 , the CNN reported widespread relief amongst Kabul 's residents after the Taliban fled the city , with young men shaving off their beards and women taking off their burqas . Later that month the BBC 's longtime Kabul correspondent Kate Clark reported that `` almost all women in Kabul are still choosing to veil '' but that many felt hopeful that the ousting of the Taliban would improve their safety and access to food . A 2006 WPO opinion poll found that the majority of Afghans endorsed America 's military presence , with 83 % of Afghans stating that they had a favorable view of the U.S. military forces in their country . Only 17 % gave an unfavorable view . The majority of Afghans , among all ethnic groups including Pashtuns , stated that the overthrowing of the Taliban was a good thing . 82 % of Afghans as a whole and 71 % of those living in the war zone held this anti-Taliban view . The Afghan population gave the U.S.A one of its most favorable ratings in the world . A solid majority ( 81 % ) of Afghans stated that they held a favorable view of the U.S.A. However , the majority of Afghans ( especially those in the war zone ) held negative views on Pakistan and most Afghans also stated that they believe that the Pakistani government was allowing the Taliban to operate from its soil . Polls of Afghans displayed strong opposition to the Taliban and significant support of the U.S. military presence . However the idea of permanent U.S. military bases was not popular in 2005 . Afghan women wait outside a U.S. AID - supported health care clinic . According to a May 2009 BBC poll , 69 % of Afghans surveyed thought it was at least mostly good that the U.S. military came in to remove the Taliban -- a decrease from 87 % of Afghans surveyed in 2005 . 24 % thought it was mostly or very bad -- up from 9 % in 2005 . The poll indicated that 63 % of Afghans were at least somewhat supportive of a U.S. military presence in the country -- down from 78 % in 2005 . Just 18 % supported increasing the U.S. military 's presence , while 44 % favored reducing it . 90 % of Afghans surveyed opposed the Taliban , including 70 % who were strongly opposed . By an 82 % -- 4 % margin , people said they preferred the current government to Taliban rule . In a June 2009 Gallup survey , about half of Afghan respondents felt that additional U.S. forces would help stabilize the security situation in the southern provinces . But opinions varied widely ; residents in the troubled South were mostly mixed or uncertain , while those in the West largely disagreed that more U.S. troops would help the situation . In December 2009 , many Afghan tribal heads and local leaders from the south and east called for U.S. troop withdrawals . `` I do n't think we will be able to solve our problems with military force , '' said Muhammad Qasim , a Kandahar tribal elder . `` We can solve them by providing jobs and development and by using local leaders to negotiate with the Taliban . '' `` If new troops come and are stationed in civilian areas , when they draw Taliban attacks civilians will end up being killed , '' said Gulbadshah Majidi , a lawmaker and close associate of Mr. Karzai . `` This will only increase the distance between Afghans and their government . '' In late January 2010 , Afghan protesters took to the streets for three straight days and blocked traffic on a highway that links Kabul and Kandahar . The Afghans were demonstrating in response to the deaths of four men in a NATO - Afghan raid in the village of Ghazni . Ghazni residents insisted that the dead were civilians . A 2015 survey by Langer Research Associates found that 77 % of Afghans support the presence of U.S. forces ; 67 % also support the presence of NATO forces . Despite the problems in the country , 80 % of Afghans still held the view that it was a good thing for the United States to overthrow the Taliban in 2001 . More Afghans blame the Taliban or al - Qaeda for the country 's violence ( 53 % ) than those who blame the U.S.A ( 12 % ) . Jump up ^ Reporting in Kabul had been severely limited first by the Taliban 's ban on nearly all foreign news organizations and subsequently by US bombing which destroyed Al Jazeera 's Kabul headquarters and damaged the BBC 's and Associated Press ' offices ; no journalists died as a result of the US bombing . https://cpj.org/2002/03/attacks-on-the-press-2001-afghanistan.php International reactions ( edit ) Main article : International public opinion on the war in Afghanistan A 47 - nation global survey of public opinion conducted in June 2007 by the Pew Global Attitudes Project found considerable opposition to the NATO military operations in Afghanistan . Only Israel and Kenya citizens were in favor of the war . On the other hand , in 41 of the 47 countries pluralities wanted NATO troops out of Afghanistan as soon as possible . The authors of the survey mentioned a `` global unease with major world powers '' and in America that `` Afghan War not worth it '' . In 32 out of 47 countries majorities wanted NATO troops out of Afghanistan as soon as possible . Majorities in 7 out of 12 NATO member countries wanted troops withdrawn as soon as possible . In 2008 there was a strong opposition to war in Afghanistan in 21 of 24 countries surveyed . Only in the U.S. and Great Britain did half the people support the war , with a larger percentage ( 60 % ) in Australia . Since then , public opinion in Australia and Britain has shifted , and the majority of Australians and British now also want their troops to be brought home from Afghanistan . Authors of articles on the issue mentioned that `` Australians lose faith in Afghan War effort '' and `` cruel human toll of fight to win Afghan peace '' . Of the seven NATO countries in the survey , not one showed a majority in favor of keeping NATO troops in Afghanistan -- one , the U.S. , came close to a majority ( 50 % ) . Of the other six NATO countries , five had majorities of their population wanting NATO troops removed from Afghanistan as soon as possible . The 2009 global survey reported that majorities or pluralities in 18 out of 25 countries wanted NATO to remove their troops from Afghanistan as soon as possible . Despite American calls for NATO allies to send more troops to Afghanistan , there was majority or plurality opposition to such action in every one of the NATO countries surveyed . Public opinion in 2001 ( edit ) Home - made sign ( 2015 ) in Devine , Texas , south of San Antonio , welcomes returning troops from the war in Afghanistan . When the invasion began in October 2001 , polls indicated that about 88 % of Americans and about 65 % of Britons backed military action . A large - scale 37 - nation poll of world opinion carried out by Gallup International in late September 2001 found that large majorities in most countries favored a legal response , in the form of extradition and trial , over a military response to 9 / 11 : only three countries out of the 37 surveyed -- the U.S. , Israel and India -- did majorities favor military action . In the other 34 countries surveyed , the poll found many clear majorities that favored extradition and trial instead of military action : in the United Kingdom ( 75 % ) , France ( 67 % ) , Switzerland ( 87 % ) , Czech Republic ( 64 % ) , Lithuania ( 83 % ) , Panama ( 80 % ) and Mexico ( 94 % ) . An Ipsos - Reid poll conducted between November and December 2001 showed that majorities in Canada ( 66 % ) , France ( 60 % ) , Germany ( 60 % ) , Italy ( 58 % ) , and the UK ( 65 % ) approved of U.S. airstrikes while majorities in Argentina ( 77 % ) , China ( 52 % ) , South Korea ( 50 % ) , Spain ( 52 % ) , and Turkey ( 70 % ) opposed them . Development of public opinion ( edit ) See also : International public opinion on the war in Afghanistan 22 June 2007 demonstration in Québec City against the Canadian military involvement in Afghanistan In a 47 - nation June 2007 survey of global public opinion , the Pew Global Attitudes Project found international opposition to the war . Out of the 47 countries surveyed , 4 had a majority that favored keeping foreign troops : the U.S. ( 50 % ) , Israel ( 59 % ) , Ghana ( 50 % ) , and Kenya ( 60 % ) . In 41 , pluralities wanted NATO troops out as soon as possible . In 32 out of 47 , clear majorities wanted war over as soon as possible . Majorities in 7 out of 12 NATO member countries said troops should be withdrawn as soon as possible . A 24 - nation Pew Global Attitudes survey in June 2008 similarly found that majorities or pluralities in 21 of 24 countries want the U.S. and NATO to remove their troops from Afghanistan as soon as possible . Only in three out of the 24 countries -- the U.S. ( 50 % ) , Australia ( 60 % ) , and Britain ( 48 % ) -- did public opinion lean more toward keeping troops there until the situation has stabilized . Coalition fatalities per month since the start of the war Canadian Forces personnel carry the casket of a fallen comrade onto an aircraft at Kandahar Air Field , 17 July 2009 Following that June 2008 global survey , however , public opinion in Australia and Britain diverged from that in the U.S. A majority of Australians and Britons now want their troops home . A September 2008 poll found that 56 % of Australians opposed continuation of their country 's military involvement . A November 2008 poll found that 68 % of Britons wanted their troops withdrawn within the next 12 months . In the U.S. , a September 2008 Pew survey found that 61 % of Americans wanted U.S. troops to stay until the situation has stabilized , while 33 % wanted them removed as soon as possible . Public opinion was divided over Afghan troop requests : a majority of Americans continued to see a rationale for the use of military force in Afghanistan . A slight plurality of Americans favored troop increases , with 42 % -- 47 % favoring some troop increases , 39 % -- 44 % wanting reduction , and 7 -- 9 % wanting no changes . Just 29 % of Democrats favored troop increases while 57 % wanted to begin reducing troops . Only 36 % of Americans approved of Obama 's handling of Afghanistan , including 19 % of Republicans , 31 % of independents , and 54 % of Democrats . In a December 2009 Pew Research Center poll , only 32 percent of Americans favored increasing U.S. troops in Afghanistan , while 40 percent favored decreasing them . Almost half of Americans , 49 percent , believed that the U.S. should `` mind its own business '' internationally and let other countries get along the best they can . That figure was an increase from 30 percent who said that in December 2002 . An April 2011 Pew Research Center poll showed little change in American views , with about 50 % saying that the effort was going very well or fairly well and only 44 % supporting NATO troop presence in Afghanistan . Protests , demonstrations and rallies ( edit ) Further information : Opposition to the war in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- 2014 ) and Protests against the war in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- 2014 ) The war has been the subject of large protests around the world starting with the large - scale demonstrations in the days leading up to the invasion and every year since . Many protesters consider the bombing and invasion of Afghanistan to be unjustified aggression . The deaths of Afghan civilians caused directly and indirectly by the U.S. and NATO bombing campaigns is a major underlying focus of the protests . In January 2009 , Brave New Foundation launched Rethink Afghanistan , a national campaign for non-violent solutions in Afghanistan built around a documentary film by director and political activist Robert Greenwald . Dozens of organizations planned ( and eventually held ) a national march for peace in Washington , D.C. on 20 March 2010 . Human Rights abuses ( edit ) Main article : Human rights in Afghanistan Multiple accounts document human rights violations in Afghanistan . Taliban ( edit ) The Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission ( AIGRC ) called the Taliban 's terrorism against the Afghan civilian population a war crime . According to Amnesty International , the Taliban commit war crimes by targeting civilians , including killing teachers , abducting aid workers and burning school buildings . Amnesty International said that up to 756 civilians were killed in 2006 by bombs , mostly on roads or carried by suicide attackers belonging to the Taliban . NATO has alleged that the Taliban have used civilians as human shields . As an example , NATO pointed to the victims of NATO air strikes in Farah province in May 2009 , during which the Afghan government claims up to 150 civilians were killed . NATO stated it had evidence the Taliban forced civilians into buildings likely to be targeted by NATO aircraft involved in the battle . A spokesman for the ISAF commander said : `` This was a deliberate plan by the Taliban to create a civilian casualty crisis . These were not human shields ; these were human sacrifices . We have intelligence that points to this . '' according to the U.S. State Department , the Taliban committed human rights violations against women in Afghanistan . White phosphorus use ( edit ) White phosphorus has been condemned by human rights organizations as cruel and inhumane because it causes severe burns . White phosphorus burns on the bodies of civilians wounded in clashes near Bagram were confirmed . The U.S. claims at least 44 instances in which militants have used white phosphorus in weapons or attacks . In May 2009 , the U.S. confirmed that Western military forces in Afghanistan use white phosphorus to illuminate targets or as an incendiary to destroy bunkers and enemy equipment . U.S. forces used white phosphorus to screen a retreat in the Battle of Ganjgal when regular smoke munitions were not available . Human Rights abuses against Afghan refugees ( edit ) See also : Afghan refugees Human rights abuses against Afghan refugees and asylum seekers have been documented . This includes mistreatment of refugees who lived in Iran , Pakistan , Netherlands , Canada , Australia , US , Europe , and other NATO members countries . Afghan refugees in Iran , for example , were not allowed attend public schools , `` faced with restrictions on property ownership , freedom of movement , and access to government services ... bullying , and physical abuse accompany many Afghan children throughout their adolescence ... whether playing at recess or standing in line for bread at the naanvai , they hear jeers like ' Go back to your country , ' and ' Dirty Afghan ' daily '' , denied participation in any form of elections , and legally restricted to take a handful of minimum paid jobs , and frequent target of scapegoating . For the price of citizenship for their family members , Afghan children as young as 14 were recruited to fight in Iraq and Syria for a six - month tour . Afghan refugees were regularly denied visa to travel between countries to visit their family members , faced long delays ( usually a few years ) in processing of their visa applications to visit family members for purposes such as weddings , gravely ill family member , burial ceremonies , and university graduation ceremonies ; potentially violating rights including free movement , right to family life and the right to an effective remedy . Racism , low wage jobs including below minimum wage jobs , lower than inflation rate salary increases , were commonly practiced in Europe and the Americas . Many Afghan refugees were not permitted to visit their family members for a decade or two . Studies have shown abnormally high mental health issues and suicide rates among Afghan refugees and their children living in the west . Environmental legacy ( edit ) Since 1979 landmines , shells , bombs , and other unexploded ordnance have been left behind . In 2015 the NATO 's International Security Assistance Force ( ISAF ) was replaced by the U.S. - led `` Resolute Support '' The director of the Mine Action Coordination Centre for Afghanistan ( MACCA ) . ISAF stressed it had never used landmines . See also ( edit ) Terrorism portal NATO portal Military of the United States portal Afghanistan portal 2000s portal 2010s portal Afghanistan -- United States relations Criticism of the War on Terror Ethnic conflict NATO logistics in the Afghan War Opposition to the war in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- 2014 ) U.S. -- Afghanistan Strategic Partnership Agreement U.S. government response to the September 11 attacks Soviet -- Afghan War ( 1979 -- 1989 ) Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan 2012 Afghanistan Quran burning protests Lists : List of Afghanistan War ( 2001 -- 2014 ) documentaries List of aviation accidents and incidents in the war in Afghanistan Civilian casualties in the war in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- 2014 ) List of military operations in the war in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- 2014 ) List of modern conflicts in the Middle East Footnotes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Operation Enduring Freedom Fast Facts '' . CNN . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The elite force who are ready to die '' . the Guardian . 27 October 2001 . Jump up ^ Neville , Leigh , Special Forces in the War on Terror ( General Military ) , Osprey Publishing , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1472807908 , p. 48 Jump up ^ `` Pakistan 's ' fanatical ' Uzbek militants '' . BBC . 11 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan 's militant Islamic groups '' . BBC . 13 January 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Evaluating the Uighur Threat '' . the long war journal . 9 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Start of the Taliban insurgency after the fall of the Taliban regime . Jump up ^ `` Role of Pakistan in afghan war '' . Jump up ^ `` News -- Resolute Support Mission '' . Retrieved 4 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Forget Nato v the Taliban . The real Afghan fight is India v Pakistan '' . 26 June 2013 . Retrieved 16 January 2017 -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Taliban storm Kunduz city '' . The Long War Journal . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Taliban 's new leadership is allied with al Qaeda , The Long War Journal , 31 July 2015 Jump up ^ `` Central Asian groups split over leadership of global jihad '' . The Long War Journal . 24 August 2015 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Rod Nordland ; Jawad Sukhanyar ; Taimoor Shah ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` Afghan Government Quietly Aids Breakaway Taliban Faction '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Matthew DuPée ( January 2018 ) . `` Red on Red : Analyzing Afghanistan 's Intra-Insurgency Violence '' . Combating Terrorism Center . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Uzbek militants in Afghanistan pledge allegiance to ISIS in beheading video '' . khaama.com . Jump up ^ `` Who is Lashkar - e-Jhangvi ? '' . Voanews.com. 2016 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` ISIS ' OUTSOURCES ' TERROR ATTACKS TO THE PAKISTANI TALIBAN IN AFGHANISTAN : U.N. REPORT '' . Newsweek . August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , Shane ( 22 June 2008 ) . `` Inside a 9 / 11 Mastermind 's Interrogation '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Afghan Taliban leader Mullah Omar is dead ' '' . The Express Tribune . 29 July 2015 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mullah Najibullah : Too Radical for the Taliban '' . Newsweek. 30 August 2013 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Afghan National Security Forces Beyond 2014 : Will They Be Ready ? '' ( PDF ) . Centre for Security Governance . February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The continuing US war in Afghanistan '' . World Socialist Web Site. 30 December 2014 . Retrieved 30 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Akmal Dawi . `` Despite Massive Taliban Death Toll No Drop in Insurgency '' . Voanews.com . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Rassler , Don ; Vahid Brown ( 14 July 2011 ) . `` The Haqqani Nexus and the Evolution of al - Qaida '' ( PDF ) . Harmony Program . Combating Terrorism Center . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Reuters . `` Sirajuddin Haqqani dares US to attack N Waziristan , by Reuters , Published : September 24 , 2011 '' . Tribune . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Perlez , Jane ( 14 December 2009 ) . `` Rebuffing U.S. , Pakistan Balks at Crackdown '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan after the Western Drawdown '' . Google books . 16 January 2015 . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Bill Roggio ( 26 April 2011 ) . `` How many al Qaeda operatives are now left in Afghanistan ? -- Threat Matrix '' . Longwarjournal.org . Archived from the original on 6 July 2014 . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Al Qaeda in Afghanistan Is Attempting A Comeback '' . The Huffington Post . 21 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 10 December 2013 . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` In Afghanistan , al - Qaeda is working more closely with the Taliban , Pentagon says '' . the Washington post . 6 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` War - related Death , Injury , and Displacement in Afghanistan and Pakistan 2001 -- 2014 '' ( PDF ) . brown.edu . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ New Year May Bring Renewed War to Afghanistan Over 2,500 Afghan soldiers killed from Jan - May : US report `` ' It 's a Massacre ' : Blast in Kabul Deepens Toll of a Long War '' . New York Times . 2018 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Scores Killed in Fresh Kunduz Fighting '' . Foxnews.com . November 26 , 2001 . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Morello , Carol ; Loeb , Vernon ( 6 December 2001 ) . `` Friendly fire kills 3 GIs '' . Post-Gazette . Retrieved 2 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Terry McCarthy / Kunduz ( 18 November 2001 ) . `` A Volatile State of Siege After a Taliban Ambush '' . Time . Archived from the original on 30 May 2012 . Retrieved 2 October 2008 . Jump up ^ John Pike ( 9 December 2001 ) . `` VOA News Report '' . Globalsecurity.org . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` US Bombs Wipe Out Farming Village '' . Rawa.org . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . Jump up ^ UK military deaths in Afghanistan Jump up ^ OPERATION ENDURING FREEDOM ( OEF ) U.S. CASUALTY STATUS FATALITIES as of : December 30 , 2014 , 10 a.m. EDT Archived 6 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Number of Afghanistan UK Military and Civilian casualties ( 7 October 2001 to 30 November 2014 ) '' ( PDF ) . www.gov.uk . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Over 2,000 Canadians were wounded in Afghan mission : report '' . National Post . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Department of Labor -- Office of Workers ' Compensation Programs ( OWCP ) -- Defense Base Act Case Summary by Nation '' . Dol.gov . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : T. Christian Miller ( 23 September 2009 ) . `` U.S. Government Private Contract Worker Deaths and Injuries '' . Projects.propublica.org . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Iraj . `` Deadliest Year for the ANSF : Mohammadi '' . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ 7,000 killed ( 2015 ) , ( 1 ) 18,500 killed ( 2016 ) , ( 2 ) total of 25,500 reported killed Jump up ^ Crawford , Neta ( August 2016 ) . `` Update on the Human Costs of War for Afghanistan and Pakistan , 2001 to mid-2016 '' ( PDF ) . brown.edu . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` International Security Assistance Force ( ISAF ) : Key Facts and Figures '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Resolute Support Mission ( RSM ) : Key Facts and Figures '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ * `` U.S. War in Afghanistan : 1999 -- Present '' . Council on Foreign Relations . 2014 . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . `` U.S. War in Afghanistan '' . NBC News . 2015 . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Lamothe , Dan ( 6 January 2015 ) . `` This new graphic shows the state of the U.S. war in Afghanistan '' . Washington post . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Matt Doeden ; Blake Hoena ( 1 January 2014 ) . War in Afghanistan : An Interactive Modern History Adventure . Capstone . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4765 - 5221 - 7 . Michael Cox ; Doug Stokes ( 9 February 2012 ) . US Foreign Policy . Oxford University Press . p. 140 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 958581 - 6 . Robert M. Cassidy ( ) ( 2004 ) . Peacekeeping in the Abyss : British and American Peacekeeping Doctrine and Practice After the Cold War . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 243 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 97696 - 5 . Jump up ^ David P. Auerswald ; Stephen M. Saideman ( 5 January 2014 ) . NATO in Afghanistan : Fighting Together , Fighting Alone . Princeton University Press . pp. 87 -- 88 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 4867 - 6 . Jump up ^ Peter Dahl Thruelsen , From Soldier to Civilian : DISARMAMENT DEMOBILISATION REINTEGRATION IN AFGHANISTAN , DIIS REPORT 2006 : 7 , 12 , supported by Uppsala Conflict Database Project , Uppsala University . Jump up ^ Maloney , S ( 2005 ) . Enduring the Freedom : A Rogue Historian in Afghanistan . Washington , D.C : Potomac Books Inc . Jump up ^ Darlene Superville and Steven R. Hurst . `` Updated : Obama speech balances Afghanistan troop buildup with exit pledge '' . cleveland.com . Associated Press . and Arkedis , Jim ( 23 October 2009 ) . `` Why Al Qaeda Wants a Safe Haven '' . Foreign Policy . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 13 June 2014 . Jump up ^ America 's longest war comes to an end ( sort of ) , msnbc.com . Jump up ^ Obama Welcomes End Of The Longest War In American History , huffingtonpost.com.au Jump up ^ The Longest War in American History Is Officially Over , slate.com . Jump up ^ Editor 's Notebook : Afghan War Now Country 's Longest , abcnews.go.com . Jump up ^ `` Indictment # S ( 9 ) 98 Cr. 1023 '' Archived 24 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) . United States District Court , Southern District of New York . Jump up ^ `` Bush rejects Taliban offer to hand Bin Laden over '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Operation Enduring Freedom '' . www.history.navy.mil . 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Jump up ^ `` There is more to peace than Taliban '' . Asia Times . 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan opposition says new parliament can check Karzai '' . Reuters. 24 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Afghan Parliamentary Election : Checks and Balances of Power '' . Khaama Press . 9 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Govt Opposition Warn of Taking to Streets '' . Tolo TV . 5 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Alissa J. ( 5 May 2011 ) . `` Thousands of Afghans Rally in Kabul '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Anti-Taliban rally '' . BBC Persian . 5 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan Northern Alliance Allies Betrayed by Obama Administration ; Meet with U.S. Congressmen in Berlin '' . Representative Louis Gohmert. 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rep. Rohrabacher Leads Bipartisan Delegation 's Afghanistan Strategy Session With National Front Leaders in Berlin '' . Representative Dana Rohrabacher. 9 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 19 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , Jessica ( 19 April 2012 ) . `` Leaders condemn US troops in body - parts photos '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Photos of Soldiers Posing With Body Parts Add Strain to a Taxed Relationship '' . The New York Times . 18 April 2012 . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gordts , Eline ( 18 April 2012 ) . `` U.S. Soldiers Pose With Bodies of Suicide Bombers in Afghanistan '' . The Huffington Post . Reuters . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Obama calls for Afghan body abuse punishment '' . BBC . 18 April 2012 . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Photos just latest issue hounding U.S. military in Afghanistan '' . CNN . 18 April 2012 . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Fantz , Ashley ( 19 April 2012 ) . `` How will leaked photos impact U.S. mission in Afghanistan ? '' . CNN . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Sommerville , Quentin ( 19 April 2012 ) . `` Dismantling US bases as the Taliban fight on '' . BBC . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Thom Shanker ; Graham Bowley ( 18 April 2012 ) . `` Images of G.I. 's and Remains Fuel Fears of Ebbing Discipline '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Emma Graham - Harrison ( 6 July 2012 ) . `` ' Bye - bye , Miss American Pie ' -- then US helicopter appears to fire on Afghans '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Bates , Daniel ( 5 July 2012 ) . `` The moment a U.S. helicopter strike blasts an Afghan man to pieces ... as the pilot sings ' Bye , bye Miss American Pie ' '' . The Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Anissa Haddadi ( 6 July 2012 ) . `` US Helicopter Pilot Sings ' American Pie ' as Missile Blows up ' Innocent Afghan Farmer ' ( VIDEO ) '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Landler , Mark ( 1 May 2012 ) . `` Obama Signs Pact in Kabul , Turning Page in Afghan War '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Enduring Strategic Partnership Agreement between the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and the United States of America '' . Scribd . Retrieved 4 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Sweet , Lynn ( 1 May 2012 ) . `` U.S. - Afgan strategic agreement : Roadmap to Chicago NATO Summit . Briefing transcript '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on 7 May 2012 . Retrieved 4 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Clinton , Hillary ( 8 July 2012 ) . `` Press Releases : Intervention at the Tokyo Conference on Afghanistan '' ( Press release ) . NewsRoomAmerica.com . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ CNN Wire Staff ( 7 July 2012 ) . `` U.S. designates Afghanistan a major ally , creates defense ties '' . CNN . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan , US launch negotiations on Bilateral Security Agreement ( BSA ) '' . DiploNews. 15 November 2012 . Archived from the original on 4 December 2012 . Retrieved 19 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` NATO sets `` irreversible '' but risky course to end Afghan war `` . Reuters . Reuters. 21 May 2012 . Retrieved 22 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : NATO ( 21 May 2012 ) . `` Chicago NATO Summit 2012 Declaration '' . Defence Talk -- Global Defense , Aerospace & Military Portal . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Scott Wilson & Karen DeYoung ( 21 May 2012 ) . `` NATO leaders agree on framework to wind down Afghan mission '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 22 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Elise Labott & Mike Mount ( 22 May 2012 ) . `` NATO accepts Obama timetable to end war in Afghanistan by 2014 '' . CNN . Retrieved 22 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Mark Landler & Michael R. Gordon ( 8 January 2012 ) . `` U.S. Is Open to Withdraw Afghan Force After 2014 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Afghan War 's Last Chapter ? '' . The New York Times . 12 January 2013 . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Obama , Karzai agree to accelerate military transition '' . CNN . 12 January 2013 . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Wilson & David Nakamur ( 11 January 2013 ) . `` Obama announces reduced U.S. role in Afghanistan starting this spring '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Christi Parsons & Kathleen Hennessey ( 11 January 2013 ) . `` Obama moves up deadline for Afghans to take lead security role '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` US to speed up Afghan troop transition '' . Al Jazeera English . 11 January 2012 . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` US troops will end ' most ' Afghanistan combat this spring '' . BBC News US & Canada . 11 January 2012 . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Mark Landler & Michael R. Gordon ( 11 January 2013 ) . `` Obama Accelerates Transition of Security to Afghans '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bomb blast hits Afghanistan on security handover day '' . Deutsche Welle. 19 June 2013 . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Deadly blast marks Afghan security handover '' . Al Jazeera English . Al Jazeera English . 18 June 2013 . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Karzai announces Afghan security handover '' . Global Post . Agence France - Presse. 18 June 2013 . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hodge , Nathan ( 18 June 2013 ) . `` Blast Mars Day of Security Handover in Kabul '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . Jump up ^ LaPorta , James ( 28 November 2015 ) . `` Afghan interpreter hoping for asylum gets little help from those he worked for '' . Jacksonville Daily News . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Punish Russia ? Why some Pentagon officials would prefer restraint. , '' The Christian Science Monitor , 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jet bombing kills seven including five US troops in Afghanistan '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 12 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Shapira , Ian ( 14 August 2014 ) . `` Mourners gather at Arlington Cemetery for burial of general killed in Afghanistan '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` American army officer killed , many wounded in Afghan insider attack '' . Afghanistan Sun . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Declan Walsh and Azam Ahmed ( 30 September 2014 ) . `` Mending Alliance , U.S. and Afghanistan Sign Long - Term Security Agreement '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . Sudarsan Raghavan and Karen DeYoung ( 30 September 2014 ) . `` U.S. and Afghanistan sign vital , long - delayed security pact '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Syal , Ryan ( 26 October 2014 ) . `` UK troops hand over Camp Bastion to Afghan forces , ending 13 - year campaign '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . Kay Johnson , Raissa Kasolowsky , Michael Perry and Kevin Liffey . `` Britain ends combat role in Afghanistan , last US Marines hand over base '' . Reuters . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Loyn , David ( 26 October 2014 ) . `` What have British troops achieved in Afghanistan ? '' . BBC News Asia . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Michael R. ( 26 November 2012 ) . `` Time Slipping , U.S. Ponders Afghan Role After 2014 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 26 November 2012 . Jump up ^ DeYoung , Karen ( 5 December 2012 ) . `` U.S. reducing plans for large civilian force in post-2014 Afghanistan '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Landler , Mark ( 27 May 2014 ) . `` U.S. Will Complete Afghan Pullout by End of 2016 , Obama Says '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Zenjo , Micah ( 29 May 2015 ) . `` The New Unknown Soldiers of Afghanistan and Iraq '' . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Resolute Support '' . Afghan War News . Afghan War News . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Lamothe , Dan ( 29 December 2014 ) . `` Meet Operation Freedom 's Sentinel , the Pentagon 's new mission in Afghanistan '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan marks takeover of security responsibility from NATO '' . Deutsche Welle. 1 January 2015 . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . `` 18 Suspected insurgents slain in NATO airstrike in Afghanistan '' . Fox News Latino . Reuters. 3 January 2015 . Archived from the original on 5 January 2015 . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . `` Afghans Take Over Country 's Security '' . Voice of America . 1 January 2015 . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Gabriel Domínguez ( 6 January 2015 ) . `` What can NATO 's new Afghanistan mission achieve ? '' . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ USSOCOM Fact Book 2015 , page 42 , published 14 November 2014 on the DVIDS portal . http://www.dvidshub.net/publication/issues/23684 , via Afghan War News . Jump up ^ Estelle Shirbon ( 13 March 2015 ) . `` Led by the Queen , Britain commemorates end of Afghan war '' . Reuters UK Edition . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Mason , Rowena ( 27 October 2015 ) . `` UK to keep 450 troops stationed in Afghanistan through 2016 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Mason , Rowena ( 8 July 2016 ) . `` UK to increase troops in Afghanistan from 450 to 500 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why are the Taliban resurgent in Afghanistan ? '' . BBC . 5 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Russia closes NATO supply corridor to Afghanistan '' . The Washington Times . 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Suicide Bomber Hits European Police in Kabul ; 1 Dead '' . 5 January 2015 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Five men arrested in Afghanistan over involvement in Pakistan school massacre '' . 15 January 2015 . Retrieved 16 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Officials confirm ISIL present in Afghanistan '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ISIS active in south Afghanistan , officials confirm for first time '' . CBS News . 12 January 2015 . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Capture the Flag in Afghanistan '' . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Matthew ; Schmitt , Eric ; Mazzetti , Mark ( 12 February 2015 ) . `` U.S. Is Escalating a Secretive War in Afghanistan '' . New York Times . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Craig , Tim ( 12 February 2015 ) . `` U.S. forces , Afghan troops arrest Taliban militants wanted for school massacre '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Phil ( 20 February 2015 ) . `` New Defense Secretary Ash Carter goes to Afghanistan to ensure ' lasting success ' as US troops withdraw '' . Business Insider . Reuters . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Rampton , Roberta ( 11 February 2015 ) . `` Obama administration weighs Afghan request to slow withdrawal of U.S. troops '' . Reuters . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Ryan , Missy ( 10 February 2015 ) . `` White House weighs adjusting Afghan exit plan to slow withdrawal of troops '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Eberspacher , Sarah ( 21 February 2015 ) . `` New Defense Secretary Carter says U.S. may slow Afghan troop withdrawal '' . The Week . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Gul , Ayaz ( 21 February 2015 ) . `` New Pentagon Chief in Kabul Talks With Afghan President '' . Voice of America . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . `` U.S. commander proposes slower Afghan withdrawal '' . The Japan Times . Agence France - Presse. 13 February 2015 . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Adam Ashton ( 24 February 2015 ) . `` Army to send headquarters group to Kandahar in first sign of revision to Afghan withdrawal plan '' . McClatchy . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Gary Walts ( 26 February 2015 ) . `` Fort Drum brigade prepares for deployment to Afghanistan '' . The Post-Standard . Syracuse Media Group . Associated Press . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Tan , Michelle ( 27 February 2015 ) . `` Army announces new Afghanistan deployments '' . ArmyTimes . Gannett . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan Army Kills Commander of ISIL Affiliate '' . Al - Masdar News . Jump up ^ `` 29 Insurgents Killed In Military Operations '' . Tolonews. 25 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 26 March 2015 . Retrieved 28 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan : Taliban suicide bomb attack near Kabul airport '' . BBC News . 10 August 2015 . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Norske spesialsoldater i Afghanistan : -- De vi slåss mot kjemper til døden '' . Jump up ^ `` News brief '' . The Week . 18 March 2016 . p. 18 . Jump up ^ Masoud Popalzai and Jethro Mullen ( 22 June 2015 ) . `` Taliban attempt attack on Afghan Parliament in Kabul '' . CNN . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban launch brazen attack on Afghan parliament , seize second district in north '' . Reuters . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan explosion : Taliban suicide bomber , gunmen attack parliament building in Kabul killing two , wounding at least 30 '' . ABC News . 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ RAHIM , FAIEZ ; AMIR , SHAH . `` Taliban suicide bomber , gunmen attack Afghan parliament '' . The Big Story . Archived from the original on 22 June 2015 . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Matthew Weaver . `` Afghanistan parliament attacked by Taliban suicide bomber and gunmen -- rolling updates '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan forces struggle to drive back Taliban from besieged city '' . Reuters. 30 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Heavy fighting as Taliban attack northern Afghan city '' . Reuters. 27 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Flights to besieged Afghan city cancelled as Taliban , army clash '' . Reuters. 7 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` INSIGHT -- Stretched Afghan army falls back on militias to help defend Kunduz '' . Reuters. 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Afghans counter Taliban offensive in northern Kunduz province '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Taliban and Afghan Government Dispute Status of Kunduz '' . New York Times . 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan : Taliban advance on key northern city '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ `` Afghan forces recapture key district from Taliban '' . Reuters. 23 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sune Engel Rasmussen ( 28 September 2015 ) . `` Taliban attempt to capture key Afghan city '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan Taliban seize Kunduz city center in landmark gain '' . Reuters . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban fighters raid Kunduz in Afghanistan '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban seizes control of major Afghan city Kunduz for first time since US - led invasion '' . ABC News . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top official says Chinese security depends on Afghan stability '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Untangling the web of India , China and Pakistan diplomacy '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Taliban , Afghan figures talk ceasefire but fail to agree '' . Reuters . `` Exclusive : Secret meetings in Pakistan expose obstacles to Afghan peace talks '' . Reuters . `` Exclusive : China seeks greater role in Afghanistan with peace talk push '' . Reuters . `` China offers to mediate in stalled Afghan Taliban peace talks '' . Reuters . ^ Jump up to : `` Dozens killed in clashes between rival Taliban factions in Afghanistan '' . The Guardian . 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Officials to begin talks aimed at reviving Afghan peace process '' . The Guardian . 10 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 31 March 2016 . `` Taliban reject invite to Afghanistan peace talks '' . CNN . 5 March 2016 . `` Official Says ISIL Contained , Taliban Fracturing in Afghanistan '' . Department of Defence. 10 March 2016 . `` NATO chief predicts another tough year ahead for Afghanistan '' . Military Times . 16 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Afghanistan : Taliban wo n't talk because it is winning '' . Al Jazeera. 22 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Afghanistan 's parliament -- When even failure is success '' . The Economist. 24 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan Peace Talks Expose Rifts in Taliban Leadership '' . VOA News . 24 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` No more peace talks with Taliban , Afghanistan 's president says '' . Los Angeles Times . 25 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Haqqanis Steering Deadlier Taliban in Afghanistan , Officials Say '' . New York Times . 7 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Afghanistan Faces Tough Battle as Haqqanis Unify the Taliban '' . ABC news . 7 May 2016 . Archived from the original on 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban leader says foreigners must quit Afghanistan for peace '' . Reuters. 2 July 2016 . Retrieved 6 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban - on - Taliban turf war erupts in Afghanistan '' . worldbulletin News . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Number of ISIL Fighters in Afghanistan Drops Significantly , Official Says '' . US Department of Defense . 14 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban Attack Police Base in Afghanistan , Killing 17 '' . The Telegraph . 13 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban seize district in Helmand province '' . The Long War Journal . 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Two Setbacks for Coalition in Afghanistan '' . The New York Times . 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban lose control of district in southern Afghanistan , gain another in northeast '' . The Long War Journal . 18 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` US Airstrikes Target Islamic State in Afghanistan '' . ABC News . 11 February 2015 . Archived from the original on 12 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prepare 200 graves , warn Sangin police besieged by Taliban '' . The Times . 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fierce fight for Helmand as Afghan Taliban gains ground '' . Al Jazeera. 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SAS in battle to stop Taliban overrunning Sangin '' . The Telegraph . 22 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The U.S. was supposed to leave Afghanistan by 2017 . Now it might take decades '' . The Washington Post . 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` British military deployed to Afghanistan : Why Sangin matters '' . Telegraph . 22 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Besieged Afghan forces in Sangin receive airdrops as UK sends troops '' . The Guardian . 22 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban take control of large parts of Sangin '' . The Guardian . 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan Taliban : Militants ' close to capturing ' Sangin '' . BBC News . 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan forces in desperate fight to hold off Taliban in Sangin '' . CNN . 22 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Last Refuge From Taliban for Afghans May Prove No Refuge at all '' . The New York Times . 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` US Army orders hundreds of soldiers back to southern Afghanistan '' . Fox News . 11 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban ' close to capturing Sangin ' as militants step up assault on Helmand '' . The Guardian . 7 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban are ' close to overrunning Sangin ' where 106 British soldiers died '' . The Telegraph . 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. troop reinforcements head for embattled southern Afghan province '' . Reuters. 9 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` A 5th District in Helmand Province Falls to the Taliban '' . The New York Times . 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anger as Afghan troops pull out of parts of Helmand province '' . CNN . 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan forces face ' decisive ' battle in Helmand '' . BBC News . 7 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan soldiers desert as Taliban threaten key Helmand capital '' . CNN . 11 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` American troops wounded fighting ISIS in Afghanistan as operations there grow '' . military.com. 28 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US airstrikes undermining Afghan security , says former president '' . The Guardian . 4 August 2016 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan : Helmand Capital May Fall To Taliban '' . Sky News . 9 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban 's new commando force tests Afghan army 's strength '' . The Washington Post . 6 August 2016 . Archived from the original on 7 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban ' special forces ' lead Helmand assault : Afghan officials '' . Reuters. 14 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Over a hundred US troops sent to Lashkar Gah to battle Taliban '' . The Guardian . 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US servicemember killed in Afghanistan '' . Stars and Stripes. 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan Taliban fighters press advance on Helmand capital '' . Reuters. 1 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban fighters push into Helmand capital Lashkar Gah '' . BBC . 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan Taliban launch large - scale attack on Helmand ; suicide blast kills 14 '' . Fox News . 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban ramp up attacks in southwestern Afghanistan as NATO casualties hit a low '' . Stars and Stripes. 2 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The U.S. Marines are sending a task force back to Afghanistan 's Helmand province '' . Marine Corps Times . 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Airstrikes Hit Taliban After Attack on an Afghan Army Post '' . Washington Post . 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Airstrikes In Afghanistan Kill At Least 18 Civilians : UN Report '' . Huffington post . 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2 US Soldiers Wounded in Afghanistan Clash '' . military.com. 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban take key Afghan district in south ; 9 killed in north '' . Fox News . 23 March 2017 . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan Taliban capture city of Sangin '' . BBC News . 23 March 2017 . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. may send up to 5,000 more troops to Afghanistan '' . Washington Times . 24 May 2017 . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inside the Marines ' new mission in Afghanistan : Taking back territory previously won '' . Washington Post . 16 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. forces can now pursue ISIS in Afghanistan '' . CNN . 20 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` How IS has been making enemies in Afghanistan '' . BBC News . 21 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` State Department lists Islamic State 's ' Khorasan Province ' as Foreign Terrorist Organization '' . The Long War Journal . 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Broadens Fight Against ISIS With Attacks in Afghanistan '' . New York Times . 31 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US Airstrikes Target Islamic State in Afghanistan '' . ABC News . 11 February 2016 . Archived from the original on 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan Forces Dislodge Islamic State From Eastern Stronghold '' . Wall Street Journal . 21 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan President : IS Being Wiped out in Afghanistan '' . ABC news . 6 March 2016 . Archived from the original on 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan president : ISIS is ' on the run ' in Afghanistan '' . Military Times . 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Islamic State fighters in Afghanistan flee to Kunar province '' . Reuters. 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 39 IS members killed in clashes with troops in eastern Afghanistan '' . Fox News latino. 6 April 2016 . Archived from the original on 8 April 2016 . Jump up ^ James Mackenzie ( 12 April 2016 ) . `` Taliban announce start of spring offensive in Afghanistan '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Taliban Launches Anti-Government Spring Offensive '' . VOA . Jump up ^ `` Dozens killed as Islamic State pushes for territory in Afghanistan '' . The Telegraph . 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Islamic State militants launch new attacks in eastern Afghanistan '' . Reuters. 26 June 2016 . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan : Scores of Taliban dead in Kunduz attack '' . Al Jazeera. 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan officials say Taliban driven back in Kunduz fighting '' . Reuters. 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Heavy fighting continues in Afghan city Kunduz '' . Reuters. 17 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Taliban attacks rock Afghanistan 's Kunduz province '' . Al Jazeera. 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban kill ten in Afghanistan 's Kunduz : Officials '' . The Journal of Turkish Weekly . Archived from the original on 1 June 2016 . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban kill 17 passengers after kidnapping around 185 in Kunduz -- Khaama Press ( KP ) Afghan News Agency '' . www.khaama.com . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan Taliban kill nine , kidnap 20 bus passengers , army rescues 140 others '' . Reuters. 31 May 2016 . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban Kills 12 Afghan Captives In East , Abducts 40 Bus Passengers In North '' . RadioFreeEurope / RadioLiberty. 8 June 2016 . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban storm Afghan court , kill five , after vowing revenge for executions '' . Reuters. 1 June 2016 . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban attack kills five at Afghan court '' . Reuters. 5 June 2016 . Retrieved 5 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan lawmaker killed in blast at his home in Kabul '' . Reuters. 5 June 2016 . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Barack Obama approves broader role for US forces in Afghanistan '' . The Telegprah. 10 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Al Qaeda leader appears to pledge allegiance to Taliban in Afghanistan '' . Fox News . 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` After Obama Decision , First US Airstrikes Hit Afghan Taliban '' . ABC news . 24 June 2016 . Archived from the original on 25 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` UK to send 50 additional troops to Afghanistan '' . BBC news . 9 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban attack on police cadets near Kabul kills dozens '' . BBC News . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban suicide bombers kill 27 in attack on Afghan police cadets '' . Reuters. 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` When War Is Just Another Day in Afghanistan '' . Time . 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` At least 5 US troops wounded in Afghanistan fighting Islamic State '' . Fox News . 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan troops press offensive against Islamic State '' . Reuters. 30 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Five US troops wounded in Afghanistan , military says '' . Yahoo News . 28 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Key Islamic State leader Saad Emarati ' killed in Afghanistan ' '' . BBC news . 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maryland Soldier Killed by Roadside Bomb in Afghanistan '' . NBC Washington . 5 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US special operator was 1st US casualty in fight against Islamic State in Afghanistan '' . Stars and Stripes. 5 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` In Afghanistan , U.S. Exits , and Iran Comes In '' . Washington Post . 5 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Airstrikes in Afghanistan ramp up as ISIS fight in Iraq and Syria winds down '' . CNN . 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carter visits Afghanistan as Obama plans handoff of 15 - year war '' . CNN . 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US , Afghan Forces Push Back Islamic State , al - Qaida '' . military.com. 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Afghanistan Signs Draft Peace Deal With Faction Led by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar The New York Times , 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan takes a step toward peace with notorious ex-warlord '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` U.S. General Seeks ' a Few Thousand ' More Troops in Afghanistan '' . New York Times . 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A U.S. soldier is wounded in Sangin , highlighting a tragic irony about the Afghanistan war '' . military.com. 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. airstrike in Kunduz signals a new chapter in Afghanistan '' . Military Times . 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Army Rangers killed in Afghanistan were possible victims of friendly fire '' . Army Times . 28 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan official : Death toll from massive US bomb rises to 94 , including 4 ISIS commanders '' . Stars and Stripes. 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MOAB strike : 90 IS fighters killed in Afghanistan '' . BBC . 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` US cites progress against Islamic State in Afghanistan '' . Washington post . 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ USA TODAY ( 14 April 2017 ) . `` Drone footage shows MOAB drop in Afghanistan '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Rasmussen , Sune Engel ( 14 April 2017 ) . `` ' It felt like the heavens were falling ' : Afghans reel from MOAB impact '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. drops ' mother of all bombs ' in Afghanistan , marking weapon 's first use '' . CBS News . 13 April 2017 . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Tomlinson , Lucas ( 13 April 2017 ) . `` US drops largest non-nuclear bomb in Afghanistan after Green Beret killed '' . Fox News . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Starr , Barbara ; Browne , Ryan . `` US drops largest non-nuclear bomb in Afghanistan '' . CNN . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` US ' mother of all bombs ' killed 92 Isis militants , say Afghan officials '' . the Guardian . 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban fighters attack Afghan army base , ' killing 140 ' '' . Al Jazeera. 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban kill more than 140 Afghan soldiers at army base World news '' . The Guardian . 21 April 2017 . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban kills more than 140 Afghan soldiers in suicide assault '' . Longwarjournal.org . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban announce spring offensive , vow to build institutions '' . Washington Post . 28 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban assaults provincial capital in southeastern Afghanistan '' . FDD 's Long War Journal . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban assaults Afghan Army bases in Kandahar '' . FDD 's Long War Journal . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban attacks another base in Kandahar '' . FDD 's Long War Journal . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thirteen dead as Taliban car bomber hits CIA - funded Afghan militia '' . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kabul blast : At least 90 killed & over 350 wounded in explosion in Afghan capital 's embassy district '' . RT International . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kabul bomb : Dozens killed in Afghan capital 's diplomatic zone '' . BBC News . 31 May 2017 . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Ehsan Popalzai and Faith Karimi . `` Afghanistan explosion : 90 killed in blast near diplomatic area '' . CNN . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan : Taliban Captures Zane Khan '' . 24 August 2017 . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` US airstrikes kill scores of civilians in Kunduz province , Afghans say '' . The Guardian . 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Slawson , Nicola ( 14 October 2017 ) . `` US drone strike ' kills 14 Isis militants in Afghanistan ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan leaders in Helmand criticize U.S. airstrikes on Taliban drug labs '' . Washington Post . 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` US conducts airstrikes on Afghanistan opium labs '' . CNN . 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Press , Associated ( 21 December 2017 ) . `` The Latest : Pence says ' real progress ' in war in Afghanistan '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ ' Trump calls out Pakistan , India as he pledges to ' fight to win ' in Afghanistan . CNN , 24 August 2017 . Retrieved 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks by President Trump on the Strategy in Afghanistan and South Asia '' . whitehouse.gov. 21 August 2017 . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ ( in Dutch ) ' Trump : terugtrekking uit Afghanistan is geen optie ' ( ' withdrawal from Afghanistan is no option ' ) . NRC Handelsblad , 22 August 2017 . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ ' Trump gets it right on Afghanistan and Pakistan ' . The Washington Post , 24 August 2017 . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trump 's Afghan shift praised in Kabul but leaves Pakistan wary '' . The Guardian . 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` C.I.A. Wants Authority to Conduct Drone Strikes in Afghanistan for the First Time '' . New York Times . 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trump is sending more than 3,000 troops to Afghanistan '' . Vox . Jump up ^ `` US relaxes rules of engagement to help troops in Afghanistan defeat Taliban '' . Fox News . 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban threaten 70 % of Afghanistan , BBC finds '' . BBC . 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan Protection of Civilians Annual Report , United Nations '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` More Afghan Civilians Being Deliberately Targeted , U.N. Says '' . The New York Times . 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` U.N. concerned over spike in civilian casualties in Afghan air strikes '' . Reuters . Retrieved 25 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan election candidate killed in Taliban attack '' . Retrieved 17 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Body Count -- Casualty Figures after 10 Years of the ' War on Terror ' -- Iraq Afghanistan Pakistan '' ( PDF ) , by IPPNW , PGS and PSR , First international edition ( March 2015 ) Gabriela Motroc ( 7 April 2015 ) . `` U.S. War on Terror has reportedly killed 1.3 million people in a decade '' . Australian National Review . Archived from the original on 5 May 2015 . `` 220,000 killed in US war in Afghanistan 80,000 in Pakistan : report '' . Daily Times . 30 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` August deadliest month of 2009 for Afghan civilians , UN says '' . CNN . 26 September 2009 . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UN : Taliban Responsible for 76 % of Deaths in Afghanistan '' . The Weekly Standard . 10 August 2010 . Retrieved 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ ' Afghan civilian casualties rise thirty - one per cent in first six months of 2010 ' . Press Release UNAMA , 10 August 2010 . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Citing rising death toll , UN urges better protection of Afghan civilians '' . United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan . 9 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 26 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan : Attack on Logar hospital kills dozens '' . BBC News . 25 June 2011 . Retrieved 25 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan civilian deaths rise , insurgents responsible for most casualties -- UN '' . U.N. News Centre . 14 July 2011 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Damien Pearse and agencies ( 4 February 2012 ) . `` Afghan civilian death toll reaches record high '' . Guardian . London . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Civilian casualties in Afghanistan up 14 per cent last year , says new UN report UN.org . Jump up ^ Afghanistan , Opinion survey 2009 , by ICRC and Ipsos Jump up ^ `` Afghan civilian casualties hit a record 11,000 in 2015 '' . Al Jazeera English . 15 February 2016 . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Jolly , David ( 14 February 2016 ) . `` Afghanistan Had Record Civilian Casualties in 2015 , U.N. Says '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sharp rise in children killed and maimed in Afghan war , UN report reveals '' . The Guardian . 6 February 2017 . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan civilian casualties at record high in 2016 : UN '' . Al Jazeera English . 6 February 2017 . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan election : Voters defy violence to cast ballots '' . BBC News . Retrieved 21 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Kristof , Nicholas D. , `` A Merciful War '' , The New York Times , 1 February 2002 . `` Now aid is pouring in and lives are being saved on an enormous scale . UNICEF , for example , has vaccinated 734,000 children against measles over the last two months , in a country where virtually no one had been vaccinated against the disease in the previous 10 years . Because measles often led to death in Afghanistan , the vaccination campaign will save at least 35,000 children 's lives each year ... Heidi J. Larson of UNICEF says that if all goes well , child and maternal mortality rates will drop in half in Afghanistan over the next five years . That would mean 112,000 fewer children and 7,500 fewer pregnant women dying each year . '' Jump up ^ UNHCR country operations profile -- Afghanistan unhcr.org Jump up ^ Afghan Refugees , Costs of War , `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 10 March 2013 . Retrieved 5 March 2013 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Numbers taken from UNHCR , `` 2011 UNHCR Country Operations Profile -- Afghanistan '' , http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/page?page=49e486eb6 ^ Jump up to : 2013 UNHCR country operations profile -- Afghanistan , http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e486eb6.html Jump up ^ Afghans fleeing war find misery in urban slums Feb. 2012 , Amnesty International `` Afghan refugees abandoned by their own government , report finds : About half a million Afghans who fled homes because of violence are living in desperate conditions , says Amnesty '' , The Guardian , 23 February 2012 Jump up ^ Afghan interpreters ' scheme utter failure , say MPs BBC ^ Jump up to : Chouvy , Pierre - Arnaud ( 2010 ) . Opium : uncovering the politics of the poppy . Harvard University Press . pp. 52ff . Jump up ^ Thourni , Francisco E. ( 2006 ) . Frank Bovenkerk , ed . The Organized Crime Community : Essays in Honor of Alan A. Block . Springer . p. 130 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 39019 - 2 . Jump up ^ Lyman , Michael D. ( 2010 ) . Drugs in Society : Causes , Concepts and Control . Elsevier . p. 309 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4377 - 4450 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Is Afghanistan 's Drug Trade Paying Al Qaeda ? '' . ABC News . Retrieved 27 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan riddled with drug ties '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 27 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan opium fuels ' global chaos ' '' . BBC News . 21 October 2009 . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mujib Mashal ( 25 December 2017 ) . `` In Tangled Afghan War , a Thin Line of Defense Against ISIS '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Jump up ^ ISAF Spokesman Discusses Progress in Afghanistan Archived 3 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... International Security Assistance Force / NATO . 25 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Successes and challenges in Afghan girls ' education . BBC News . 11 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Gary D. Solis ( 15 February 2010 ) . The Law of Armed Conflict : International Humanitarian Law in War . Cambridge University Press . pp. 301 -- 303 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 48711 - 5 . Jump up ^ Rod Nordland ( 10 February 2011 ) . `` Afghan Rights Groups Shift Focus to Taliban '' . The New York Times . p . A6 . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Kegley , Charles W. ; Shannon L Blanton ( 2011 ) . World Politics : Trend and Transformation . Cengage . p. 230 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 90655 - 1 . Jump up ^ Spencer Ackerman ( 19 February 2013 ) . `` Afghanistan Gets Safer for Civilians as U.N. Warns Taliban of ' War Crimes ' '' . Wired . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . `` This is a war crime and people will be held responsible in the future for this war crime , '' said Ján Kubiš , the U.N. 's man in Afghanistan . ^ Jump up to : `` Afghanistan : Harrowing accounts emerge of the Taliban 's reign of terror in Kunduz '' . Amnesty International . 1 October 2015 . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Harding , Luke ( 14 September 2002 ) . `` Afghan Massacre Haunts Pentagon '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 12 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Starved , hurt and buried alive in Afghanistan '' . Independent Online . 2 May 2002 . Archived from the original on 7 August 2009 . Retrieved 7 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Dasht - e-Leili Photos ; Sheberghan Prison and Pit Locations at Dasht - e-Leili , Physicians for Human Rights , Retrieved 19 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` As possible Afghan war - crimes evidence removed , U.S. silent '' . McClatchy Newspapers. 12 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` US blocked probes into Afghan prisoner killings '' . AFP . 10 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 20 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Weigl , Andrea ( 14 February 2007 ) . `` Passaro will serve 8 years for beating '' . The News and Observer . Archived from the original on 7 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Dunbar , Elizabeth ( 14 February 2007 ) . `` Passaro Sentenced To 8 - plus Years '' . Star News . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Tim Golden ( 20 May 2005 ) . `` In U.S. Report , Brutal Details of 2 Afghan Inmates ' Deaths '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 6 November 2010 . Jump up ^ White , Josh ( 12 March 2005 ) . `` 2 Died After ' 02 Beatings by U.S. Soldiers '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 14 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Golden , Tim ( 22 May 2005 ) . `` Army Faltered in Investigating Detainee Abuse '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 21 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Barbara Starr ( 10 September 2010 ) . `` Army : 12 soldiers killed Afghans , mutilated corpses '' . CNN . Retrieved 15 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Additional charges filed in Afghan civilians ' deaths '' . Seattle Times . 24 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 29 August 2010 . Retrieved 15 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Hal Bernton ( 8 September 2010 ) . `` Stryker soldiers allegedly took corpses ' fingers '' . Seattle Times . Archived from the original on 12 September 2010 . Retrieved 17 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` US military drops ' kill team ' charges against soldier '' . The Guardian . London . 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Marine convicted of Afghan murder named '' . BBC News . 5 December 2013 . Retrieved 5 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Marine guilty of Afghanistan murder '' . BBC News . 8 November 2013 . Retrieved 9 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Marine Alexander Blackman to be free in weeks after new sentence '' . BBC . 28 March 2017 . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Army drops one charge against soldier accused in Afghan massacre '' . Reuters. 1 June 2012 . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` No one asked their names '' . Al Jazeera. 19 March 2012 . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Taimoor Shah ; Graham Bowley ( 12 March 2012 ) . `` An Afghan Comes Home to a Massacre '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Jack Healy ( 23 August 2013 ) . `` Soldier Sentenced to Life Without Parole in Deaths of Afghan Civilians '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Helene ( 21 June 2011 ) . `` Cost of Wars a Rising Issue as Obama Weighs Troop Levels '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Cost of Iraq , Afghanistan and Anti-Terrorism Operations '' . Journalist 's Resource.org . Jump up ^ `` Analysis of the FY2011 Defense Budget '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 January 2013 . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Norton - Taylor , Richard ( 30 May 2013 ) . `` Afghanistan war has cost Britain more than £ 37bn , new book claims '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Lardner , Richard ( 30 August 2011 ) . `` Military Spending Waste : Up To $60 Billion In Iraq , Afghanistan War Funds Lost To Poor Planning , Oversight , Fraud '' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on 24 October 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US scraps tons of gear as it leaves Afghanistan : Report '' . Hurryiet Daily News . Agence France - Presse. 21 June 2013 . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kabul : U.S. money wasted '' . The Week ( page 7 ) . 9 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Carlotta Gall ( 1 October 2008 ) . `` Insurgents in Afghanistan Are Gaining , Petraeus Says '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan : Changing the Frame , Changing the Game . Harvard Kennedy School 's Belfer Center '' . Belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Research -- CPI -- Overview '' . Transparency.org . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Lupick , Travis ( 12 November 2009 ) . `` Suspended Afghan MP Malalai Joya wants NATO 's mission to end '' . Straight.com . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Discussion Papers '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jamestown Foundation Terrorism Conference 2010 , Amrullah Saleh speech '' . 2010 . Jump up ^ 2010 Terrorism Conference . Vimeo . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Hanlon , Michael E. `` A Bright Spot Among Afghan Woes '' Archived 15 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , The Brookings Institution , 19 May 2010 . Jump up ^ What Mr. Obama changed . The Washington Post . 3 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Al Pessin ( 9 December 2009 ) . `` Afghan Forces Could Start to Lead Soon , Big Challenges Remain '' . Voice of America . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Cahn , Dianna ( 9 December 2009 ) . `` Troops fear corruption outweighs progress of Afghan forces '' . Stripes.com . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. trainers bemoan Afghan corruption '' . UPI.com. 9 December 2009 . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Illiteracy undermines Afghan army '' . Air Force Times . 14 September 2009 . Archived from the original on 21 July 2012 . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. surge is big , Afghan army is crucial '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . 5 December 2009 . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Corruption , indiscipline slow Afghan training '' . Army Times . 11 October 2009 . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Training Afghanistan troops gets tough for U.S. troops as trust issues worsen '' . Daily News . New York . 13 December 2009 . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Filkins , Dexter ( 2 December 2009 ) . `` With Troop Pledge , New Demands on Afghans '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` POLITICS : Afghan Army Turnover Rate Threatens U.S. War Plans '' . 24 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2017 . Retrieved 28 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Philip Munch ( 20 January 2015 ) . Resolute Support Lite : NATO 's New Mission versus the Political Economy of the Afghan National Security Forces ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Afghanistan Analysts ' Network . p. 5 . Retrieved 1 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Munch 2015 , p. 6 , and Giustozzi , A. & Quentin , P. , `` The Afghan National Army : sustainability challenges beyond financial aspects . '' Archived 20 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit , Kabul , February 2014 , 2014 , p. 30 -- 37 Jump up ^ `` ' Unacceptably high ' number of Afghans flee military training in U.S. : report '' . Reuters. 20 October 2017 . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` For U.S. , Vast Challenge To Expand Afghan Forces '' . NPR . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Nordland , Rod ( 2 February 2010 ) . `` With Raw Recruits , Afghan Police Buildup Falters '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ben Arnoldy ( 31 July 2009 ) . `` In Afghanistan , Taliban kills more civilians than US '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ ' Civilian casualties keep on rising , says UN report ' . UNAMA , 31 July 2009 . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The UN Goldstone Commission : A Lesson in Farcical Hypocrisy , Defense Update . By David Eshel '' . Defense-update.com . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Israel and the New Way of War Archived 26 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , The Journal of International Security Affairs , Spring 2010 -- Number 18 Jump up ^ Burns , Robert , ( Associated Press ) , `` AP IMPACT : An insider attack : Trust cost 2 lives '' , Yahoo ! News , 5 December 2012 Jump up ^ `` Kabul residents relish new freedoms '' . CNN . 14 November 2001 . Archived from the original on 23 January 2015 . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Barbers too were doing brisk business as young men with trimmed beards and bare faces walked the streets listening to music from roadside stalls , no longer fearing imprisonment . Yet relief at the fall of the Taliban in Kabul does not mean residents are now completely relaxed . Scenes of joy mask concerns that the alliance 's capture of the city will again result in the ethnic infighting that ravaged Kabul before the Taliban capture in 1996 . Jump up ^ Clark , Kate . `` BBC News MIDDLE EAST Kabul women keep the veil '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WPO Poll : Afghan Public Overwhelmingly Rejects al - Qaeda , Taliban '' . 30 January 2006 . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Equally large percentages endorse the US military presence in Afghanistan . Eighty - three percent said they have a favorable view of `` the US military forces in our country '' ( 39 % very favorable ) . Just 17 % have an unfavorable view . Jump up ^ `` WPO Poll : Afghan Public Overwhelmingly Rejects al Qaeda , Taliban '' . 30 January 2006 . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Perhaps most telling , 82 % said that overthrowing the Taliban government was a good thing for Afghanistan , with just 11 % saying it was a bad thing . In the war zone , 71 % endorsed the Taliban 's overthrow while 16 % saw it as a bad thing ; in the north , 18 % saw it as a bad thing . These views were held by large majorities of all ethnic groups , including the large Pashtun and Tajik groups and the smaller Uzbek and Hazara groups . Jump up ^ `` WPO Poll : Afghan Public Overwhelmingly Rejects al - Qaeda , Taliban '' . 30 January 2006 . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . This general support for US military presence and for the overthrow of the Taliban government is also reflected in some of the most positive ratings of the United States found in the world . Eighty - one percent said that they have a favorable view of the US ( 40 % very favorable ) , with just 16 % giving an unfavorable rating . In the war zone , one in four ( 26 % ) had an unfavorable view of the US , but 73 % were favorable . Jump up ^ `` WPO Poll : Afghan Public Overwhelmingly Rejects al - Qaeda , Taliban '' . 30 January 2006 . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Afghans do not , however , feel positively about Pakistan in general and specifically believe that , contrary to its claims , it is not pursuing the Taliban . Asked , `` Do you think the Pakistan government is allowing the Taliban to operate in Pakistan , or is seriously trying to stop the Taliban from operating in Pakistan ? '' only 21 % said they thought that Pakistan is seriously trying to stop the Taliban from operating in Pakistan , while two out of three ( 66 % ) said they believe the government is allowing the Taliban to operate in Pakistan ... Asked their general opinion of Pakistan , 63 % of Afghans said they have an unfavorable view ( 70 % in the war zone ) . Just 13 % said they have a favorable view . Jump up ^ `` Permanent U.S. bases ? Afghans see an election issue '' . International Herald Tribune . 27 April 2005 . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan Poll 2009 '' ( PDF ) . BBC News . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gallup poll '' . Gallup.com. 30 September 2009 . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Gopal , Anand ( 1 December 2009 ) . `` Karzai Aides , Tribal Leaders Say Surge Is Wrong Strategy '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Trofimov , Yaroslav ( 11 September 2010 ) . `` Karzai Divides Afghanistan in Reaching Out to Taliban '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 11 September 2010 . Jump up ^ epaper.orlandosentinel.com Jump up ^ `` Afghan Futures : A National Public Opinion Survey '' ( PDF ) . 29 January 2015 . p. 4 . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Seventy - seven percent support the presence of U.S. forces ; 67 percent say the same of NATO / ISAF forces more generally . Despite the country 's travails , eight in 10 say it was a good thing for the United States to oust the Taliban in 2001 . And many more blame either the Taliban or al Qaeda for the country 's violence , 53 percent , than blame the United States , 12 percent . The latter is about half what it was in 2012 , coinciding with a sharp reduction in the U.S. deployment . ^ Jump up to : `` 47 - Nation Pew Global Attitudes Survey p. 24 , p. 116 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Global Unease With Major World Powers '' . Pew Research Center 's Global Attitudes Project . 27 June 2007 . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan war not worth it , say most Americans '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Global Economic Gloom -- China and India Notable Exceptions '' . Pew Research Center 's Global Attitudes Project . 12 June 2008 . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC NEWS - UK - Britons call for troop withdrawal '' . BBC News . 13 November 2008 . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australians lose faith in Afghan war effort '' . Archived from the original on 3 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Burke , Jason ( 11 July 2009 ) . `` This page has been removed - News - The Guardian '' . the Guardian . London . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Poll finds 51 % oppose role in Afghanistan '' . The Age . Melbourne . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 25 - Nation Pew Global Attitudes Survey , 2009 , p. 39 ( PDF p. 43 ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ AEI 2008 . Jump up ^ `` World Opinion Opposes the Attack on Afghanistan '' . Globalpolicy.org . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Strange Victory : A critical appraisal of Operation Enduring Freedom and the Afghanistan war '' . Jump up ^ AEI 2008 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Survey Reports ( 27 June 2007 ) . `` Global Unease With Major World Powers '' . Pewglobal.org . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Survey Reports ( 12 June 2008 ) . `` June 2008 Pew Global Attitudes Project Survey '' . Pewglobal.org . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Survey Reports ( 12 June 2008 ) . `` 24 - Nation Pew Global Attitudes Project Survey p. 8 , p. 29 '' . Pewglobal.org . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Government losing support for Afghanistan campaign '' . Jump up ^ Flitton , Daniel ( 30 September 2008 ) . `` Opposition mounts against Afghan war '' . The Age . Australia . Jump up ^ `` Most Britons wanted troops out of Afghanistan : poll '' . Google . 12 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 21 May 2011 . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Britons Would Leave Afghanistan in 2009 '' . Angus-reid.com. 22 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2009 . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Views on Iraq and Afghanistan Archived 9 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Public Divided Over Afghan Troop Requests , But Still Sees Rationale for War '' . Pew Research Center Publications . 5 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` In U.S. , More Support for Increasing Troops in Afghanistan '' . Gallup.com. 25 November 2009 . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Seen as Less Important , China as More Powerful : Overview -- Pew Research Center for the People & the Press '' . People-press.org. 3 December 2009 . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Goal of Libyan Operation Less Clear to Public '' . Pew Research Center . 5 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Adams , Harold J. Protesters oppose sending more troops to Afghanistan . Archived 14 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Louisville Courier - Journal . 6 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Anti-war protesters arrested outside West Point '' . Wcax.com . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Anti-war protesters arrested outside West Point '' . Poughkeepsie Journal . 2 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 25 January 2016 . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( 23 March 2009 ) . `` Released on Web , a Film Stays Fresh '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 20 March -- Anti-War March on Washington : '' . Pephost.org . Archived from the original on 25 January 2010 . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Janie Lorber ( 20 March 2010 ) . `` Saturday Word : Health Care ( and Finance ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Enduring Freedom : Abuses by U.S. Forces in Afghanistan '' . 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban attack civilians to spread fear : Amnesty '' . Reuters. 24 April 2007 . Archived from the original on 14 May 2007 . Retrieved 9 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Carter , Sara A. ; Gertz , Bill ( 12 May 2009 ) . `` Afghan commander 's aide blames deaths on Taliban '' . Washington Times . p. 1 . Retrieved 2 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Country Reports on Human Rights Practices '' . 2003 . Jump up ^ Straziuso , Jason ( 11 May 2009 ) . `` U.S. : Afghan Militants Use White Phosphorus '' . The Guardian . London . Associated Press . Retrieved 2 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE -- Afghan girl 's burns show horror of chemical strike '' . Reuters India . 8 May 2009 . Retrieved 2 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Chivers , C.J. ( 19 April 2009 ) . `` Pinned Down , a Sprint to Escape Taliban Zone '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Jonathan S. Landay . `` ' We 're pinned down : ' 4 U.S. Marines die in Afghan ambush '' . McClatchy . Jump up ^ `` Unwelcome Guests Iran 's Violation of Afghan Refugee and Migrant Rights '' . Human Rights Watch ( 20 November 2013 ) . 20 November 2013 . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Bezhan , Frud ( 2 September 2017 ) . `` Class Act : Iranians Campaign To Allow Afghan Refugee Kids Into School '' . Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty . Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The price of an education for Afghan refugees in Iran '' . The Guardian . The Guardian . 5 September 2014 . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Homsi , Nada ( 1 October 2017 ) . `` Afghan Teenagers Recruited in Iran to Fight in Syria , Group Says '' . New York Times . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosenblatt , Kalhan ( 4 September 2017 ) . `` Combat Translators Saved Their Lives . Now These Veterans Are Fighting to Bring Them to the U.S. '' NBC News . NBC News . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Chokshi , Niraj ( 13 July 2017 ) . `` After Visa Denials , Afghan Girls Can Attend Robotics Contest in U.S. '' New York Times . New York Times . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Carolan , Mary ( 26 January 2018 ) . `` Visa delays of more than a year may breach European directive '' ( Fri , 26 Jan 2018 , 22 : 01 ) . The Irish Times . The Irish Times . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The refugees who gave up on Britain '' ( Fri 1 Jun 2018 06.00 BST ) . The Guardian . The Guardian . 1 June 2018 . Jump up ^ RIM MGHIR ; WENDY FREED ; ALLEN RASKIN ; WAYNE KATON , RIM MGHIR ; WENDY FREED ; ALLEN RASKIN ; WAYNE KATON ( 1 January 1995 ) . `` Depression and posttraumatic stress disorder among a community sample of adolescent and young adult Afghan refugees '' . American Psychological Association . doi : 10.1097 / 00005053 - 199501000 - 00005 . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Nejad , RM ; Klöhn - Saghatolislam , F ; Hasan , A ; Pogarell , O ( May 2017 ) . `` ( Mental disorders and problems in afghan refugees : The clinical perspective ) '' . MMW Fortschritte der Medizin. 159 ( 9 ) : 64 -- 66 . doi : 10.1007 / s15006 - 017 - 9653 - y . PMID 28509013 . Jump up ^ Mghir , Rim , Raskin , Allen , Mghir , Rim , Raskin , Allen ( 1999 ) . `` The Psychological Effects of the War in Afghanistan On Young Afghan Refugees From Different Ethnic Backgrounds '' . International Journal of Social Sciences . 45 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 40 . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Slewa - Younan , Shameran ; Yaser , Anisa ; Guajardo , Maria Gabriela Uribe ; Mannan , Haider ; Smith , Caroline A. ; Mond , Jonathan M. ( 24 August 2017 ) . `` The mental health and help - seeking behaviour of resettled Afghan refugees in Australia '' . International Journal of Mental Health Systems . 11 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.1186 / s13033 - 017 - 0157 - z . Jump up ^ Yaser , Anisa ; Slewa - Younan , Shameran ; Smith , Caroline A. ; Olson , Rebecca E. ; Guajardo , Maria Gabriela Uribe ; Mond , Jonathan ( 12 April 2016 ) . `` Beliefs and knowledge about post-traumatic stress disorder amongst resettled Afghan refugees in Australia '' . International Journal of Mental Health Systems . 10 ( 1 ) : 31 . doi : 10.1186 / s13033 - 016 - 0065 - 7 . ISSN 1752 - 4458 . Jump up ^ Stempel , Carl ; Sami , Nilofar ; Koga , Patrick Marius ; Alemi , Qais ; Smith , Valerie ; Shirazi , Aida ( 28 December 2016 ) . `` Gendered Sources of Distress and Resilience among Afghan Refugees in Northern California : A Cross-Sectional Study '' . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health . 14 ( 1 ) : 25 . doi : 10.3390 / ijerph14010025 . Sources ( edit ) Coll , Steve ( 2004 ) . Ghost Wars : The Secret History of the CIA , Afghanistan , and Bin Laden , from the Soviet Invasion to September 10 , 2001 . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 007 - 6 . Girardet , Edward ( 2011 ) . Killing the Cranes : A Reporter 's Journey Through Three Decades of War in Afghanistan ( 3 August 2011 ed . ) . Chelsea Green Publishing . p. 416 . 911 Commission ( 20 September 2004 ) . `` National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States '' . Archived from the original on 11 February 2010 . Retrieved 17 February 2010 . Risen , James ( 4 September 2008 ) . State of War : The Secret History of the CIA and the Bush Administration . Simon & Schuster UK . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84737 - 511 - 7 . Auerswald , David P. & Stephen M. Saideman , eds . NATO in Afghanistan : Fighting Together , Fighting Alone ( Princeton U.P. 2014 ) This book breaks down the history of the U.S. effort in Afghanistan down by deployed commander . Also useful in this fashion are Kaplan , `` The Insurgents '' , and `` A Different Kind of War . '' Stewart , Richard W. ( 2004 ) . Operation Enduring Freedom . BG John S. Brown . United States Army . p. 46 . Archived from the original on 14 December 2007 . AEI ( 24 July 2008 ) . `` America and the War on Terror '' . AEI Public Opinion Study . Archived from the original on 4 April 2015 . Call , Steve ( 15 January 2010 ) . Danger Close . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60344 - 304 - 3 . Woodward , Bob ( 27 September 2010 ) . Obama 's Wars . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 7251 - 3 . Further reading ( edit ) `` U.S. War in Afghanistan '' . Council on Foreign Relations . 2014 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2015 . Robert Gates , Duty : Memoirs of a Secretary at War , New York , Alfred A. Knopf , 2014 . Thomas Powers , `` The War without End '' ( review of Steve Coll , Directorate S : The CIA and America 's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan , Penguin , 2018 , 757 pp . ) , The New York Review of Books , vol . LXV , no . 7 ( 19 April 2018 ) , pp. 42 -- 43 . `` Forty - plus years after our failure in Vietnam , the United States is again fighting an endless war in a faraway place against a culture and a people we do n't understand for political reasons that make sense in Washington , but nowhere else . '' ( p. 43 . ) External links ( edit ) Afghanistan profile -- A chronology of key events as provided by BBC 75,000 documents on Wikileaks Wikimedia Commons has media related to War in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- 2014 ) . War in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- present ) Invasion and occupation Order of battle Operations Logistics International Security Assistance Force Taliban insurgency Drone strikes in Pakistan Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan Resolute Support Mission Casualties and losses Afghan forces Civilian Lists 2001 -- 06 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Coalition U.S. United Kingdom Canadian German Norwegian Aviation incidents Events and controversies 2001 -- 2006 2001 Dasht - i - Leili massacre Battle of Tarinkot Fall of Mazar - i - Sharif Siege of Kunduz Uprising in Herat Fall of Kabul Battle of Shawali Kowt Battle of Sayyd Alma Kalay Battle of Qala - i - Jangi Fall of Kandahar Battle of Tora Bora 2002 Guantanamo Bay 2002 Kabul bombing 2003 2005 Bagram torture and prisoner abuse Salt Pit 2006 2007 Shinwar shooting Hyderabad airstrike Nangar Khel incident Helmand Province airstrikes 2007 Baghlan sugar factory bombing 2007 Bagram Airfield bombing 2007 South Korean hostage crisis in Afghanistan 2008 Haska Meyna wedding party airstrike Azizabad airstrike Wech Baghtu wedding party airstrike 2008 Indian embassy bombing in Kabul 2008 Kabul Serena Hotel attack Kidnapping of David Rohde Sarposa prison attack of 2008 2008 Kandahar bombing Spin Boldak bombing 2009 Granai airstrike Kunduz airstrike Narang night raid February 2009 Kabul raids 2009 Kabul Indian embassy attack 2009 Kandahar bombing 2009 NATO Afghanistan headquarters bombing Camp Chapman attack Khataba raid February 2010 Kabul attack Uruzgan helicopter attack Sangin airstrike Maywand District murders Tarok Kolache Nadahan wedding bombing May 2010 Kabul bombing 2010 Badakhshan massacre 2011 Mano Gai airstrike Pakistani border attack Bin Laden raid Sarposa Prison tunneling escape Helmand Province incident 2011 Logar province bombing 2011 Afghanistan Ashura bombings 2011 Nimruz province bombing 2011 Zabul province bombing 2011 Chinook shootdown in Afghanistan 2012 Urination video Kapisa airstrike Quran burning protests April 2012 Afghanistan attacks Forward Operating Base Delhi massacre Kandahar massacre September 2012 Camp Bastion raid Body pictures 2013 June 2013 Kabul bombings 2013 Afghan presidential palace attack 2013 attack on U.S. consulate in Herat 2013 Indian embassy attack 2014 Herat Indian Consulate Attack 2014 Paktika car bombing 2014 Yahyakhel suicide bombing 2014 Kabul Serena Hotel attack Atiqullah Raufi assassination December 2014 Kabul bombings 2015 2015 Park Palace guesthouse attack 2015 Kabul Parliament attack Khost suicide bombing April 2015 Jalalabad suicide bombing August 2015 Kabul attacks 10 August 2015 Kabul suicide attack 22 August 2015 Kabul suicide attack Ghazni prison escape Battle of Kunduz Kunduz hospital airstrike Kandahar Airport attack 2015 Spanish Embassy attack in Kabul 2016 February 2016 Kabul bombing Nangarhar Offensive ( 2016 ) 2016 Jalalabad suicide bombing Operation Omari Kabul NDS building Kunduz - 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when does the next iron man movie come out			List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films	list of marvel cinematic universe films	The Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) films are an American series of superhero films , based on characters that appear in publications by Marvel Comics . The films have been in production since 2007 , and in that time Marvel Studios has produced 17 films , with 9 more in various stages of production . The series collectively has grossed over $13.1 billion at the global box office , making it the highest - grossing film franchise of all time .	Kevin Feige has produced every film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Avi Arad served as a producer on the two 2008 releases , Gale Anne Hurd also produced The Incredible Hulk and Amy Pascal produced the Spider - Man films . The films are written and directed by a variety of individuals and feature large , often ensemble , casts . Many of the actors , including Robert Downey Jr. , Chris Evans , Chris Hemsworth , Samuel L. Jackson and Scarlett Johansson signed contracts to star in numerous films . The first film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe was Iron Man ( 2008 ) , which was distributed by Paramount Pictures . Paramount also distributed Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) , Thor ( 2011 ) and Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) , while Universal Pictures distributed The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) . Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures began distributing the films with the 2012 crossover film The Avengers , which concluded Phase One of the franchise . Phase Two includes Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) , Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) , Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) , Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) , Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) , and Ant - Man ( 2015 ) . Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) is the first film in the franchise 's Phase Three , and is followed by Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) , Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) , and Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) , with Black Panther ( 2018 ) , Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) , Ant - Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) , Captain Marvel ( 2019 ) , and an untitled Avengers film ( 2019 ) scheduled for the phase . Sony Pictures distributes the Spider - Man films , which they continue to own , finance , and have final creative control over . A sequel to Spider - Man : Homecoming has been scheduled for 2019 , alongside Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 in 2020 , with an additional two untitled films also scheduled for 2020 . Feige has indicated that Marvel may abandon the phase grouping after the conclusion of Phase Three . Contents ( hide ) 1 Phase One 1.1 Iron Man ( 2008 ) 1.2 The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) 1.3 Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) 1.4 Thor ( 2011 ) 1.5 Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) 1.6 Marvel 's The Avengers ( 2012 ) 2 Phase Two 2.1 Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) 2.2 Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) 2.3 Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) 2.4 Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) 2.5 Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) 2.6 Ant - Man ( 2015 ) 3 Phase Three 3.1 Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) 3.2 Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) 3.3 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) 3.4 Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) 3.5 Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) 4 Recurring cast and characters 5 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office performance 6.2 Critical response 7 Future 7.1 Black Panther ( 2018 ) 7.2 Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) 7.3 Ant - Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) 7.4 Captain Marvel ( 2019 ) 7.5 Untitled Avengers film ( 2019 ) 7.6 Untitled Spider - Man : Homecoming sequel ( 2019 ) 7.7 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 ( 2020 ) 7.8 Other potential projects 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Phase one ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Director Screenwriter ( s ) Producer ( s ) Iron Man May 2 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 02 ) Jon Favreau Mark Fergus & Hawk Ostby and Art Marcum & Matt Holloway Avi Arad and Kevin Feige The Incredible Hulk June 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 13 ) Louis Leterrier Zak Penn Avi Arad , Gale Anne Hurd and Kevin Feige Iron Man 2 May 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 07 ) Jon Favreau Justin Theroux Kevin Feige Thor May 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 06 ) Kenneth Branagh Ashley Edward Miller & Zack Stentz and Don Payne Captain America : The First Avenger July 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 22 ) Joe Johnston Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Marvel 's The Avengers May 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 04 ) Joss Whedon Iron Man ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : Iron Man ( 2008 film ) Avi Arad , who helped secure early financing , produced Iron Man and The Incredible Hulk . Billionaire industrialist Tony Stark builds himself a suit of armor after he is taken captive by a terrorist organization . Free from his captors , he decides to upgrade and don his armor as Iron Man in order to hunt down weapons that were sold under the table . In April 2006 , Marvel hired Jon Favreau to direct Iron Man , with Arthur Marcum & Matt Holloway , and Mark Fergus & Hawk Ostby writing competing scripts . Favreau consolidated both into one script , which was then polished by John August . Robert Downey , Jr. was cast in the title role in September 2006 , after growing out a goatee and working out to convince the filmmakers he was right for the part . Principal photography began on March 12 , 2007 , with the first few weeks spent on Stark 's captivity in Afghanistan , which was filmed in Inyo County , California . Production also occurred on the former Hughes Company soundstages in Playa Vista , Los Angeles , California , with additional filming at Edwards Air Force Base and Caesars Palace in Las Vegas , Nevada . Iron Man premiered at the Greater Union theater in George Street , Sydney , on April 14 , 2008 , and was released internationally on April 30 , and in North America on May 2 . The film ends with a post-credits scene featuring Samuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury , who approaches Stark regarding the `` Avenger Initiative '' . Favreau said that he included the scene as `` a little tip of the hat for the fans ... a way to sort of tee up The Avengers . '' Jackson was only on set for a day , with a skeletal crew to avoid the news of his cameo leaking . Captain America 's shield is also visible in the background of a scene ; it was added by an ILM artist as a joke , and Favreau decided to leave it in the film . The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Incredible Hulk ( film ) After being exposed to gamma radiation that causes him to transform into the monstrous Hulk , scientist Bruce Banner goes on the run and isolates himself from his love , Betty Ross . Hunted by the military , Banner seeks to cure himself and prevent his condition from being weaponized . In January 2006 , Marvel reclaimed the film rights for the Hulk character from Universal Pictures after Universal failed to meet a deadline to develop a sequel to director Ang Lee 's 2003 film Hulk . Universal retained distribution rights for future Hulk films . Instead of moving forward with a sequel , Marvel hired Louis Leterrier to direct The Incredible Hulk , a reboot . Leterrier initially turned down the job out of respect for Lee , but later reconsidered and signed on . The script was written by Zak Penn , who drafted a treatment for the 2003 film . In April 2006 , Edward Norton entered negotiations to portray Bruce Banner and rewrite Penn 's script , although Penn received sole credit for the screenplay . Production began on July 9 , 2007 and filming primarily took place in Toronto , with additional filming in New York City and Rio de Janeiro . The film premiered at the Gibson Amphitheatre on June 8 , 2008 , and was released on June 13 . The film takes place simultaneously with the events of Iron Man 2 and Thor , the former of which is set six months after the events Iron Man . Downey briefly reprised his role from Iron Man as Tony Stark in a cameo appearance at the end of the film . Downey said that the filmmakers `` were just cross-pollinating our superheroes . It happens to be a scene where I basically approach ( actor William Hurt 's character General Ross ) , and we may be considering going into some sort of limited partnership together . The great thing is he -- and I do n't want to give too much away -- but he 's in disrepair at the time I find him . It was really fun seeing him play this really powerful character who 's half in the bag . '' In addition , Captain America is briefly seen frozen in ice in an alternate opening of the film , included in the DVD release . Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : Iron Man 2 Jon Favreau , the director of Iron Man and Iron Man 2 , helped establish the shared universe concept with his inclusion of Samuel L. Jackson in a post-credits scene of the first film . After Tony Stark reveals himself to be Iron Man , the U.S. government demands he hand over his technology . Meanwhile , a rival industrialist and a Russian scientist conspire to use his own technology against him . Immediately following the successful release of Iron Man in May 2008 , Marvel Studios announced it was developing a sequel , Iron Man 2 . Favreau returned as director and Justin Theroux was hired to write the screenplay , which would be based on an original story by Favreau and Downey . In October 2008 , Downey signed a new four - picture deal , that retroactively included the first film , to reprise his role and Don Cheadle was hired to replace Terrence Howard as James Rhodes . Jackson signed on to reprise his role as Nick Fury from the Iron Man post-credits sequence in up to nine films , and Scarlett Johansson was cast as the Black Widow , as part of a multi-film commitment . Principal photography began April 6 , 2009 , at the Pasadena Masonic Temple in Pasadena , California . The majority of filming took place at Raleigh Studios in Manhattan Beach , California . Other locations included Edwards Air Force Base , Monaco , and the Sepulveda Dam . Iron Man 2 premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California on April 26 , 2010 , and was released internationally between April 28 and May 7 before releasing in North America on May 7 . The film is set six months after the events of Iron Man , and takes place simultaneously with the events of The Incredible Hulk and Thor . The filmmakers continued to reference other Marvel films by again including Captain America 's shield . Favreau explained , `` We introduced Captain America 's shield briefly in one shot in the last film . So now it really was in his room , so we had to figure out how to deal with the reality that the shield was in his workshop . '' A scene toward the end of Iron Man 2 in a S.H.I.E.L.D. safe house contains several Easter eggs , ranging from footage from The Incredible Hulk displayed on a monitor to pointers on a map indicating several locales related to other Marvel films , including one pointing toward a region of Africa in reference to the Black Panther . A young Peter Parker appears as the child wearing an Iron Man mask who Stark saves from a drone ; the appearance was confirmed in June 2017 by eventual Spider - Man actor Tom Holland , Kevin Feige and Spider - Man : Homecoming director Jon Watts . The film 's post-credits scene showed the discovery of Thor 's hammer in a crater . Thor ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Thor ( film ) Thor , crown prince of Asgard , is banished to Earth and stripped of his powers after he reignites a dormant war . As his brother , Loki , plots to take the throne for himself , Thor must prove himself worthy and reclaim his hammer Mjolnir . Mark Protosevich was hired to develop a script for Thor in April 2006 , after the rights were acquired from Sony Pictures . In August 2007 Marvel hired Matthew Vaughn to direct the film , however he exited the project in May 2008 . In September 2008 , Kenneth Branagh entered into negotiations to replace Vaughn . In May 2009 , Chris Hemsworth was in negotiations to portray the titular character , and Tom Hiddleston was set to play his brother , Loki . Both actors were contracted to star in several films . Marvel hired Ashley Edward Miller & Zack Stentz to write a new script for the film , which was then rewritten by Don Payne . Production began on January 11 , 2010 in Los Angeles , California , before moving to Galisteo , New Mexico in March . Thor had its world premiere on April 17 , 2011 at the Event Cinemas theatre in George Street , Sydney and a U.S. premiere on May 2 at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California . The film was released internationally from April 21 to 30 , and on May 6 in North America . The film takes place simultaneously with the events of The Incredible Hulk and Iron Man 2 , the latter of which is set six months after the events of Iron Man , Clark Gregg , who appeared in Iron Man and Iron Man 2 as S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Phil Coulson , reprised the role in Thor . About his role in Thor he stated , `` Agent Coulson was one of the guys who was n't really in the comic books , and he ( had ) a very kind of small role in Iron Man . And I was just very lucky that they chose to expand that character and ( chose ) to put him more into the universe of it . '' After signing on to appear as Clint Barton / Hawkeye in The Avengers , Jeremy Renner made a cameo appearance as the character during a scene in Thor . Branagh said that they `` were always going to have a guy in a basket above the action where Thor breaks in the S.H.I.E.L.D. camp '' , and that he was thrilled when the producers told him they wanted to use Renner 's Hawkeye for that role . The film ends with a post-credits scene featuring Loki , watching as Erik Selvig and Nick Fury discuss the Tesseract . The scene was directed by Joss Whedon , who directed The Avengers . Stellan Skarsgård , who played Selvig , said the scene was not included when he first read the screenplay for Thor , and that he was sent pages for the scene after agreeing to appear in The Avengers . Captain America : the First Avenger ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Captain America : The First Avenger In 1942 , Steve Rogers is deemed physically unfit to enlist in the U.S. Army and fight the Nazis in World War II . Recruited for a secret military operation , he is physically transformed into a super-soldier dubbed Captain America and must battle the Red Skull , head of a Nazi weaponry division known as Hydra . In April 2006 , Marvel hired David Self to write the script for a Captain America film . Joe Johnston signed on to direct in November 2008 , and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely were hired to rewrite the script . In March 2010 , Chris Evans was cast as Captain America and Hugo Weaving was cast as the Red Skull . Production began on June 28 , 2010 in the United Kingdom , with locations in London , Caerwent , Manchester and Liverpool . The film premiered on July 19 , 2011 , at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California , and was released in North America on July 22 , and in international markets starting July 27 . The Tesseract from the Thor post-credits scene appears as a MacGuffin in Captain America : The First Avenger . In the film , Dominic Cooper portrays a young Howard Stark , the father of Tony Stark , who hosts an early version of the Stark Expo , the fair Tony hosts in Iron Man 2 . The final scene of the film includes a brief appearance by Jackson 's Nick Fury followed by a teaser trailer for Marvel 's The Avengers after the credits . Marvel 's the Avengers ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Avengers ( 2012 film ) Nick Fury , the director of S.H.I.E.L.D. , gathers the superheroes Iron Man , Thor , Captain America , the Hulk , Black Widow and Hawkeye to fight Thor 's brother Loki , who plots to subjugate the Earth . Zak Penn , who wrote The Incredible Hulk , was hired to write a script for The Avengers in June 2007 . In April 2010 , Joss Whedon closed a deal to direct the film , and to rework Penn 's script . Marvel announced that Edward Norton would not be reprising the role of Bruce Banner / Hulk , and in July 2010 , Mark Ruffalo was cast in his place . Downey , Evans , Hemsworth , Johansson , Renner , Hiddleston and Jackson reprised their respective roles from previous films . Principal photography began in April 2011 in Albuquerque , New Mexico , before moving to Cleveland , Ohio in August , and New York City in September . The premiere was held on April 11 , 2012 at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California , and the film was released in North America on May 4 . Gwyneth Paltrow , who portrayed Pepper Potts in Iron Man and Iron Man 2 , was included in the film at Downey 's insistence . Prior to this , Whedon had not intended the film to include supporting characters from the heroes ' individual films , commenting , `` You need to separate the characters from their support systems in order to create the isolation you need for a team . '' Avi Arad said that Sony Pictures and Disney discussed incorporating the OsCorp Tower from The Amazing Spider - Man into the climax of The Avengers , but Feige said that `` the deal was never close to happening . '' The supervillain Thanos appears in a mid-credits scene , portrayed by Damion Poitier . Phase Two ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Producer Iron Man 3 May 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 03 ) Shane Black Drew Pearce and Shane Black Kevin Feige Thor : The Dark World November 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 08 ) Alan Taylor Christopher Yost and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Captain America : The Winter Soldier April 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 04 ) Anthony and Joe Russo Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Guardians of the Galaxy August 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) James Gunn James Gunn and Nicole Perlman Avengers : Age of Ultron May 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 01 ) Joss Whedon Ant - Man July 17 , 2015 Peyton Reed Edgar Wright & Joe Cornish and Adam McKay & Paul Rudd Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Iron Man 3 Kevin Feige has produced every film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Tony Stark faces a powerful enemy , the Mandarin , who attacks and destroys his mansion . Left to his own devices and battling posttraumatic stress disorder , Stark struggles to get to the bottom of a series of mysterious explosions . In late 2010 , Marvel and Disney announced that they were developing a third Iron Man film . In February 2011 , Marvel hired Shane Black to direct Iron Man 3 . Black co-wrote the film 's script with Drew Pearce . Downey , Paltrow , and Cheadle reprised their roles from Iron Man 2 , while Guy Pearce and Ben Kingsley joined the cast as Aldrich Killian and Trevor Slattery , respectively . Filming began in May 2012 , in North Carolina . Additional filming took place in southern Florida , China , and Los Angeles . Iron Man 3 premiered at Le Grand Rex in Paris , France on April 14 , 2013 and at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California on April 24 . The film released internationally on April 25 , and in the United States . on May 3 . The film is set six months after the events of The Avengers . In the film Tony Stark experiences PTSD - like symptoms following the Battle of New York in The Avengers . Black explained , `` that 's an anxiety response to feeling inferior to The Avengers , but also to being humbled by sights he can not possibly begin to understand or reconcile with the realities he 's used to ... There 's a line in the movie about ' ever since that big guy with the hammer fell out of the sky , the rules have changed ' . That 's what we 're dealing with here . '' Bruce Banner appears in a post-credits scene , with Ruffalo reprising the role . About the scene , Ruffalo said `` They were about to wrap the movie and I saw Robert ( Downey , Jr . ) at the Academy Awards ... and he said , ' What do you think about coming and doing a day ? ' I said , ' Are you kidding me ? Bang , lets do it ! ' We sort of spitballed that scene , then I came in and we shot for a couple of hours and laughed . '' Thor : the Dark World ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Thor : The Dark World Thor reunites with astrophysicist Jane Foster as a series of portals , linking worlds at random , begin to appear . He discovers that Malekith and his army of Dark Elves have returned after thousands of years , and they seek a powerful weapon known as the Aether . Thor must join forces with his now - imprisoned brother Loki to stop them . A sequel to Thor was first announced in June 2011 , with Hemsworth reprising his role as Thor . Hiddleston confirmed he would return as Loki in September , and Alan Taylor signed on to direct the film in December . The film 's title was announced as Thor : The Dark World in July 2012 at the San Diego Comic - Con International , and Christopher Eccleston was cast as Malekith a month later . Production started in September 2012 in Bourne Wood , Surrey , with additional filming taking place in Iceland and London . The film premiered at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on October 22 , 2013 . It was internationally released on October 30 , 2013 and on November 8 , 2013 in North America . The film is set one year after the events of The Avengers . Evans briefly makes a cameo appearance in the film as Captain America when Loki shapeshifts into him while mocking Thor . Hiddleston wore the Captain America costume while standing in for Evans , before Evans came to shoot the scene . Hiddleston said , `` I did an impression of Loki in the Captain America costume , and then they showed Chris ( Evans ) my performance on tape . It 's him doing an impression of me doing an impression of him . And it 's brilliant . '' James Gunn , the director of Guardians of the Galaxy , directed the mid-credits scene which featured the Collector , played by Benicio del Toro . Asked about shooting the scene , Gunn said , `` I got the script that morning , and I did it in two hours at the end of a day of second unit shooting ( for Guardians of the Galaxy ) . '' Captain America : the Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Captain America : The Winter Soldier Steve Rogers , now working with S.H.I.E.L.D. , teams up with Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow and Sam Wilson / Falcon to expose a deep conspiracy which involves a mysterious assassin known only as the Winter Soldier . A sequel to 2011 's Captain America : The First Avenger was announced in April 2012 . Anthony and Joe Russo were hired to direct in June , and in July it was officially titled Captain America : The Winter Soldier . Evans and Jackson were set to reprise their respective roles as Captain America and Nick Fury , and Johansson would again play the Black Widow . Sebastian Stan , who portrayed Bucky in Captain America : The First Avenger , returned as the Winter Soldier . Production started in April 2013 in Manhattan Beach , California , and filming also took place in Washington , D.C. and Cleveland , Ohio . The film premiered in Los Angeles on March 13 , 2014 . Captain America : The Winter Soldier was released internationally on March 26 and in North America on April 4 . The film is set two years after the events of The Avengers . Stephen Strange , the alter - ego of the Marvel superhero Doctor Strange , is mentioned by name in the film by the character Jasper Sitwell . A remodeled Stark Tower from The Avengers , now known as Avengers Tower , also makes an appearance in the film . Whedon directed a post-credits scene featuring Baron Wolfgang von Strucker ( Thomas Kretschmann ) , List ( Henry Goodman ) , Quicksilver ( Aaron Taylor - Johnson ) , and the Scarlet Witch ( Elizabeth Olsen ) , who appear in Avengers : Age of Ultron . The revelation in the film that S.H.I.E.L.D. had been infiltrated by Hydra informed the final six episodes of the first season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , a television series set in the MCU . Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) Peter Quill / Star - Lord and a group of misfits , including Gamora , Rocket , Drax the Destroyer and Groot , fight to keep a powerful orb from the clutches of the villainous Ronan . Nicole Perlman began writing a screenplay in 2009 . Marvel Studios announced it was developing a Guardians of the Galaxy film in July 2012 . The film is directed by James Gunn , based on his and Perlman 's screenplay . In February 2013 , Chris Pratt was cast in the lead role , as Peter Quill / Star - Lord . The film was shot at Shepperton Studios and in London from July to October 2013 , and post-production work was completed on July 7 , 2014 . The film premiered on July 21 , 2014 in Hollywood . Guardians of the Galaxy was released in the United Kingdom on July 31 , 2014 , and in North America on August 1 . The film is set in 2014 . Josh Brolin provides the voice and performance capture for Thanos , the supervillain who appeared in The Avengers mid-credits scene . Gunn noted that the film would be connected to Avengers : Infinity War . Several other objects of significance appear in the Collector 's museum , including a Chitauri from The Avengers and a Dark Elf from Thor : The Dark World , among other characters . About their appearances Gunn said , `` There 's a lot of stuff in the Collector 's Museum . And for me , it was mostly just really fun . As a Marvel fan , giving the actual fans something that they can freeze frame on their Blu - Ray at home and just kind of pick out everything that 's in there . So there are , I mean , seriously all those boxes have something interesting in them , so it 's pretty fun . '' Ronan 's race , the Kree , were first introduced in the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode `` T.A.H.I.T.I. '' . Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Avengers : Age of Ultron Joss Whedon , writer and director of The Avengers and Avengers : Age of Ultron . Iron Man , Captain America , Thor , the Hulk , Black Widow , and Hawkeye must work together as the Avengers to defeat Ultron , a technological enemy bent on human extinction , while encountering the powerful twins Pietro and Wanda Maximoff , as well as the new entity Vision . A sequel to The Avengers was announced by Disney in May 2012 , shortly after the first film 's release . In August 2012 , Joss Whedon was signed to return as writer and director . In June 2013 , Downey signed a deal to reprise the role of Iron Man for the second and third Avengers films . On July 20 , 2013 , at San Diego Comic - Con International , Whedon announced that the subtitle of the film would be Age of Ultron . In August 2013 , James Spader was announced to portray Ultron . Second unit filming began on February 11 , 2014 in Johannesburg , South Africa . Principal photography began in March 2014 at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England , with additional footage filmed at Fort Bard and various other locations in the Aosta Valley region of Italy , and Seoul , South Korea . Filming was completed on August 6 , 2014 . Avengers : Age of Ultron had its world premiere in Los Angeles on April 13 , 2015 , and was released internationally beginning April 22 , and on May 1 in North America . The film confirms that the gem in Loki 's scepter is an Infinity Stone , specifically the Mind Stone , and Brolin reappears as Thanos in the mid-credit scene wielding an Infinity Gauntlet . It also features references to Vibranium and Wakanda , both connections to Black Panther , introducing both to the universe ahead of Black Panther 's solo film . Additionally , Andy Serkis portrays Ulysses Klaue in the film , traditionally a Black Panther antagonist . Ant - Man ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ant - Man ( film ) Thief Scott Lang must aid his mentor Dr. Hank Pym in safeguarding the mystery of the Ant - Man technology , which allows its user to decrease in size but increase in strength , from various menaces and plot a heist to defend the Earth . Ant - Man is directed by Peyton Reed with a screenplay written by Edgar Wright & Joe Cornish and Adam McKay & Paul Rudd , from a story by Wright & Cornish , that includes both Scott Lang and Hank Pym . Edgar Wright was initially slated to direct and write the film , but left the project in May 2014 due to creative differences . In January 2013 , Feige stated that Ant - Man would be the first film in Phase Three of the Marvel Cinematic Universe . However , in October 2014 , it was revealed that the film would be the last film of Phase Two . Pre-production started in October 2013 , and principal photography took place from August to December 2014 in San Francisco , Fayette County , Georgia at Pinewood Atlanta , and Downtown Atlanta . In December 2013 , Rudd was cast as Ant - Man , followed in January 2014 with the casting of Michael Douglas as Pym and the confirmation of Rudd as Lang . Ant - Man had its world premiere in Los Angeles on June 29 , 2015 , and was released in France on July 14 , and in North America on July 17 . The film is set several months after the events of Avengers : Age of Ultron . Scott Lang attempts to infiltrate the new Avengers headquarters in Upstate New York featured in Age of Ultron , and confronts Sam Wilson / Falcon , played by Anthony Mackie . McKay and Rudd decided to add Falcon to Ant - Man after watching Captain America : The Winter Soldier . The Russo brothers filmed the post-credit scene , which was footage from Captain America : Civil War , and features Falcon ( Mackie ) , Captain America ( Chris Evans ) and Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier ( Sebastian Stan ) . Phase Three ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Producer ( s ) Captain America : Civil War May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) Anthony and Joe Russo Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Kevin Feige Doctor Strange November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) Scott Derrickson Jon Spaihts and Scott Derrickson & C. Robert Cargill Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) James Gunn Spider - Man : Homecoming July 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) Jon Watts Jonathan Goldstein & John Francis Daley and Jon Watts & Christopher Ford and Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers Kevin Feige and Amy Pascal Thor : Ragnarok November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) Taika Waititi Eric Pearson and Craig Kyle & Christopher Yost Kevin Feige Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Captain America : Civil War Anthony and Joe Russo , directors of Captain America : The Winter Soldier and Captain America : Civil War , also return for Avengers : Infinity War and its sequel . The Avengers become fractured into two opposing teams , one led by Captain America and another by Iron Man , after extensive collateral damage prompts politicians to pass an act regulating superhuman activity with government oversight and accountability for the Avengers while also facing against a new enemy , Helmut Zemo , who seeks revenge upon the Avengers . By January 2014 , Anthony and Joe Russo had signed on to return to direct a third Captain America installment , which they confirmed in March 2014 , with Chris Evans returning as Captain America , Feige returning to produce , and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely writing the screenplay . In October 2014 , the title was officially announced as Captain America : Civil War along with the reveal that Downey would appear in the film as Tony Stark / Iron Man . The film is an adaptation from the `` Civil War '' storyline in the comics . It is also the first film of Phase Three . Filming began in April 2015 at Pinewood Atlanta , and concluded in August 2015 . Captain America : Civil War had its premiere in Hollywood on April 12 , 2016 , was released internationally beginning April 27 , and was released on May 6 in North America . The film is set one year after the events of Avengers : Age of Ultron . Captain America : Civil War introduces Tom Holland as Peter Parker / Spider - Man and Chadwick Boseman as T'Challa / Black Panther to the MCU , who appear in solo films in 2017 and 2018 , respectively . William Hurt reprises his role as Thunderbolt Ross from The Incredible Hulk , and is now the US Secretary of State . For the mid-credits scene , in which Black Panther offers Captain America and Bucky Barnes asylum in Wakanda , Joe and Anthony Russo received input from Black Panther director Ryan Coogler on the look and design of Wakanda . Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Doctor Strange ( 2016 film ) After Stephen Strange , the world 's top neurosurgeon , is involved in a car accident that ruins his career , he sets out on a journey of healing , where he encounters the Ancient One , who teaches Strange the use of Mystic Arts and to defend the Earth from mystical threats . In June 2010 , Thomas Dean Donnelly and Joshua Oppenheimer were hired to write the screenplay for a film starring the character Doctor Strange . In January 2013 , Kevin Feige confirmed that Doctor Strange would be a part of their Phase Three slate of films . In June 2014 , Scott Derrickson was hired to direct . In December 2014 , Benedict Cumberbatch was cast in the eponymous role , and Jon Spaihts was confirmed to rewrite the script . In December 2015 , C. Robert Cargill revealed he was a co-writer on the film , and the following April , revealed that Derrickson also wrote the script . Pre-production began in June 2014 , with filming beginning in November 2015 in Nepal , before moving to Longcross Studios in the UK later in the month . Filming concluded in New York City in April 2016 . Doctor Strange had its premiere in Hong Kong on October 13 , 2016 , and was released in the United Kingdom on October 25 , 2016 , and on November 4 in the United States . Derrickson stated that the events of the film take `` roughly '' a year , ending `` up to date with the rest of the MCU '' . Doctor Strange introduces the Eye of Agamotto , a mystical relic that can manipulate time and is revealed to be an Infinity Stone at the end of the film , specifically the Time Stone . The film 's mid-credits scene features a cameo appearance by Hemsworth as Thor , meeting with Strange to set up the events of Thor : Ragnarok . The scene was directed by Ragnarok director Taika Waititi . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 James Gunn , director of Guardians of the Galaxy and its sequels , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 and Vol. 3 The Guardians of the Galaxy travel throughout the cosmos and struggle to keep their newfound family together while helping Peter Quill learn more about his true parentage and facing against new enemies . In July 2014 , Guardians of the Galaxy co-writer Nicole Perlman confirmed that Gunn would return to write and direct the sequel . Chris Pratt returns for the sequel as Peter Quill / Star - Lord , along with the other Guardians from the first film as well as additional cast members . They are joined by Pom Klementieff as Mantis , and Kurt Russell as Ego . In June 2015 , the film 's title was revealed as Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Filming began in February 2016 at Pinewood Atlanta , and concluded in June 2016 . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 premiered in Tokyo on April 10 , 2017 , and was released on May 5 , 2017 . The film is set two - to - three months after the events of Guardians of the Galaxy , in 2014 . One of the film 's post-credit sequences hints at the introduction of Adam Warlock , after Gunn originally intended for Warlock to make a full appearance in Vol. 2 . He noted that Warlock could appear in future Guardians films , and is considered `` a pretty important part '' of the cosmic side of the Marvel Cinematic Universe . The Grandmaster , played by Jeff Goldblum , is seen dancing in the end credits , before his appearance in Thor : Ragnarok . Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Spider - Man : Homecoming Peter Parker tries to balance being the hero Spider - Man with his high school life under guidance of Tony Stark as he deals with the threat of the Vulture . On February 9 , 2015 , Sony Pictures and Marvel announced that Sony would be releasing a Spider - Man film co-produced by Marvel Studios president Feige and Amy Pascal , with Sony Pictures continuing to own , finance , distribute , and have final creative control of the Spider - Man films . In April 2015 , Feige confirmed the character would be Peter Parker and added that Marvel had been working to add Spider - Man to the MCU since at least October 2014 , when they announced their full slate of Phase Three films , saying , `` Marvel does n't announce anything officially until it 's set in stone . So we went forward with that Plan A in October , with the Plan B being , if ( the deal ) were to happen with Sony , how it would all shift . We 've been thinking about ( the Spider - Man film ) as long as we 've been thinking about Phase Three . '' In June 2015 , Tom Holland was cast in the role of Spider - Man and Jon Watts was hired to direct the film , and the next month , John Francis Daley & Jonathan Goldstein were hired to write the screenplay . Additional screenwriters include Watts & Christopher Ford and Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers . In April 2016 , the title was revealed to be Spider - Man : Homecoming . Production began in June 2016 at Pinewood Atlanta , and concluded in October 2016 . Spider - Man : Homecoming premiered on June 28 , 2017 in Hollywood , and was released in the United Kingdom on July 5 , and the United States on July 7 , 2017 . The film is set several months after the events of Captain America : Civil War , which is eight years after the events of The Avengers . In April 2016 , Feige confirmed that characters from previous MCU films would appear in the film , with Robert Downey Jr. confirmed to reprise his role as Tony Stark / Iron Man shortly thereafter . Favreau , Paltrow , and Evans also reprise their roles as Happy Hogan , Pepper Potts , and Steve Rogers / Captain America , respectively . The clean - up crew Damage Control appear in the film ( after previously being referenced in Iron Man and Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ) ahead of an intended television series about them . Various weaponry and artifacts from previous films are referenced throughout the film that Toomes and his crew repurpose for their weapons . In Parker 's high school , one of his classes has a lesson about the Sokovia Accords , and portraits of Bruce Banner , Howard Stark and Abraham Erskine are seen within the school . Thor 's belt Megingjörð is also referenced . The character Aaron Davis makes reference to his nephew Miles Morales in the film . Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Thor : Ragnarok Thor , imprisoned on another world without Mjölnir , must outlive a gladiatorial duel against his old friend -- the Hulk -- in order to return to Asgard in time to stop the villainous Hela and the impending Ragnarök . In January 2014 , Marvel announced that a third Thor film was in development , with Craig Kyle and Christopher Yost writing the screenplay , and was officially announced as Thor : Ragnarok in October 2014 . By October 2015 , Taika Waititi entered in negotiations to direct Thor : Ragnarok . In December 2015 , Stephany Folsom was hired to rewrite the script . A year later , in January 2017 , it was revealed that Eric Pearson wrote the screenplay , with Kyle , Yost and Folsom receiving story credit . Pearson , Kyle and Yost would ultimately receive screenwriting credit for the film . Hemsworth , Hiddleston , Idris Elba and Anthony Hopkins reprise their roles as Thor , Loki , Heimdall and Odin , respectively , and are joined by Cate Blanchett as Hela . Production began in July 2016 in Australia at Village Roadshow Studios , and wrapped in late October 2016 . Thor : Ragnarok premiered in Los Angeles on October 10 , 2017 , began its international release on October 24 , 2017 in the United Kingdom , and was released on November 3 , 2017 in the United States . The film is set four years after the events of Thor : The Dark World , two years after the events of Avengers : Age of Ultron , and around the same time period as Captain America : Civil War and Spider - Man : Homecoming . Producer Brad Winderbaum noted that `` Things happen on top of each other now in Phase Three . They 're not as interlocked as they were in Phase One . '' Mark Ruffalo and Benedict Cumberbatch appear in the film as Bruce Banner / Hulk and Doctor Stephen Strange , respectively . The film reveals that the Infinity Gauntlet first seen in Odin 's vault in Thor was a fake , while also introducing Thanos ' ship Sanctuary II in a post-credits scene . Recurring cast and characters ( edit ) Further information : List of Marvel Cinematic Universe film actors List indicator ( s ) This table only includes characters which have appeared in multiple film franchises within the Marvel Cinematic Universe , and have appeared in the billing block for at least two films . ( see FAQ ) A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the franchise , or that the character 's presence in a film of the franchise has not yet been announced . A indicates a voice - only role Character Ant - Man films Avengers films Black Panther Captain America films Captain Marvel Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy films The Incredible Hulk Iron Man films Spider - Man films Thor films Bruce Banner Hulk Mark Ruffalo Edward Norton Lou Ferrigno Mark Ruffalo Mark Ruffalo James `` Bucky '' Barnes Winter Soldier Sebastian Stan Sebastian Stan Clint Barton Hawkeye Jeremy Renner Jeremy Renner Jeremy Renner Peggy Carter Hayley Atwell Hayley Atwell Drax the Destroyer Dave Bautista Dave Bautista Nick Fury Samuel L. Jackson Samuel L. Jackson Samuel L. Jackson Samuel L. Jackson Gamora Zoe Saldana Zoe Saldana Groot Vin Diesel Vin Diesel Heimdall Idris Elba Idris Elba Maria Hill Cobie Smulders Cobie Smulders Harold `` Happy '' Hogan Jon Favreau Jon Favreau Scott Lang Ant - Man Paul Rudd Paul Rudd Loki Tom Hiddleston Tom Hiddleston Wanda Maximoff Scarlet Witch Elizabeth Olsen Elizabeth Olsen Nebula Karen Gillan Karen Gillan Peter Parker Spider - Man Tom Holland Tom Holland Max Favreau Tom Holland Virginia `` Pepper '' Potts Gwyneth Paltrow Gwyneth Paltrow Peter Quill Star - Lord Chris Pratt Chris Pratt James `` Rhodey '' Rhodes War Machine / Iron Patriot Don Cheadle Don Cheadle Terrence Howard Don Cheadle Rocket Bradley Cooper Bradley Cooper Steve Rogers Captain America Chris Evans Chris Evans Chris Evans Natasha Romanoff Black Widow Scarlett Johansson Scarlett Johansson Scarlett Johansson Thaddeus `` Thunderbolt '' Ross William Hurt William Hurt Erik Selvig Stellan Skarsgård Stellan Skarsgård Shuri Letitia Wright Tony Stark Iron Man Robert Downey , Jr . Robert Downey , Jr . Robert Downey , Jr . Stephen Strange Benedict Cumberbatch Benedict Cumberbatch Benedict Cumberbatch T'Challa Black Panther Chadwick Boseman Thor Chris Hemsworth Chris Hemsworth Chris Hemsworth Hope van Dyne Wasp Evangeline Lilly Vision Paul Bettany Paul Bettany Sam Wilson Falcon Anthony Mackie Anthony Mackie Jump up ^ In June 2017 several interviews with Holland , Watts , and Feige revealed that the child who Tony Stark saves from a drone in Iron Man 2 is Peter Parker . Home media ( edit ) In June 2012 , Marvel announced a 10 - disc box set titled `` Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase One -- Avengers Assembled '' , for release on September 25 , 2012 . The box set includes all six of the Phase One films -- Iron Man , The Incredible Hulk , Iron Man 2 , Thor , Captain America : The First Avenger , and Marvel 's The Avengers -- on Blu - ray and Blu - ray 3D , in a replica of Nick Fury 's briefcase from The Avengers . In August 2012 , luggage company Rimowa GmbH , who developed the briefcase for The Avengers , filed suit against Marvel Studios and Buena Vista Home Entertainment in U.S. federal court , complaining that `` Marvel did not obtain any license or authorization from Rimowa to make replica copies of the cases for any purpose '' . The set was delayed to early 2013 for the packaging to be redesigned . The box set , with a redesigned case , was released on April 2 , 2013 . In addition , the box set included a featurette on the then - upcoming Phase Two films , showing footage and concept art , as well as previously unreleased deleted scenes from all of the Phase One films . In July 2015 , Marvel announced a 13 - disc box set titled `` Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection '' , for release on December 8 , 2015 , exclusive to Amazon.com . The box set includes all six of the Phase Two films -- Iron Man 3 , Thor : The Dark World , Captain America : The Winter Soldier , Guardians of the Galaxy , Avengers : Age of Ultron , and Ant - Man -- on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D and a digital copy , in a replica of the Orb from Guardians of the Galaxy , plus a bonus disc and exclusive memorabilia . Material on the bonus disc includes all of the Marvel One - Shots with commentary , deleted scenes and pre-production creative features for each of the films , featurettes on the making of the post-credit scenes for the films , and first looks at Captain America : Civil War , Doctor Strange and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Reception ( edit ) For more details on the reception of each film , see the `` Reception '' section on each film 's article . Box office performance ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Box office gross All - time Ranking Budget Ref ( s ) U.S. and Canada Other territories Worldwide U.S. and Canada Worldwide Iron Man May 2 , 2008 $318,412,101 $266,762,121 $585,174,222 57 140 $140 million Incredible Hulk ! The Incredible Hulk June 13 , 2008 $134,806,913 $128,620,638 $263,427,551 402 494 $150 million Iron Man 2 May 7 , 2010 $312,433,331 $311,500,000 $623,933,331 61 122 $200 million Thor May 6 , 2011 $181,030,624 $268,295,994 $449,326,618 224 215 $150 million Captain America : The First Avenger July 22 , 2011 $176,654,505 $193,915,269 $370,569,774 240 290 $140 million Marvel 's The Avengers May 4 , 2012 $623,357,910 $895,455,078 $1,518,812,988 5 5 $220 million Iron Man 3 May 3 , 2013 $409,013,994 $805,797,258 $1,214,811,252 21 12 $200 million ( gross ) $178.4 million ( net ) Thor : The Dark World November 8 , 2013 $206,362,140 $438,209,262 $644,571,402 174 113 $170 million ( gross ) $152.7 million ( net ) Captain America : The Winter Soldier April 4 , 2014 $259,766,572 $454,497,695 $714,264,267 99 91 $177 million Guardians of the Galaxy August 1 , 2014 $333,176,600 $440,152,029 $773,328,629 50 76 $232.3 million ( gross ) $195.9 million ( net ) Avengers : Age of Ultron May 1 , 2015 $459,005,868 $946,397,826 $1,405,403,694 12 7 $316 million ( gross ) $267.4 million ( net ) Ant - Man July 17 , 2015 $180,202,163 $339,109,802 $519,311,965 226 171 $142 million Captain America : Civil War May 6 , 2016 $408,084,349 $745,220,146 $1,153,304,495 22 14 $250 million Doctor Strange November 4 , 2016 $232,641,920 $445,076,475 $677,718,395 134 102 $165 million Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 May 5 , 2017 $389,813,101 $473,750,730 $863,563,831 28 57 $200 million Spider - Man : Homecoming July 7 , 2017 $334,033,047 $545,965,784 $879,998,831 49 49 $175 million Thor : Ragnarok November 3 , 2017 $141,817,093 $354,400,000 $496,217,093 363 179 $180 million Total $ 7009510061223100000 ♠ 5,100,612,231 $ 7009805312610700000 ♠ 8,053,126,107 $ 7010131537383380000 ♠ 13,153,738,338 $3.027 billion ( gross ) $2.903 billion ( net ) Critical response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic Iron Man 94 % ( 268 reviews ) 79 ( 38 reviews ) Incredible Hulk ! The Incredible Hulk 67 % ( 225 reviews ) 61 ( 38 reviews ) Iron Man 2 73 % ( 279 reviews ) 57 ( 40 reviews ) Thor 77 % ( 270 reviews ) 57 ( 40 reviews ) Captain America : The First Avenger 80 % ( 252 reviews ) 66 ( 43 reviews ) Marvel 's The Avengers 92 % ( 327 reviews ) 69 ( 43 reviews ) Iron Man 3 79 % ( 296 reviews ) 62 ( 44 reviews ) Thor : The Dark World 66 % ( 251 reviews ) 54 ( 44 reviews ) Captain America : The Winter Soldier 89 % ( 271 reviews ) 70 ( 47 reviews ) Guardians of the Galaxy 91 % ( 295 reviews ) 76 ( 52 reviews ) Avengers : Age of Ultron 75 % ( 322 reviews ) 66 ( 49 reviews ) Ant - Man 82 % ( 284 reviews ) 64 ( 43 reviews ) Captain America : Civil War 90 % ( 357 reviews ) 75 ( 52 reviews ) Doctor Strange 89 % ( 303 reviews ) 72 ( 49 reviews ) Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 82 % ( 324 reviews ) 67 ( 47 reviews ) Spider - Man : Homecoming 92 % ( 300 reviews ) 73 ( 51 reviews ) Thor : Ragnarok 93 % ( 278 reviews ) 73 ( 48 reviews ) Average 83 % 67 Future ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Producer ( s ) Status Phase Three Black Panther February 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 16 ) Ryan Coogler Ryan Coogler & Joe Robert Cole Kevin Feige Post-production Avengers : Infinity War May 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 04 ) Anthony and Joe Russo Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Ant - Man and the Wasp July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) Peyton Reed Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers and Andrew Barrer & Gabriel Ferrari and Paul Rudd Filming Captain Marvel March 8 , 2019 ( 2019 - 03 - 08 ) Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck Geneva Robertson - Dworet Pre-production Untitled Avengers film May 3 , 2019 ( 2019 - 05 - 03 ) Anthony and Joe Russo Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Filming Post-Phase Three Untitled Spider - Man : Homecoming sequel July 5 , 2019 ( 2019 - 07 - 05 ) TBA TBA Kevin Feige and Amy Pascal Pre-production Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 2020 ( 2020 ) James Gunn Kevin Feige In development Black Panther ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : Black Panther ( film ) T'Challa returns home as sovereign of the nation of Wakanda only to find his dual role of king and protector challenged by a long - time adversary in a conflict that has global consequences . Documentary filmmaker Mark Bailey was hired to write a script for Black Panther in January 2011 . In October 2014 , the film was announced and Chadwick Boseman was revealed to be portraying T'Challa / Black Panther . In January 2016 , Ryan Coogler was announced as director , and the following month , Joe Robert Cole was confirmed as the film 's screenwriter . In April 2016 , Feige confirmed that Coogler was a co-screenwriter . Filming began in January 2017 at EUE / Screen Gems Studios and Pinewood Atlanta , and concluded in April 2017 . Black Panther is scheduled to be released on February 16 , 2018 . The film is set after the events of Captain America : Civil War . Florence Kasumba , Serkis , Martin Freeman , and John Kani reprise their roles as Ayo , Ulysses Klaue , Everett K. Ross and T'Chaka respectively from previous MCU films . Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : Avengers : Infinity War The Avengers join forces with the Guardians of the Galaxy to battle Thanos , who is trying to amass the Infinity Stones . The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers : Infinity War -- Part 1 . In April 2015 , Marvel announced that Anthony and Joe Russo would direct the film and in May , that Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely would write the screenplay . In July 2016 , Marvel revealed the title would be shortened to simply Avengers : Infinity War . Brolin reprises his role as Thanos , and is part of an ensemble cast featuring many actors who have appeared in other MCU films . Filming for Infinity War began in January 2017 in Atlanta , and lasted until July 2017 . Additional filming also took place in Scotland . Avengers : Infinity War is scheduled to be released on May 4 , 2018 . The film is set four years after the events of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Marvel has been planting the seeds for Infinity War since their early films , by introducing the Infinity Stones as MacGuffins : the Tesseract / Space Stone in Captain America : The First Avenger , Loki 's Scepter / Mind Stone in The Avengers , the Aether / Reality Stone in Thor : The Dark World , the Orb / Power Stone in Guardians of the Galaxy , and the Eye of Agamotto / Time Stone in Doctor Strange . Additionally , Thanos is shown holding an empty Infinity Gauntlet in Avengers : Age of Ultron . Ant - Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Peyton Reed , director of Ant - Man and Ant - Man and the Wasp Main article : Ant - Man and the Wasp Scott Lang tries to balance his home life with his responsibilities as Ant - Man , when Hope van Dyne and Hank Pym present him with a new mission , requiring him to team up with van Dyne as the Wasp . Ant - Man and the Wasp was announced in October 2015 . Peyton Reed confirmed he would return to direct in November 2015 , as well as the confirmation that Paul Rudd and Evangeline Lilly would reprise their roles as Scott Lang / Ant - Man and Hope van Dyne / Wasp , respectively . In December 2015 , Andrew Barrer , Gabriel Ferrari , and Rudd were confirmed to write the screenplay , with Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers revealed to have also contributed to the script in August 2017 . In February 2017 , Michael Douglas confirmed he would reprise his role as Hank Pym in the film . Filming began in August 2017 in Atlanta with additional filming in San Francisco , and is scheduled to last until November 2017 . Ant - Man and the Wasp is scheduled to be released on July 6 , 2018 . The film is set after the events of Captain America : Civil War . Captain Marvel ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Further information : Carol Danvers § Film In May 2013 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Marvel had a working script for Ms. Marvel . In October 2014 , Marvel announced the film would be titled Captain Marvel and feature Carol Danvers . In April 2015 , Nicole Perlman & Meg LeFauve were announced as screenwriters . At the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con , Brie Larson was confirmed to play the role of Carol Danvers . In April 2017 , Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck were hired to direct . That August , Geneva Robertson - Dworet was revealed to be taking over as the film 's screenwriter , replacing Perlman and LeFauve . Filming is expected to begin in March 2018 in California , and is scheduled to last until May 2018 . The film is scheduled to be released on March 8 , 2019 . The film is set in the 1990s . Jackson reprises his role as Nick Fury in the film , while the Skrull species are introduced to the MCU . Untitled Avengers film ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Main article : Untitled Avengers film The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers : Infinity War -- Part 2 . In April 2015 , it was revealed that Anthony and Joe Russo would direct the film and in May , that Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely would write the screenplay . In July 2016 , Marvel revealed the title would be changed , being known simply at that time as the Untitled Avengers film . Brolin reprises his role as Thanos , and is part of an ensemble cast featuring many actors who have appeared in other MCU films . Filming began in August 2017 in Atlanta . The film is scheduled to be released on May 3 , 2019 . Untitled Spider - Man : Homecoming sequel ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Further information : Spider - Man : Homecoming § Sequels In December 2016 , Sony Pictures scheduled a sequel to Spider - Man : Homecoming for release on July 5 , 2019 . Filming is scheduled to begin in April or May 2018 . The film is set after the untitled Avengers film . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 ( 2020 ) ( edit ) Further information : Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 § Sequel In April 2016 , Kevin Feige stated that `` Guardians 3 is ( one film that 's ) up there '' being considered for release beyond 2019 . In March 2017 , Gunn stated that a third Guardians film would happen `` for sure '' , and the following month confirmed he would return to write and direct Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 is scheduled to be released in 2020 . The film is set after Avengers : Infinity War and its untitled sequel . Other potential projects ( edit ) Three untitled films are set for release on May 1 , August 7 , and November 6 , 2020 . The August 7 film was previously scheduled for July 10 , 2020 . In October 2016 , Feige said it was a combination of knowing what films would occupy these dates and allowing some flexibility , saying , `` We know what ( films ) we 'd like them to be for 2020 . Over the years , where we 're aiming we 've been lucky enough that it 's usually been the same thing but we always leave ourselves the opportunity to bob and weave and adapt if we have to . But we know where we 're headed for 2020 and we have ideas and we 're beginning to solidify the years beyond that . '' Feige and Marvel have ideas for films through 2021 , and additional storylines planned through 2028 . In October 2014 , in terms of Phase Four films , Feige said , for the time being , `` We 're not going to talk specifically about the story of any of those films , the plot of any of those films , what happens to any of the characters in any of those films . In fact , even to talk about any of those characters -- who will be involved in those movies -- will be a bit of a spoiler as to what may or may not happen to them in earlier movies . '' In April 2016 , Feige added , `` We 're only working on what 's been announced through the end of 2019 . And it is still a big chess board for 2020 and beyond '' . A year later , Feige noted , `` We have an idea ( of what the MCU looks like post-Infinity War ) , and it 's gon na be very , very different , '' but cautioned that Marvel would not be `` actively discussing anything past untitled Avengers '' besides dating the sequel to Spider - Man : Homecoming and that James Gunn would be working on Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 . He also was not sure if Marvel would continue to group the films in phases once Phase Three concluded , that `` it might be a new thing . '' A second sequel to Homecoming is also planned . A film based on the Runaways went through a number of iterations . Brian K. Vaughan was originally hired to write a screenplay based on the property in May 2008 . In April 2010 , Marvel hired Peter Sollett to direct the film , and Drew Pearce was hired to write a script in May . The following October , development on the film was put on hold , with Pearce revealing in September 2013 that the Runaways film had been shelved in favor of The Avengers , with the earliest it could release being Phase Three . In October 2014 , after announcing all of Marvel 's Phase Three films without Runaways , Feige stated the project was `` still an awesome script that exists in our script vault '' , adding , `` We 'd love to do something with Runaways some day . In our television and future film discussions , it 's always one that we talk about , because we have a solid draft there . But again , we ca n't make them all . '' In August 2016 , Marvel Television announced Marvel 's Runaways from the streaming service Hulu , with the series receiving a full season order in May 2017 . It is scheduled to premiere in November 2017 . In April 2013 , Feige mentioned the Inhumans as a property out of which he was `` confident '' a film would be made . By August 2014 , the studio was ready to move forward in development with the film , with a screenplay written by Joe Robert Cole . In October 2014 , the film was announced for Phase Three and scheduled for release July 2019 . By October 2015 , Cole was no longer involved with the film and any potential drafts that he may have written would not be used . In April 2016 , Inhumans was removed from the release schedule , and would no longer be a part of Phase Three . In July 2016 , Feige said Inhumans would `` certainly '' be a part of the discussion regarding the film ideas for 2020 and 2021 , adding the following November that he was still optimistic the film could be released in Phase Four . The Inhumans were first introduced to the MCU in 2014 through the second season of the television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. In November 2016 , Marvel Television announced the series Marvel 's Inhumans , which premiered on ABC in September 2017 , after the first two episodes were screened in IMAX . The series was not intended to be a reworking of the film . In February 2014 , Feige stated that after exploring Black Widow 's past in Age of Ultron , he would like to see it explored further in a solo film . Marvel has done some development work for the potential film , including a `` pretty in depth '' treatment by Nicole Perlman , and by May 2016 , Feige stated that Marvel was `` creatively and emotionally '' committed to creating the solo film . In April 2006 , Marvel hired Andrew W. Marlowe to write a script for Nick Fury . In May 2013 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Marvel had a working script for Blade . In July 2015 , Wesley Snipes , who played Blade in three films before the character 's rights reverted to Marvel , stated that he had discussions with Marvel to reprise the role . 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Retrieved May 19 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel Studios Update : Loki Officially Cast in 2011 Thor Movie '' . Marvel.com . May 18 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2011 . Retrieved May 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Billington , Alex ( June 7 , 2009 ) . `` Profile on Marvel Studios with Big Updates from Kevin Feige '' . Firstshowing.net . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved January 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Thor Movie : Principal Photography Starts ! '' . Marvel.com . January 11 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bord , Christine ( March 11 , 2010 ) . `` ' Thor ' Begins Filming in New Mexico on Monday '' . OnLocationVacations.com . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved March 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` On the Spot : Kenneth Branagh 's Thor World Premiere in Sydney ! '' . The Spotlight Report . April 18 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Watch the U.S. Premiere of Thor , Live on Marvel.com '' . Marvel.com. April 26 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Learn Thor 's International Release Dates '' . Marvel.com . November 10 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved November 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Marnell , Blair ( April 28 , 2010 ) . `` Clark Gregg 's ' Iron Man 2 ' S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent Will ' Do Some Exciting Things ' In ' Thor ' '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved May 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinema Con : We 've Seen Hawkeye In Thor And It 's More Than A Walk On '' . CinemaBlend . March 28 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2013 . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ( May 7 , 2011 ) . ' Thor ' : Kenneth Branagh on the ' crazy Marvel universe ' . Los Angeles Times ( video ) . Event occurs at 1 : 05 . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Frankly we were always going to have a guy in a basket above the action where Thor breaks in the S.H.I.E.L.D. camp and when they told me maybe it could be Hawkeye and maybe Hawkeye was going to be Jeremy Renner , ' Are you kidding ! ' , I said . I was jumping up and down . I was thrilled . I get somebody like that to come and do something as cool as that ! Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( May 7 , 2011 ) . `` ' Thor ' post-credits scene : What the heck WAS that thing ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2013 . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hewitt , Chris ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Stellan Skarsgard Talks Thor Sting '' . Empire . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Philbrick , Jami ( August 31 , 2011 ) . `` Stellan Skarsgard Talks ' The Avengers , ' ' The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo , ' and ' Melancholia ' '' . IAmRogue.com . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved September 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ames , Jeff ( October 28 , 2010 ) . `` More Images from Captain America : The First Avenger ; First Look at Hugo Weaving and Stanley Tucci '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( March 22 , 2010 ) . `` Chris Evans to play ' Captain America ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2011 . Retrieved March 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America to Start Filming June 28 '' . SuperHeroHype.com. April 28 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2013 . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Summer in the City '' . Film London . July 7 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Caerwent is scene for Captain America movie '' . South Wales Argus . July 28 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2011 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Collinson , Dawn ( September 16 , 2010 ) . `` Captain America Filming to Get Underway on Liverpool Docklands '' . Liverpool Daily Post . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2010 . Retrieved September 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Watch the Captain America Red Carpet Premiere LIVE on Marvel.com '' . Marvel.com . July 15 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Global sites & Release Dates '' . Paramount Pictures . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Winning , Josh ( January 10 , 2011 ) . `` Captain America image gives a first look at Cosmic Cube '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2013 . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ ( May 24 , 2010 ) . `` Dominic Cooper Says He 's Howard Stark in Captain America '' . / Film . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 30 , 2010 . 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Retrieved July 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Finke , Nikki ( July 23 , 2010 ) . `` Toldja ! Marvel & Ruffalo Ink Hulk Deal '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2011 . Retrieved July 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel - ous Star Wattage : Actors Assemble For Comic - Con Panel Including ' The Avengers ' , ' Captain America ' , & ' Thor ' '' . Deadline.com . July 24 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sangiacomo , Michael ( August 8 , 2011 ) . `` Avengers workers start transforming East Ninth into scene for epic battle '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , Ohio . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2011 . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sangiacomo , Michael ( August 28 , 2011 ) . `` Filming of ' Avengers ' in Cleveland approaches the end '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , Ohio . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2011 . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . 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Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( May 2 , 2012 ) . `` '' The Avengers '' has two post-credit scenes , mystery actor revealed `` . IFC . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2012 . Retrieved May 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Watch : All Of Your Marvel Phase 3 Questions Answered By Marvel Head Kevin Feige '' . / Film . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shane Black talks direction of Iron Man 3 and whether or not to expect more Marvel cameos ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . March 7 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike ( March 31 , 2011 ) . `` Marvel Taps Its ' Runaways ' Scribe Drew Pearce To Write ' Iron Man 3 ′ Script '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr. , Mike ( December 24 , 2011 ) . `` ' Thor 2 ′ Director Will Be ' Game Of Thrones ' Helmer Alan Taylor '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Thor : The Dark World ' Official Synopsis Released '' . StitchKingdom.com . October 12 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( June 6 , 2012 ) . `` Russo brothers tapped for ' Captain America 2 ' : Disney and Marvel in final negotiations with ' Community ' producers to helm pic '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2012 . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Rick ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` ' Captain America ' Writers Talk Sequel , Post - ' Avengers ' Plans , And The Marvel Movie - Verse '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel Studios Begins Production on Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Marvel.com . July 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2013 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn to Write , Direct ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Sequel '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( August 7 , 2012 ) . `` Joss Whedon will return for ' The Avengers 2 ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2012 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Director Peyton Reed and Writer Adam McKay Join Marvel 's Ant - Man '' . Marvel.com . June 7 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2014 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Ant - Man ' Resolves Writing Credit Dispute ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2015 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Iron Man 3 Synopsis Reveals Stark 's Personal Crisis '' . Blastr.com ( Syfy ) . October 18 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2012 . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ward , Kate ( October 18 , 2010 ) . `` ' Iron Man 3 ' to come to theaters in 2013 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ; Fleming , Mike ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` Shane Black To Direct Marvel 's ' Iron Man 3 ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 3 Notes '' ( pdf ) . Marvel.com . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 18 , 2013 . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( May 30 , 2012 ) . `` Ben Kingsley to Play the Mandarin in ' Iron Man 3 ' ? Plus First Photos from the Set '' . Collider.com . 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Jump up ^ Clark , Noelene ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` ' Iron Man 3 ' Hollywood red carpet premiere : Watch it live '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2013 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( January 22 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Iron Man 3 ' to Get Imax Release '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2013 . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( September 30 , 2013 ) . `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' Takes Place Two Years After ' The Avengers ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2013 . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hewitt , Chris . `` Kevin Feige and Shane Black talk Iron Man 3 '' . Empire . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2013 . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` IAR Exclusive : Mark Ruffalo Talks Marvel Cameos and the Future of The Hulk '' . IAmRogue.com . May 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( June 30 , 2011 ) . `` Marvel And Disney Setting ' Thor 2 ' For Summer 2013 ; Chris Hemsworth 's Back But Kenneth Branagh Wo n't Return '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Warner , Kara ( September 1 , 2011 ) . `` ' Thor 2 ' Director Not Set Yet , Says Tom Hiddleston '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2011 . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( July 14 , 2012 ) . `` Comic - Con 2012 : Marvel Names ' Avengers ' Follow - Ups ; Robert Downey Jr . Makes Surprise Appearance '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( August 1 , 2012 ) . `` We Have A ' Thor 2 ' Villain : Christopher Eccleston To Play Malekith The Accursed '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2012 . 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Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr. , Mike ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Chris Pratt Getting ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Lead '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Lucas ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` SDCC ' 13 : Marvel Reveals Avengers : Age of Ultron , Guardians Cast , More '' . Newsarama . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn Just Finished Work on ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryder , Taryn ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` On the Red Carpet at the ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Premiere '' . Yahoo . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tilly , Chris ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` 15 Reasons To Get Excited About Guardians Of The Galaxy '' . IGN . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2014 . 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ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` It 's All Connected : Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's Alien Revealed '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` This week 's cover : Meet the new boss in Marvel 's ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Official Synopsis Spells Big Trouble for Tony Stark '' . Stitch Kingdom . September 15 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` Disney Announces ' Avengers 2 ' In Development '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Downey Jr . To Return As Marvel 's Iron Man '' . Marvel.com . June 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2013 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SDCC 2013 : Joss Whedon Reveals Avengers : Age of Ultron '' . Marvel.com . July 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Avengers Age of Ultron ' Casts James Spader as the Film 's Legendary Villain '' . Marvel.com . August 29 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sapa ( February 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Avengers ' filming postponed , roads not closed '' . The Sunday Times . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2014 . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Whedon 's Avengers heading to Joburg '' . Channel 24 . February 1 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wiseman , Andreas ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Avengers 2 to assemble in UK '' . Screen Daily . 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Jump up ^ `` Benedict Cumberbatch in Nepal '' . The Himalayan Times . November 5 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wiseman , Andreas ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Doctor Strange ' shoot underway in UK with Benedict Cumberbatch '' . Screen Daily . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2015 . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sacks , Ethan ( April 2 , 2016 ) . `` Benedict Cumberbatch , Chiwetel Ejiofor spotted shooting scenes for Marvel 's ' Doctor Strange ' in New York '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2016 . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Derrickson , Scott ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` That 's a wrap '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chu , Karen ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Doctor Strange ' Director Addresses Whitewashing Controversy '' . The Hollywood Reporter . 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James Gunn Explains in Detail '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Sequel Gets Title '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( April 3 , 2015 ) . `` James Gunn Offers Update on Guardians of the Galaxy 2 '' . Superhero Hype ! . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2015 . Retrieved April 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` The Guardians of the Galaxy Assemble in a Rehearsal Photo '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2016 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` And that 's a wrap on # GoTGVol2 . WHEW . So much gratitude to my wonderful cast and crew . Thank you all '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . 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CraveOnline . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2015 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Back To Walley World : The Griswolds Go On ' Vacation ' Again '' . NPR . July 25 , 2015 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2015 . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Lucas ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel and Sony 's Spider - Man Reboot is Officially Spider - Man : Homecoming '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Chris Pratt , Tom Holland cross paths as Spider - Man : Homecoming starts filming '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leslie , Jennifer ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` '' Captain America : Civil War '' was shot in , around Atlanta `` . WXIA - TV . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America ' Actor Sebastian Stan to Star in Thriller ' We Have Always Lived in the Castle ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Honeycutt , Kirk ( July 20 , 2011 ) . `` Captain America : The First Avenger : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved July 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Jeremy Renner Joins Amy Adams in Sci - Fi ' Story of Your Life ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( March 29 , 2015 ) . `` ECCC : Hayley Atwell Talks ' Marvel 's Agent Carter , ' ' Ant - Man ' Appearance '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2015 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Flint , Hanna ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` Captain America star Hayley Atwell , 32 , looks cool in ice - white as she leaves Oliviers after - party with model beau Evan Jones , 23 '' . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2014 . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bautista , Dave ( @ DaveBautista ) ( January 22 , 2017 ) . `` Welp ! ! ! That makes 3 of us ! And I start filming tomorrow ! 😱 # MarvelShroudofSecrecy 😖 '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Erik ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` Sam Jackson Confirms Nick Fury Cameos in ' Captain America ' and ' Thor ' '' . Cinematical . Retrieved February 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Samuel L. Jackson will bring Nick Fury to Captain Marvel '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leadbeater , Alex ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` Gamora Confirmed for Avengers : Infinity War '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( January 20 , 2017 ) . `` Vin Diesel : Groot & Hulk Must ' Get Down ' in Avengers : Infinity War '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2017 . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McLean , Craig ( November 2 , 2014 ) . `` Idris Elba interview : Marvel movies are ' torture ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2014 . Retrieved November 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( May 6 , 2011 ) . `` Movie Review : ' Thor ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` Cobie Smulders joins ' Avengers ' cast '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2011 . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . 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Jump up ^ `` SDCC 2014 : Official : Evangeline Lilly & Corey Stoll Join Marvel 's Ant - Man '' . Marvel.com . July 26 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Avila , Mike ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` Watch : Evangeline Lilly on introducing the Wasp , when she 'll join The Avengers '' . Blastr . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` Paul Bettany to Play the Vision in Marvel 's ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2014 . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Libbey , Dirk ( July 5 , 2015 ) . `` Ant - Man Clip Confirms A Major Marvel Cameo '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2015 . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` The Gang 's All Here in the Official ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Poster ( UPDATED ) '' . / Film . 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Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel 's delayed ' Phase One ' box set to now feature ' Phase Two ' tease -- Video '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Towers , Andrea ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's Cinematic Universe gets the DVD collector 's treatment for Phase Two '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection ' Unveiled ; Contains First Look at Phase 3 '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . 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list of universities in hungary for international students			List of universities and colleges in Hungary	list of universities and colleges in hungary	Universities in Hungary have generally been instituted by Act of Parliament under the Higher Education Act . For new public universities and private universities , approval is required from the Ministry of responsible for the education and later from the Hungarian National Assembly . The Hungarian public higher education system includes universities and other higher education institutes , that provide both education curricula and related degrees up to doctoral degree and also contribute to research activities . In general , public Hungarian universities do n't charge tuition fees .	The following is a list of universities and colleges of higher education in Hungary ( listed alphabetically and grouped by location and funding ) , followed by a list of defunct institutions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Universities 1.1 In Budapest 1.1. 1 Public institutions of higher education 1.1. 2 Ecclesiastical institutions of higher education 1.1. 3 Private or foundation institutions of higher education 1.2 In the rest of the country 1.2. 1 Public institutions of higher education 1.2. 2 Privately or church funded universities 1.3 Other Hungarian - language universities 1.4 Former universities 2 Colleges of higher education 2.1 In Budapest 2.1. 1 State funded 2.1. 2 Privately or church funded 2.2 In the rest of the country 2.2. 1 State funded 2.2. 2 Privately or church funded 2.3 Former colleges of higher education 3 References 4 External links Universities ( edit ) In Budapest ( edit ) Public institutions of higher education ( edit ) Institution Abbr . Number of Type Established Students Academics University of Veterinary Medicine ÁTE Medical school 1851 / 1952 / 2016 Corvinus University BCE 17,879 867 Business school 1920 / 1948 / 1990 Budapest Business School BGE 16,905 987 Business school 1857 / 2016 Budapest University of Technology and Economics BME 21,171 961 Institute of technology 1782 Eötvös Loránd University ELTE 24,685 1,600 Research university 1635 / 1777 / 1950 Franz Liszt Academy of Music LFZE 831 168 Music school 1875 Hungarian University of Fine Arts MKE 652 232 Art school 1871 / 2000 Hungarian Dance Academy MTE Art school / 2017 Moholy - Nagy University of Art and Design MOME 894 122 Art school 2001 National University of Public Service NKE 10,800 465 National university 2011 ( 1808 ) Óbuda University OE 12,888 421 Institute of technology 1879 / 2000 / 2010 Semmelweis University SOTE 10,900 1,304 Medical school 1769 / 1969 Academy of Drama and Film SZFE 455 111 Art school 2000 University of Physical Education TE 2,500 220 Physical education 1925 / 2014 Ecclesiastical institutions of higher education ( edit ) Institution Abbr . Number of Affiliation Established Students Academics Lutheran Theological University EHE 220 36 Lutheranism 1557 Károli Gáspár University of Reformed Church KRE 4,301 342 Calvinism 1993 ( 1855 ) Budapest University of Jewish Studies OR - ZSE 200 60 Judaism 1877 Pázmány Péter Catholic University PPKE 9,469 736 Catholic 1992 ( 1635 ) Private or foundation institutions of higher education ( edit ) Institution Abbr . Number of Established Students Academics Andrássy University Budapest ANNYE 200 51 2001 Budapest Metropolitan University METU 7,000 300 2001 Central European University CEU 1,380 399 1991 King Sigismund University ZSKE 2001 In the rest of the country ( edit ) Public institutions of higher education ( edit ) Institution Abbr . City Number of Type Established Students Academics University of Debrecen DE Debrecen 30,000 1,700 Classic university 1912 ( 1538 ) University of Dunaújváros DUE Dunaújváros Applied science 1962 Eszterházy Károly University EKE Eger 7,000 700 Applied science 1774 University of Kaposvár KE Kaposvár Classic university 2000 ( 1961 ) University of Miskolc ME Miskolc 9,513 536 Classic university 1949 ( 1735 ) University of Nyíregyháza NYE Nyíregyháza 5,000 Applied science 2000 University of West Hungary NYME Sopron 2,700 684 2008 / 2000 / 1735 Pallasz Athéné University PAE Kecskemét 3,733 176 Institute of technology 2016 / 2000 University of Pannonia PE Veszprém 9,632 Applied science 1949 ( 1797 ) University of Pécs PTE Pécs 21,816 1,854 Research university 1921 ( 1367 ) Széchenyi István University SZE Győr 15,000 Institute of technology 1968 / 2002 Szent István University SZIE Gödöllő 19,000 Institute of technology 2000 University of Szeged SZTE Szeged 24,834 6,000 Research university 1872 ( 1581 ) Privately or church funded universities ( edit ) Debrecen Reformed Theological University King Sigismund University Universities in Budapest Name Established City Type Students Academics Aquincum Institute of Technology 2011 Budapest Private Institute of technology 50 41 International Business School 1991 Budapest Private Business school 800 155 Other Hungarian - language universities ( edit ) Babeș - Bolyai University ( Romania ) Ferenc Rákóczi II . Transcarpathian Hungarian Institute ( Ukraine ) Sapientia -- Hungarian University of Transylvania ( Romania ) Selye János University ( Slovakia ) University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Târgu Mureș ( Romania ) Former universities ( edit ) Albert Szent - Györgyi Medical University ( merged with others to form University of Szeged in 2000 ) Attila József University ( merged with others to form University of Szeged in 2000 ) Debrecen University of Agricultural Sciences ( merged with others to form University of Debrecen ) Franz Joseph University ( ceased operation in 1945 ) Gödöllő University of Agricultural Sciences ( merged with others to form Szent István University in 2000 ) Hungarian University of Applied Arts ( renamed to Moholy - Nagy University of Art and Design in 2006 ) Hungarian University of Physical Education ( merged with Semmelweis University ) Imre Haynal University of Health Sciences Budapest ( merged with Semmelweis University ) Janus Pannonius University ( merged with others to form University of Pécs in 2000 ) Lajos Kossuth University ( merged with others to form University of Debrecen ) Miklós Zrínyi University of National Defence ( merged with others to form National University of Public Service in 2012 ) University Medical School of Debrecen ( merged with others to form University of Debrecen ) University Medical School of Pécs ( merged with others to form University of Pécs in 2000 ) University of Horticulture and Food Industry ( merged with others to form Szent István University in 2000 ) University of Sopron ( merged with others to form University of Western Hungary in 2000 ) University of Veterinary Science ( merged with others to form Szent István University in 2000 ) Colleges of higher education ( edit ) In Budapest ( edit ) State funded ( edit ) Hungarian Dance Academy Privately or church funded ( edit ) Avicenna International College Baptist Theological Academy Bhaktivedanta Theological College Budapest College of Management Budapest Contemporary Dance Academy CBS Central European International College Gábor Dénes College The Gate of the Teaching Buddhist College Harsányi János College International Business School , Budapest International Pető András Institute of Conductive Education for the Motor Disabled and Conductor - Teacher Training College John Wesley Theological College Pentacostal Theological College Sapientia School of Theology King Sigismund College Sola Scriptura Theological College Szent Pál Academy Wekerle Business School In the rest of the country ( edit ) State funded ( edit ) College of Szolnok , Szolnok Eötvös József College , Baja Kecskemét College , Kecskemét Privately or church funded ( edit ) Adventist Theological College , Pécel Apor Vilmos Catholic College , Vác Archiepiscopal Theological College of Veszprém , Veszprém College of Modern Business Studies , Tatabánya Gál Ferenc Theological College , Szeged Győri Theological College , Győr Kodolányi János University of Applied Sciences , Székesfehérvár Pápa Theological Academy of the Reformed Church , Pápa Sárospatak Theological Academy of the Reformed Church , Sárospatak Szent Atanáz Greek Catholic Theological Institute , Nyíregyháza Szent Bernát Theological College , Zirc Theological College of Eger , Eger Theological College of Esztergom , Esztergom Theological College of Pécs , Pécs Tomori Pál College , Kalocsa Former colleges of higher education ( edit ) Berzsenyi Dániel College ( merged with University of West Hungary ) Kölcsey Ferenc Reformed Teacher 's Training College ( merged with Debrecen Reformed Theological University ) Police College ( merged with others to form National University of Public Service in 2012 ) Vitéz János Roman Catholic Teacher 's Training College ( merged with Pázmány Péter Catholic University ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ www.avicenna.hu Jump up ^ Wekerle Business School External links ( edit ) http://www.okm.gov.hu/felsooktatas/felsooktatasi-intezmenyek - List of institutions of higher education on the website of the Hungarian Ministry of Education and Culture List of approved institutions of higher education by the state of Hungarian Republic , appendix 1 . for article CXXXIX. of 2005 - Oh.gov.hu - Office of Education http://mek.oszk.hu/03700/03797/03797.htm#8 - Péter , Tibor Nagy . The social and political history of Hungarian education . ISBN 963 - 200 - 511 - 2 . Freely available on mek.oszk.hu ( hide ) Universities in Hungary Public Universities Budapest Budapest Business School Budapest University of Technology and Economics Corvinus University of Budapest Eötvös Loránd University Hungarian University of Fine Arts Liszt Ferenc Academy of Music Moholy - Nagy University of Art and Design National University of Public Service Óbuda University Semmelweis University University of Physical Education University of Theatre and Film Arts Counties Szent István University Széchenyi István University University of Debrecen University of Dunaújváros University of Kaposvár University of Miskolc University of Nyíregyháza University of Pannonia University of Pécs University of Szeged University of West Hungary Private Universities Budapest Andrássy University Budapest Aquincum Institute of Technology Budapest Metropolitan University Budapest University of Jewish Studies Central European University International Business School Károli Gáspár University of the Hungarian Reformed Church Pázmány Péter Catholic University Counties Debrecen Reformed Theological University Kodolányi János University of Applied Sciences Other Hungarian - language Universities Babeș - Bolyai University ( Romania ) Ferenc Rákóczi II . Transcarpathian Hungarian Institute ( Ukraine ) Sapientia -- Hungarian University of Transylvania ( Romania ) Selye János University ( Slovakia ) University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Târgu Mureș ( Romania ) Category Commons List ( hide ) Hungary articles History Christianity Economic Military Monarchs Nobility Prehistory Pannonia Principality High Medieval Kingdom Late Medieval Kingdom Ottoman -- Hungarian Wars Habsburg Kingdom Rákóczi 's War Revolution of 1848 Austria - Hungary World War I First Republic Treaty of Trianon Interwar period ( Interbellum ) World War II Second Republic People 's Republic Revolution of 1956 Third Republic Geography Administrative divisions Counties Cities and towns Climate Extreme points Geology Islands Lakes Mountains National parks Regions Rivers Politics Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign relations Human rights Intelligence Law Law enforcement Military Nationality Parliament Political parties President List Prime Minister List Economy Agriculture Banks Hungarian National Bank Companies Energy Forint ( currency ) Industry Science and technology Stock exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Trade unions Transport Unemployment Society Anti-Hungarian sentiment Crime Demographics Education Universities Health Healthcare Hungarians Hungarian diaspora Irredentism International rankings Languages LGBT Public holidays Religion Women Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Wine Dance Fashion Festivals Folklore Inventions Hungarian language Literature Media Music Names Spa culture Sport Symbols Television Theatre World Heritage Outline Index Category Portal List of universities in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Hungary&oldid=787187574 '' Categories : Universities in Hungary Hungary education - related lists Education in Hungary Lists of universities and colleges in Europe Lists of universities and colleges by country Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Deutsch Español Esperanto Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Shqip Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 23 June 2017 , at 23 : 29 . 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who founded the fortress city of tughlaqabad near delhi			Tughlaqabad fort	tughlaqabad fort	Tughlaqabad Fort is a ruined fort in Delhi , built by Ghiyas - ud - din Tughlaq , the founder of Tughlaq dynasty , of the Delhi Sultanate of India in 1321 , as he established the third historic city of Delhi , which was later abandoned in 1327 . It lends its name to the nearby Tughlaqabad residential - commercial area as well as the Tughlaqabad Institutional Area . Tughlaq also built Qutub - Badarpur Road , which connected the new city to the Grand Trunk Road . The road is now known as Mehrauli - Badarpur Road . Also nearby is the Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary , Dr. Karni Singh Shooting Range and Okhla Industrial Area .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 The Curse of Nizamuddin Auliya 1.2 The Death of the ruler 2 Mausoleum of Ghiyas ud - Din Tughluq 3 Architecture 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References History ( edit ) Ruins of Tughlaqabad Fort with Ghiyas - ud - din 's tomb in the background , 1949 Ghazi Malik was a feudatory of the Khalji rulers of Delhi , India . Once while on a walk with his Khalji master , Ghazi Malik suggested that the king build a fort on a hillock in the southern portion of Delhi . The king jokingly told Ghazi Malik for building the fort himself when he would become king . In 1321 , Ghazi Malik drove away the Khaljis and assumed the title of Ghias - ud - din Tughlaq , starting the Tughlaq dynasty . He immediately started the construction of his fabled city , which he dreamt of as an impregnable , yet beautiful fort to keep away the Mongol marauders . However , destiny would not be as he would have liked . The curse of Nizamuddin Auliya ( edit ) Ghias - ud - din is usually perceived as a liberal ruler . However , he was so passionate about his dream fort that he issued a dictate that all labourers in Delhi must work on his fort . Saint Nizamuddin Auliya , a Sufi mystic , got incensed as the work on his baoli ( well ) was stopped . The confrontation between the Sufi saint and the royal emperor has become a legend in India . The saint uttered a curse which was to resonate throughout history right until today : Ya rahey ujjar , ya basey gujjar which can roughly be translated to `` either remain inhabited or would live gujjars '' . So , after the fall of sultanate , Gujjars of the area captured the Qila and till date village Tughlakabad is situated in it . The death of the ruler ( edit ) Another of the saint 's curses was Hunuz Dilli dur ast ( Delhi is still far away ) . The Emperor was engrossed in a campaign in Bengal at this time . He was successful and was on his way to Delhi . However , his son , Muhammad bin Tughlaq , met him at Kara in Uttar Pradesh . Allegedly at the prince 's orders , a Shamiana ( Tent ) fell on the Emperor , who was crushed to death ( 1324 ) . Mausoleum of Ghiyas ud - Din Tughluq ( edit ) Mausoleum of Ghiyath al - Din Tughluq at Tughluqabad , also showing a side tomb . The ' Mausoleum of Ghiyath al - Din Tughluq ' is connected by a causeway to the southern outpost of the fortification . This elevated causeway 600 ft in length , supported by 27 arches , leads across a former artificial lake , however sometime in 20th century portion of causeway was pierced by the Mehrauli - Badarpur road . After passing an old Pipal tree , the complex of Ghiyath al - Din Tughluq 's tomb is entered by a high gateway made up of red sandstone with a flight of steps . The actual mausoleum is made up of a single - domed square tomb ( about 8 m x8 m ) with sloping walls crowned by parapets . In contrast to the walls of the fortification made up of granite , the sides of the mausoleum are faced by smooth red sandstone and inlaid with inscribed panels and arch borders from marble . The edifice is topped by an elegant dome resting on an octagonal drum that is covered with white slabs of marble and slate . Graves inside the Mausoleum Inside the mausoleum are three graves : The central one belongs to Ghiyath al - Din Tughluq and the other two are believed to be those of his wife and his son and successor Muhammad bin Tughluq . In the north - western bastion of the enclosure wall with its pillared corridors is another octagonal tomb in similar style with a smaller marble dome and inscribed marble and sandstone slabs over its arched doors . According to an inscription over its southern entrance this tomb houses the remains of Zafar Khan . His grave has been at the site prior to the construction of the outpost and was consciously integrated into the design of the mausoleum by Ghiyath al - Din himself . Architecture ( edit ) Tughlaqabad Fort walls by the Mehrauli - Badarpur Road . Tughluqabad still consists of remarkable , massive stone fortifications that surround the irregular ground plan of the city . The sloping rubble - filled city walls , a typical feature of monuments of the Tughluq dynasty , are between 10 and 15 meters high , topped by battlemented parapets and strengthened by circular bastions of up to two stories height . The city is supposed to once have had as many as 52 gates of which only 13 remain today . The fortified city contained seven rainwater tanks . Tughluqabad is divided into three parts : the wider city area with houses built along a rectangular grid between its gates the citadel with a tower at its highest point known as Bijai - Mandal and the remains of several halls and a long underground passage the adjacent palace area containing the royal residences . A long underground passage below the tower still remains . Underground passage of Tughlaqabad fort Today most of the city is inaccessible due to dense thorny vegetation . An ever increasing part of the former city area is occupied by modern settlement , especially in the vicinity of its lakes . South of Tughlaqabad was a vast artificial water reservoir within the fortified outpost of Ghiyath al - Din Tughluq 's Tomb . This well preserved mausoleum remains connected to the fort by an elevated causeway that still stands today . Well visible in the southeast are the remains of the Fortress of Adilabad , built years later by Ghiyathu 'd - Din 's successor , Muhammad Tughluq ( 1325 -- 51 ) which shares the main characteristics of construction with Tughlaqabad fort . Gallery ( edit ) A view of ruined fort of Tughlaqabad during sunset Modern settlement activity spreading in the area of the old city just below the citadel Tomb of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq from Tughlaqabad Fort Ghiyath al - Din Tughluq 's tomb as seen from Tughluqabad View over Tughluqabad with one of its well preserved bastions from the ' Bijai - Mandal ' towards the north Tughlaqabad massive fort wall Another view of Tughlaqabad fort wall South gate entry to Tughlaqbad fort Entrance of the Mausoleum of Ghiyath al - Din Tughluq Tomb of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq and his son Muhammad Bin Tughlaq A Well inside Tughlaqabad Fort See also ( edit ) History of Delhi References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tughlaqabad Fort . Jump up ^ Y.D. Sharma ( 1974 ) . `` 33 . Badarpur '' . Delhi and its Neighbourhood . Director General , Archaeological Survey of India . p. 105 . Jump up ^ `` Modernity pierces fort link '' . Hindustan Times . September 9 , 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 23 . Forts in India Vijayanagara Gingee Bangalore Udayagiri Vellore Deccan sultanates Ahmednagar Gawilghur Narnala Panhala Gujarat Sultanate Mahim Bhadra Surat Castle Delhi Sultanate Aligarh Bandhavgarh Hathras Qila Mubarak Siri Tughlaqabad Salimgarh Daulatabad Nayak Dynasty Chitradurga Bekal Dindigul Gingee Tiruchirapalli Rock Chandragiri Fort Chandragiri Fort , Kerala Chandragiri Hosdurg Malwa Sultanate Mandsaur Mandavgadh Faruqi dynasty Asirgarh Laling Thalner Rabari Achalgarh Amber Bhangarh Chittor Jaigarh Jaisalmer Jalore Junagarh Kankwadi Kumbhalgarh Nahargarh Qila Rai Pithora Taragarh Lal Kot Gwalior Kalinjar Hinglajgarh Mehrangarh Narwar Senapati fortress Sabalgarh Bahu Kangra Ranthambore Derawar Umarkot Maratha Empire Dongri Harishchandragad Kolaba Lohagad Sudhagad Sinhagad Tikona Panhala Pratapgad Vishalgad Rajgad Sindhudurg Vijaydurg Shivneri Raigad Gajendragarh Gingee Shaniwar Wada Jhansi Hinglajgarh Manora Visapur Sadashivgad Mughal Empire Purana Qila Chanderi Agra Allahabad Fatehpur Sikri Red Akola Hari Parbat Ramnagar Jat Gohad Lohagarh Nahar Singh Mahal Mysore Kingdom Devanahalli Palakkad Bekal Sankagiri Siddi Murud - Janjira Belapur Underi Travancore Vattakottai Udayagiri East Portuguese Bassein Bombay Castle Arnala Castella de Aguada Emmanuel Korlai Madh St Thomas , Tangasseri St. Angelo Pallipuram Aguada Anjediva Cranganore Ghodbunder Diu Terekhol Sikh Empire Jamrud Kamlah Multan Harkishangarh Lahore British Raj Anchuthengu St. George William Bombay Riwa Worli Mazagon Sion Hillock Sewri Mahim Tellicherry St. David Sur Empire Chunar Rohtasgarh Munger Ahom Dynasty Talatal Ghar Kareng Ghar Rang Ghar Garchuk Lachit Garh Kakatiya Dynasty Golkonda Warangal Landmarks of Delhi Religious sites Akshardham Bahá'í Lotus Temple Gurudwara Bangla Sahib Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib ISKCON Temple Jama Masjid Laxminarayan Temple Nizamuddin Dargah Parks , Gardens Buddha Jayanti Park Delhi Ridge Lodi Gardens Architectural sites Adham Khan 's Tomb Bara Gumbad Jantar Mantar Purana Qila Qutub Minar Red Fort Shisha Gumbad Tomb of Humayun Tomb of Safdarjung Tughlaqabad Fort Notable buildings Rashtrapati Bhavan India Gate Sansad Bhavan Plazas Connaught Place Topics Hindu temples Museums Neighborhoods Power stations Universities Coordinates : 28 ° 30 ′ 43 '' N 77 ° 15 ′ 39 '' E / 28.51194 ° N 77.26083 ° E / 28.51194 ; 77.26083 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tughlaqabad_Fort&oldid=808369656 '' Categories : Buildings and structures completed in 1321 Forts in Delhi Tughlaq dynasty Archaeological monuments in Delhi Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी Français हिन्दी ქართული മലയാളം Русский Svenska Українська اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 13 : 26 . 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american film institute's list of the 10 greatest films in the genre western			AFI 's 10 Top 10	afi's 10 top 10		AFI 100 Years ... series 1998 100 Movies 1999 100 Stars 2000 100 Laughs 2001 100 Thrills 2002 100 Passions 2003 100 Heroes & Villains 100 Songs 2005 100 Movie Quotes 2005 25 Scores 2006 100 Cheers 2006 25 Musicals 2007 100 Movies ( Updated ) 2008 AFI 's 10 Top 10 AFI 's 10 Top 10 honors the ten greatest US films in ten classic film genres . Presented by the American Film Institute ( AFI ) , the lists were unveiled on a television special broadcast by CBS on June 17 , 2008 . In the special , various actors and directors , among them Clint Eastwood , Quentin Tarantino , Kirk Douglas , Harrison Ford , Martin Scorsese , Steven Spielberg , George Lucas , Roman Polanski , and Jane Fonda , discussed their admiration for and personal contributions to the films cited . The entire list of 500 nominated films is available on the American Film Institute website . Contents 1 Animation 2 Courtroom drama 3 Epic 4 Fantasy 5 Gangster 6 Mystery 7 Romantic comedy 8 Science fiction 9 Sports 10 Western 11 External links Animation ( edit ) AFI defines `` animated '' as a genre in which the film 's images are primarily created by computer or hand and the characters are voiced by actors . # Film Year Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 1937 Pinocchio 1940 Bambi 1942 The Lion King 1994 5 Fantasia 1940 6 Toy Story 1995 7 Beauty and the Beast 1991 8 Shrek 2001 9 Cinderella 1950 10 Finding Nemo 2003 Courtroom drama ( edit ) AFI defines `` courtroom drama '' as a genre of film in which a system of justice plays a critical role in the film 's narrative . # Film Year To Kill a Mockingbird 1962 12 Angry Men 1957 Kramer vs. Kramer 1979 The Verdict 1982 5 A Few Good Men 1992 6 Witness for the Prosecution 1957 7 Anatomy of a Murder 1959 8 In Cold Blood 1967 9 A Cry in the Dark 1988 10 Judgment at Nuremberg 1961 Epic ( edit ) AFI defines `` epic '' as a genre of large - scale films set in a cinematic interpretation of the past . # Film Year Lawrence of Arabia 1962 Ben - Hur 1959 Schindler 's List 1993 Gone with the Wind 1939 5 Spartacus 1960 6 Titanic 7 All Quiet on the Western Front 1930 8 Saving Private Ryan 1998 9 Reds 1981 10 The Ten Commandments 1956 Fantasy ( edit ) AFI defines `` fantasy '' as a genre in which live - action characters inhabit imagined settings and / or experience situations that transcend the rules of the natural world . # Film Year The Wizard of Oz 1939 The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring 2001 It 's a Wonderful Life 1946 King Kong 1933 5 Miracle on 34th Street 1947 6 Field of Dreams 1989 7 Harvey 1950 8 Groundhog Day 1993 9 The Thief of Bagdad 1924 10 Big 1988 Gangster ( edit ) AFI defines the `` Gangster film '' as a genre that centers on organized crime or maverick criminals in a modern setting . # Film Year The Godfather 1972 Goodfellas The Godfather Part II White Heat 1949 5 Bonnie and Clyde 1967 6 Scarface 1932 7 Pulp Fiction 1994 8 The Public Enemy 1931 9 Little Caesar 1931 10 Scarface Mystery ( edit ) AFI defines `` mystery '' as a genre that revolves around the solution of a crime . # Film Year Vertigo 1958 Chinatown Rear Window 1954 Laura 1944 5 The Third Man 1949 6 The Maltese Falcon 1941 7 North by Northwest 1959 8 Blue Velvet 1986 9 Dial M for Murder 1954 10 The Usual Suspects 1995 Romantic comedy ( edit ) AFI defines `` romantic comedy '' as a genre in which the development of a romance leads to comic situations . # Film Year City Lights 1931 Annie Hall 1977 It Happened One Night 1934 Roman Holiday 1953 5 The Philadelphia Story 1940 6 When Harry Met Sally ... 1989 7 Adam 's Rib 1949 8 Moonstruck 9 Harold and Maude 1971 10 Sleepless in Seattle 1993 Science fiction ( edit ) AFI defines `` science fiction '' as a genre that marries a scientific or technological premise with imaginative speculation . # Film Year 2001 : A Space Odyssey 1968 Star Wars 1977 E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial 1982 A Clockwork Orange 1971 5 The Day the Earth Stood Still 1951 6 Blade Runner 1982 7 Alien 1979 8 Terminator 2 : Judgment Day 1991 9 Invasion of the Body Snatchers 1956 10 Back to the Future 1985 Sports ( edit ) AFI defines `` sports '' as a genre of films with protagonists who play athletics or other games of competition . # Film Year Raging Bull 1980 Rocky 1976 The Pride of the Yankees 1942 Hoosiers 1986 5 Bull Durham 1988 6 The Hustler 1961 7 Caddyshack 1980 8 Breaking Away 1979 9 National Velvet 1944 10 Jerry Maguire Western ( edit ) AFI defines `` western '' as a genre of films set in the American West that embodies the spirit , the struggle , and the demise of the new frontier . # Film Year The Searchers 1956 High Noon 1952 Shane 1953 Unforgiven 1992 5 Red River 1948 6 The Wild Bunch 1969 7 Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid 1969 8 McCabe & Mrs. Miller 1971 9 Stagecoach 1939 10 Cat Ballou 1965 External links ( edit ) AFI 's 10 Top 10 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AFI%27s_10_Top_10&oldid=839155822 '' Categories : Cinema of the United States AFI 100 Years ... series CBS network shows Lists of films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu 日本語 Norsk Polski Română Русский Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 May 2018 , at 16 : 50 ( UTC ) . 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what is the most threatened animal in the world	The world 's 100 most threatened species Species Common name Type Image Location ( s ) Estimated population Threats Abies beshanzuensis Baishan fir Plant ( flower ) Baishanzu Mountain , Zhejiang , China Five mature individuals agriculture fire Actinote zikani Insect ( butterfly ) Near São Paulo , Atlantic forest , Brazil Unknown habitat loss from human expansion Aipysurus foliosquama Leaf scaled sea - snake Reptile Ashmore Reef and Hibernia Reef , Timor Sea Unknown unknown -- probably degradation of coral reef habitat Amanipodagrion gilliesi Amani flatwing Insect ( damselfly ) Amani - Sigi Forest , Usamabara Mountains , Tanzania < 500 individuals population pressure and water pollution Anisolabis seychellensis Insect Morne Blanc , Mahé island , Seychelles Unknown invasive species climate change Antilophia bokermanni Araripe manakin Bird Chapado do Araripe , South Ceará , Brazil 779 individuals recreational facilities water diversion Aphanius transgrediens Aci Göl toothcarp Fish south - eastern shore of former Lake Aci , Turkey few hundred pairs competition and predation by Gambusia road construction Aproteles bulmerae Bulmer 's fruit bat Mammal Luplupwintern Cave , Western Province , Papua New Guinea 150 hunting cave disturbance Ardea insignis White bellied heron Bird Bhutan , North East India and Myanmar 70 -- 400 individuals hydropower development Ardeotis nigriceps Great Indian bustard Bird Rajasthan , Gujarat , Maharashtra , Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka and Madhya , India 50 -- 249 mature individuals agricultural development Astrochelys yniphora Ploughshare tortoise Reptile Baly Bay region , northwestern Madagascar 440 -- 770 illegal collection for international pet trade Atelopus balios Rio Pescado stubfoot toad Amphibian Azuay , Cañar and Guyas provinces , south - western Ecuador Unknown Chytridiomycosis logging agricultural expansion Aythya innotata Madagascar pochard Bird volcanic lakes north of Bealanana , Madagascar 80 mature individuals agriculture hunting and fishing introduced fish Azurina eupalama Galapagos damsel fish Fish Unknown Unknown climate change oceanographic changes related to the 1982 / 1983 El Nino Bahaba taipingensis Giant yellow croaker Fish Chinese coast from Yangtze River , China to Hong Kong Unknown over-fishing due to value of swim - bladder in traditional medicine Batagur baska Common batagur Reptile ( turtle ) Bangladesh , Cambodia , India , Indonesia and Malaysia Unknown illegal export China Bazzania bhutanica Plant Budini and Lafeti Khola , Bhutan 2 sub-populations forest clearance overgrazing development Beatragus hunteri Hirola Mammal ( antelope ) South - east Kenya and possibly south - west Somalia < 1,000 individuals habitat loss competition with livestock poaching Bombus franklini Franklin 's bumblebee Insect ( bee ) Oregon and California Unknown disease from commercial bumblebees habitat destruction and degradation Brachyteles hypoxanthus Northern muriqui Woolly spider monkey Mammal ( primate ) Atlantic forest , south - eastern Brazil < 1,000 large - scale deforestation and logging Bradypus pygmaeus Pygmy three - toed sloth Mammal Isla Escudo de Veraguas , Panama < 500 illegal logging of mangrove forests for firewood and construction hunting Callitriche pulchra Plant ( freshwater ) pool on Gavdos , Greece Unknown habitat exploitation by livestock modification of the pool by locals Calumma tarzan Tarzan 's chameleon Reptile Anosibe An'Ala region , eastern Madagascar < 100 agriculture Cavia intermedia Santa Catarina 's guinea pig Mammal ( rodent ) Moleques do Sul Island , Santa Catarina , Brazil 40 -- 60 habitat disturbance possible hunting result of having such a small population Cercopithecus roloway Roloway guenon Mammal ( primate ) Côte d'Ivoire Unknown hunting habitat loss Coleura seychellensis Seychelles sheath - tailed bat Mammal ( bat ) Two small caves on Silhouette and Mahé , Seychelles < 100 habitat degradation predation by invasive species Cryptomyces maximus Willow blister Fungi Pembrokeshire , United Kingdom Unknown limited habitat Cryptotis nelsoni Nelson 's small - eared shrew Mammal ( shrew ) Volcán San Martín Tuxtla , Veracruz , Mexico Unknown logging cattle grazing fire agriculture Cyclura collei Jamaican iguana Jamaican rock iguana Reptile Hellshire Hills , Jamaica Unknown habitat destruction predation by introduced species Daubentonia Madagascariensis Aye - aye Mammal ( primate ) Deciduous forest , East Madagascar Unknown poaching limited habitat Dendrophylax fawcettii Cayman Islands ghost orchid Plant ( orchid ) Ironwood Forest , George Town , Grand Cayman Unknown infrastructure development Dicerorhinus sumatrensis Sumatran rhino Mammal ( rhino ) Sabah , Sarawak and Peninsular Malaysia , Kalimantan and Sumatra , Indonesia < 100 hunting ( horn is used in traditional medicine ) Diomedea amsterdamensis Amsterdam albatross Bird Breeds on Plateuau des Tourbières , Amsterdam Island , Indian Ocean . 100 mature individuals disease incidental by - catch in long - line fishing Dioscorea strydomiana Wild yam Plant Oshoek area , Mpumalanga , South Africa 200 collection for medicinal use Diospyros katendei Plant ( tree ) Kasyoha - Kitomi Forest Reserve , Uganda 20 individuals in a single population agricultural activity illegal tree felling alluvial gold digging small population Dipterocarpus lamellatus Plant ( tree ) Siangau Forest Reserve , Sabah , Malaysia 12 individuals logging of lowland forest creation of industrial plantations Discoglossus nigriventer Hula painted frog Amphibian Hula Valley , Israel Unknown predation by birds range restriction due to habitat destruction Dombeya mauritiana Plant Mauritius Unknown encroachment by invasive plant species habitat loss due to cannabis cultivation Elaeocarpus bojeri Bois Dentelle Plant ( tree ) Grand Bassin , Mauritius < 10 individuals habitat degradation Eleutherodactylus glandulifer La Hotte glanded frog Amphibian Massif de la Hotte , Haiti Unknown charcoal production slash - and - burn agriculture Eleutherodactylus thorcetes Macaya breast - spot frog Amphibian Formon and Macaya peaks , Masif de la Hotte , Haiti Unknown charcoal production slash - and - burn agriculture Eriosyce chilensis Chilenito ( cactus ) Plant Pta Molles and Pichidungui , Chile < 500 individuals collection of flowering plants Erythrina schliebenii Coral tree Plant Namatimbili - Ngarama Forest , Tanzania < 50 individuals limited habitat and small population size increase vulnerability Euphorbia tanaensis Plant ( tree ) Witu Forest Reserve , Kenya 4 mature individuals illegal logging agricultural expansion infrastructure development Eurynorhyncus pygmeus Spoon - billed sandpiper Bird Breeds in Russia , migrates along the East Asian - Australasian Flyway to wintering grounds in India , Bangladesh and Myanmar 100 breeding pairs trapping land reclamation Ficus katendei Plant Kasyoha - Kitomi Forest Reserve , Ishasha River , Uganda < 50 mature individuals agriculture illegal tree felling alluvial gold digging Geronticus eremita Northern bald ibis Bird Breeds in Morocco , Turkey and Syria . Syrian population winters in central Ethiopia . 200 -- 249 mature individuals habitat degradation and destruction hunting Gigasiphon macrosiphon Plant ( flower ) Kaya Muhaka , Gongoni and Mrima Forest Reserves , Kenya , Amani Nature Reserve , West Kilombero Scarp Forest Reserve , and Kihansi Gorge , Tanzania 33 timber extraction agriculture encroachment and development predation by wild pigs Gocea ohridana Mollusc Lake Ohrid , Macedonia Unknown increasing pollution levels off - take of water sedimentation events Heleophryne rosei Table mountain ghost frog Amphibian Table Mountain , Western Cape Province , South Africa Unknown invasive plants water abstraction Hemicycla paeteliana Mollusc ( land snail ) Jandia peninsula , Fuerteventura , Canary Islands Unknown overgrazing trampling by goats and tourists Heteromirafa sidamoensis Liben lark Bird Liben Plains , southern Ethiopia 90 -- 256 agricultural expansion overgrazing fire suppression Hibiscadelphus woodii Plant ( tree ) Kalalau Valley , Hawaii Unknown habitat degradation due to feral ungulates competition with invasive plant species Hucho perryi Sakhalin taimen Fish Russian and Japanese rivers , Pacific Ocean between Russia and Japan Unknown overfishing damming agriculture other land use Johora singaporensis Singapore freshwater crab Crustacean Bukit Timah Nature Reserve and streamlet near Bukit Batok , Singapore Unknown habitat degradation due to reduction in water quality and quantity Lathyrus belinensis Belin vetchling Plant Outskirts of Belin village , Antalya , Turkey < 1,000 urbanisation over-grazing conifer planting road widening Leiopelma archeyi Archey 's frog Amphibian Coromandel peninsula and Whareorino Forest , New Zealand Unknown Chytridiomycosis predation by invasive species Lithobates sevosus Dusky gopher frog Amphibian Harrison County , Mississippi , USA 60 -- 100 fungal disease climate change land - use changes Lophura edwardsi Edwards 's pheasant Bird Quang Binh , Quang Tri and Thua Thien - Hue , Viet Nam Unknown habitat loss hunting Magnolia wolfii Plant ( tree ) Risaralda , Colombia isolation of species low regeneration rates Margaritifera marocana Mollusc Oued Denna , Oued Abid and Oued Beth , Morocco < 250 pollution development Moominia willii Mollusc ( snail ) Silhouette Island , Seychelles < 500 invasive species climate change Natalus primus Cuban greater funnel eared bat Mammal ( bat ) Cueva La Barca , Isle of Pines , Cuba < 100 habitat loss human disturbance Nepenthes attenboroughii Attenborough 's pitcher plant Plant Mount Victoria , Palawan , Philippines Unknown poaching Nomascus hainanus Hainan black crested gibbon Mammal ( primate ) Hainan Island , China 20 hunting Neurergus kaiseri Luristan newt Amphibian Zagros Mountains , Lorestan , Iran < 1,000 illegal collection for pet trade Oreocnemis phoenix Mulanje red damsel Insect ( damselfly ) Mulanje Plateau , Malawi Unknown habitat destruction and degradation due to drainage agricultural expansion exploitation of forest Pangasius sanitwongsei Pangasid catfish Fish Chao Phraya and Mekong basins in Cambodia , China , Lao PDR , Thailand and Viet Nam Unknown overfishing collection for aquarium trade Parides burchellanus Insect ( butterfly ) Cerrado , Brazil < 100 human expansion limited range Phocoena sinus Vaquita Mammal ( porpoise ) Northern Gulf of California , Mexico < 200 capture in fishermen 's gillnets Picea neoveitchii Type of spruce tree Plant ( tree ) Qinling Range , China Unknown destruction of forest Pinus squamata Qiaojia pine Plant ( tree ) Qiaojia , Yunnan , China < 25 limited distribution small population size Poecilotheria metallica Gooty tarantula Metallic tarantula Peacock tarantula Salepurgu Spider Nandyal and Giddalur , Andhra Pradesh , India Unknown deforestation firewood collection civil unrest Pomarea whitneyi Fatuhiva monarch Bird Fatu Hiva , Marquesas Islands , French Polynesia 50 predation by introduced species - Rattus rattus and feral cats Pristis pristis Common sawfish Fish Coastal tropical and subtropical waters of Indo - Pacific and Atlantic Oceans . Currently largely restricted to northern Australia Unknown exploitation has removed the species from 95 per cent of its historical range Prolemur simus Greater bamboo lemur Mammal ( primate ) Southeastern and southcentral rainforests of Madagascar 500 agriculture mining illegal logging Propithecus candidus Silky sifaka Mammal ( primate ) Maroantsetra to Andapa basin , and Marojeju Massif , Madagascar 100 -- 1,000 hunting habitat disturbance Psammobates geometricus Geometric tortoise Reptile Western Cape Province , South Africa Unknown loss of habitat destruction predation Pseudoryx nghetinhensis Saola Mammal Annamite mountains , on the Viet Nam - PDR Laos border Unknown habitat destruction hunting Psiadia cataractae Plant Mauritius Unknown development project competition from invasive plant species Psorodonotus ebneri Beydaglari bush - cricket Insect Beydaglari range , Antalaya , Turkey Unknown climate change habitat loss Rafetus swinhoei Red River giant softshell turtle Reptile Hoan Kiem Lake and Dong Mo Lake , Viet Nam , and Suzhou Zoo , China hunting for consumption wetland destruction pollution Rhinoceros sondaicus Javan rhino Mammal ( rhino ) Ujung Kulon National Park , Java , Indonesia < 100 hunting for traditional medicine small population size Rhinopithecus avunculus Tonkin snub - nosed monkey Mammal ( primate ) Northeastern Vietnam < 200 habitat loss hunting Rhizanthella gardneri West Australian underground orchid Plant ( orchid ) Western Australia , Australia < 100 land clearance for agriculture climate change salinisation Rhynchocyon spp . Boni giant sengi Mammal ( shrew ) Boni - Dodori Forest , Lamu area , Kenya Unknown development causing habitat loss Risiocnemis seidenschwarzi Cebu frill - wing Insect ( damselfly ) Rivulet beside the Kawasan River , Cebu , Philippines Unknown habitat degradation and destruction Rosa arabica Plant St Katherine Mountains , Egypt Unknown , 10 sub-populations domestic animal grazing climate change and drought medicinal plant collecting limited range Salanoia durrelli Durrell 's vontsira Mammal ( mongoose ) Marshes of Lake Alaotra , Madagascar Unknown loss of habitat Santamartamys rufodorsalis Red crested tree rat Mammal ( rodent ) Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta , Colombia Unknown urban development coffee cultivation Scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis Red - finned blue - eye Fish Edgbaston Station , central western Queensland , Australia 2,000 -- 4,000 predation by introduced species Squatina squatina Angel shark Fish Canary Islands Unknown benthic trawling Sterna bernsteini Chinese crested tern Bird Breeding in Zhejiang and Fujian , China . Outside breeding season in Indonesia , Malaysia , Philippines , Taiwan , Thailand . < 50 habitat destruction egg collection Syngnathus watermeyeri Estuarine pipefish Fish Kariega Estuary to East Kleinemonde Estuary , Eastern Cape Province , South Africa Unknown dam construction is altering river flows flood events into estuaries Tahina spectabilis Suicide palm Dimaka Plant Analalava district , north - western Madagascar 90 fires logging agricultural developments Telmatobufo bullocki Bullock 's false toad Amphibian ( frog ) Nahuelbuta , Arauco Province , Chile Unknown construction of hydro - electricity Tokudaia muenninki Okinawa spiny rat Mammal ( rodent ) Okinawa Island , Japan Unknown habitat loss predation by feral cats Trigonostigma somphongsi Somphongs 's rasbora Fish Mae Khlong basin , Thailand Unknown farmland conversion and urbanization Valencia letourneuxi Fish Southern Albania and Western Greece Unknown habitat destruction water abstraction aggressive interaction with Gambusia Voanioala gerardii Forest coconut Plant Masoala peninsula , Madagascar < 10 deforestation harvesting for consumption of palm heart Zaglossus attenboroughi Attenborough 's echidna Mammal Cyclops Mountains , Papua Province , Indonesia Unknown habitat modification and degradation logging agricultural encroachment shifting cultivation and hunting by local people	Actinote zikani	The world 's 100 most threatened species	the world's 100 most threatened species	The World 's 100 most threatened species is a compilation of the most threatened animals , plants , and fungi in the world . It was the result of a collaboration between over 8,000 scientists from the International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission ( IUCN SSC ) , along with the Zoological Society of London . The report was published by the Zoological Society of London in 2012 as the book , Priceless or Worthless ?	While all the species on the list are threatened with extinction , the scientists who chose them had another criterion : all the species have no obvious benefit for humans and therefore have no vested interests trying to save them . Iconic and charismatic species , such as tigers and pandas -- along with economically important species -- have many defenders , while these apparently `` worthless '' species had none . The title of the report , `` Priceless or Worthless ? '' , is based on that shared quality of the species . The report 's co-author , Ellen Butcher , stated one of the guiding principles of the list , `` If we take immediate action we can give them a fighting chance for survival . But this requires society to support the moral and ethical position that all species have an inherent right to exist . '' The report was released in Jeju , South Korea , on September 11 , 2012 , at the quadrennial meeting of IUCN , the World Conservation Congress . At the Congress , it was reported that scientists are finding it more and more common to have to justify funding for protection of species by showing what the human benefits would be . Jonathan Baillie , of the Zoological Society of London and co-author of the report , stated that , `` The donor community and conservation movement are increasingly leaning towards a ' what can nature do for us ? ' approach , where species and wild habitats are valued and prioritised according to these services they provided for people . This has made it increasingly difficult for conservationists to protect the most threatened species on the planet . '' Some of the threatened species are down to only a handful of surviving members . Santa Catarina 's guinea pig , native to a single island in Brazil , is down to its last 40 -- 60 individuals , reduced by hunting and habitat disturbance . The great Indian bustard is threatened by habitat loss resulting from agriculture and human development , and is down to the last 50 -- 249 individuals . Elaeocarpus bojeri , a flowering plant found only on the island of Mauritius , has fewer than 10 surviving individuals , because of loss of habitat . The Baishan fir ( Abies beshanzuensis ) , native to China , is down to five surviving mature individuals . Priceless or Worthless ? describes the threats that each species is facing , along with measures that would aid their survival . Contents ( hide ) 1 Species list 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Species list ( edit ) The world 's 100 most threatened species Species Common name Type Image Location ( s ) Estimated population Threats Abies beshanzuensis Baishan fir Plant ( flower ) Baishanzu Mountain , Zhejiang , China Five mature individuals agriculture fire Actinote zikani Insect ( butterfly ) Near São Paulo , Atlantic forest , Brazil Unknown habitat loss from human expansion Aipysurus foliosquama Leaf scaled sea - snake Reptile Ashmore Reef and Hibernia Reef , Timor Sea Unknown unknown -- probably degradation of coral reef habitat Amanipodagrion gilliesi Amani flatwing Insect ( damselfly ) Amani - Sigi Forest , Usamabara Mountains , Tanzania < 500 individuals population pressure and water pollution Anisolabis seychellensis Insect Morne Blanc , Mahé island , Seychelles Unknown invasive species climate change Antilophia bokermanni Araripe manakin Bird Chapado do Araripe , South Ceará , Brazil 779 individuals recreational facilities water diversion Aphanius transgrediens Aci Göl toothcarp Fish south - eastern shore of former Lake Aci , Turkey few hundred pairs competition and predation by Gambusia road construction Aproteles bulmerae Bulmer 's fruit bat Mammal Luplupwintern Cave , Western Province , Papua New Guinea 150 hunting cave disturbance Ardea insignis White bellied heron Bird Bhutan , North East India and Myanmar 70 -- 400 individuals hydropower development Ardeotis nigriceps Great Indian bustard Bird Rajasthan , Gujarat , Maharashtra , Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka and Madhya , India 50 -- 249 mature individuals agricultural development Astrochelys yniphora Ploughshare tortoise Reptile Baly Bay region , northwestern Madagascar 440 -- 770 illegal collection for international pet trade Atelopus balios Rio Pescado stubfoot toad Amphibian Azuay , Cañar and Guyas provinces , south - western Ecuador Unknown Chytridiomycosis logging agricultural expansion Aythya innotata Madagascar pochard Bird volcanic lakes north of Bealanana , Madagascar 80 mature individuals agriculture hunting and fishing introduced fish Azurina eupalama Galapagos damsel fish Fish Unknown Unknown climate change oceanographic changes related to the 1982 / 1983 El Nino Bahaba taipingensis Giant yellow croaker Fish Chinese coast from Yangtze River , China to Hong Kong Unknown over-fishing due to value of swim - bladder in traditional medicine Batagur baska Common batagur Reptile ( turtle ) Bangladesh , Cambodia , India , Indonesia and Malaysia Unknown illegal export China Bazzania bhutanica Plant Budini and Lafeti Khola , Bhutan 2 sub-populations forest clearance overgrazing development Beatragus hunteri Hirola Mammal ( antelope ) South - east Kenya and possibly south - west Somalia < 1,000 individuals habitat loss competition with livestock poaching Bombus franklini Franklin 's bumblebee Insect ( bee ) Oregon and California Unknown disease from commercial bumblebees habitat destruction and degradation Brachyteles hypoxanthus Northern muriqui Woolly spider monkey Mammal ( primate ) Atlantic forest , south - eastern Brazil < 1,000 large - scale deforestation and logging Bradypus pygmaeus Pygmy three - toed sloth Mammal Isla Escudo de Veraguas , Panama < 500 illegal logging of mangrove forests for firewood and construction hunting Callitriche pulchra Plant ( freshwater ) pool on Gavdos , Greece Unknown habitat exploitation by livestock modification of the pool by locals Calumma tarzan Tarzan 's chameleon Reptile Anosibe An'Ala region , eastern Madagascar < 100 agriculture Cavia intermedia Santa Catarina 's guinea pig Mammal ( rodent ) Moleques do Sul Island , Santa Catarina , Brazil 40 -- 60 habitat disturbance possible hunting result of having such a small population Cercopithecus roloway Roloway guenon Mammal ( primate ) Côte d'Ivoire Unknown hunting habitat loss Coleura seychellensis Seychelles sheath - tailed bat Mammal ( bat ) Two small caves on Silhouette and Mahé , Seychelles < 100 habitat degradation predation by invasive species Cryptomyces maximus Willow blister Fungi Pembrokeshire , United Kingdom Unknown limited habitat Cryptotis nelsoni Nelson 's small - eared shrew Mammal ( shrew ) Volcán San Martín Tuxtla , Veracruz , Mexico Unknown logging cattle grazing fire agriculture Cyclura collei Jamaican iguana Jamaican rock iguana Reptile Hellshire Hills , Jamaica Unknown habitat destruction predation by introduced species Daubentonia Madagascariensis Aye - aye Mammal ( primate ) Deciduous forest , East Madagascar Unknown poaching limited habitat Dendrophylax fawcettii Cayman Islands ghost orchid Plant ( orchid ) Ironwood Forest , George Town , Grand Cayman Unknown infrastructure development Dicerorhinus sumatrensis Sumatran rhino Mammal ( rhino ) Sabah , Sarawak and Peninsular Malaysia , Kalimantan and Sumatra , Indonesia < 100 hunting ( horn is used in traditional medicine ) Diomedea amsterdamensis Amsterdam albatross Bird Breeds on Plateuau des Tourbières , Amsterdam Island , Indian Ocean . 100 mature individuals disease incidental by - catch in long - line fishing Dioscorea strydomiana Wild yam Plant Oshoek area , Mpumalanga , South Africa 200 collection for medicinal use Diospyros katendei Plant ( tree ) Kasyoha - Kitomi Forest Reserve , Uganda 20 individuals in a single population agricultural activity illegal tree felling alluvial gold digging small population Dipterocarpus lamellatus Plant ( tree ) Siangau Forest Reserve , Sabah , Malaysia 12 individuals logging of lowland forest creation of industrial plantations Discoglossus nigriventer Hula painted frog Amphibian Hula Valley , Israel Unknown predation by birds range restriction due to habitat destruction Dombeya mauritiana Plant Mauritius Unknown encroachment by invasive plant species habitat loss due to cannabis cultivation Elaeocarpus bojeri Bois Dentelle Plant ( tree ) Grand Bassin , Mauritius < 10 individuals habitat degradation Eleutherodactylus glandulifer La Hotte glanded frog Amphibian Massif de la Hotte , Haiti Unknown charcoal production slash - and - burn agriculture Eleutherodactylus thorcetes Macaya breast - spot frog Amphibian Formon and Macaya peaks , Masif de la Hotte , Haiti Unknown charcoal production slash - and - burn agriculture Eriosyce chilensis Chilenito ( cactus ) Plant Pta Molles and Pichidungui , Chile < 500 individuals collection of flowering plants Erythrina schliebenii Coral tree Plant Namatimbili - Ngarama Forest , Tanzania < 50 individuals limited habitat and small population size increase vulnerability Euphorbia tanaensis Plant ( tree ) Witu Forest Reserve , Kenya 4 mature individuals illegal logging agricultural expansion infrastructure development Eurynorhyncus pygmeus Spoon - billed sandpiper Bird Breeds in Russia , migrates along the East Asian - Australasian Flyway to wintering grounds in India , Bangladesh and Myanmar 100 breeding pairs trapping land reclamation Ficus katendei Plant Kasyoha - Kitomi Forest Reserve , Ishasha River , Uganda < 50 mature individuals agriculture illegal tree felling alluvial gold digging Geronticus eremita Northern bald ibis Bird Breeds in Morocco , Turkey and Syria . Syrian population winters in central Ethiopia . 200 -- 249 mature individuals habitat degradation and destruction hunting Gigasiphon macrosiphon Plant ( flower ) Kaya Muhaka , Gongoni and Mrima Forest Reserves , Kenya , Amani Nature Reserve , West Kilombero Scarp Forest Reserve , and Kihansi Gorge , Tanzania 33 timber extraction agriculture encroachment and development predation by wild pigs Gocea ohridana Mollusc Lake Ohrid , Macedonia Unknown increasing pollution levels off - take of water sedimentation events Heleophryne rosei Table mountain ghost frog Amphibian Table Mountain , Western Cape Province , South Africa Unknown invasive plants water abstraction Hemicycla paeteliana Mollusc ( land snail ) Jandia peninsula , Fuerteventura , Canary Islands Unknown overgrazing trampling by goats and tourists Heteromirafa sidamoensis Liben lark Bird Liben Plains , southern Ethiopia 90 -- 256 agricultural expansion overgrazing fire suppression Hibiscadelphus woodii Plant ( tree ) Kalalau Valley , Hawaii Unknown habitat degradation due to feral ungulates competition with invasive plant species Hucho perryi Sakhalin taimen Fish Russian and Japanese rivers , Pacific Ocean between Russia and Japan Unknown overfishing damming agriculture other land use Johora singaporensis Singapore freshwater crab Crustacean Bukit Timah Nature Reserve and streamlet near Bukit Batok , Singapore Unknown habitat degradation due to reduction in water quality and quantity Lathyrus belinensis Belin vetchling Plant Outskirts of Belin village , Antalya , Turkey < 1,000 urbanisation over-grazing conifer planting road widening Leiopelma archeyi Archey 's frog Amphibian Coromandel peninsula and Whareorino Forest , New Zealand Unknown Chytridiomycosis predation by invasive species Lithobates sevosus Dusky gopher frog Amphibian Harrison County , Mississippi , USA 60 -- 100 fungal disease climate change land - use changes Lophura edwardsi Edwards 's pheasant Bird Quang Binh , Quang Tri and Thua Thien - Hue , Viet Nam Unknown habitat loss hunting Magnolia wolfii Plant ( tree ) Risaralda , Colombia isolation of species low regeneration rates Margaritifera marocana Mollusc Oued Denna , Oued Abid and Oued Beth , Morocco < 250 pollution development Moominia willii Mollusc ( snail ) Silhouette Island , Seychelles < 500 invasive species climate change Natalus primus Cuban greater funnel eared bat Mammal ( bat ) Cueva La Barca , Isle of Pines , Cuba < 100 habitat loss human disturbance Nepenthes attenboroughii Attenborough 's pitcher plant Plant Mount Victoria , Palawan , Philippines Unknown poaching Nomascus hainanus Hainan black crested gibbon Mammal ( primate ) Hainan Island , China 20 hunting Neurergus kaiseri Luristan newt Amphibian Zagros Mountains , Lorestan , Iran < 1,000 illegal collection for pet trade Oreocnemis phoenix Mulanje red damsel Insect ( damselfly ) Mulanje Plateau , Malawi Unknown habitat destruction and degradation due to drainage agricultural expansion exploitation of forest Pangasius sanitwongsei Pangasid catfish Fish Chao Phraya and Mekong basins in Cambodia , China , Lao PDR , Thailand and Viet Nam Unknown overfishing collection for aquarium trade Parides burchellanus Insect ( butterfly ) Cerrado , Brazil < 100 human expansion limited range Phocoena sinus Vaquita Mammal ( porpoise ) Northern Gulf of California , Mexico < 200 capture in fishermen 's gillnets Picea neoveitchii Type of spruce tree Plant ( tree ) Qinling Range , China Unknown destruction of forest Pinus squamata Qiaojia pine Plant ( tree ) Qiaojia , Yunnan , China < 25 limited distribution small population size Poecilotheria metallica Gooty tarantula Metallic tarantula Peacock tarantula Salepurgu Spider Nandyal and Giddalur , Andhra Pradesh , India Unknown deforestation firewood collection civil unrest Pomarea whitneyi Fatuhiva monarch Bird Fatu Hiva , Marquesas Islands , French Polynesia 50 predation by introduced species - Rattus rattus and feral cats Pristis pristis Common sawfish Fish Coastal tropical and subtropical waters of Indo - Pacific and Atlantic Oceans . Currently largely restricted to northern Australia Unknown exploitation has removed the species from 95 per cent of its historical range Prolemur simus Greater bamboo lemur Mammal ( primate ) Southeastern and southcentral rainforests of Madagascar 500 agriculture mining illegal logging Propithecus candidus Silky sifaka Mammal ( primate ) Maroantsetra to Andapa basin , and Marojeju Massif , Madagascar 100 -- 1,000 hunting habitat disturbance Psammobates geometricus Geometric tortoise Reptile Western Cape Province , South Africa Unknown loss of habitat destruction predation Pseudoryx nghetinhensis Saola Mammal Annamite mountains , on the Viet Nam - PDR Laos border Unknown habitat destruction hunting Psiadia cataractae Plant Mauritius Unknown development project competition from invasive plant species Psorodonotus ebneri Beydaglari bush - cricket Insect Beydaglari range , Antalaya , Turkey Unknown climate change habitat loss Rafetus swinhoei Red River giant softshell turtle Reptile Hoan Kiem Lake and Dong Mo Lake , Viet Nam , and Suzhou Zoo , China hunting for consumption wetland destruction pollution Rhinoceros sondaicus Javan rhino Mammal ( rhino ) Ujung Kulon National Park , Java , Indonesia < 100 hunting for traditional medicine small population size Rhinopithecus avunculus Tonkin snub - nosed monkey Mammal ( primate ) Northeastern Vietnam < 200 habitat loss hunting Rhizanthella gardneri West Australian underground orchid Plant ( orchid ) Western Australia , Australia < 100 land clearance for agriculture climate change salinisation Rhynchocyon spp . Boni giant sengi Mammal ( shrew ) Boni - Dodori Forest , Lamu area , Kenya Unknown development causing habitat loss Risiocnemis seidenschwarzi Cebu frill - wing Insect ( damselfly ) Rivulet beside the Kawasan River , Cebu , Philippines Unknown habitat degradation and destruction Rosa arabica Plant St Katherine Mountains , Egypt Unknown , 10 sub-populations domestic animal grazing climate change and drought medicinal plant collecting limited range Salanoia durrelli Durrell 's vontsira Mammal ( mongoose ) Marshes of Lake Alaotra , Madagascar Unknown loss of habitat Santamartamys rufodorsalis Red crested tree rat Mammal ( rodent ) Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta , Colombia Unknown urban development coffee cultivation Scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis Red - finned blue - eye Fish Edgbaston Station , central western Queensland , Australia 2,000 -- 4,000 predation by introduced species Squatina squatina Angel shark Fish Canary Islands Unknown benthic trawling Sterna bernsteini Chinese crested tern Bird Breeding in Zhejiang and Fujian , China . Outside breeding season in Indonesia , Malaysia , Philippines , Taiwan , Thailand . < 50 habitat destruction egg collection Syngnathus watermeyeri Estuarine pipefish Fish Kariega Estuary to East Kleinemonde Estuary , Eastern Cape Province , South Africa Unknown dam construction is altering river flows flood events into estuaries Tahina spectabilis Suicide palm Dimaka Plant Analalava district , north - western Madagascar 90 fires logging agricultural developments Telmatobufo bullocki Bullock 's false toad Amphibian ( frog ) Nahuelbuta , Arauco Province , Chile Unknown construction of hydro - electricity Tokudaia muenninki Okinawa spiny rat Mammal ( rodent ) Okinawa Island , Japan Unknown habitat loss predation by feral cats Trigonostigma somphongsi Somphongs 's rasbora Fish Mae Khlong basin , Thailand Unknown farmland conversion and urbanization Valencia letourneuxi Fish Southern Albania and Western Greece Unknown habitat destruction water abstraction aggressive interaction with Gambusia Voanioala gerardii Forest coconut Plant Masoala peninsula , Madagascar < 10 deforestation harvesting for consumption of palm heart Zaglossus attenboroughi Attenborough 's echidna Mammal Cyclops Mountains , Papua Province , Indonesia Unknown habitat modification and degradation logging agricultural encroachment shifting cultivation and hunting by local people See also ( edit ) Extinct and Endangered Species portal The World 's 25 Most Endangered Primates Lists of organisms by population References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Report lists world 's 100 most threatened species , urges action '' . The Globe and Mail . 11 September 2012 . Retrieved 17 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 most threatened species '' . ZSL Living Conservation . The Zoological Society of London . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Baillie , Jonathan EM ; Ellen R Butcher ( 2012 ) . Priceless or Worthless ? ( PDF ) . ZoolFlyway to wintering grounds in Indiaogical Society of London . ISBN 978 - 0 - 900881 - 67 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Harvey , Fiona ( 10 September 2012 ) . `` The expendables ? World 's 100 most endangered species listed '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Kew Magazine stated that , `` A strong and consistent moral and ethical stance needs to be taken , they ( the authors of The List ) argue , that all species have a right to exist . '' Harrison , Christina . `` Every species counts '' . Kew Magazine Blog . Royal Botanic Gardens , Kew . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Argument for Saving Threatened Species That Do Not Benefit Humans '' . Smithsonian.com . Smithsonian Institution . 12 September 2012 . Retrieved 17 September 2012 . External links ( edit ) IUCN Species Survival Commission Threatened species Template : Threatened species by region IUCN Red List Categories Extinct Extinct ( EX ) Extinct in the Wild ( EW ) Threatened Critically Endangered ( CR ) Endangered ( EN ) Vulnerable ( VU ) Lower risk Near Threatened ( NT ) Least Concern ( LC ) Lower Risk ( LR ) Conservation Dependent ( LR / cd ) Not fully assessed Data Deficient ( DD ) Not Evaluated ( NE ) Species Lists Extinct Extinct in the Wild Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable Near Threatened Least Concern Data Deficient WP categories Extinct Extinct in the Wild Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable Near Threatened Least Concern Data Deficient CITES Appendix I Appendix II Appendix III By taxa Endangered arthropods / spiders Threatened Banksia / rays / sharks / Fungi / Chromista The World 's 25 Most Endangered Primates The world 's 100 most threatened species Conservation Biodiversity action plan Biodiversity threats Conservation biology CITES ARKive Bird conservation Conservation status Conservation - reliant species Ecoregion conservation status Habitat destruction Latent extinction risk Rare species Vulnerability and susceptibility Pre-2001 categories and subcategories shown in italics . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_world%27s_100_most_threatened_species&oldid=840740778 '' Categories : Conservation Endangered species International Union for Conservation of Nature Lists of superlatives Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Latviešu Русский Simple English Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018 , at 21 : 19 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20world%2527s%20100%20most%20threatened%20species	802
what is the legal age to smoke in australia	Country De jure Notes Smoking age Purchase age Australia Regulations by state / territory : Province / territory Smoking age Purchase age Notes Australian Capital Territory None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a person under the age of 18 years . Further it is illegal to buy a tobacco product for a minor . New South Wales None 18 It is illegal to sell any tobacco or non-tobacco smoking product to a person who is under the age of 18 years . Northern Territory None 18 It is illegal to sell any tobacco product to a minor or on behalf of a minors . It is illegal to smoke in a vehicle with a person under the age of 18 years present . Queensland None 18 It is illegal for an adult to supply a tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years ; however , a responsible adult for a child does not commit an offence by supplying a smoking product to the child . South Australia None 18 It is an offence to supply any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years . Tasmania None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . Minimum age was 16 prior to 1 January 1997 . Victoria None 18 It is illegal to supply tobacco to a minor . Smoking in a vehicle with a person under 18 present is an offence . Western Australia None 18 It is illegal to sell , deliver or supply tobacco or smoking implement to a minor . Purchase on behalf of people under 18 prohibited . Fiji None 18 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor . Micronesia , Federated States of 18 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor . New Zealand None 18 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor under 18 years . No minimum age prior to 1903 . Minimum age of 15 years from 1903 to 1988 . Minimum age of 16 years from 1988 to 1998 . ' Palau None 18 21 ( Only rolling papers and elaus ) It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . If the purchaser appears to be under the age of 30 years , ID must be checked before sale . It is illegal to employ anyone under the age of 21 handling tobacco products . It is illegal to sell rolling papers and elaus to anyone under the age of 21 years . Papua New Guinea None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . Samoa 21 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 21 years . It is not illegal for a person under the age of 21 years to possess or smoke tobacco in public . Solomon Islands None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise supply tobacco to a minor . Tonga None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise supply tobacco to a minor . Tokelau 16 It is illegal for a person under 16 to smoke tobacco . Vanuatu 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a persons under 18 . It is illegal for persons under 18 to smoke tobacco .		Smoking age	smoking age	The smoking age is the minimum legal age required to purchase or smoke tobacco products . Most countries have laws that restrict those below a minimum age from legally purchasing tobacco products .	Contents 1 Smoking age laws by region 1.1 Africa 1.2 Americas 1.3 Asia 1.4 Europe 1.5 Oceania 2 Historical regulations 3 See also 4 References Smoking age laws by region ( edit ) Africa ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Minimum age to purchase tobacco in Africa as of 2015 : Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 Minimum age is 16 No minimum age Country De jure Notes Legal age to smoke any tobacco products Legal age to buy any tobacco products Algeria None 19 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors under the age of 19 years . ( Chapitre IV sur les problèmes de santé l'article 93 : `` la vente de tabac ou produits du tabac aux mineurs est interdite '' . ) Angola None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to minors under the age of 18 . Benin None 18 Botswana None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to minors under the age of 18 . Any person who sells , by retail , any tobacco product , shall display clearly , for the public , a notice to the effect that the sale of any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years is prohibited . Burkina Faso None 18 Burundi None 18 It is illegal to sell cigarettes to anyone under the age of 18 . Other tobacco products are not regulated . Cameroon 15 Cape Verde 15 Central African Republic 14 Chad 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a minor . Minors and pregnant women may not smoke in public . Comoros None 18 The sale of tobacco products to minors is prohibited . Vendors of tobacco products must visibly and prominently display at their point of sale a notice of prohibition of the sale of tobacco to minors and by minors . Republic of the Congo 18 Democratic Republic of the Congo 18 It is illegal for minors to smoke in public , and for anyone to give or sell tobacco to a minor . ( ARRETE MINISTERIEL Article 1 : L'usage , la vente , l'achat et la consommation du tabac , de ses produits et de ses dérivés sont strictement interdits aux mineurs . ) Djibouti None 16 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor under the age of 16 years . A notice with the sale restrictions has to be placed at point of sale . Egypt 18 The sale of tobacco products to persons under the age of 18 is prohibited . Equatorial Guinea 18 Eritrea None 18 Ethiopia None 18 `` No person may directly or indirectly give , provide or sell any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 . '' Gabon None 18 Gambia None Ghana 18 Guinea - Bissau 15 Kenya None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . There is no minimum age to possess tobacco or smoke in public . Lesotho 14 Liberia 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a minor . Minors may not consume tobacco at any public place . Libya None 18 It is strictly prohibited to sell any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years . Madagascar None 18 Malawi 14 Mali None 18 Mauritius 18 A person must be 18 years old to purchase or to smoke cigarettes including any tobacco products as is indicated in Public Health ( Restrictions on Tobacco Products ) Regulations 1999 , Sec. 2 ( e ) ( i ) ) . Morocco 16 Mozambique None 18 Namibia None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a minor . No minimum age prior to 14 April 2010 . Niger None 18 ( to enter smoking room or facility ) 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor . Minors may not enter any smoking room or facility where smoking is permitted by law . No minimum age prior to 17 July 2008 . Nigeria None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise supply tobacco products to a minor . Republic of the Congo 14 Rwanda None 18 It is prohibited to involve a person under 18 in , buying , selling and exchanging of tobacco and tobacco products . It is also prohibited for the seller to sell tobacco and tobacco products to a person under 18 . São Tomé and Príncipe None 16 Senegal None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . ( Chapitre III. - Il est interdit de vendre ou d'offrir aux mineurs ou de faire vendre ou de faire offrir par les mineurs du tabac ou tout produit du tabac . ) Seychelles 18 Somalia 15 South Africa 18 It is illegal to sell or supply any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 . South Sudan 15 Swaziland None 18 It is illegal to sell and give tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . Sudan None 18 ( to enter smoking room or facility ) 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a minor . Anyone under the age of 18 may also not handle , store , work or produce with tobacco or within such a facility . Tanzania 18 It is unlawful to sell or give tobacco products to a minor , and to smoke such tobacco products if the individual is younger than 18 years . Togo None 18 It is illegal to sell or give any tobacco product to a minor . Tunisia None 18 Uganda None 21 It is now illegal for a person below the age of 21 to access cigarettes . Zambia None 16 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under age 16 . No minimum age for consumption and possession in public . No minimum age prior to 1 January 1993 . Zimbabwe None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 . Minors may not sell tobacco . Americas ( edit ) Minimum age to purchase tobacco in Canada , Greenland , Mexico , and the United States as of January 2018 : Minimum age is 21 Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 Country De jure Notes Smoking age Purchase age Antigua and Barbuda None Antigua and Barbuda does n't have any restrictions towards selling tobacco to minors or smoking in general . Argentina None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors . Bahamas None 18 Belize None Bermuda None 18 No person shall sell or supply any cigarettes , tobacco or tobacco products to a minor . A person selling or supplying any cigarettes , tobacco or tobacco products to a person who appears to be under 25 years of age shall , before selling or supplying them , ensure , by requiring photo identification , that the latter person is not a minor . Bolivia None 18 The sale of tobacco products to minors under the age of 18 years is prohibited . Brazil None 18 It is illegal to `` sell Products whose ingredients can cause physical or psychic dependence , even if only through improper use '' ( ... ) . This also includes tobacco products of any kind . British Virgin Islands None 18 It is illegal to sell or offer to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is not illegal for minors to purchase , possess or consume tobacco . Canada Regulations by province and territory : Province / territory Smoking age Purchase age Notes Federal Government None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to a minor under the age of 18 . The minimum age was 16 years of prior to 1994 . Alberta 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to a minor under the age of 18 . Further , minors are not permitted to smoke at any public place . British Columbia None 19 Manitoba None 18 It is illegal to sell , give , buy for , lend or otherwise provide tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Parents can provide tobacco products to their children on private property . Further it is legal to supply tobacco to a minor if it is solely for use in traditional Aboriginal spiritual or cultural practices or ceremonies . New Brunswick None 19 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco products to anyone under the age of 19 years . It is also illegal to attempt to purchase tobacco on behalf of , or for the purpose of resale to , a person under the age of 19 years . Newfoundland and Labrador None 19 It is illegal to sell , give or furnish , directly or indirectly , tobacco to a person under the age of 19 years . Northwest Territories None 18 No person shall sell or supply , or offer to sell or supply , tobacco or a tobacco accessory to a person under the age of 18 . No one under the age of 18 years shall purchase or attempt to purchase tobacco or a tobacco accessory . Nova Scotia 19 19 No vendor or employee of a vendor shall sell or give tobacco or a tobacco product to a person under the age of nineteen years . No person shall purchase tobacco or a tobacco product on behalf of , or for the purpose of resale or give tobacco or a tobacco product , to a person under the age of nineteen years . No person under the age of nineteen years may possess tobacco . Nunavut None 19 No person shall sell or supply , or offer to sell or supply , tobacco to a person who is less than 19 years old . Ontario None 19 No person shall sell or supply tobacco to a person who is less than 19 years old . No person shall sell or supply tobacco to a person who appears to be less than 25 years old unless he or she has required the person to provide identification and is satisfied that the person is at least 19 years old . Prince Edward Island None 19 No person shall sell or supply tobacco to a person under the age of 19 years . No person shall purchase or attempt to purchase tobacco on behalf of , or for the purpose of resale to , a person under the age of 19 years . It is legal to supply tobacco to a minor if it is solely for use in traditional Aboriginal spiritual or cultural practices or ceremonies . Quebec None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . The operator of a tobacco retail outlet may not give tobacco to a minor . The operator of a tobacco retail outlet may not sell tobacco to an adult , if the operator knows the person is purchasing the tobacco for a minor . Saskatchewan None 18 It is illegal to sell , lend , assign , give or send tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . Yukon 18 ( federal law ) The territory Yukon has no legislations which restrict the sale of tobacco products to minors . Federal laws apply . Chile None 18 It is illegal to sell any form of tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . Colombia None 18 It is forbidden for any individual or legal entity to directly or indirectly sell tobacco products and its derivatives in any of its presentations to minors under the age of 18 years . In case of question , one must ask each tobacco purchaser to show that he has reached majority age . Costa Rica None 18 Tobacco products may not be sold to minors . Wholesale or retail vendors of products shall have the obligation , at their own expense , to display posters that are visible , clear and prominently placed on the inside of places of sale , stating that the sale of tobacco products to minors is prohibited . Cuba None 18 Minors can not legally buy tobacco , but stores may sell it to those who look 13 or older . Cayman Islands None 18 Tobacco Law , 2007 PART V -- Section 10 : No person shall sell tobacco to a minor . Dominican Republic None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . Ecuador None 18 It is illegal to sell or let sell tobacco to or by a minor . El Salvador None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a minor . Falkland Islands None Guatemala 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Public consumption of tobacco by minors is prohibited . ( El decreto 90 - 97 , Código de Salud , indica en su artículo 50 ) Guyana None 18 No tobacco may be sold or furnished to a minor . Haiti None 18 Honduras None 21 The sale and / or gifting of tobaccoderived products to persons under 21 years of age is prohibited . Jamaica None 18 Mexico None 18 Nicaragua None 18 Panama None 18 The sale of tobacco products to minors is prohibited . Paraguay None 18 It is unlawful to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Peru 18 The sale of tobacco products to / by minors under the age of 18 is prohibited . Trinidad and Tobago None 18 Tobacco shall not be sold to or by a child under the age of 18 years . United States ( 50 states and integral territories ) The federal law requires states to have a minimum age of 18 years for sale / purchase of tobacco products ( 21 U.S.C. § 387f. ( 3 ) ( a ) ( ii ) ) . State and local laws may extend this ban and also prohibit supply , possession and consumption to / by person underage , or increase the age beyond 18 . However , most states do not directly ban the consumption of tobacco by a minor . The federal law requiring states to have a minimum purchasing age at 18 is enforced by withholding FEMA disaster and non-disaster grants from states that have purchasing ages under 18 , and currently no state falls under that category . Regulations by state : State / territory Smoking age Purchase age Notes Alabama 19 ( including Alabama National Guard Bases ) 18 ( on military bases under federal law ) It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 19 years . Minors are prohibited from using and possessing tobacco products . The minimum age was introduced in 1896 . Alaska None 19 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 19 years . Possession by minors is prohibited . The minimum age requirement does not apply to a person who is a prisoner at an adult correctional facility . The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1978 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 19 in 1988 . None 21 Sitka has raised their tobacco sales age to 21 . American Samoa 18 Arizona None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products or smoking equipment to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for a minor to be in possession of tobacco or smoking equipment , or to receive them . None 21 Cottonwood and Douglas have raised their tobacco sales age to 21 . Arkansas 18 It is illegal to give or sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for minors to be in possession of tobacco products and to smoke in public . 18 21 Helena -- West Helena , Harrison , and Phillips County have raised the sales age for tobacco products to 21 . California 18 21 As of 9 June 2016 , it is illegal to sell or furnish tobacco to a person under 21 years of age , with an exception for people in active military service who are 18 years old . Before 9 June , the age to purchase tobacco was 18 years of age . Colorado 18 It is illegal to sell , give or distribute tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Minors under the age of 18 years are prohibited from being in possession of any tobacco product . 18 21 Aspen , Avon , and Basalt have raised the sales age for tobacco products to 21 . Connecticut None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under 18 . It is illegal for minors to possess tobacco in public . A minimum age of 16 was introduced in 1902 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1987 . Delaware None 18 Selling , giving or otherwhise distributing tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years is illegal . Minors under the age of 18 years are not allowed to attempt to purchase tobacco or to be in the possession of tobacco products . The minimum age of 17 years was introduced in 1953 . The minimum age was raised from 17 to 18 in 1992 . Florida None 18 The Florida Statutes make it a criminal offence so sell or supply tobacco to an individual under the age of 18 years . Minors may also not be in possession of tobacco products . Georgia None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for minors to possess tobacco in public . Minors are allowed to possess tobacco products and to consume those , in private home if permission is given by parents or legal guardian . The minimum age of 17 years was introduced in 1987 . The minimum age was raised from 17 to 18 in 1993 . Guam 21 The minimum age was raised from 18 to 21 , as of 1 January 2018 . Hawaii 21 It is illegal to sell or furnish tobacco to a person under 21 years of age . It is also illegal for a person under 21 years of age to attempt to purchase tobacco . The minimum age of 15 years was introduced on 11 November 1890 . The minimum age was raised from 15 to 18 on 1 January 1988 . The minimum age was raised from 18 to 21 on 1 January 2016 . Idaho 18 Illinois 18 18 21 Municipalities and Counties in Illinois , including Chicago , Aurora , Berwyn , Bolingbrook , Buffalo Grove , Elgin , Elk Grove , Glen Ellyn , Gurnee , Hopkins Park , Lincolnshire , Maywood , Mundelein , Naperville , Peoria , Riverwoods , Skokie , Vernon Hills , Washington , Wheaton , Wilmette , and Lake County have raised their tobacco sales age to 21 . Indiana None 18 Giving , selling , providing and distributing tobacco to minors is illegal . Minors may not possess , accept or purchase tobacco . Minors are not allowed to enter a tobacco business , defined in state law as a business whose primary activity is the sale of tobacco products and accessories . The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1980 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1987 . Iowa 18 It is illegal for minors to be in possession of tobacco , to smoke in public or to purchase tobacco products . It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . Kansas None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a minor . Minors may not possess or purchase or attempt to possess or purchase tobacco . None 21 Nineteen cities in Kansas , including Overland Park and Olathe , have raised their tobacco sales age to 21 . Kentucky None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to minors . Minors may not purchase or possess tobacco products . Prior to 1990 Kentucky had no minimum age to purchase tobacco . From 1990 until 1992 the minimum age was 16 years . In 1992 the age was raised from 16 to 18 years of age . Louisiana None 18 It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco to a minor . A minor is not permitted to possess tobacco , except in private residences or if accompanied by a parent , spouse , or legal guardian 21 years of age or older . Prior to 1991 there was no minimum age limit in Louisiana . Maine 18 21 It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco to a minor . A minor is not permitted to possess tobacco , except in private residences or if accompanied by a parent , spouse , or legal guardian 21 years of age or older . Implementation for 21 and older July 2018 . Maryland None 18 Minimum age raised from 16 to 18 in 1989 . Massachusetts None 21 It is illegal to sell tobacco to minors under 21 starting January 1 , 2019 . Anyone else than the parents or guardian are prohibited from giving any form of tobacco to a minor . Michigan 18 It is illegal to sell , give , supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors . Minors may not purchase , attempt to purchase , possess , attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public . Minors are permitted to smoke on private premises . 18 21 Ann Arbor and Genesee County have raised their tobacco sales age to 21 . Minnesota 18 It is illegal to sell , give , supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors . Minors may not purchase , attempt to purchase , possess , attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public . Indian may furnish tobacco to an Indian under the age of 18 years if the tobacco is furnished as part of a traditional Indian spiritual or cultural ceremony . 18 21 Four cities in Minnesota have raised their sales age for tobacco products to 21 . Mississippi 18 It is illegal to sell , give , supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors . Minors may not purchase , attempt to purchase , possess , attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public . 18 21 Adams County has raised their tobacco sales age to 21 . Missouri None 18 It is illegal to sell , give , supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors . It is not illegal to give tobacco to minors on private premises nor is it illegal for minors to smoke in public . Prior to 1992 Missouri did not have a minimum age limit . None 21 Twelve cities in Missouri , including Kansas City , St. Louis , Columbia and Jefferson City , have raised their tobacco sales age to 21 . Montana None 18 Sale or distribution of tobacco products to persons under 18 years of age is prohibited , whether over the counter , by vending machine , or otherwise . Prior to 1993 there was no minimum age limit . Nebraska 18 It is illegal to sell , give or furnish , in any way tobacco to a minor . Minors may not smoke in public . Nevada None 18 New Hampshire 18 It is illegal to sell , give , supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors . Minors may not purchase , attempt to purchase , possess , attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public . 18 21 Dover has raised their tobacco sales age to 21 . New Jersey None 21 No person shall sell , give or furnish to a person under 21 years of age , any cigarettes made of tobacco . The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1904 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1988 . The minimum age was raised from 18 to 19 in 2005 . The minimum age was raised from 19 to 21 on 1 November 2017 . New Mexico None 18 Prior to 1991 New Mexico had no minimum age . New York None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . None 21 New York City ( among others ) and come counties have raised the sales age for tobacco products to 21 . North Carolina None 18 It is illegal for anyone under age 18 to buy , attempt to buy , to receive , or to use a false or misleading proof of age for the purpose of purchasing or receiving any tobacco product or cigarette wrapping papers . The minimum age of 17 years was introduced in 1891 . The minimum age was raised from 17 to 18 in 1991 . North Dakota 18 Northern Mariana Islands 18 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor . Ohio 18 None 21 Fifteen cities in Ohio : Akron , Bexley , Cleveland , Cleveland Heights , Columbus , Dublin , Euclid , Grandview Heights , Kent , New Albany , Norton , Powell , Upper Arlington , Wickliffe , and Worthington have raised their tobacco sales age to 21 . Oklahoma None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise supply tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . The minimum age of 18 years was introduced in 1915 . Oregon None 21 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise supply tobacco to anyone under the age of 21 years since 1 January 2018 . Pennsylvania None 18 It is illegal to sell , furnish , give or otherwise provide tobacco to a minor . Minors may not purchase or attempt to purchase tobacco products . The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1972 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1990 . Puerto Rico None 18 Rhode Island 18 No person under eighteen years of age shall purchase , nor shall any person sell , give , or deliver to any person under eighteen years of age , any tobacco products . No person under eighteen years of age shall use or possess , tobacco in any public street , place , or resort , any tobacco and / or electronic nicotine delivery system in any form . The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1896 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1988 . 18 21 Barrington and Central Falls have raised their sales age for tobacco products to 21 years . South Carolina None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise supply tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for minors to purchase , attempt to purchase , possess , or attempt to possess a tobacco product , or present or offer proof of age that is false or fraudulent for the purpose of purchasing or possessing a tobacco product . South Dakota None 18 Prior to 1989 South Dakota did n't regulate the sale of cigarettes to minors . Only smokeless tobacco products could not be sold to coal minors . Tennessee None 18 It is unlawful for a person who has not attained 18 years of age to possess a tobacco product , to purchase or accept receipt of a tobacco product , or to present or offer to any person any purported proof of age which is false , fraudulent , or not actually that person 's own for the purpose of purchasing or receiving any tobacco product . Texas 18 It is illegal to sell , give , supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors . Minors may not purchase , attempt to purchase , possess , attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public . Exception : The individual younger than 10 years of age possessed the cigarette or tobacco product in the presence of an adult parent , a guardian , or a spouse of the individual or an employer of the individual , if possession or receipt of the tobacco product is required in the performance of the employee 's duties as an employee . The minimum age to purchase , possess and consume tobacco was 16 years of age from 1899 to 1989 . 18 21 San Antonio has raised its sales age for tobacco products to 16 . United States Virgin Islands None 18 Utah 19 It is illegal to sell , supply , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products or smoking devices to anyone under the age of 19 years . It is illegal for anyone under the age of 19 years to possess , consume , purchase any tobacco product . Vermont None 18 It is illegal to sell , supply , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 years to possess or purchase tobacco products . The minimum age of 17 years was introduced in 1888 . The minimum age was raised from 17 to 18 in 1991 . Virginia 18 It is illegal to sell , supply , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 years to possess or purchase tobacco products . Prior to 1991 the minimum age to purchase tobacco products was 16 years of age . Washington None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or permit to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is not illegal for minors to possess or consume tobacco products in public . Washington , D.C. None 21 It is illegal to sell , give or permit to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 21 years . It is not illegal for minors to possess or consume tobacco products in public . Tobacco use is prohibited at organized sporting events . The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1891 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1990 . The minimum age was raised from 18 to 21 in 2016 . West Virginia 18 It is illegal to sell , supply , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 years to possess , consume or purchase tobacco products . Wisconsin None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or permit to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is not illegal for minors to possess or consume tobacco products in public . Wyoming 18 It is illegal to sell , supply , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 years to possess , consume or purchase tobacco products . Prior to 1991 Wyoming had no minimum purchase / sale age for tobacco products . Uruguay None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a minor . A clearly legible notice with the sale ban to under anyone under the age of 18 years has to be placed inside and outside the premises . Venezuela None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to a minor . Asia ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Country De jure Notes Smoking age Purchase age Afghanistan 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal to smoke or the use of tobacco in public buildings such as hospitals , schools and restaurants . Bhutan Illegal In 2004 , Bhutan became the first country to ban the sale , cultivation , and production of tobacco . People 18 and over may bring a limited amount of tobacco into Bhutan if they pay import duties . Brunei 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for minors to possess , buy or consume tobacco products . Bangladesh 16 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 16 years . Any police - officer in uniform or any other person or class of persons duty authorized by the Government has the power to seize and destroy tobacco products of anyone under the age of 16 years whom he finds smoking in public . Cambodia None 18 Any act of selling or distributing all types of tobacco products to persons aged under 18 years or to pregnant women whose pregnancy is obvious or is realized must be punished with six days to one month in prison and a fine of 100,000 riel to 1 million riel . China None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors . No one shall smoke on school or education premises . Weakly enforced to not enforced . No age limit prior to 29 December 2006 . Hong Kong 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . India None 18 It is illegal to sell cigarettes or any other tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years . It is illegal to sell tobacco within a radius of one hundred yards of any educational institution . Indonesia None 18 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco products to pregnant women or anyone under the age of 18 years . Iran None 18 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Violation will result in confiscation of tobacco from the minor and a fine for the salesperson . Iraq 14 Israel None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor . No minimum age prior to 12 November 2004 . Jordan None 18 ( consumption of water pipes on premises ) 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a minor . It is also illegal to provide water pipes in cafes , restaurants and similar places . Japan 20 It is illegal to supply tobacco to persons under 20 years . It is punishable by a ¥ 10,000 fine . Kazakhstan None 18 Kuwait None 21 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 21 years . Kyrgyzstan None 18 No minor shall sell or be sold tobacco products . Lebanon 18 18 It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco to a minor . Macau None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . It is not illegal for a minor to smoke or to obtain tobacco from a person of the legal age . Malaysia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor . Maldives None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . The retailer must ensure that the buyer is at least 18 years of age . Furthermore , a clearly legible notice has to be displayed at point of sale stating that tobacco sales to minors are illegal . Mongolia 21 Nepal None 18 It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco products to minors and pregnant women . North Korea None 17 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor . ( The tobacco law does not define the word `` minor '' , but age of majority is reached at the age of 17 years ) . Oman 18 Pakistan None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . A clearly legible notice with the sale restriction has to be placed at point of sale . Palestine 14 Philippines 18 Only people over 18 may buy cigarettes and tobacco due to the `` STOP for Health Act '' . ( Stop Tobacco and Other Products for Health ) Qatar None 18 It is illegal to sell cigarettes or any other tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . Saudi Arabia 18 Singapore 18 Smoking age in Singapore is currently 18 , increasing to 19 by 2019 and 21 by 2021 . It is illegal to sell or give , directly or indirectly any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years . No minor is allowed to consume or possess any tobacco product in public . South Korea 19 20 Sri Lanka None 21 It is the law to sell any tobacco product to a person under the age of 21 years . Syria None 18 It is unlawful to sell or give tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . Taiwan 18 It is illegal to sell or provide tobacco to persons under the age of 18 years . It is illegal to force , induce or use other means to cause a pregnant woman to smoke . It is illegal for a pregnant women or a minor to smoke . No penalty is provided for pregnant women who smoke . Tajikistan 14 Thailand None 18 Turkmenistan Illegal In January 2016 , President Gurbanguly Berdymukhammedow reportedly banned tobacco sales in Turkmenistan . United Arab Emirates 18 Vietnam 18 It is illegal for people less than 18 years of age use , buy , and sell tobacco products . It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco product to people less than 18 years of age . Yemen 14 Europe ( edit ) Minimum age to purchase tobacco in Europe as of 2015 : Minimum age is 18 Minimum age is 16 Depending on jurisdiction Note : Regulation by canton in Switzerland is below . Minimum age to purchase tobacco in Switzerland by canton as of 2015 : Minimum age is 18 Minimum age is 16 No minimum age Country De jure Notes Smoking age Purchase age Albania None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to minors under the age of 18 years . Armenia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products anyone under the age of 18 years . Minors may not sell tobacco products . No minimum age prior to 24 December 2004 . Austria 16 The minimum age is regulated by each federal state , but is nationwide 16 years . It is illegal in every state to sell or give tobacco products to a person under the age of 16 years as well as the consumption by a person under the age of 16 years in any public place . Azerbaijan None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . The packaging of tobacco products must contain a warning that sale to minors is prohibited . No minimum age prior to 1 January 2002 . Belarus None 18 ( Decree No. 28 of 2002 `` It is banned to sell tobacco products to citizens ( by citizens ) of the Republic of Belarus , foreign citizens and individuals with no citizenship under 18 years old . '' ) Belgium None 16 ( `` It is forbidden to sell tobacco products to young people under the age of 16 and advertising for tobacco products is forbidden . '' ) Bosnia and Herzegovina 18 It is illegal to sell and gift tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for minors under the age of 18 years to gift , sell and consume tobacco products . The minimum age was 15 years prior to 28 September 2004 . No minimum age prior to 9 March 1998 . Bulgaria None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Croatia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors . It is the responsibility of any salesperson to ensure that no tobacco is sold to minors and therefore to request an ID to make sure that the purchaser is at least 18 years of age . Minors may not sell tobacco products . Cyprus None 18 It is illegal to sell or otherwise provide tobacco products to a minor . `` ( ... ) any person who provides a tobacco product to a minor is guilty of offense and in any case of his / her conviction , he / she shall be subject to a penalty not exceeding one thousand pounds or to incarceration not exceeding six months and / or to both penalties . '' Czech Republic None 18 Selling tobacco products to anyone under 18 is prohibited . Sale of tobacco products and tobacco through vending machines is permitted if the tobacco purchase age is not violated . The seller shall place a clearly visible notice displaying the sale restrictions of tobacco to person under the age of 18 . A person selling tobacco must be 18 years or older , unless the minor is preparing for a future career in the hotel or tourism industry , as a cook - waiter or salesman . However , it is very easy to get tobacco products for minors as many sellers do n't check the age . The minimum age was 16 years prior to 2 September 1999 . Denmark None 18 The minimum age was 16 years prior to 1 September 2008 . Estonia 18 The minimum age to purchase tobacco products or to smoke in public is set at 18 . Minors may not be in possession of , or handle tobacco products . Finland 18 Prior to October 2010 it was not illegal for minors to smoke in public . The minimum age was 16 years prior to 1 March 1995 . France None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Minors under the age of 18 years may not smoke in any school or on school property . Vending machines outside a tobacco shop is prohibited . Prior to 21 July 2009 the minimum age to purchase tobacco products was 16 years of age . Georgia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors under the age of 18 . Germany 18 The Protection of Young Persons Act states that children and young people under 18 years of age shall not be sold tobacco products nor should they be permitted to smoke in public . This does not apply to married adolescents . Minimum age was 18 from 10 June 1943 until 1 January 1952 . Minimum age was 16 from 1 January 1952 to 1 September 2007 . Gibraltar 18 It is illegal to sell and furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Any police officer may confiscate tobacco from a minor in public . The minimum age was 16 years prior to 7 July 2006 . Greece None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to minors . Hungary 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 . It is illegal to smoke under the age of 18 . The sale of tobacco is prohibited within 200 m of schools and health care units . Iceland None 18 It is illegal to sell or deliver tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Minors may not handle or sell tobacco products . No minimum age prior to 1 January 1985 . The minimum age was 16 years from 1 January 1985 to 1 October 1996 . Ireland 18 The sale of tobacco to persons under 18 is illegal . It is illegal to buy or smoke cigarettes if you are under the age of 18 . The minimum age was 16 years prior to 27 March 2002 . Italy None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Violation is punished with a fine between € 250.00 and € 1000.00 . If the law is violated more than once the fine is increased to € 500.00 and € 2,000.00 and a revocation of the tobacco license for at least 3 months . Minimum age for electronic cigarettes was 16 prior to 1 May 2013 . Kosovo None Latvia 18 The sale of tobacco products to persons under the age of 18 is prohibited . Liechtenstein 16 It is illegal for anyone under the age of 16 to possess or consume tobacco products . Lithuania 18 No minimum age to smoke prior to 1 May 2015 . Luxembourg None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . No minimum age prior to 1 January 2006 . Minimum purchase age increased from 16 to 18 on 1 August 2017 . Macedonia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . Malta None 18 `` No person shall sell , supply or distribute by way of compensation or otherwise , any cigarettes , cigars , tobacco , tobacco products or smoking requisites to any person who is under the age of 18 years , or in any manner induce such person to smoke . '' Moldova None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . Montenegro None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 . A poster with the sale restrictions must be placed at point of sale . Netherlands None 18 The sale of tobacco to persons under 18 is illegal . Smoking of tobacco is prohibited by law in all public buildings and in public transport . As of 1 January 2004 every employee has the right to work in a smoke - free environment . All forms of tobacco advertising , promotion or sponsorship are prohibited . Smoking remains prevalent in the Netherlands despite these efforts . Tobacco can be bought at every supermarket and at other stores . Norway None 18 No age limit for use of tobacco but no sales of cigarettes or Swedish snus to people under 18 by law . Vending machines are only allowed when they are cited inside an approved store , with a demand of buying a receipt from the cashier first . and imitation tobacco products are not allowed . Cigarette commercials are also strictly forbidden by law . As of June 2004 , smoking is prohibited in all public places , including restaurants , pubs and work places . Poland None 18 Minors are not allowed to buy tobacco products . Portugal 18 It is illegal to sell or give any tobacco product to a minor as well as the consumption of a tobacco product in any public place by a minor . There is a proposition to ban vending machines in places accessible to people younger than 18 . Minimum age was 16 prior to 1 January 2008 . Romania None 18 There is a ban on sale of tobacco to those younger than 18 . Vending machines selling tobacco are banned . There is no minimum legal age of smoking . Russia None 18 Retail sales of tobacco products to any person under the age of 18 years are an offence . Serbia None 18 The sale to persons under 18 is prohibited . Contrary to that , a lot of salesmen sell cigarettes to minors in Serbia . Acquiring tobacco products is very easy for minors despite the law . Slovakia None 18 Tobacco sales to under 18 year olds are prohibited . Slovenia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 . ID - Card or passport has to be shown if requested . Spain None 18 It is illegal to sell any tobacco product or other smoking substances ( e.g. electronic cigarettes ) to a person under the age of 18 years . Minimum age was 16 in most regions prior to 1 January 2006 . Sweden None 18 It is illegal to sell or commercially distribute tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . No minimum age prior to 1 January 1997 . Switzerland Regulations by canton : States / territories Smoking age Purchase age Notes Aargau None 16 It is an offence to sell or supply ( except for Parents ) any tobacco product to a person under 16 years of age . Appenzell Ausserrhoden None 16 It is an offence to sell or supply any tobacco product to a person under 16 years of age . Appenzell Innerrhoden None No cantonal regulation towards sale and supply of tobacco products to minors . Basel - Landschaft None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 18 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Basel - Stadt None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 18 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Bern None 18 ( to enter smoking facility or premises ) 18 Selling or giving any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 18 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Fribourg None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Geneva None No cantonal regulation towards sale and supply of tobacco products to minors . Glarus None 16 Selling any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Graubünden None 16 Jura None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a minor . Luzern None 16 Selling any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . Neuchâtel None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . Nidwalden None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . Obwalden None No cantonal regulation towards sale and supply of tobacco products to minors . Schaffhausen None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . Schwyz None No cantonal regulation towards sale and supply of tobacco products to minors . Solothurn None 16 Selling any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . St. Gallen None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Thurgau None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Ticino None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . Uri None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . Valais None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . Currently the cantonal government is planning to raise the minimum age to 18 years . Vaud None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . Zug None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . Zürich None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Turkey None 18 Ukraine 14 18 United Kingdom 18 ( purchase de jure ) 16 ( public possession & purchase de facto ) England and Wales : It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 . The minimum age to smoke in public is 16 and authorities have the duty to seize any tobacco or cigarette papers in the possession of any person apparently under the age of 16 . Minimum age to purchase was 16 from 1908 to 1 October 2007 . No minimum age prior to 1908 . 18 Scotland : A person who sells a tobacco product or cigarette papers to a person under the age of 18 commits an offence . Any person under the age of 18 who buys or attempts to buy a tobacco product or cigarette papers commits an offence as well as an adult who knowlingly buys a tobacco product or cigarette papers on behalf of a person under the age of 18 . Any constable who has reasonable grounds for suspecting that a person in a public place is under the age of 18 , and in possession of a tobacco product or cigarette papers may require the person to surrender the tobacco product . Minimum age was 16 prior to 30 September 2007 . 18 Northern Ireland : A person who sells to a person under the age of 18 any tobacco or cigarette papers , whether for his or her own use or not , shall be guilty of an offence . A member of the Police Service of Northern Ireland may seize any tobacco or cigarette papers in the possession of any person apparently under the age of 18 whom he or she finds smoking in any street or public place . Minimum age was 16 prior to 1 September 2008 . ^ Disputed . Oceania ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Country De jure Notes Smoking age Purchase age Australia Regulations by state / territory : Province / territory Smoking age Purchase age Notes Australian Capital Territory None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a person under the age of 18 years . Further it is illegal to buy a tobacco product for a minor . New South Wales None 18 It is illegal to sell any tobacco or non-tobacco smoking product to a person who is under the age of 18 years . Northern Territory None 18 It is illegal to sell any tobacco product to a minor or on behalf of a minors . It is illegal to smoke in a vehicle with a person under the age of 18 years present . Queensland None 18 It is illegal for an adult to supply a tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years ; however , a responsible adult for a child does not commit an offence by supplying a smoking product to the child . South Australia None 18 It is an offence to supply any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years . Tasmania None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . Minimum age was 16 prior to 1 January 1997 . Victoria None 18 It is illegal to supply tobacco to a minor . Smoking in a vehicle with a person under 18 present is an offence . Western Australia None 18 It is illegal to sell , deliver or supply tobacco or smoking implement to a minor . Purchase on behalf of people under 18 prohibited . Fiji None 18 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor . Micronesia , Federated States of 18 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor . New Zealand None 18 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor under 18 years . No minimum age prior to 1903 . Minimum age of 15 years from 1903 to 1988 . Minimum age of 16 years from 1988 to 1998 . ' Palau None 18 21 ( Only rolling papers and elaus ) It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . If the purchaser appears to be under the age of 30 years , ID must be checked before sale . It is illegal to employ anyone under the age of 21 handling tobacco products . It is illegal to sell rolling papers and elaus to anyone under the age of 21 years . Papua New Guinea None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . Samoa 21 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 21 years . It is not illegal for a person under the age of 21 years to possess or smoke tobacco in public . Solomon Islands None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise supply tobacco to a minor . Tonga None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise supply tobacco to a minor . Tokelau 16 It is illegal for a person under 16 to smoke tobacco . Vanuatu 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a persons under 18 . It is illegal for persons under 18 to smoke tobacco . Historical regulations ( edit ) Minimum age to purchase tobacco in the European Union as of 1995 : Minimum age is 18 Minimum age is 16 No minimum age Minimum age to purchase tobacco in the USA as of 1989 : Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 Minimum age is 17 Minimum age is 16 No minimum age See also ( edit ) Age of candidacy Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States Alcoholism Amethyst Initiative Choose Responsibility Legal drinking age Legal drinking age controversy Mature minor doctrine National Minimum Drinking Age Act National Youth Rights Association Shoulder tap ( alcohol ) The Century Council Youth Youth rights Youth suffrage References ( edit ) ^ `` Le projet de la loi relative à la santé interdit la vente du tabac et des boissons alcoolisées aux mineurs '' . aps.dz ( in French ) . Algérie Presse Service . 16 September 2014 . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . ^ `` Lei n ° 1 / 07 de 14 de Maio 2007 `` . wipo.int . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . ^ `` Law No. 2006 - 12 Concerning Regulation of the Production , Commercialization and Consumption of Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY . p. 6 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ `` Control of Smoking Act , 1992 : '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . ^ `` Law No. 040 - 2010 / Concerning Tobacco Control in Burkina Faso '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . PRESIDENT OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS. 25 November 2011 . p. 9 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ `` Decree No. 630 / 3007 / CAB / 2011 '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org ( in French ) . 10 October 2011 . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . ^ `` Law No. 010 / PR / 2010 on Tobacco Control '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . Government of Chad. 10 June 2010 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ `` Law No. 11 - 002 / AU of 27 March 2011 on Tobacco Control '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . UNION OF THE COMOROS. 14 July 2011 . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . ^ `` Law No. 12 - 2012 on Tobacco Control '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND THE SENATE. 4 July 2012 . p. 1 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ `` ARRETE MINISTERIEL N ° 1250 '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org ( in French ) . LE MINISTRE DE LA SANTE PUBLIQUE. 19 July 2007 . p. 2 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ `` Law No. 175 - AN - 07 on Tobacco Control '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . Government of Djibouti. 2 December 2007 . p. 5 . Retrieved 6 June 2015 . ^ `` Decree No. 3 / 1988 '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . ^ `` Proclamation No. 143 / 2004 to Provide for Tobacco Control '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . Government of Eritrea . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . ^ `` Tobacco Control Directive '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . Ethiopian Food , Medicine and Healthcare Administration and Control Authority . 2015 . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . ^ `` Law No. 006 / 2013 on Tobacco Control '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . Official Journal of the Republic of Gabon . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . ^ `` Public Health Act , 2012 ( Act 851 ) '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org. 9 October 2012 . p. 33 . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . ^ `` The Tobacco Control Act , 2007 '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . Parliament . 2007 . p. 12 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ `` The Tobacco Regulations '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org. 1 September 2011 . p. 3 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ `` Decision No. ( 206 ) '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . General People 's Committee . 2009 . p. 4 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ `` Interministerial Order No. 18171 / 2003 '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . MINISTRY OF ECONOMY , FINANCE AND BUDGET -- MINISTRY OF INDUSTRIALIZATION , TRADE AND PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT -- MINISTRY OF HEALTH. 20 January 2004 . p. 4 . 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Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ `` TOBACCO ACT 1927 `` . austlii.edu.au . AustLII. 1927 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ `` TOBACCO ACT 1927 `` . austlii.edu.au . AustLII. 1927 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ `` TOBACCO ACT 1927 - Division 1 Juvenile smoking '' . legislation.nsw.gov.au . ^ `` TOBACCO CONTROL ACT `` . austlii.edu.au . AustLII . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ `` TOBACCO CONTROL ACT `` . austlii.edu.au . AustLII . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ `` Tobacco and Other Smoking Products Act 1998 '' ( PDF ) . legislation.qld.gov.au. 1998 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ `` Tobacco Products Regulation Act 1997 '' ( PDF ) . legislation.sa.gov.au . p. 11 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 June 2015 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ `` History of tobacco laws in Tasmania '' . dhhs.tas.gov.au . Department of Health and Human Services . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ `` TOBACCO ACT 1987 `` . austlii.edu.au . AustLII. 1987 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ `` TOBACCO PRODUCTS CONTROL ACT 2006 `` . austlii.edu.au . AustLII. 2006 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ `` TOBACCO PRODUCTS CONTROL ACT 2006 `` . austlii.edu.au . AustLII. 2006 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ `` TOBACCO CONTROL ACT 1998 '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . Government of Fidji. 1998 . p. 12 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ http://www.cab.org.nz/vat/gl/roi/pages/legalagesandid.aspx ^ `` That was the law -- The Police Offences Act 1927 '' . lawsociety.org.nz . New Zealand Law Society . 28 April 2014 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ `` The history of tobacco control in New Zealand '' . sfc.org.nz . The Smokefree Coalition . Archived from the original on 14 June 2015 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ `` Tobacco Control '' ( PDF ) . Government of Palau. 2009 . p. 12 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ `` Tobacco Products ( Health Control ) 1987 '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . Office of Legislative Counsel. 1987 . p. 9 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ `` Tobacco Control Act 2008 '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org. 2008 . p. 18 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ `` TOBACCO CONTROL ACT 2010 '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org. 26 March 2010 . p. 17 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ `` TOBACCO CONTROL ACT 2000 '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . Legislative Assembly . 2000 . p. 11 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ Crimes , Procedure and Evidence Rules 2003 , s51 . ^ `` TOBACCO CONTROL ACT NO . 19 OF 2008 '' ( PDF ) . tobaccocontrollaws.org . Government of Vanuatu. 2008 . p. 13 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ `` STATE `` MINIMUM AGE '' lAWS E_ _D 1989 -- 1994 `` . industrydocuments.library.ucsf.edu . Legacy Tobacco Documents . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . 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who is don't worry he won't get far on foot about			Do n't Worry , He Wo n't Get Far on Foot	don't worry, he won't get far on foot	Do n't Worry , He Wo n't Get Far on Foot is a 2018 American comedy - drama film based upon the memoir of the same name by John Callahan . Gus Van Sant wrote the screen adaptation and directed the film . The cast includes Joaquin Phoenix , Jonah Hill , Rooney Mara , and Jack Black .	The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 19 , 2018 . It is scheduled to be released on July 13 , 2018 , by Amazon Studios . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 2 Production 2.1 Filming 3 Release 3.1 Critical reception 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) Joaquin Phoenix as John Callahan Jonah Hill as Donnie Rooney Mara as Annu Jack Black as Dexter Mark Webber as Mike Udo Kier as George Angelique Rivera as Terry Alvarado Olivia Hamilton as Nurse Lily Steve Zissis as Elias Carrie Brownstein as Suzanne Heather Matarazzo as Shannon Rebecca Rittenhouse as Bonnie Ron Perkins as Morton Kimble Rebecca Field as Margie Bighew Kim Gordon as Corky Emilio Rivera as Jesus Alvarado Sunny Suljic as Skateboard Kid Beth Ditto as Reba Production ( edit ) On November 29 , 2016 , it was announced that actor Joaquin Phoenix was teaming with director Gus Van Sant for the biographical film of cartoonist John Callahan , based on Callahan 's autobiography Do n't Worry , He Wo n't Get Far on Foot . Charles - Marie Anthonioz , Mourad Belkeddar , and Nicolas Lhermitte would produce the film for Iconoclast , and Steve Golin for Anonymous Content . In December 2016 , Rooney Mara and Jonah Hill joined the cast of the film . In February 2017 , Jack Black joined the cast of the film . In March 2017 , Mark Webber and Angelique Rivera joined the cast of the film . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began on March 6 , 2017 in Portland , Oregon . Production concluded on April 6 , 2017 . Release ( edit ) Press conference at Berlinale 2018 . Pictured , Van Sant and Joaquin Phoenix . Amazon Studios will distribute the film . It had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 19 , 2018 . It was scheduled to be released on May 11 , 2018 , then was pushed back to July 13 , 2018 . Critical reception ( edit ) Do n't Worry , He Wo n't Get Far on Foot received positive reviews from film critics . It holds a 73 % approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , based on 22 reviews , with a weighted average of 6.2 / 10 . On Metacritic , the film holds a rating of 70 out of 100 , based on 11 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Do n't Worry , He Wo n't Get Far on Foot '' . Sundance Film Festival . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Joaquin Phoenix , Gus Van Sant Eye Reunion for Biopic on Famed Cartoonist John Callahan ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` Jonah Hill , Rooney Mara in Talks to Join Joaquin Phoenix in Gus Van Sant Film ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Jack Black in Talks to Join Joaquin Phoenix in Gus Van Sant 's John Callahan Biopic '' . Variety . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Webber Joins Joaquin Phoenix in Gus Van Sant 's John Callahan Biopic '' . Variety . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McKenzie , Asia ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` SOTD alumna Angelique Rivera joins Joaquin Phoenix in Gus Van Sant 's new biopic '' . UF College of the Arts . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Worry He Wo n't Get Far on Foot '' . My Entertainment World . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ June , Sophia ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Cast of Gus Van Sant 's John Callahan Movie , Including Jonah Hill , Rooney Mara and Joaquin Phoenix Came to Portland Last Weekend '' . Willamette Week . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` And It 's a Wrap 🎬 # gusvansant # cinema # iconoclast_us # iconoclast_team '' . Instagram.com. April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Amazon shows off its stellar taste , doubling down on gifted , singular actors like Joaquin Phoenix & Adam Driver ... '' Twitter.com . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 SUNDANCE FILM FESTIVAL : FEATURE FILMS ANNOUNCED '' . Sundance Film Festival . November 29 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sundance Program Schedule '' ( PDF ) . Sundance Film Festival . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` Amazon Sets ' Do n't Worry , He Wo n't Get Far On Foot ' For May Release '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Do n't Worry , He Wo n't Get Far On Foot ' Dashes To July '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Worry , He Wo n't Get Far on Foot ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Worry , He Wo n't Get Far on Foot '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Do n't Worry , He Wo n't Get Far on Foot on IMDb Films directed by Gus Van Sant Mala Noche ( 1985 ) Drugstore Cowboy ( 1989 ) My Own Private Idaho ( 1991 ) Even Cowgirls Get the Blues ( 1993 ) To Die For ( 1995 ) Good Will Hunting ( 1997 ) Psycho ( 1998 ) Finding Forrester ( 2000 ) Gerry ( 2002 ) Elephant ( 2003 ) Last Days ( 2005 ) Paranoid Park ( 2007 ) Mansion on the Hill ( 2008 ) Milk ( 2008 ) Restless ( 2011 ) Promised Land ( 2012 ) The Sea of Trees ( 2015 ) Do n't Worry , He Wo n't Get Far on Foot ( 2018 ) Amazon Video / Amazon Studios films and documentaries Documentaries Gleason ( 2016 ) Gimme Danger ( 2016 ) I Am Not Your Negro ( 2017 ) City of Ghosts ( 2017 ) Human Flow ( 2017 ) Films Chi - Raq ( 2015 ) Creative Control ( 2016 ) Elvis & Nixon ( 2016 ) Love & Friendship ( 2016 ) The Neon Demon ( 2016 ) Wiener - Dog ( 2016 ) Café Society ( 2016 ) Complete Unknown ( 2016 ) Author : The JT LeRoy Story ( 2016 ) The Dressmaker ( 2016 ) An American Girl Story -- Melody 1963 : Love Has to Win ( 2016 ) An American Girl Story -- Maryellen 1955 : Extraordinary Christmas ( 2016 ) The Handmaiden ( 2016 ) Manchester by the Sea ( 2016 ) Paterson ( 2016 ) The Salesman ( 2016 ) The Lost City of Z ( 2017 ) The Wall ( 2017 ) The Big Sick ( 2017 ) Landline ( 2017 ) The Only Living Boy in New York ( 2017 ) Crown Heights ( 2017 ) Brad 's Status ( 2017 ) Wonderstruck ( 2017 ) Last Flag Flying ( 2017 ) Wonder Wheel ( 2017 ) You Were Never Really Here ( 2017 ) Gringo ( 2018 ) Upcoming Do n't Worry , He Wo n't Get Far on Foot ( 2018 ) Life Itself ( 2018 ) Beautiful Boy ( 2018 ) The Goldfinch ( 2019 ) A Rainy Day in New York ( TBA ) The Man Who Killed Don Quixote ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Worry,_He_Won%27t_Get_Far_on_Foot&oldid=835379353 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films American films American comedy - drama films American biographical films Films directed by Gus Van Sant Films set in Portland , Oregon Films shot in Oregon Amazon Studios films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Português Română Русский Українська 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 10 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%2527t%20Worry%2C%20He%20Won%2527t%20Get%20Far%20on%20Foot	804
what's the abv of pabst blue ribbon	Pabst Blue Ribbon America has a licensing agreement and joint venture arrangement with C&C Group Plc and is being distributed in Republic of Ireland through C&C Gleeson and in Northern Ireland through Tennents Northern Ireland . It is sold in 355ml cans and bottles and on draught via a 30L keg . The ABV is 4.6 % .	4.6 %	Pabst Blue Ribbon	pabst blue ribbon	Pabst Blue Ribbon is an American lager beer sold by Pabst Brewing Company , established in Milwaukee , Wisconsin in 1844 and currently based in Los Angeles .	Originally called Best Select , and then Pabst Select , the current name comes from the blue ribbons tied around the bottle neck between 1882 and 1916 . Contents 1 History 1.1 Brand Name 1.2 Peak , decline , and revival 2 Nutritional content 3 Marketing 4 Pabst Blue Ribbon in popular culture 5 Outside of the United States 5.1 Australia 5.2 Canada 5.3 China 5.4 Ireland 5.5 Sweden 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Brand name ( edit ) Gottlieb and Frederika Pabst and their twelve - year - old son Frederick arrived in the United States in 1848 and settled in Chicago where Frederick eventually found work on the ships of Lake Michigan . In 1862 , Frederick married Maria Best , daughter of the founder and owner of the Best Brewing Company , and in 1863 became a brewer at his father - in - law 's brewery . When Philip Best retired to Germany in 1867 , Pabst and Emil Schandein -- his sister - in - law 's husband and the vice-president of Best Brewery -- worked to transform the company into one of the nation 's largest brewers , capitalizing on , among other things , the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 that destroyed nineteen Chicago breweries and helped position Milwaukee as the leading beer - producing city in the United States . In 1889 , Schandein died , leaving Pabst as president and his widow , Lisette Schandein , as vice-president . In 1890 , Pabst changed the `` Best '' letterhead to `` Pabst '' and the Pabst Brewing Company officially began . `` This is the original Pabst Blue Ribbon Beer . Nature 's choicest products provide its prized flavor . Only the finest of hops and grains are used . Selected as America 's Best in 1893 . '' -- Quote from PBR label , referring to the award it received at the 1893 World 's Columbian Exposition . The company has historically claimed that its flagship beer was renamed Pabst Blue Ribbon following its win as `` America 's Best '' at the World 's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893 . Whether the brand actually won an award in 1893 is unclear . Some contemporaneous accounts indicate that many vendors were frustrated by the fair 's refusal to award such prizes . One account says that the only prizes awarded by the executive committee were bronze medals , in recognition of `` some independent and essential excellence in the article displayed '' , rather than `` merely to indicate the relative merits of competing exhibits '' . However , the beer had won many other awards at many other fairs -- so many , in fact , that Captain Pabst had already started tying silk ribbons around every bottle . It was a time when beer bottles were more likely to be embossed than labeled and the ribbons were likely added at great cost to Pabst . But Pabst 's display of pride was also a display of marketing savvy , as patrons started asking their bartenders for the blue ribbon beer . Peak , decline , and revival ( edit ) A 1911 advertisement showing a blue ribbon tied around the bottle Sales of Pabst peaked at 18 million barrels in 1977 . In 1980 and 1981 , the company had four different CEOs , and by 1982 it was fifth in beer sales in the U.S. , dropping from third in 1980 . In 1996 , Pabst headquarters left Milwaukee , and the company ended beer production at its main complex there . By 2001 , the brand 's sales were below a million barrels . That year , the company got a new CEO , Brian Kovalchuk , formerly the CFO of Benetton , and major changes at the company 's marketing department were made . In 2010 , food industry executive C. Dean Metropoulos bought the company for a reported $250 million . In 2011 , the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission forced two advertising executives to cease efforts to raise $300 million to buy the Pabst Brewing Company . The two had raised over $200 million by crowdsourcing , collecting pledges via their website , Facebook , and Twitter . In November 2014 , Eugene Kashper , an American beer entrepreneur , and TSG Consumer Partners acquired Pabst Brewing Company . In 2015 , Pabst won the `` best large brewing company of the year '' award at the Great American Beer Festival . Nutritional content ( edit ) A 12 US fluid ounces ( 0.35 l ) Pabst Blue Ribbon has : 144 calories 12.8 grams of carbohydrates 4.74 % alcohol by volume ( alc / vol ) Marketing ( edit ) Pabst Blue Ribbon concession stand at Progressive Field in Cleveland . The beer experienced a sales revival in the early 2000s after a two decade - long slump , largely due to its increasing popularity among urban hipsters . Although the Pabst website features user - submitted photography , much of which features twenty - something Pabst drinkers dressed in alternative fashions , the company has opted not to fully embrace the countercultural label in its marketing , fearing that doing so could jeopardize the very `` authenticity '' that made the brand popular ( as was the case with the poorly received OK Soda ) . Pabst instead targets its desired market niche through the sponsorship of indie music , local businesses , facial hair clubs ( RVA Beard League ) , post-collegiate sports teams , dive bars and radio programming like National Public Radio 's All Things Considered . The company encourages fan art to be submitted online , and is subsequently shown on the beer 's official Facebook page . Pabst Blue Ribbon in popular culture ( edit ) The beer has appeared in the films Midnight Madness , Blue Velvet , Everything Must Go and Gran Torino , and in television shows such as AMC 's Breaking Bad and South Park . The beer is referenced in the 2011 film Tucker & Dale vs. Evil . The beer is referenced in the title and lyrics of the 1973 country song Rednecks , White Socks and Blue Ribbon Beer by Johnny Russell . In the Mad Men season 2 episode , `` The Mountain King '' , Don Draper drinks a Pabst Blue Ribbon from the bottle . In South Park , Pabst Blue Ribbon is the beer preferred by character Randy Marsh . In `` The Poor Kid , '' the narrator opines : `` Pabst Blue Ribbon and white trash . It 's a deadly combination that can lead to prison time and children being taken away from their homes . '' In Reno 911 ! season 4 episode 12 , `` Hodgepodge '' , Officer Jonson and Junior arrest a man who drank PBR because he is completely confused . Lana Del Rey mentions the brand in her songs `` This is What Makes us Girls '' and `` Music To Watch Boys To . '' Australian Metalcore Band The Amity Affliction released a song on their 2012 album Chasing Ghosts which they named `` Pabst Blue Ribbon on Ice '' . The Zac Brown Band references the brand in their song `` Toes '' on their 2008 album The Foundation . In the album , Heart to Heart by Betty Buckley , there is a song called `` I Am a Town '' ( Carpenter ) which contains the lyric , `` I am Pabst Blue Ribbon America and Southern Serves the South '' . The song `` Ruby Room '' by Green Day side project Foxboro Hot Tubs alludes to the beer with the lyric : `` Lucky Strike and I will travel , as the Pabst Blue Ribbon unravels . '' In the film National Lampoon 's Christmas Vacation , Randy Quaid 's character is seen drinking a can of PBR . In The West Wing season four episode `` Election Night '' , Charlie Young 's Little Brother Anthony brings his friend Orlando Kettles to the White House , possibly hoping to get charges dropped after Orlando was caught driving with `` an open can of Pabst . '' In the Timeless episode `` The World 's Columbian Exposition '' , a waitress serves Flynn and Lucy , `` It 's called Pabst ? It just won a blue ribbon at the fair . '' The Boston Ska Band `` Big D and the Kids Table '' features numerous songs that include Pabst Blue Ribbon in their lyrics ; including `` Lynn Lynn The City Of Sin '' and `` Shining On '' . Macklemore 's song `` Cowboy Boots '' includes the lyric `` cowboy boots doing lines at the bar where the time goes slow when you 're drinking PBR . '' The beer is referenced in the title and lyrics of the 2009 country song `` Pabst Blue Ribbon '' , by Shane Yellowbird . Brad Pitt is seen drinking a PBR in the hit film Se7en Outside of the United States ( edit ) Can of Pabst Blue Ribbon Beer sold in China Australia ( edit ) Dan Murphy 's liquor stores have stocked the beer since 2012 . Canada ( edit ) Pabst Blue Ribbon is brewed by Sleeman Breweries of Guelph , Ontario ( although credited as ' Stroh Canada ' on the labeling ; Sleeman acquired the Stroh label in 1999 ) . Pabst Blue Ribbon contains 4.9 % alc / vol . There is also a Pabst strong beer which contains 5.9 % alc / vol . China ( edit ) Pabst Blue Ribbon America has a licensing agreement and joint venture arrangement with China Pabst Blue Ribbon . It is produced , marketed and distributed by CBR Brewing Company , which jointly owns the company along with Guangdong Blue Ribbon Group under a sub-licensing agreement with the Pabst Brewing Company . CBR is a British Virgin Islands owned company but it is based in China . In 2010 , China Pabst released a new beer called Pabst Blue Ribbon 1844 for consumption in the domestic market ; it sells for 44 U.S. dollars a bottle . Ireland ( edit ) Pabst Blue Ribbon America has a licensing agreement and joint venture arrangement with C&C Group Plc and is being distributed in Republic of Ireland through C&C Gleeson and in Northern Ireland through Tennents Northern Ireland . It is sold in 355ml cans and bottles and on draught via a 30L keg . The ABV is 4.6 % . Sweden ( edit ) Pabst Blue Ribbon launched in Sweden in 2012 , imported by Galatea Beer Spirits & Wine and sold in Systembolaget stores . The Pabst Blue Ribbon sold in Sweden is labeled as the `` export '' version . According to Galatea it is an `` extra flavorful version brewed for the Swedish market '' , and contains 4.5 % alc / vol . Pabst Blue Ribbon export is brewed and bottled in America and then shipped to Sweden . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ogle , Maureen ( 2006 ) . Ambitious Brew : The Story of American Beer . New York : Harcourt . p. 49 . ISBN 0151010129 . Jump up ^ Ogle . Ambitious Brew . p. 51 . Jump up ^ Skilnik , Bob ( 2006 ) . Beer : A History of Brewing in Chicago . Ft. Lee , N.J. : Barricade Books . pp. 24 -- 25 . ISBN 1569803129 . Jump up ^ The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography . J.T. White . 1893 . p. 294 . Jump up ^ Mansion , The Pabst . `` Pabst Brewery History '' . pabstmansion.com . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The brewery 's flagship beer was finally renamed Pabst Blue Ribbon following its win as ' America 's Best ' at the World 's Columbian Exposition in Chicago '' . Retrieved 9 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Stamp , Jimmy . `` Where Did Pabst Win that Blue Ribbon ? '' . smithsonianmag.com . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Bancroft , Hubert Howe . The Book of the Fair : an historical and descriptive presentation of the world 's science , art , and industry , as viewed through the Columbian Exposition at Chicago in 1893 , designed to set forth the display made by the Congress of Nations , of human achievement in material form , so as to more effectually to illustrate the profess of mankind in all the departments of civilized life . Chicago , San Francisco : The Bancroft Company , 1893 . p. 83 . ( 10 v. ( approx. , 1000p . ) : illus . ( incl . ports . ) , 41 cm . ) Jump up ^ Pabst Brewing Co . Timeline from the company 's website Jump up ^ Ray Kenney ( January 24 , 1982 ) . `` The Blue - Ribbon Battle for Pabst '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Carrie Antlfinger ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Group Wants to Bring Pabst Blue Ribbon Back to Milwaukee '' . Associated Press . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Don Terry ( November 6 , 1996 ) . `` Brewery 's Exit Leaves a Bitter Taste '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Rob Walker ( June 22 , 2003 ) . `` The Marketing of No Marketing '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Pabst Brewing Sells Itself to Metropoulos '' . The New York Times . June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael J. De La Merced ( June 8 , 2011 ) . `` S.E.C. Stops Would - Be Buyers of Pabst Beer '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Wilmore , James ( 14 November 2014 ) . `` Pabst Brewing Co sale finalised as Eugene Kashper , TSG take reins '' . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Lockwood , Denise ( 14 November 2014 ) . `` Pabst Brewing Co. sale completed , company to stay in Los Angeles '' . Milwaukee Business Journal . Jump up ^ Gelles , David ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Hey Guys , the Russians Are n't Buying Pabst After All '' , New York Times . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Daykin , Tom ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` Titletown and Pabst Gain National Awards at Great American Beer Festival '' , Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pabst Blue Ribbon '' . pabstblueribbon.com . Archived from the original on 30 May 2012 . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rob Walker ( June 22 , 2003 ) . `` The Marketing of No Marketing '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marketing With a Whisper '' . Fast Company . January 11 , 2003 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2004 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Pabst Blue Ribbon Homepage '' . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Carly Berwick ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Murketing to Hipsters Saves Pabst , Boosts Apple '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Edward McClelland ( August 11 , 2008 ) . `` And the next great American beer will be ... ? '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Pabst Blue Ribbon Lacrosse '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 16 . PBR Lacrosse is the official lacrosse team of Pabst Blue Ribbon Beer . PBR Lacrosse is the premier post-collegiate lacrosse team in Houston , Texas . The team is made up of post-NCAA Division I , II and III and MCLA players . They compete against SWLA teams throughout the state of Texas and play in tournaments in the southern United States region . Jump up ^ Dan Eaton ( November 16 , 2008 ) . `` Pabst gives marketing campaign a blue ribbon for effectiveness '' . Columbus Business First . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Facebook '' . facebook.com . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( 15 August 2012 ) . `` Remember This ? ' Midnight Madness ' : An Obsessive Chat '' . huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved 4 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Blue Velvet Pabst Blue Ribbon on YouTube Jump up ^ `` At the Movies : Prius , PBR & Will Ferrell 's Perfect Product Placement Plot '' . brandchannel.com. 13 May 2011 . Retrieved 4 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pabst Blue Ribbon , Everything Must Go and Gran Torino -- Coolspotters '' . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Will Russian ownership affect hipsters ' taste for Pabst Blue Ribbon ? '' . timesfreepress.com . Retrieved 4 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Tucker & Dale ' review : A hillbilly horror spoof delivers '' . nj.com . Retrieved 4 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Mountain King . '' Mad Men . AMC . NY , NY . 19 October 2008 . Television . Jump up ^ `` South Park : `` The Poor Kid '' Review - IGN `` . archive.org. 2 May 2012 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Reno 911 ! ( 2003 ) s04e12 Episode Script - SS '' . Springfield ! Springfield ! . Retrieved 4 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lana Del Rey -- This Is What Makes Us Girls '' . genius.com . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lana Del Rey -- Music to Watch Boys To '' . genius.com . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Amity Affliction -- Pabst Blue Ribbon On Ice '' . genius.com . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Zac Brown Band - Toes Lyrics - SongMeanings '' . SongMeanings . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Betty Buckley - I Am a Town Lyrics - SongMeanings '' . SongMeanings . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Foxboro Hot Tubs -- Ruby Room '' . genius.com . Retrieved 4 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Election Night '' . livejournal.com . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Blackburn , R.A. ( 24 February 2018 ) . `` Timeless Season 1 : Episode 11 -- The World 's Columbian Exposition - The Time Travel Nexus '' . timetravelnexus.com . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Big D And The Kids Table -- Lynn Lynn the City of Sin '' . genius.com . Retrieved 4 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Big D And The Kids Table -- Shining on '' . genius.com . Retrieved 4 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Macklemore & Ryan Lewis -- Cowboy Boots '' . genius.com . Retrieved 4 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pabst Blue Ribbon - Shane Yellowbird - Song Info - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 4 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Classic 90s Movie : `` Se7en '' -- Go Into The Story `` . blcklst.com. 4 May 2014 . Retrieved 4 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pabst Blue Ribbon Premium Lager Cans 473mL '' . Dan Murphy 's Online . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pabst Blue Ribbon '' . pabstblueribbon.ca . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pabst Blue Ribbon 5.9 -- The Beer Store '' . thebeerstore.ca . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Sittig , marshall ( 1995 ) . Guide to China Business Contacts : Companies , Places , and Markets . Jump up ^ Hoover 's Masterlist of Major U.S. Companies 1998 -- 1999 . 1998 . Jump up ^ Miller , Russell ( 2000 ) . Doing Business in Newly Privatized Markets : Global Opportunities and Challenges . Jump up ^ Gibson , Megan ( July 21 , 2010 ) . `` Pabst Blue Ribbon Is Classy and Expensive in China '' . Time . External links ( edit ) Official website A souvenir booklet from the Pabst Brewing Company , 1907 , Wisconsin Historical Society Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pabst_Blue_Ribbon&oldid=853943582 '' Categories : 1844 introductions American beer brands Pabst Brewing Company World 's Columbian Exposition Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with hRecipes Articles with hProducts All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 23 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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star vs the forces of evil season 2 episodes			List of Star vs. the Forces of Evil episodes	list of star vs. the forces of evil episodes	Star vs. the Forces of Evil is an American animated television series created by Daron Nefcy and produced by Disney Television Animation . The series centers on Star Butterfly , a magical princess from the dimension of Mewni who is sent to Earth by her parents the Queen and King Butterfly , when they decide she should learn to wield magic away from their kingdom . As an exchange student on Earth , she boards the house of Marco Diaz whom she befriends as they both attend high school . Before the series was picked up , Nefcy had worked as an artist for Disney 's Wander Over Yonder and Nickelodeon 's Robot and Monster .	The first episode of the series premiered on January 18 , 2015 , on Disney Channel . Succeeding episodes have premiered on Disney XD starting March 30 , 2015 . The series had been renewed for a second season a month before its Disney XD premiere . In March 2016 , it was renewed for a third season prior to its second - season premiere scheduled for July that year . The episode `` Bon Bon the Birthday Clown '' marked the mid-season finale for the second season , according to Nefcy . The second half of the season aired entirely in February 2017 on weekdays , with either a half - episode segment or a full episode premiering each day . In the same month , the series was renewed for a fourth season . The show will be moving from Disney XD to Disney Channel for its fourth season . A two - hour television film called The Battle for Mewni , which comprises the first four episodes of the third season , premiered on July 15 , 2017 . The season concluded on April 7 , 2018 , with a two - part one hour finale . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 3 Notes 4 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Segments Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 24 13 January 18 , 2015 September 21 , 2015 41 22 July 11 , 2016 February 27 , 2017 38 21 July 15 , 2017 April 7 , 2018 Episode list ( edit ) The episodes are usually broadcast as two 11 - minute segments . Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written & storyboarded by Story by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 1a 1a `` Star Comes to Earth '' Mike Mullen Mike Mullen Daron Nefcy , Dave Wasson , & Jordana Arkin January 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 18 ) 101 2.33 On her 14th birthday , Princess Star Butterfly receives a magical wand , but when she sets fire to the castle , she is sent to Earth to train . There , she enrolls in Echo Creek Academy where the principal pairs her with Marco Diaz , a reputed `` safe kid '' . Upon befriending Marco , Star ends up discovering her skills when she is attacked by Ludo and his army of monsters . 1b 1b `` Party with a Pony '' Mike Mullen Ian Wasseluk Daron Nefcy January 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 18 ) 101 2.33 Star receives a visit from Flying Princess Pony Head , her best friend from Mewni . Pony Head is jealous that Marco is Star 's best friend on Earth . She invites Star and Marco to various dance clubs , but she competes with Marco for Star 's attention and tries to strand him at a video arcade . Meanwhile , guards have been hot on Pony Head 's trail . Eventually , King Pony Head arrives to have the guards take Pony Head to St. Olga 's Reform School for Wayward Princesses . 2a 2a `` Matchmaker '' Aaron Hammersley Aaron Hammersley , Daron Nefcy , Lane Lueras , & Dave Stone Daron Nefcy , Dave Wasson , & Jordana Arkin March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) 102 0.90 Star fails her first test , so she tries to play matchmaker for their math teacher Miss Skullnick to get a better grade . However , she winds up turning her into a troll . When Ludo and his minions attack , one of the monsters falls for Skullnick . 2b 2b `` School Spirit '' Aaron Hammersley Zeus Cervas & Aaron Hammersley Nate Federman March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) 102 0.90 Echo Creek Academy prepares for a football game against their rival school . Marco tries to protect Ferguson , who has become the team mascot , from being kidnapped . Star takes the concept of going to battle literally , and booby traps the field with bombs , evil kittens , and giant birds . 3a 3a `` Monster Arm '' Aaron Hammersley Aaron Hammersley & Bert Youn Dave Wasson April 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 06 ) 103 0.83 Marco breaks his arm before a karate tournament . Star uses her wand to fix it , but transforms it into a tentacle arm . As Star tries to find a spell to reverse it , Marco begins to like his new powers associated with the arm . However , the arm harbors an evil sentience that intends to take over the world . 3b 3b `` The Other Exchange Student '' Mike Mullen Carrie Liao Danielle Koenig April 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 06 ) 103 0.83 When the Diaz family receives a visit by their former foreign exchange student Gustav from Scandinavia , Gustav soon becomes the family favorite with his meatballs , that Star feels neglected . She senses something is wrong when she discovers Gustav harbors some books and media about how to act like a Scandinavian in his backpack . 4a 4a `` Cheer up Star '' Aaron Hammersley Carrie Liao , Aaron Hammersley , & Dominic Bisignano Daron Nefcy , Dave Wasson , & Jordana Arkin April 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 13 ) 104 0.57 Star and Marco are trapped inside a tool shed by Ludo 's army . As Marco tries to fashion something to fight them off , he recounts how he tried to cheer up Star because she left her phone number for her crush , a keytar - playing student named Oskar , but he has not called her back . Guest star : Jon Heder as Oskar 4b 4b `` Quest Buy '' Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano Mike Yank April 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 13 ) 104 0.57 When Star 's wand runs low on power , she and Marco visit Quest Buy , a large inter-dimensional retail store to buy a new charger . However , the location of the charger department proves extremely difficult to find and to get to . Meanwhile , Ludo and his minions , who are shopping there for a beak sharpener , pursue Star to try to take her wand . 5a 5a `` Diaz Family Vacation '' Piero Piluso Zeus Cervas , Christopher Graham , & Piero Piluso Piero Piluso & Mike Yank April 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) 105 0.57 As an anniversary gift for Marco 's parents , Star invites them and Marco to Mewni , but must avoid being seen by her father as Star is not allowed to leave Earth . While they visit a Mewni village , Star sees her father strolling about , and directs the Diaz family into a deadly forest . 5b 5b `` Brittney 's Party '' Mike Mullen Mike Mullen & Ian Wasseluk Jordana Arkin April 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) 105 0.57 Star and Marco crash Brittney Wong 's birthday event which takes place on a party bus . While Star tries to make the party `` fun '' , Marco gets carsick . Ludo and his minions attack and hijack the bus . 6a 6a `` Mewberty '' Aaron Hammersley Aaron Hammersley & Dominic Bisignano Aaron Hammersley & Dominic Bisignano June 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 15 ) 106 0.74 Star experiences `` mewberty '' , that is , her skin breaks out in hearts whenever she is near boys . Although Marco thinks it 's much like the Earthling condition , Star 's is more extreme . She sprouts hearts all over her body , and transforms into a butterfly creature that captures boys and steals them away . Marco turns to Glossaryck , a genie inside Star 's book of magic , for advice on how to stop her . Guest star : Jeffrey Tambor as Glossaryck 6b 6b `` Pixtopia '' Mike Mullen Christofer Graham , Mike Mullen , & Carlos Ramos Mike Yank June 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 15 ) 106 0.74 After making prank calls on Star 's magic mirror , Marco , Alfonzo , Ferguson , and Star must go to Pixtopia : Land Of The Pixies and pay the bill . When they ca n't pay it , they are forced to work in a mine shaft . The Pixie Empress flirts with Ferguson . Guest stars : Anna Camp as Pixie Empress , Danny Woodburn as Pixie Taskmaster 7a 7a `` Lobster Claws '' Mike Mullen & Piero Piluso Scott O'Brien & Piero Piluso Nate Federman June 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 22 ) 107 0.52 Ludo fires his minion Lobster Claws after he accidentally takes off Deer Beard 's antler when trying to get Star 's wand . Marco tries to help Lobster Claws become good while Star thinks he can not be reformed . 7b 7b `` Sleep Spells '' Mike Mullen Mike Mullen & Ian Wasseluk Danielle Koenig , Mike Mullen , & Ian Wasseluk June 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 22 ) 107 0.52 Star and Marco try to determine who has been redecorating her room , with Mr. Diaz only accounting for a small project . Marco discovers that Star has been `` sleep spelling '' , that is , casting spells when sleepwalking . He tries psychology to try to treat her but learns that she is actually trying to defend herself from an intruder , revealed to be Princess Smooshy , an ugly `` goblin - elephant '' princess who wants to steal Star 's face so she can avoid getting sent back to St. Olga 's Reform School for Wayward Princesses after escaping it . 8a 8a `` Blood Moon Ball '' Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Jordana Arkin , Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Daron Nefcy , & Dave Wasson July 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 20 ) 108 0.67 Star 's ex-boyfriend Tom invites her to the Blood Moon Ball , an Underworld event that occurs once every 667 years . Tom claims he has turned over a new leaf , having hired an anger management consultant . Marco does not believe Tom has changed but Star decides to go anyway . When Marco disrupts Tom 's plan to take Star for himself under the Blood Moon 's light , Tom reverts to his old self . Guest star : Rider Strong as Tom 8b 8b `` Fortune Cookies '' Mike Mullen Carrie Liao & Mike Mullen Nate Federman July 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 20 ) 108 0.67 Following yet another victory over Ludo and his minions , Marco and Star eat at a Chinese restaurant . Marco tricks Star into thinking the sayings in fortune cookies can really predict the future . Meanwhile , Ludo hires a monster named Toffee to shape up his minions . They come up with a plan to take advantage of Star 's fortune cookie obsession . Guest star : Michael C. Hall as Toffee 9a 9a `` Freeze Day '' Mike Mullen Carrie Liao & Mike Mullen Mike Yank July 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 27 ) 109 0.37 Star freezes time with her wand so that Marco can appear at Echo Creek Academy on time for his morning greeting nod with his crush Jackie Lynn Thomas . But when she is unable to cancel out the effects , she and Marco visit the Plains of Time in order to get Father Time to restart time again . Guest star : Jim Gaffigan as Father Time 9b 9b `` Royal Pain '' Piero Piluso Piero Piluso & Ian Wasseluk Keith Kaczorek July 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 27 ) 109 0.37 Star gets an unexpected visit from her father who had been kicked out of the house for not picking up after himself . After getting excited over Earth activities such as using a flush toilet and playing miniature golf , he ends up overstaying his welcome . He hosts a party with his inter-dimensional friends , but it is soon crashed by a sun character named Helios . Guest star : Jamie Kennedy as Helios 10 10 `` St. Olga 's Reform School for Wayward Princesses '' Piero Piluso Piero Piluso Nate Federman , Piero Piluso , & Mike Yank August 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 10 ) 110 0.50 Star and Marco go undercover as new princess students in order to break Flying Princess Pony Head out of St. Olga 's on her birthday . They discover that Pony Head has been brainwashed to be a compliant princess and try to evade the robot guards and the reform school 's headmistress Miss Heinous . Guest stars : Jessica Walter as Miss Heinous , Jodi Benson as Singing Teacher 11a 11a `` Mewnipendance Day '' Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Kyle Neswald , & Carder Scholin Dominic Bisignano , Nate Federman , & Aaron Hammersley August 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 17 ) 111 0.51 Star Butterfly recruits her classmates , Miss Skullnick , and the Dojo Sensei to participate in a battle reenactment of Mewni 's Independence Day . Ludo and Toffee use a special floating eye device to spy on Star and her activities . Ludo 's minion Buff Frog infiltrates the reenactment as one of the monsters to try to steal the wand . 11b 11b `` The Banagic Incident '' Mike Mullen Dominic Bisignano , Nate Cash , Mike Mullen , Kyle Neswald , & Carder Scholin Mike Yank August 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 17 ) 111 0.51 Impressed by a commercial for a `` magical '' Earth product called a Banagic Wand , Star tries to get Marco to buy it , but Marco refuses as he has karate class . Star ends up going into town by herself where she confuses a pirate - themed restaurant for having real pirates and trashes the place . Meanwhile , Marco 's Dojo Sensei wants his students to channel their emotions to walk across hot coals . 12a 12a `` Interdimensional Field Trip '' Piero Piluso Piero Piluso & Ian Wasseluk Nate Federman September 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 14 ) 112 0.55 Miss Skullnick 's class finds the field trip to the Echo Creek Museum of Paper Clips boring , so Star volunteers to lead a trip to the Dimension of Wonders and Amazement . But when she lets the students do whatever they want , she puts the entire class in danger . Meanwhile , Miss Skullnick visits an exhibit on troll history . When a yarn monster captures the class , Star and Miss Skullnick must work together to save them . 12b 12b `` Marco Grows a Beard '' Mike Mullen & Piero Piluso Tyler Chen Mike Yank September 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 14 ) 112 0.55 Star botches a spell that would help Marco grow a beard in order to impress Jackie Lynn Thomas . The hair grows out of control , engulfing the house , and Star loses her wand in the midst of it . Meanwhile , Ludo leads his minions through the overgrown beard to find the wand . 13 13 `` Storm the Castle '' Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Christopher Graham , Aaron Hammersley , & Ian Wasseluk Dominic Bisignano , Nate Federman , Aaron Hammersley , Daron Nefcy , & Mike Yank September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) 113 0.68 Toffee has taken over Ludo 's castle ; he has one of Ludo 's minions abduct Marco . Star allies with Buff Frog ( and the kicked - out Ludo ) to storm the castle and beat up Ludo 's former minions and free Marco . However , Toffee arranges for the box imprisoning Marco to gradually collapse , forcing Star to destroy her wand in exchange for sparing Marco . The resulting explosion destroys Ludo 's castle and Toffee , after which Star banishes Ludo . Star is left with a new wand that is missing a piece . Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written & storyboarded by Story by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14a 1a `` My New Wand ! '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Evon Freeman , & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , & Daron Nefcy July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) 201 0.61 As Marco gets out of the shower , Star activates her new wand , but it accidentally knocks Marco , her wand , and her book of spells into her closet . Unable to open the closet door , Star consults with Glossaryck who suggests she digs deep into her soul to use magic without her wand . Meanwhile , as Marco is advised by Glossaryck to sort out the secrets and stuff in Star 's closet . When he finds and starts reading Star 's journal , Star panics and unleashes her innate magic , which unlocks the door and frees Marco . 14b 1b `` Ludo in the Wild '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , & Jushtin Lee Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , & Daron Nefcy July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) 201 0.61 After the destruction of his castle , Ludo is thrown into the cosmos by Star and lands in a forested location . He competes with a giant spider as they go ice fishing . When a bag of potato chips is found , he and the giant spider fight until he wins . He also tames a bald eagle . When he spots Star in the woods , he chases her until he realizes he is back on Mewni . He also obtains a wand of his own which holds the other half of Star 's wand magic . 15a 2a `` Mr. Candle Cares '' Giancarlo Volpe Le Tang & Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Katie Crown , Aaron Hammersley , & Daron Nefcy July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) 202 0.56 Guidance counselor Mr. Candle tells Star that she is fated to be Queen of Mewni . She has to read her mother 's book on how to act like a queen but she gets frustrated and decides to dress up in a more rebellious punk style . Meanwhile , Marco , who is displeased of Candle 's career suggestion of being the head janitor on Garbage Island , discovers that Mr. Candle is actually in cahoots with Tom , who planned to ensure `` Starco '' does n't happen . He confronts Mr. Candle but is captured by Tom , and must duel Tom to get his freedom . Guest star : Dave Allen as Mr. Candle 15b 2b `` Red Belt '' Piero Piluso John Mathot & Piero Piluso Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) 202 0.56 Marco trains for a red belt in karate . However , after visiting his sensei 's home , he discovers his sensei lives with his mother and does not even have a red belt . Sensei explains that he never got to watch the instructional video for the red belt as the tape got jammed in his video player . Marco and sensei visit thrift shops and eventually come across a rare video store where they have to defeat the store owner to win the tape . Meanwhile , Star looks all over the house for a hammer in order to put up a new poster that she just obtained . 16a 3a `` Star on Wheels '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) 203 0.54 Marco teaches Star how to ride a bicycle , but Star does not know how to stop . To make things worse , she refuses to listen to Marco 's request to pedal backwards since Marco had tricked Star into thinking he would not let go of the bike . Marco gets a car ride with Oskar as they pursue Star to get her the wand . Glossaryck appears and joins in the fun . 16b 3b `` Fetch '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Evon Freeman , Aaron Hammersley , & Aleth Romanillos Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amalia Levari & Daron Nefcy July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) 203 0.54 Star throws her wand by accident and it ends up in the mouth of a growling dog who refuses to let it go . She has to take care of the dog and find its owner . Meanwhile , Marco struggles to get a straw into his juice box and has to take care of the laser puppies . She eventually discovers the dog named Willoughby is actually an extra-dimensional being who did n't like life on her planet , so Star has her adopted by a strange lady named Lydia . Guest stars : Mayim Bialik as Willoughby , Amy Sedaris as Lydia 17a 4a `` Star vs. Echo Creek '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Sabrina Cotugno , Amelia Lorenz , Le Tang , & Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Todd Casey , Aaron Hammersley , & Daron Nefcy August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) 204 0.50 After getting a sugar high from seasoning her burrito with sugar , Star sets off some magic that accidentally causes a sign to fall and crush a police cruiser . While trying to evade the police , Star encounters a woman by the river bank named Brigid who likes making things out of discarded hair and taking care of injured animals . She later encounters an underwater sea creature who tells her that hiding out is a good thing , but it is revealed the creature is actually her own conscience trying to convince her that she has n't made a big mistake . Missing her family and friends , she returns to a very worried Marco and turns herself in to the police who have her wash the other squad cars as part of her police - supervised community service . Guest star : Yvette Nicole Brown as Brigid 17b 4b `` Wand to Wand '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Le Tang , & Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) 204 0.50 Star tries to use her wand to clean up the Diaz home before Marco 's parents return , but ends up summoning a whimsical cloud that makes an even bigger mess . Meanwhile , Ludo tries to activate his so he can fight off some rats at a tavern , learning that it works when he gets beat up and enraged . 18a 5a `` Starstruck '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Tyler Chen Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Daron Nefcy , & Suzie Vleck August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) 205 0.50 While foraging for donuts that are being tossed at the end of the day , Star encounters Mina Loveberry , a magical girl from Mewni who is Star 's idol . Mina has been living as a homeless person on Earth . Star follows Mina and tries to train in her ways , which annoys Marco . At a park , when Mina announces she plans to take over the world , the people decide to hold a vote on whether Mina should rule , and Star is left to break the tie . Guest star : Amy Sedaris as Mina Loveberry 18b 5b `` Camping Trip '' John Infantino & Piero Piluso John Infantino , Brandon Kruse , & Piero Piluso Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , Ben Joseph , & Daron Nefcy August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) 205 0.50 Marco wants to show Star the geyser '' Old Youthful '' during a Diaz camping trip . King Butterfly joins them on the trip to learn what Earth camping is like . But , King Butterfly 's antics get him in trouble several times with the park ranger . When Marco reveals he wanted to show Star the geyser , and the ranger says it 's likely the last time it will ever erupt , the three try to rush there to see it . 19a 6a `` Starsitting '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy August 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) 206 0.36 Star and Marco are put in charge of watching Buff Frog 's tadpoles . Marco wants to follow the Buff Baby handbook , while Star just wants to cuddle them and poke at them . Things get complicated when the tadpoles sprout their legs and hop around . 19b 6b `` On the Job '' Piero Piluso John Mathot & Piero Piluso Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy August 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) 206 0.36 While Star and Marco are babysitting his tadpoles , Buff Frog goes on a mission with Boo Fly and other monsters on finding who has been stealing Mewnian corn , but he keeps thinking about his tadpoles during the job , causing him to be a little distracted and klutzy . 20a 7a `` Goblin Dogs '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Evon Freeman , John Infantino , & Aleth Romanillos Dominic Bisignano , Nate Federman , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , Amalia Levari , & Daron Nefcy September 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 12 ) 207 0.51 Star , Marco , Pony Head , and a bush - themed female named Kelly go to an unidentified desert - themed dimension to purchase a Goblin Dog ( a goblin version of a hot dog ) . They end up having a hard time when they must deal with the various jobs of the goblin vendor Roy and the many lines that lead to the Goblin Dog truck . Guest star : Jerry Trainor as Roy 20b 7b `` By the Book '' Giancarlo Volpe Sabrina Cotugno & Amelia Lorenz Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy September 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 12 ) 207 0.51 Star has not been following the advices of Glossaryck when it comes to mastering new spells causing the two of them to have a falling out . Marco does various things in order to get Star and Glossaryck to reconcile . Meanwhile , Ludo hears the voices from within the wand that tell him what he needs to master his wand . 21a 8a `` Game of Flags '' Piero Piluso Evon Freeman , John Mathot , & Piero Piluso Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) 208 0.29 During a reunion between Star 's parents ' families -- the Butterflies and the Johansens -- Star is placed at the kids ' table . The two families compete in Flags , a king of the hill game where whoever plants their flag atop a dangerous hill full of obstacles gets to look down on the rival family members for a year . Against the wishes of her mother , Star fashions a decoy at the table and participates in Flags . Marco tries to keep up with Star and later tries to convince her to stop when he realizes how serious the participants are in winning . 21b 8b `` Girls ' Day Out '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Le Tang , & Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) 208 0.29 Star is sent to detention for disrupting Miss Skullnick 's class when she frees the class 's pet hamster Marisol . Although she could easily escape , she is convinced by Janna and the other detention students that she is the Mayor of Detention , and is assigned to help the students out with their needs . She helps all of them except for Toby , a kid who wants replacement batteries for his remote so he can watch a pro wrestling show on TV . Star and Janna try to find replacement batteries by sneaking out to Oskar and getting ones from his keytar . Meanwhile , Marco is tasked to find Marisol and gets his hand stuck in a drain pipe . 22a 9a `` Sleepover '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy September 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 26 ) 209 0.27 Star hosts a sleepover with her girl classmates ( Janna , Jackie , & Starfan13 ) and Pony Head . They recruit Marco to play a truth or dare game called `` Truth or Punishment '' , where the Truth or Punishment cube administers punishments to everyone when someone lies , and refuses to free everyone until the game is over . The cube 's final question is who is their greatest crush . Marco admits he likes Jackie , but the cube insists someone has lied , and informs that Marco was n't the one who lied . When Star makes a monologue to the cube about how a person 's mind and heart disagree , and how feeling are always changing , the cube starts to malfunction after Star makes some examples and self - destructs . After everyone goes home , the discarded cube springs to life one last time , answering the question about Star 's crush , but it gets destroyed before the audience gets a clear answer . 22b 9b `` Gift of the Card '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Annisa Adjani & Natasha Kline Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy September 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 26 ) 209 0.27 After having lost her job at St. Olga 's Reform School for Wayward Princesses , Miss Heinous hires a lizard - man bounty hunter named Rasticore to destroy Princess Star and to capture `` Princess Marco '' . Star begs Marco to use his Quest Buy gift card . Marco agrees , but because it 's a `` friends to the end '' card , he has to use it on something he really wants , and if he does n't redeem it by midnight when it expires , they will expire too . 23a 10a `` Friendenemies '' Giancarlo Volpe Sabrina Cotugno & Amelia Lorenz Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) 210 0.51 Tom invites Marco to a movie marathon featuring Mackie Hands , Marco 's favorite kung - fu film star . They start to become friends on the way there after learning they both like Mackie Hands and a band called Love Sentence , but when Marco wants to leave to catch the marathon , Tom refuses to let him go , and gets angry , voiding his chance to earn an anger management graduation badge . Tom apologizes and tries to win back Marco with a Love Sentence song , and then raises Mackie Hands from the dead . Although they can not get into the theatre , Tom and Marco watch Mackie lay a beatdown on the movie 's security guards . Guest star : Nick Lachey as Justin Towers 23b 10b `` Is Mystery '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Mark Ackland , Dominic Bisignano , Riccardo Durante , & Jushtin Lee Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) 210 0.51 Buff Frog attempts to solve a mystery of a hole in the wall guarding the cornfield when he gets captured by Meat Fork , a humanoid warthog monster with a fork for a left hand . Upon being put to work to grind corn , Buff Frog frees himself to discover who is enslaving the monsters . He encounters the rats as well as Ludo , who offers him Meat Fork 's job . Buff Frog refuses and escapes with Meat Fork . Buff Frog decides he will warn Star that Ludo is back . 24a 11a `` Hungry Larry '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Mark Ackland , Dominic Bisignano , Riccardo Durante , & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , Bobby Miller , & Daron Nefcy October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) 214 0.26 After Mr. Diaz fails to scare some kids with his haunted house , Star and Janna summon Hungry Larry , reputed to be a very scary spirit , to haunt the house . Janna goes missing and screams attract the kids back to the house . But the kids get scared and go missing ; Star and Marco are attacked . Mr. Diaz arrives to find Hungry Larry has eaten everyone , and rescues them . Guest star : Billy West as Hungry Larry 24b 11b `` Spider with a Top Hat '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus , Piero Piluso , & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) 214 0.26 Spider With a Top Hat has been entertaining Star 's wand monsters at a party . Afterwards , he tries to learn a fighting move where he tries to blast through a wall . Despite getting training from Narwahl and Rock , he is unable to break through the wall . The other monsters are summoned for a fight but they are beaten up . Encouraged by Rock 's words , Spider is finally called to fight a monster ' . Guest stars : Steve Little as Spider , Eric Christian Olsen as Rock , Ron Lynch as Narwahl Husband and Maria Bamford as Make - up Blast . 25a 12a `` Into the Wand '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , & Jushtin Lee Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , Amalia Levari , & Daron Nefcy November 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) 211 0.22 Star 's wand malfunctions , making a mess of her spell casting . Glossaryck tells Star that this is a result of there being something inside the wand that does no belong there and that in order to fix it she must go inside to remove said something . Inside Star finds memorials to past queens , including her mother , who is revealed to have fought Toffee and cut off his finger , as well as the ancient queen Eclipsa , who married a monster . Star eventually exists the wand after removing the something that does not inside of it , which is revealed to be Toffee 's missing finger . 25b 12b `` Pizza Thing '' Piero Piluso Evon Freeman , John Mathot , Piero Piluso , & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) 211 0.22 Star , Marco , and Pony Head are about to have a Friendship Thursday by curling up under a blanket on the sofa and watching a television show . Pony Head finds the concept boring and tags along with Marco to pick up a pizza from Emilio 's shop . But problems arise when Pony Head gets distracted with buying some skinny jeans , inadvertently confuses a taxi ride with a carjacking , and when Marco makes a casual remark about Emilio 's pizza that Emilio takes to heart . 26a 13a `` Page Turner '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) 212 0.36 Glossaryck lets Star pick any page in the book to learn some new magic . Star chooses a mysterious chapter , but Glossaryck tells her it is very dark magic and that he will only let her get a short peek at the page . However , Glossaryck is summoned to the Bureau of Magic ; he tells Star not to turn to that page , and his consciousness is dragged away into another dimension . While Glossaryck must deal with a not - so - helpful receptionist and has a difficult time getting to the top floor because the magic system is `` on the fritz '' , Star is tempted to turn the page , and enlists Marco to help do it . 26b 13b `` Naysaya '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Evon Freeman , Aaron Hammersley , John Infantino , Le Tang , & Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) 212 0.36 Marco shyly tries to ask Jackie Lynn Thomas out on a date , but finds that he is blurting out embarrassing things about himself . He then discovers he has sprouted a small little head out of the side of his neck that is saying all those things . It is a Naysaya , a curse that Tom had placed on Marco so that Marco would not be able to ask out Star . The Naysaya can only go away when it is appeased , so Marco tries giving it what it wants , which is some cereal , but it does n't go away . Marco meets Jackie again but the Naysaya starts to act up , so Marco decides to spill out all his insecurities in front of Jackie in an impassionate monologue . 27 14 `` Bon Bon the Birthday Clown '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Sabrina Cotugno , Aaron Hammersley , Amelia Lorenz , & Le Tang Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 21 ) 213 0.53 Star and Janna plan a séance to bring back the spirit of Bon Bon , a clown who had died 100 years ago , but the event coincides with a school dance that Star had planned to go with Marco . Star lets Marco go to the dance with Jackie , who finds the dance boring but changes it to a date instead at a park . During the seance , when Janna falls asleep , Star checks up on Marco with a spy spell , only to find that he and Jackie are having a good time together , which makes her jealous . Star is surprised by Ludo , who steals Star 's spellbook . Marco and Jackie share a kiss under the Blood Moon light , but when they hear Star in trouble they rush to help her . They pull Star from being sucked through a portal , and Star tearfully cries about the loss of the spell book and Glossaryck . Glossaryck wakes up to find Ludo as his new master . 28a 15a `` Raid the Cave '' Giancarlo Volpe Sabrina Cotugno & Amelia Lorenz Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) 215 0.12 Star tries to find Ludo and retrieve the Book of Spells . She packs a large amount of stuff and goes to Buff Frog , who gives Star and Marco a map of Ludo 's hideout . There they find some monsters that have taken over the place but see no sign of Ludo . Star uses the seeing eye spell to find Glossaryck and pleads with him to come back , but he refuses , saying that he belongs to the book , and the book belongs to Ludo now , despite the fact that he stole it . 28b 15b `` Trickstar '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Jushtin Lee & Sarah Oleksyk Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) 215 N / A Star and Marco attend the birthday party for Marco 's sensei . Star becomes suspicious of magician - for - hire Preston Change - O , who , after every magic trick he does , seems to be taking something spiritual from the person , and that his hat is becoming longer and longer . She discovers that Preston has the ability to steal joy from people , so she warns him not to do so or else she 'll blast him , but Preston does it anyway . When Star tells everyone what is happening , the audience is angry with Star for ruining the magic show and leaves . Sensei talks about his feelings and then informs Star and Marco that he put Preston in the trunk , but when they open it , Preston has disappeared . Guest star : `` Weird Al '' Yankovic as Preston Change - O 29a 16a `` Baby '' Giancarlo Volpe Evon Freeman & Le Tang Eric Acosta , Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) 216 0.20 Star 's parents send a fairy godmother named Baby to evaluate Star , who takes the task seriously , as failing the eval would mean she would have to return to Mewni . At first , Star cleans up her room , shoving stuff in closets or dimensional pockets , but when Baby starts asking Star questions , and things start falling out of the pockets , Star 's responses are met with the same neutral phrase `` Interesting . '' followed by jotting down of notes . Meanwhile Marco tries to help Star by bringing Baby food . Baby then asks Star to bring her an apple using magic , but Star fails to do the task despite repeated tries . Baby concludes that Star failed , but Star tries one last time and ends up using the apple seeds to grow an apple tree which drops an apple for Baby . Star 's parents learn from Baby that despite not being organized , losing the book of spells , and failing to do simple spells , Star has magic potential way ahead of when her mother was her age , and might even be comparable to Queen Eclipsa . Guest star : Melissa Rauch as Baby 29b 16b `` Running with Scissors '' Piero Piluso Gina Gress & John Mathot Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) 216 0.19 Marco borrows Star 's Dimensional Scissors to find a place to walk the laser puppies , but he soon becomes accustomed to its conveniences , opening a bunch of portals from his bed to access things . Hekapoo , the forger of all of the Dimensional Scissors , pulls Marco into her dimension and confiscates the Scissors as they did not belong to him or Star ( Pony Head had stolen them and gave them to Star ) . Marco must earn the scissors by having to blow out the flame atop Hekapoo 's head . Star goes to Hekapoo 's dimension to recover Marco , who had chased Hekapoo for 16 years before winning the challenge . When they return , Marco reverts to his teenage body as only eight minutes have passed on Earth time . Guest star : Zosia Mamet as Hekapoo 30a 17a `` Mathmagic '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Mark Ackland & Riccardo Durante Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , Christian Magalhaes , Daron Nefcy , & Robert Snow February 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) 217 0.16 Star is called to solve a problem in Miss Skullnick 's math class , but she refuses to do it . She tries to cast some magic to get out of it but ends up in a time loop . However with each iteration , the scenario is slightly different . Star goes to Father Time 's dimension , but Father Time is too busy to help her , and she gets advice from Omnitraxus Prime , who is in charge of space - time . Star must solve the problem or her world will fall apart . Guest star : Jim Gaffigan as Father Time , Carl Weathers as Omnitraxus Prime 30b 17b `` The Bounce Lounge '' Piero Piluso & Brett Varon Zach Marcus & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) 217 0.20 Pony Head tells Star the bad news that the Bounce Lounge , their favorite partying venue , is closing . Star and Pony Head round up their former Bounce Lounge posse . They start partying and raise enough funds to save the place , however the owner Milly tells them that she is still closing the place because she is tired from having partied over 5,000 years . Afterwards , the Bounce Crew members and Marco take a group picture in a photo booth that Ponyhead took from the lounge . Guest star : Constance Shulman as Milly , Dana Davis as Kelly 31a 18a `` Crystal Clear '' Giancarlo Volpe Sabrina Cotugno & Amelia Lorenz Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) 218 0.23 Rhombulus captures Star and Marco and encases them in crystal , believing that the former is the cause of the glitches that are affecting the dimensions . When he inadvertently encases his boss , and then his own hands for wanting to tell the high council , he unfreezes Star and shares his predicament . Star agrees not to tell the high council about the situation provided that Rhombulus not tell them about Star 's losing the Book of Spells and Glossaryck . 31b 18b `` The Hard Way '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Sarah Oleksyk & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) 218 0.21 Glossaryck agrees to teach Ludo stuff from the Book of Spells . He first makes Ludo do some physical exercises as Ludo wanted to learn the hard way . Ludo learns and masters a levitation spell and is quite proud of his accomplishment . But when he learns there is a secret chapter that Glossaryck withheld from him but showed Star , he makes Glossaryck unlock them . Ludo reads the forbidden chapter and gains some dark magic , but when he talks with Glossaryck , he now has the voice of Toffee , who has possessed him . 32a 19a `` Heinous '' Brett Varon Gina Gress & John Mathot Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) 219 0.25 The Diaz family receives a visit from Miss Heinous along with her butler and the still - living , still regenerating arm of her pet bounty hunter , Rastacore . Heinous wants `` Princess Marco '' to pay for causing the students at St. Olga 's to rebel and to kick Heinous out , leaving her living out of a car . The Diaz parents are hoping this can get settled so that they can have dinner with the Morrisons . Marco tries to convince a policeman that stopped by that Heinous is evil but fails . After Heinous negotiates with Marco 's parents over the kind of punishment , Marco agrees to make a video statement apologizing for his expressions of individuality and for the princesses to go back to conforming . 32b 19b `` All Belts are Off '' Giancarlo Volpe Evon Freeman & Le Tang Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 219 0.21 Dojo - sensei informs his class that they are going to receive a visit from the Grandmaster of their How - To - Karate video series . When he chooses Jeremy to represent the dojo , Marco gets upset and tries to convince Sensei otherwise , but Sensei sticks with his choice . Marco gathers video evidence of Jeremy 's shenanigans , and is about to share it with Sensei on the day of the demonstration , but realizing it is n't honorable , he apologizes . Sensei tells Marco that he chose Jeremy because his parents fund the dojo and that he thinks of Marco as a friend . Grandmaster falls asleep during the presentation but wakes up and certifies the dojo . 33a 20a `` Collateral Damage '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Tyler Chen & Jushtin Lee Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 220 N / A Star and Janna are cleaning up the school grounds when Star mistakenly picks up the school 's possum statue and drops it in the trash where it crumbles into dust . The entire school is devastated . Star tries to make a replacement statue , but it lacks the scratches and dents that gave the original statue its character . After Marco shares the history behind the founding of Echo Creek and the reason for the statue , Star tries to convince everyone to change their perspective on their history so as to make the statue not important anymore . 33b 20b `` Just Friends '' Brett Varon Zach Marcus & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) 220 N / A Star surprises Marco with tickets to a Love Sentence concert , but also invites Jackie . Star and Jackie start bonding from wearing similar t - shirts and riding skateboards to the concert where they stop and help an animal in the creek . Marco starts to feel bad about the mishaps he caused and wants them to go on without him , but Jackie and Star convince him otherwise . At the concert , everyone is having fun until couples start kissing , and when Jackie and Marco engage in a kiss , Star decides to let the two be . As Star leaves the concert , she fires a blast of tainted magic , destroying a billboard . Guest star : Nick Lachey as Justin Towers 34 21 `` Face the Music '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Sabrina Cotugno , Aaron Hammersley , Amelia Lorenz , Sarah Oleksyk , & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , Daron Nefcy , & Chris Walsh February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) 221 0.32 The songstrel Ruberiot is tasked to write a song about Star for the Mewman tradition of Song Day . However , Star is reluctant to participate as it portrays princesses as being perfect , until Reberiot reveals he wants to sing about the real Star . Meanwhile , Moon visits Ludo 's parents and with help from his brother , Dennis , learns that he is at the monster temple and in possession of the other half of Star 's wand . On Song Day , a large crowd , including Marco , Star 's parents and the Magic High Commission , gather to hear Star 's song . However , the song ends up revealing that she lost the Book of Spells and has a crush on Marco . These revelations cause the crowd to riot while the Commission gets angry at Moon for withholding information . Marco confronts Star about Buberiot 's claim that she has a crush on him , causing her to run off . Guest star : Patrick Stump as Ruberiot , Atticus Shaffer as Dennis 35 22 `` Starcrushed '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Tyler Chen , Evon Freeman , Gina Gress , Aaron Hammersley , John Mathot , & Le Tang Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) 222 0.40 As Star and Marco 's class holds a end - of - the year party at Marco 's house , Marco struggles to reconnect with Star after the events of the previous episode . Star talks to Ponyhead , Janna , Kelly , and Starfan13 about her predicament and they convince her to ditch the party and instead attend another party where she meets Oskar . Meanwhile , Moon and the Magic High Commission invade the monster temple to take back the other half of Star 's wand and the Book of Spell from Ludo . However , Toffee takes control of Ludo 's body and uses the wand to drain the souls of Moon and the Commission members . In response , Commission chairman Lekmet sacrifices himself by transfering his own lifeforce into Moon , allowing her to escape with the other Commission members . When Star returns from the party , she is confronted by Moon , who informs her of Toffee 's return and that she will have to leave Earth immediately . Star confronts Marco and confesses that she has a crush on him . She then leaves Earth . Season 3 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written & storyboarded by Story by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 36a 1a `` Return to Mewni '' `` The Battle for Mewni '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Zach Marcus , & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) SPE 0.51 As Marco 's parents try to console him about Star leaving , Star and Moon try to take the Magical High Commission to the sanctuary , but their carriage breaks down due to the fritz . They encounter some of Ludo 's rats , who attempt to abduct the still soulless Commission members , but they fight them off . They eventually reach the sanctuary , but the well spring that is supposed to revive the Commission has been affected by the fritz . Moon urges Star to stay in the Sanctuary , to which she objects until Moon reveals that Toffee killed her mother . She then begins telling Star the story of how she defeated Toffee with help from Eclipsa , who she reveals is still alive . 36b 1b `` Moon the Undaunted '' `` The Battle for Mewni '' Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley & Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Sabrina Cotugno , Kristen Gish , & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) SPE 0.51 Moon shares her story revolving around the death of her mother ( Star 's grandmother ) at the hand of Toffee when she was a teenager . Moon was set to decide between signing a peace treaty or going to war against the monster army , led by Toffee . Since Toffee is immortal , Moon approaches Eclipsa , who is revealed to have been held in suspended animation inside a crystal prison for 300 years , to learn a dark magic that can destroy him . They forge a magic pact ; in return for Eclipsa teaching Moon the magic , she would be set free once Toffee is defeated . She then confronts Toffee and uses the dark magic . However , it misses and only severs his finger , which he is unable to regenerate . Seeing their immortal leader wounded causes the monster army to panic and flee with Toffee following suit . 37a 2a `` Book Be Gone '' `` The Battle for Mewni '' Brett Varon Madeleine Flores , Brett Varon , & Nicolette Wood Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) SPE 0.51 Ludo wakes up to find his wand is now fused with his hand is told by Glossaryck how he ( technically Toffee ) defeated the Magic High Commission . Ludo wants to celebrate by writing his story into the Book of Spells , but the book no longer recognizes him as it 's owner and will not let him . After multiple failed attempts and different approaches , he ultimately throws the book into a fire in a fit of rage , destroying it along with Glossaryck . While Ludo is initially horrified at what he had done , Toffee , through the wand , convinces him that the book was a distraction and that he is now ready to take Butterfly Castle . 37b 2b `` Marco and the King '' `` The Battle for Mewni '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Jushtin Lee , & Amelia Lorenz Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) SPE 0.51 King River tries to take care of the kingdom by partying it up every day , but he and his subjects wear down quickly . Marco arrives , but River has to deal with angry villagers as well as a large monster who approaches the castle after he yelled at it to leave . River tries to hide , but Marco encourages him to stand up to the monster . River rallies the villagers to fight the monster , and it is revealed that the monster thought River was beckoning it to come to the castle , not to go away . It leaves peacefully , but as River is about to have a party to celebrate , Ludo and his minions appear and they take over the kingdom . 38a 3a `` Puddle Defender '' `` The Battle for Mewni '' Tyler Chen & Giancarlo Volpe Tyler Chen , Gina Gress , & Sarah Oleksyk Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) SPE 0.51 With the sanctuary flooded with sludge , Star and Queen Moon flee and find a new hiding place at Buff Frog 's . Star wants to sneak out to fight , so she gets Buff Frog to distract Moon with some Mewman board games such as Puddle Defender , which Moon realizes is biased towards monsters , and Buff Frog accuses Moon of being biased towards Mewmans . After a heated argument , they eventually reconcile , and Buff Frog blows Star 's cover and forbids her from leaving . However , Buff 's youngest tadpole , Katrina , later sneaks Star out . 38b 3b `` King Ludo '' `` The Battle for Mewni '' Brett Varon Casey Crowe , Evon Freeman , & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) SPE 0.51 Ludo has taken over the kingdom , and has imprisoned Marco and River , but he finds that he is not popular at all among the kingdom 's villagers . He tells River to make him popular or else he will levitate him into the sky . Marco uses a stick of butter that Ludo left to free himself , but River has eaten his part of the butter which leaves Marco with no choice but to steal Ludo 's key . He meets with some of the court entertainers , and they steal the key , but River refuses to escape . Ludo levitates River into the sky while Marco and the entertainers conspire what to do next . 39 `` Toffee '' `` The Battle for Mewni '' Dominic Bisignano , Tyler Chen & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Tyler Chen , Sabrina Cotugno , Kristen Gish , Aaron Hammersley , Zach Marcus , & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) SPE 0.51 Star gets captured while attempting to attack Ludo , but she also realizes that he is being manipulated by Toffee . Marco and the entertainers try to rescue her , only to get captured themselves . While Moon and Buff Frog rescue Marco , Ludo finally realizes something is wrong and asks Star about his wand . She then uses the whispering spell , which causes a huge explosion that transports her to the Realm of Magic . Here she encounters Toffee , who reveals that the fritz is a result of him corrupting the realm . Toffee talks to Moon through Ludo and they make a deal ; Toffee 's finger in exchange for Star . Toffee is revived , but he does n't honor the deal . Star desperately searches the Realm of Magic for untainted magic , eventually finding some with help from Glossaryck . She is then revived with a new wand and Mewberty form and gravely injures Toffee , leaving him to be finished off by Ludo . Ludo then has Star to send him back to the void so that he can find himself while River is brought back to Mewni by a family of eagles . Remembering her magic pact with Eclipsa , Moon rushes to check on her crystal prison , which is still intact . However , as soon as she leaves , it begins to crack . 40a 5a `` Scent of a Hoodie '' Brett Varon Madeleine Flores , Brett Varon , & Nicolette Wood Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) 305 0.30 After helping defeat Toffee , Marco says goodbye to Star and returns to Earth , but he is missing his hoodie . Unknown to him , Star has been keeping his hoodie , but Pony Head arrives and throws it into the Royal Laundry for cleaning . Star tries to get the hoodie back from the Knight of the Wash , who insists it be cleaned to the highest standards . In spite of her efforts , the hoodie is eventually cleaned , but she is ecstatic that it has retained Marco 's scent . It is then shipped back to Earth where Marco receives it and is curious that his hoodie also has Star 's scent . 40b 5b `` Rest in Pudding '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Jushtin Lee , Amelia Lorenz , & Kenny Pittenger Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) 305 0.30 Star 's family and the Magic High Commission hold a memorial for Lekmet . Star notices Glossaryck in almost every waking moment that she starts believing he is haunting her over unfinished business . She contacts Janna for help and proceeds to tell her that anything that remains of Glossaryck must be properly buried in a place of meaning for him . Star then takes the remains of Glossaryck 's spell book and throws it into the well at the sanctuary . Star believes it 's over , only for Glossaryck to then be reborn . However , he has amnisia , with the only word he can pronounce being `` Globgor '' . 41a 6a `` Club Snubbed '' Tyler Chen Tyler Chen , Gina Gress , & Sarah Oleksyk Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 306 0.26 During the annual Silver Bell Ball , all neighboring kingdoms ' rulers come to attend . Star is snubbed by Tom when his family arrives . After attempting to do the same by dancing with her other male dance partners , she then eventually confronts him alone to ask him why . Tom answers by saying he 's giving her space since he was present during Song Day , from which he misinterpreted that she and Marco are in a relationship . She denies this , and eventually reluctantly asks him to dance , which they begin to enjoy , and the Ball is declared a success . 41b 6b `` Stranger Danger '' Brett Varon Casey Crowe & Charlotte Jackson Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 306 0.26 Star runs into Eclipsa , who is now free of her crystal prison . However , their friendly talk is interrupted by Moon and the Magic High Commission , who capture Eclipsa . Star asks why Eclipsa was crystalized and is outraged that it was just because she married a monster . While Moon and the Commission do n't trust Eclipsa and want to re-crystalize her , Star convinces them to give her a fair trial . In the meantime , Eclipsa is put under house arrest . Star later visits her and they start a friendship . 42a 7a `` Demoncism '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Zach Marcus , Kenny Pittenger , & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 307 0.25 A jittery Pony Head confides to Star that Tom is undergoing a `` demoncism , '' which is meant to turn him into a more normal , tamed being . They secretly infiltrate the ceremony for Star to rescue Tom , but the demoncism goes ahead as scheduled , only for its organizer to reveal that he still has plenty of rage in him . They are then seen holding hands , much to Pony Head 's dismay . 42b 7b `` Sophomore Slump '' Tyler Chen Tyler Chen , Sabrina Cotugno , & Kirsten Gish Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 307 0.25 On Earth , Marco begins to spout so much of his adventures in Mewni that his friends , peers , and teachers begin to distance themselves from him except for Janna . Jackie suspects that he is n't letting go of these so easily , so Marco takes her out on a date to prove he 's moved on and a better boyfriend to her . Upon discovering he is secretly hiding the cape King River gave to him on Mewni under his hoodie , she tells him that he 's only staying in Echo Creek to make her happy for her sake . She kindly breaks up with him and leaves . Deciding he wants to return to Mewni as an exchange student , his family and friends see him off . 43a 8a `` Lint Catcher '' Brett Varon Madeleine Flores , Brett Varon , & Nicolette Wood Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 308 0.40 Marco arrives on Mewni , but Star feels indifferent over his presence . She gives him a job below the castle as a squire to Knight of the Wash , Sir Lavabo . After a brief conversation with Eclipsa , Star runs back to the Royal Washroom to find Marco fighting off a giant lint monster . They eventually defeat it by turning on the lint blade catcher . Star apologizes to Marco and as an act of good faith , she magically creates an exact replica of his bedroom in the castle and appoints him as her own squire . 43b 8b `` Trial by Squire '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Jushtin Lee , Amelia Lorenz , & Kenny Pittenger Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 308 0.40 Star and Marco prepare for the Midnight Warrior Blowout Sale at Quest Buy . During the event , they meet fellow shoppers who will stop at nothing to get the best knight gear . After meeting female squire Higgs , she ridicules Marco by telling him that in spite of being named squire , it was handed to him under the impression that he 's Star 's boyfriend , which he denies . With all their efforts , Star reassures him that she only named him squire so they can go on adventures again like they used to . They finish the blowout sale by buying random , fun things instead of suitable knight gear much to the praise of the knights and Higgs ' chagrin . 44a 9a `` Princess Turdina '' Tyler Chen Tyler Chen , Gina Gress , & Sarah Oleksyk Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) TBA 0.33 Marco is set to receive an honorary degree from St. Olga 's for inciting the rebellion . Pony Head approves of this and insists that he does everything to maintain the facade of Princess Turdina , but Star wants him to reveal the truth . Marco decides to listen to Ponyhead , in order to maintain the self - esteem of the princess 's of St. Olga 's but also because they are throwing a party and building a statue of Princess Turdina . Miss Heinous arrives at the Party and reveals that `` Princess Turdina '' is a boy , and Marco confirms the truth . Miss Heinous says that just as the Princesses need her , she needs them , but the Princesses are unfazed by the truth , stating that his gender does n't matter , as her message of being true to yourself is true as well , and chase Miss Heinous off once more . 44b 9b `` Starfari '' Brett Varon Casey Crowe & Charlotte Jackson Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) TBA 0.33 Star goes out into the field to understand why Mewmans treat Monsters unfairly . She meets the expert on the subject , the Royal Monster Examiner , who initally seems to understand Star 's point of view , but eventually reveals that she simply sees Monsters as animals and wants to put them in a sanctuary , by blowing up a dam and surrounding the monster village with water . Star manages to save village with Buff Frog and the other Monster 's help , and then , when the Monster Examiner decides to `` live like a monster '' in the mud , Star gives her position to Buff Frog . 45a 10a `` Sweet Dreams '' Tyler Chen & Aaron Hammersley Sabrina Cotugno & Amelia Lorenz Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) TBA 0.41 Star has a dream that she is flying and eating goblin dogs to her heart 's content , only to wake up in her bedroom with Marco growing concern . To test her theory she has Marco watch her late at night with him chained to her , where he is dragged and discovers that she transforms into her butterfly form and is traveling through various dimensions into one portal . He wakes her up and with the help of Glossryck and Eclipsa , they manage to return to Mewni . Eclipsa suggests to Star that her dreams should be embraced openly as to understand what she is truly capable of . 45b 10b `` Lava Lake Beach '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Zach Marcus , Kenny Pittenger , & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) TBA 0.41 Star , Marco , Tom , and Kelly head out to Lava Lake Beach . Kelly however does n't feel too inclined on joining in too long with their festivities , so she wanders off alone . Marco chases after her , where she confides to him that she has broken up with her boyfriend Tad , but he is still living in her thick layer of hair and wo n't leave . Marco steps inside and tries to casually tell Tad that Kelly wants to move on , but Tad then easily guesses that Marco himself is miserable because of hidden feelings for his crush on Star . Conflicted , Marco runs off only to see Star kissing Tom from afar . Kelly finds him alone and offers to show him a grand view of the entire beach . He asks her if it 's already midnight to which she answers yes , indicating it 's Marco 's birthday . 46a 11a `` Death Peck '' Brett Varon Madeleine Flores , Kenny Pittenger , Brett Varon , & Nicolette Wood Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) TBA 0.38 Star urges the royal youth of Mewni to sign a petition calling for the equal treatment of Monsters . The only young royal who has not signed it , is Rich Pigeon , so Star , Marco and Ponyhead go to convince him . Marco assumes that Rich Pigeon is merely a normal pigeon and tries to make him sign the petition , but accidentally breaks his leg . The other Pigeons retaliate violently , and eventually capture the three , and plan on killing Marco through a slow execution called , `` Death by a Thousand Pecks '' in which Marco is apprently pecked repeatedly until he dies . However , Rich Pigeon intervenes , having learnt the common Mewmen language , in an attempt to help his kingdom and agrees to sign the petition believing it to be the path to a better future . 46b 11b `` Ponymonium '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Kirsten Gish , Jushtin Lee , & Kenny Pittenger Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) TBA 0.38 Star is thrilled when Pony Head invites her to dinner with her sisters . Ponyhead claims that her sisters are dangerous and scheming , but they appear very nice and kind , making Pony Head seem like the mean one , who eventually leaves in anger after an argument . The Sisters begin to become very close to star , and eventually reveal their intention to frame Pony Head for the ( False ) Murder of one of the sisters , as doing so would result in Pony Head losing the right to succeed to the throne . Pony Head reveals that she knew their plan and used Star to simply prove it , having captured the conversation on video . Star leaves completely bewildered and confused by the relationship of the family , after Pony Head reveals that she still loves her sisters regardless . 47a 12a `` Night Life '' Tyler Chen Tyler Chen , Gina Gress , & Sarah Oleksyk Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) TBA 0.34 Marco is going around helping Hekapoo dealing with Rouge interdimensional portals as they open up in seemingly random places , but at the cost of ignoring his duties as squire to Star , which includes taking care of Glossaryck , who since being revived seems to have lost his mind , repeating the words , `` Glob Gore '' and acting like an animal . Marco lies to Star , not telling her about the truth of his adventures and continues to help Hekapoo close portals . Hekapoo reveals that she has managed to find the source of the problem , which causes Marco to panic , as it is revealed that Star is the cause ; while she is asleep , and when she enters her butterfly form , she travels through various dimensions but fails to close any of her portals , which Marco and Hekapoo have been dealing with . Hekapoo discovers that Star can not control her form and power , but Marco convinces her to not tell the high - council . He also reveals the truth to Star who thanks him for his help . 47b 12b `` Deep Dive '' Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Casey Crowe , Aaron Hammersley , Charlotte Jackson , Kenny Pittenger , & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) TBA 0.34 Star decides to find out what is causing her transformations into her Butterfly form in her sleep and she enlists Janna 's help to do so . They attach a camera to her head in her sleep . It is revealed the Star is attracted to a portal but as she passes through the camera is knocked off and Marco begins to panic . Star wakes up in the realm of magic where she meets the First - Born , a unicorn of her own creation when she purified her magic from Toffee 's taint . Star begins to lose focus and her memories as she enjoys her time in the Realm of Magic . Marco in a last ditch attempt , uses Star 's wand and activates the All - seeing eye spell and manages to contact Star and brings her back to her senses . After returning Star is able to enter in and out of her butterfly form at will . 48 13 `` Monster Bash '' Dominic Bisigano , Tyler Chen , & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Tyler Chen , Sabrina Cotugno , Amelia Lorenz , Zach Marcus , & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) TBA 0.29 Star decides to hold a party that unites both Mewmans and Monsters at an old palace , but when guests start disappearing one by one under unknown circumstances , she and Marco investigate . They soon discover in the palace 's underground chamber that Mina Loveberry has been camping out capturing unsuspecting monsters to keep order . At the same time , Miss Heinous barges in on them to get her revenge on Marco , only for her to recognize the chamber was once her old nursery as a young child . In a stunning revelation to Star and Marco , Mina explains that Miss Heinous is - in actuality - Eclipsa 's daughter Meteora , thus making her a Butterfly . Before Mina can capture Meteora , Star demands to know more , but it leads to a conflict between the two . The party guests flee as the Magic High Commission raid the palace , leaving Star only further curious about these turn of events . Miss Heinous is last seen fleeing into the woods where she readopts her true name as Meteora . 49a 14a `` Stump Day '' Tyler Chen Tyler Chen , Gina Gress , & Sarah Olesyk Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy December 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 02 ) 314 0.30 Stump Day is a holiday in Mewni where the people thank the stump , a literal tree stump that was pivotal in the formation of their kingdom . Star 's birthday falls on Stump day , but she never celebrates it as she says that they must pray to the stump , but Marco decides to hold her birthday anyway , as no one except Star believes that the Stump is real . However it proves to be real and attack them as they did not thank it that day . However it leaves , as soon as midnight passes since Stump Day ends , sparing their lives . 49b 14b `` Holiday Spellcial '' Brett Varon Casey Crowe & Charlotte Jackson Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy December 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 02 ) 314 0.30 The Spells within Star 's wand are ready to celebrate Stump Day , but they are all nervous about Star 's new spell , Seeing - Eye , who says nothing and watches everyone . Spider in a Top Hat attempts to make sure it gets along with the others , but Seeing - Eye only ruins the situation by telling the truth to everyone , and revealing their dark and shameful secrets . He eventually reveals Spider 's secret which is where he vented his frustrations at all the other spells when no one would get along with each other , and just as everyone is leaving , Seeing - Eye understands its mistakes , and remedies the situation by showing other truthful scenes where everyone is expressing their love for each other . 50a 15a `` The Bogbeast of Boggabah '' Brett Varon Madeleine Flores , Aaron Hammersley , Brett Varon , & Nicolette Wood Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy March 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 03 ) 315 0.18 Star tells Moon about Meteora , but her claims are dismissed . River then forces her to go on a hunt for the Bogbeast of Boggabah with him . Star is warned by a ' Bogbeast veteran ' to listen for the bogbeasts song . Star and River then go through several rituals that Star rushes causing them to have to start over . That night Star hears the bogbeast 's song and rushes after it getting trapped in mud . River then reveals that she is the Bogbeast as she is impulsive and runs headfirst into situations . Having learned to keep impulsiveness in check , Star decides to stay for a bog party instead of going straight to Moon . 50b 15b `` Total Eclipsa the Moon '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Kristen Gish , Jushtin Lee , & Kenny Pittenger Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy March 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 03 ) 315 0.18 Moon grows curious over Star 's claims about Eclipsa 's daughter . According to the Butterfly Family book Eclipsa 's daughter 's is called Festivia . However , Eclipsa claims to have never heard of her . To find out the truth , Moon and Eclipsa team up and secretly infiltrate the Magical Archives , where the entire history of the Butterfly family is held . They eventually find Eclipsa 's scroll only to discover anything about her daughter was rewritten . They then flee back to the castle after Moon accidentally trips the alarm . Eclipsa becomes concerned about her daughter , but Moon assures her they 'll find what happened to her . 51a 16a `` Butterfly Trap '' Sabrina Cotugno Sabrina Cotugno & Amelia Lorenz Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy March 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 10 ) TBA 0.36 Eclipsa 's trial begins . Moon uses the Truth or Punishment Cube and allows every member of the Magic High Commission to ask Eclipsa one question . However , it soon becomes a mock - trial where everything Eclipsa says is used against her . About to be declared guilty , it 's revealed that she is allowed to ask them a question as well . She then asks the Commission about Meteora , who they deny to have any knowledge about . However , the cube reveals that they are lying and forces them to reveal the truth : Eclipsa 's ex-husband , King Shastacan , had them replace her with Festivia , who was actually a peasant . It 's then revealed that Moon , Eclipsa and Star were suspicious of the Commission and set - up the whole trial . Outraged that they are not the true royal family , Star frees Eclipsa and runs off . 51b 16b `` Ludo , Where Art Thou ? '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Zach Marcus , & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy March 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 10 ) TBA 0.36 Ludo 's brother Dennis stumbles upon dimensional scissors at their family home , so he decides to use it to find his brother . Ludo 's minions Spider and Eagle volunteer by venturing into each portal , but to no success in finding him . Spider senses something in one portal , so Dennis ventures into it and finds Ludo having a mental breakdown in a makeshift home with their parents made up of various objects to keep himself company . Dennis unsuccessfully tries various ways to convince Ludo to come home , but Ludo ultimately comes to realize that he 's just not ready to return home yet . Dennis wishes him the best and returns to his own dimension , leaving Ludo pondering over Star and Marco . 52a 17a `` Is Another Mystery '' Brett Varon Madeleine Flores , Brett Varon , & Nicolette Wood Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy March 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 17 ) TBA 0.30 Marco comes across a message from Buff Frog that he 's leaving Mewni along with his children and other fellow monsters , so Star and Tom venture to his swamp where he tells them that there 's no room for them on Mewni anymore due to the discrimination of their kind escalating . Although they try to persuade them otherwise - including Tom expressing his half - monster heritage - Buff Frog ultimately decides to depart , but reassures Tom and Star that he will stay vigilant if he is ever needed by them . 52b 17b `` Marco Jr . '' Brett Varon Casey Crowe & Charlotte Jackson Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy March 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 17 ) TBA 0.30 Marco and Star return to Earth to find out that he will soon have a baby brother named after him . He soon has a Mewni painter paint a portrait of him as a present to his new sibling , but the painter gets his image wrong , and the distorted magic painting disfigures him . 53a 18a `` Skooled ! '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Kristen Gish , Aaron Hammersley , Jushtin Lee , & Kenny Pittenger Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Haggins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy March 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 24 ) TBA 0.23 Pony Head returns to St. Olga 's Reform School , just as Meteora breaks into the facility with Gemini and Rasticore to find the robot maid who raised her , St. Olga . She has Gemini hack into her to discover what she knows about her true origins . It is revealed that King Shastacan gave Meteora to St. Olga as a baby , who then brainwashed her and taught her to despise her monster side . Believing they have come to retake the school , the princesses fight them but are defeated , with Meteora taking Pony Head 's horn . Terrified of Meteora , Rasticore tries to flee . However , Meteora destroys Gemini , revealing he 's a robot , with the resulting explosion reducing Rasticore back to an arm . Meteora then takes Rasticore and announces her intentions to take the throne of Mewni for herself . 53b 18b `` Booth Buddies '' Tyler Chen Dominic Bisignano , Tyler Chen , Gina Gress , Aaron Hammersley , & Sarah Oleksyk Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Haggins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy March 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 24 ) TBA 0.23 During Foolduke 's and Ruberiot 's wedding , Star finds photo - booth and drags Marco inside to take a photo . However , Star is unsatisfied with it and forces Marco to redo them until they 're perfect . The photo - booth eventually breaks down , locking them inside . The photo - booth repair goblin , Ben Fotino , claims that the booth is magic and that they must take a sincere photo for it to release them . Star and Marco discuss how their relationship has been since Star confessed that she had a crush on Marco before finally taking a sincere photo that ultimately leads to them kissing , leaving them both flabbergasted and dumbstruck . Ben then reveals that he actually locked them inside in hopes this would happen , having deduced they had feelings for each other . Afterwards , Star and Marco agree to keep what happened between them . 54a 19a `` Bam Ui Pati ! '' Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Madeleine Flores , Aaron Hammersley , Brett Varon & Nicolette Wood Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Haggins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy March 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 31 ) TBA 0.32 Pony Head has fallen into a depression due to the loss of her horn , refusing to leave her room or talk to anyone while becoming addicted to soap operas . Star and her sisters try to cheer her up , but she runs away with them giving chase . Pony Head eventually snaps out of her depression after her favority soap opera manages to get a happy ending . She then agrees to get a horn transplant and returns to her former self , much to everyone 's annoyance . 54b 19b `` Tough Love '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Kristen Gish , Aaron Hammersley , Jushtin Lee , & Kenny Pittenger Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Haggins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy March 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 31 ) TBA 0.32 Moon and Eclipsa travel to the Pigeon Kingdom upon learning that Meteora has been leaving a trail of destruction there . With help from a local named Eddie , they eventually locate her and discover that she is now a huge monster as result of feeding on souls . Eclipsa convinces Moon to allow her to talk to her daughter and the two share a happy reunion until Meteora demands the throne of Mewni , which Eclipsa denies . Moon and Meteora fight each other and just as Meteora is about to win Eclipsa declares her love for her daughter , hoping they could start over . Moon uses this as an opportunity to counterattack . However , Eclipsa stops Moon , allowing Meteora to drain half her soul . Moon and Meteora then both flee , leaving a distraught Eclipsa by herself . 55 20 `` Divide '' Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Gina Gress , Aaron Hammersley , Zach Marcus , Sarah Oleksyk , Brett Varon , & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Haggins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy April 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 07 ) 320 0.35 With Moon missing , Star is made acting queen , but struggles with the responsibility . As Meteora heads towards the castle , Star sends Marco to hold her off while she looks for her mother . Marco forms a team composed of himself , Tom , Pony Head , Hekapoo , Talon and Kelly and attempt to trap her , but their plan fails and they are forced to flee with Meteora giving chase . Meanwhile , Star deduces that Moon is in the Realm of Magic and heads there . She eventually finds her mother , who has regained the other half of her soul , but suffers from amnesia due to the realm 's influence . Star continuously tries to bring her home , but eventually succumbs to the realm 's effects herself . 56 21 `` Conquer '' Dominic Bisignano , Tyler Chen , Aaron Hammersley , & Brett Varon Tyler Chen , Sabrina Contugno , Casey Crowe , Aaron Hammersley , Charlotte Jackson , & Amelia Lorenz Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Haggins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy April 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 07 ) 321 0.37 Marco and his team once again try to trap Meteora , only for it to fail again . Everyone , with the exception of Tom , then has their soul drained . Meanwhile , the amnesiac Star and Moon fool around in the Realm of Magic , until the First - Born sends them away . Star then wakes up in her bed , with Moon still missing . As River fights Meteora , Star and Tom try to reach the sanctuary to attempt to revive Marco , but they are unable to access it . Tom proposes they flee to his realm , but seeing that Meteora has defeated River convinces Star that she must face her . She heads back to the castle and confronts Meteora , they fight and just as Star is about to be defeated Eclipsa takes her wand and regresses Meteora into a baby . As everyone 's souls return , Star allows Eclipsa to keep her wand as she believes it should be hers . However , Eclipsa then flees with Meteora and Glossaryck , whose amnesia was just an act . They arrive at the monster temple , where they find Eclipsa 's monster husband , Globgor , who has also been crystallized . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : This episode premiered on Disney Channel prior to Disney XD . The episode premiered on Disney XD on March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ In the episode `` Friendenemies '' , Nick Lachey is credited on Disney XD press release as Jason Towers . He sings the Love Sentence song `` Awesome Feeling . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( August 6 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Tries Something New with ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' : A Woman Creator '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Koontz , Robert ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Women in Animation Host ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' Panel '' . Disney Post . The Walt Disney Company . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' Renewed for Second Season by Disney XD Ahead of Series Premiere '' ( Press release ) . The Walt Disney Company . February 12 , 2015 . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 -- via TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bryn , Elise Sandberg ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Disney XD Orders Pair of Original Animated Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nefcy , Daron ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` ( ' Bon Bon the Birthday Clown ' announcement ) '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . The 22 - minute mid-season finale you 've all been waiting for ! Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Disney XD Renews Al Yankovic 's ' Milo Murphy 's Law , ' Eden Sher 's ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` Disney Channel Launching Toon Series ' Amphibia ' & ' The Owl House ' , Renews ' Star Vs . The Forces of Evil ' For Season 4 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Joseph ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Star vs. the Forces of Evil TV Movie Coming This Summer '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Daron Nefcy ( @ DaronNefcy ) ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` I just want to be clear that the movie is the 1st 4 episodes of S3 played together . It will play like a movie but it is the premiere of S3 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Smith , Jacquelyn ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Disney animator shares best and worst parts of her job '' . Business Insider . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cook , Marcy ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` You Should Give Star vs. The Forces of Evil a Try '' . The Mary Sue . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Disney ABC Press . June 2 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A -- Z -- Star vs. the Forces of Evil on Disney '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Public Catalog '' . United States Copyright Office . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2016 . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.18. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 3.30. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Monday Cable Originals : 4.6. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pucci , Douglas ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Nationals : ' Gotham ' on Fox Returns at Season - Low Numbers '' . TV Media Insights . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pucci , Douglas ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Nationals : ' Scorpion ' on CBS Concludes Its Inaugural Season on a Positive Note '' . TV Media Insights . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 6.15. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 6.22. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Jump up ^ `` Creator Daron Nefcy Guides Us Through Tonight 's Star - Studded Episode of Star vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Disney Insider Blog . July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Ratings ( & Network Update ) : July 20 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Ratings ( & Network Update ) : 7.27. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Ratings ( & Network Update ) : 8.10. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 8.17. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 9.14. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 9.21. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Zap2it . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Disney ABC Press . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.11. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.18. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.25. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.1. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.8. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.15. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.12. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.19. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.26. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kim , Brian H. ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Awesome Feeling ( extended cut ) '' . Tumblr . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tweets regarding Nick Lachey in `` Friendenemies '' : Brian H. Kim ( @ BrianWithAnH ) ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ( 1 / 4 ) For today 's # StarVsTheForcesOfEvil ep `` Friendenemies '' I got to fulfill not one , not two , but THREE lifelong dreams ... '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Brian H. Kim ( @ BrianWithAnH ) ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ( 2 / 4 ) 1 . Write a boyband song . ( And we wrote two ! ) '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Brian H. Kim ( @ BrianWithAnH ) ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ( 3 / 4 ) 2 . Record that song with an actual boyband member from the 90s . Many thanks @ NickLachey for being absurdly terrific '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Brian H. Kim ( @ BrianWithAnH ) ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ( 4 / 4 ) 3. Make @ _AdamM sing on national television . MISSION ACCOMPLISHED '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.3. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hungry Larry / Spider with a Top Hat '' . Disney ABC Press . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.10. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.7. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.14. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.21. 2016 '' . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.6. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.02 / 123K Jump up ^ Salem , Mitch ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 202K Jump up ^ Salem , Mitch ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.9. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.05 / 190K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.13. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.03 / 166K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 207K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2017 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 230K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.16. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 216K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 219K ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star vs. The Forces of Evil '' . www.disneyabcpress.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.15. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.6. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.7. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.8. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.9. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.13. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.14. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.15. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.16. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.2. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.3. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.10. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.17. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.24. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.31. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.7. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ( hide ) Disney XD original programming Current Avengers Assemble ( since 2013 ) Guardians of the Galaxy ( since 2015 ) Two More Eggs ( since 2015 ) Walk the Prank ( since 2016 ) Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures ( since 2016 ) Mech - X4 ( since 2016 ) Parker Plays ( since 2017 ) Marvel 's Spider - Man ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Star Wars Resistance ( Fall 2018 ) Films Skyrunners ( 2009 ) Pants on Fire ( 2014 ) Mark & Russell 's Wild Ride ( 2015 ) Former 2000s debuts Aaron Stone ( 2009 -- 10 ) Yin Yang Yo ! ( 2009 ) Phineas and Ferb ( 2009 -- 15 ) Zeke and Luther ( 2009 -- 12 ) I 'm in the Band ( 2009 -- 11 ) 2010s debuts Kick Buttowski : Suburban Daredevil ( 2010 -- 12 ) Pair of Kings ( 2010 -- 13 ) The Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes ( 2010 -- 13 ) Kickin ' It ( 2011 -- 15 ) Lab Rats ( 2012 -- 16 ) Ultimate Spider - Man ( 2012 -- 17 ) Motorcity ( 2012 -- 13 ) Tron : Uprising ( 2012 -- 13 ) Gravity Falls ( 2012 -- 16 ) Randy Cunningham : 9th Grade Ninja ( 2012 -- 15 ) Crash & Bernstein ( 2012 -- 14 ) Wander Over Yonder ( 2013 -- 16 ) Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. ( 2013 -- 15 ) Mighty Med ( 2013 -- 15 ) The 7D ( 2014 -- 16 ) Star Wars Rebels ( 2014 -- 18 ) Kirby Buckets ( 2014 -- 17 ) Penn Zero : Part - Time Hero ( 2014 -- 17 ) Star vs. the Forces of Evil ( 2015 -- 18 ) Gamer 's Guide to Pretty Much Everything ( 2015 -- 17 ) Pickle and Peanut ( 2015 -- 18 ) Lab Rats : Elite Force ( 2016 ) Future - Worm ! ( 2016 -- 18 ) Right Now Kapow ( 2016 -- 17 ) Milo Murphy 's Law ( 2016 -- 17 ) Billy Dilley 's Super-Duper Subterranean Summer ( 2017 ) DuckTales ( 2017 ) See also It 's a Laugh Productions Disney Television Animation Crossovers 25 Days of Christmas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Star_vs._the_Forces_of_Evil_episodes&oldid=843481571 '' Categories : Lists of American children 's animated television series episodes Lists of Disney Channel television series episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Magyar Bahasa Melayu Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 12 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Star%20vs.%20the%20Forces%20of%20Evil%20episodes	806
what are the teams of pro kabaddi 2018	Team City / State Stadium Capacity Bengal Warriors Kolkata , West Bengal Netaji Indoor Stadium 7004120000000000000 ♠ 12,000 Bengaluru Bulls Bengaluru , Karnataka Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex 7003420000000000000 ♠ 4,200 Dabang Delhi KC Delhi Thyagaraj Sports Complex 7003449400000000000 ♠ 4,494 Jaipur Pink Panthers Panchkula , Haryana Tau Devilal Sports Complex 7003700000000000000 ♠ 7,000 Patna Pirates Patna , Bihar Patliputra Sports Complex 7004200000000000000 ♠ 20,000 Puneri Paltan Pune , Maharashtra Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex 7003420000000000000 ♠ 4,200 Telugu Titans Hyderabad / Vizag , Telangana Gachibowli Indoor Stadium 7003500000000000000 ♠ 5,000 U Mumba Mumbai , Maharashtra Dome@NSCI SVP Stadium 7003500000000000000 ♠ 5,000 Gujarat Fortune Giants Ahmedabad , Gujarat The Arena Indoor Stadium 7003400000000000000 ♠ 4,000 UP Yoddha Greater Noida , Uttar Pradesh Shaheed Vijay Singh Pathik Sports Complex 7003800000000000000 ♠ 8,000 Tamil Thalaivas Chennai , Tamilnadu Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium 7003500000000000000 ♠ 5,000 Haryana Steelers Sonipat , Haryana Motilal Nehru School of Sports 7003200000000000000 ♠ 2,000		2018 Pro Kabaddi League season	2018 pro kabaddi league season	The 2018 Vivo Pro Kabaddi League is the sixth season of Pro Kabaddi League , a professional kabaddi league in India since 2014 . The season began on 7th October 2018 . Patna Pirates are the defending champions having defeated the Gujarat Fortune Giants in the 2017 Pro Kabaddi League Final .	Contents 1 Teams 1.1 Stadiums and Locations 1.2 Personnel & Sponsorship 1.3 Foreign Players 2 Sponsorship 3 Points Table 3.1 Zone A 3.2 Zone B 4 League Stage 4.1 Leg 1 -- Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium , Chennai 4.2 Leg 2 -- Motilal Nehru School of Sports , Sonepat 4.3 Leg 3 -- Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex , Pune 4.4 Leg 4 -- Patliputra Sports Complex , Patna 4.5 Leg 5 -- Shaheed Vijay Singh Pathik Sports Complex , Greater Noida 4.6 Leg 6 -- Dome@NSCI SVP Stadium , Mumbai 4.7 Leg 7 -- The Arena , Ahmedabad 4.8 Leg 8 -- Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex , Pune 4.9 Leg 9 -- Thyagaraj Sports Complex , New Delhi 4.10 Leg 10 -- Rajiv Gandhi Indoor Stadium , Vizag 4.11 Leg 11 -- Tau Devilal Sports Complex , Panchkula 4.12 Leg 12 -- Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Indoor Stadium , Kolkata 5 Playoffs 5.1 Eliminator 1 -- Venue TBD 5.2 Eliminator 2 -- Venue TBD 5.3 Qualifier 1 -- Venue TBD 5.4 Eliminator 3 -- Venue TBD 5.5 Qualifier 2 -- Venue TBD 5.6 Final -- Venue TBD 6 References Teams ( edit ) Bengaluru Bulls U Mumba Puneri Paltan Bengal Warriors Jaipur Pink Panthers Patna Pirates Telugu Titans Dabang Delhi Gujarat Fortunegiants UP Yoddha Haryana Steelers Tamil Thalaivas Zone A Zone B Locations of the Pro Kabaddi teams Stadiums and Locations ( edit ) Note : Table lists in alphabetical order . Team City / State Stadium Capacity Bengal Warriors Kolkata , West Bengal Netaji Indoor Stadium 7004120000000000000 ♠ 12,000 Bengaluru Bulls Bengaluru , Karnataka Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex 7003420000000000000 ♠ 4,200 Dabang Delhi KC Delhi Thyagaraj Sports Complex 7003449400000000000 ♠ 4,494 Jaipur Pink Panthers Panchkula , Haryana Tau Devilal Sports Complex 7003700000000000000 ♠ 7,000 Patna Pirates Patna , Bihar Patliputra Sports Complex 7004200000000000000 ♠ 20,000 Puneri Paltan Pune , Maharashtra Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex 7003420000000000000 ♠ 4,200 Telugu Titans Hyderabad / Vizag , Telangana Gachibowli Indoor Stadium 7003500000000000000 ♠ 5,000 U Mumba Mumbai , Maharashtra Dome@NSCI SVP Stadium 7003500000000000000 ♠ 5,000 Gujarat Fortune Giants Ahmedabad , Gujarat The Arena Indoor Stadium 7003400000000000000 ♠ 4,000 UP Yoddha Greater Noida , Uttar Pradesh Shaheed Vijay Singh Pathik Sports Complex 7003800000000000000 ♠ 8,000 Tamil Thalaivas Chennai , Tamilnadu Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium 7003500000000000000 ♠ 5,000 Haryana Steelers Sonipat , Haryana Motilal Nehru School of Sports 7003200000000000000 ♠ 2,000 Personnel & sponsorship ( edit ) Teams Owners Head Coach Captain Kit Sponsor Main Sponsor Associate Sponsor Bengal Warriors Birthright Games & Entertainment Private Limited Jagdish Kumble Surjeet Singh Spunk Future Pay fbb Bengaluru Bulls WL League Pvt. Ltd . Randhir Singh & BC Ramesh Rohit Kumar Shiv Naresh Sports AbhiPaisa O&O Academy Dabang Delhi KC Radha Kapoor Khanna Krishan Kumar Hooda Joginder Singh Narwal Indian School of Design & Innovation Awfis Gujarat Fortune Giants Adani Wilmar Ltd . Manpreet Singh Sunil Kumar Shiv Naresh Sports Fru2go Odayo Haryana Steelers JSW Group Rambir Singh Khokkar Surender Nada Alcis Herbalife Nutrition Borosil Jaipur Pink Panthers Abhishek Bachchan Srinivas Reddy Anup Kumar D : FY Finolex Cables Lux Cozi Patna Pirates Rajesh V. Shah Ram Mehar Singh Pardeep Narwal 4u Sports Birla Gold Cement Capital Float Puneri Paltan Insurekot Sports Pvt. Ltd . Ashan Kumar Girish Maruti Emak Equio Force Motors Kotak Tamil Thalaivas Iquest Enterprises Pvt. Ltd . & Blasters Sports Ventures Pvt. Ltd . Bhaskaran Edacherry Ajay Thakur Orbit Wires & Cables Valvoline Telugu Titans Srinivas Sreeramaneni - Veera Sports Kilaru Jagmohan Vishal Bhardwaj Vats Greenko Haldiram 's U Mumba Ronnie Screwvala Gholamreza Mahmoud Mazandarani & Upendra Kumar Fazel Atrachali Indigo Paints Syska UP Yoddha GMR Group J Udaya Singh Rishank Devadiga T10 Sports Tata Yodha Suzuki Access 125 Foreign players ( edit ) Each team can sign maximum 3 foreign players in the squad . Teams Player 1 Player 2 Player 3 Bengal Warriors Jang Kun Lee Ziaur Rahman - Bengaluru Bulls Dong Ju Hong Gyung Tae Kim - Dabang Delhi KC Khomsan Thongkham Meraj Sheykh - Gujarat Fortune Giants Dong Geon Lee Hadi Oshtorak - Haryana Steelers Md . Zakir Hossain Patrick Nzau Muvai - Jaipur Pink Panthers David Shilisia J Mosambayi Young Chang Ko - Patna Pirates Hyunil Park Tae Deok Eom - Puneri Paltan Lal Mohar Yadav Sanjay Shrestha - Tamil Thalaivas Chan Sik Park Victor Onyango Obiero - Telugu Titans Mohsen Maghsoudloujafari Farhad Rahimi Milaghardan Abozar Mohajermighani U Mumba Fazel Atrachali Abolfazl Maghsodloumahali Hadi Tajik UP Yoddha Sulieman Kabir Seong Ryeol Kim - Sponsorship ( edit ) Title Sponsor Vivo Powered by Thums Up Charged Associate Sponsors Bajaj Electricals Tata Motors Honda Gillette Mach3 Dream11 Broadcast Sponsor Star Sports Points table ( edit ) Source : prokabaddi.com The teams are divided into two zones with each zone having six teams based on their geographical proximity . Each team will play 15 intra-zonal matches and 7 inter-zonal matches . Zone A ( edit ) Team Played Won Lost Tied SD Points Puneri Paltan 11 5 5 6 32 U Mumba 7 5 65 29 Gujarat Fortune Giants 5 20 19 Haryana Steelers 9 6 0 - 57 16 Dabang Delhi 5 8 15 Jaipur Pink Panthers 5 0 - 30 7 Zone B ( edit ) Team Played Won Lost Tied SD Points Telugu Titans 6 0 9 21 UP Yoddha 7 0 21 Bengal Warriors 5 16 18 Patna Pirates 8 5 0 - 34 17 Bengaluru Bulls 0 26 16 Tamil Thalaivas 8 6 0 - 29 12 Updated after match 40 Five points for every win Three points each if draw One point if a team loses by seven or fewer points Zero points if a team loses by more than seven points Top three teams from each zone qualify for the playoffs SD = Score Difference League Stage ( edit ) Source : prokabaddi.com Leg 1 -- Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium , Chennai ( edit ) 7 October 2018 20 : 00 Tamil Thalaivas 42 -- 26 Patna Pirates Report Match 1 Tamil Thalaivas 7 October 2018 21 : 00 Puneri Paltan 32 -- 32 U Mumba Report Match 2 Match Tied 8 October 2018 20 : 00 Puneri Paltan 34 -- 22 Haryana Steelers Report Match 3 Puneri Paltan 8 October 2018 21 : 00 Tamil Thalaivas 32 -- 37 UP Yoddha Report Match 4 UP Yoddha won 9 October 2018 20 : 00 Dabang Delhi 32 -- 32 Gujarat Fortune Giants Report Match 5 Match tied 9 October 2018 21 : 00 Tamil Thalaivas 28 -- 33 Telugu Titans Report Match 6 Telugu Titans 10 October 2018 20 : 00 U Mumba 39 -- 32 Jaipur Pink Panthers Report Match 7 U Mumba won 10 October 2018 21 : 00 Tamil Thalaivas 37 -- 48 Bengaluru Bulls Report Match 8 Bengaluru Bulls won 11 October 2018 20 : 00 UP Yoddha 41 -- 43 Patna Pirates Report Match 9 Patna Pirates won 11 October 2018 21 : 00 Tamil Thalaivas 27 -- 36 Bengal Warriors Report Match 10 Bengal Warriors won Leg 2 -- Motilal Nehru School of Sports , Sonepat ( edit ) 12 October 2018 20 : 00 Haryana Steelers 36 -- 25 Gujarat Fortune Giants Report Match 11 Haryana Steelers won 12 October 2018 21 : 00 Puneri Paltan 37 -- 41 Dabang Delhi Report Match 12 Dabang Delhi won 13 October 2018 20 : 00 Telugu Titans 34 -- 29 UP Yoddha Report Match 13 Telugu Titans won 13 October 2018 21 : 00 Haryana Steelers 26 -- 53 U Mumba Report Match 14 U Mumba won 14 October 2018 20 : 00 Patna Pirates 43 -- 37 UP Yoddha Report Match 15 Patna Pirates won 14 October 2018 21 : 00 Haryana Steelers 27 -- 45 Puneri Paltan Report Match 16 Puneri Paltan won 16 October 2018 20 : 00 Bengal Warriors 30 -- 25 Telugu Titans Report Match 17 Bengal Warriors won 16 October 2018 21 : 00 Haryana Steelers 33 -- 36 Jaipur Pink Panthers Report Match 18 Jaipur Pink Panthers won 17 October 2018 20 : 00 Bengaluru Bulls 44 -- 35 Tamil Thalaivas Report Match 19 Bengaluru Bulls won 17 October 2018 21 : 00 Haryana Steelers 32 -- 42 U Mumba Report Match 20 U Mumba won 18 October 2018 20 : 00 Haryana Steelers 34 -- 31 Dabang Delhi Report Match 21 Haryana Steelers won Leg 3 -- Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex , Pune ( edit ) 18 October 2018 21 : 00 Puneri Paltan 28 -- 34 Gujarat Fortune Giants Report Match 22 Gujarat Fortune Giants won 19 October 2018 20 : 00 Patna Pirates 31 -- 35 Telugu Titans Report Match 23 Telugu Titans won 19 October 2018 21 : 00 Puneri Paltan 29 -- 25 Jaipur Pink Panthers Report Match 24 Puneri Paltan won 20 October 2018 20 : 00 UP Yoddha 40 -- 40 Bengal Warriors Report Match 25 Match tied 20 October 2018 21 : 00 Puneri Paltan 33 -- 32 U Mumba Report Match 26 Puneri Paltan won 21 October 2018 20 : 00 Dabang Delhi 39 -- 30 Bengal Warriors Report Match 27 Inter Zone Challenge Week Dabang Delhi won 21 October 2018 21 : 00 Puneri Paltan 27 -- 25 Bengaluru Bulls Report Match 28 Inter Zone Challenge Week Puneri Paltan won 23 October 2018 20 : 00 U Mumba 41 -- 20 Telugu Titans Report Match 29 Inter Zone Challenge Week U Mumba won 23 October 2018 21 : 00 Puneri Paltan 31 -- 36 Tamil Thalaivas Report Match 30 Inter Zone Challenge Week Tamil Thalaivas won 24 October 2018 20 : 00 Bengaluru Bulls 42 -- 34 Haryana Steelers Report Match 31 Inter Zone Challenge Week Bengaluru Bulls won 24 October 2018 21 : 00 Puneri Paltan 23 -- 29 UP Yoddha Report Match 32 Inter Zone Challenge Week UP Yoddha won Leg 4 -- Patliputra Sports Complex , Patna ( edit ) 26 October 2018 20 : 00 Patna Pirates 41 -- 30 Jaipur Pink Panthers Report Match 33 Inter Zone Challenge Week Patna Pirates won 26 October 2018 21 : 00 Gujarat Fortune Giants 36 -- 25 Tamil Thalaivas Report Match 34 Inter Zone Challenge Week Gujarat Fortune Giants won 27 October 2018 20 : 00 Jaipur Pink Panthers 28 -- 39 Bengal Warriors Report Match 35 Inter Zone Challenge Week Bengal Warriors won 27 October 2018 21 : 00 Patna Pirates 39 -- 40 U Mumba Report Match 36 Inter Zone Challenge Week U Mumba won 28 October 2018 20 : 00 Dabang Delhi 36 -- 38 UP Yoddha Report Match 37 Inter Zone Challenge Week UP Yoddha won 28 October 2018 21 : 00 Patna Pirates 32 -- 43 Haryana Steelers Report Match 38 Inter Zone Challenge Week Haryana Steelers won 30 October 2018 20 : 00 Puneri Paltan 27 -- 37 Gujarat Fortune Giants Report Match 39 Gujarat Fortune Giants won 30 October 2018 21 : 00 Patna Pirates 32 -- 53 Telugu Titans Report Match 40 Telugu Titans won 31 October 2018 20 : 00 Dabang Delhi -- Puneri Paltan Match 41 31 October 2018 21 : 00 Patna Pirates -- Bengaluru Bulls Match 42 1 November 2018 20 : 00 Patna Pirates -- Bengal Warriors Match 43 Leg 5 -- Shaheed Vijay Singh Pathik Sports Complex , Greater Noida ( edit ) 2 November 2018 20 : 00 UP Yoddha -- Tamil Thalaivas Match 44 2 November 2018 21 : 00 Jaipur Pink Panthers -- Gujarat Fortune Giants Match 45 3 November 2018 20 : 00 U Mumba -- Puneri Paltan Match 46 3 November 2018 21 : 00 UP Yoddha -- Bengaluru Bulls Match 47 4 November 2018 20 : 00 Dabang Delhi -- Gujarat Fortune Giants Match 48 4 November 2018 21 : 00 UP Yoddha -- Bengal Warriors Match 49 6 November 2018 20 : 00 Jaipur Pink Panthers -- Haryana Steelers Match 50 6 November 2018 21 : 00 UP Yoddha -- Telugu Titans Match 51 8 November 2018 20 : 00 Dabang Delhi -- Haryana Steelers Match 52 8 November 2018 21 : 00 UP Yoddha -- Bengaluru Bulls Match 53 Leg 6 -- Dome@NSCI SVP Stadium , Mumbai ( edit ) 9 November 2018 20 : 00 U Mumba -- Jaipur Pink Panthers Match 54 9 November 2018 21 : 00 Bengal Warriors -- Telugu Titans Match 55 10 November 2018 20 : 00 Patna Pirates -- Bengal Warriors Match 56 10 November 2018 21 : 00 U Mumba -- Gujarat Fortune Giants Match 57 11 November 2018 20 : 00 Jaipur Pink Panthers -- Dabang Delhi Match 58 11 November 2018 21 : 00 U Mumba -- Haryana Steelers Match 59 13 November 2018 20 : 00 Puneri Paltan -- Telugu Titans Match 60 Inter Zone Challenge Week 13 November 2018 21 : 00 U Mumba -- UP Yoddha Match 61 Inter Zone Challenge Week 14 November 2018 20 : 00 Tamil Thalaivas -- Haryana Steelers Match 62 Inter Zone Challenge Week 14 November 2018 21 : 00 U Mumba -- Bengaluru Bulls Match 63 Inter Zone Challenge Week 15 November 2018 20 : 00 Patna Pirates -- Dabang Delhi Match 64 Inter Zone Challenge Week 15 November 2018 21 : 00 U Mumba -- Tamil Thalaivas Match 65 Inter Zone Challenge Week Leg 7 -- The Arena , Ahmedabad ( edit ) 16 November 2018 20 : 00 Gujarat Fortune Giants -- Bengal Warriors Match 66 Inter Zone Challenge Week 16 November 2018 21 : 00 Jaipur Pink Panthers -- UP Yoddha Match 67 Inter Zone Challenge Week 17 November 2018 20 : 00 Puneri Paltan -- Bengal Warriors Match 68 Inter Zone Challenge Week 17 November 2018 21 : 00 Gujarat Fortune Giants -- Bengaluru Bulls Match 69 Inter Zone Challenge Week 18 November 2018 20 : 00 Jaipur Pink Panthers -- Bengaluru Bulls Match 70 Inter Zone Challenge Week 18 November 2018 21 : 00 Gujarat Fortune Giants -- UP Yoddha Match 71 Inter Zone Challenge Week 20 November 2018 20 : 00 Tamil Thalaivas -- Telugu Titans Match 72 20 November 2018 21 : 00 Gujarat Fortune Giants -- Dabang Delhi Match 73 21 November 2018 20 : 00 Patna Pirates -- Tamil Thalaivas Match 74 21 November 2018 21 : 00 Gujarat Fortune Giants -- U Mumba Match 75 22 November 2018 20 : 00 Gujarat Fortune Giants -- Haryana Steelers Match 76 Leg 8 -- Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex , Pune ( edit ) 23 November 2018 20 : 00 Bengaluru Bulls -- Bengal Warriors Match 77 23 November 2018 21 : 00 Jaipur Pink Panthers -- Puneri Paltan Match 78 24 November 2018 20 : 00 U Mumba -- Dabang Delhi Match 79 24 November 2018 21 : 00 Bengaluru Bulls -- Tamil Thalaivas Match 80 25 November 2018 20 : 00 Dabang Delhi -- Haryana Steelers Match 81 25 November 2018 21 : 00 Bengaluru Bulls -- Patna Pirates Match 82 27 November 2018 20 : 00 Tamil Thalaivas -- Telugu Titans Match 83 27 November 2018 21 : 00 Bengaluru Bulls -- U Mumba Match 84 28 November 2018 20 : 00 Haryana Steelers -- Puneri Paltan Match 85 28 November 2018 21 : 00 Bengaluru Bulls -- Telugu Titans Match 86 29 November 2018 20 : 00 Puneri Paltan -- Gujarat Fortune Giants Match 87 29 November 2018 21 : 00 Bengaluru Bulls -- Bengal Warriors Match 88 30 November 2018 20 : 00 Dabang Delhi -- Jaipur Pink Panthers Match 89 Leg 9 -- Thyagaraj Sports Complex , New Delhi ( edit ) 30 November 2018 21 : 00 Tamil Thalaivas -- Patna Pirates Match 90 1 December 2018 20 : 00 Dabang Delhi -- U Mumba Match 91 2 December 2018 20 : 00 U Mumba -- Gujarat Fortune Giants Match 92 2 December 2018 21 : 00 Dabang Delhi -- Puneri Paltan Match 93 4 December 2018 20 : 00 Patna Pirates -- Gujarat Fortune Giants Match 94 Inter Zone Challenge Week 4 December 2018 21 : 00 Dabang Delhi -- Telugu Titans Match 95 Inter Zone Challenge Week 5 December 2018 20 : 00 Haryana Steelers -- Bengal Warriors Match 96 Inter Zone Challenge Week 5 December 2018 21 : 00 Dabang Delhi -- Bengaluru Bulls Match 97 Inter Zone Challenge Week 6 December 2018 20 : 00 UP Yoddha -- Haryana Steelers Match 98 Inter Zone Challenge Week 6 December 2018 21 : 00 Dabang Delhi -- Tamil Thalaivas Match 99 Inter Zone Challenge Week Leg 10 -- Rajiv Gandhi Indoor Stadium , Vizag ( edit ) 7 December 2018 20 : 00 Telugu Titans -- Gujarat Fortune Giants Match 100 Inter Zone Challenge Week 7 December 2018 21 : 00 Patna Pirates -- Puneri Paltan Match 101 Inter Zone Challenge Week 8 December 2018 20 : 00 U Mumba -- Bengal Warriors Match 102 Inter Zone Challenge Week 8 December 2018 21 : 00 Telugu Titans -- Jaipur Pink Panthers Match 103 Inter Zone Challenge Week 9 December 2018 20 : 00 Tamil Thalaivas -- Jaipur Pink Panthers Match 104 Inter Zone Challenge Week 9 December 2018 21 : 00 Telugu Titans -- Haryana Steelers Match 105 Inter Zone Challenge Week 11 December 2018 20 : 00 Dabang Delhi -- U Mumba Match 106 11 December 2018 21 : 00 Telugu Titans -- UP Yoddha Match 107 12 December 2018 20 : 00 Haryana Steelers -- Gujarat Fortune Giants Match 108 12 December 2018 21 : 00 Telugu Titans -- Bengaluru Bulls Match 109 13 December 2018 20 : 00 Telugu Titans -- Patna Pirates Match 110 Leg 11 -- Tau Devilal Sports Complex , Panchkula ( edit ) 14 December 2018 20 : 00 Jaipur Pink Panthers -- Puneri Paltan Match 111 14 December 2018 21 : 00 Bengal Warriors -- Tamil Thalaivas Match 112 15 December 2018 20 : 00 UP Yoddha -- Tamil Thalaivas Match 113 15 December 2018 21 : 00 Jaipur Pink Panthers -- U Mumba Match 114 16 December 2018 20 : 00 Patna Pirates -- UP Yoddha Match 115 16 December 2018 21 : 00 Jaipur Pink Panthers -- Gujarat Fortune Giants Match 116 18 December 2018 20 : 00 Bengaluru Bulls -- Telugu Titans Match 117 18 December 2018 21 : 00 Jaipur Pink Panthers -- Haryana Steelers Match 118 19 December 2018 20 : 00 Patna Pirates -- Bengaluru Bulls Match 119 19 December 2018 21 : 00 Jaipur Pink Panthers -- Gujarat Fortune Giants Match 120 20 December 2018 20 : 00 Jaipur Pink Panthers -- Dabang Delhi Match 121 Leg 12 -- Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Indoor Stadium , Kolkata ( edit ) 21 December 2018 20 : 00 TBD -- TBD Match 122 Inter Zone Wildcard Match 22 December 2018 20 : 00 TBD -- TBD Match 123 Inter Zone Wildcard Match 22 December 2018 21 : 00 Bengal Warriors -- Patna Pirates Match 124 23 December 2018 20 : 00 TBD -- TBD Match 125 Inter Zone Wildcard Match 23 December 2018 21 : 00 Bengal Warriors -- Tamil Thalaivas Match 126 25 December 2018 20 : 00 TBD -- TBD Match 127 Inter Zone Wildcard Match 25 December 2018 21 : 00 Bengal Warriors -- Telugu Titans Match 128 26 December 2018 20 : 00 TBD -- TBD Match 129 Inter Zone Wildcard Match 26 December 2018 21 : 00 Bengal Warriors -- Bengaluru Bulls Match 130 27 December 2018 20 : 00 TBD -- TBD Match 131 Inter Zone Wildcard Match 27 December 2018 21 : 00 Bengal Warriors -- UP Yoddha Match 132 Playoffs ( edit ) Eliminator 1 -- Venue TBD ( edit ) 30 December 20 : 00 -- Match 133 Eliminator 2 -- Venue TBD ( edit ) 30 December 21 : 00 -- Match 134 Qualifier 1 -- Venue TBD ( edit ) 31 December 20 : 00 -- Match 135 Eliminator 3 -- Venue TBD ( edit ) 31 December 21 : 00 -- Match 136 Qualifier 2 -- Venue TBD ( edit ) 3 January 20 : 00 -- Match 137 Final -- Venue TBD ( edit ) 5 January 20 : 00 -- Match 138 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Official Website for the Pro Kabaddi League '' . ProKabaddi.com. 2014 - 03 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Pro Kabaddi S5 highest rated non-cricket event on TV , claims Star -- TelevisionPost : Latest News , India 's Television , Cable , DTH , TRAI '' . Television Post . Retrieved 22 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Season 6 , standings '' . Jump up ^ `` Season 6 , results '' . Pro Kabaddi 2018 Live Tv Channels Pro Kabaddi Seasons 2014 2015 January 2016 June 2016 2017 2018 Teams Bengal Warriors Bengaluru Bulls Dabang Delhi Gujarat Fortune Giants Haryana Steelers Jaipur Pink Panthers Patna Pirates Puneri Paltan Tamil Thalaivas Telugu Titans U Mumba UP Yoddha Venues Netaji Indoor Stadium Kanteerava Indoor Stadium Thyagaraj Sports Complex The Arena by TransStadia Motilal Nehru School of Sports Sawai Mansingh Indoor Stadium Patliputra Sports Complex Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Gachibowli Indoor Stadium Port Trust Diamond Jubilee Stadium Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Indoor Stadium Babu Banarasi Das Indoor Stadium Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Pro_Kabaddi_League_season&oldid=866494540 '' Categories : Pro Kabaddi League seasons 2018 in Indian sport Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia മലയാളം Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 17 : 52 ( UTC ) . 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when is the new season of wrecked coming out	On July 6 , 2016 , TBS renewed the show for a second season which was shot in Fiji . The second season premiered on June 20 , 2017 . On September 13 , 2017 , TBS renewed the series for a third season , which premiered on August 7 , 2018 .	August 7 , 2018	Wrecked ( U.S. TV series )	wrecked ( u. s. tv series )	Wrecked is an American comedy television series created by Jordan Shipley and Justin Shipley for TBS . The series is about a group of people stranded on an island , after their airplane crashed in the ocean . The 10 - episode first season premiered on June 14 , 2016 .	On July 6 , 2016 , TBS renewed the show for a second season which was shot in Fiji . The second season premiered on June 20 , 2017 . On September 13 , 2017 , TBS renewed the series for a third season , which premiered on August 7 , 2018 . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Recurring 1.2 Guest starring 2 Development 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2018 ) 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Cast ( edit ) Zach Cregger as Owen O'Connor , a flight attendant Asif Ali as Pack Hara , a sports agent Brian Sacca as Daniel `` Danny '' Wallace , the son of a rich businessman Rhys Darby as Steve Rutherford , a New Zealander from Papakura Brooke Dillman as Karen Cushman / Sister Mercy , a statistical analysis executive for Bing Ginger Gonzaga as Emma Cook , a podiatrist ( season 1 , guest Season 2 - 3 ) Jessica Lowe as Florence Bitterman , Emma 's best friend , a pretentious feminist Will Greenberg as Todd Hinkle , an obnoxious guy who cares more about his finding the meaning to life than his girlfriend Ally Maki as Jess Kato , Todd 's girlfriend , then fiancee and later , wife James Scott as Liam , a British soldier ( pilot only ) Recurring ( edit ) Pablo Azar as Pablo ( season 1 ) George Basil as Chet Smart Lela Elam as Diane from Toledo ( season 1 - 2 ) Todd Allen Durkin as Kurt Turdhole ( season 1 , guest Season 2 ) Brendan Jennings as Jerry , a deceased castaway with whom Pack has conversations during his hallucinations ( season 1 ) Mike Benitez as Roger ( season 1 ) Will McLaughlin as Bruce Island ( season 1 - 3 ) Ruben Rabasa as Yolonzo ( season 1 ) Rory Scovel as Corey ( season 2 , guest Season 1 ) Eliza Coupe as Rosa , Owen 's co-worker ( season 1 ) Erinn Hayes as Rosa , Owen 's co-worker ( season 2 ) Ebonee Noel as The Barracuda ( season 2 ) Ravi Patel as Tank Top ( season 2 , guest 1 ) Lucas Hazlett as Bandana ( season 2 , guest 1 ) Shaun Diston as V - Neck ( season 2 ) Patrick Cox as Flannel ( season 2 ) Jemaine Clement as Luther ( season 2 ) Dink O'Neal as Richard `` Dick '' Wallace , Danny 's father ( season 1 , guest Season 2 ) Jonno Roberts as Declan Stanwick ( season 3 ) Rachel House as Martha Stanwick ( season 3 ) Robert Baker as Brewster ( season 3 ) Will Hines as Greg Peabody ( season 3 ) Eugene Cordero as Errol ( season 3 ) Karan Soni as Keith ( season 3 ) Guest starring ( edit ) Darin Toonder as Owen 's father Luke Nappe as Young Owen Gary Anthony Williams as Gary , Jerry 's deceased friend Josh Lawson as Eric , Steve 's boss Elke Berry as Carol , Steve 's ex-wife Jamie Denbo as Greta Liebowitz , Pack 's boss Chris Bosh as Himself Marc Evan Jackson as Father Daddy Sara Paxton as Sister Grace Britt Lower as Margot Wallace , Danny 's sister Rob Corddry as Himself Development ( edit ) TBS ordered the production of the pilot episode written by Jordan Shipley and Justin Shipley in October 2014 . The show follows a group of people after they survived a plane crash on a deserted island . The pilot was filmed in Puerto Rico and was picked up to series with a 10 - episode order in May 2015 . Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 10 June 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 14 ) August 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) 10 June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) August 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) 10 August 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 07 ) October 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 02 ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` All Is Not Lost '' James Griffiths Jordan Shipley & Justin Shipley June 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 14 ) 101 1.64 A striking British special forces agent leads a daring rescue after a commercial flight crash - lands on an uninhabited island . `` Rest in Peace , Callaway Hinkle '' James Griffiths Jordan Shipley & Justin Shipley June 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 14 ) 102 1.21 The survivors find a satellite phone . Danny confronts his past . Steve comforts Todd after learning about the death of his child . `` Always Meant to See That '' Stuart McDonald Chris Kula June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) 103 1.37 Todd , Danny , and Owen investigate the other islanders after unearthing a troubling suitcase . Pack , Emma , and Florence are faced with the ultimate choice . `` The Community Pile '' Stuart McDonald Ben Dougan June 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) 104 1.22 Chet takes Pack on a vision quest . Danny helps Owen relax . Todd makes a play to control the island . 5 5 `` Tubthumping '' Jeff Tomsic Chris Kula July 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) 105 1.38 The island holds an election for leader . Candidates are Emma , Florence , and Steve . Eventually Steve wins . Todd gets incarcerated into `` The Pit . '' 6 6 `` The Phantom '' Stuart McDonald Carol Kolb July 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 12 ) 106 1.15 Steve and Owen argue over the best use of island supplies . Danny tries to remember an actor 's name . Pack faces a difficult decision . 7 7 `` The Trial '' Ryan Case Rosa Handelman July 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) 107 1.24 The island holds a trial after a serious accident . 8 8 `` The Adventures of Beth and Lamar '' Stuart McDonald Clay Lapari & Erin Mitchell July 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 26 ) 108 1.22 Owen and Danny search for food . Florence tries desperately to get a sick Emma medical help . Steve 's origins are revealed . 9 9 `` Javier and the Gang '' Todd Biermann Jordan Shipley & Justin Shipley August 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) 109 1.17 Owen has an encounter in the jungle . Florence and Todd try to survive off the island . 10 10 `` Cop Tricks '' Todd Biermann Jordan Shipley & Justin Shipley August 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) 110 0.92 Owen and Steve face off for control of the island . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 11 `` Ransom '' Ian Fitzgibbon The Shipley Brothers June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 201 1.21 Pirates arrive on the island to ransom Danny back to his millionaire father , but things do n't go as planned for anyone . 12 `` Poison '' Ian Fitzgibbon Anthony King June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 202 0.86 As the pirates take over the island , Pack tries to negotiate a deal for the group 's continued survival . Steve tries to make an alliance with Danny . 13 `` Caiman '' Maurice Marable Shaun Diston June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) 203 1.02 Florence and Karen must trek into the jungle to find what is tainting their water . The castaways debate whether they want the pirates to spoil `` Game of Thrones . '' Steve begins an unlikely romance . 14 `` Tony Pepperoni '' Sarah Adina Smith Chris Kula July 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 11 ) 204 0.87 Owen and Florence deal with the return of a deadly foe . Todd makes a haunting discovery about his past after trying to fist fight Chet . 15 5 `` No One Rides for Free '' Maurice Marable Celeste Ballard July 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 18 ) 205 0.94 Jess and Todd try to buy passage on the pirate 's ship through unconventional means . Owen starts to have feelings for Florence as Steve grapples with his new love . 16 6 `` Sister Mercy '' Sarah Adina Smith Anthony King July 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 25 ) 206 0.98 After discovering the pirate 's plan to harvest their organs , the survivors try to escape the island . Karen makes a difficult decision that echoes a moment from her past . 17 7 `` Cruise - ifornication '' Emile Levisetti Chris Kula August 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 01 ) 207 1.08 After making it onto the pirate 's ship ( a Red Hot Chili Peppers tribute band cruise ) , the survivors divide after only some of them are able to get showers before the water runs out . Pack and Bruce form an unlikely friendship . 18 8 `` Speed '' Jim Field Smith Lauren McGuire August 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) 208 1.00 After Todd and Jess decide to get married , Florence and Owen struggle to define their new romance . Corey returns to officiate the wedding . Pack and Steve make a discovery that threatens to tear them apart . 19 9 `` The Setup '' Jim Field Smith The Shipley Brothers August 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 15 ) 209 1.01 Danny launches an investigation after the survivors discover someone has sabotaged the ship by blowing the engine . Steve makes a shocking discovery at the bottom of the ship . 20 10 `` Nerd Speak '' James Griffiths The Shipley Brothers August 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) 210 1.08 As the ship sinks , the survivors try to escape . Meanwhile Danny , Owen , and Florence must confront Corey for the sabotage . Season 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 21 `` Bush Man '' Jim Field Smith The Shipley Brothers August 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 07 ) 301 0.87 After surviving the Cruisifornication explosion and washing ashore on a new island , the survivors uncover a menacing threat . 22 `` Puke & Cigars '' Jim Field Smith Chris Kula August 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 14 ) 302 0.98 After a charismatic millionaire rescues the survivors , Jess and Florence suspect he may not be what he seems , and set out to answer the question -- who is Declan Stanwick ? 23 `` Six Feet '' Justin Shipley The Shipley Brothers and Chris Kula August 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 21 ) 303 0.98 After discovering Declan 's sinister plot , Danny goes undercover with the rich , while Pack and Karen attempt to escape the compound . 24 `` A Game of Chest '' Jordan Shipley Lauren McGuire August 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 28 ) 304 0.86 After Jess loses her recollection of the last decade , Todd attempts to spark her memory . Steve and Declan face off in a battle of wits . 25 5 `` Last Meal '' Amy York Rubin Shaun Diston September 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 04 ) 305 0.90 On the eve of `` The Hunt , '' Martha offers to the survivors ' one last meal of their choosing ; as long as they can all decide together . 26 6 `` Hunt Day '' Alethea Jones Lyle Friedman September 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 11 ) 306 0.89 Hunt Day arrives and the survivors must face off against each other in a battle royale to the death . 27 7 `` Ballers '' Alethea Jones Celeste Ballard September 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 18 ) 307 0.91 Attempting to hide from the others during The Hunt , Pack and Jess run into a new threat on the island . 28 8 `` The Dark Prince Returns '' Jim Field Smith Charlie Fay and Isaac Jay September 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 25 ) 308 0.79 With Karen gravely injured , Owen and Danny must journey to the center of the island to defeat Chettywompwomp ; Florence learns more about Karen 's back story ; Pack , Todd and Jess face a futile task . 29 9 `` Mrs. Stanwick '' Jim Field Smith Chris Kula October 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 02 ) 309 0.73 The survivors attempt to turn the tables on the rich and lure them into a trap . 30 10 `` The Island Family '' James Griffiths The Shipley Brothers October 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 02 ) 310 0.55 Barricaded in the mansion and surrounded by the rich , the survivors mount one last attempt to escape Declan 's island . Reception ( edit ) Wrecked has received mixed reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , the series holds a score of 58 % , based on 10 reviews . The critics consensus reads : `` Wrecked is an imaginative spoof of Lost with a game cast that does n't have enough good material to work with . '' On Metacritic , the show holds a metascore of 56 , indicating mixed or average reviews . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Inspired by ' Lost , ' these KC brothers landed a TBS hit on their first try '' . kansascity . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Guest Book , ' ' People of Earth ' and ' Wrecked ' all renewed at TBS '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` TBS Deserted Island Comedy Pilot ' Wrecked ' Sets Ensemble Cast '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ `` britt lower on Twitter : `` the appropriate words that i should share are : i am in this show tomorrow ! ! ! # wrecked '' `` . Twitter.com. 2017 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` TBS Orders ' Wrecked ' Deserted Island Comedy Pilot That Echoes ' Lost ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Reilly Unveils Bold Vision for TNT & TBS At Turner Broadcasting 's 2015 Upfront '' . The Futon Critic . May 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.14. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.21. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.28. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.5. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.12. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.19. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.26. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.2. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.11. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.18. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 8 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.7. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 15 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.14. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 22 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.21. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 29 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.28. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 6 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.4. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 12 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.11. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 19 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.18. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 26 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.25. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 3 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.2. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wrecked - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Wrecked ( 2016 ) : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 . 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who killed alison in pretty little liars book			Alison DiLaurentis	alison dilaurentis	Alison DiLaurentis is a fictional character on Freeform 's Pretty Little Liars , a television series which is based on a book series of the same name written by American author Sara Shepard . In the beginning of both the books and the television series , Alison is a central character who is shown mostly in flashbacks . The narrative is set when Alison mysteriously disappears and leaves the suburb of Rosewood shocked . Due to her position as a queen bee of Rosewood 's social scene , Alison 's actions and relations were constantly under scrutiny from the town 's citizens . Sasha Pieterse , who portrays Alison on screen , has described the character as an indecisive person , showing herself as a ruthless , manipulative girl . Due to the massive reformulation on the story 's timing , pacing and overall narrative for the television adaptation , the on - screen Alison DiLaurentis holds various differences from her literary counterpart , such as the fact that the latter has a identical twin sister , while the former does not .	In 2019 , Pieterse will reprise her role as Alison in a sequel television series titled Pretty Little Liars : The Perfectionists , which is based on a book The Perfectionists written by Shepard . It is currently unknown whether or not it will be linked to the original series . Contents 1 Character in print 1.1 Story lines 2 Character on screen 2.1 Development 2.2 Story lines 2.2. 1 Season 1 2.2. 2 Season 2 2.2. 3 Season 3 2.2. 4 Season 4 2.2. 5 Season 5 2.2. 6 Season 6 2.2. 7 Season 7 3 Reception 3.1 Critical 3.2 Awards and nominations 4 References 5 External links Character in print ( edit ) Pretty Little Liars is a series of books which revolves around the lives of four teenagers in Rosewood , Pennsylvania whom each struggle with different physical and psychological issues , as well as living in danger because of a dangerous stalker who emerges after the four 's best friend and leader Alison DiLaurentis vanishes and is found dead . Story lines ( edit ) The twin sisters Alison and Courtney Day - DiLaurentis were born on June 6 , 1990 , the fruits of a secret sexual relationship between Jessica DiLaurentis and Peter Hastings . They were identical , but completely opposite in personality . Both were popular in her hometown , but Alison was known for her wickedness , unlike Courtney , who was admired for having a kind behavior . Disgusted by that fact , Alison began to make her parents -- Jessica and Kenneth , the adoptive father -- think that Courtney was psychologically damaged . Alison forced Courtney to each impersonate the other , which led to a physical fight between the two . When their parents tried to find a solution to the situation , Alison threw all the blame on Courtney , saying she was making up fake stories . Eventually Courtney was diagnosed as a paranoid schizophrenic . The family then moved to Rosewood to avoid attention and shortened their surname from Day - DiLaurentis to just DiLaurentis . However , Alison did not enjoy the full high school experience . During a visitation to the family , Courtney tricked her parents by dressing up like Alison and Alison was taken to the mental institute instead . That way , Courtney took the popular life of Alison , whereas Alison was hospitalized ; from then on a sense of hatred grew within Alison . Two years after Courtney took the reins , Alison returned to the DiLaurentis house for a visit . During a night when Courtney ( posing as Alison ) and her new friends -- Spencer Hastings , Hanna Marin , Aria Montgomery and Emily Fields -- were asleep , Alison reached them and she and Courtney got into a fight in the woods surrounding the DiLaurentis residence . The fight resulted in Courtney 's death . Alison and her helper and boyfriend , Nick Maxwell , buried Courtney 's body later on . When Alison was about to get her life back , Courtney 's friends warned Mrs. DiLaurentis that `` Alison '' was missing . Jessica then assumed that Courtney ( Alison , actually ) did something against her sister 's life and sent her back to psychological hospital . Meanwhile , masons filled the hole where Courtney 's body was buried to build a gazebo . Hours later , `` Alison '' was reported missing . Three years later , Courtney 's friends began to be pursued by someone named `` A '' who knew her greatest secrets and threatened them constantly . Months later , Mona Vanderwaal , a classmate of the girls and Alison , was revealed to be `` A '' . Soon after , Alison took the reins of the game and began to chase the girls , seeking revenge for having everything she always wanted . Alison made small appearances during the period hiding behind the `` A '' mask . The DiLaurentis revealed the secret about the twins after a man named Billy Ford was arrested for murdering Alison , saying that they kept the sisters hidden for so long to avoid turmoil in town . Alison , posing as Courtney , someone unknown to the four girls , invited them to spend a weekend at the family home in the Poconos . There , they got together and the girls started thinking about introducing `` Courtney '' to the group . However , they were trapped inside a room and Alison soon revealed the whole truth about the death of the real Courtney , and about her desire for revenge . Alison then set the building on fire , but the girls managed to escape . When trying to escape the fire , Alison herself got several burns on her body and managed to escape with the help of Nick . Alison then used the following weeks to recover from the fire whilst observing her victims . Nick stayed with her during her healing process , and Alison eventually discarded and incriminated him for everything she had committed , such as the homicides of Ian Thomas and Jenna Cavanaugh . In order to finally get her revenge , Alison wrote an entire diary with untrue stories of the girls torturing her while they were keeping her hostage . The piece was then found by the Rosewood P.D. and the girls were incriminated by the alleged death of Alison DiLaurentis . However , Emily faked her own death , and , while Alison and everyone else thought she was dead , she managed to reach to Alison 's lair -- which was receiving help from Mrs. DiLaurentis -- with police officers . The girls were eventually released from all charges , and Alison was definitely hospitalized . Character on screen ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Actress Sasha Pieterse was cast as Alison DiLaurentis in December 2009 . Alison was the queen bee of her school and the most popular girl before her disappearance . Although she cared for her friends , she enjoyed to use their strongest secrets against them to that they could , according to her , stay together . Charming and manipulative , and highly intelligent Ali was skilled at finding ways to get back at everyone , and many people hated her . After the reveal of Alison 's fate in the ending of season 4 , Pieterse confirmed that DiLaurentis ' personality had drastically changed ; she has to `` figure out who she is . She 's been hiding for so long , and she 's a victim now . '' `` Alison 's a totally different person , so to see the way they treat her is going to be very interesting and to see the way that she gets affected by it is also going to be very interesting , '' Pieterse said . Story lines ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Alison DiLaurentis is introduced as a very popular girl from the suburb of Rosewood , Pennsylvania , and the leader of a clique composed by her , Spencer Hastings , Aria Montgomery , Emily Fields and Hanna Marin . The first minutes of the pilot episode show the five friends reunited in the barn - turned - loft of the Hastings family during a night of summer vacation . In the midst of night , Hanna , Emily and Aria wake up to see Spencer arriving back to the barn after leaving to somewhere . Spencer naively announces that she has heard a scream of Alison , seemingly shaken due to something . Shortly after , Alison is pronounced as a missing person , it 's been a while since Alison went missing , and years later her body is found in the buried in the backyard of the DiLaurentis ' house . One year later , the friends reunite and start to receive threatening text messages from someone unknown using the alias of `` A . '' During the entire first season , Alison appears in flashbacks . In these flashbacks , Alison is shown as a ruthless , despicable , two - sided teenager who uses the others ' secret against themselves . Season 2 ( edit ) After Ian Thomas is pushed down by `` A '' from the top of a bell tower and his body goes missing , the girls are forced to keep their friendship a secret and to maintain therapy sessions with Dr. Anne Sullivan to discuss about Alison 's absence in their lives , a fact that their parents believe to be the reason why the girls are behaving strangely . Days after , through Spencer 's sister Melissa Hastings , the girls find Thomas ' dead body , accompanied by a suicide letter in which he admits that he killed Alison . Following , the girls continue to be threatened by `` A . '' Garrett Reynolds is arrested for Alison 's murder after Jenna Marshall hands the Rosewood Police Department a missing page of Alison 's autopsy . The second season ends when Mona Vanderwaal -- a Rosewood High student and one of Alison 's victims of bullying when she was alive -- is revealed as `` A . '' and is sent to Radley - a mental institute . Season 3 ( edit ) The third season is set five months after the previous one . One night , Spencer , Hanna , Emily and Aria get together in Spencer 's living room to drink and enjoy a life without a stalker . Emily , however , is still mourning over the death of her ex-girlfriend Maya St. Germain , who died in the same night of Mona 's reveal . After drinking more than expected , the girls wake up in the midst of night to discover that Emily has disappeared . They later find her in the cemetery , standing over Alison 's grave , with Alison 's body missing ... With Emily drugged and they involved in a crime , the girls then promise to keep the secret . They dispose of all evidence connecting them to the happening , including all of Emily 's clothes . A new person using the `` A '' identity soon restarts the stalking game . The new stalker threatens them with what happened previously . Mostly of the season 's episodes revolve around the question of where Alison 's remains are . The girls later on befriend new resident CeCe Drake , a woman physically and psychologically similar to Alison . Drake reveals to them that she and Alison were best friends when Alison was alive , years prior . Throughout the following episodes Drake gets intimate with the girls , who are suspicious of her Alison - like behavior . Later on , Alison is shown in more flashbacks of the night she disappeared , with some revealing that Alison met with CeCe , Aria 's father , Jenna Marshall and Garrett Reynolds that night . In sequence , the girls discover , in Alison 's biology notebook , a conversation between her and a friend in which Alison talks about a `` beach hottie . '' The girls investigate while a figure using a red coat starts to appear periodically to them , and they begin to believe that it is Alison . In the meantime , Mona and Spencer 's boyfriend Toby Cavanaugh are revealed as helpers ( and double agents ) of the new `` A . '' With the help of the two , the girls plot a trap to catch `` A , '' but the stalker uses their own setting against them , and , during a fire , the girls are saved by Red Coat . Hanna wakes up and sees Red Coat staring at her , and the person is revealed to be Alison . Afterwards , Mona and Spencer claim that they also saw Alison . On the way back to Rosewood , Mona reveals that Red Coat would sometimes wear a mask that looked like Alison 's face , meaning that Red Coat could have just looked like Alison . Season 4 ( edit ) After the girls find Alison 's diary , they try to understand her . Throughout the season , Alison is shown in several flashbacks concerning her behavior , mostly based on histories written on her diary . The girls later meet Carla Grunwald , who tells them that she helped Alison step out of the grave that she was buried ; Grunwald then drove her to a hospital , but Alison ran away . With this confirmation , the girls start a quest to find Alison , following the steps of two persons using the Red Coat costume , one of them being revealed to be CeCe . Fortunately , after a Halloween party , the girls follow a Red Coat , from Ravenswood to Rosewood , who is revealed to be Alison . She tells the girls that she needs their help , but she vanishes shortly after . Alison later appears to Emily and starts requesting things to her . The season ends when Alison sits down with her friends to explain everything that had happened to her two years earlier . Season 5 ( edit ) In the explosive season 4 finale , her friends finally find out what happened the night Alison went missing . When the story time has finished the girls are scared by a anonymous person named `` A '' who tries to shoot and kill the girls but mostly pointing towards Alison . When Shana Fring is killed after being `` A '' and turning on Ali and the girls , Alison returns home to Rosewood after and reports to the cops , Alison makes up a story about her dissapearance saying that she was kidnapped ... While the girls where in New York , back in Rosewood Jessica DiLaurentis , Alison 's mother was killed and buried in the Hastings backyard . By the mid season Alison and her best friends group kind of disband due to the fact that the other girls believe Alison has gone rogue , and leads to them believing she might be the new `` A '' and is responsible for her mother 's death , by the mid season finale , Alison is accused of killing Mona Vanderwaal , and is departed from her group until Alison 's arrest for Mona 's Murder . While Ali is in jail , the girls head to Mona 's house to see if Mona left them any clues before she died , after locating a barrel in which the girls believe is Mona 's body , Hanna is arrested as an accessory for helping Ali kill Mona , as the trial begins Alison is found guilty for the murders and the rest of the girls are arrested as well as accessories to this . While being transported ... Hanna , Emily , Aria , and Spencer are stopped by `` A '' and kidnapped and takened to '' A '' 's dollhouse , where they find an alive Mona , and a shakened up Sara Harvey , who went missing the same time Alison did from courtland . Season 6 ( edit ) In the beginning of season 6 , we see Alison out of jail for a mistakened killing of Mona , and the girls with Mona are still in the dollhouse being tortured and tormented . Alison comes up with a plan with Ezra Fitz , Toby Cavanaugh , and Caleb Rivers to find the girls and make sure they come home soon , the girls are rescued and home after being diagnosed for having PTSD ( Posttraumatic stress disorder ) from their time spent kidnapped , the mid season jumps 5 years into the future and we see the girls in different aspects in their life , Alison is a teacher at Rosewood High School and is engaged to one Archer Dunhill , who was Charlotte DiLaurentis ' doctor at Radley . Alison is admitted to a psychiatric hospital due to being tricked by Mary Drake , and Archer in a Jessica DiLaurentis , and Darren Wilden costumes thinking that she sees their ghosts . Emily , Aria , Hanna , and Spencer all try to rescue Alison by getting her out of the place . Hanna was just rescued for being kidnapped yet again by `` A '' and tortured . This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2018 ) Season 7 ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2018 ) Alison ep10 finds out she 's pregnant with her ex lovers babie ep14 Ali thinks about getting an abortion , later on its Ali 's turn for the game ad takes her to a baby store finds out Emily is acutely the mother ep20she gives birth to twins grace and Lilly then porpoises to Em Reception ( edit ) Critical ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2018 ) Following the events of `` A Is for Answers '' , Autumne Montague of TVOvermind lauded Pieterse 's character for her self - awareness in having admitted not being a good friend , calling the moment `` refreshing from a girl who in flashbacks seemed simply self - absorbed . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Ceremony Category Outcome Citation ( s ) 2011 ShoWest Awards Breakthrough Performer of the Year Nominated 2014 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Breakout Actress Won 2015 MTV Fandom Awards Ship of the Year ( shared with Shay Mitchell ) Nominated 2015 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Scene Stealer Nominated 2016 Won 2017 Choice TV Actress : Drama Nominated Choice TV : Ship ( shared with Shay Mitchell ) Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldstein , Jessica ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Star Sasha Pieterse on Playing a Living , Breathing Alison DiLaurentis '' . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wayne , Julia ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` Sasha Pieterse and Lucy Hale Talk Ali 's Return to Rosewood in Season 5 ( VIDEO ) '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Neelie ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Spinoff ' The Perfectionists ' Starring Sasha Pieterse & Janel Parrish Gets Freeform Pilot Order '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media , LLC . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Shepard , Sara ( 2010 ) . Wanted . New York : HarperTeen . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 156617 - 2 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Sara ( 2006 ) . Pretty Little Liars . New York : HarperTeen . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 088730 - 8 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Sara ( 2008 ) . Unbelievable . New York : HarperTeen . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 088739 - 1 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Sara ( 2013 ) . Deadly . HarperTeen . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 219974 - 4 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Sara ( 2012 ) . Burned . New York : HarperTeen . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 208192 - 6 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Sara ( 2014 ) . Toxic . HarperTeen . ISBN 9780062287014 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Sara ( 2014 ) . Vicious . New York : HarperTeen . ISBN 9780062287045 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 7 , 2009 ) . `` Laura Leighton joins ' Pretty Little Liars ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars on TV ! '' . Alloy Entertainment . January 28 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alison DiLaurentis played by Sasha Pieterse '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Jean ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Season 5 : Ali 's return will ' shake Rosewood ' '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2014 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars : ' Pilot ' '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Raisier , Carrie ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars : ' It 's Alive ' '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Amy ( July 6 , 2011 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Recap : ' Blind Dates ' '' . MTV . Viacom International Inc . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Etkin , Jaimie ( March 13 , 2013 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Recap : Most Frightening Episode Ever ! '' . The Huffington Post . Oath Inc . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Finale Recap : ' A ' Is Unmasked ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` It Happened ' That Night ' '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 3 . Episode 1 . 2012 . ABC Family . Jump up ^ `` Birds of a Feather '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 3 . Episode 4 . 2012 . ABC Family . Jump up ^ `` The Remains of ' A ' '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 3 . Episode 6 . 2012 . ABC Family . Jump up ^ `` Crazy '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 3 . Episode 7 . 2012 . ABC Family . Jump up ^ `` Out of the Frying Pan , Into the Inferno '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 3 . 2013 . ABC Family . Jump up ^ `` A dAngerous gAme '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 3 . Episode 24 . 2013 . ABC Family . Jump up ^ `` ' A ' Is for A-l-i-v-e '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 4 . Episode 1 . 2013 . ABC Family . Jump up ^ `` Turn of the Shoe '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 4 . Episode 2 . 2013 . ABC Family . Jump up ^ `` Face Time '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 4 . Episode 4 . 2013 . ABC Family . Jump up ^ `` The Mirror Has Three Faces '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 4 . Episode 10 . 2013 . ABC Family . Jump up ^ `` Love ShAck , Baby '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 4 . Episode 15 . 2014 . ABC Family . Jump up ^ `` She 's Come Undone '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 4 . Episode 21 . 2014 . ABC Family . Jump up ^ `` Now You See Me , Now You Do n't '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 4 . Episode 12 . 2013 . ABC Family . Jump up ^ `` Grave New World '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 4 . Episode 13 . ABC Family . Jump up ^ `` Close Encounters '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 4 . Episode 16 . 2014 . ABC Family . Jump up ^ `` Hot for Teacher '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 4 . Episode 18 . 2014 . ABC Family . Jump up ^ `` A Is for Answers '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 4 . Episode 24 . 2014 . ABC Family . Jump up ^ Montague , Autumne ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars 4.24 Review : `` A is for Answers '' `` . TVOvermind . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Hadley ( July 18 , 2014 ) . `` Second Wave Of Teen Choice Awards 2014 Nominees Revealed '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( August 10 , 2014 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Winners & Nominees By Category '' . MTV Fandom Awards . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2015 Nominees : Wave 2 Revealed ! '' . E ! Online . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WINNERS OF TEEN CHOICE 2015 ANNOUNCED '' . Teen Choice Awards . FOX . August 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Crist , Allison ; Nordyke , Kimberly ( July 31 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards : Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : See the First Wave of Nominations '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vulpo , Mike ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Reveal `` Second Wave '' of Nominations `` . E ! Online . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Winners : ' Wonder Woman ' , ' Beauty And The Beast ' , ' Riverdale ' Among Honorees '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media , LLC . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Television portal Arts portal Alison DiLaurentis on IMDb Alison DiLaurentis at Freeform.com Pretty Little Liars Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Characters `` A '' Alex Drake Alison DiLaurentis Aria Montgomery Charlotte Drake Emily Fields Hanna Marin Jenna Marshall Mary Drake Melissa Hastings Mona Vanderwaal Red Coat Sara Harvey Spencer Hastings Sydney Driscoll Related Book series 2006 novel Rosewood , Pennsylvania Pretty Dirty Secrets Ravenswood Pretty Little Liars : The Perfectionists Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alison_DiLaurentis&oldid=866349653 '' Categories : Pretty Little Liars characters Characters in American novels of the 21st century Female characters in literature Female characters in television Fictional bisexual females Fictional LGBT characters in television Fictional blackmailers Fictional bullies Fictional characters from Pennsylvania Fictional characters introduced in 2006 Fictional schoolteachers Fictional stalkers Fictional North American people Literary villains Child characters in literature Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles to be expanded from March 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from March 2018 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 20 : 24 ( UTC ) . 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when does craig find out denise is cheating on him			List of Blue Mountain State episodes	list of blue mountain state episodes	This is the list of episodes of Blue Mountain State , an American comedy series that premiered on Spike TV on January 11 , 2010 . All three of the seasons of the show were aired on Spike TV . The series follows the players on the football team of the fictional university , Blue Mountain State , and its rather awkward team `` The Goats '' as they explore the freedoms of college life , including football , scoring with women , drinking binges , wild partying , and hazing . The series was created by Chris Romano , who also stars in the series , and Eric Falconer .	As of November 30 , 2011 , a total of 39 episodes have been shown . The series was renewed for a second season in February 2010 . A sneak peek of the second episode of season two aired on October 16 ; the season premiere was on October 20 , 2010 . Blue Mountain State was renewed for a third season and it premiered on September 21 , 2011 with back - to - back episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Season 1 ( 2010 ) 3 Season 2 ( 2010 -- 11 ) 4 Season 3 ( 2011 ) 5 References 6 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 January 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 11 ) March 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 30 ) 13 October 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 16 ) January 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 19 ) 13 September 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) November 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 30 ) Season 1 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` It 's Called Hazing , Look It Up '' Brian Robbins Eric Falconer , Chris Romano January 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 11 ) N / A Three incoming freshmen on the Blue Mountain State University football team try to adapt to a new world of college life full of football , girls , and hazing . All of the freshmen must engage in questionable hazing rituals . Sammy feels left out so he tries to become the mascot . While Alex and Craig deal with Thad 's hazing rituals , Sammy opts for a darker approach : blackmailing the current BMS mascot so that he can steal the job from him without having to earn it . Sammy becomes successful in his blackmail and becomes the new mascot . `` Promise Ring '' Lev L. Spiro Eric Falconer , Chris Romano January 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 12 ) N / A With Denise leaving town for the weekend , Craig is forced to wear a `` promise ring '' to remind him to be faithful towards her ... or else . When Craig loses the ring during a night of partying at a strip club however , Alex must help him find it before Denise returns . Meanwhile Alex tries to have sex with Thad 's half - sister from Bosnia , which turns out a little different than Alex had in mind . `` Pocket Pussy '' Brian Robbins Eric Falconer , Chris Romano January 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 19 ) N / A The team is punished for playing badly , and a curfew is put in place shortly before their most important game of the season . To cope with the curfew hampering their social lives , the players steal Thad 's personal sex toy for their own usage . The players are immediately hooked on Thad 's sex toy and schedule a time table for when each player can use it . The sex toy ends up going missing due to Craig which enrages Thad . Thad explains that the sex toy is so important to him because it belonged to his dead father . Thad vows revenge upon Alex unless he can find it . `` Rivalry Weekend '' Lev L. Spiro Eric Falconer , Chris Romano January 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 26 ) N / A The Goats are about to face Overland University , their most storied rivals and not to mention , their first televised game of the season . However , their starting quarterback , Travis McKenna , is suspended by the dean for soliciting a prostitute . Despite the pleas of Coach Daniels , the Dean sticks by his decision to suspend McKenna , leaving Alex as the team 's starting quarterback . Unable to handle the pressure of starting , Alex searches for a way to get the McKenna reinstated . He visits the transvestite prostitute in hopes she will drop the charges ; however , she refuses -- Unless Craig allows her to perform fellatio on him . Denise is OK with the proposition , but Craig is not , making Alex search for another way to bring McKenna back . Meanwhile , Overland U 's cheerleaders have abducted Sammy and the Goats ' mascot , a goat named Billy . The Goat 's abduction makes headlines but Sammy 's disappearance is yet to be noticed . When Sammy accidentally kills the Billy the goat , he brings it to the field on game - day where the heated blame is immediately pinned on Overland U , which Sammy is glad to play along with . Inspired by the murdered mascot , Alex realizes he 's been selfishly looking for solutions that only benefit him and not his team . The Dean refuses to stand by and watch his team lose after the opposition 's ruthless mutilation of Billy the Goat and reverses his decision at game time , allowing Travis McKenna to start instead of Alex . However , unaware of the Dean 's reversal , Craig tries to take the solution into his own hands , and allows the prostitute her wish . 5 5 `` There 's Only One Second Best '' Jeff Melman Drew Hancock & JD Ryznar February 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 02 ) 0.887 Alex purposely starts to suck at football and is excited to get demoted to 3rd string quarterback . Being in 3rd string means you practice with special teams . At the goat house , Alex is forced to party in a secluded room with 3rd stringers , special teams and not so attractive girls . Alex realizes he made a terrible mistake and competes in a quarterback competition to gain his second string spot back . Meanwhile , Craig suspects Denise is cheating on him and Sammy convinces the cheerleaders get revenge on the football team . 6 6 `` The Drug Olympics '' Clark Mathis Eric Falconer , Chris Romano February 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 09 ) N / A Recent losses inspire Thad to hold a special lock - in at the Goat House as part of a drug - fueled team building exercise . Each player on the team picks a random drug out of a helmet to then take , except for Craig who is given one picked out by Thad . But the night takes a bizarre turn when Alex reveals that the drug taking is all a ruse . The plan was really to drug Craig because he is the only teammate who has not slept with the teams booster , better known as `` The Cougar '' . Thad gets the team 's female booster , known as `` The Cougar '' to have sex with Craig while he is drugged in order to break the losing streak . 7 7 `` The Legend of the Golden Arm '' John Fortenberry Brian Burns February 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 16 ) 0.810 A player - recruitment weekend brings out Batman Barstow , a running back who poses a threat to both Craig 's position and relationship with Denise , while Alex competes with Thad to enlist Matt Parker , the top high - school quarterback , for Blue Mountain State . 8 8 `` LAX aka The Truce '' Clark Mathis Chip Hall February 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 23 ) N / A Alex accidentally breaks a 24 - year - old truce between the BMS football and lacrosse teams , when he is seduced by the neglected girlfriend of the lacrosse team 's captain . A cruel prank war breaks out , which could only be stopped with Alex offering up a willing virgin `` sacrifice '' ( Sammy 's new girlfriend ) for the Lacrosse team to have sex with . Meanwhile , Denise instructs the lacrosse team 's girlfriends in the art of withholding sex , as she teaches them to stand up for themselves against their egomaniac boyfriends . 9 9 `` Midterms '' Ken Whittingham Drew Hancock & J.D. Ryznar March 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 02 ) N / A The academic performance of Alex and some of his teammates comes under scrutiny as result of dismal grades and GPA 's . They eventually resort to providing sexual favors for the professor 's 83 - year - old mother , played by Cloris Leachman , to avoid failing off the team . 10 10 `` Marathon Monday '' Jay Chandrasekhar Chip Hall March 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 09 ) N / A During `` Marathon Monday '' , a BMS drinking tradition where the whole campus parties from 6 a.m. Monday to 6 a.m. Tuesday , Alex meets and hooks up with the girl of his dreams , Jill , who turns out to be just like him . Also Craig breaks up with Denise 11 11 `` Ransom '' Clark Mathis Chip Hall March 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 16 ) 0.734 A deranged father stalks Alex to get him to hook up with his daughter . Thad questions Alex 's team spirit because Alex refuses to slap him on the butt . Craig finally musters the courage to confront Denise and have sex with her . 12 12 `` Piss Test '' John Fortenberry Drew Hancock & J.D. Ryznar March 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 23 ) 0.750 Thad forces the team to use his ' oil change ' method to pass the NCAA drug test . Sammy takes advantage of his mascot costume to score with the ladies . 13 13 `` Bowl Game '' Jeff Melman Brian Burns March 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 30 ) 0.630 Although finishing the season with a 9 -- 3 record , BMS is picked to play the fictional Cypress Bowl against Clementine University , in Baton Rouge , Louisiana . Upon arrival in Baton Rouge , the team is placed under strict rules by Coach Daniels -- no interaction with the media . The Pre-Bowl Game festivities consists of sabotage attempts by both teams , causing Thad to place some of his own rules on the team : no eating unless the food is prepared by themselves ( to avoid intentional food poisoning ) and a strict 10 PM `` Lights Out '' curfew . However , when Craig falls victim to Clementine 's sabotage and is accused of rape , Thad , Alex , and Sammy must break their own rules and spend the night out in an attempt to rescue him from prison . Season 2 ( 2010 -- 11 ) ( edit ) Blue Mountain State averaged 949,000 viewers through the first six episodes of season one while improving on the time slot by 165 % among men 18 -- 24 . In February 2010 it was renewed for a second season . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14 `` The Fingering '' Lev L. Spiro Eric Falconer , Chris Romano October 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 16 ) 1.094 Thad sets off an investigation after being sodomized during a practice when he tried returning an interception despite most of the team trying to stop him . Sammy meets a former BMS mascot from the 1990s who is now homeless and has been watching practices . 15 `` Controversy '' Lev L. Spiro Drew Hancock October 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 20 ) N / A The Cheerleaders institute Hell Week , Alex and Radon compete for the starting quarterback position . 16 `` Born Again '' Fred Savage J.D. Ryznar October 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 27 ) N / A Because of bad reputation the team is forced to do a PR tour . In doing so , they set up a charity football game with the church . Before the event , Thad has a dream where God ( Brian Bosworth ) tells Thad that he will go pro if he stays celibate . While Thad is testosteroned up he starts playing incredible football during practice . Thad impresses the coaching staff so much that the coach enforces a rule that the whole team must become celibate . This causes turmoil as the entire team attempts celibacy as a way to improve their performance but it does not produce the desired outcome . As a result the charity event back fires and the players lose control of themselves . Moran meanwhile fights temptation to hook up with Sammy 's sister . 17 `` Pay for Play '' Fred Savage Chip Hall November 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 03 ) N / A After becoming unhappy with Coach Daniels ' income , Radon and Thad employ Alex and Sammy to be their middle - men with talent agents . Things soon spiral out of control as the power goes to Sammy 's head . 18 5 `` Pregnant '' Rob Schrab Heather Flanders November 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 10 ) N / A A mystery call to the Goathouse sparks a campus - wide search of a girl who has fallen pregnant as a result of one of the players . The players frantically try to figure out who the call was for as well as who the girl was . The whole team finds girls from their past to make sure they are not pregnant . Meanwhile , Sammy get involved in an abusive relationship . 19 6 `` Nerds '' Clay Weiner Drew Hancock November 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 17 ) 1.23 When Sammy 's bullying of one of the team 's `` nerds '' leads to Sammy 's victim being rendered comatose , the entire athletic program finds itself cut off from the students who do all of the homework for the jocks . While Thad tries desperately to salvage the working relationship between the jocks and the nerds in order to keep the new Dean from exposing the widespread academic fraud , Alex must prepare a presentation for a paper that his `` nerd '' wrote for him sight - unseen . 20 7 `` Debra '' Clay Weiner J.D. Ryznar December 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 01 ) N / A Alex pursues Coach Daniels ex-wife Debra. he becomes successful . Thad tells coach Daniels that Alex is sleeping with his ex-wife . Coach Daniels forces Alex to continue seeing his wife , but in doing so Alex becomes used between coach Daniels and Debra as a messenger between the two . Meanwhile Radon creates his own show called `` Dreams '' where people call in for advice . 21 8 `` Vision Quest '' Clark Mathis Drew Hancock December 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 08 ) N / A Considering his future , Thad takes copious drugs to try to decide whether he should leave the school and go pro a year early , or stay at BMS to complete his tenure . 22 9 `` The Badger '' Rob Schrab Kristofor Brown December 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 22 ) N / A To boost morale for their upcoming game with Overland , Thad kidnaps the Overland badger and plans to castrate and feast on its balls , which go awry when the badger escapes and begins attacking tailgaters . Meanwhile Mary Jo is put in charge of Billy the Goat after Sammy hung Billy the First last year . Radon spends the night before the game with coach Marty because of a threat to take his right arm which he instigated . A final confrontation between Billy the Goat and the Overland badger leaves Thad and Alex with only one option to restore the teams morale . 23 10 `` Hockey '' John Fortenberry Chip Hall December 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 29 ) N / A Alex gets an idea to join the hockey team to get out of conditioning for football . This causes other players to follow suit . But as the football players help the hockey players become more social . Tension arise and the hockey team takes over the goat house . 24 11 `` Drunk Tank '' Jay Chandrasekhar Drew Hancock January 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 05 ) N / A Thad gets the entire team arrested at a goat house party to teach the team about motivation , and Mary Jo grasps the opportunity to finally score with Alex . 25 12 `` Trap Game '' John Fortenberry Kristofor Brown January 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 12 ) N / A BMS has an 11 -- 0 record . The final game is coming up and they can go for a perfect season but then Radon gets hit during practice and thinks he is injured . When Radon is injured , Alex is skeptical at first . But then realizes that he can score more girls if he wins the game for BMS as the starting quarterback . Sammy `` meets '' Chuck Liddell . Chuck teaches him to fight . Sammy later finds out that Chuck Liddell was actually a hallucination from eating expired candy . 26 13 `` Riot '' Jay Chandrasekhar Ryan Ridley January 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 19 ) N / A BMS wins the game giving them a perfect 12 -- 0 season . After the victory a riot breaks out and the fans try to hang Sammy , the team mascot . Coach Daniels gets back together with his ex-wife Debra . Season 3 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Aired on Spike No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 27 `` The Captain '' Clark Mathis Eric Falconer September 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) 0.891 Alex adjusts to becoming the starting quarterback and team captain , Thad awaits word on his future with the team after his drug related arrest following BMS ' loss in last season 's championship game . Following the arrival of a new offensive coordinator , Marcus Gilday ( Anthony Lemke ) with a desire and scheme to take BMS head coach Marty Daniels ' job , Coach Daniels finds an unlikely ally in ex-wife Debra . New England Patriots wide receiver Chad Ochocinco makes a guest appearance , coming to campus to take part in a bizarre captain induction ceremony for Alex . Thad is eventually let back on the team once serving a one game suspension . 28 `` Dic Pics '' John Fortenberry JD Ryznar September 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) N / A Alex and Thad deal with the ramifications of a pornographic photo that Thad sent from Alex 's phone after it makes its way around campus . As the dick pick makes national news , Alex admits that its Thads picture . This causes more drama and the whole football team becomes a mockery on campus . Coach Daniels and Debra also start sending pornographic photos to each other , and one is mistakenly sent to Harmon , giving him the wrong idea . To fix the mockery the team makes a huge billboard of the whole team naked . 29 `` Thad 's Back '' Clark Mathis Heather Flanders September 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 28 ) 0.884 Thad makes some big changes in his life after he realizes his career is in trouble . Alex acts like Thad to motivate the team . Sammy thinks he 's met the perfect girl until he hears what her voice sounds like . Thad changes his lifestyle back to the way he was before his suspension and becomes captain again . 30 `` The Peak '' Jay Chandrasekhar Drew Hancock October 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 05 ) 0.871 Alex and Sammy have a falling out when Alex plays the best game in his career and accepts it as the peak in his life . Meanwhile , Daniels and Jon Jon have mixed feelings about a job offer that Jon Jon received . 31 5 `` Training Day '' Eric Appel Heather Flanders October 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 12 ) 0.852 Thad offers to help Alex to become a local celebrity . Alex refuses but after Thad saves him from making a mistake with a female , Alex gives in . Thad teaches Alex to be a jerk , but in turn makes people hate Thad more . Alex ignores Thad 's ways . Meanwhile , Mary Jo tries to impress Coach Daniel 's wife , Debra . The episode is a clear spoof of the movie Training Day , with subtle references from the movie referenced in the episode . 32 6 `` Blackout '' John Fortenberry Kristofor Brown October 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 19 ) 0.645 A campus blackout postpones the football game and Alex becomes obsessed with trying to settle a score with a cheerleader from the rival team that he lost his virginity to . We find out that Alex wants redemption with the rival cheerleaders since she told everyone he had sex with the couch instead . Alex and Thad challenge the rival team to a game of beer pong to settle their differences . Thad makes an unexpected new friend during it . The coaches of both teams have a poker game with high stakes . 33 7 `` Superstition '' Jay Chandrasekhar Kristofor Brown October 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 26 ) 0.884 Harmon seeks out new rituals to restore his kicking skills ; Sammy checks out career opportunities . 34 8 `` Fun Facts '' Eric Appel J.D. Ryznar November 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 02 ) 0.944 Thad copes with secrets from Coach Daniel 's past while Alex makes a new connection with Coach Daniels as he prepares to be inducted into the College Hall of Fame . 35 9 `` The C - Word '' Dean Holland Chris Romano November 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 05 ) N / A Thad suffers a concussion , which affects his behavior and becomes an issue for Coach Daniels . New offensive coordinator Coach Marcus Gilday tries to get Coach Daniels fired . Sammy becomes trapped in the basement of the Goat House . 36 10 `` One Week '' Dean Holland Ryan Ridley November 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 09 ) N / A A television camera crew follows the team and coaches , and records the tension between Alex and new offensive coordinator Marcus Gilday . The episode also showcases Daniels ' insecurities and Thad 's pursuit of an acting career . 37 11 `` Death Penalty '' Eric Appel Drew Hancock November 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 16 ) N / A The team finds out they will be playing for the National Championship against Blackwell , but a scandal threatens to disqualify BMS and award the title to Blackwell by default . However , after some negotiations , the NCAA decided that BMS will play against Blackwell . Unfortunately , Coach Daniels , Thad , Alex , and most of the Goats ' starting roster are barred from the lineup . 38 12 `` The Corn Field '' Alex Winter Story by : Eric Falconer Teleplay by : Kristofor Brown , Chris Romano November 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 30 ) TBA After the depleted BMS squad is destroyed in the national title game , Thad has an epiphany which causes him to build a football stadium on a cornfield outside of town . Blackwell is invited to play the unofficial national title game . 39 13 `` The Corn Field 2 '' Alex Winter Story by : Eric Falconer Teleplay by : Kristofor Brown , Chris Romano November 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 30 ) TBA Continuation from `` The Corn Field '' . BMS and Blackwell play an unsanctioned game . The series finale . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Umstead , Thomas ( February 26 , 2010 ) . `` Spike 's ` Blue Mountain State ' Scores Second Season Pickup -- College Football - Themed Series Averaging Nearly 1 Million Viewers '' . Multichannel News . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2010 . Retrieved 1 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 3 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Broadcast & Cable Finals , Plus Lost 15 Min . Breakdown '' . tvbythenumbers.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Mountain State : Spike TV Show Renewed for Season Two '' . tvseriesfinale.com . February 25 , 2010 . Retrieved August 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 17 , 2010 ) . `` Southland ; And More Cable Finals '' . tvbythenumbers.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 24 , 2010 ) . `` '' Justified '' Drops 15 % from Premiere , Still Tops Tuesday Night Cable `` . tvbythenumbers.com . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2010 . Retrieved August 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 31 , 2010 ) . `` Updated : `` Justified '' Falls Hard ; `` Law & Order : CI '' returns , Plus More ... `` . tvbythenumbers.com . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 21 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Cable : Southpark Down ; Terriers Has Fallen and it Ca n't Get Up & Much More '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved October 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SPIKE TV Schedule Wed Jan 12 '' . Spike TV . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SPIKE TV Schedule Wed Jan 19 '' . Spike TV . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Royal Pains ' Rises , ' Necessary Roughness ' Dips , But ' Storage Wars ' Wins Again + ' Challenge Rivals , ' ' Rescue Me , ' ' Hot in Cleveland , ' ' Dance Moms ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2011 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Mountain State : Dic Pics '' . Zap2it . Retrieved September 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Spike TV Schedule ( 28 September ) '' . Spike . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Royal Pains ' Rises , ' Necessary Roughness ' Dips , But ' Storage Wars ' Wins Again + ' Challenge Rivals , ' ' Rescue Me , ' ' Hot in Cleveland , ' ' Dance Moms ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2011 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Spike TV Schedule ( 5 October ) '' . Spike . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Royal Pains ' Rises , ' Necessary Roughness ' Dips , But ' Storage Wars ' Wins Again + ' Challenge Rivals , ' ' Rescue Me , ' ' Hot in Cleveland , ' ' Dance Moms ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2011 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blue Mountain State Season 3 guide '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Royal Pains ' Rises , ' Necessary Roughness ' Dips , But ' Storage Wars ' Wins Again + ' Challenge Rivals , ' ' Rescue Me , ' ' Hot in Cleveland , ' ' Dance Moms ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2011 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Royal Pains ' Rises , ' Necessary Roughness ' Dips , But ' Storage Wars ' Wins Again + ' Challenge Rivals , ' ' Rescue Me , ' ' Hot in Cleveland , ' ' Dance Moms ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2011 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Royal Pains ' Rises , ' Necessary Roughness ' Dips , But ' Storage Wars ' Wins Again + ' Challenge Rivals , ' ' Rescue Me , ' ' Hot in Cleveland , ' ' Dance Moms ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2011 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 28 . External links ( edit ) List of Blue Mountain State episodes on IMDb List of Blue Mountain State episodes at TV.com List of Blue Mountain State episodes at epguides.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Blue_Mountain_State_episodes&oldid=787438784 '' Categories : Lists of American comedy television series episodes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 25 June 2017 , at 12 : 17 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Blue%20Mountain%20State%20episodes	811
who is running for mayor of charlotte nc	Candidates General Election - Nov. 7 Candidate Party Votes Percent Vi Lyles Democratic 71,876 59.13 % Kenny Smith Republican 49,555 40.77 %	Vi Lyles\|Kenny Smith	Charlotte mayoral election , 2017	charlotte mayoral election, 2017	Jennifer Roberts Democratic	Elected Mayor Vi Lyles Democratic The 2017 Charlotte mayoral election took place on Tuesday , November 7 , 2017 . Party primary elections were held on Tuesday , September 12 , 2017 . Second - round primaries would have been held on Tuesday , October 10 , 2017 , if they had been necessary , but both primary winners received more than the minimum 40 percent of the vote needed to avoid a runoff . The incumbent , Democrat Jennifer Roberts , was eligible to run for a second two - year term . She ran but lost the Democratic nomination in the primary . Two members of the City Council , Democrat Vi Lyles and Republican Kenny Smith , won the primaries and advanced to face each other in the general election . Vi Lyles defeated Kenny Smith in the general election , and became the 59th mayor of Charlotte , North Carolina . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Democratic primary 2.1 Candidates 2.1. 1 Declared 2.1. 2 Declined 2.2 Endorsements 2.3 Polling 2.4 Results 3 Republican primary 3.1 Candidates 3.1. 1 Declared 3.2 Endorsements 3.3 Results 4 General election 4.1 Polling 4.2 Results 5 References Background ( edit ) Jennifer Roberts , a former Mecklenburg County commissioner , was elected to her first term in 2015 when she defeated Republican Edwin Peacock III , a former Charlotte City Councilman . Democratic primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Jennifer Roberts , incumbent Joel Ford , North Carolina State Senator Vi Lyles , Charlotte City Councilwoman Constance Partee - Johnson Lucille Puckett Declined ( edit ) David Howard , former Charlotte City Councilman Endorsements ( edit ) ( show ) Jennifer Roberts Human Rights Campaign MeckPAC Equality NC New South Progressives Sierra Club Southern Piedmont Central Labor Council Unite Here Local 23 North Carolina Chapter ( show ) Joel Ford Charlotte Fire Fighters Association Real Estate and Building Industry Coalition ( show ) Vi Lyles Black Political Caucus Democracy for America Charlotte Post Charlotte Observer Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Jennifer Roberts ( D ) Joel Ford ( D ) Vi Lyles ( D ) Constance Partee - Johnson ( D ) Other Undecided Lake Research Partners June 1 -- 4 , 2017 400 ± 4.9 % 35 % 15 % 21 % -- -- 28 % Results ( edit ) Candidates Democratic Primary Election - Sept. 12 Candidate Party Votes Percent Vi Lyles Democratic 15,773 46.15 % Jennifer Roberts Democratic 12,375 36.21 % Joel Ford Democratic 5,452 15.95 % Constance Partee ( Connie ) Johnson Democratic 310 0.91 % Lucille Puckett Democratic 267 0.78 % Republican primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Kimberley Paige Barnette , former magistrate Barnette garnered controversy in September 2017 when her Facebook page briefly described herself as `` Republican $ Smart , White , Traditional . '' The controversy garnered national attention . Gary M. Dunn , candidate for Democratic nomination in 2013 Kenny Smith , Charlotte City Councilman Endorsements ( edit ) ( show ) Kenny Smith Fraternal Order of Police Charlotte Observer Results ( edit ) Candidates Republican Primary Election - Sept. 12 Candidate Party Votes Percent Kenny Smith Republican 7,912 88.63 % Gary M. Dunn Republican 553 6.19 % Kimberley Paige Barnette Republican 462 5.18 % General election ( edit ) Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Vi Lyles ( D ) Kenny Smith ( R ) Undecided SurveyUSA October 18 -- 21 , 2017 517 ± 4.4 % 41 % 40 % 19 % Results ( edit ) Candidates General Election - Nov. 7 Candidate Party Votes Percent Vi Lyles Democratic 71,876 59.13 % Kenny Smith Republican 49,555 40.77 % References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Multi Year Election Schedule '' . Mecklenburg County Government . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charlotte Observer : Vi Lyles stuns Roberts , faces Kenny Smith for Charlotte mayor ^ Jump up to : Spanberg , Erik ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Thought election season was over in Charlotte ? Mayor 's race getting an early start '' . Charlotte Business Journal . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Paul ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` Councilman Smith leads way with most money in mayoral race '' . WSOC - TV . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Steve ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` In mayoral debate , Jennifer Roberts and Vi Lyles play nice '' . The Charlotte Observer . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://apps.meckboe.org/CandidatePrint.aspx Jump up ^ Harrison , Steve ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` LGBT groups make their picks for Charlotte mayor , council '' . The Charlotte Observer . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.meckpac.org/endorsements/2017-charlotte-mayoral-city-council-endorsements/ Jump up ^ http://equalitync.org/latest/news/turnoutCLT/ Jump up ^ http://us14.campaign-archive1.com/?u=d11fd3f059107c746d4deb4a3&id=718e797b42 Jump up ^ http://www.sierraclub.org/sites/www.sierraclub.org/files/sce/central-piedmont-group/2017%20Charlotte%20Mayor%20Endorsement.pdf Jump up ^ https://splabor.org/news/september-primary-endorsements-announced Jump up ^ https://www.jenniferrobertsformayor.com/endorsements Jump up ^ https://joelfordformayor.com/2017/08/29/charlotte-firefighters-endorse-joel-ford-for-mayor/ Jump up ^ https://rebiccharlotte.com/2017/08/08/rebic-announces-endorsements-for-charlotte-city-council-primary/ Jump up ^ Morrill , Jim ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Black Political Caucus has endorsed a mayoral candidate . How will it shape the primary ? '' . The Charlotte Observer . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.democracyforamerica.com/our_candidates#NC Jump up ^ Charlotte Post Editorial Board ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Post endorses Vi Lyles in Democratic mayoral primary Experience and leadership earns support '' . The Charlotte Post . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charlotte Observer Editorial Board ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Who we like in the Charlotte mayor 's race , and why '' . The Charlotte Observer . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Herbert ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Poll : Mayor Roberts leads Lyles and Ford in Democratic campaign '' . The Charlotte Post . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : NC State Board of Elections Sept. 12 Primary Results ^ Jump up to : NC State Board of Elections : Candidate filings Jump up ^ LinkedIn Jump up ^ Savransky , Rebecca ( 2017 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Candidate for Charlotte mayor puts ' white ' among qualifications '' . TheHill . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Steve ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Kenny Smith formally announces mayoral bid with swipes at Mayor Roberts '' . Charlotte Observer . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/politics-government/election/article175865761.html/ Jump up ^ http://www.charlotteobserver.com/opinion/editorials/article172619896.html Jump up ^ http://er.ncsbe.gov/?election_dt=11/07/2017&county_id=60&office=ALL&contest=0 ( 2016 ← ) 2017 United States elections ( → 2018 ) U.S. Senate Alabama U.S. House California 's 34th Georgia 's 6th Kansas 's 4th Montana 's at - large South Carolina 's 5th Utah 's 3rd Governors New Jersey Virginia Mayors Albuquerque , NM Atlanta , GA Atlantic City , NJ Boston , MA Buffalo , NY Charlotte , NC Cincinnati , OH Cleveland , OH Detroit , MI El Paso , TX Frederick , MD Hoboken , NJ Jackson , MS Jersey City , NJ Los Angeles , CA Miami , FL Minneapolis , MN New Orleans , LA New York , NY North Miami , FL Omaha , NE Pittsburgh , PA Raleigh , NC Rochester , NY St. Louis , MO St. Paul , MN St. Petersburg , FL San Antonio , TX Seattle , WA City Houston , TX Minneapolis , MN State New Jersey Virginia Territories Puerto Rican status referendum Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlotte_mayoral_election,_2017&oldid=813627367 '' Categories : Mayoral elections in Charlotte , North Carolina North Carolina elections , 2017 United States mayoral elections , 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 December 2017 , at 12 : 01 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte%20mayoral%20election%2C%202017	812
dumb and dumber boom shack a lak scene			Boom Shack - A-Lak	boom shack - a - lak	`` Boom Shack - A-Lak '' is a 1993 song by Apache Indian . The song was included on his EP Nuff Vibes . The EP gave him his biggest hit in the UK , reaching number 5 in the UK Singles Chart in 1993 . It was also released as a single in the United States , France , and the Netherlands .	The promotional video for the track won the Best Reggae Video award at the 1994 Black Music Awards in London . Pakistani actress singer Bushra Ansari has covered the song in her album Yeh Meri Zindagi Hai , under the title `` Ghoom Ja Chala Ko Sweety '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nuff Vibes EP 2 US / France / Netherlands single 3 Use in film and television 4 References Nuff Vibes EP ( edit ) `` Boom Shack - A-Lak '' ( edit ) -- 3 : 48 `` Caste System '' ( edit ) -- 3 : 40 `` Warning '' -- 4 : 39 `` Fun '' -- 4 : 05 US / France / Netherlands single ( edit ) `` Boom Shack - A-Lak '' ( edit ) -- 3 : 48 `` Boom Shack - A-Lak '' ( instrumental ) -- 3 : 48 `` Boom Shack - A-Lak '' -- 4 : 31 `` Warning '' -- 4 : 39 Use in film and television ( edit ) The song has been featured on over 70 TV commercials worldwide including an Axe advertisement with Jennifer Aniston . The song has also been featured in various Hollywood films : Dumb and Dumber , Dumb and Dumber To , Threesome , Bio-Dome , Clueless and more recently Scooby - Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed . The song is also featured in the Bollywood film Anjaam . The song also featured during the introduction for British comedian Greg Davies 's 2013 live stand - up show The Back of My Mum 's Head . In Brazil , the music was part of the `` international '' soundtracks of TV Globo 's telenovela , Olho no olho - `` Eye to Eye '' in 1993 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Apache Indian '' , Official Charts Company . Retrieved 7 October 2014 ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Timothy D. ( 1997 ) Global Pop : World Music , World Markets , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0415918725 , p. 170 Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qt1nUeRIb5I . Missing or empty title = ( help ) This song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boom_Shack-A-Lak&oldid=799142628 '' Categories : Dancehall songs 1993 singles 1993 songs Song stubs Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles needing additional references from October 2014 All articles needing additional references Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 22 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boom%20Shack-A-Lak	813
who is running for president in usa 2020			United States presidential election , 2020	united states presidential election, 2020		For related races , see United States elections , 2020 . United States presidential election , 2020 ← 2016 November 3 , 2020 2024 → 538 members of the Electoral College 270 electoral votes needed to win The electoral map for the 2020 election , based on populations from the 2010 Census Incumbent President Donald Trump Republican 2020 U.S. presidential election Parties Republican Party Primaries Candidates Convention Democratic Party Primaries Candidates Convention Third parties Third party and independent candidates Libertarian Party primaries Related races House Senate Governors 2016 ← 2020 → 2024 The United States presidential election of 2020 , scheduled for Tuesday , November 3 , 2020 , will be the 59th quadrennial U.S. presidential election . Voters will select presidential electors who in turn will either elect a new president and vice president through the electoral college or reelect the incumbents . The series of presidential primary elections and caucuses are likely to be held during the first six months of 2020 . This nominating process is also an indirect election , where voters cast ballots selecting a slate of delegates to a political party 's nominating convention , who then in turn elect their party 's presidential nominee . President Donald Trump of the Republican Party , who was elected in 2016 , is seeking reelection to a second term . The winner of the 2020 presidential election is scheduled to be inaugurated on January 20 , 2021 . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Procedure 1.2 Demographic trends 1.3 Simultaneous elections 2 General election polling 3 Nominations 3.1 Republican Party 3.1. 1 Declared major candidates 3.1. 2 Individuals who have publicly expressed interest 3.1. 3 Convention site 3.1. 4 Endorsements 3.2 Democratic Party 3.2. 1 Declared major candidates 3.2. 2 Other declared candidates 3.2. 3 Individuals who have publicly expressed interest 3.2. 4 Potential convention sites 3.2. 5 Endorsements 3.3 Libertarian Party 3.3. 1 Declared candidates 3.3. 2 Convention site 3.4 Constitution Party 3.4. 1 Individuals who have publicly expressed interest 3.5 Independent or unaffiliated 3.5. 1 Individuals who have publicly expressed interest 4 Maps 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Background Procedure Further information : United States presidential election Article Two of the United States Constitution states that for a person to serve as President of the United States the individual must be a natural - born citizen of the United States , at least 35 years old and a United States resident for at least 14 years . Candidates for the presidency typically seek the nomination of one of the various political parties of the United States , in which case each party develops a method ( such as a primary election ) to choose the candidate the party deems best suited to run for the position . The primary elections are usually indirect elections where voters cast ballots for a slate of party delegates pledged to a particular candidate . The party 's delegates then officially nominate a candidate to run on the party 's behalf . The nominee then personally chooses a vice presidential running mate to form that party 's presidential ticket ( with the exception of the Libertarian Party , which nominates its vice presidential candidate by delegate vote regardless of the nominee 's preference ) . The general election in November is also an indirect election , where voters cast ballots for a slate of members of the Electoral College ; these electors then directly elect the President and Vice President . In August 2018 , the Democratic National Committee voted to disallow superdelegates from voting on the first ballot of the nominating process , beginning with the 2020 election . This would require a candidate to win a majority of pledged delegates from the assorted primary elections in order to win the party 's nomination . The last time this did not occur was the nomination of Adlai Stevenson II at the 1952 Democratic National Convention . The Twenty - second Amendment to the Constitution states that an individual can not be elected to the presidency more than twice . This prohibits former Presidents Bill Clinton , George W. Bush , and Barack Obama from being elected president again . However , former presidents Jimmy Carter and George H.W. Bush ( both nonagenarians ) , having each served a single term as president , are not constitutionally prohibited from being elected to another term in the 2020 election . Demographic trends Further information : Demography of the United States The age group of what will then be people in the 18 to 45 - year - old bracket is expected to represent just under 40 percent of the United States ' eligible voters in 2020 . It is expected that more than 30 percent of eligible American voters will be nonwhite . A bipartisan report indicates that changes in voter demographics since the 2016 election could impact the results of the 2020 election . African Americans , Hispanics , Asians / others , and `` whites with a college degree '' are expected to all increase their percentage of national eligible voters by 2020 , while `` whites without a college degree '' will decrease . This shift is potentially an advantage for the Democratic nominee , however due to geographical differences , this could still lead to President Trump ( or a different Republican nominee ) winning the Electoral College while still losing the popular vote , possibly by an even larger margin than in 2016 . Additionally , Washington , D.C. may lower its voting age from 18 to 16 . Legislation was introduced by City Councilman Charles Allen in April 2018 , with a public hearing in June , and a vote by the end of the year . Unlike other cities with a voting age of 16 such as Berkeley , California , this would allow 16 and 17 - year - olds to vote for President of the United States for the first time in 2020 . Allen said that he was inspired by the high school students that participated in the March for Our Lives , which occurred at the capital in March . Simultaneous elections Further information : United States Senate elections , 2020 and United States House of Representatives elections , 2020 The presidential election will occur at the same time as elections to the Senate and the House of Representatives . Several states will also hold state gubernatorial and state legislative elections . Following the election , the United States House will redistribute the seats among the 50 states based on the results of the 2020 United States Census , and the states will conduct a redistricting of Congressional and state legislative districts . In most states , the governor and the state legislature conduct the redistricting ( although some states have redistricting commissions ) , and often a party that wins a presidential election experiences a coattail effect that also helps other candidates of that party win election . Therefore , the party that wins the 2020 presidential election could also win a significant advantage in the drawing of new Congressional and state legislative districts that would stay in effect until the 2032 elections . General election polling National polling Trump vs. Avenatti Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Michael Avenatti Undecided Politico / Morning Consult 1,974 August 16 -- 18 , 2018 ± 2.0 % 28 % 20 % 51 % Trump vs. Biden Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Joe Biden Other Undecided Politico / Morning Consult 1,974 August 16 -- 18 , 2018 ± 2.0 % 31 % 43 % -- 26 % Politico / Morning Consult 1,993 July 26 -- 30 , 2018 ± 2.0 % 37 % 44 % -- 19 % Public Policy Polling 679 June 8 -- 10 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 39 % 53 % -- 8 % Zogby Analytics 881 May 10 -- 12 , 2018 ± 3.2 % 38 % 48 % -- 14 % Public Policy Polling 846 March 23 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 39 % 56 % -- 6 % Public Policy Polling 687 February 9 -- 11 , 2018 ± 3.7 % 42 % 51 % -- 7 % CNN / SSRS 1,005 January 14 -- 18 , 2018 ± 3.7 % 37 % 59 % 2 % 1 % Zogby Analytics 847 January 12 -- 15 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 38 % 53 % -- 9 % Public Policy Polling 862 December 11 -- 12 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 40 % 54 % -- 6 % Politico / Morning Consult 1,993 November 9 -- 11 , 2017 ± 2.0 % 35 % 46 % -- 20 % Public Policy Polling 572 October 27 -- 29 , 2017 ± 4.1 % 38 % 56 % -- 6 % Zogby Analytics 1,514 October 19 -- 25 , 2017 ± 2.5 % 41 % 50 % -- 9 % Emerson College 820 October 12 -- 14 , 2017 ± 3.4 % 42 % 51 % -- 7 % Public Policy Polling 865 September 22 -- 25 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 40 % 53 % -- 6 % Public Policy Polling 887 August 18 -- 21 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 39 % 51 % -- 11 % Public Policy Polling 692 July 14 -- 17 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 39 % 54 % -- 7 % Public Policy Polling 692 June 9 -- 11 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 41 % 54 % -- 5 % Public Policy Polling 692 May 12 -- 14 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 40 % 54 % -- 6 % Public Policy Polling 648 April 17 -- 18 , 2017 ± 3.9 % 40 % 54 % -- 6 % Public Policy Polling 677 March 27 -- 28 , 2017 ± 3.8 % 40 % 54 % -- 6 % Trump vs. Blumenthal Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Richard Blumenthal Undecided Public Policy Polling 887 August 18 -- 21 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 39 % 42 % 19 % Trump vs. Booker Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Cory Booker Undecided Politico / Morning Consult 1,974 August 16 -- 18 , 2018 ± 2.0 % 29 % 27 % 44 % Public Policy Polling 679 June 8 -- 10 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 39 % 47 % 15 % Zogby Analytics 881 May 10 -- 12 , 2018 ± 3.2 % 38 % 38 % 24 % Public Policy Polling 846 March 23 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 39 % 49 % 12 % Public Policy Polling 687 February 9 -- 11 , 2018 ± 3.7 % 42 % 46 % 11 % Public Policy Polling 862 December 11 -- 12 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 40 % 50 % 10 % Public Policy Polling 572 October 27 -- 29 , 2017 ± 4.1 % 38 % 49 % 13 % Public Policy Polling 865 September 22 -- 25 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 40 % 47 % 13 % Public Policy Polling 887 August 18 -- 21 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 39 % 42 % 19 % Public Policy Polling 692 July 14 -- 17 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 40 % 45 % 15 % Public Policy Polling 692 June 9 -- 11 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 41 % 43 % 17 % Public Policy Polling 692 May 12 -- 14 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 39 % 46 % 15 % Public Policy Polling 648 April 17 -- 18 , 2017 ± 3.9 % 42 % 42 % 17 % Public Policy Polling 677 March 27 -- 28 , 2017 ± 3.8 % 42 % 45 % 13 % Trump vs. Bullock Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Steve Bullock Undecided Politico / Morning Consult 1,974 August 16 -- 18 , 2018 ± 2.0 % 28 % 18 % 54 % Trump vs. Clinton Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Hillary Clinton Undecided Public Policy Polling 865 September 22 -- 25 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 42 % 47 % 11 % Trump vs. Cuban Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Mark Cuban Undecided Emerson College 820 October 12 -- 14 , 2017 ± 3.4 % 43 % 36 % 22 % Public Policy Polling 887 August 18 -- 21 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 38 % 42 % 20 % Public Policy Polling 941 February 21 -- 22 , 2017 ± 3.2 % 41 % 40 % 19 % Trump vs. Cuomo Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Andrew Cuomo Undecided Politico / Morning Consult 1,974 August 16 -- 18 , 2018 ± 2.0 % 30 % 25 % 45 % Trump vs. Delaney Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump John Delaney Undecided Politico / Morning Consult 1,974 August 16 -- 18 , 2018 ± 2.0 % 28 % 18 % 53 % Public Policy Polling 887 August 18 -- 21 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 38 % 38 % 24 % Trump vs. Franken Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Al Franken Undecided Public Policy Polling 692 May 12 -- 14 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 38 % 46 % 16 % Public Policy Polling 648 April 17 -- 18 , 2017 ± 3.9 % 43 % 43 % 14 % Public Policy Polling 677 March 27 -- 28 , 2017 ± 3.8 % 41 % 46 % 13 % Trump vs. Gillibrand Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Kirsten Gillibrand Undecided Politico / Morning Consult 1,974 August 16 -- 18 , 2018 ± 2.0 % 29 % 24 % 47 % Public Policy Polling 679 June 8 -- 10 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 39 % 45 % 16 % Public Policy Polling 846 March 23 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 40 % 42 % 18 % Public Policy Polling 687 February 9 -- 11 , 2018 ± 3.7 % 43 % 42 % 15 % YouGov 865 January 9 , 2018 -- 43 % 41 % 16 % Public Policy Polling 862 December 11 -- 12 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 40 % 47 % 14 % Public Policy Polling 572 October 27 -- 29 , 2017 ± 4.1 % 38 % 48 % 14 % Public Policy Polling 865 September 22 -- 25 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 39 % 42 % 18 % Trump vs. Harris Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Kamala Harris Undecided Politico / Morning Consult 1,974 August 16 -- 18 , 2018 ± 2.0 % 29 % 26 % 45 % Public Policy Polling 679 June 8 -- 10 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 40 % 45 % 15 % Zogby Analytics 881 May 10 -- 12 , 2018 ± 3.2 % 39 % 35 % 26 % Public Policy Polling 846 March 23 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 39 % 43 % 18 % Public Policy Polling 687 February 9 -- 11 , 2018 ± 3.7 % 43 % 43 % 15 % Zogby Analytics 847 January 12 -- 15 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 41 % 42 % 16 % Public Policy Polling 862 December 11 -- 12 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 40 % 46 % 13 % Public Policy Polling 572 October 27 -- 29 , 2017 ± 4.1 % 39 % 45 % 16 % Public Policy Polling 865 September 22 -- 25 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 40 % 41 % 19 % Public Policy Polling 887 August 18 -- 21 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 39 % 39 % 22 % Zogby Analytics 1,300 August 4 -- 7 , 2017 -- 38 % 41 % 21 % Public Policy Polling 692 July 14 -- 17 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 40 % 41 % 19 % Public Policy Polling 692 June 9 -- 11 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 41 % 42 % 18 % Trump vs. Holder Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Eric Holder Undecided Politico / Morning Consult 1,974 August 16 -- 18 , 2018 ± 2.0 % 30 % 24 % 46 % Trump vs. Johnson Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Dwayne Johnson Undecided Public Policy Polling 692 May 12 -- 14 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 37 % 42 % 21 % Trump vs. Kennedy Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Joe Kennedy III Undecided Public Policy Polling 687 February 9 -- 11 , 2018 ± 3.7 % 43 % 46 % 12 % Trump vs. Obama Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Michelle Obama Undecided Zogby Analytics 881 May 10 -- 12 , 2018 ± 3.2 % 39 % 48 % 13 % Zogby Analytics 847 January 12 -- 15 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 42 % 49 % 9 % Zogby Analytics 1,514 October 19 -- 25 , 2017 ± 2.5 % 44 % 47 % 9 % Public Policy Polling 865 September 22 -- 25 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 41 % 51 % 9 % Trump vs. Sanders Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Bernie Sanders Other Undecided Politico / Morning Consult 1,974 August 16 -- 18 , 2018 ± 2.0 % 32 % 44 % -- 24 % Public Policy Polling 679 June 8 -- 10 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 40 % 49 % -- 11 % Zogby Analytics 881 May 10 -- 12 , 2018 ± 3.2 % 37 % 48 % -- 14 % Public Policy Polling 846 March 23 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 39 % 55 % -- 6 % Public Policy Polling 687 February 9 -- 11 , 2018 ± 3.7 % 44 % 48 % -- 8 % CNN / SSRS 1,005 January 14 -- 18 , 2018 ± 3.7 % 39 % 58 % 3 % 1 % Zogby Analytics 847 January 12 -- 15 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 39 % 52 % -- 10 % YouGov 856 January 9 , 2018 -- 43 % 48 % -- 9 % Public Policy Polling 862 December 11 -- 12 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 40 % 53 % -- 6 % Politico / Morning Consult 2,586 November 16 -- 19 , 2017 ± 2.0 % 36 % 42 % -- 22 % Public Policy Polling 572 October 27 -- 29 , 2017 ± 4.1 % 38 % 53 % -- 9 % Zogby Analytics 1,514 October 19 -- 25 , 2017 ± 2.5 % 40 % 51 % -- 9 % Public Policy Polling 865 September 22 -- 25 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 40 % 51 % -- 9 % Public Policy Polling 887 August 18 -- 21 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 38 % 51 % -- 11 % Public Policy Polling 692 July 14 -- 17 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 39 % 52 % -- 9 % Public Policy Polling 692 June 9 -- 11 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 41 % 51 % -- 8 % Public Policy Polling 692 May 12 -- 14 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 39 % 52 % -- 9 % Public Policy Polling 648 April 17 -- 18 , 2017 ± 3.9 % 41 % 50 % -- 8 % Public Policy Polling 677 March 27 -- 28 , 2017 ± 3.8 % 41 % 52 % -- 7 % Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided Politico / Morning Consult 1,974 August 16 -- 18 , 2018 ± 2.0 % 30 % 34 % 36 % Public Policy Polling 679 June 8 -- 10 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 40 % 48 % 12 % Zogby Analytics 881 May 10 -- 12 , 2018 ± 3.2 % 37 % 43 % 20 % Public Policy Polling 846 March 23 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 40 % 51 % 9 % Public Policy Polling 687 February 9 -- 11 , 2018 ± 3.7 % 44 % 44 % 12 % Zogby Analytics 847 January 12 -- 15 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 40 % 50 % 10 % Public Policy Polling ( for a Warren - aligned PAC ) 620 January 9 -- 10 , 2018 ± 3.9 % 43 % 49 % 8 % Public Policy Polling 862 December 11 -- 12 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 42 % 51 % 7 % Public Policy Polling 572 October 27 -- 29 , 2017 ± 4.1 % 40 % 50 % 9 % Zogby Analytics 1,514 October 19 -- 25 , 2017 ± 2.5 % 43 % 45 % 13 % Emerson College 820 October 12 -- 14 , 2017 ± 3.4 % 44 % 44 % 12 % Democracy Corps / Greenberg Research 1,000 September 30 -- October 6 , 2017 -- 42 % 54 % 4 % Public Policy Polling 865 September 22 -- 25 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 41 % 47 % 12 % Public Policy Polling 887 August 18 -- 21 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 40 % 45 % 15 % Zogby Analytics 1,300 August 4 -- 7 , 2017 -- 37 % 46 % 17 % Public Policy Polling 692 July 14 -- 17 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 42 % 49 % 9 % Public Policy Polling 692 June 9 -- 11 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 43 % 46 % 11 % Public Policy Polling 692 May 12 -- 14 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 39 % 49 % 12 % Public Policy Polling 648 April 17 -- 18 , 2017 ± 3.9 % 42 % 46 % 13 % Public Policy Polling 677 March 27 -- 28 , 2017 ± 3.8 % 43 % 48 % 9 % Politico / Morning Consult 1,791 February 9 -- 10 , 2017 ± 2.0 % 42 % 36 % 22 % Trump vs. Wilson Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Frederica Wilson Undecided Public Policy Polling 572 October 27 -- 29 , 2017 ± 4.1 % 39 % 42 % 19 % Trump vs. Winfrey Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Oprah Winfrey Other Undecided Zogby Analytics 881 May 10 -- 12 , 2018 ± 3.2 % 47 % 53 % -- -- CNN / SSRS 1,005 January 14 -- 18 , 2018 ± 3.7 % 39 % 54 % 6 % 2 % Quinnipiac University 1,212 January 12 -- 16 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 39 % 52 % -- 9 % Zogby Analytics 847 January 12 -- 15 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 46 % 54 % -- -- Public Policy Polling ( for a Warren - aligned PAC ) 620 January 9 -- 10 , 2018 ± 3.9 % 43 % 44 % -- 13 % NPR / PBS NewsHour / Marist 1,092 January 8 -- 10 , 2018 ± 3.0 % 39 % 50 % -- 11 % YouGov 856 January 9 , 2018 -- 43 % 47 % -- 10 % Rasmussen Reports 1,000 January 8 -- 9 , 2018 ± 3.0 % 38 % 48 % -- 14 % Zogby Analytics 1,531 March 27 -- 29 , 2017 ± 2.5 % 36 % 46 % -- 18 % Public Policy Polling 808 March 10 -- 12 , 2017 ± 3.4 % 40 % 47 % -- 12 % Trump vs. Zuckerberg Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Mark Zuckerberg Undecided Zogby Analytics 847 January 12 -- 15 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 40 % 41 % 19 % Zogby Analytics 1,300 August 4 -- 7 , 2017 -- 40 % 43 % 16 % Public Policy Polling 836 July 14 -- 17 , 2017 ± 3.4 % 40 % 40 % 20 % Trump vs. Zuckerberg vs. Scarborough Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Mark Zuckerberg Joe Scarborough Undecided Zogby Analytics 1,300 August 4 -- 7 , 2017 -- 36 % 34 % 18 % 12 % Trump vs. generic Democrat Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Democratic candidate Other Undecided Politico / Morning Consult 1,993 July 26 -- 30 , 2018 ± 2.0 % 35 % 48 % -- 17 % Politico / Morning Consult 1,990 May 17 -- 19 , 2018 ± 2.0 % 36 % 44 % -- 20 % Politico / Morning Consult 1,993 March 1 -- 5 , 2018 ± 2.0 % 36 % 44 % -- 19 % NBC News / Wall Street Journal 900 December 13 -- 15 , 2017 ± 3.6 % 36 % 52 % 3 % 9 % Politico / Morning Consult 2,586 November 16 -- 19 , 2017 ± 2.0 % 35 % 44 % -- 21 % Politico / Morning Consult 1,993 November 9 -- 11 , 2017 ± 2.0 % 34 % 48 % -- 18 % Politico / Morning Consult 1,990 October 26 -- 30 , 2017 ± 2.0 % 36 % 46 % -- 18 % Opinion Savvy 763 August 16 -- 17 , 2017 ± 3.5 % 41 % 52 % -- 8 % Gravis Marketing 1,917 July 21 -- 31 , 2017 ± 2.2 % 39 % 48 % -- 13 % Politico / Morning Consult 1,791 February 9 -- 10 , 2017 ± 2.0 % 35 % 43 % -- 23 % Pence vs. generic Democrat Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Mike Pence Democratic candidate Undecided Opinion Savvy 762 August 16 -- 17 , 2017 ± 3.5 % 40 % 52 % 8 % Generic Republican vs. generic Democrat Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Republican candidate Democratic candidate Undecided Politico / Morning Consult 1,990 May 17 -- 19 , 2018 ± 2.0 % 27 % 40 % 33 % Politico / Morning Consult 1,993 March 1 -- 5 , 2018 ± 2.0 % 28 % 42 % 31 % Statewide polling California Trump vs. Biden Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Joe Biden Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 33 % 56 % 11 % Trump vs. Booker Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Cory Booker Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 35 % 39 % 26 % Trump vs. J. Brown Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Jerry Brown Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 35 % 54 % 11 % Trump vs. S. Brown Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Sherrod Brown Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 35 % 36 % 29 % Trump vs. Garcetti Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Eric Garcetti Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 34 % 49 % 17 % SurveyUSA 909 January 7 -- 9 , 2018 ± 3.3 % 32 % 46 % 21 % Trump vs. Gillibrand Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Kirsten Gillibrand Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 33 % 47 % 19 % SurveyUSA 909 January 7 -- 9 , 2018 ± 3.3 % 32 % 46 % 22 % Trump vs. Hanks Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Tom Hanks Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 34 % 51 % 15 % SurveyUSA 909 January 7 -- 9 , 2018 ± 3.3 % 31 % 56 % 14 % Trump vs. Harris Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Kamala Harris Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 35 % 54 % 12 % SurveyUSA 909 January 7 -- 9 , 2018 ± 3.3 % 33 % 53 % 13 % Trump vs. Holder Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Eric Holder Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 35 % 38 % 26 % Trump vs. Landrieu Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Mitch Landrieu Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 35 % 36 % 29 % Trump vs. Obama Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Michelle Obama Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 36 % 57 % 8 % Trump vs. Patrick Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Deval Patrick Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 34 % 34 % 32 % Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided SurveyUSA 909 January 7 -- 9 , 2018 ± 3.3 % 32 % 53 % 14 % Trump vs. Winfrey Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Oprah Winfrey Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 35 % 52 % 13 % SurveyUSA 909 January 7 -- 9 , 2018 ± 3.3 % 32 % 56 % 12 % Trump vs. Zuckerberg Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Mark Zuckerberg Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 36 % 42 % 22 % SurveyUSA 909 January 7 -- 9 , 2018 ± 3.3 % 31 % 50 % 19 % Florida Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided Zogby Analytics 828 August 17 -- 23 , 2017 ± 3.4 % 39 % 48 % 14 % Indiana Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided Zogby Analytics 603 August 17 -- 23 , 2017 ± 4.0 % 45 % 39 % 17 % Kentucky Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided Zogby Analytics 402 August 17 -- 23 , 2017 ± 4.9 % 47 % 41 % 13 % Michigan Trump vs. Biden Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Joe Biden Undecided Epic - MRA 600 April 28 -- 30 , 2018 ± 4.0 % 39 % 52 % 9 % Zogby Analytics -- September 2017 -- 35 % 52 % 13 % Trump vs. Sanders Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Bernie Sanders Undecided Zogby Analytics -- September 2017 -- 36 % 54 % 10 % Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided Zogby Analytics -- September 2017 -- 37 % 46 % 17 % Zogby Analytics 803 August 17 -- 23 , 2017 ± 3.5 % 35 % 51 % 14 % Missouri Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided Zogby Analytics 604 August 17 -- 23 , 2017 ± 4.0 % 40 % 46 % 14 % Montana Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided Zogby Analytics 403 August 17 -- 23 , 2017 ± 4.9 % 45 % 39 % 17 % New Hampshire Trump vs. Biden Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Joe Biden Undecided American Research Group 1,365 March 21 -- 27 , 2018 ± 3.0 % 39 % 53 % 8 % Trump vs. Sanders Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Bernie Sanders Undecided American Research Group 1,365 March 21 -- 27 , 2018 ± 3.0 % 49 % 45 % 5 % Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided American Research Group 1,365 March 21 -- 27 , 2018 ± 3.0 % 50 % 42 % 9 % Kasich vs. Biden Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error John Kasich Joe Biden Undecided American Research Group 1,365 March 21 -- 27 , 2018 ± 3.0 % 45 % 46 % 8 % Kasich vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error John Kasich Elizabeth Warren Undecided American Research Group 1,365 March 21 -- 27 , 2018 ± 3.0 % 52 % 37 % 11 % North Carolina Trump vs. Biden Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Joe Biden Other Undecided Meredith College 618 January 21 -- 25 , 2018 ± 4.0 % 45 % 46 % 8 % 1 % Trump vs. Cooper Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Roy Cooper Other Undecided Meredith College 618 January 21 -- 25 , 2018 ± 4.0 % 45 % 43 % 11 % 1 % Trump vs. Gillibrand Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Kirsten Gillibrand Other Undecided Meredith College 618 January 21 -- 25 , 2018 ± 4.0 % 46 % 36 % 18 % 1 % Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Other Undecided Meredith College 618 January 21 -- 25 , 2018 ± 4.0 % 48 % 40 % 12 % 1 % Trump vs. Winfrey Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Oprah Winfrey Other Undecided Meredith College 618 January 21 -- 25 , 2018 ± 4.0 % 48 % 38 % 12 % 2 % North Dakota Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided Zogby Analytics 403 August 17 -- 23 , 2017 ± 4.9 % 47 % 36 % 17 % Ohio Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided Zogby Analytics 805 August 17 -- 23 , 2017 ± 3.5 % 40 % 44 % 16 % Pennsylvania Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided Zogby Analytics 813 August 17 -- 23 , 2017 ± 3.4 % 38 % 46 % 16 % Texas Trump vs. Cuban Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Mark Cuban Undecided Public Policy Polling -- December 28 , 2017 -- 44 % 47 % 9 % West Virginia Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided Zogby Analytics 401 August 17 -- 23 , 2017 ± 4.9 % 43 % 40 % 17 % Wisconsin Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided Zogby Analytics 603 August 17 -- 23 , 2017 ± 4.0 % 37 % 48 % 15 % Nominations Republican party Further information : Republican Party presidential primaries , 2020 Donald Trump is eligible to run for reelection and intends to do so . His reelection campaign has been ongoing since his victory in 2016 , leading pundits to describe his tactic of holding rallies continuously throughout his presidency as a `` never - ending campaign '' . On January 20 , 2017 , at 5 : 11 PM , he submitted a letter as a substitute of FEC Form 2 , for which he had reached the legal threshold for filing , in compliance with the Federal Election Campaign Act . Beginning in August 2017 , reports arose that members of the Republican Party were preparing a `` shadow campaign '' against Trump , particularly from the moderate or establishment wings of the party . A poor showing for the GOP in the 2018 midterm elections may lead to an influx of ambitious politicians vying to reclaim the nomination from Trump , as Arizona Senator John McCain said that `` ( Republicans ) see weakness in this president . '' Maine Senator Susan Collins , Kentucky Senator Rand Paul , and former New Jersey Governor Chris Christie have all expressed doubts that Trump will be the 2020 nominee , with Collins stating `` it 's too difficult to say . '' Meanwhile , Senator Jeff Flake has claimed that Trump is `` inviting '' a primary challenger by the way he is governing . Longtime political strategist Roger Stone , however , predicts that Trump may not seek a second term if he succeeds in keeping all of his campaign promises and `` ( makes ) America great again '' , à la James K. Polk . Declared major candidates The candidates in this section have held public office or been included in a minimum of five independent national polls . Name Born Current or previous positions State Announced Ref Donald Trump June 14 , 1946 ( age 7004264360000000000 ♠ 72 ) New York City , New York President of the United States since 2017 Candidate for President in 2000 New York August 19 , 2016 ( Campaign Website ) FEC Filing Individuals who have publicly expressed interest This section is transcluded from Republican Party presidential primaries , 2020 . ( edit history ) Individuals in this section have expressed an interest in running for president within the last six months . Jeff Flake , U.S. Senator from Arizona since 2013 ; U.S. Representative 2001 -- 2013 Larry Hogan , Governor of Maryland since 2015 John Kasich , Governor of Ohio since 2011 ; U.S. Representative 1983 -- 2001 ; candidate for President in 2000 and in 2016 Bill Kristol , Chief of Staff to the Vice President 1989 -- 1993 Convention site Further information : 2020 Republican National Convention On July 20 , 2018 , the Republican National Convention chose Charlotte , North Carolina as the site for their 2020 national convention . The convention will be held from August 24 until August 27 , 2020 . Endorsements This section is transcluded from Republican Party presidential primaries , 2020 . ( edit history ) Donald Trump Main article : List of Donald Trump presidential campaign endorsements , 2020 Democratic party Further information : Democratic Party presidential primaries , 2020 After Hillary Clinton 's loss in the previous election , the Democratic Party was seen largely as leaderless and fractured between the centrist Clinton wing and the more progressive Sanders wing of the party , echoing the rift brought up in the 2016 primary election . This establishment / progressive divide was reflected in several elections leading up to the 2020 primaries . Most notably in 2017 with the election for DNC Chair between Tom Perez and Sanders - backed progressive Keith Ellison . Perez was elected Chairman , but Ellison was appointed as the Deputy Chair , a largely ceremonial role . In 2018 , several U.S. House districts that Democrats are hoping to gain from the Republican majority had contentious primary elections . These clashes were described by Politico 's Elena Schneider as a `` Democratic civil war . '' Meanwhile there has been a general shift to the left in regards to college tuition , healthcare , and immigration among Democrats in the Senate , likely to build up credentials for the upcoming primary election . Perez has commented that the 2020 primary field will likely go into double - digits , rivaling the size of the 2016 GOP primary , which consisted of 17 major candidates . In the wake of the Me Too movement , several female candidates are expected to enter the race , increasing the likelihood of the Democrats nominating a woman for the second time in a row . Speculation also mounted that Democrats ' best bet to defeat President Trump would be to nominate their own celebrity or businessperson with no government experience , most notably Oprah Winfrey after her memorable speech at the 75th Golden Globe Awards . The topic of age has been brought up among the most likely front - runners : former Vice President Joe Biden , Massachusetts senator Elizabeth Warren , and senator Sanders ; who will be 78 , 71 , and 79 respectively on inauguration day . Former Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid described the trio as `` an old folks ' home '' , expressing a need for fresh faces to step up and lead the party . Declared major candidates The candidates in this section have held public office or been included in a minimum of five independent national polls . Name Born Current or previous positions State Announced Ref John Delaney April 16 , 1963 ( age 7004202860000000000 ♠ 55 ) Wood - Ridge , New Jersey U.S. Representative from Maryland since 2013 Maryland July 28 , 2017 ( Campaign Website ) FEC Filing Other declared candidates These candidates have established campaign websites . Name Born Current or previous positions State Announced Ken Nwadike December 29 , 1981 ( age 7004134540000000000 ♠ 36 ) San Diego , California Peace activist , inspirational speaker , video journalist California October 18 , 2017 ( Website ) FEC Filing Robby Wells April 10 , 1968 ( age 7004184650000000000 ♠ 50 ) Bartow , Georgia Former college football coach Natural Law nominee for U.S. Representative from California in 1996 Candidate for President in 2012 and 2016 Georgia May 24 , 2017 ( Website ) FEC Filing Andrew Yang January 13 , 1975 ( age 7004159960000000000 ♠ 43 ) Schenectady , New York Entrepreneur New York November 6 , 2017 ( Website ) FEC Filing Individuals who have publicly expressed interest This section is transcluded from Democratic Party presidential primaries , 2020 . ( edit history ) Individuals in this section have expressed an interest in running for president within the last six months . Michael Avenatti , attorney and entrepreneur from California Joe Biden , Vice President of the United States 2009 -- 2017 ; U.S. Senator from Delaware 1973 -- 2009 ; candidate for President in 1988 and in 2008 Michael Bloomberg , former Mayor of New York City 2002 -- 2013 Cory Booker , U.S. Senator from New Jersey since 2013 ; Mayor of Newark 2006 -- 2013 Julian Castro , U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development 2014 -- 2017 ; Mayor of San Antonio , Texas 2009 -- 2014 Hillary Clinton , former Senator from New York ; Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013 ; 2016 Democratic nominee Oscar De La Hoya , boxing champion from California Tulsi Gabbard , U.S. Representative from Hawaii since 2013 Eric Garcetti , Mayor of Los Angeles , California since 2013 Kamala Harris , U.S. Senator from California since 2017 John Hickenlooper , Governor of Colorado since 2011 ; Mayor of Denver 2003 -- 2011 Eric Holder , U.S. Attorney General 2009 -- 2015 ; Acting U.S. Attorney General in 2001 Jay Inslee , Governor of Washington since 2013 John Kerry , U.S. Senator from Massachusetts ; Democratic nominee in the 2004 U.S. presidential election ; United States Secretary of State from 2013 to 2017 Terry McAuliffe , Governor of Virginia 2014 -- 2018 Jeff Merkley , U.S. Senator from Oregon since 2009 Martin O'Malley , former Governor of Maryland from 2007 - 2015 , former Mayor of Baltimore 1999 - 2007 , candidate for President in 2016 Tim Ryan , U.S. Representative from Ohio since 2003 Bernie Sanders , U.S. Senator from Vermont since 2007 ; U.S. Representative 1991 -- 2007 ; candidate for President in 2016 Howard Schultz , businessman from New York Tom Steyer , billionaire hedge fund manager , philanthropist , environmentalist , liberal activist , and fundraiser from California Eric Swalwell , U.S. Representative from California since 2013 Elizabeth Warren , U.S. Senator from Massachusetts since 2013 Marianne Williamson , spiritual teacher , author , and lecturer from California ; candidate for U.S. Representative in 2014 Potential convention sites Further information : 2020 Democratic National Convention Bids for the National Convention were solicited in the fall of 2017 , with finalists being announced in June 2018 . The winning bid was supposed to be revealed in the summer of 2018 . Houston , Texas Miami Beach , Florida Milwaukee , Wisconsin Endorsements This section is transcluded from Democratic Party presidential primaries , 2020 . ( edit history ) show John Delaney U.S. Executive Branch officials Jeffrey Zients , Acting Director of the OMB in 2010 and 2012 -- 2013 Victoria Clarke , Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs 2001 -- 2003 ( Republican ) U.S. Representatives Richard L. Hanna , U.S. Representative from NY - 22 2011 -- 2017 ( Republican ) Tom McMillen , U.S. Representative from MD - 4 1987 -- 1993 Individuals Jean Case , philanthropist , investor , and technology industry pioneer Steve Case , entrepreneur , investor , and businessman ( Independent ) John J. Fisher , businessman ( Republican ) Stephen Mandel , investor , hedge fund manager , and philanthropist Donald Sussman , financier and philanthropist Paul Tagliabue , Commissioner of the NFL 1989 -- 2006 David Trone , businessman , candidate for MD - 8 in 2016 and MD - 6 in 2018 show Andrew Yang Individuals Antonio García Martínez , New York Times Best Selling author , tech entrepreneur Tony Hsieh , internet entrepreneur and venture capitalist Daniel Porter , internet entrepreneur David S. Rose , serial entrepreneur and angel investor Brian Yang , actor and producer Ari Meisel , author and entrepeneur Fabrice Grinda , entrepeneur and angel investor Libertarian party Further information : Libertarian Party presidential primaries , 2020 Declared candidates These candidates have established campaign websites . Name Born Current or previous positions State Announced Ref Adam Kokesh February 1 , 1982 ( age 7004134200000000000 ♠ 36 ) San Francisco , California Libertarian and anti-war political activist Candidate for U.S. Senate in 2018 Candidate for U.S. Representative from New Mexico in 2010 Arizona July 18 , 2013 ( Campaign Website ) FEC Filing Vermin Supreme June 1961 ( age 57 ) Rockport , Massachusetts Performance artist and activist Candidate for President in 1992 , 1996 , 2000 , 2004 , 2008 , 2012 , and 2016 Candidate for Mayor of Detroit , Michigan in 1989 Candidate for Mayor of Baltimore , Maryland in 1987 Kansas May 28 , 2018 ( Website ) Arvin Vohra May 9 , 1979 ( age 7004144190000000000 ♠ 39 ) Silver Spring , Maryland Vice Chair of the LNC 2014 -- 2018 Libertarian nominee for U.S. Senate from Maryland in 2018 Libertarian nominee for U.S. Representative in 2012 and 2014 Candidate for U.S. Senate in 2016 Maryland July 3 , 2018 ( Website ) Convention site On December 10 , 2017 , the Libertarian National Committee chose Austin , Texas as the site of their 2020 national convention . The convention will be held between May 22 -- 25 , 2020 . Constitution party Further information : Constitution Party ( United States ) Individuals who have publicly expressed interest Individuals in this section have expressed an interest in running for president within the last six months . Don Blankenship , former business executive and convicted criminal ; Constitution nominee for U.S. Senate from West Virginia in 2018 Independent or unaffiliated Individuals who have publicly expressed interest Individuals in this section have expressed an interest in running for president within the last six months . Akon , singer , songwriter , businessman , record producer , and actor from New Jersey Mark Cuban , businessman and investor from Texas LeBron James , professional basketball player from California Maps The 50 states plus DC , scaled according to the number of electors in each state . See also United States gubernatorial elections , 2018 United States gubernatorial elections , 2020 United States Senate elections , 2018 United States Senate elections , 2020 Notes ^ Jump up to : This individual is not a member of the Democratic Party , but has been the subject of speculation or expressed interest in running under this party . Jump up ^ `` Generic Republican '' specifically excludes Donald Trump . Jump up ^ In this poll , Kirsten Gillibrand 's name was misspelled as `` Kristen Gillebrand '' . References Jump up ^ `` US Election guide : how does the election work ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . November 6 , 2012 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Levy , Adam ( August 25 , 2018 ) . `` DNC changes superdelegate rules in presidential nomination process '' . CNN . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Weeks , Linton ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` Forget 2016 . The Pivotal Year In Politics May Be 2020 '' . NPR . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chinni , Dante ( April 22 , 2018 ) . `` Demographic shifts show 2020 presidential race could be close '' . NBC News . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fox , Peggy ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` Washington , D.C. , may allow 16 - year - olds to vote for president in the 2020 election '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Campbell , James E. ( March 1986 ) . `` Presidential Coattails and Midterm Losses in State Legislative Elections '' . The American Political Science Review . 80 ( 1 ) : 45 . JSTOR 1957083 . Jump up ^ Sarlin , Benjy ( August 26 , 2014 ) . `` Forget 2016 : Democrats already have a plan for 2020 '' . MSNBC . ^ Jump up to : `` National Tracking Poll 180824 '' . Politico . Retrieved August 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Tracking Poll # 180746 '' . Politico . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Tom ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` Tax Reform Still Not Helping GOP ; Dems Lead House Ballot By 6 '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Zogby Poll ® : Biden , Sanders , Warren , Oprah and Obama beat Trump head to head in 2020 presidential election ! ; Trump making gains with base , especially NASCAR fans and Walmart shoppers '' . Zogby Analytics . May 25 , 2018 . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Tom ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` Voters Like High School Gun Protesters ; Do n't Like NRA '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Tom ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Democrats Lead by 8 Points On Generic House Ballot Nationally '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` CNN January 2018 '' ( PDF ) . CNN . January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Zogby Poll ® Oprah , Biden , Sanders and Warren easily defeat Trump in 2020 ; Trump in closer races with Harris , Zuckerberg , and Obama '' . Zogby Analytics . January 19 , 2018 . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Tom ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` Voters Think Trump Should Resign Over Harassment Allegations '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Tracking Poll '' . Politico . November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Tom ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Support For Impeachment At Record High '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Zogby Poll SM : Sanders and Biden dominate Trump ; Obama and Warren in tight races with the president '' . Zogby Analytics . November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Peter ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Emerson College Poll : Trump Job Approval 44 % . Voters Split on Trusting Media / Trump . North Korea - Biggest Threat , Support for DACA , Canada as Good Neighbor , Views on Catalonia Independence , Men better suited for politics , and 2020 Pres . Race '' ( PDF ) . Emerson College . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Tom ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` 2018 Shaping Up Big For Democrats '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Tom ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Trump Holds Steady After Charlottesville ; Supporters Think Whites , Christians Face Discrimination '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Tom ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` Health Care a Mine Field for Republicans ; Many Trump Voters in Denial on Russia '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Tom ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Plurality of Voters Think Trump Obstructed Justice '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Tom ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Health Care Puts House in Play '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Tom ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Democrats Have Big Enthusiasm Edge for 2018 '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Tom ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Trump , Ryan Both Hit Record Low Approval '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Tom ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` Trump Badly Losing His Fights With Media '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rivers , Douglas ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` Oprah 2020 '' . YouGov . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Zogby Poll : 2020 Presidential Election Potential Match - ups '' . Zogby Analytics . August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Tracking Poll # 171109 '' ( PDF ) . Morning Consult . November 22 , 2017 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Debenedetti , Gabriel ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` Polls split : Would Oprah win ? '' . Politico . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Stan ; Carville , James ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` The country hates the GOP Congress : Why do n't Democrats have a knock - out lead ? '' ( PDF ) . Democracy Corps . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Tracking Poll '' . Politico . February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Malloy , Tim ; Smith , Pat ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` U.S. Voters Split On Whether Trump Is Stable , Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds ; President Is Dividing The Nation , Voters Say 2 - 1 '' . Quinnipiac University . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miringoff , Lee M. ; Carvalho , Barbara L. ; Griffith , Mary E. ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` Oprah Would Defeat Trump in 2020 , But Americans Do n't Want `` O '' to Run '' ( PDF ) . Marist Poll . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oprah vs. The Donald , and The Winner Is ... '' . Rasmussen Reports . January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` American workers still support repeal of Obamacare ; Oprah trumps the Donald ! '' . Zogby Analytics . March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Tom ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Only 24 % of Voters Support GOP Health Care Plan '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Tracking Poll '' . Politico . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Tracking Poll '' . Politico . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Study # 17505 '' ( PDF ) . NBC News . December 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 19 , 2017 . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Tracking Poll '' . Politico . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Issues Poll '' ( PDF ) . August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Doug ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` New National Poll Donald Trump Twice As Popular As Mitch McConnell '' . Orlando Political Observer . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Results of SurveyUSA Election Poll # 23844 '' . SurveyUSA. April 2 , 2018 . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Results of SurveyUSA Election Poll # 23742 '' . SurveyUSA . January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Zogby Poll : Trump approval / Trump Vs. Warren in 11 states '' . Zogby Analytics . August 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EPIC - MRA STATEWIDE POLL OF ACTIVE AND LIKELY NOVEMBER 2018 VOTERS '' ( PDF ) . Epic - MRA . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zogby Analytics in the News - September 19 , 2017 '' . Zogby Analytics . September 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Poll : New Hampshire Republicans Are n't Totally Sold On Trump 2020 '' . American Research Group . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` An in - depth examination of North Carolina voter attitudes in important current issues '' ( PDF ) . Meredith College . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` POLL : Mark Cuban could beat Trump in 2020 -- in Texas '' . Jump up ^ Westwood , Sarah ( January 22 , 2017 ) . `` Trump hints at re-election bid , vowing ' eight years ' of ' great things ' '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bixby , Scott ( February 18 , 2017 ) . `` The Road to 2020 : Donald Trump 's Never - Ending Campaign '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Morehouse , Lee ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Trump breaks precedent , files as candidate for re-election on first day '' . KTVK . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , Jonathan ; Burns , Alexander ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` Republican Shadow Campaign for 2020 Takes Shape as Trump Doubts Grow '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sen. Susan Collins not sure Trump will be 2020 GOP nominee '' . CBS News . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goodkind , Nicole ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` TRUMP MAY NOT SEEK RE-ELECTION : RAND PAUL , CHRIS CHRISTIE '' . Newsweek . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaczynski , Andrew ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Sen. Jeff Flake : Trump ' inviting ' 2020 primary challenge by how he 's governing '' . CNN . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chaitin , Daniel ( May 19 , 2018 ) . `` Roger Stone says Trump may not run in 2020 , pledges to line up challenger to Pence - Haley ticket '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Louis ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Trump predicts he can win 95 percent of the black vote '' . Politico . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Thomsen , Jacqueline ( May 27 , 2018 ) . `` Flake does n't rule out challenging Trump in 2020 '' . The Hill . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Flake considers 2020 primary bid to challenge Trump '' . CBS News . March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cox , Erin ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` Larry Hogan for president ? He did n't rule it out '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Samuels , Brett ( August 12 , 2018 ) . `` Kasich on 2020 bid : ' Maybe I will . Maybe I wo n't ' '' . The Hill . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Steinhauser , Paul ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` John Kasich , in New Hampshire , hints at Trump 2020 challenge : ' All my options are on the table ' '' . Fox News . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hasson , Peter ( July 30 , 2018 ) . `` BILL KRISTOL CONSIDERING RUN FOR PRESIDENT IN 2020 '' . The Daily Caller . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Krawchenko , Katiana ( July 20 , 2018 ) . `` RNC picks Charlotte as 2020 GOP convention site '' . CBS News . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Foreman , Jr. , Tom ( October 1 , 2018 ) . `` Republican convention set for August 2020 in Charlotte '' . Associated Press . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Easley , Jonathan ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` For Democrats , no clear leader '' . The Hill . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Vyse , Graham ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` The 2020 Democratic primary is going to be the all - out brawl the party needs '' . The New Republic . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Edsall , Thomas B. ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` The Struggle Between Clinton and Sanders Is Not Over '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` After the divisive Democratic National Committee chair election , what 's next ? '' . The Guardian . February 27 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Elena ( May 19 , 2018 ) . `` Democrats clash over party 's direction in key Texas race '' . Politico . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schor , Elana ( December 30 , 2017 ) . `` Dem senators fight to out - liberal one another ahead of 2020 '' . Politico . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Ryan W. ( 2018 - 06 - 29 ) . `` New York 's Kirsten Gillibrand , Bill de Blasio echo progressive calls to ' abolish ICE ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Janssen , Kim ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` DNC chair Tom Perez : Expect a ' double - digit ' field in 2020 presidential primary '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Scher , Bill ( November 24 , 2017 ) . `` Why 2020 Will Be the Year of the Woman '' . Politico . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Huey - Burns , Caitlin ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Oprah Run in 2020 Entices Leaderless Democrats '' . RealClearPolitics . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zengerle , Jason ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` Who Will Do What Harry Reid Did Now That Harry Reid Is Gone ? '' . New York . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Delaney , John ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` John Delaney : Why I 'm running for president '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kwong , Jessica ( July 4 , 2018 ) . `` MICHAEL AVENATTI SAYS HE 'D ' ABSOLUTELY ' BEAT DONALD TRUMP IN 2020 ELECTION AND ' BE HIS WORST NIGHTMARE ' '' . Newsweek . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pfannenstiel , Brianne ( August 9 , 2018 ) . `` Michael Avenatti in Iowa : ' I 'm exploring a run for the presidency of the United States ' '' . Des Moines Register . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ball , Molly ; Abramson , Alana ( October 25 , 2018 ) . `` Michael Avenatti 's Past Wo n't Stop Him From Running in 2020 '' . Time . Retrieved October 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sampathkumar , Mythili ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` Joe Biden reveals deadline for decision over his 2020 presidential bid '' . The Independent . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . 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Jump up ^ `` Hillary Clinton leaves door open for 2020 run : ' I 'd like to be president ' '' . The Hill . October 28 , 2018 . Retrieved October 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martin Rogers ( September 11 , 2018 ) . `` Oscar De La Hoya says he will run for United States president '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alex Thompson ( October 19 , 2018 ) . `` Tulsi Gabbard weighing 2020 presidential bid '' . Politico . Retrieved October 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` L.A. Mayor Garcetti Says He 'll Make Presidential Run Decision Next Year '' . Bloomberg News . June 8 , 2018 . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Keller , Megan ( October 21 , 2018 ) . `` Los Angeles mayor says he will make decision about 2020 by end of year '' . The Hill . Retrieved October 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Kasie ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` Sen. Kamala Harris not ruling out 2020 White House run '' . NBC News . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Edward - Isaac Dovere ( October 5 , 2018 ) . `` An Unmistakable Sign Kamala Harris Is Running in 2020 '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ David Siders ( October 16 , 2018 ) . `` How Kamala Harris ' team thinks she can win the 2020 nomination '' . Politico . Retrieved October 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kyle Trygstad ( September 18 , 2018 ) . `` John Hickenlooper Is the Antithesis of Trump -- And Might Run Against Him in 2020 '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved September 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Doom , Justin ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` Eric Holder tells Stephen Colbert ' I 'm thinking about ' running for president '' . ABC News . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Korecki , Natasha ( October 1 , 2018 ) . `` Inslee : I 'm not ruling out a 2020 run '' . Politico . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hager , Mary ( August 31 , 2018 ) . `` John Kerry wo n't rule out 2020 White House run '' . CBS News . Retrieved September 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Krawchenko , Katiana ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` Terry McAuliffe : If I ran against Trump `` I 'd beat him '' `` . CBS News . Retrieved October 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Beaumont , Thomas ( September 19 , 2018 ) . `` Former Virginia Gov. McAuliffe Says He 's Not Ruling Out 2020 Campaign '' . NBC 4 . Retrieved October 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stolberg , Sheryl ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Senator Jeff Merkley , a Quiet Stalwart of the Left , Has a Breakout Moment at the Border '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Ben ( October 21 , 2018 ) . `` 2020 vision : Democratic hopefuls warm up for White House race '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ Lukitsch , Bill . `` Presidential hopefuls for 2020 -- declared and undeclared -- are stopping in Q-C , Iowa with midterms on the horizon '' . QC Times.com . Jump up ^ Merica , Dan ( August 28 , 2018 ) . `` Tim Ryan weighs his next move : Take on Pelosi or Trump '' . CNN . Retrieved August 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bernie Sanders Is Not Not Running In 2020 '' . The Late Show with Stephen Colbert . August 15 , 2018 . Retrieved August 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Edward - Isaac Dovere ( October 21 , 2018 ) . `` Sanders and Warren Are Heading for a Stand - off '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved October 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Whitten , Sarah ; Cheddar Berk , Christina ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` Howard Schultz on presidential speculation : ' Let 's see what happens ' '' . CNBC . Jump up ^ Hasson , Peter ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` STARBUCKS CHAIRMAN WON 'T RULE OUT 2020 CHALLENGE TO TRUMP ( VIDEO ) '' . The Daily Caller . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Brian ( August 23 , 2018 ) . `` Billionaire Tom Steyer is seriously looking into running for president as he pushes to impeach Trump '' . CNBC . NBC Universal . Retrieved September 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marinucci , Carla ; White , Jeremy B. ; Parthasarathy , Maya ( August 14 , 2018 ) . `` STEYER raises the stakes : New $10 million voter drive -- SWALWELL not ruling out 2020 -- ERIC TRUMP on Fresno radio -- SIXTH firefighter dies battling wildfires '' . Politico . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alexander Burns ( September 29 , 2018 ) . `` Elizabeth Warren Says 2020 Presidential Run Is On the Table '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McGrane , Victoria ( September 29 , 2018 ) . `` Warren says she will ' take a hard look at running for president ' '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved September 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Ben ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` New Age author Marianne Williamson ' looking into ' 2020 presidential run '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Allahpundit ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` Are You Ready For President Marianne Williamson ? '' . Hot Air . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Guillaume , Kristine ( August 3 , 2018 ) . `` Author Marianne Williamson `` looking into '' 2020 presidential bid `` . CBS News . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rynard , Pat ( October 22 , 2018 ) . `` Author Marianne Williamson Quietly Tests The 2020 Waters In Iowa '' . Iowa Starting Line . Retrieved October 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Seitz - Wald , Alex ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` Eager Democrats 2020 prep : DNC eyes convention cities , debates , rule changes '' . NBC News . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Glauber , Bill ; Nelson , James B. ; Daykin , Tom ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Milwaukee leaders announce bid for 2020 Democratic National Convention '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zients , Jeff ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` SCHEDULE A-P ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Victoria ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` SCHEDULE A-P ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hanna , Richard ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` SCHEDULE A-P ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McMillen , C. Thomas Thomas ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` SCHEDULE A-P ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Case , Jean ; Case , Steve ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` SCHEDULE A-P ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fisher , John J. ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` SCHEDULE A ( FEC Form 3 ) ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mandel Jr. , Stephen ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` SCHEDULE A-P ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sussman , S. Donald ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` SCHEDULE A ( FEC Form 3 ) ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tagliabue , Paul ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` SCHEDULE A-P ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trone , David ( @ davidjtrone ) ( July 28 , 2017 ) . ``. @ JohnKDelaney has done a great job bringing people together to solve problems . He would be a fantastic President , and I 'm behind him 100 % ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ García Martínez , Antonio ( @ antoniogm ) ( February 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' In just a few years , he said , `` we 're going to have a million truck drivers out of work ... '' `` That one innovation , '' he continued , `` will be enough to create riots in the street . '' Finally , someone in politics realizes what 's up . Go @ AndrewYangVFA '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Hsieh , Anthony ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` SCHEDULE A-P ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Dan ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` SCHEDULE A-P ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rose , David S. ( @ davidsrose ) ( February 10 , 2018 ) . `` I 've got my candidate for President in 2020 . He 's brilliant , entrepreneurial , accomplished , far - sighted , and -- most important -- of impeccable integrity . @ andrewyang2020 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Yang , Brian ( @ briflys ) ( August 3 , 2018 ) . `` Hoopin ' with the @ andrewyang2020 crew . # yang2020 🇺 🇸 🏀 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Yang on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Yang on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Adam Kokesh , jailed gun rights activist , to run for president '' . RT . July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adam Kokesh vs Vermin Supreme 2020 '' . Adam Kokesh . May 28 , 2018 . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Libertarian presidential hopefuls : Now there are 2 ... or 3 ? '' . Libertarian Party . July 3 , 2018 . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Libertarian Party Sets Location and Date of 2020 Presidential Convention '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Blankenship was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Siegler , Mara ( June 19 , 2018 ) . `` Akon set to launch cryptocurrency called Akoin '' . Page Six . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Akon Envisions 2020 Presidential Run with Mark Zuckerberg as VP '' . TMZ . March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zeitlin , Matthew ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Cuban : `` I 'm Honestly Considering '' Running For President `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beavers , Olivia ( November 5 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Cuban : Only 10 % chance I 'll run for president in 2020 '' . The Hill . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Will Mark Cuban run for president in 2020 ? '' . CTV Television Network . April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James explains why he called Trump a ' bum ' '' . CNN . July 30 , 2018 . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . 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where does the eye for an eye come from	First referenced in the Code of Hammurabi , ( which predates the Hebrew bible . ) In the Hebrew Law , the `` eye for eye '' was to restrict compensation to the value of the loss . Thus , it might be better read ' only one eye for one eye ' . The biblical phrase `` an eye for an eye '' in Exodus and Leviticus ( עין תחת עין ‬ , ayin tachat ayin ) literally means ' an eye in place of an eye ' while a slightly different phrase ( עַיִן בְּעַיִן שֵׁן בְּשֵׁן , literally `` eye for an eye ; tooth for a tooth '' ) is used in another passage ( in Deuteronomy ) of the Hebrew Bible , specifically , in the first of its three subdivisions , the Torah . For example , a passage in Leviticus states , `` And a man who injures his countryman -- as he has done , so it shall be done to him ( namely , ) fracture for fracture , eye for eye , tooth for tooth . Just as he has injured a person , so it shall be done to him . '' ( Lev. 24 : 19 -- 21 )	Hebrew bible	Eye for an eye	eye for an eye	`` Only one eye for one eye '' , also known as `` An eye for an eye '' , or the law of retaliation , is the principle that a person who has injured another person is to be penalized to a similar degree , or in softer interpretations , the victim receives the ( estimated ) value of the injury in compensation . The intent behind the principle was to restrict compensation to the value of the loss .	The principle is sometimes referred using the Latin term lex talionis or the law of talion . The English word talion ( from the Latin talio ) means a retaliation authorized by law , in which the punishment corresponds in kind and degree to the injury . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition and methods 2 Antecedents 3 In religion 3.1 Judaism 3.1. 1 Talmud 3.1. 2 Objective of reciprocal justice in Judaism 3.1. 3 Social hierarchy and reciprocal justice 3.2 Christianity 3.3 Islam 4 Notable criticisms 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Definition and methods ( edit ) An interactive piece at the Viktor Frankl Museum ... `` As a Human Being ... Aug ' um Aug ' ? '' The term lex talionis does not always and only refer to literal eye - for - an - eye codes of justice ( see rather mirror punishment ) but applies to the broader class of legal systems that specify formulate penalties for specific crimes , which are thought to be fitting in their severity . Some propose that this was at least in part intended to prevent excessive punishment at the hands of either an avenging private party or the state . The most common expression of lex talionis is `` an eye for an eye '' , but other interpretations have been given as well . Legal codes following the principle of lex talionis have one thing in common : prescribed ' fitting ' counter punishment for a felony . In the famous legal code written by Hammurabi , the principle of exact reciprocity is very clearly used . For example , if a person caused the death of another person , the killer would be put to death . The simplest example is the `` eye for an eye '' principle . In that case , the rule was that punishment must be exactly equal to the crime . Conversely , the twelve tables of Rome merely prescribed particular penalties for particular crimes . The Anglo - Saxon legal code substituted payment of wergild for direct retribution : a particular person 's life had a fixed value , derived from his social position ; any homicide was compensated by paying the appropriate wergild , regardless of intent . Under the British Common Law , successful plaintiffs were entitled to repayment equal to their loss ( in monetary terms ) . In the modern tort law system , this has been extended to translate non-economic losses into money as well . The meaning of the principle Eye for an Eye is that a person who has been injured by another person returns the offending action to the originator in compensation , or that an authority does so on behalf of the injured person . The exact Latin ( lex talionis ) to English translation of this phrase is `` The law of retaliation . '' The root principle of this law is to provide equitable retribution . Antecedents ( edit ) Various ideas regarding the origins of lex talionis exist , but a common one is that it developed as early civilizations grew and a less well - established system for retribution of wrongs , feuds and vendettas , threatened the social fabric . Despite having been replaced with newer modes of legal theory , lex talionis systems served a critical purpose in the development of social systems -- the establishment of a body whose purpose was to enact the retaliation and ensure that this was the only punishment . This body was the state in one of its earliest forms . The principle is found in Babylonian Law . If it is surmised that in societies not bound by the rule of law , if a person was hurt , then the injured person ( or their relative ) would take vengeful retribution on the person who caused the injury . The retribution might be worse than the crime , perhaps even death . Babylonian law put a limit on such actions , restricting the retribution to be no worse than the crime , as long as victim and offender occupied the same status in society . As with blasphemy or lèse - majesté ( crimes against a god or a monarch ) , crimes against one 's social betters were punished more severely . Roman law moved toward monetary compensation as a substitute for vengeance . In cases of assault , fixed penalties were set for various injuries , although talio was still permitted if one person broke another 's limb . In religion ( edit ) First referenced in the Code of Hammurabi , ( which predates the Hebrew bible . ) In the Hebrew Law , the `` eye for eye '' was to restrict compensation to the value of the loss . Thus , it might be better read ' only one eye for one eye ' . The biblical phrase `` an eye for an eye '' in Exodus and Leviticus ( עין תחת עין ‬ , ayin tachat ayin ) literally means ' an eye in place of an eye ' while a slightly different phrase ( עַיִן בְּעַיִן שֵׁן בְּשֵׁן , literally `` eye for an eye ; tooth for a tooth '' ) is used in another passage ( in Deuteronomy ) of the Hebrew Bible , specifically , in the first of its three subdivisions , the Torah . For example , a passage in Leviticus states , `` And a man who injures his countryman -- as he has done , so it shall be done to him ( namely , ) fracture for fracture , eye for eye , tooth for tooth . Just as he has injured a person , so it shall be done to him . '' ( Lev. 24 : 19 -- 21 ) Judaism ( edit ) Isaac Kalimi explains that the `` lex talionis was humanized by the Rabbis who interpreted `` an eye for an eye '' to mean reasonable pecuniary compensation . As in the case of the Babylonian ' lex talionis ' , ethical Judaism and humane Jewish jurisprudence replaces the peshat ( literal meaning ) of the written Torah . Pasachoff and Littman point to the reinterpretation of the lex talionis as an example of the ability of Pharisaic Judaism to `` adapt to changing social and intellectual ideas . '' Talmud ( edit ) The Talmud interprets the verses referring to `` an eye for an eye '' and similar expressions as mandating monetary compensation in tort cases and argues against the interpretations by Sadducees that the Bible verses refer to physical retaliation in kind , using the argument that such an interpretation would be inapplicable to blind or eyeless offenders . Since the Torah requires that penalties be universally applicable , the phrase can not be interpreted in this manner . The Oral Law explains , based upon the biblical verses , that the Bible mandates a sophisticated five - part monetary form of compensation , consisting of payment for `` Damages , Pain , Medical Expenses , Incapacitation , and Mental Anguish '' -- which underlies many modern legal codes . Some rabbinic literature explains , moreover , that the expression , `` An eye for an eye , etc . '' suggests that the perpetrator deserves to lose his own eye , but that biblical law treats him leniently . − Paraphrased from the Union of Orthodox Congregations . However , the Torah also discusses a form of direct reciprocal justice , where the phrase ayin tachat ayin makes another appearance . Here , the Torah discusses false witnesses who conspire to testify against another person . The Torah requires the court to `` do to him as he had conspired to do to his brother '' . Assuming the fulfillment of certain technical criteria ( such as the sentencing of the accused whose punishment was not yet executed ) , wherever it is possible to punish the conspirators with exactly the same punishment through which they had planned to harm their fellow , the court carries out this direct reciprocal justice ( including when the punishment constitutes the death penalty ) . Otherwise , the offenders receive lashes . Since there is no form of punishment in the Torah that calls for the maiming of an offender ( punitary amputation ) there is no case where a conspiratorial false witness could possibly be punished by the court injuring to his eye , tooth , hand , or foot . There is one case where the Torah states `` ... and you shall cut off her hand ... '' The sages of the Talmud understood the literal meaning of this verse as referring to a case where the woman is attacking a man in potentially lethal manner . This verse teaches that , although one must intervene to save the victim , one may not kill a lethal attacker if it is possible to neutralize that attacker through non-lethal injury . Regardless , there is no verse that even appears to mandate injury to the eye , tooth , or foot . Numbers 35 : 9 -- 30 discusses the only form of remotely reciprocal justice not carried out directly by the court , where , under very limited circumstances , someone found guilty of negligent manslaughter may be killed by a relative of the deceased who takes on the role of `` redeemer of blood '' . In such cases , the court requires the guilty party to flee to a designated city of refuge . While the guilty party is there , the `` redeemer of blood '' may not kill him . If , however , the guilty party illegally forgoes his exile , the `` redeemer of blood '' , as an accessory of the court , may kill the guilty party . Nevertheless , the provision of the `` redeemer of blood '' does not serve as true reciprocal justice , because the redeemer only acts to penalize a negligent killer who forgoes his exile . Furthermore , intentional killing does not parallel negligent killing and thus can not serve directly as a reciprocal punishment for manslaughter , but as a penalty for escaping punishment . According to traditional Jewish Law , application of these laws requires the presence and maintenance of the biblically designated cities of refuge , as well as a conviction in an eligible court of 23 judges as delineated by the Torah and Talmud . The latter condition is also applicable for any capital punishment . These circumstances have not existed for approximately 2,000 years . Objective of reciprocal justice in Judaism ( edit ) The Talmud discusses the concept of justice as measure - for - measure retribution ( middah k'neged middah ) in the context of divinely implemented justice . Regarding reciprocal justice by court , however , the Torah states that punishments serve to remove dangerous elements from society ( `` ... and you shall eliminate the evil from your midst '' ) and to deter potential criminals from violating the law ( `` And the rest shall hear and be daunted , and they shall no longer commit anything like this evil deed in your midst '' ) . Additionally , reciprocal justice in tort cases serves to compensate the victim ( see above ) . The ideal of vengeance for the sake of assuaging the distress of the victim plays no role in the Torah 's conception of court justice , as victims are cautioned against even hating or bearing a grudge against those who have harmed them . The Torah makes no distinction between whether the potential object of hatred or a grudge has been brought to justice , and all people are taught to love their fellow Israelites . Social hierarchy and reciprocal justice ( edit ) In Exodus 21 , as in the Code of Hammurabi , the concept of reciprocal justice seemingly applies to social equals ; the statement of reciprocal justice `` life for life , eye for eye , tooth for tooth , hand for hand , foot for foot , burn for burn , wound for wound , stripe for stripe '' is followed by an example of a different law : if a slave - owner blinds the eye or knocks out the tooth of a slave , the slave is freed but the owner pays no other consequence . On the other hand , the slave would probably be put to death for the injury of the eye of the slave - owner . However the reciprocal justice applies across social boundaries : the `` eye for eye '' principle is directly followed by the proclamation `` You are to have one law for the alien and the citizen . '' This shows a much more meaningful principle for social justice , in that the marginalized in society were given the same rights under the social structure . In this context , the reciprocal justice in an ideal functioning setting , according to Michael Coogan , `` to prevent people from taking the law into their own hands and exacting disproportionate vengeance for offenses committed against them . '' Christianity ( edit ) See also : Christian views on the old covenant When talking about an `` eye for an eye '' , Jesus taught to turn the other cheek during the Sermon on the Mount . In the Sermon on the Mount , Jesus urges his followers to turn the other cheek : You have heard that it was said , `` An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth . '' But I say to you , Do not resist the one who is evil . But if anyone slaps you on the right cheek , turn to him the other also . -- Jesus Christ , English Standard Version ( Matthew 5 : 38 - 39 ) Some interpret this as an admonition not to seek legal steps for any compensation that corresponds in kind and degree to the injury : . Others interpret it as Jesus simply teaching his followers not to take personal vengeance , rather than commenting on any legal practice . Christian interpretation of the Biblical passage has been heavily influenced by the Church father Augustine of Hippo . He already discussed in his Contra Faustum , Book XIX , the points of ' fulfilment or destruction ' of the Jewish law . George Robinson characterizes the passage of Exodus ( `` an eye for an eye '' ) as one of the `` most controversial in the Bible '' . According to Robinson , some have pointed to this passage as evidence of the vengeful nature of justice in the Hebrew Bible . Similarly , Abraham Bloch speculates that the `` lex talionis has been singled out as a classical example of biblical harshness . '' Harry S. Lewis points to Lamech , Gideon and Samson as Biblical heroes who were renowned for `` their prowess in executing blood revenge upon their public and private enemies . '' Lewis asserts that this `` right of ' wild ' justice was gradually limited . '' Stephen Wylen asserts that the lex talionis is `` proof of the unique value of each individual '' and that it teaches `` equality of all human beings for law . '' Islam ( edit ) Main article : Qisas The Qur'an mentions the `` eye for an eye '' concept as being ordained for the Children of Israel . The principle of Lex talionis in Islam is Qiṣāṣ ( Arabic : قصاص ) as mentioned in Qur'an , 2 : 178 : `` O you who have believed , prescribed for you is legal retribution ( Qisas ) for those murdered -- the free for the free , the slave for the slave , and the female for the female . But whoever overlooks from his brother anything , then there should be a suitable follow - up and payment to him with good conduct . This is an alleviation from your Lord and a mercy . But whoever transgresses after that will have a painful punishment . '' Shi'ite countries that use Islamic Sharia law , such as Iran , apply the `` eye for an eye '' rule literally . In the Torah We prescribed for them a life for a life , an eye for an eye , a nose for a nose , an ear for an ear , a tooth for a tooth , an equal wound for a wound : if anyone forgoes this out of charity , it will serve as atonement for his bad deeds . Those who do not judge according to what God has revealed are doing grave wrong . ( Qurʾān , 5 : 45 ) Notable criticisms ( edit ) Martin Luther King , Jr. later used this phrase in the context of racial violence : `` The old law of an eye for an eye leaves everyone blind . '' See also ( edit ) Aggression Bubuti system Capital punishment Deterrence theory Divine retribution Forgiveness Golden Rule Moral hazard Mutual assured destruction Non-aggression principle Norm of reciprocity Pacifism Punitive Revenge Retorsion Silver Rule Two wrongs make a right Tit for tat Vigilante An Eye for an Eye , novel References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Plaut 1945 , pp. 571ff . ^ Jump up to : Plaut 1981 , p. 572 . ^ Jump up to : Plaut 1981 , pp. 571ff . Jump up ^ Knight , Douglas A ; Levine , Amy - Jill ( 2011 ) . The Meaning of the Bible . New York : Harper Collins . p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 112175 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hammurabi & 1780 BC , § 230 . Jump up ^ Hammurabi & 1780 BC . Jump up ^ Bond , Kenneth ( 1998 ) , Religious Beliefs as a Basis for Ethical Decision Making in the Workplace , Humboldt State University , archived from the original on 3 July 2007 , retrieved 10 July 2010 , ... Code of Hammurabi ( 1780 BC ) . I used a translation by LW King with Commentary by Charles F. Horne ( 1915 ) . My version was a 1996 electronically enhanced version of the 1910 Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ `` Roman law : Delict and contract '' , Encyclopædia Britannica . ^ Jump up to : Lv 24 : 19 -- 21 Jump up ^ Ex 21 : 22 -- 25 Jump up ^ Dt 19 : 16 - 21 Jump up ^ Kalimi , Isaac ; Haas , Peter J ( 2006 ) . Biblical interpretation in Judaism and Christianity . Continuum . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Pasachoff , Naomi E ; Littman , Robert J ( 2005 ) . A concise history of the Jewish people . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 64 . Jump up ^ Bava Kamma , 83b -- 84a . Jump up ^ `` Torah '' , About Judaism , ou.org . Jump up ^ Dt 19 : 16 -- 21 . ^ Jump up to : Dt 19 : 19 . Jump up ^ Makot , 1 : 1 . Jump up ^ Bab . Talmud , 2a , based on critical exegesis of Dt 25 : 1 -- 3 Jump up ^ Dt 25 : 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Sifrei . Jump up ^ Maimonides , Yad . Jump up ^ Hillel , `` Rotze'ach u'Sh'mirat Nefesh '' , Nezikin , 1 : 7 . Jump up ^ Makot , 7a -- 13a . Jump up ^ Dt 19 : 20 . Jump up ^ Lv 19 : 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Ex 21 : 23 -- 25 . ^ Jump up to : Coogan , Michael D ( 2009 ) . A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament : The Hebrew Bible in Its Context . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 112 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533272 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lv 24 : 19 -- 22 . Jump up ^ `` Righteous Personal Conduct Interpretation of Turning the Other Cheek '' . Wikepedia . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . Jump up ^ of Hippo , Augustine , `` Contra Faustum '' , Fathers , NewAdvent . Jump up ^ Robinson , George ( 2000 ) . Essential Judaism : a complete guide to beliefs , customs and rituals . Simon & Schuster . p. 242 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 03481 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bloch , Abraham P ( 1984 ) . A book of Jewish ethical concepts : Biblical and postbiblical . KTAV . Jump up ^ Lewis , Harry Samuel ( 1915 ) . Liberal Judaism and social service . Bloch . p. 37 . Jump up ^ Wylen , Stephen M ( 2005 ) . The seventy faces of Torah : the Jewish way of reading the Sacred Scriptures . Paulist Press . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Qur'an , V : 45 . Jump up ^ Court orders Iranian man blinded , BBC , 28 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Acid blinding sentence postponed by Iran after international outcry '' , The Guardian , UK , 14 May 2011 . Jump up ^ King , Martin Luther jr , King , Coretta Scott , ed. , The Words , Violence as a way of achieving racial justice is both impractical and immoral . It is impractical because it is a descending spiral ending in destruction for all . The old law of an eye for an eye leaves everyone blind . It is immoral because it seeks to humiliate the opponent rather than win his understanding ... Bibliography ( edit ) Hammurabi , Code of 1780 BC . Plaut ( 1981 ) , The Torah -- A Modern Commentary , New York : Union of American Hebrew Congregations . External links ( edit ) Aquinas , Thomas , `` Matthew 5 : 38 -- 42 '' , Catena ( collation of commentaries ) . Calvin , Jean , `` 21 : 22 -- 26 '' , Commentary on Exodus , Christian classics ethereal library . -- -- -- , `` 5 : 38 '' , Commentary on Matthew Miller , Professor William Ian , `` The fine art of revenge '' , Salon ( interview ) : the author of `` Eye for an Eye '' , about the Lex talionis . Shubow , Justin ( December 2006 ) , `` Blind Justice '' , First Things ( review of William Ian Miller 's Eye for an Eye ) , archived from the original on 23 February 2008 . `` Part 1 '' , Tolstoy 's Legacy for Mankind : A Manifesto for Nonviolence , DK : Freds akademiet & Part 2 `` The Torah and Lex Talionis '' , About Judaism ( explanation ) , Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eye_for_an_eye&oldid=821341445 '' Categories : Criminal law English - language idioms Codes of conduct Legal history Law and morality Biblical phrases Islamic terminology Christian terminology Revenge Hidden categories : Pages with Bible version errors Use dmy dates from May 2011 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2017 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 文言 ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 21 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye%20for%20an%20eye	815
give two changes in transportation that happened during the industrial revolution			Transport during the British industrial Revolution	transport during the british industrial revolution		This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Transportation of goods to factories , and of finished products from them , was limited by high transport costs along roads to their destinations . This was not too severe in the case of light valuable materials such as textiles ( woolen and linen cloth ) but in the case of dense materials such as coal , it could be a limiting factor on the viability of an industry . In contrast , freighting goods by water , whether on rivers or coastwise was much cheaper . Canals brought the first major change to transportation , and were usually built directly from the mines to city centres , such as the famous Bridgewater Canal in Manchester . Tramways were also common using horses locomotion . Contents ( hide ) 1 River navigations 2 Turnpike trusts 3 Railways 4 See also 5 References River navigations ( edit ) Main article : History of the British canal system Some rivers , such as the Thames , Severn and Trent were naturally navigable , at least in their lower reaches . Other rivers were improved during the 17th and early 18th centuries , improving the transport links of towns such as Manchester , Wigan , Hereford , and Newbury in England . However these only provided links towards the coast , not across the heart of England . It was the canals which were to provide the vital links in the transport network . Turnpike trusts ( edit ) Main article : Turnpike trusts In England , the roads of each parish were maintained by compulsory labour from the parishioners , six days per year . This proved inadequate in the case of certain heavily used roads , and from the 18th century ( and in a few cases slightly earlier ) , statutory bodies of trustees began to be set up with power to borrow money to repair and improve roads , the loans being repaid from tolls collected from road users . In the 1750s there was a boom in creating new turnpike trusts with the result that by the end of the 18th century almost all main roads were turnpike roads . Each trust required an Act of Parliament , both on its initial creation and to renew it when the term granted by the Act expired . Cars were invented in the 1800s . Railways ( edit ) Main article : History of rail transport Rocket as preserved in the Science Museum , London These railways were all horse - drawn , though in many cases their slope meant that the horse was not required to draw the wagon downhill ; instead it was necessary to apply a brake to slow the descent . The wagon was emptied into a river barge ( or keel or trow ) , and the horse drew the empty wagon back to the coal pit . Steam engine haulage was tried by Richard Trevithick on the Merthyr Tramroad from Penydarren to Abercynon in 1804 , but proved unsatisfactory , partly because the engine was too heavy for the rails . It was only after the development of stronger rails made of rolled wrought iron in the 1820s that steam engine - hauled long - distance railways became feasible . Like the early wagonways , these were ( indeed are ) edge railways , where the wheels of the engine and wagons ( or carriages ) are flanged . Thus followed the Stockton and Darlington Railway , the Liverpool and Manchester Railway and many more . People were able to use railways to get to factory work and jobs much more effectively than previous options . See also ( edit ) George Stephenson Robert Stephenson Stockton and Darlington Railway Isambard Kingdom Brunel Stephenson 's Rocket Charlotte Dundas James Watt George Washington References ( edit ) The Industrial Revolution 1760 - 1830 , T.S. Ashton , Oxford University Press 1972 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport_during_the_British_Industrial_Revolution&oldid=827278224 '' Categories : Industrial Revolution History of transport in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2017 Use British English from August 2017 Articles lacking in - text citations from February 2013 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Edit links This page was last edited on 23 February 2018 , at 20 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport%20during%20the%20British%20Industrial%20Revolution	816
who was prime minister when the queen was crowned	Winston Churchill was the incumbent Prime Minister of the United Kingdom when Elizabeth became queen .	Winston Churchill	List of prime ministers of Elizabeth II	list of prime ministers of elizabeth ii		Queen Elizabeth II with several of her prime ministers and other Commonwealth nation leaders at the 1960 Commonwealth Prime Ministers ' Conference Since succeeding her father on 6 February 1952 , Queen Elizabeth II has been head of state of 32 different independent states ; currently , there are 16 states , called Commonwealth realms . Within the Westminster system in each realm , the Queen 's government is headed by a prime minister . Appointment and dismissal of prime ministers are common reserve powers that can be exercised by the Queen or her governors - general . This list does not cover Commonwealth nations that are not Commonwealth realms , nor holders of offices of prime minister in colonies or sub-national entities such as states or provinces . The Queen has had over 160 individuals serve as her realms ' prime ministers throughout her reign , the first new appointment being Dudley Senanayake as Prime Minister of Ceylon and the most recent being Mia Mottley as Prime Minister of Barbados . Several of the Queen 's prime ministers from various realms have been appointed for life to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prime ministers of current realms 1.1 Antigua and Barbuda 1.2 Australia 1.3 Bahamas 1.4 Barbados 1.5 Belize 1.6 Canada 1.7 Grenada 1.8 Jamaica 1.9 New Zealand 1.10 Papua New Guinea 1.11 Saint Kitts and Nevis 1.12 Saint Lucia 1.13 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1.14 Solomon Islands 1.15 Tuvalu 1.16 United Kingdom 2 Prime ministers of former realms 2.1 Ceylon 2.2 Fiji 2.3 Gambia 2.4 Ghana 2.5 Guyana 2.6 Kenya 2.7 Malawi 2.8 Malta 2.9 Mauritius 2.10 Nigeria 2.11 Pakistan 2.12 Sierra Leone 2.13 South Africa 2.14 Tanganyika 2.15 Trinidad and Tobago 2.16 Uganda 3 Anomalous cases 4 See also 5 References 6 Notes Prime ministers of current realms ( edit ) Antigua and Barbuda ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda became independent on 1 November 1981 with Vere Bird as the first prime minister . Bird had previously been Premier of Antigua . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Vere Bird ( 1910 -- 1999 ) 1 November 1981 9 March 1994 Lester Bird ( 1938 -- ) 9 March 1994 24 March 2004 Baldwin Spencer ( 1948 -- ) 24 March 2004 13 June 2014 Gaston Browne ( 1967 -- ) 13 June 2014 Incumbent Reference Australia ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Australia Queen Elizabeth II with Prime Minister of Australia Robert Menzies during her first tour of Australia in 1954 Robert Menzies was the incumbent prime minister of Australia when Elizabeth became queen . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Sir Robert Menzies ( 1894 -- 1978 ) 19 December 1949 26 January 1966 Harold Holt ( 1908 -- 1967 ) 26 January 1966 19 December 1967 Sir John McEwen ( 1900 -- 1980 ) 19 December 1967 10 January 1968 Sir John Gorton ( 1911 -- 2002 ) 10 January 1968 10 March 1971 5 Sir William McMahon ( 1908 -- 1988 ) 10 March 1971 5 December 1972 6 Gough Whitlam ( 1916 -- 2014 ) 5 December 1972 11 November 1975 7 Malcolm Fraser ( 1930 -- 2015 ) 11 November 1975 11 March 1983 8 Bob Hawke ( 1929 -- ) 11 March 1983 20 December 1991 9 Paul Keating ( 1944 -- ) 20 December 1991 11 March 1996 10 John Howard ( 1939 -- ) 11 March 1996 3 December 2007 11 Kevin Rudd ( 1957 -- ) 3 December 2007 24 June 2010 12 Julia Gillard ( 1961 -- ) 24 June 2010 27 June 2013 ( 11 ) Kevin Rudd ( 1957 -- ) 27 June 2013 18 September 2013 13 Tony Abbott ( 1957 -- ) 18 September 2013 15 September 2015 14 Malcolm Turnbull ( 1954 -- ) 15 September 2015 Incumbent Reference Bahamas ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of the Bahamas The Bahamas became independent on 10 July 1973 with Lynden Pindling as the first prime minister . Pindling had previously been the prime minister of the self - governing Commonwealth of the Bahama Islands . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Sir Lynden Pindling ( 1930 -- 2000 ) 10 July 1973 21 August 1992 Hubert Ingraham ( 1947 -- ) 21 August 1992 3 May 2002 Perry Christie ( 1943 -- ) 3 May 2002 4 May 2007 ( 2 ) Hubert Ingraham ( 1947 -- ) 4 May 2007 8 May 2012 ( 3 ) Perry Christie ( 1943 -- ) 8 May 2012 11 May 2017 Hubert Minnis ( 1954 -- ) 11 May 2017 Incumbent Reference Barbados ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Barbados Barbados became independent on 30 November 1966 with Errol Barrow as the first prime minister . Barrow had previously been Premier of Barbados . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Errol Barrow ( 1920 -- 1987 ) 30 November 1966 8 September 1976 J.M.G.M. ' Tom ' Adams ( 1931 -- 1985 ) 8 September 1976 11 March 1985 Harold Bernard St. John ( 1931 -- 2004 ) 11 March 1985 29 May 1986 ( 1 ) Errol Barrow ( 1920 -- 1987 ) 29 May 1986 1 June 1987 Lloyd Erskine Sandiford ( 1937 -- ) 1 June 1987 7 September 1994 5 Owen Arthur ( 1945 -- ) 7 September 1994 16 January 2008 6 David Thompson ( 1961 -- 2010 ) 16 January 2008 23 October 2010 7 Freundel Stuart ( 1951 -- ) 23 October 2010 25 May 2018 8 Mia Mottley ( 1965 -- ) 25 May 2018 Incumbent Reference Belize ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Belize Belize became independent on 21 September 1981 with George Cadle Price as the first prime minister . Price had previously been Premier of Belize . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office George Cadle Price ( 1919 -- 2011 ) 21 September 1981 17 December 1984 Manuel Esquivel ( 1940 -- ) 17 December 1984 7 November 1989 ( 1 ) George Cadle Price ( 1919 -- 2011 ) 7 November 1989 3 July 1993 ( 2 ) Manuel Esquivel ( 1940 -- ) 3 July 1993 28 August 1998 Said Musa ( 1944 -- ) 28 August 1998 8 February 2008 Dean Barrow ( 1951 -- ) 8 February 2008 Incumbent Reference Canada ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Canada Louis St. Laurent was the incumbent Prime Minister of Canada when Elizabeth became queen . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Louis St. Laurent ( 1882 -- 1973 ) 15 November 1948 21 June 1957 John Diefenbaker ( 1895 -- 1979 ) 21 June 1957 22 April 1963 Lester B. Pearson ( 1897 -- 1972 ) 22 April 1963 20 April 1968 Pierre Trudeau ( 1919 -- 2000 ) 20 April 1968 4 June 1979 5 Joe Clark ( 1939 -- ) 4 June 1979 3 March 1980 ( 4 ) Pierre Trudeau ( 1919 -- 2000 ) 3 March 1980 30 June 1984 6 John Turner ( 1929 -- ) 30 June 1984 17 September 1984 7 Brian Mulroney ( 1939 -- ) 17 September 1984 25 June 1993 8 Kim Campbell ( 1947 -- ) 25 June 1993 4 November 1993 9 Jean Chrétien ( 1934 -- ) 4 November 1993 12 December 2003 10 Paul Martin ( 1938 -- ) 12 December 2003 6 February 2006 11 Stephen Harper ( 1959 -- ) 6 February 2006 4 November 2015 12 Justin Trudeau ( 1971 -- ) 4 November 2015 Incumbent Reference Grenada ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Grenada Grenada became independent on 7 February 1974 with Eric Gairy as the first prime minister . Gairy had previously been Premier of Grenada . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Sir Eric Gairy ( 1922 -- 1997 ) 7 February 1974 13 March 1979 Maurice Bishop ( 1943 -- 1983 ) 13 March 1979 19 October 1983 Herbert Blaize ( 1918 -- 1999 ) 4 December 1984 19 December 1989 Ben Jones ( 1924 -- 2005 ) 19 December 1989 16 March 1990 5 Nicholas Brathwaite ( 1925 -- 2016 ) 16 March 1990 1 February 1995 6 George Brizan ( 1942 -- 2012 ) 1 February 1995 22 June 1995 7 Keith Mitchell ( 1946 -- ) 22 June 1995 9 July 2008 8 Tillman Thomas ( 1947 -- ) 9 July 2008 20 February 2013 ( 7 ) Keith Mitchell ( 1946 -- ) 20 February 2013 Incumbent Reference Jamaica ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Jamaica Jamaica became independent on 6 August 1962 with Alexander Bustamante as the first prime minister . Bustamante had previously been Premier of Jamaica . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Sir Alexander Bustamante ( 1884 -- 1977 ) 6 August 1962 23 February 1967 Sir Donald Sangster ( 1911 -- 1967 ) 23 February 1967 11 April 1967 Hugh Shearer ( 1923 -- 2004 ) 11 April 1967 2 March 1972 Michael Manley ( 1924 -- 1997 ) 2 March 1972 1 November 1980 5 Edward Seaga ( 1930 -- ) 1 November 1980 10 February 1989 ( 4 ) Michael Manley ( 1924 -- 1997 ) 10 February 1989 30 March 1992 6 P.J. Patterson ( 1935 -- ) 30 March 1992 30 March 2006 7 Portia Simpson - Miller ( 1945 -- ) 30 March 2006 11 September 2007 8 Bruce Golding ( 1947 -- ) 11 September 2007 23 October 2011 9 Andrew Holness ( 1972 -- ) 23 October 2011 5 January 2012 ( 7 ) Portia Simpson - Miller ( 1945 -- ) 5 January 2012 3 March 2016 ( 9 ) Andrew Holness ( 1972 -- ) 3 March 2016 Incumbent Reference New Zealand ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of New Zealand Sidney Holland was the incumbent Prime Minister of New Zealand when Elizabeth became queen . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Sir Sidney Holland ( 1893 -- 1961 ) 13 December 1949 20 September 1957 Sir Keith Holyoake ( 1904 -- 1983 ) 20 September 1957 12 December 1957 Sir Walter Nash ( 1882 -- 1968 ) 12 December 1957 12 December 1960 ( 2 ) Sir Keith Holyoake ( 1904 -- 1983 ) 12 December 1960 7 February 1972 Sir Jack Marshall ( 1912 -- 1988 ) 7 February 1972 8 December 1972 5 Norman Kirk ( 1923 -- 1974 ) 8 December 1972 31 August 1974 † 6 Sir Bill Rowling ( 1927 -- 1995 ) 6 September 1974 12 December 1975 7 Sir Robert Muldoon ( 1921 -- 1992 ) 12 December 1975 26 July 1984 8 David Lange ( 1942 -- 2005 ) 26 July 1984 8 August 1989 9 Sir Geoffrey Palmer ( 1942 -- ) 8 August 1989 4 September 1990 10 Mike Moore ( 1949 -- ) 4 September 1990 2 November 1990 11 Jim Bolger ( 1935 -- ) 2 November 1990 8 December 1997 12 Dame Jenny Shipley ( 1952 -- ) 8 December 1997 5 December 1999 13 Helen Clark ( 1950 -- ) 5 December 1999 19 November 2008 14 Sir John Key ( 1961 -- ) 19 November 2008 12 December 2016 15 Sir Bill English ( 1961 -- ) 12 December 2016 26 October 2017 16 Jacinda Ardern ( 1980 -- ) 26 October 2017 Incumbent Reference Papua New Guinea ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea became independent on 16 September 1975 with Michael Somare as the first prime minister . Somare had previously been Chief Minister of the Papua New Guinea . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Michael Somare ( 1936 -- ) 16 September 1975 11 March 1980 Sir Julius Chan ( 1939 -- ) 11 March 1980 2 August 1982 ( 1 ) Michael Somare ( 1936 -- ) 2 August 1982 21 November 1985 Paias Wingti ( 1951 -- ) 21 November 1985 4 July 1988 Rabbie Namaliu ( 1947 -- ) 4 July 1988 17 July 1992 ( 3 ) Paias Wingti ( 1951 -- ) 17 July 1992 30 August 1994 ( 2 ) Sir Julius Chan ( 1939 -- ) 30 August 1994 27 March 1997 N / A John Giheno ( 1950 -- 2017 ) Acting Prime Minister 27 March 1997 2 June 1997 ( 2 ) Sir Julius Chan ( 1939 -- ) 2 June 1997 22 July 1997 5 Bill Skate ( 1953 -- 2006 ) 22 July 1997 14 July 1999 6 Sir Mekere Morauta ( 1946 -- ) 14 July 1999 5 August 2002 ( 1 ) Sir Michael Somare ( 1936 -- ) 5 August 2002 2 August 2011 / 3 August 2012 7 Peter O'Neill ( 1965 -- ) 2 August 2011 / 3 August 2012 Incumbent Reference Saint Kitts and Nevis ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis became independent on 19 September 1983 with Kennedy Simmonds as the first prime minister . Simmonds had previously been Premier of Saint Kitts and Nevis . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Kennedy Simmonds ( 1936 -- ) 19 September 1983 7 July 1995 Denzil Douglas ( 1953 -- ) 7 July 1995 18 February 2015 Timothy Harris ( 1964 -- ) 18 February 2015 Incumbent Reference Saint Lucia ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Saint Lucia Saint Lucia became independent on 22 February 1979 with John Compton as the first prime minister . Compton had previously been Premier of Saint Lucia . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office John Compton ( 1925 -- 2007 ) 22 February 1979 2 July 1979 Allan Louisy ( 1916 -- 2011 ) 2 July 1979 4 May 1981 Winston Cenac ( 1925 -- 2004 ) 4 May 1981 17 January 1982 N / A Michael Pilgrim ( 1947 -- ) Acting Prime Minister 17 January 1982 3 May 1982 ( 1 ) Sir John Compton ( 1925 -- 2007 ) 3 May 1982 2 April 1996 Vaughan Lewis ( 1940 -- ) 2 April 1996 24 May 1997 5 Kenny Anthony ( 1951 -- ) 24 May 1997 15 December 2006 ( 1 ) Sir John Compton ( 1925 -- 2007 ) 15 December 2006 7 September 2007 6 Stephenson King ( 1958 -- ) 7 September 2007 30 November 2011 ( 5 ) Kenny Anthony ( 1951 -- ) 30 November 2011 7 June 2016 7 Allen Chastanet ( 1960 - ) 7 June 2016 Incumbent Reference Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Vincent and the Grenadines became independent on 27 October 1979 with Milton Cato as the first prime minister . Cato had previously been Premier of Saint Vincent . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Milton Cato ( 1915 -- 1997 ) 27 October 1979 30 July 1984 Sir James Fitz - Allen Mitchell ( 1931 -- ) 30 July 1984 27 October 2000 Arnhim Eustace ( 1944 -- ) 27 October 2000 29 March 2001 Ralph Gonsalves ( 1946 -- ) 29 March 2001 Incumbent Reference Solomon Islands ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands The Solomon Islands became independent on 7 July 1978 with Peter Kenilorea as the first prime minister . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Peter Kenilorea ( 1943 -- 2016 ) 7 July 1978 31 August 1981 Solomon Mamaloni ( 1943 -- 2000 ) 31 August 1981 19 November 1984 ( 1 ) Sir Peter Kenilorea ( 1943 -- 2016 ) 19 November 1984 1 December 1986 Ezekiel Alebua ( 1947 -- ) 1 December 1986 28 March 1989 ( 2 ) Solomon Mamaloni ( 1943 -- 2000 ) 28 March 1989 18 June 1993 Francis Billy Hilly ( 1948 -- ) 18 June 1993 7 November 1994 ( 2 ) Solomon Mamaloni ( 1943 -- 2000 ) 7 November 1994 27 August 1997 5 Bartholomew Ulufa'alu ( 1950 -- 2007 ) 27 August 1997 30 June 2000 6 Manasseh Sogavare ( 1955 -- ) 30 June 2000 17 December 2001 7 Sir Allan Kemakeza ( 1950 -- ) 17 December 2001 20 April 2006 8 Snyder Rini ( 1949 -- ) 20 April 2006 4 May 2006 ( 6 ) Manasseh Sogavare ( 1955 -- ) 4 May 2006 20 December 2007 9 Derek Sikua ( 1959 -- ) 20 December 2007 25 August 2010 10 Danny Philip ( 1953 -- ) 25 August 2010 16 November 2011 11 Gordon Darcy Lilo ( 1965 -- ) 16 November 2011 9 December 2014 ( 6 ) Manasseh Sogavare ( 1955 -- ) 9 December 2014 15 November 2017 12 Rick Houenipwela ( 1958 - ) 15 November 2017 Incumbent Reference Tuvalu ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Tuvalu Tuvalu became independent on 1 October 1978 with Toaripi Lauti as the first prime minister . Lauti had previously been Chief Minister of Tuvalu . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Toaripi Lauti ( 1928 -- 2014 ) 1 October 1978 8 September 1981 Tomasi Puapua ( 1938 -- ) 8 September 1981 16 October 1989 Bikenibeu Paeniu ( 1956 -- ) 16 October 1989 10 December 1993 Kamuta Latasi ( 1936 -- ) 10 December 1993 24 December 1996 ( 3 ) Bikenibeu Paeniu ( 1956 -- ) 24 December 1996 27 April 1999 5 Ionatana Ionatana ( 1938 -- 2000 ) 27 April 1999 8 December 2000 N / A Lagitupu Tuilimu Acting Prime Minister 8 December 2000 24 February 2001 6 Faimalaga Luka ( 1940 -- 2005 ) 24 February 2001 14 December 2001 7 Koloa Talake ( 1934 -- 2008 ) 14 December 2001 24 August 2002 8 Saufatu Sopoanga ( 1952 -- ) 24 August 2002 25 August 2004 9 Maatia Toafa ( 1954 -- ) 11 October 2004 14 August 2006 10 Apisai Ielemia ( 1955 -- ) 14 August 2006 29 September 2010 ( 9 ) Maatia Toafa ( 1954 -- ) 29 September 2010 24 December 2010 11 Willy Telavi ( 1954 -- ) 24 December 2010 1 August 2013 12 Enele Sopoaga ( 1956 -- ) 5 August 2013 Incumbent Reference United Kingdom ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill was the incumbent Prime Minister of the United Kingdom when Elizabeth became queen . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Sir Winston Churchill ( 1874 -- 1965 ) 26 October 1951 7 April 1955 Sir Anthony Eden ( 1897 -- 1977 ) 7 April 1955 10 January 1957 Harold Macmillan ( 1894 -- 1986 ) 10 January 1957 18 October 1963 Sir Alec Douglas - Home ( 1903 -- 1995 ) 18 October 1963 16 October 1964 5 Harold Wilson ( 1916 -- 1995 ) 16 October 1964 19 June 1970 6 Edward Heath ( 1916 -- 2005 ) 19 June 1970 4 March 1974 ( 5 ) Harold Wilson ( 1916 -- 1995 ) 4 March 1974 5 April 1976 7 James Callaghan ( 1912 -- 2005 ) 5 April 1976 4 May 1979 8 Margaret Thatcher ( 1925 -- 2013 ) 4 May 1979 28 November 1990 9 Sir John Major ( 1943 -- ) 28 November 1990 2 May 1997 10 Tony Blair ( 1953 -- ) 2 May 1997 27 June 2007 11 Gordon Brown ( 1951 -- ) 27 June 2007 11 May 2010 12 David Cameron ( 1966 -- ) 11 May 2010 13 July 2016 13 Theresa May ( 1956 -- ) 13 July 2016 Incumbent Reference Prime ministers of former realms ( edit ) This section lists prime ministers during Elizabeth 's reign of former states that became republics during her reign . Where an office of prime minister remained after the transition , and the incumbent at the time of transition remained in that office , the date of the end of that period in office is given in the tables below . Ceylon ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Sri Lanka D.S. Senanayake was the incumbent prime minister of Ceylon when Elizabeth became queen . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office D.S. Senanayake ( 1883 -- 1952 ) 24 September 1947 22 March 1952 Dudley Senanayake ( 1911 -- 1973 ) 26 March 1952 12 October 1953 Sir John Kotelawala ( 1895 -- 1980 ) 12 October 1953 12 April 1956 S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike ( 1899 -- 1959 ) 12 April 1956 26 September 1959 5 Wijeyananda Dahanayake ( 1901 -- 1997 ) 26 September 1959 20 March 1960 ( 2 ) Dudley Senanayake ( 1911 -- 1973 ) 21 March 1960 21 July 1960 6 Sirimavo Bandaranaike ( 1916 -- 2000 ) 21 July 1960 27 March 1965 ( 2 ) Dudley Senanayake ( 1911 -- 1973 ) 27 March 1965 29 May 1970 ( 6 ) Sirimavo Bandaranaike ( 1916 -- 2000 ) 29 May 1970 23 July 1977 Reference Ceylon abolished the monarchy on 22 May 1972 and renamed the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka . Bandaranaike remained in office as the republic 's first prime minister until 23 July 1977 . Fiji ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Fiji Fiji became independent on 10 October 1970 with Kamisese Mara as the first prime minister . Mara had previously been Chief Minister of Fiji . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara ( 1920 -- 2004 ) 10 October 1970 13 April 1987 Timoci Bavadra ( 1934 -- 1989 ) 13 April 1987 14 May 1987 Reference Following the 1987 Fijian coups d'état ( which resulted in a vacancy in the premiership until December 1987 ) , on 7 October 1987 , the new ruling regime declared the nation to have become the Republic of Fiji . Fiji 's relationship with the monarchy after this transition is complex ( see Monarchy of Fiji ) . Gambia ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of the Gambia The Gambia became independent on 18 February 1965 with Dawda Jawara as the first prime minister . Jawara had previously been prime minister of the self - governing Gambia . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Sir Dawda Jawara ( 1924 -- ) 6 March 1965 24 April 1970 Reference The Gambia abolished the monarchy on 24 April 1970 , via referendum . Jawara became President of the Gambia on the same day as the post of prime minister was abolished . Ghana ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Ghana Ghana became independent on 15 August 1957 , with Kwame Nkrumah as its first prime minister . Nkrumah had previously been prime minister of the self - governing Gold Coast . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Kwame Nkrumah ( 1909 -- 1972 ) 15 August 1957 1 July 1960 Reference Ghana abolished the monarchy on 1 July 1960 , via referendum . Nkrumah became President of Ghana on the same day as the post of prime minister was abolished . Guyana ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Guyana Guyana became independent on 26 May 1966 , with Forbes Burnham as its first prime minister . Burnham had previously been Premier of British Guiana . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Forbes Burnham ( 1923 -- 1985 ) 26 May 1966 6 October 1980 Reference Guyana abolished the monarchy on 23 February 1970 . Burnham remained in office as the republic 's first prime minister until 6 October 1980 . Kenya ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Kenya Kenya became independent on 12 December 1963 , with Jomo Kenyatta becoming the first prime minister . Kenyatta had previously been prime minister of self - governing Kenya . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Jomo Kenyatta ( 1891 -- 1978 ) 12 December 1963 12 December 1964 Reference Kenya abolished the monarchy on 12 December 1964 . Kenyatta became President of Kenya as the post of prime minister was abolished . Malawi ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Malawi Malawi became independent on 6 July 1964 , with Hastings Banda as prime minister . Banda had previously been prime minister of self - governing Nyasaland . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Hastings Banda ( 1898 -- 1997 ) 6 July 1964 6 July 1966 Reference Malawi abolished the monarchy on 6 July 1966 . Banda became President of Malawi as the post of prime minister was abolished . Malta ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Malta The Crown Colony of Malta became independent as the State of Malta on 21 September 1964 with George Borg Olivier as prime minister . Olivier had previously been the colony 's prime minister . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office George Borg Olivier ( 1911 -- 1980 ) 21 September 1964 21 June 1971 Dom Mintoff ( 1916 -- 2012 ) 21 June 1971 22 December 1984 Reference Malta abolished the monarchy on 13 December 1974 and became the current Republic of Malta , a republic within the Commonwealth . Mintoff remained in office as the republic 's first prime minister until 22 December 1984 . Mauritius ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Mauritius Mauritius became independent on 12 March 1968 , with Seewoosagur Ramgoolam becoming the first prime minister . Ramgoolam had previously been Chief Minister of Mauritius . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam ( 1899 -- 1985 ) 12 March 1968 30 June 1982 Sir Anerood Jugnauth ( 1930 -- ) 30 June 1982 15 December 1995 Reference Mauritius abolished the monarchy on 12 March 1992 . Jugnauth remained in office as the republic 's prime minister until 15 December 1995 . Nigeria ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Nigeria The Federation of Nigeria became independent on 1 October 1960 , with Abubakar Tafawa Balewa becoming the first Prime Minister of Nigeria . Balewa had previously been Chief Minister of the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa ( 1912 -- 1966 ) 1 October 1960 15 January 1966 Reference Nigeria became the Federal Republic of Nigeria on 1 October 1963 . Balewa remained in office as the republic 's prime minister until his overthrow and assassination in the 1966 Nigerian coup d'état on 15 January 1966 . Pakistan ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Pakistan Khawaja Nazimuddin was the incumbent Prime Minister of Pakistan when Elizabeth became queen . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin ( 1894 -- 1964 ) 17 October 1951 17 April 1953 Mohammad Ali Bogra ( 1909 -- 1963 ) 17 April 1953 12 August 1955 Chaudhry Muhammad Ali ( 1905 -- 1980 ) 12 August 1955 12 September 1956 Reference Pakistan abolished the monarchy on 23 March 1956 . Ali remained in office as the republic 's first prime minister until 12 September 1956 . Sierra Leone ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Sierra Leone Sierra Leone became independent on 27 April 1961 , with Milton Margai as the first prime minister . Margai had previously been Prime Minister of the Protectorate of Sierra Leone . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Sir Milton Margai ( 1895 -- 1964 ) 27 April 1961 28 April 1964 Sir Albert Margai ( 1910 -- 1980 ) 28 April 1964 21 March 1967 Siaka Stevens ( 1905 -- 1988 ) ( See below ) ( See below ) Reference Siaka Stevens assumed the role of prime minister following his party 's narrow victory in the 1967 general election . However , immediately after taking office , Stevens was deposed by the National Reformation Council in a coup d'état and placed under house arrest . Military rule persisted until an April 1968 counter-coup restored Stevens ' premiership . Sierra Leone became the Republic of Sierra Leone on 19 April 1971 . Stevens left the office of prime minister two days later and became President of Sierra Leone . South Africa ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of South Africa Daniel François Malan was the incumbent prime minister of the Union of South Africa when Elizabeth became queen . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Daniel François Malan ( 1874 -- 1959 ) 4 June 1948 30 November 1954 Johannes Gerhardus Strijdom ( 1893 -- 1958 ) 30 November 1954 24 August 1958 Hendrik Verwoerd ( 1901 -- 1966 ) 24 August 1958 6 September 1966 Reference Following a referendum , South Africa abolished the monarchy on 31 May 1961 , becoming the Republic of South Africa . Verwoerd remained in office as the republic 's first prime minister until 6 September 1966 . Tanganyika ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Tanganyika Tanganyika became independent on 9 December 1961 , with Julius Nyerere as its first prime minister . Nyerere had previously been the prime minister of self - governing Tanganyika . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Julius Nyerere ( 1922 -- 1999 ) 9 December 1961 22 January 1962 Rashidi Kawawa ( 1926 -- 2009 ) 22 January 1962 9 December 1962 Reference Tanganyika abolished the monarchy on 9 December 1962 . The post of prime minister was abolished . Trinidad and Tobago ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago became independent on 31 August 1962 , with Eric Williams as its first prime minister . Williams had previously been Chief Minister and Premier of Trinidad and Tobago . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Eric Williams ( 1911 -- 1981 ) 31 August 1962 29 March 1981 Reference Trinidad and Tobago abolished the monarchy on 1 August 1976 . Williams remained in office as the republic 's first prime minister until 29 March 1981 . Uganda ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Uganda Uganda became independent on 9 October 1962 with Milton Obote as the first prime minister . Obote had previously been the prime minister of self - governing Uganda . No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Tenure Took office Left office Milton Obote ( 1925 -- 2005 ) 9 October 1962 15 April 1966 Reference Uganda abolished the monarchy on 9 October 1963 . Obote remained in office as the republic 's first prime minister until 15 April 1966 . Anomalous cases ( edit ) Rhodesia ( 1965 -- 1970 ) Ian Smith was Prime Minister of Rhodesia following a unilateral declaration of independence on 11 November 1965 . Though Rhodesia considered Elizabeth II as Queen of Rhodesia , this title was not accepted by her . Acting in his vice-regal capacity under direction from the UK government , Governor of Southern Rhodesia Humphrey Gibbs dismissed the Prime Minister and his government but this action was ignored by Smith . The state remained unrecognised by Britain and the international community . Following a referendum , Rhodesia declared itself a republic on 2 March 1970 . Smith remained in office throughout this period . See also ( edit ) Constitutional monarchy List of Commonwealth heads of government References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Antigua and Barbuda '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Australia '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` The Bahamas '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Barbados '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Belize '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Canada '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Grenada '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Jamaica '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` New Zealand '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Papua New Guinea '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Saint Kitts and Nevis '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Saint Lucia '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Saint Vincent and the Grenadines '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Solomon Islands '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Tuvalu '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` United Kingdom '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Fiji '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` The Gambia '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Ghana '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Guyana '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Kenya '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Malawi '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Malta '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Mauritius '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Nigeria '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Pakistan '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Sierra Leone '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Keen , David ( 2005 ) . Conflict and Collusion in Sierra Leone . Oxford : James Currey . ISBN 0 - 85255 - 883 - X . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` South Africa '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Tanganyika ( now Tanzania ) '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Trinidad and Tobago '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hall . `` Uganda '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ International Law Reports , Volume 52 , E. Lauterpacht , Cambridge University Press , 1979 , page 53 CIA list of world leaders ( current and monthly historical archive : 2001 -- present ) World Statesmen.org ( directory of leaders ) Rulers.org ( directory of leaders ) Notes ( edit ) ^ After Christie suffered a stroke Cynthia A. Pratt served as acting Prime Minister from 4 May to 22 June 2005 . ^ Maurice Bishop held de facto government control for most of the People 's Revolutionary Government period ( from 13 March 1979 till 14 October 1983 ) . On 14 October 1983 Bishop was deposed by Bernard Coard and Bishop was killed on 19 October . Coard held power only briefly before military government was declared . After the invasion Grenada 's pre-revolutionary system of government , and the office of Prime Minister , was restored on 4 December 1984 . The website of the Grenadian government lists Bishop as a former Prime Minister , but not Coard nor any other individual who held de facto or de jure power in this period . ^ Due to the Sandline affair , Chan resigned as Prime Minister on 27 March 1997 and Giheno took over as acting Prime Minister . He regained the position on 2 June 1997 , shortly before being ousted in a general election . ^ For two periods in this term of Somare 's premiership Sam Abal was Acting Prime Minister . ^ See 2011 -- 12 Papua New Guinean constitutional crisis for details on the dispute between Somare and O'Neill as to legitimately held the position of Prime Minister in this time . This period of ambiguity spans the time between the later - disputed dismissal of Somare from office and the implementation of the results of the 2012 general election . ^ Tuilimu served as acting prime minister following the death of Ionatana . ^ Telavi was removed from office on 1 August 2013 . Sopoaga briefly served as acting Prime Minister before being sworn in as Prime Minister on 5 August 2013 ^ A constitutional change ended Elizabeth II 's reign in Uganda on 9 October 1963 though Uganda did not formally use the term `` Republic '' until 1966 . 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what are you waiting for marina and the diamonds			What You Waiting for ?	what you waiting for?		This article is about the Gwen Stefani song . For other uses , see What You Waiting For ? ( disambiguation ) . `` What You Waiting For ? '' Single by Gwen Stefani from the album Love . Angel . Music . Baby . Released September 28 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 28 ) Format CD 12 '' digital download Recorded Studio Home Recordings ( London , England ) Henson Recording Studios ( Hollywood , California ) Genre Electropop new wave dance - rock funk Length 3 : 41 Label Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Gwen Stefani Linda Perry Producer ( s ) Nellee Hooper Gwen Stefani singles chronology `` Let Me Blow Ya Mind '' ( 2001 ) `` What You Waiting For ? '' ( 2004 ) `` Rich Girl '' ( 2004 ) `` What You Waiting For ? '' is a song by American singer Gwen Stefani from her debut solo studio album , Love . Angel . Music . Baby . ( 2004 ) . Written by Stefani and Linda Perry , the song is the album 's opening track and was released as Stefani 's debut solo single . `` What You Waiting For ? '' details Stefani 's lack of inspiration , fear of producing the album , as well as her reaction to pressures exerted by her record label . It is primarily an electropop song and introduces Stefani 's four back - up dancers , the Harajuku Girls , who had a major input into the album 's production . `` What You Waiting For ? '' was released as the album 's lead single ; according to Stefani , as an `` explanation for doing the record '' . The song was well received by critics , and was frequently cited as a highlight of the album . The single was commercially successful , topping the chart in Australia and reaching the top 10 in several countries . It was certified gold in the United States , and was nominated for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 47th Grammy Awards . The song has been remixed a number of times , and was covered by the indie rock band Franz Ferdinand and singer Marina and the Diamonds . Contents 1 Background and writing 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Commercial performance 5 Music video 6 Alternative versions 7 Track listings 8 Credits and personnel 9 Charts 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 9.3 Decade - end charts 10 Certifications 11 References 12 External links Background and writing ( edit ) During the night of the 2003 Grammy Awards , Perry forced Stefani into a chokehold , and demanded that they were `` gon na write songs together ! '' , to which Stefani reluctantly agreed . Soon after , Stefani finished the Rock Steady Tour with her band No Doubt , and took a call from her label , who informed her that Perry was in a studio ready to collaborate , and that Perry `` only ( had ) five days out of the whole year to work with ( her ) . '' Stefani has since admitted that she was frustrated by not being able to see her husband Gavin Rossdale , and was intimidated at the thought of collaboration , in particular with Perry , who she did not feel was qualified to write dance music . Stefani was exhausted by the recently completed tour , and shortly afterwards suffered an emotional breakdown , which she spent in bed crying . During their first day of work , the two wrote a song titled `` Fine by You '' , which Stefani later described as `` a stupid love song , but really good '' . Perry remarked that the song `` was n't right '' , and the track was excluded from the album . The session was unproductive , due in part to Stefani 's self - consciousness and writer 's block , and she at one stage broke down in tears in the studio . Stefani has since admitted that writing songs without her band members felt `` humiliating and intimidating even if they 're sweet and excited , because you 're drowning in their creativity '' . That night , Perry began work on another track , which she played for Stefani the next day to motivate her . Stefani was impressed with the track , and Perry asked her , `` What are you waiting for ? '' According to Perry , Stefani took the question as a dare , replying , `` You 're totally challenging me , right ? '' The two began writing lyrics for the new wave - styled song based on Stefani 's writer 's block and fears about making a solo record , and it grew into `` What You Waiting For ? '' Stefani came up with the idea of the Harajuku Girls while writing the song . Stefani first saw the women of Harajuku , known for their unique style drawing from Gothic Lolita and cyberpunk fashion , in 1996 and had admired them since . She decided to mention them in the line `` You Harajuku Girls , damn you got some wicked style '' , and the concept grew into a running theme on Love . Angel . Music . Baby. , which went as far as to feature one song named after and dedicated to them . Composition ( edit ) `` What You Waiting For ? '' Stefani changes her pitch to portray a dialogue between the two personalities in the lyrics . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` What You Waiting For ? '' combines the genres of electropop , new wave , dance - rock , and funk , and was composed in common time and in the key of G minor . It is written in verse - chorus form , and its instrumentation derives from the guitar and electronic keyboard . The song opens with an emotional piano solo as a tribute to Stefani 's time with No Doubt . The verse begins at only 60 beats per minute and gradually slows , mixed with sounds of applause from the audience . A beat set at 138 BPM begins , and Stefani repeats the phrase `` tick - tock '' , commonly interpreted as a reference to her maternal clock and the pressures she felt about producing the album . Stefani creates an argument between lyrical personas by alternating her vocal range and point of view . Stefani 's vocal range spans two octaves in the song , from G to G. In a melody similar to that of Weezer 's `` Hash Pipe '' , one side of Stefani 's personality sings in a higher range in the first person , and the other , more confident personality sings lower in the second person . During the verses , the more nervous personality discusses her concerns about leaving No Doubt for a solo career as well as the ephemeral success of female singers in the music industry . The chorus is a boost of confidence for her and continues the song 's time motif with the lines `` Look at your watch now / You 're still a super hot female '' . Backed by perfect octave dyads , Stefani sings a verse about her excitement for her future , and the two personalities merge into one during the coda . Critical reception ( edit ) `` What You Waiting For ? '' received positive reviews from critics . Nick Sylvester of Pitchfork gave the song a strong review , rating it four and a half stars , and labeled it `` fucking great '' . The website went on to rank the song 16th on its list of the Top 50 Singles of 2004 . RJ Smith of Blender noted the song 's new wave influence by stating that it could start a revival of Missing Persons , and Amy Linden of The Village Voice compared the `` giddy , yodeling vocals '' to those of Lene Lovich 's 1981 song `` New Toy '' . Jason Damas from PopMatters was mixed on the song , calling the opening `` awkward '' and the refrain `` ridiculously dumb '' , but arguing that the song `` is so frivolous and stupid that it winds up being brilliant ; it pretends to be nothing more than party bubblegum and achieves its artistic criteria beautifully . '' Slant Magazine 's Sal Cinquemani agreed , stating that `` it 's this impishness that helps make ' What You Waiting For ' one of the hottest ' arrival ' songs of all time '' . Richard Smirke of Playlouder found the track 's production `` crisp '' and `` edgy '' , and Jennifer Nine of Yahoo ! Music called the song `` itchily irresistible '' . Jemma Volp - Fletcher , writing for Contactmusic.com , rated the song nine out of 10 , commenting that it has `` irresistible commercial pull and a melody to die for '' and that the track `` makes the most of her unmistakable vocal and reflects that off - the - wall Stefani personality perfectly . '' Natasha Tripney from musicOMH gave the song a negative review , stating that `` it 'll become one of those tracks that 's irritatingly catchy -- but on this initial listening , Ms Stefani 's debut solo effort is just plain irritating . '' Many reviewers considered the track one of the album 's highlights . Entertainment Weekly critic David Browne gave Love . Angel . Music . Baby . a C+ rating but called the track `` one of the album 's undeniable highs '' . In its review of the album , Nick Sylvester of Pitchfork believed that `` we ca n't expect 12 more cuts as personal or urgent as debut single ' What You Waiting For ' '' , while naming it `` one of the best electro songs this year '' . Lisa Haines of BBC Music stated that it `` stands out as the best track on the album for the way it pits storming beats against enthusiastic lyrics '' and compared the song to Goldfrapp 's 2003 single `` Strict Machine '' . Eric Greenwood of Drawer B , who felt that the album `` fails on every level '' , also commented that `` if this album had even two more songs this immediate and catchy , then I 'd stick my neck out for it , but , sadly , it 's the only song worth listening to . '' In 2009 , The Daily Telegraph listed the song at number 82 on their list `` 100 songs that defined the Noughties . '' Commercial Performance ( edit ) Stefani closed performances on her 2007 Sweet Escape Tour by performing `` What You Waiting For ? '' during an encore In the United States , `` What You Waiting For ? '' debuted at number 93 on the Billboard Hot 100 on the issue dated October 16 , 2004 . It reached a peak of number 47 on November 27 , 2004 and remained on the chart for a total of 20 weeks . The song topped the Hot Dance Club Play chart , but only had moderate success on the pop charts , reaching number 17 on the Mainstream Top 40 and number 24 on the Adult Top 40 . The song was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on February 25 , 2005 . Additionally , it was nominated for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 2005 Grammy Awards , but lost to Norah Jones ' `` Sunrise '' . Elsewhere , the song 's reception was stronger . In Canada , it debuted in the top 40 on the Canadian Singles Chart before reaching number 24 in late January 2005 . In the United Kingdom , `` What You Waiting For ? '' debuted and peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart and remained on the chart for 15 weeks . The single performed well across most of the rest of Europe , reaching the top five in Belgium , Denmark , Finland , France , Ireland , Italy , and Norway , and the top 10 in Austria , Hungary , the Netherlands , and Sweden . In Australia , `` What You Waiting For ? '' debuted atop the ARIA Singles Chart on November 14 , 2004 and stayed there for two weeks . It remained within the top three through January 17 , 2005 and dropped off the chart after 15 weeks . In 2014 , the single was certified double platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) . The song reached number three on New Zealand 's RIANZ Singles Chart and spent four months on the chart . Music video ( edit ) The song 's music video was directed by Francis Lawrence and produced by Caleb Dewart of DNA Inc . The video deals directly with the lyrics ' theme of Stefani 's search for inspiration in songwriting . It opens with a lengthy non-musical section in which Stefani arrives in Los Angeles off of No Doubt 's Rock Steady Tour . She receives several calls from Interscope label head Jimmy Iovine , who attempts to push her forward with her solo debut project , but she replies that she is tired and uninspired . After a failed studio attempt , Stefani sees a flyer advertising help for writer 's block . Upon arrival she is asked to fill out a suspicious questionnaire , where the camera pans to the questions which will be important . She is then told that she will be billed when she is finished . She asks for clarification only to discover that she is already back in the studio by herself . When Stefani picks up an oversized pocket watch from the piano , a rabbit knick - knack that she had previously seen jumps across the room . She throws the watch at the knick - knack , causing her to fall back on her chair and find herself transported to a fantasy world based on Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking - Glass . Stefani in the Alice in Wonderland - inspired music video for `` What You Waiting For ? '' Stefani portrays several characters from the books , including Alice , the White Queen , and the Red Queen , in dresses by British - Gibraltarian fashion designer John Galliano . The video frequently cuts to Stefani back in the studio to show her singing and performing in semi-synchronization with her actions within her fantasy world . As this transpires the song is recording itself . Stefani ultimately rediscovers her confidence , and her full awareness is transported back to the ordinary reality of the studio just as she dances in front of her four giggling Harajuku Girls . She then is presented with her bill by the consultant as a wooden chair topples to the floor . There are four versions of the video . The full , long version is one minute longer than the Making the Video version , while the cut version omits the scenes in which she leaves the airport and is sleepy and in which she fills out the questionnaire . The short version begins with Stefani practicing on the piano and her finding the watch just seconds after that . Her being billed is not shown in this version , so the video ends with the Harajuku Girls laughing at her performance . The music video was well received by many reviewers . Sam Bloch from Stylus Magazine referred to it as a short film , comparing it to Michael Jackson 's Thriller , and commented , `` I sigh with admiration and wish every video was this alive . '' The video debuted on MTV 's Total Request Live on October 19 , 2004 at number 11 . The following month it reached the top of the chart and was there for three non-consecutive days , remaining over five weeks on the program . At the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards , the video won the award for Best Art Direction and was nominated for Best Editing . In Canada , it only reached number 11 on the MuchMusic 's Countdown , though it remained on the chart for eight weeks . At the 2005 MuchMusic Video Awards , the video was nominated for Best International Video but lost to Usher 's `` Caught Up '' . It won the award for Best Dressed Video at the first MTV Australia Video Music Awards , and was also nominated for Video of the Year and Best Pop Video . Alternative versions ( edit ) Stuart Price ( also known as Jacques Lu Cont ) made the most well - known remix of the song , titled the Thin White Duke Mix , which was included on the CD single . The track , over eight minutes long , is carried by a guitar riff and occasional chimes . The remix received positive reviews from music critics . Aaron Mandel of Pitchfork labeled it `` outstanding '' , and John M. Cunningham of Stylus Magazine stated that it `` endowed ( the song ) with a sense of grandeur '' . DJ InVincible from About.com viewed the remix as `` moody and a bit hypnotic '' , commenting that it is `` best suited for early - evening sets . '' Armand Van Helden created two remixes , the Armand Van Helden Remix and the Armand Van Helden Dub , which use only some of the original vocals and a new bassline constructed with synthesizers and some electric guitar . Felix da Housecat created the Rude Ho Mix , which uses more bass guitar and leaves out the original background vocals by Mimi Parker until the final verse . Alex Kapranos , guitarist and lead singer of Scottish indie rock band Franz Ferdinand , wore a Gwen Stefani pin on a Members Only jacket as a tribute to `` What You Waiting For ? '' . In December 2005 , the band performed a cover version of the song on Live Lounge , a segment of The Jo Whiley Show on BBC Radio 1 . The cover includes the chorus from Billy Idol 's 1983 song `` White Wedding '' . In October 2006 , the song was released as a part of the Radio 1 's Live Lounge compilation , and the cover received mixed reviews . Jack Foley from IndieLondon called the track `` completely insane '' , stating that it `` really has to be heard to be believed . '' The Guardian 's Dorian Lynskey found the cover smug , adding that `` one of Alex Kapranos 's eyebrows ( is ) raised so high that it practically vacates his head . '' Welsh indie pop singer Marina and the Diamonds covered `` What You Waiting For ? '' during some of her early live performances in 2009 . Mary Bellamy of Drowned in Sound referred to her debut album The Family Jewels ( 2010 ) as `` an extended album length re-write '' of `` What You Waiting For ? '' . Track listings ( edit ) European CD single `` What You Waiting For ? '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 41 `` What You Waiting For ? '' ( Jacques Lu Cont 's TWD Mix ) -- 8 : 02 European and Australian enhanced CD maxi single `` What You Waiting For ? '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 41 `` What You Waiting For ? '' ( Jacques Lu Cont 's TWD Mix ) -- 8 : 02 `` What You Waiting For ? '' ( Jacques Lu Cont 's TWD Dub ) -- 8 : 22 `` What You Waiting For ? '' ( Music Video ) ( Director 's Cut ) -- 8 : 37 European enhanced CD maxi single `` What You Waiting For ? '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 41 `` What You Waiting For ? '' ( Jacques Lu Cont 's TWD Mix ) -- 8 : 02 `` What You Waiting For ? '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 41 `` What You Waiting For ? '' ( Music Video ) ( Director 's Cut ) -- 8 : 37 US 12 '' single `` What You Waiting For ? '' ( Armand Van Helden Remix ) -- 8 : 39 `` What You Waiting For ? '' ( The Rude Ho Mix by Felix da Housecat ) -- 5 : 07 `` What You Waiting For ? '' ( Armand Van Helden Dub ) -- 7 : 55 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the liner notes of Love . Angel . Music . Baby . Gwen Stefani -- lead vocals , songwriting Rusty Anderson -- additional guitar Greg Collins -- recording Brian `` Big Bass '' Gardner -- mastering Rob Haggett -- second assistant engineer Nellee Hooper -- production Sam Littlemore -- programming Kevin Mills -- assistant engineering Mimi ( Audia ) Parker -- backing vocals Linda Perry -- guitar , guitar recording , keyboard recording , keyboards , songwriting Ian Rossiter -- recording Mark `` Spike '' Stent -- mixing David Treahearn -- assistant engineering Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 -- 05 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Australia Dance ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Singles Chart ) 24 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 6 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 5 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 22 Greece ( IFPI Greece ) 17 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 26 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 8 Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) 9 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 7 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 15 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 20 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 6 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 17 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 47 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 24 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 17 US Pop 100 ( Billboard ) 14 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 26 Australia Dance ( ARIA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 81 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 72 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 66 Chart ( 2005 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 40 Australia Dance ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 74 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 93 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 56 Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 27 France ( SNEP ) 61 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 84 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 78 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 174 US Hot Dance Club Play ( Billboard ) 9 US Pop 100 ( Billboard ) 97 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 -- 09 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 75 US Hot Dance Club Play ( Billboard ) 8 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) Gold 5,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 254,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Vineyard , Jennifer ( November 10 , 2004 ) . `` Gwen Stefani 's Debut Solo LP Inspired By Insecurity And Japan '' . 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Baby . `` What You Waiting For ? '' `` Rich Girl '' `` Hollaback Girl '' `` Cool '' `` Luxurious '' `` Harajuku Girls '' `` Crash '' `` The Real Thing '' `` Serious '' `` Long Way to Go '' The Sweet Escape `` Wind It Up '' `` The Sweet Escape '' `` Early Winter '' `` Now That You Got It '' `` 4 in the Morning '' `` Yummy '' This Is What the Truth Feels Like `` Misery '' `` Make Me Like You '' `` Used to Love You '' `` Asking 4 It '' `` Rare '' You Make It Feel Like Christmas `` My Gift Is You '' `` You Make It Feel Like Christmas '' `` Under the Christmas Lights '' `` Santa Baby '' `` Christmas Eve '' Collaborations `` Everybody Is a Star '' `` South Side '' `` Let Me Blow Ya Mind '' `` What 's Going On '' `` Slave to Love '' `` Can I Have It Like That '' `` Need You Tonight '' `` Glycerine '' `` My Heart Is Open '' `` Together '' `` Kings Never Die '' `` Leather and Lace '' `` Go Ahead and Break My Heart '' `` Hands '' `` Hair Up '' `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' `` What U Workin ' With ? '' Non-album songs `` Almost Blue '' `` Baby Do n't Lie '' `` Spark the Fire '' `` Shine '' `` Start a War '' Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_You_Waiting_For%3F&oldid=855326577 '' Categories : 2004 singles 2004 songs Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Debut singles Gwen Stefani songs Interscope Records singles Music videos directed by Francis Lawrence Number - one singles in Australia Songs with feminist themes Songs written by Gwen Stefani Songs written by Linda Perry Hidden categories : CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Use mdy dates from July 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Hungarydance Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Simple English Suomi Türkçe 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 August 2018 , at 13 : 56 ( UTC ) . 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what is the maximum term a us president can serve	Term limits , also referred to as rotation in office , restrict the number of terms of office an officeholder may hold . For example , according to the 22nd Amendment , the President of the United States can serve two four - year terms and serve no more than 10 years .	two four - year terms	Term limits in the United states	term limits in the united states	Term limits in the United States apply to many offices at both the federal and state level , and date back to the American Revolution .	Term limits , also referred to as rotation in office , restrict the number of terms of office an officeholder may hold . For example , according to the 22nd Amendment , the President of the United States can serve two four - year terms and serve no more than 10 years . This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Kavanaugh Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government United States portal Other countries Atlas Contents 1 Historical background 1.1 The Constitution 1.2 Term limits in the Constitution 1.3 After 1789 1.4 Era of incumbency 1.5 Term limits movement 2 Federal term limits 2.1 President 2.2 Congress 2.3 Supreme Court 3 State term limits 3.1 Gubernatorial term limits 3.2 State legislatures with term limits 3.3 Overturned or repealed state legislative term limits 4 Municipal term limits 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Historical background ( edit ) The Constitution ( edit ) Term limits date back to the American Revolution , and prior to that to the democracies and republics of antiquity . The council of 500 in ancient Athens rotated its entire membership annually , as did the ephorate in ancient Sparta . The ancient Roman Republic featured a system of elected magistrates -- tribunes of the plebs , aediles , quaestors , praetors , and consuls -- who served a single term of one year , with re-election to the same magistracy forbidden for ten years ( see cursus honorum ) . According to historian Garrett Fagan , office holding in the Roman Republic was based on `` limited tenure of office '' which ensured that `` authority circulated frequently '' , helping to prevent corruption . An additional benefit of the cursus honorum or Run of Offices was to bring the `` most experienced '' politicians to the upper echelons of power - holding in the ancient republic . Many of the founders of the United States were educated in the classics , and quite familiar with rotation in office during antiquity . The debates of that day reveal a desire to study and profit from the object lessons offered by ancient democracy . Prior to independence , several colonies had already experimented with term limits . The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut of 1639 , for example , prohibited the colonial governor from serving consecutive terms , setting terms at one year 's length , and holding `` that no person be chosen Governor above once in two years . '' Shortly after independence , the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 set maximum service in the Pennsylvania General Assembly at `` four years in seven '' . Benjamin Franklin 's influence is seen not only in that he chaired the constitutional convention which drafted the Pennsylvania constitution , but also because it included , virtually unchanged , Franklin 's earlier proposals on executive rotation . Pennsylvania 's plural executive was composed of twelve citizens elected for the term of three years , followed by a mandatory vacation of four years . The Articles of Confederation , adopted in 1781 , established term limits for the delegates to the Continental Congress , mandating in Article V that `` no person shall be capable of being a delegate for more than three years in any term of six years . '' On October 2 , 1789 , the Continental Congress appointed a committee of thirteen to examine forms of government for the impending union of the states . Among the proposals was that from the State of Virginia , written by Thomas Jefferson , urging a limitation of tenure , `` to prevent every danger which might arise to American freedom by continuing too long in office the members of the Continental Congress '' . The committee made recommendations , which as regards congressional term limits were incorporated unchanged into the Articles of Confederation ( 1781 -- 89 ) . The fifth Article stated that `` no person shall be capable of being a delegate ( to the continental congress ) for more than three years in any term of six years '' . Term limits in the Constitution ( edit ) In contrast to the Articles of Confederation , the federal constitution convention at Philadelphia omitted mandatory term limits from the U.S. Constitution of 1789 . At the convention , some delegates spoke passionately against term limits such as Rufus King , who said `` that he who has proved himself to be most fit for an Office , ought not to be excluded by the constitution from holding it . '' The Electoral College , it was believed by some delegates at the convention , could have a role to play in limiting unfit officers from continuing . When the states ratified the Constitution ( 1787 -- 88 ) , several leading statesmen regarded the lack of mandatory limits to tenure as a dangerous defect , especially , they thought , as regards the presidency and the Senate . Richard Henry Lee viewed the absence of legal limits to tenure , together with certain other features of the Constitution , as `` most highly and dangerously oligarchic '' . Both Jefferson and George Mason advised limits on reelection to the Senate and to the Presidency , because said Mason , `` nothing is so essential to the preservation of a Republican government as a periodic rotation '' . The historian Mercy Otis Warren , warned that `` there is no provision for a rotation , nor anything to prevent the perpetuity of office in the same hands for life ; which by a little well - timed bribery , will probably be done '' . After 1789 ( edit ) Michael Korzi says George Washington did not set the informal precedent for a two - term limit for the Presidency . He only meant he was too worn out to personally continue in office . It was Thomas Jefferson who made it a principle in 1808 . He made many statements calling for term limits in one form or another . The tradition was challenged by Ulysses Grant in 1880 , and by Theodore Roosevelt in 1912 . Otherwise no major effort to avoid it took place until 1940 when Franklin Roosevelt explicitly broke it . The 22nd Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1951 formally establishing in law the two - term limit -- although it did not apply to the incumbent Harry Truman . The fact that `` perpetuity in office '' was not approached until the 20th century is due in part to the influence of rotation in office as a popular 19th - century concept . `` Ideas are , in truth , forces '' , and rotation in office enjoyed such normative support , especially at the local level , that it altered political reality . For a detailed study of the 19th - century concepts of rotation , consult Political Science Quarterly , vol. 94 , `` House Turnover and the Principle of Rotation '' , by Robert Struble , Jr . See also his Treatise on Twelve Lights , chapter six , `` Rotation in History '' . Consult also , James Young 's The Washington Community , 1800 -- 1828 . According to Young , the tendency to look with mistrust upon political power was so ingrained into American culture that even the officeholders themselves perceived their occupations in a disparaging light . James Fenimore Cooper described the common view that `` contact with the affairs of state is one of the most corrupting of the influences to which men are exposed '' . An article in the Richmond Enquirer ( 1822 ) noted that the `` long cherished '' principle of rotation in office had been impressed on the republican mind `` by a kind of intuitive impulse , unassailable to argument or authority '' . Beginning about the 1830s , Jacksonian democracy introduced a less idealistic twist to the practice of limiting terms . Rotation in office came to mean taking turns in the distribution of political prizes . Rotation of nominations to the U.S. House of Representatives -- the prizes -- became a key element of payoffs to the party faithful . The leading lights in the local party machinery came to regard a nomination for the House as `` salary '' for political services rendered . A new code of political ethics evolved , based on the proposition that `` turnabout is fair play '' . In short , rotation of nominations was intertwined with the spoils system . In district nominating conventions local leaders could negotiate and enforce agreements to pass the nominations around among themselves . Abraham Lincoln was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1846 under such a bargain , and he returned home to Springfield after a single congressional term because , he wrote , `` to enter myself as a competitor of another , or to authorize anyone so to enter me , is what my word and honor forbid '' . During the Civil War , the Confederate States Constitution limited its president to a single six - year term . Era of incumbency ( edit ) The practice of nomination rotation for the House of Representatives began to decline after the Civil War . It took a generation or so before the direct primary system , civil service reforms , and the ethic of professionalism worked to eliminate rotation in office as a common political practice . By the turn of the 20th century the era of incumbency was coming into full swing . A total of 8 presidents served two full terms and declined a third and three presidents served one full term and refused a second . After World War II , however , an officeholder class had developed to the point that congressional tenure rivaled that of the U.S. Supreme Court , where tenure is for life . Term limits movement ( edit ) `` Homesteading , '' or securing a lifelong career in Congress , was made possible by reelection rates that approached 100 % by the end of the 20th century . The concept of homesteading brought about a popular movement known as the `` term - limits movement '' . The elections of 1990 -- 94 saw the adoption of term limits for state legislatures in almost every state where citizens had the power of the initiative . In addition , 23 states limited service in their delegation to Congress . As they pertain to Congress , these laws are no longer enforceable , however , as in 1995 , the U.S. Supreme Court overturned congressional term limits in U.S. Term Limits , Inc. v. Thornton , ruling that state governments can not limit the terms of members of the national government . Where rotation in the legislative branch has withstood court challenges , term limits continue to garner popular support . As of 2002 , the advocacy group `` U.S. Term Limits '' found that in the 17 states where state legislators served in rotation , public support for term limits ranged from 60 to 78 percent . Federal term limits ( edit ) Office Term limits President Limited to being elected to a total of 2 four - year terms . A President by succession who completes more than two years of a former President 's unfinished term may be elected in his or her own right only once , and 2 more four - year terms are permitted if they complete two years or less . Becoming a President by succession may happen to someone an unlimited number of times , for example , if he or she is Vice President and the President dies , resigns or is removed from office via impeachment conviction . Vice President Unlimited four - year terms House of Representatives Unlimited two - year terms Senate Unlimited six - year terms Supreme Court No term limits , appointed to serve `` during good behavior '' ( but can be impeached and removed from office for `` high Crimes and Misdemeanors '' ) ; in practice a Justice serves until death or stepping down ( by retirement or resignation ) As of 2013 , term limits at the federal level are restricted to the executive branch and some agencies . Judicial appointments at the federal level are made for life , and are not subject to election or to term limits . The U.S. Congress remains ( since the Thornton decision of 1995 ) without electoral limits . President ( edit ) The third president , Thomas Jefferson , started the tradition of presidential term limits by refusing to run for a third term in 1808 . Everything the first president did obviously set a precedent , but did not necessarily set a new policy . However George Washington 's decision in 1796 not to run for a third term has sometimes been given credit as the start of a `` tradition '' of the strong policy that no president should ever run for a third term . Washington wanted to retire when his first term ended in 1792 but all his advisors begged him to stand for reelection . By 1796 he insisted on retiring , for he felt worn out , and was disgusted with the virulent personal attacks on his integrity . His Farewell Address very briefly mentioned why he would not run for a third term , and goes on to give a great deal of political advice . But he does not mention of term limits . After his death his refusal to run was explained in terms of a `` no - third - tradition '' . Historian David Crocket argues , `` The argument for term limits has a solid and respectable pedigree . Contrary to popular belief , however , that pedigree does not begin with George Washington . '' Politically Washington felt the stability of the republic required a contested presidential election with a choice of candidates , which would not happen if he ran again . If he won and then died a vice president would take over who was not elected and his goal would fail . ( He in fact did die in 1799 two years into the new term ) . The election went forward and he was absolutely neutral between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson . He personally did not feel bound by a two - term limit . In the 1780s , about half the states provided term limits for governors . The Constitutional convention of 1787 discussed the issue and decided not to do so . `` The matter was fairly discussed in the Convention , '' Washington wrote in 1788 , `` and to my full convictions ... I can see no propriety in precluding ourselves from the services of any man , who on some great emergency shall be deemed universally , most capable of serving the Public '' even after serving two terms . The Constitution , Washington explained , retained sufficient checks against political corruption and stagnant leadership without a presidential term limits provision . Jefferson , however , strongly endorsed a policy of term limits . He rejected calls from supporters that he run for a third term in 1808 , telling several state legislatures in 1807 - 1808 that he needed to support `` the sound precedent set by ( his ) illustrious predecessor . '' Thomas Jefferson mentioned that Washington retired after serving only two terms , without mentioning that Washington opposed the policy Jefferson was proposing . Crockett argues that Washington , `` did not intentionally establish the so - called two - term tradition ; his departure was motivated by a desire to demonstrate that the country could function without him and to retire to Mount Vernon . He made no principled argument for limiting presidents to two terms , and in fact disagreed with Thomas Jefferson on this point . '' The `` two term tradition '' was created in 1807 - 1808 and it mistakenly suggested Washington had launched the policy . A political cartoon showing Washington rejecting Theodore Roosevelt 's highly controversial run for a third term in 1912 In 1861 the Confederate States of America adopted a six - year term for their president and vice-president and barred the president from seeking re-election . That innovation was endorsed by many American politicians after the Civil War , most notably by Rutherford B. Hayes in his inaugural address . Ulysses Grant was urged to run for a third term in 1876 , but he refused . He did try for the 1880 nomination but was defeated in part because of anti-third - term sentiment . Theodore Roosevelt had already served over 7 years and in 1912 , after a four - year hiatus , ran for a third term . He was violently criticized -- indeed almost killed by John Flammang Schrank , who was obsessed with stopping a third term . Franklin D. Roosevelt ( president , 1933 -- 1945 ) in 1940 was the only president to break the tradition , winning a third term in 1940 and a fourth term in 1944 . This gave rise to a successful move to formalize the traditional two - term limit by amending the U.S. Constitution . As ratified in 1951 , the Twenty - Second Amendment provides that `` no person shall be elected to the office of President more than twice '' . The new Amendment explicitly did not apply to the incumbent , President Harry S. Truman . However all his close advisors , pointing to his age , his failing abilities , and his poor showing in the polls , talked him out of it . Congress ( edit ) Letter from Senator Orrin Hatch , first elected in 1976 , expressing reservations regarding term limits ( dated February 10 , 2011 ) Reformers during the early 1990s used the initiative and referendum to put congressional term limits on the ballot in 24 states . Voters in eight of these states approved the congressional term limits by an average electoral margin of two to one . It was an open question whether states had the constitutional authority to enact these limits . In May 1995 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5 -- 4 in U.S. Term Limits , Inc. v. Thornton , 514 U.S. 779 ( 1995 ) , that states can not impose term limits upon their federal Representatives or Senators . In the 1994 elections , part of the Republican platform included legislation for term limits in Congress . After winning the majority , a Republican congressman brought a constitutional amendment to the House floor that proposed limiting members of the Senate to two six - year terms and members of the House to six two - year terms . However , this rate of rotation was so slow ( the life - tenured Supreme Court averages in the vicinity of twelve years ) that the congressional version of term - limits garnered little support among the populist backers of term limits , including U.S. Term Limits , the largest private organization pushing for congressional term limits . The bill got only a bare majority ( 227 -- 204 ) , falling short of the two - thirds majority ( 290 ) needed for constitutional amendments . Three other term limit amendment bills failed to get more than 200 votes . Defeated in Congress and overridden by the Supreme Court , the federal term limit uprising was brought to a halt . The term limits intended simultaneously to reform state legislatures ( as distinguished from the federal congressional delegations ) remain in force , however , in fifteen states . In 2007 Larry J. Sabato revived the debate over term limits by arguing in A More Perfect Constitution that the success and popularity of term limits at the state level suggests that they should be adopted at the federal level as well . He specifically put forth the idea of congressional term limits and suggested a national constitutional convention be used to accomplish the amendment , since the Congress would be unlikely to propose and adopt any amendment that limits its own power . Some state legislators have also expressed their opinions on term limits . It is confirmed that in the following five states -- and there may be others -- state lawmakers approved resolutions asking Congress to propose a federal constitutional amendment to limit the number of terms which members of Congress may serve : This section has an unclear citation style . The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) South Dakota Legislature ( designated as POM - 42 in the U.S. Senate ) approved in 1989 , South Dakota House Joint Resolution No. 1001 ( see Congressional Record of April 4 , 1989 , at pages 5395 and 5396 , with verbatim text provided ) ; Hawaii Senate ( designated as Memorial 400 in the U.S. House of Representatives ) approved in 1990 , Hawaii Senate Resolution No. 41 -- unicameral only ( see Congressional Record of September 28 , 1998 , at page 22655 ) it took 8 years for this resolution to find its way into the Congressional Record and to be correctly referred to the Committee on the Judiciary -- and even then , its text was not provided in the Congressional Record ) ; back in 1990 , Hawaii 's S.R. No. 41 was indeed received by the U.S. House of Representatives , and was designated as Memorial 416 , ( Congressional Record of June 6 , 1990 , at pages 13262 and 13263 ) but the resolution was erroneously referred to the Committee on Energy and Commerce -- and its text is NOT provided in the Congressional Record ; Utah Legislature ( designated as POM - 644 in the U.S. Senate ) approved in 1990 , Utah Senate Joint Resolution No. 24 ( see Congressional Record of September 27 , 1994 , at page 26033 , with verbatim text provided ) it took four years for this resolution to find its way into the U.S. Senate 's portion of the Congressional Record ; Idaho Legislature ( designated as Memorial 401 in the U.S. House of Representatives ) approved in 1992 , Idaho Senate Joint Memorial No. 116 ( see Congressional Record of April 29 , 1992 , at page 9804 -- text NOT provided in the Congressional Record ) ; and Florida Legislature ( designated as POM - 122 in the U.S. Senate ) approved in 2012 , Florida House Memorial No. 83 ( see Congressional Record of July 25 , 2012 , at page S5378 , with verbatim text provided ) . Taking matters a bit further , on February 10 , 2016 , Florida lawmakers approved House Memorial No. 417 calling upon Congress , pursuant to Article V of the Federal Constitution , to assemble a Convention to prepare a constitutional amendment that would establish term limits upon members of Congress . Supreme Court ( edit ) Legal scholars have discussed whether or not to impose term limits on the Supreme Court of the United States . Currently , Supreme Court Justices are appointed for life `` during good behavior '' . A sentiment has developed , among certain scholars , that the Supreme Court may not be accountable in a way that is most in line with the spirit of checks and balances . Equally , scholars have argued that life tenure has taken on a new meaning in a modern context . Changes in medical care have markedly raised life expectancy and therefore has allowed Justices to serve for longer than ever before . Steven G. Calebresi and James Lindgren , professors of law at Northwestern University , argued that , because vacancies in the court are occurring with less frequency and justices served on average , between 1971 and 2006 , for 26.1 years , the `` efficacy of the democratic check that the appointment process provides on the Court 's membership '' is reduced . There have been several similar proposals to implement term limits for the nation 's highest court , including Professor of Law at Duke University , Paul Carrington 's 2005 `` The Supreme Court Renewal Act of 2005 '' . Many of the proposals center around a term limit for Justices that would be 18 years ( Larry Sabato , Professor of Political Science at University of Virginia , suggested between 15 and 18 years ) . The proposed staggered term limits of 18 years would , according to Calebresi , Lindgren ( 2006 ) , and Carrington ( 2005 ) , allow for a new appointment to the Court every two years , which in effect would allow every president at least two appointments . Professor Carrington has argued that such a measure would not require a constitutional amendment as the `` Constitution does n't even mention life tenure ; it merely requires that justices serve during ' good behaviour ' `` . The idea was not without support among Judges , as John Roberts supported term limits before he was appointed to the Supreme Court as Chief Justice . Calebresi , Lingren , and Carrington have also proposed that when justices have served out their proposed 18 - year term they should be able to sit on other Federal Courts until retirement , death , or removal . Fairleigh Dickinson University 's PublicMind Poll measured American voters ' attitudes towards various proposed Supreme Court reforms , including implementing term limits . The 2010 poll found that a majority of Americans were largely unaware of a proposal to impose a term limit of 18 years , as 82 % reported they had heard little or nothing at all . Notwithstanding a lack of awareness , 52 % of Americans approved of limiting terms to 18 years , while 35 % disapproved . When asked how old is too old for a Supreme Court judge to serve if he or she seems healthy , 48 % said `` no limit as long as he or she is healthy '' , while 31 % agreed that anyone over the age of 70 is too old . Some state lawmakers have officially expressed to Congress a desire for a federal constitutional amendment to limit terms of Supreme Court justices as well as of judges of federal courts below the Supreme Court level . While there might be others , below are three known examples : In 1957 , the Alabama Legislature adopted Senate Joint Resolution No. 47 on the subject ( appearing in the U.S. Senate 's portion of the Congressional Record on July 3 , 1957 , at page 10863 , with full text provided ) ; In 1978 , the Tennessee General Assembly adopted House Joint Resolution No. 21 on the subject ( designated as POM - 612 by the U.S. Senate and quoted in full in the Congressional Record of April 25 , 1978 , at page 11437 ) ; and In 1998 , the Louisiana House of Representatives adopted House Resolution No. 120 on the subject ( designated as POM - 511 by the U.S. Senate and quoted in full in the Congressional Record of July 17 , 1998 , at page 16076 ) . State term limits ( edit ) See also : Comparison of State Governments Term limits for state officials have existed since colonial times . The Pennsylvania Charter of Liberties of 1682 , and the colonial frame of government of the same year , both authored by William Penn , provided for triennial rotation of the provincial council -- the upper house of the colonial legislature . The Delaware Constitution of 1776 limited the governor to a single three - year term ; currently , the governor of Delaware can serve two four - year terms . At present , 36 states have term limits of various types for their governors . To circumvent the term limit in Alabama incumbent governor George Wallace pushed through the nomination of his wife Lurleen , in the 1966 Democratic primary , which was , in those days , the real contest in Alabama . It was generally understood that Mrs. Wallace would only be a titular governor while her husband continued to hold the real power . She won the election , but only served 16 months before dying in 1968 . As indicated above , in fifteen state legislatures the members serve in rotation , i.e. , under term limits enacted during the reforms of the early 1990s . In another six states , however , state legislatures have either overturned their own limits or state supreme courts have ruled such limits unconstitutional . In 2002 the Idaho Legislature became the first legislature of its kind to repeal its own term limits , enacted by a public vote in 1994 , ostensibly because it applied to local officials along with the legislature . Gubernatorial term limits ( edit ) U.S. gubernatorial term limits as of 2014 No limit No limit , two - year terms One ; reeligible after four years Two ; reeligible after four years Two ; eligible 8 out of 12 years Two ; eligible 8 out of 16 years Two , absolute Governors of 36 states and four territories are subject to various term limits , while the governors of 14 states , Puerto Rico , and the Mayor of Washington , D.C. , may serve an unlimited number of terms . Each state 's gubernatorial term limits are prescribed by its state constitution , with the exception of Wyoming , whose limits are found in its statutes . Territorial term limits are prescribed by its constitution in the Northern Mariana Islands , the Organic Acts in Guam and the U.S. Virgin Islands , and by statute in American Samoa . Unique in its restriction , Virginia prohibits its governors from succeeding themselves for a second term , although former governors are reeligible after four years out of office . Many other states formerly had this prohibition , but all had eliminated it by 2000 . The governors of the following states and territories are limited to two consecutive terms , but are reeligible after four years out of office : Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , Colorado , Florida , Georgia , Hawaii , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Maine , Maryland , Nebraska , New Jersey , New Mexico , North Carolina , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , South Dakota , Tennessee , West Virginia , American Samoa , Guam , and the U.S. Virgin Islands . Equivalently , the Governors of Indiana and Oregon are limited to serving 8 out of any 12 years . Conversely , the Governors of Montana and Wyoming are restricted to two terms , limited to serving 8 out of any 16 years . Finally , the governors of the following states and territory are absolutely limited ( for life ) to two terms : Arkansas , California , Delaware , Michigan , Mississippi , Missouri , Nevada , the Northern Mariana Islands , and Oklahoma . The current Governor of California ( Jerry Brown ) is , however , serving a fourth ( non-consecutive ) term because his first two terms were before limits were passed in California , and the limits did not apply to individuals ' prior terms . The governors of New Hampshire and Vermont may serve unlimited two - year terms . The governors ( or equivalent ) in the following states , district , and territory may serve unlimited four - year terms : Connecticut , Idaho , Illinois , Iowa , Massachusetts , Minnesota , New York , North Dakota , Texas , Utah , Washington , Wisconsin , District of Columbia , and Puerto Rico . The Governor of Utah was previously limited to serving three terms , but all term limit laws have since been repealed by the legislature . State legislatures with term limits ( edit ) The following 15 legislatures have term limits : Arizona Legislature : four consecutive two - year terms for both houses ( eight years ) . No limit on total number of terms . Arkansas General Assembly : sixteen years total in either the House or the Senate . ( Prior to the 2014 election , the previous limits of three two - year terms for House members ( six years ) and two four - year terms for Senate members ( eight years ) applied ) . California State Legislature : twelve years total in either Assembly or Senate . ( For legislators first elected on or before June 5 , 2012 , the previous limits ( enacted in 1990 ) of either three two - year terms for Assembly members ( six years ) and two four - year terms for Senate members ( eight years ) apply ) . Colorado General Assembly : four consecutive two - year terms in the House ( eight years ) and two consecutive four - year terms in the Senate ( eight years ) . Florida Legislature : may serve no more than eight consecutive years in either house . No limit on total number of terms . Louisiana State Legislature : three consecutive four - year terms for both houses ( twelve years ) . Members may run for the opposite body without having to sit out an election . Maine Legislature : four two - year terms for both houses ( eight years ) . No limit on total number of terms Michigan Legislature : three two - year terms for House members ( six years ) and two four - year terms for Senate members ( eight years ) . Missouri General Assembly : four consecutive two - year terms for House members ( eight years ) and two four - year consecutive terms for Senate members ( eight years ) . Members may be elected again to the other house , but not serve more than 16 years . Montana State Legislature : four two - year terms for House members ( eight years ) in any sixteen - year period and two four - year terms for Senate members ( eight years ) in any sixteen - year period . Nebraska Legislature : unicameral legislature ; members limited to two consecutive four - year terms ( eight years ) , after which they must wait four years before running again . Nevada Legislature : six two - year terms for Assembly members ( twelve years ) and three four - year terms for Senate members ( twelve years ) . Ohio General Assembly : four consecutive two - year terms for House members ( eight years ) and two consecutive four - year terms for Senate members ( eight years ) . Oklahoma Legislature : six two - year terms for House members ( twelve years ) and three four - year terms for Senate members ( twelve years ) . Once term - limited in one house , a legislator can not be elected to the other . South Dakota Legislature : four consecutive two - year terms for both houses ( eight years ) . Overturned or repealed state Legislative term limits ( edit ) The following six legislatures have had their term limits nullified : Idaho Legislature : the Legislature repealed its own term limits in 2002 . Massachusetts General Court : the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court overturned term limits in 1997 . Oregon Legislative Assembly : the Oregon Supreme Court ruled term limits unconstitutional in 2002 . See term limits in Oregon . Utah State Legislature : the Legislature repealed its own term limits in 2003 . Washington State Legislature : the Washington Supreme Court voided term limits in 1998 . Wyoming Legislature : the Wyoming Supreme Court ruled term limits unconstitutional in 2004 . See term limits in Wyoming . Municipal term limits ( edit ) Some local governments have term limits . In Philadelphia , the mayor can not be elected three consecutive times , but there is no limit on how long any individual can serve as mayor . Frank Rizzo was elected mayor in 1971 and 1975 ; he attempted to repeal the term limit , but failed and could not run in 1979 . He ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for mayor in 1983 but he lost to Wilson Goode . In 1986 , he switched to the Republican Party , and ran as a Republican in the mayoral elections of 1987 and 1991 . Limits vary from city to city even within the same state . For example , Houston , Texas , has a limit of 2 four - year terms ( prior to November 3 , 2015 , 3 two - year terms dating back to 1991 ) , while San Antonio , Texas , has a limit of 4 two - year terms . Both Houston and San Antonio 's term limits are absolute ; elected officeholders are ineligible to run for the same position where seeking higher office is common . A two - term limit was imposed on New York City Council members and citywide elected officials ( except for district attorneys ) in New York City after a 1993 referendum ( see the Charter of the City of New York , § 1138 ) . On November 3 , 2008 , however , when Michael Bloomberg was in his second term of mayor , the City Council approved the extension of the two - term limit to a three - term limit ; one year later , he was elected to a third term . The two - term limit was reinstated after a referendum in 2010 . In Los Angeles the mayor serves up to two four - year terms since 1993 , while the City Council serve up to three four - year terms . In Cincinnati , Ohio , the term limit for mayor is two successive four - year terms . Council members are limited to two successive four - year terms . There is no limit to total terms that may be served , just a limit on successive terms . In New Orleans , City Council members are limited to two four - year terms . However , a council member representing one of the five council districts may run for one of the two at - large seats on the council once they reach the two - term limit , and vice versa . There is no limit on the number of terms a council member may serve in a lifetime . Since 1954 , the mayor of New Orleans has been limited to two consecutive four - year elected terms , but he or she may be elected again after sitting out one four - year term . When the new city plan of government was adopted , the mayor at the time , DeLesseps Story Morrison , was exempt from term limits due to a grandfather clause . Under the original Metropolitan Charter adopted in 1962 , the mayor of Nashville was limited to three consecutive four - year terms , which was subsequently reduced to two consecutive four - year terms in 1991 . Councilors were likewise limited to two consecutive four - year terms , but subsequent court rulings have determined the offices of district councilor and at - large councilor to be separate offices even though all councilors serve together in one unicameral body , which has meant that at large councilors have continued in office as district members , and ( more frequently ) district councilors have been elected to subsequent terms as at large councilors . See also ( edit ) Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 List of political term limits Political class Second Constitutional Convention of the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Professor Garrett G. Fagan , Penn State University ( 1999 ) . `` The History of Ancient Rome '' . The Teaching Company ... Office - holding at Rome was based on two important concepts : collegiality and limited tenure of office ... ( see page 19 of the Guidebook , Part 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Fundamental Orders of Connecticut '' . The Avalon Project : Documents in Law , History and Diplomacy . Yale Law School Lillian Goldman Law Library . Retrieved 1 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 , section 8 . Jump up ^ Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 , section 19 . On Franklin 's plan of 1775 see , Benjamin Franklin , The Writings of Benjamin Franklin , ed. , Albert Henry Smyth , 10 vols . ( New York : The Macmillan Co. , 1907 ) , 6 : 423 , article 9 . Jump up ^ `` Articles of Confederation : March 1 , 1781 '' . The Avalon Project : Documents in Law , History and Diplomacy . Yale Law School Lillian Goldman Law Library . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomas Jefferson , The Papers of Thomas Jefferson , ed . Julian F. Boyd , et al. , ( Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press , 1950 -- ) , 1 : 411 . Jump up ^ Also , article IX , paragraph 5 , of the Articles of Confederation provided that , `` no person be allowed to serve in the office of president more than one year in any term of four years . '' Jump up ^ The Politics and Law of Term Limits Jump up ^ R.H. Lee , Letter to Edmund Randolph dated 16 October 1787 , in Richard Henry Lee , The Letters of Richard Henry Lee , ed . James C. Ballagh , 2 vols . ( New York : Macmillan Co. , 1911 ) , 2 : 450 , 455 . See also 1 : 191 , letter to Edmund Pendleton dated 12 May 1776 , and Letters from the Federal Farmer to the Republican , ed . Walter H. Bennett ( University , Alabama : The University of Alabama Press , 1978 ) , pp. 72 -- 75 , 86 . Jump up ^ Jefferson , Papers , Boyd , ed. , 12 : 440 , 13 : 490 . See also 15 : 25 for Jefferson 's definition of rotation in office . Jump up ^ Mason in Jonathan Eliot , ed. , The Debates in the Several State Conventions on Adoption of the Federal Constitution , 5 vols . ( Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office , 1836 ) , 3 : 485 . Jump up ^ Mercy Otis Warren , Observations on the new Constitution , and on the Federal and State Conventions 9 , in Herbert J. Staring , ed. , The Complete Anti-Federalist , 6 vols . ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1981 ) 4 : 270 , 278 . Jump up ^ Michael J. Korzi ( 2013 ) . Presidential Term Limits in American History : Power , Principles , and Politics . Texas A&M UP . pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ See ( https://famguardian.org/Subjects/Politics/ThomasJefferson/jeff1230.htm `` Thomas Jefferson on Politics & Government '' . Jump up ^ Charles W. Stein , The Third - Term Tradition : Its Rise and Collapse in American Politics ( 1943 ) pp 71 - 116 . Jump up ^ Stein , The Third - Term Tradition pp 144 - 222 . Jump up ^ Stein , The Third - Term Tradition pp 317 - 340 . Jump up ^ Robert Struble , Jr. , `` House Turnover and the Principle of Rotation Archived 2010 - 10 - 11 at the Wayback Machine. , '' Political Science Quarterly 94 ( Winter 1979 -- 80 ) : p. 650 , and fn. 6 . in the question , The quotation is from Henry James , the biographer . Jump up ^ Robert Struble , Jr. , Treatise on Twelve Lights , chapter six , Rotation in Office , and other democratic reforms ... '' Archived 2016 - 04 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ James S. Young , The Washington Community , 1800 -- 1828 ( New York : Columbia University Press , 1966 ) , pp. 51 -- 52 , 55 -- 57 , 59 -- 61 , 64 , 145 . Jump up ^ James Fenimore Cooper , The American Democrat ( New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 1931 ) , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Richmond Enquirer , 8 November 1822 , p. 3 ; Struble , supra. , p. 653 . Jump up ^ One can still detect the idealism of the Revolutionary period echoed by President Andrew Jackson in his address to Congress , December 8 , 1829 : `` There are , perhaps , few men who can for any great length of time enjoy office and power without being more or less under the influence of feelings unfavorable to the faithful discharge of their public duties . Their integrity may be proof against improper considerations immediately addressed to themselves , but they are apt to acquire a habit of looking with indifference upon the public interests and of tolerating conduct from which an unpracticed man would revolt . Office is considered as a species of property , and government rather as a means of promoting individual interests than as an instrument created solely for the service of the people . Corruption in some and in others a perversion of correct feelings and principles divert government from its legitimate ends and make it an engine for the support of the few at the expense of the many . '' ... ( James D. Richardson , ed. , A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents , 10 vols . ( Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office , 1896 -- 99 ) , 2 : 448 -- 49 ) . Jump up ^ Struble , supra , pp. 661 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Struble , ibid , pp. 659 -- 60 ; Lincoln 's letter to William Herndon , 8 January 1848 , in Abraham Lincoln , The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln , ed . Roy P. Basler , 10 vols . ( New Brunswick , N.J. : Rutgers University Press , 1953 ) , 1 : 430 -- 31 . Jump up ^ U.S. Term Limits , Inc. v. Thornton . The decision was 5 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Stacie Rumenap , `` Career Politicians Never Did Like Term Limits , '' No Uncertain Terms , August 2002 , vol. 10 , # 7 , pp. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Michael C. Dorf ( 2 August 2000 ) . `` Why the Constitution permits a Gore - Clinton ticket '' . CNN Interactive . Jump up ^ Scott E. Gant ; Bruce G. Peabody ( 2006 - 06 - 13 ) . `` How to bring back Bill '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript of the Constitution of the United States -- Official Text '' . Archives.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Korzi notes it is a mistake to credit George Washington . Michael J. Korzi , Presidential Term Limits in American History : Power , Principles , and Politics ( 2011 ) p 43 . Jump up ^ Susan Dunn ( 2013 ) . 1940 : FDR , Willkie , Lindbergh , Hitler - the Election amid the Storm . Yale UP . p. 129 . Jump up ^ David A Crockett , `` ' An Excess of Refinement ) : Lame Duck Presidents in Constitutional and Historical Context '' Presidential Studies Quarterly 38 no4 707 - 21 , quoting p. 710 Jump up ^ Michael J. Korzi , `` Changing Views of Executive Tenure in Early American History , '' White House Studies 8 # 3 ( 2009 ) pp 357 - 379 at p 365 . Jump up ^ Bruce G. Peabody , `` George Washington , Presidential Term Limits , and the Problem of Reluctant Political Leadership , '' Presidential Studies Quarterly 31.3 ( 2001 ) : 439 - 453 , at p 442 . Jump up ^ Jeremy D. Bailey ( 2007 ) . Thomas Jefferson and Executive Power . p. 124 . Jump up ^ Crockett , `` ' An Excess of Refinement ) : Lame Duck Presidents in Constitutional and Historical Context '' Presidential Studies Quarterly ( 2008 ) 38 # 4 pp 707 - 21 at p. 710 Jump up ^ Peabody 2001 . p 446 - 48 . Jump up ^ Dorothy S. Truesdale , `` Rochester Views the Third Term 1880 . '' Rochester History 2.4 ( 1940 ) : pp 1 - 20 online . Jump up ^ Tim McNeese ( 2007 ) . The Progressive Movement : Advocating Social Change . Infobase Publishing . p. 110 - 111 . Jump up ^ Alonzo L. Hamby . Man of the People : A Life of Harry S. Truman ( 1995 ) pp 602 - 5 . Jump up ^ Dana Priest ; William Claiborne ( November 9 , 1994 ) . `` Voters in Several States , D.C. Adopt Limits For Legislators '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ H.J. Res. 73 , 104th Congress Jump up ^ U.S. Term Limits wanted House members to be limited to three two - year terms . Jump up ^ `` H.J. Res. 73 ( 104th ) : Contract with America bill ( On Passage of the Bill ) , House Vote # 277 '' . GovTrack.us . March 29 , 1995 . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The four constitutional amendments on term limits which the House rejected 29 March 1995 were sponsored by : Democrat John Dingell ( 12 / 12 retroactive ) , rejected 135 -- 297 ; Republican Bob Inglis ( 6 / 12 , not retroactive ) , rejected 114 -- 316 ; Republican Van Hilleary ( 12 / 12 , unretroactive , but defers to more stringent state imposed limits ) , rejected 164 -- 265 ; Republican Bill McCollum ( 12 / 12 not retroactive and would override more stringent state limits ) ; approved by less than the requisite 2 / 3 , 227 -- 204 ; on February 12 , 1997 Congress did likewise by a margin of 217 -- 211 ( 50.7 % ) . Jump up ^ `` State Legislative Term Limits '' . US Term Limits . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Neil Pinney , George Serra , and Dalene Sprick , `` The costs of reform : consequences of limiting legislative terms of service , '' Party Politics , 10 : 69 -- 84 ^ Jump up to : Steven G. Calebresi & James Lindgren , `` Term Limits for the Supreme Court : Life Tenure Reconsidered , '' Harvard Journal of Public Policy , Vol 29 no . 3 ( 2006 ) `` Social Science Research Network . ^ Jump up to : Richard Brust , `` Supreme Court 2.0 , ABA Connection , ( October 1 , 2008 ) . Article provides an overview of proposed reforms to the Supreme Court of the United States . ^ Jump up to : Julie Geng , `` Law Prof Proposes Supreme Court Term Limits '' , Cornell Sun Online ( February 11 , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Larry J. Sabato , `` Reforming the Least Democratic Branch '' ( April 15 , 1010 ) . ^ Jump up to : Fairleigh Dickinson University 's PublicMind Poll , `` Public Says Televising Court is Good for Democracy '' press release ( March 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Francis N. Thorpe , ed. , The Federal and State Constitutions , Colonial Charters , and other Organic Laws ... , 7 vols . ( Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office , 1909 ) 5 : 3048 , 3055 -- 56 , 3065 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Virginia '' . Virginia Constitution . pp. Article V , § &nbsp , 1 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` AMENDMENT 282 RATIFIED '' . Alabama Constitution . pp. Amendment 282 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Article 3 -- The Executive '' . Alaska Constitution . pp. Article 3 , § &nbsp , 5 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1 . Term limits on executive department and state officers ; term lengths ; election ; residence and office at seat of government ; duties '' . Arizona Constitution . pp. Article 5 , § &nbsp , 1 Version 2 , clause A. Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Section 1 . Officers -- terms of office '' . Colorado Constitution . pp. Article IV , § &nbsp , 1 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Florida Constitution '' . Florida Constitution . pp. Article IV , § &nbsp , 5 , clause b . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the State of Georgia '' ( PDF ) . Georgia Constitution . pp. Article V , § I , Paragraph I. Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE V '' . Hawaii Constitution . pp. Article V , § &nbsp , 1 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Article 1 . -- EXECUTIVE '' . Kansas Constitution . pp. Article 1 , § &nbsp , 1 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Section 71 '' . Kentucky Constitution . pp. § &nbsp , 71 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE IV . EXECUTIVE BRANCH '' . Louisiana Constitution . pp. Article IV , § &nbsp , 3 , Clause B. Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Maine Constitution Article V. -- Part First . Executive Power '' . Maine Constitution . pp. Article V , part 1 , § &nbsp , 2 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE II -- EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT '' . Maryland Constitution . pp. Article II , § &nbsp , 1 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Article IV - 1 '' . Nebraska Constitution . pp. Article IV , § &nbsp , 1 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NEW JERSEY STATE CONSTITUTION 1947 '' . New Jersey Constitution . pp. Article V , § I , paragraph 5 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Section 1 . ( Composition of department ; terms of office of members ; residing and maintaining records at seat of government . ) '' . New Mexico Constitution . pp. Article V , § &nbsp , 1 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE III EXECUTIVE '' . North Carolina Constitution . pp. Article III , § &nbsp , 2 , clause 2 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` § 3.02 Term of office '' . Ohio Constitution . pp. Article III , § &nbsp , 2 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CONSTITUTION OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA '' . Pennsylvania Constitution . pp. Article IV , § &nbsp , 3 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE IV OF ELECTIONS AND CAMPAIGN FINANCE '' . Rhode Island Constitution . pp. Article IV , § &nbsp , 1 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE IV . EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT '' . South Carolina Constitution . pp. Article IV , § &nbsp , 3 . Archived from the original on 27 April 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` § 2 '' . South Dakota Constitution . pp. Article IV , § &nbsp , 2 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tennessee constitution -- article iii . executive department '' . Tennessee Constitution . pp. Article III , § &nbsp , 4 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of West Virginia '' . West Virginia Constitution . pp. Article VII , § &nbsp , 4 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Title 4 EXECUTIVE '' . American Samoa Code . pp. § &nbsp , 4.0107 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2008 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` § 1422 . Governor and Lieutenant Governor ; term of office ; qualifications ; powers and duties ; annual report to Congress '' . United States Code . pp. Title 48 , § &nbsp , 1422 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` § 1591 . Governor and Lieutenant Governor ; election ; eligibility ; official residence ; powers and duties ; report '' . United States Code . pp. Title 48 , § &nbsp , 1591 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE 5 '' . Indiana Constitution . pp. Article V , § &nbsp , 1 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Oregon '' . Oregon Constitution . pp. Article V , § &nbsp , 1 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2007 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Montana Constitution '' . pp. Article IV , § &nbsp , 8 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CHAPTER 5 -- NOMINATIONS '' . Wyoming Statutes . pp. § &nbsp , 22 -- 5 -- 103 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Amend. 73 . Arkansas Term Limitation Amendment '' ( PDF ) . Arkansas Constitution . p. 134 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CALIFORNIA CONSTITUTION ARTICLE 5 EXECUTIVE '' . California Constitution . pp. Article 5 , § &nbsp , 2 . Archived from the original on 8 January 2011 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE . III EXECUTIVE '' . Delaware Constitution . pp. Article III , § &nbsp , 5 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Constitution '' ( PDF ) . pp. Article V , § &nbsp , 30 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` THE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI '' . Mississippi Constitution . pp. Article 5 , § &nbsp , 116 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Article IV EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT Section 17 '' . Missouri Constitution . pp. Article IV , § &nbsp , 17 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` THE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF NEVADA '' . Nevada Constitution . pp. Article 5 , § &nbsp , 3 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE III : EXECUTIVE BRANCH '' . Northern Mariana Islands Constitution . pp. Article III , § &nbsp , 4 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SECTION VI - 4 Terms of office -- Succession '' ( RTF ) . Oklahoma Constitution . pp. Article VI , § &nbsp , 4 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions About Senators '' . Archived 2014 - 07 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . Nebraska Legislature . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Archived 2 April 2015 at Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Term limits will land on city ballot in Nov '' . New York Post . 12 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Javier C. ( 3 November 2010 ) . `` Term Limits in New York City Are Approved Again '' . The New York Times . Further reading ( edit ) Bailey , Harry A. `` Presidential Tenure and the Two - Term Tradition . '' Publius 2.2 ( 1972 ) : 95 - 106 . online Crockett , David A. `` ' An Excess of Refinement ) : Lame Duck Presidents in Constitutional and Historical Context '' Presidential Studies Quarterly ( 2008 ) 38 # 4 pp. 707 - 21 . Korzi , Michael J. `` Changing Views of Executive Tenure in Early American History , '' White House Studies 8 # 3 ( 2009 ) pp 357 - 379 . Korzi , Michael J. ( 2013 ) . Presidential Term Limits in American History : Power , Principles , and Politics . Texas A&M UP . O'Keefe , Eric ( 2008 ) . `` Term Limits '' . In Hamowy , Ronald . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE ; Cato Institute . pp. 504 -- 06 . doi : 10.4135 / 9781412965811. n308 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6580 - 4 . LCCN 2008009151 . OCLC 750831024 . Peabody , Bruce G. `` George Washington , presidential term limits , and the problem of reluctant political leadership . '' Presidential Studies Quarterly 31.3 ( 2001 ) : 439 - 453 . Sigel , Roberta S. , and David J. Butler . `` The Public and the No Third Term Tradition : Inquiry into Attitudes Toward Power . '' Midwest Journal of Political Science 8.1 ( 1964 ) : 39 - 54 . Stathis , Stephen W . `` The Twenty - Second Amendment : A practical remedy or partisan maneuver . '' Constitutional Commentary 7 ( 1990 ) : 61 + . Stein , Charles W . The Third - Term Tradition : Its Rise and Collapse in American Politics ( 1943 ) online External links ( edit ) National Conference of State Legislatures term limits summary Term Limits Now Political Action Committee U.S. Term Limits homepage Discussion on Term Limits Citizen Legislator Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Term_limits_in_the_United_States&oldid=863759246 '' Categories : Term limits Election - related lists Politics of the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Wikipedia references cleanup from February 2017 All articles needing references cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from February 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 October 2018 , at 20 : 38 ( UTC ) . 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how do i live song by leann rimes			How Do I Live	how do i live	`` How Do I Live '' is a song written by Diane Warren . It was originally performed by LeAnn Rimes and the extended version of the song was later featured on her second studio album You Light Up My Life : Inspirational Songs in 1997 and later performed by Trisha Yearwood . Both versions were released on May 27 , 1997 .	In the US , Rimes 's version peaked at No. 2 for five non-consecutive weeks in late 1997 and early 1998 , behind `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' by Elton John , and `` Truly Madly Deeply '' by Savage Garden . It set a record for staying on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for 69 weeks , a record it held until `` I 'm Yours '' by Jason Mraz set a new record of 76 weeks . The Rimes recording also set the record for the most time in the Billboard Hot 100 's top 5 at 25 consecutive weeks and held the record for nineteen years ( until it was broken in early 2017 by The Chainsmokers 's song `` Closer '' ) , the record for Billboard Hot 100 's top 10 at 32 consecutive weeks ( a record surpassed by `` Shape of You '' by Ed Sheeran in 2017 ) , and the record for Billboard Hot 100 's top 40 at 62 consecutive weeks . It ranks at No. 4 on Billboard 's All Time Top 100 , the only single on the top 10 of this list not peaking at No. 1 . The only songs that finished ahead of it were Bobby Darin 's cover of `` Mack the Knife '' , Santana 's song `` Smooth '' , and Chubby Checker 's version of `` The Twist '' . It has been certified 3 × Platinum by the RIAA for shipments of 3 million copies in the United States , the highest certified country single of that time , to be surpassed twelve years later by `` Love Story '' from artist Taylor Swift , which has been certified 8 × Platinum . Despite only peaking as high as No. 7 in the UK Singles Chart , Rimes ' version of `` How Do I Live '' spent 34 weeks on the chart , ending up as the 6th best selling single of 1998 . As of August 2014 , the song has sold 710,000 copies in the UK . `` How Do I Live '' was also covered by F.I.R. ( Faye and Real featuring LeAnn Rimes ) . F.I.R. invited Rimes to record a portion of the song for their third album Flight Tribe in 2006 . Billboard Magazine ranked `` How Do I Live '' as the most successful song of the 1990 's despite not going to number one on the Billboard Hot 100 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Track releases 2.1 Rimes ' version 2.2 Yearwood 's version 2.3 Other versions 3 Chart performance 4 Charts and certifications 4.1 Rimes version charts and sales 4.1. 1 Weekly charts 4.1. 2 Year - end charts 4.1. 3 Decade - end charts 4.1. 4 All - time charts 4.1. 5 Certifications 4.2 Yearwood version charts and sales 4.2. 1 Weekly charts 4.2. 2 Year - end charts 4.2. 3 Certifications 5 Accolades 6 Credits and personnel 7 In popular media 8 References 9 External links Background ( Edit ) The song was originally intended for release as a single for the 1997 action blockbuster Con Air soundtrack . According to LeAnn Rimes , Warren wrote the song specifically with her in mind , promising it to Rimes . Walt Disney Pictures , the parent company of Touchstone Pictures , decided that Rimes ' recording had too much of a `` pop '' sound , and also that because she was 14 years old , she was too young to sing about the subject matter expressed in the song . Trisha Yearwood was ultimately chosen to re-record the song , utilizing a more throaty , country - western vibe . Yearwood 's version was released on May 27 , 1997 to country radio and appeared in the film . According to Yearwood , she was unaware of Rimes ' recording prior to being approached by Touchstone Pictures to record the song . When Wilbur Rimes ( LeAnn 's father and then manager ) heard of the release , her version was quickly released to mainstream pop radio . Neither Rimes ' nor Yearwood 's version of the song was included on the soundtrack album for the film ( which consists of the score by Trevor Rabin and Mark Mancina ) . Rimes ' version was released on a CD and cassette tape single , with the original rendition of the song plus an extended version , the latter of which was later re-issued on Rimes ' You Light Up My Life : Inspirational Songs , while the former was issued on her Greatest Hits in 2003 in the US , The Best of LeAnn Rimes in 2004 internationally and again in the US on her All - Time Greatest Hits album in 2015 . The CD single was later re-issued with the original version of the song as the A-side track with the B - side being replaced by the Mr. Mig 's Dance Radio Edit , which would later be featured on the remix edition of The Best of LeAnn Rimes in 2004 , while in 2014 her Dance Like You Do n't Give A ... Greatest Hits Remixes featured a new remix by Cahill . Track releases ( edit ) Rimes ' version ( edit ) `` How Do I Live '' -- 4 : 25 `` How Do I Live '' ( original extended version ) -- 4 : 53 US single re-release `` How Do I Live '' ( film mix ) -- 4 : 25 `` How Do I Live '' ( Mr. Mig Dance Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 54 US / UK maxi - single / US / UK digital download / vinyl `` How Do I Live '' ( Mr. Mig Dance Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 54 `` How Do I Live '' ( Mr. Mig Club Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 15 `` How Do I Live '' ( RH Factor Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 45 `` How Do I Live '' ( Mr. Mig Club Mix ) -- 7 : 38 `` How Do I Live '' ( original extended version ) -- 4 : 53 US promo Maxi - single `` How Do I Live '' ( Mr. Mig Dance Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 54 `` How Do I Live '' ( Mr. Mig Club Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 15 `` How Do I Live '' ( RH Factor Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 45 `` How Do I Live '' ( RH Factor Club Vocal ) -- 9 : 11 `` How Do I Live '' ( Mr. Mig Club Mix ) -- 7 : 38 UK single `` How Do I Live '' -- 4 : 25 `` How Do I Live '' ( RH Factor Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 45 UK maxi - CD `` How Do I Live '' -- 4 : 25 `` You Light Up My Life '' -- 3 : 34 `` How Do I Live '' ( Mr. Mig Remix Club Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 15 `` How Do I Live '' ( RH Factor Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 45 UK maxi CD # 2 / Australian CD single `` Commitment '' -- 4 : 36 `` How Do I Live '' ( Mr. Mig Dance Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 54 `` How Do I Live '' ( Mr. Mig Club Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 15 `` How Do I Live '' ( RH Factor Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 45 `` How Do I Live '' ( Mr. Mig Club Mix ) -- 7 : 38 `` How Do I Live '' ( original extended version ) -- 4 : 53 Germany maxi - CD `` How Do I Live '' ( radio edit ) -- 3 : 45 `` How Do I Live '' ( original extended version ) -- 4 : 25 `` How Do I Live '' ( Mr. Mig Dance Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 54 `` How Do I Live '' ( Mr. Mig Club Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 15 Yearwood 's version ( edit ) US / Japan CD - Single / US cassette tape `` How Do I Live '' -- 4 : 28 `` How Do I Live '' ( video version ) -- 4 : 07 European CD single `` How Do I Live '' ( video version ) -- 4 : 07 `` How Do I Live '' -- 4 : 28 `` She 's in Love with the Boy '' -- 4 : 05 Other versions ( edit ) `` How Do I Live '' ( Cahill Remix ) -- 6 : 30 `` How Do I Live '' ( Cahill Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 34 Chart performance ( Edit ) Both the Rimes and the Yearwood versions debuted on the US Billboard Hot 100 on the week ending June 14 , 1997 . Rimes ' version was noted for its extreme longevity , spending a record - breaking 69 weeks on the chart and 32 weeks on the top ten alone , also a record . The track spent 25 of those in the top five , yet another record . Despite not peaking at number one , the Rimes version spent five weeks at number two , ten weeks at number three and seven weeks at number four , all non-consecutive . The song spent so many weeks inside the top 5 of the chart that it competed directly with two songs by R&B singer Usher , `` You Make Me Wanna ... '' and `` Nice & Slow '' , that were released seven months apart from each other . Overall , `` How Do I Live '' by Rimes spent 62 weeks in the US Top 40 and 30 weeks on the UK Top 40 singles chart . On March 11 , 2017 , `` Closer '' by The Chainsmokers and Halsey set the new record for the most amount of time a song has spent in the top five of the Hot 100 when it was ranked at number five , marking its 27th week in the top five ( though unlike `` How Do I Live '' this was nonconsecutive ) . On July 29 , 2017 `` Shape of You '' by Ed Sheeran also ranked in the top five for a 27th week , thus surpassing `` How Do I Live . '' Trisha Yearwood 's version was moving quickly up the charts , getting as high as number 23 , when MCA refused to issue any more copies of the single , for fear of cannibalizing album sales . The limited press run of 300,000 sold out , and the single was off the Hot 100 after 12 weeks . Yearwood 's single on the country charts quickly climbed all the way to number 2 . Rimes single was the top selling country single of all time . Rimes ' version ranked at number 4 on Billboard 's All Time Top 100 in 2008 . When the All Time chart was retabulated for the chart 's 55th anniversary in 2013 , it remained in the same position , being the most successful single by a female artist in the list . Billboard Magazine also ranked the song as the most successful single of the 1990 's . Rimes ' version spent 11 weeks atop the Adult Contemporary chart . In Australia , Rimes ' version peaked on the ARIA Charts at number 17 while Yearwood 's peaked at number 3 . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Rimes version charts and sales ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 -- 98 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 17 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 24 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 19 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 13 Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 60 Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 16 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 22 Ireland ( IRMA ) 14 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 Norway ( VG - lista ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 24 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 7 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 10 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 43 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Year Country Position 1997 US Billboard Hot 100 9 1998 Europe 72 Netherlands 13 United Kingdom 6 US Billboard Hot 100 5 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Country Position United States All - time charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1958 -- 2018 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot 100 ( Women ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Norway ( IFPI Norway ) Gold 5,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 3 × Platinum 3,703,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Preceded by `` Sunny Came Home '' by Shawn Colvin Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one single ( LeAnn Rimes version ) September 6 -- November 14 , 1997 Succeeded by `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' by Elton John Yearwood version charts and sales ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 28 Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) Irish Singles Chart UK Singles Chart 66 US Billboard Hot 100 23 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 12 Canada Adult Contemporary Tracks ( RPM ) 71 Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 27 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 18 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Preceded by `` Still Holding On '' by Clint Black with Martina McBride RPM Country Tracks number - one single ( Trisha Yearwood version ) September 1 -- 8 , 1997 Succeeded by `` She 's Got It All '' by Kenny Chesney Accolades ( Edit ) In 1998 , for the first time in history , the Grammy Awards nominated two artists for the same song in the same category . Directly following Rimes ' performance of the song , Yearwood won the Grammy Award for Best Female Country Vocal Performance . Yearwood also performed the song at the Country Music Association for which she won the 1997 award for Female Vocalist of the Year . Yearwood also won the 1997 Academy of Country Music Award for Top Female Vocalist . The song was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song , but lost to `` My Heart Will Go On '' from the film Titanic . Yearwood performed the song at the award ceremony . Credits and personnel ( Edit ) Diane Warren -- songwriter Rimes version Credits for LeAnn 's version are adapted from the liner notes of the UK version of Sittin ' on Top of the World . Wilbur C. Rimes -- producer Chuck Howard -- producer Mike Curb -- producer Lesley Albert -- production coordinator Mary Ann Kennedy -- background vocals Pam Rose -- background vocals Michael Black -- background vocals Dennis Wilson -- background vocals Mick Guzauski -- mixing engineer , mixing Bob Campbell - Smith -- mixing engineer , recording , mixing Greg Morrow -- drums Michael Spriggs -- acoustic guitar John Willis -- electric guitar Michael Rhodes -- bass Steve Nathan -- piano , keys Paul Franklin -- steel guitar Jeff Watkins -- assistant recording Daniel Kresco -- assistant recording , additional recording Scott Ahaus -- assistant recording , assistant mixing Jim Rogers -- assistant recording David Boyer -- assistant recording Csaba Petocz -- recording David Hall -- assistant recording In popular Media ( Edit ) The song was used in the 1997 movie Con Air . The song is semi-frequently used in the webcomic Homestuck ( albeit in the form of a cover ) due to the character John Egbert 's fascination with the movie Con Air and , in particular , the scene near the end of the movie during which the song is played . References ( Edit ) Jump up ^ `` The arms of the one who loves you ; The day I stop loving you ; Feels like home ... ( et al . ) part 4 - song , music - Copyright Info '' . Faqs.org . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Do I Live / My Baby : Leann Rimes : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Do I Live : Trisha Yearwood : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard Hot 100 Chart 50th Anniversary '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2009 . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- LeAnn Rimes -- How Do I Live '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Taylor Swift -- Love Story '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` EveryHit.com '' . EveryHit.com. 2000 - 03 - 16 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biggest Selling Pop Hits of the 90s '' . 4Music. 17 August 2014 . Missing or empty series = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 世界被音樂點亮夢想跟著 F.I.R. 無限飛行 : : : 2006 全新創作大碟飛行部落 7 月 14 全面預購 : : : '' . Warnermusic.com.tw . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6297023/billboard-hot-100-1990 Jump up ^ CMT Inside Fame : LeAnn Rimes CMT ( 2004 - 4 - 12 ) Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 8 Jump up ^ Hurst , Jack ( 1997 - 09 - 05 ) . `` Yearwood 's On The Rise After Winning Song ` War ' With Leann Rimes '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Con Air : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack : Mark Mancina , Trevor Rabin : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` How Do I Live : Leann Rimes : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` How Do I Live : Leann Rimes : Amazon.co.uk : Music '' . Amazon.co.uk. 2009 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` How Do I Live : Leann Rimes : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - How Do I Live Dance Mix - EP by LeAnn Rimes '' . Itunes.apple.com. 1997 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - How Do I Live Dance Mix - EP by LeAnn Rimes '' . Itunes.apple.com. 1997 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` How Do I Live : Leann Rimes : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` How Do I Live Dance Mix ( Vinyl ) LeAnn Rimes : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ How Do I Live Dance Mix ( Promotional CD single ) . LeAnn Rimes . Curb Records . 1998 . D2 - 1432 PRCD - 3429 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` LeAnn Rimes - How Do I Live '' . austriancharts.at . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` How Do I Live ( Dance Mixes ) ( CD 1 ) : LeAnn Rimes : Amazon.co.uk : Music '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Commitment / How Do I Live : Leann Rimes : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Commitment / How Do I Live : Leann Rimes : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` How Do I Live : LeAnn Rimes : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Trisha Yearwood - How Do I Live - 2 Trk CD Single - EX-1250 '' . eBay . 2010 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` WOW ! How Do I Live by Trisha Yearwood ( CD 1997 ) Japan ! '' . eBay . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` How Do I Live : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Trisha Yearwood - How Do I Live 3 Track CD Single '' . eBay . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` TRISHA YEARWOOD How Do I Live EURO CD single + Info '' . eBay . 2008 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- LeAnn Rimes -- How Do I Live '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- LeAnn Rimes -- How Do I Live '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 3369 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . October 27 , 1997 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 3322 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . September 15 , 1997 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 3313 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . September 1 , 1997 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Rimes , LeAnn Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know '' . irishcharts.ie . Archived from the original on 3 June 2009 . Retrieved 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- LeAnn Rimes -- How Do I Live '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- LeAnn Rimes -- How Do I Live '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- LeAnn Rimes -- How Do I Live '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` LeAnn Rimes : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` LeAnn Rimes Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` LeAnn Rimes Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` LeAnn Rimes Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` LeAnn Rimes Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` LeAnn Rimes Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Singles Top 100 Van 1998 '' ( PDF ) . Top40.nl . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest of All Time Hot 100 Singles : Page 1 '' . Billboard. 12 November 2015 . Retrieved 6 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest of Aall Time Billboard 200 Albums By Women '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- LeAnn Rimes -- How Do I Live '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- LeAnn Rimes -- How Do I Live '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter How Do I Live in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` australian-charts.com - Australian charts portal '' . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 3363 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . October 27 , 1997 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Stats - Trisha Yearwood - How Do I Live '' . chartstats.com . Retrieved 20 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Trisha Yearwood Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Trisha Yearwood Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 1997 '' . ARIA Charts . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2009 . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1997 '' . RPM . December 15 , 1997 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1997 '' . RPM . December 15 , 1997 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 1997 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 1997 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1997 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived March 17 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Cmaawards.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Academy of Country Music '' . Acmcountry.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Session Timeout - Academy Awards ® Database - AMPAS '' . Awardsdatabase.oscars.org. 2010 - 01 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Sittin ' on Top of the World ( CD liner notes ) . LeAnn Rimes . Curb Records , London Records . 1999 . 3984 29690 2 . External links ( Edit ) LeAnn Rimes -- `` How Do I Live '' music video at official site Trisha Yearwood -- `` How Do I Live '' music video at CMT.com Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics LeAnn Rimes singles Discography Blue `` Blue '' `` One Way Ticket ( Because I Can ) '' `` Unchained Melody '' `` The Light in Your Eyes '' You Light Up My Life : Inspirational Songs `` How Do I Live '' `` You Light Up My Life '' `` On the Side of Angels '' Sittin ' on Top of the World `` Commitment '' `` Nothin ' New Under the Moon '' LeAnn Rimes `` Big Deal '' `` Crazy '' God Bless America `` God Bless America '' Twisted Angel `` Life Goes On '' `` Suddenly '' Greatest Hits `` This Love '' This Woman `` Nothin ' ' bout Love Makes Sense '' `` Probably Would n't Be This Way '' `` Something 's Gotta Give '' `` Some People '' Whatever We Wanna `` And It Feels Like '' `` Everybody 's Someone '' ( with Brian McFadden ) Family `` Nothin ' Better to Do '' `` Till We Ai n't Strangers Anymore '' ( with Bon Jovi ) `` Good Friend and a Glass of Wine '' `` What I Cannot Change '' Lady & Gentlemen `` Swingin ' '' `` Crazy Women '' `` Give '' Remnants `` The Story '' `` Long Live Love '' `` Love Is Love Is Love '' Guest singles `` Written in the Stars '' ( with Elton John ) `` Cattle Call '' ( with Eddy Arnold ) `` Last Thing on My Mind '' ( with Ronan Keating ) `` Just Stand Up ! '' Soundtracks `` Looking Through Your Eyes '' `` I Need You '' `` Ca n't Fight the Moonlight '' `` But I Do Love You '' `` We Can '' Trisha Yearwood singles Trisha Yearwood `` She 's in Love with the Boy '' `` Like We Never Had a Broken Heart '' `` That 's What I Like About You '' `` The Woman Before Me '' Hearts in Armor `` Wrong Side of Memphis '' `` Walkaway Joe '' ( w / Don Henley ) `` You Say You Will '' `` Down on My Knees '' The Song Remembers When `` The Song Remembers When '' `` Better Your Heart Than Mine '' The Sweetest Gift `` It Was n't His Child '' `` Reindeer Boogie '' Thinkin ' About You `` XXX 's and OOO 's ( An American Girl ) '' `` Thinkin ' About You '' `` You Can Sleep While I Drive '' `` I Wanna Go Too Far '' `` On a Bus to St. Cloud '' Everybody Knows `` Believe Me Baby ( I Lied ) '' `` Everybody Knows '' `` I Need You '' ( Songbook ) A Collection of Hits `` How Do I Live '' `` In Another 's Eyes '' ( w / Garth Brooks ) `` Perfect Love '' Where Your Road Leads `` There Goes My Baby '' `` Where Your Road Leads '' ( w / Garth Brooks ) `` Powerful Thing '' `` I 'll Still Love You More '' Real Live Woman `` Real Live Woman '' `` Where Are You Now '' Inside Out `` I Would 've Loved You Anyway '' `` Inside Out '' ( w / Don Henley ) `` I Do n't Paint Myself in Corners '' Jasper County `` Georgia Rain '' `` Trying to Love You '' Heaven , Heartache and the Power of Love `` Heaven , Heartache and the Power of Love '' `` This Is Me You 're Talking To '' `` They Call It Falling for a Reason '' PrizeFighter : Hit After Hit `` PrizeFighter '' `` I Remember You '' Guest singles `` Hope '' `` Squeeze Me In '' ( w / Garth Brooks ) `` Love Will Always Win '' ( w / Garth Brooks ) `` Another Try '' ( w / Josh Turner ) `` Breaking Apart '' ( w / Chris Isaak ) `` The Call '' ( w / Garth Brooks ) Other singles `` I Fall to Pieces '' ( w / Aaron Neville ) `` Wild as the Wind '' ( w / Garth Brooks ) `` You 're Where I Belong '' `` Santa on the Rooftop '' ( w / Rosie O'Donnell ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_Do_I_Live&oldid=835906738 '' Categories : 1997 singles 1998 singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles LeAnn Rimes songs Songs written by Diane Warren Song recordings produced by Garth Fundis Trisha Yearwood songs RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Curb Records singles MCA Records singles Country ballads Pop ballads 1990s ballads Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2011 CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2016 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart making named ref Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 14 : 03 . 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when did china's 1 child policy end	The one - child policy , a part of the family planning policy , was a population planning policy of China . It was introduced in 1979 and began to be formally phased out near the end of 2015 and the beginning of 2016 . The policy was only enforced on Han Chinese and allowed exceptions for many groups , including ethnic minorities . In 2007 , 36 % of China 's population was subject to a strict one - child restriction , with an additional 53 % being allowed to have a second child if the first child was a girl . Provincial governments imposed fines for violations , and the local and national governments created commissions to raise awareness and carry out registration and inspection work .	near the end of 2015 and the beginning of 2016	One - child policy	one - child policy	The one - child policy , a part of the family planning policy , was a population planning policy of China . It was introduced in 1979 and began to be formally phased out near the end of 2015 and the beginning of 2016 . The policy was only enforced on Han Chinese and allowed exceptions for many groups , including ethnic minorities . In 2007 , 36 % of China 's population was subject to a strict one - child restriction , with an additional 53 % being allowed to have a second child if the first child was a girl . Provincial governments imposed fines for violations , and the local and national governments created commissions to raise awareness and carry out registration and inspection work .	According to the Chinese government , 400 million births were prevented . Scholars have widely disputed this claim with Martin King Whyte and Wang et al finding that the policy had little effect on population growth or the size of the total population . China has been compared to countries with similar socioeconomic development like Thailand and Iran , along with the Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu , which achieved similar declines of fertility without a one - child policy . Although 76 % of Chinese people supported the policy in a 2008 survey , it was controversial outside of China . On October 29 , 2015 , it was reported that the existing law would be changed to a two - child policy , citing a statement from the Communist Party of China . The new law became effective on January 1 , 2016 , following its passage in the standing committee of the National People 's Congress on December 27 , 2015 . China 's population since 1950 Population in China Year Million Change Change / year 1964 694.6 -- -- -- - -- -- -- - 1982 1008.2 313.6 + 17.42 2000 1265.8 257.6 + 14.31 1568.9 259.4 + 25.94 Source : Census of China Contents ( hide ) 1 Introduction 2 History 2.1 Implementation 2.2 Relaxation 3 Abolition 4 Administration 5 Effects 5.1 Fertility rates 5.2 Continuation of demographic transition 5.3 Disparity in sex ratio at birth 5.4 Education 5.5 Adoption 5.6 Twins 5.7 Quality of life for women 5.8 Healthcare improvements 5.9 `` Four - two - one '' problem 5.10 Unregistered children 5.11 Potential social problems 5.12 Birth tourism 5.13 Sex - selective abortion 6 Criticism 6.1 Statement of the effect of the policy on birth reduction 6.2 Unequal enforcement 6.3 Human rights violations 6.4 Effect on infanticide rates 7 In popular culture 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Introduction ( edit ) Birth rate in China During the period of Mao Zedong 's leadership in China , the birth rate fell from 37 per thousand to 20 per thousand . Infant mortality declined from 227 per thousand births in 1949 to 53 per thousand in 1981 , and life expectancy dramatically increased from around 35 years in 1948 to 66 years in 1976 . Until the 1960s , the government encouraged families to have as many children as possible because of Mao 's belief that population growth empowered the country , preventing the emergence of family planning programs earlier in China 's development . The population grew from around 540 million in 1949 to 940 million in 1976 . Beginning in 1970 , citizens were encouraged to marry at later ages and have only two children . Although the fertility rate began to decline , the Chinese government observed the global debate over a possible overpopulation catastrophe suggested by organizations such as Club of Rome and Sierra Club . While visiting Europe in 1979 , one of the top Chinese officials , Song Jian , read two influential books of the movement , The Limits to Growth and A Blueprint for Survival . With a group of mathematicians , Song determined the correct population of China to be 700 million . A plan was prepared to reduce China 's population to the desired level by 2080 , with the one - child policy as one of the main instruments of social engineering . In spite of some criticism inside the party , the plan ( also referred to as the Family Planning Policy ) was officially adopted in 1979 . The plan called for families to have one child each in order to curb a then - surging population and limit the demands for water and other resources , as well as to alleviate social , economic , and environmental problems in China . The policy was formally implemented as a temporary measure on September 18 , 1980 . History ( edit ) The one - child policy was originally designed to be a One - Generation Policy . It was enforced at the provincial level and enforcement varied ; some provinces had more relaxed restrictions . The one - child limit was most strictly enforced in densely populated urban areas . Beginning in 1980 , the official policy granted local officials the flexibility to make exceptions and allow second children in the case of `` practical difficulties '' ( such as cases in which the father is a disabled serviceman ) or when both parents are single children , and some provinces had other exemptions worked into their policies as well . In most areas , families were allowed to apply to have a second child if their first - born is a daughter . Furthermore , families with children with disabilities have different policies and families whose first child suffers from physical disability , mental illness , or intellectual disability were allowed to have more children . However , second children were sometimes subject to birth spacing ( usually 3 or 4 years ) . Children born in overseas countries were not counted under the policy if they do not obtain Chinese citizenship . Chinese citizens returning from abroad were allowed to have a second child . Sichuan province allowed exemptions for couples of certain backgrounds . By one estimate there were at least 22 ways in which parents could qualify for exceptions to the law towards the end of the one - child policy 's existence . As of 2007 , only 35.9 % of the population were subjected to a strict one - child limit . 52.9 % were permitted to have a second child if their first was a daughter ; 9.6 % of Chinese couples were permitted two children regardless of their gender ; and 1.6 % -- mainly Tibetans -- had no limit at all . The Danshan , Sichuan Province Nongchang Village people Public Affairs Bulletin Board in September 2005 noted that RMB 25,000 in social compensation fees were owed in 2005 . Thus far 11,500 RMB had been collected , so another 13,500 RMB had to be collected . Following the 2008 Sichuan earthquake , a new exception to the regulations was announced in Sichuan province for parents who had lost children in the earthquake . Similar exceptions had previously been made for parents of severely disabled or deceased children . People have also tried to evade the policy by giving birth to a second child in Hong Kong , but at least for Guangdong residents , the one - child policy was also enforced if the birth was given in Hong Kong or abroad . In accordance with China 's affirmative action policies towards ethnic minorities , all non-Han ethnic groups are subjected to different laws and were usually allowed to have two children in urban areas , and three or four in rural areas . Han Chinese living in rural towns were also permitted to have two children . Because of couples such as these , as well as who simply pay a fine ( or `` social maintenance fee '' ) to have more children , the overall fertility rate of mainland China was close to 1.4 children per woman as of 2011 . Implementation ( edit ) The Family Planning Policy was enforced through a financial penalty in the form of the `` social child - raising fee '' , sometimes called a `` family planning fine '' in the West , which was collected as a fraction of either the annual disposable income of city dwellers or of the annual cash income of peasants , in the year of the child 's birth . For instance , in Guangdong , the fee is between 3 and 6 annual incomes for incomes below the per capita income of the district , plus 1 to 2 times the annual income exceeding the average . Both members of the couple need to pay the fine . As part of the policy , women were required to have a contraceptive intrauterine device ( IUD ) surgically installed after having a first child , and to be sterilized by tubal ligation after having a second child . From 1980 to 2014 , 324 million Chinese women were fitted with IUDs in this way and 108 million were sterilized . Women who refused these procedures -- which many resented -- could lose their government employment and their children could lose access to education or health services . The IUDs installed in this way were modified such that they could not be removed manually , but only through surgery . In 2016 , following the abolition of the one - child policy , the Chinese government announced that IUD removals would now be paid for by the government . Relaxation ( edit ) In 2013 , Deputy Director Wang Peian of the National Health and Family Planning Commission said that `` China 's population will not grow substantially in the short term '' . A survey by the commission found that only about half of eligible couples wish to have two children , mostly because of the cost of living impact of a second child . In November 2013 , following the Third Plenum of the 18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party , China announced the decision to relax the one - child policy . Under the new policy , families could have two children if one parent , rather than both parents , was an only child . This mainly applied to urban couples , since there were very few rural only children due to long - standing exceptions to the policy for rural couples . The coastal province of Zhejiang , one of China 's most affluent , became the first area to implement this `` relaxed policy '' in January 2014 . The relaxed policy has been implemented in 29 out of the 31 provinces , with the exceptions of Xinjiang and Tibet . Under this policy , approximately 11 million couples in China are allowed to have a second child ; however , only `` nearly one million '' couples applied to have a second child in 2014 , less than half the expected number of 2 million per year . By May 2014 , 241,000 out of 271,000 applications had been approved . Officials of China 's National Health and Family Planning Commission claimed that this outcome was expected , and that `` second - child policy '' would continue progressing with a good start . In 2016 , 433 births and 211 deaths were recorded in Wulipu , Hubei . The birth rate was 8.9 ‰ and death rate was 4.3 ‰ resulting in a natural population increase of 4.6 ‰ . In the results of a separate survey published by the Shayang County government , Wulipu 's population had increased from 48,044 to 48,132 during a survey period . 424 children were born during the survey period resulting in a birth rate of 8.82 ‰ . During the same period , 63 people died , resulting in death rate of 1.31 ‰ . Of the births in the survey , 406 ( 95.75 % ) were in compliance with the family planning policy of China . 312 ( 73.58 % ) of the births were the firstborn in the family . ( All of these births were in compliance with the family planning policy of China . ) Among the firstborn children , 157 were female . 107 ( 25.24 % ) of the births were the second - born child in the family . 90 of these births were in compliance with the family planning policy of China . Among the second - born children , 47 were female . Five ( 1.18 % ) of the births surveyed were neither the firstborn nor second - born child in the family . Four of these births were in compliance with the family planning policy of China . Among the children born who were neither firstborn nor second - born , two were female . Abolition ( edit ) See also : Two - child policy § China In October 2015 , the Chinese news agency Xinhua announced plans of the government to abolish the one - child policy , now allowing all families to have two children , citing from a communiqué issued by the Communist Party `` to improve the balanced development of population '' -- an apparent reference to the country 's female - to - male sex ratio -- and to deal with an aging population according to the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . The new law took effect on 1 January 2016 after it was passed in the standing committee of the National People 's Congress on 27 December 2015 . The rationale for the abolition was summarized by former Wall Street Journal reporter Mei Fong : `` The reason China is doing this right now is because they have too many men , too many old people , and too few young people . They have this huge crushing demographic crisis as a result of the one - child policy . And if people do n't start having more children , they 're going to have a vastly diminished workforce to support a huge aging population . '' China 's ratio is about five working adults to one retiree ; the huge retiree community must be supported , and that will dampen future growth , according to Fong . Since the citizens of China are living longer and having fewer children , the growth of the population imbalance is expected to continue , as reported by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation which referred to a United Nations projections forecast that `` China will lose 67 million working - age people by 2030 , while simultaneously doubling the number of elderly . That could put immense pressure on the economy and government resources . '' The longer term outlook is also pessimistic , based on an estimate by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences , revealed by Cai Fang , deputy director . `` By 2050 , one - third of the country will be aged 60 years or older , and there will be fewer workers supporting each retired person . '' Although many critics of China 's reproductive restrictions approve of the policy 's abolition , Amnesty International said that the move to the two - child policy would not end forced sterilizations , forced abortions , or government control over birth permits . Others also stated that the abolition is not a sign of the relaxation of authoritarian control in China . A reporter for CNN said , `` It was not a sign that the party will suddenly start respecting personal freedoms more than it has in the past . No , this is a case of the party adjusting policy to conditions ... The new policy , raising the limit to two children per couple , preserves the state 's role . '' The abolition may not achieve a significant benefit , as the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation analysis indicated : `` Repealing the one - child policy may not spur a huge baby boom , however , in part because fertility rates are believed to be declining even without the policy 's enforcement . Previous easings of the one - child policy have spurred fewer births than expected , and many people among China 's younger generations see smaller family sizes as ideal . '' The CNN reporter adds that China 's new prosperity is also a factor in the declining birth rate , saying , `` Couples naturally decide to have fewer children as they move from the fields into the cities , become more educated , and when women establish careers outside the home . '' Administration ( edit ) The one - child policy was managed by the National Population and Family Planning Commission under the central government since 1981 . The Ministry of Health of the People 's Republic of China and the National Health and Family Planning Commission were made defunct and a new single agency National Health and Family Planning Commission took over national health and family planning policies in 2013 . The agency reports to the State Council . The policy was enforced at the provincial level through fines that were imposed based on the income of the family and other factors . `` Population and Family Planning Commissions '' existed at every level of government to raise awareness and carry out registration and inspection work . Effects ( edit ) Fertility rates ( edit ) China had small family by 1978 before start of one - child policy in 1979 According to a 2017 study in the Journal of Economic Perspectives , it is complicated to evaluate the effects of the one - child policy on family outcomes because the Chinese government had already enacted aggressive family planning policy before the introduction of the one - child policy ; seen a sharp drop in fertility rates before the enactment of the one - child policy ; the one - child policy coincided with Chinese economic reform which would have contributed to reduced fertility rates ; and other developing East Asian countries also experienced sharp declines in fertility rates . According to the study , `` In general , very different views exist on how the one - child policy affected fertility : one group of studies argued that the one - child policy had a significant or decisive effect on fertility in China , while another group argued that socioeconomic development played a key role in China 's fertility decline . A plausible reconciliation of these views is that the one - child policy accelerated the already - occurring drop in fertility for a few years , but in the longer term , economic development played a more fundamental role in leading to and maintaining China 's low fertility level . To put it more bluntly , China 's fertility might well have dropped to the current low level with rapid economic development , even without the one - child policy , although the timeline of the decline would not appear quite the same . '' Continuation of demographic transition ( edit ) Further information : Demographics of China and Demographic transition The progression of China 's population pyramid , International Futures . The fertility rate in China continued its fall from 2.8 births per woman in 1979 ( already a sharp reduction from more than five births per woman in the early 1970s ) to 1.5 in 2010 . This is similar to demographic transition seen in Thailand , Indian states of Kerala , Tamil Nadu which have undergone similar changes in fertility rates without a one - child policy . China 's one - child policy significantly accelerated the advent of an aging society , radically altered the structure of the population , and helped create an aging population . While the policy may have achieved the stated demographic goals of preventing an estimated 200 million or more births ( the official claim is 400 million ) , it produced many unintended and far - reaching consequences . These include a deficit of 40 million female babies , mostly as a direct consequence of illegal sex - selective abortions , and a population with an artificially large elderly demographic . Disparity in sex ratio at birth ( edit ) The sex ratio at birth in People 's Republic of China , males per 100 females , 1980 -- 2010 . Further information : Missing women of China The sex ratio of a newborn infant ( between male and female births ) in mainland China reached 117 : 100 , and stabilized between 2000 and 2013 , substantially higher than the natural baseline , which ranges between 103 : 100 and 107 : 100 . It had risen from 108 : 100 in 1981 -- at the boundary of the natural baseline -- to 111 : 100 in 1990 . According to a report by the National Population and Family Planning Commission , there will be 30 million more men than women in 2020 , potentially leading to social instability , and courtship - motivated emigration . The disparity in the gender ratio at birth increases dramatically after the first birth , for which the ratios remained steadily within the natural baseline over the 20 year interval between 1980 and 1999 . Thus , a large majority of couples appear to accept the outcome of the first pregnancy , whether it is a boy or a girl . If the first child is a girl , and they are able to have a second child , then a couple may take extraordinary steps to assure that the second child is a boy . If a couple already has two or more boys , the sex ratio of higher parity births swings decidedly in a feminine direction . This demographic evidence indicates that while families highly value having male offspring , a secondary norm of having a girl or having some balance in the sexes of children often comes into play . Zeng 1993 reported a study based on the 1990 census in which they found sex ratios of just 65 or 70 boys per 100 girls for births in families that already had two or more boys . A study by Anderson & Silver ( 1995 ) found a similar pattern among both Han and non-Han nationalities in Xinjiang Province : a strong preference for girls in high parity births in families that had already borne two or more boys . This tendency to favour girls in high parity births to couples who had already borne sons was later also noted by Coale and Banister , who suggested as well that once a couple had achieved its goal for the number of males , it was also much more likely to engage in `` stopping behavior '' , i.e. , to stop having more children . The long - term disparity has led to a significant gender imbalance or skewing of the sex ratio . As reported by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation , China has between 32 million and 36 million more males than would be expected naturally , and this has led to social problems . `` Because of a traditional preference for baby boys over girls , the one - child policy is often cited as the cause of China 's skewed sex ratio ... Even the government acknowledges the problem and has expressed concern about the tens of millions of young men who wo n't be able to find brides and may turn to kidnapping women , sex trafficking , other forms of crime or social unrest . '' The situation will not improve in the near future . According to the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences , there will be 24 million more men than women of marriageable age by 2020 . Education ( edit ) According to a 2017 study in the Journal of Economic Perspectives , `` existing studies indicate either a modest or minimal effect of the fertility change induced by the one - child policy on children education '' . Adoption ( edit ) A roadside sign in rural Sichuan : `` It is forbidden to discriminate against , mistreat or abandon baby girls . '' The one - child policy of China made it more expensive for parents with children to adopt , which may have had an effect upon the numbers of children living in state - sponsored orphanages . However , in the 1980s and early 1990s , poor care and high mortality rates in some state institutions generated intense international pressure for reform . In the 1980s , adoptions accounted for half of the so - called `` missing girls '' . Through the 1980s , as the one - child policy came into force , parents who desired a son but had a daughter often failed to report or delayed reporting female births to the authorities . Some parents may have offered up their daughters for formal or informal adoption . A majority of children who went through formal adoption in China in the later 1980s were girls , and the proportion who were girls increased over time . In an interview with National Public Radio on October 30 , 2015 , Adam Pertman , president and CEO of the National Center on Adoption and Permanency , indicated that many young girls were adopted by citizens of other countries , particularly the United States , a trend which has been declining for some years . `` The infant girls of yesteryear have not been available , if you will , for five , seven years . China has been ... trying to keep the girls within the country ... And the consequence is that , today , rather than those young girls who used to be available -- primarily girls -- today , it 's older children , children with special needs , children in sibling groups . It 's very , very different . '' Twins ( edit ) Since there are no penalties for multiple births , it is believed that an increasing number of couples are turning to fertility medicines to induce the conception of twins . According to a 2006 China Daily report , the number of twins born per year was estimated to have doubled . Quality of life for women ( edit ) The one - child policy has played a major role in improving the quality of life for women in China . For thousands of years , girls have held a lower status in Chinese households . However , the one - child policy 's limit on the number of children has prompted parents of women to start investing money in their well - being . As a result of being an only child , women have increased opportunity to receive an education , and support to get better jobs . One of the side effects of the one - child policy is to have liberated women from heavy duties in terms of taking care of many children and the family in the past ; instead women had a lot of spare time for themselves to pursue their career or hobbies . The other major `` side effect '' of the one child policy is that the traditional concepts of gender roles between men and women have weakened . Being one and the only `` chance '' the parents have , women are expected to compete with peer men for better educational resources or career opportunities . Especially in cities where one - child policy was much more regulated and enforced , expectations on women to succeed in life are no less than on men . Healthcare improvements ( edit ) It is reported that the focus of China on population planning helps provide a better health service for women and a reduction in the risks of death and injury associated with pregnancy . At family planning offices , women receive free contraception and pre-natal classes that contributed to the policy 's success in two respects . First , the average Chinese household expends fewer resources , both in terms of time and money , on children , which gives many Chinese people more money with which to invest . Second , since Chinese adults can no longer rely on children to care for them in their old age , there is an impetus to save money for the future . `` Four - two - one '' problem ( edit ) A government sign in Tangshan Township : `` For a prosperous , powerful nation and a happy family , please practice family planning . '' As the first generation of law - enforced only - children came of age for becoming parents themselves , one adult child was left with having to provide support for his or her two parents and four grandparents . Called the `` 4 - 2 - 1 Problem '' , this leaves the older generations with increased chances of dependency on retirement funds or charity in order to receive support . If personal savings , pensions , or state welfare fail , most senior citizens would be left entirely dependent upon their very small family or neighbours for assistance . If , for any reason , the single child is unable to care for their older adult relatives , the oldest generations would face a lack of resources and necessities . In response to such an issue , all provinces have decided that couples are allowed to have two children if both parents were only children themselves : By 2007 , all provinces in the nation except Henan had adopted this new policy ; Henan followed in 2011 . Unregistered children ( edit ) Further information : Heihaizi Heihaizi ( Chinese : 黑孩子 ; pinyin : hēiháizi ) or `` black child '' is a term denoting children born outside the one - child policy , or generally children who are not registered in the Chinese national household registration system . Being excluded from the family register means they do not possess a Hukou , which is `` an identifying document , similar in some ways to the American social security card . '' Since they do not legally exist and as a result can not access most public services , such as education and health care , and do not receive protection under the law . Potential social problems ( edit ) See also : Shidu ( bereavement ) , a social phenomenon denoting the loss of an only child Some parents may over-indulge their only child . The media referred to the indulged children in one - child families as `` little emperors '' . Since the 1990s , some people have worried that this will result in a higher tendency toward poor social communication and cooperation skills amongst the new generation , as they have no siblings at home . No social studies have investigated the ratio of these over-indulged children and to what extent they are indulged . With the first generation of children born under the policy ( which initially became a requirement for most couples with first children born starting in 1979 and extending into the 1980s ) reaching adulthood , such worries were reduced . However , the `` little emperor syndrome '' and additional expressions , describing the generation of Chinese singletons are very abundant in the Chinese media , Chinese academia and popular discussions . Being over-indulged , lacking self - discipline and having no adaptive capabilities are traits that are highly associated with Chinese singletons . Some 30 delegates called on the government in the Chinese People 's Political Consultative Conference in March 2007 to abolish the one - child rule , citing `` social problems and personality disorders in young people '' . One statement read , `` It is not healthy for children to play only with their parents and be spoiled by them : it is not right to limit the number to two children per family , either . '' The proposal was prepared by Ye Tingfang , a professor at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences , who suggested that the government at least restore the previous rule that allowed couples to have up to two children . According to a scholar , `` The one - child limit is too extreme . It violates nature 's law . And in the long run , this will lead to mother nature 's revenge . '' Birth tourism ( edit ) Reports surfaced of Chinese women giving birth to their second child overseas , a practice known as birth tourism . Many went to Hong Kong , which is exempt from the one - child policy . Likewise , a Hong Kong passport differs from China mainland passport by providing additional advantages . Recently though , the Hong Kong government has drastically reduced the quota of births set for non-local women in public hospitals . As a result , fees for delivering babies there have surged . As further admission cuts or a total ban on non-local births in Hong Kong are being considered , mainland agencies that arrange for expectant mothers to give birth overseas are predicting a surge in those going to North America . As the United States practises birthright citizenship , all children born in the US will automatically have US citizenship . The closest US location from China is Saipan in the Northern Mariana Islands , a US dependency in the western Pacific Ocean that allows Chinese visitors without visa restrictions . As of 2012 , the island was experiencing an upswing in Chinese births , since birth tourism there had become cheaper than to Hong Kong . This option is used by relatively affluent Chinese who often have secondary motives as well , wishing their children to be able to leave mainland China when they grow older or bring their parents to the US . Canada , compared to US , is less achievable as their government denies many visa requests . Sex - selective abortion ( edit ) Due to the preference in Rural Chinese society to birth a son , pre-natal sex determination and sex - selective abortions are illegal in China . Often argued as one of the key factors in the imbalanced sex - ratio in China , as excess female infant mortality and underreporting of female births can not solely explain this gender disparity . Researchers have found that the gender of the firstborn child in rural parts of China impact whether or not the mother will seek an ultrasound for the second child . 40 % of women with a firstborn son seek an ultrasound for their second pregnancy , versus 70 % of women with firstborn daughters . This clearly depicts a desire for women to birth a son if one has not yet been birthed . In response to this , the Chinese government made sex - selective abortions illegal in 2005 . Criticism ( edit ) The policy is controversial outside China for many reasons , including accusations of human rights abuses in the implementation of the policy , as well as concerns about negative social consequences . Statement of the effect of the policy on birth reduction ( edit ) The Chinese government , quoting Zhai Zhenwu , director of Renmin University 's School of Sociology and Population in Beijing , estimates that 400 million births were prevented by the one - child policy as of 2011 , while some demographers challenge that number , putting the figure at perhaps half that level , according to CNN . Zhai clarified that the 400 million estimate referred not just to the one - child policy , but includes births prevented by predecessor policies implemented one decade before , stating that `` there are many different numbers out there but it does n't change the basic fact that the policy prevented a really large number of births '' . This claim is disputed by Wang Feng , director of the Brookings - Tsinghua Center for Public Policy , and Cai Yong from the Carolina Population Center at University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Wang claims that `` Thailand and China have had almost identical fertility trajectories since the mid 1980s '' , and `` Thailand does not have a one - child policy . '' China 's Health Ministry has also disclosed that at least 336 million abortions were performed on account of the policy . According to a report by the US Embassy , scholarship published by Chinese scholars and their presentations at the October 1997 Beijing conference of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population seemed to suggest that market - based incentives or increasing voluntariness is not morally better but that it is in the end more effective . In 1988 , Zeng Yi and Professor T. Paul Schultz of Yale University discussed the effect of the transformation to the market on Chinese fertility , arguing that the introduction of the contract responsibility system in agriculture during the early 1980s weakened family planning controls during that period . Zeng contended that the `` big cooking pot '' system of the People 's Communes had insulated people from the costs of having many children . By the late 1980s , economic costs and incentives created by the contract system were already reducing the number of children farmers wanted . A long - term experiment in a county in Shanxi Province , in which the family planning law was suspended , suggested that families would not have many more children even if the law were abolished . A 2003 review of the policy - making process behind the adoption of the one - child policy shows that less intrusive options , including those that emphasized delay and spacing of births , were known but not fully considered by China 's political leaders . Unequal enforcement ( edit ) Corrupted government officials and especially wealthy individuals have often been able to violate the policy in spite of fines . Filmmaker Zhang Yimou had three children and was subsequently fined 7.48 million yuan ( $1.2 million ) . For example , between 2000 and 2005 , as many as 1,968 officials in central China 's Hunan province were found to be violating the policy , according to the provincial family planning commission ; also exposed by the commission were 21 national and local lawmakers , 24 political advisors , 112 entrepreneurs and 6 senior intellectuals . Some of the offending officials did not face penalties , although the government did respond by raising fines and calling on local officials to `` expose the celebrities and high - income people who violate the family planning policy and have more than one child '' . Also , people who lived in the rural areas of China were allowed to have two children without punishment , although the family is required to wait a couple of years before having another child . Human Rights violations ( edit ) Further information : Human rights in China The one - child policy has been challenged for violating a human right to determine the size of one 's own proper family . According to a 1968 proclamation of the International Conference on Human Rights , `` Parents have a basic human right to determine freely and responsibly the number and the spacing of their children . '' According to the UK newspaper The Daily Telegraph , a quota of 20,000 abortions and sterilizations was set for Huaiji County in Guangdong Province in one year due to reported disregard of the one - child policy . According to the article local officials were being pressured into purchasing portable ultrasound devices to identify abortion candidates in remote villages . The article also reported that women as far along as 8.5 months pregnant were forced to abort , usually by an injection of saline solution . A 1993 book by social scientist , Steven W. Mosher , reported that women in their ninth month of pregnancy , or already in labour , were having their children killed whilst in the birth canal or immediately after birth . According to a 2005 news report by Australian Broadcasting Corporation correspondent , John Taylor , China outlawed the use of physical force to make a woman submit to an abortion or sterilization in 2002 but ineffectively enforces the measure . In 2012 , Feng Jianmei , a villager from central China 's Shaanxi province was forced into an abortion by local officials after her family refused to pay the fine for having a second child . Chinese authorities have since apologized and two officials were fired , while five others were sanctioned . In the past , China promoted eugenics as part of its population planning policies , but the government has backed away from such policies , as evidenced by China 's ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities , which compels the nation to significantly reform its genetic testing laws . Recent research has also emphasized the necessity of understanding a myriad of complex social relations that affect the meaning of informed consent in China . Furthermore , in 2003 , China revised its marriage registration regulations and couples no longer have to submit to a pre-marital physical or genetic examination before being granted a marriage license . The United Nations Population Fund 's ( UNFPA ) support for family planning in China , which has been associated with the One - Child policy in the United States , led the United States Congress to pull out of the UNFPA during the Reagan administration , and again under George W. Bush 's presidency , citing human rights abuses and stating that the right to `` found a family '' was protected under the Preamble in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . President Obama resumed U.S. government financial support for the UNFPA shortly after taking office in 2009 , intending to `` work collaboratively to reduce poverty , improve the health of women and children , prevent HIV / AIDS and provide family planning assistance to women in 154 countries '' . Effect on infanticide rates ( edit ) Sex - selected abortion , abandonment , and infanticide are illegal in China . Nevertheless , the United States Department of State , the Parliament of the United Kingdom , and the human rights organization Amnesty International have all declared that infanticide still exists . A writer for the Georgetown Journal of International Affairs wrote , `` The ' one - child ' policy has also led to what Amartya Sen first called ' Missing Women ' , or the 100 million girls ' missing ' from the populations of China ( and other developing countries ) as a result of female infanticide , abandonment , and neglect '' . The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation offered the following summary as to the long term effects of sex - selective abortion and abandonment of female infants : `` Multiple research studies have also found that sex - selective abortion -- where a woman undergoes an ultrasound to determine the sex of her baby , and then aborts it if it 's a girl -- was widespread for years , particularly for second or subsequent children . Millions of female fetuses have been aborted since the 1970s . China outlawed sex selective abortions in 2005 , but the law is tough to enforce because of the difficulty of proving why a couple decided to have an abortion . The abandonment , and killing , of baby girls has also been reported , though recent research studies say it has become rare , in part due to strict criminal prohibitions . '' Anthropologist G. William Skinner at the University of California , Davis and Chinese researcher Yuan Jianhua have claimed that infanticide was fairly common in China before the 1990s . In popular culture ( edit ) Ball , David ( 2002 ) . China Run . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 74322743 - 3 . A novel about an American woman who travels to China to adopt an orphan of the one - child policy , only to find herself a fugitive when the Chinese government informs her that she has been given `` the wrong baby '' . The prevention of a state - imposed abortion during labor to conform with the one child policy is a key plot point in Tom Clancy 's novel The Bear and the Dragon . The difficulties of implementing the one - child policy are dramatized in Mo Yan 's novel Frog ( 2009 ; English translation by Howard Goldblatt , 2015 ) . Avoiding the family - planning enforcers is at the heart of Ma Jian 's novel The Dark Road ( translated by Flora Drew , 2013 ) . Novelist Lu Min writes about her own family 's experience with the One Child Policy in her essay `` A Second Pregnancy , 1980 '' ( translated by Helen Wang , 2015 ) . Xue , Xinran ( 2015 ) . Buy Me the Sky . Rider ( imprint ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 8460 - 4471 - 7 . Tells the stories of the children brought up under China 's one - child policy and the effect that has had on their lives , families and ability to deal with life 's challenges . Fong , Mei ( 2016 ) . One Child : The Story of China 's Most Radical Experiment . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . 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Also printed as `` Five decades of missing females in China '' . Demography. 31 : 459 -- 79 . Aug 1994 . doi : 10.2307 / 2061752 . PMID 7828766 . Jump up ^ `` Online dating a path to marriage for young , busy Chinese '' , Beijing today , Oct 2015 . Jump up ^ Death by Default : A Policy of Fatal Neglect in China 's State Orphanages . New York : Human Rights Watch / Asia . 1996 . ISBN 1 - 56432 - 163 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese Orphanages : A Follow - up '' ( PDF ) . Human Rights Watch / Asia . March 1996 . ^ Jump up to : Johansson , Sten ; Nygren , Olga ( 1991 ) . `` The missing girls of China : a new demographic account '' . Population and Development Review . Population Council . 17 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 51 . doi : 10.2307 / 1972351 . JSTOR 1972351 . Jump up ^ Adam Pertman , National center on adoption & permanency . Jump up ^ How China 's one - child policy transformed US attitudes on adoption , NPR , 2015 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` China : Drug bid to beat child ban '' . China Daily . Associated Press . 14 February 2006 . Retrieved 11 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` How China 's one - child policy overhauled the status and prospects of girls like me '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 18 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Naughton , Barry ( 2007 ) . The Chinese Economy : Transitions and Growth . Cambridge , Mass. : MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0262640640 . Jump up ^ 李雯 ( Li Wen ) ( 5 April 2008 ) . `` 四二一 '' 家庭 , 路在何方 ? ( ' Four - two - one families ' , where is the road going ? ) ( in Chinese ) . 云南日报网 ( Yunnan Daily Online ) . Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . Jump up ^ 四二一 `` 家庭真的是问题吗 ? ( Are ' four - two - one ' families really a problem ? ) ( in Chinese ) . 中国人口学会网 ( China Population Association Online ) . 10 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rethinking China 's one - child policy '' . CBC . October 28 , 2009 . Retrieved June 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 计生委新闻发言人 : 11 % 以上人口可生两个孩子 ( Spokesperson of the one - child policy committee : 11 % or more of the population may have two children ) ( in Chinese ) . Sina. 10 July 2007 . Retrieved 7 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` China 's most populous province amends family - planning policy '' . People 's Daily Online . 2011 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Gluckman , Ron ( 2013 - 12 - 19 ) . `` The Ghosts of China 's One - Child Policy '' . Vocativ . Retrieved 3 May , 2018 . Jump up ^ 黒核子 ~ 一人っ子政策の大失敗 ( Black Children - The Failure of One Child Policy ) ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 10 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` One Child Policy - Laogai Research Foundation ( LRF ) '' . Laogai Research Foundation . Archived from the original on 31 October 2010 . Retrieved 13 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Li , Shuzhuo ; Zhang , Yexia ; Feldman , Marcus W ( 2010 ) . `` Birth Registration in China : Practices , Problems and Policies '' . Population research and policy review . 29 ( 3 ) : 297 -- 317 . doi : 10.1007 / s11113 - 009 - 9141 - x . PMC 2990197 . PMID 21113384 . Jump up ^ Ross , S.R.J. ( 2012 ) . AQA GCSE Geography A. Cheltenham : Nelson Thornes . p. 182 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4085 - 1708 - 6 . Jump up ^ Deane , Daniela ( July 26 , 1992 ) . `` The Little Emperors '' . The Los Angeles Times . p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese Singletons -- Basic ' Spoiled ' Related Vocabulary '' . Thinking Chinese . November 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Consultative Conference : ' The government must end the one - child rule ' '' . IT : AsiaNews. 2007 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Advisors say it 's time to change one - child policy '' . Shanghai Daily . 2007 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 談天說地 '' . review33 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Eugenio , Haidée V. `` Birth tourism on the upswing '' . Saipan Tribune . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Eugenio , Haidée V. `` Many Chinese giving birth in CNMI trying to get around one child policy '' . Saipan Tribune . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Hardee , Karen , Gu Baochang , and Xie Zhenming. 2000 . `` Holding up more than half the sky : Fertility control and women 's empowerment in China , '' paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America , 23 -- 25 March , Los Angeles Jump up ^ Junhong , Chu , June 2001 , `` Prenatal Sex Determination and Sex - Selective Abortion in Rural Central China , '' Population and Development Review , Vol. 27 , Iss. 2 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Hesketh , Therese . Lu , Li . Xing , Zhu Wei , Sept 2005 , `` The Effect of China 's One - Child Family Policy After 25 Years , The New England Journal of Medicine , Vol. 353 , Iss. 11 . Jump up ^ Junhong , Chu ( 2001 ) . `` Prenatal Sex Determination and Sex - Selective Abortion in Rural Central China '' . Population and Development Review . 27 ( 2 ) : 259 -- 81 Jump up ^ Junhong , Chu ( 2001 ) . `` Prenatal Sex Determination and Sex - Selective Abortion in Rural Central China '' . Population and Development Review . 27 ( 2 ) : 259 -- 81 Jump up ^ Hvistendahl , Mara ( 17 September 2010 ) . `` Has China Outgrown The One - Child Policy ? '' . Science . 329 ( 5998 ) : 1458 -- 61 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 329.5998. 1458 . PMID 20847244 . Jump up ^ Some demographers challenge that number , putting the figure at perhaps half that level . ^ Jump up to : `` Experts challenge China 's 1 - child population claim '' . Jump up ^ `` 336 million abortions under China 's one - child policy '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 15 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PRC Family Planning : The Market Weakens Controls But Encourages Voluntary Limits '' . U.S. Embassy in Beijing . June 1988 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ PRC journal Social Sciences in China ( Zhongguo , January 1988 ) Jump up ^ Greenhalgh , Susan ( 2003 ) . `` Science , Modernity , and the Making of China 's One - Child Policy '' ( PDF ) . Population and Development Review . 29 ( June ) : 163 -- 196 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1728 - 4457.2003. 00163. x . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 10 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Over 1,900 officials breach birth policy in C. China '' . Xinhua. 8 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 10 October 2008 . Retrieved 11 November 2008 . But heavy fines and exposures seemed to hardly stop the celebrities and rich people , as there are still many people , who can afford the heavy penalties , insist on having multiple kids , the Hunan commission spokesman said ... Three officials ... who were all found to have kept extramarital mistresses , were all convicted for charges such as embezzlement and taking bribes , but they were not punished for having more than one child . Jump up ^ `` China : Filmmaker Zhang Yimou fined $1 M for breach of one - child policy - CNN.com '' . CNN . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ chan , peggy ( 2005 ) . Cultures of the world China . New York : Marshall Cavendish International . Jump up ^ Freedman , Lynn P. ; Isaacs , Stephen L. ( Jan -- Feb 1993 ) . `` Human Rights and Reproductive Choice '' ( PDF ) . Studies in Family Planning . Population Council . 24 ( 1 ) : 18 -- 30 . doi : 10.2307 / 2939211 . JSTOR 2939211 . PMID 8475521 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation of Teheran '' . International Conference on Human Rights . 1968 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ McElroy , Damien ( 2001 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Chinese region ' must conduct 20,000 abortions ' '' . The Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ Mosher , Steven W. ( July 1993 ) . A Mother 's Ordeal . Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 15 - 162662 - 6 . Jump up ^ Taylor , John ( 2005 - 02 - 08 ) . `` China -- One Child Policy '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Father in forced abortion case wants charges filed '' . My Way News . Associated Press . 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ ( subscription required ) `` Implications of China 's Ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities '' . China : an International Journal . Jump up ^ Sleeboom - Faulkner , Margaret Elizabeth ( 1 June 2011 ) . `` Genetic testing , governance , and the family in the People 's Republic of China '' . Social Science & Medicine . 72 ( 11 ) : 1802 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. socscimed. 2010.03. 052 . Jump up ^ `` Marriage Law of the People 's Republic of China '' ( PDF ) . Australia : Refugee Review Tribunal . Jump up ^ Moore , Stephen ( 1999 - 05 - 09 ) . `` Do n't Fund UNFPA Population Control '' . CATO Institute . Jump up ^ McElroy , Damien ( 2002 - 02 - 03 ) . `` China is furious as Bush halts UN ' abortion ' funds '' . The Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ Siv , Sichan ( 2003 - 01 - 21 ) . `` United Nations Fund for Population Activities in China '' . U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on 19 February 2003 . Jump up ^ `` UNFPA Welcomes Restoration of U.S. Funding '' . UNFPA News . 29 January 2009 . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rizvi , Haider ( March 12 , 2009 ) . `` Obama Sets New Course at the U.N. '' IPS News . Inter Press Agency . Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` US State Department position '' . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights in China and Tibet '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Jump up ^ Amnesty International . `` Violence Against Women -- an introduction to the campaign '' . Archived from the original on 9 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Mosher , Steve ( 1986 ) . `` Steve Mosher 's China report '' . The Interim . Jump up ^ `` Case Study : Female Infanticide '' . Gendercide Watch . 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Infanticide Statistics : Infanticide in China '' . All Girls Allowed. 2010 . Jump up ^ Steffensen , Jennifer . `` Georgetown Journal 's Guide to the ' One - Child ' Policy '' . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Lubman , Sarah ( 2000 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Experts Allege Infanticide In China -- ' Missing ' Girls Killed , Abandoned , Pair Say '' . San Jose Mercury News . CA . Jump up ^ `` A Second Pregnancy , 1980 '' , Paper republic . Further reading ( edit ) Better 10 Graves Than One Extra Birth : China 's Systemic Use of Coercion To Meet Population Quotas . Washington , DC : Laogai Research Foundation . 2004 . ISBN 1 - 931550 - 92 - 1 . Fong , Mei ( 2015 ) . One Child : The Past and Future of China 's Most Radical Experiment . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 544 - 27539 - X . Interview with Mei on her challenges writing the book . Hardee - Cleaveland , Karen ( 1988 ) . Family Planning in China : Recent Trends , Volume 3 . Center for International Research , U.S. Bureau of the Census . Goh , Esther C.L. ( 2011 ) . `` China 's One - Child Policy and Multiple Caregiving : raising little suns in Xiamen '' ( PDF ) . Journal of International and Global Studies . New York : Routledge . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 05 - 24 . Greenhalgh , Susan ( 2008 ) . Just One Child : Science and Policy in Deng 's China ( illustrated ed . ) . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 25339 - 1 . Johnson , Kay Ann ( 2016 ) . China 's Hidden Children : Abandonment , Adoption , and the Human Costs of the One - Child Policy . University Of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0226352510 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Population policy in China . Family Planning in China `` Illegal births and legal abortions -- the case of China '' . Reprod Health . 2 : 5 . 2005 . doi : 10.1186 / 1742 - 4755 - 2 - 5 . PMC 1215519 . PMID 16095526 . 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when does season 2 of dragon ball super come out	Saga Episodes Japanese Airdates English Airdates God of Destruction Beerus 14 ( 1 -- 14 ) July 5 , 2015 -- October 11 , 2015 January 7 , 2017 -- April 15 , 2017 Golden Frieza 13 ( 15 -- 27 ) October 18 , 2015 -- January 17 , 2016 April 22 , 2017 -- July 29 , 2017 Universe 6 19 ( 28 -- 46 ) January 24 , 2016 -- June 5 , 2016 August 5 , 2017 -- January 13 , 2018 `` Future '' Trunks 30 ( 47 -- 76 ) June 12 , 2016 -- January 29 , 2017 January 20 , 2018 -- TBA 5 Universe Survival 55 ( 77 -- 131 ) February 5 , 2017 -- March 25 , 2018 TBA	April 22 , 2017	List of Dragon Ball Super episodes	list of dragon ball super episodes	Dragon Ball Super is a Japanese anime television series produced by Toei Animation that began airing on July 5 , 2015 on Fuji TV . It is the first Dragon Ball television series featuring a new storyline in 18 years . Storywise , the series retells the events of the last two Dragon Ball Z films , Battle of Gods and Resurrection ' F ' , which themselves follow the events of Dragon Ball Z . Afterward , the series proceeds to tell an original story about the exploration of other universes , the reemergence of Future Trunks , and new threats to the Future Earth known as Goku Black and a Supreme Kai from Universe 10 named Zamasu . Later on , Goku , Vegeta , Gohan , Krillin , Android 17 , Android 18 , Piccolo , Tien , Master Roshi , and a temporarily revived Frieza participate in a universal tournament held by Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to decide the fate of multiple universes . If they lose in the universal tournament then Universe Seven will be erased .	Thirteen pieces of theme music are used : two opening themes and eleven ending themes . The first opening theme song for episodes 1 to 76 is `` Chōzetsu Dynamic ! '' ( 超絶 ☆ ダイナミック ! , Chōzetsu Dainamikku , `` Excellent Dynamic ! '' ) performed by Kazuya Yoshii of The Yellow Monkey . The lyrics were penned by Yukinojo Mori who has written numerous songs for the Dragon Ball series . The second opening theme song for episodes 77 to 131 is `` Limit - Break x Survivor '' ( 限界突破 × サバイバー , Genkai Toppa x Sabaibā ) by Kiyoshi Hikawa . Mori wrote the lyrics for the rock number `` Genkai Toppa x Survivor '' . Takafumi Iwasaki composed the music . The first ending theme song for episodes 1 to 12 is `` Hello Hello Hello '' ( ハローハローハロー , Harō Harō Harō ) by Japanese rock band Good Morning America . The second ending theme song for episodes 13 to 25 is `` Starring Star '' ( スターリングスター , Sutāringu Sutā ) by Key Talk . The third ending theme song for episodes 26 to 36 is `` Usubeni '' ( 薄紅 , `` Light Pink '' ) by Lacco Tower . The fourth ending theme song for episodes 37 to 49 is `` Forever Dreaming '' ( フォーエバードリーミング , Fōebā Dorīmingu ) by Czecho No Republic . The fifth ending theme song for episodes 50 to 59 is `` Yokayoka Dance '' ( よかよかダンス , Yokayoka Dansu , `` It 's Fine Dance '' ) by idol group Batten Showjo Tai . The sixth ending theme for episodes 60 to 72 is `` Chao Han Music '' ( 炒飯 MUSIC , Chāhan Myūjikku ) by Arukara . The seventh ending theme song for episodes 73 to 83 is `` Aku no Tenshi to Seigi no Akuma '' ( 悪の天使と正義の悪魔 , An Evil Angel and the Righteous Devil ) by THE COLLECTORS . The eighth ending theme song for episodes 84 to 96 is `` Boogie Back '' by Miyu Innoue . The ninth ending theme song for episodes 97 to 108 is `` Haruka '' by Lacco Tower . The tenth ending theme song for episodes 109 to 121 is `` By A 70cm Square Window '' by RottenGraffty . The eleventh ending theme song for episodes 122 to 131 is `` Lagrima '' by OnePixcel . The first series set was released on Japanese Blu - ray and DVD sets that contain twelve episodes each . The first set was released on December 2 , 2015 . The second set was released on March 2 , 2016 . The third set was released on July 2 , 2016 . The fourth set was released on October 10 , 2016 . Dragon Ball Super received an English - language dub that premiered on the Toonami channel in Southeast Asia in January 2017 . The series has been aired in Israel on Nickelodeon and in Portugal on SIC . Toei Animation Europe announced that Dragon Ball Super would be broadcast in France , Italy , Spain , and English - speaking Africa in Fall 2016 . An official English sub of the series would be simulcasted legally on Crunchyroll , Daisuki.net , and Anime Lab beginning October 22 , 2016 . Funimation announced the company acquired the rights to the series and will be producing an English dub . As well as officially announcing the dub , it was also announced they will be simulcasting the series on their streaming platform , FunimationNow . Funimation 's English dub of Dragon Ball Super began airing on Adult Swim 's Toonami block starting on January 7 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seasons overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 : God of Destruction Beerus Saga 2.2 Season 2 : Golden Frieza Saga 2.3 Season 3 : Universe 6 Saga 2.4 Season 4 : `` Future '' Trunks Saga 2.5 Season 5 : Universe Survival Saga 3 Blu - ray and DVD release 3.1 Region 1 ( North America ) 3.2 Region 2 ( Japan ) 4 Notes 5 References Seasons overview ( edit ) Saga Episodes Japanese Airdates English Airdates God of Destruction Beerus 14 ( 1 -- 14 ) July 5 , 2015 -- October 11 , 2015 January 7 , 2017 -- April 15 , 2017 Golden Frieza 13 ( 15 -- 27 ) October 18 , 2015 -- January 17 , 2016 April 22 , 2017 -- July 29 , 2017 Universe 6 19 ( 28 -- 46 ) January 24 , 2016 -- June 5 , 2016 August 5 , 2017 -- January 13 , 2018 `` Future '' Trunks 30 ( 47 -- 76 ) June 12 , 2016 -- January 29 , 2017 January 20 , 2018 -- TBA 5 Universe Survival 55 ( 77 -- 131 ) February 5 , 2017 -- March 25 , 2018 TBA Episode list ( edit ) Season 1 : God of Destruction Beerus Saga ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate `` The Peace Reward - Who Will Get the 100 Million Zeni ? '' / `` A Peacetime Reward : Who Gets the 100,000,000 Zeni ? ! '' `` Heiwa no hōshū - ichioku Zenī wa dare no te ni ! ? '' ( 平和の報酬 1 億ゼニーは誰の手に ! ? ) July 5 , 2015 January 7 , 2017 After Son Goku defeated the dangerous Majin Buu , peace has returned to Earth . Chi - Chi wants Goku to get a job , so he works as a farmer . Son Goten and his friend Trunks search for a gift for his sister - in - law Videl , who is married to his older brother , Son Gohan . The two consider jewelry and makeup , but they are unable to afford anything . Goten and Trunks head for the hot springs in the woods to bottle up some mineral water instead . While there , they are attacked by a giant snake , which they manage to scare away . For his purported role in saving Earth from Majin Buu , Mr. Satan has been awarded with 100 million Zeni that he does not want . He decides to give the money to one of the fighters . Goku gives the money to Chi - Chi , so she would let him train . Meanwhile , somewhere in the depths of space , Beerus , the God of Destruction , has awakened from his slumber . Keen on battling the worthy opponent that appeared to him in his visions , Beerus and his attendant , Whis , set out to discover who this opponent is . `` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Goes on a Family Trip ? ! '' / `` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Takes a Family Trip ! '' `` Yakusoku no rizōto e ! Bejīta ga kazoku ryokō ! ? '' ( 約束のリゾートへ ! ベジータが家族旅行 ! ? ) July 12 , 2015 January 14 , 2017 Goku goes to King Kai 's planet to train with King Kai . Meanwhile , Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks take a family trip to a resort . Bulma and Trunks are enjoying the family time together , while Vegeta is bothered by the fact that Goku gets to train . Fed up with what he considers a waste of time , Vegeta flies away and heads back to Capsule Corporation to train . Somewhere in space , Beerus and Whis scour an alien planet in search of dinosaur meat . They are confronted by the planet 's strongest dweller , but he proves to be no match for them . Shortly afterwards , Beerus destroys the planet in order to have another vision of his destined opponent -- the Super Saiyan God . `` Where 's the Rest of the Dream ? ! In Search of the Super Saiyan God ! '' / `` Where Does the Dream Pick Up ? Find the Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Yume no tsuzuki wa doko da ! ? Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o sagase ! '' ( 夢の続きはどこだ ! ? 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ人ゴッドを探せ ! ) July 19 , 2015 January 21 , 2017 Fearing what might happen knowing that the God of Destruction is awake , the Old Supreme Kai and Supreme Kai urge King Kai to ensure that Goku never finds out about Beerus . However , Goku overhears the conversation and becomes curious . Back in his temple , Beerus and Whis continue their search for the Super Saiyan God . They soon learn of Goku and his feats . Beerus and Whis decide to pay him and King Kai a visit . Meanwhile , back on Earth , Goku 's friends and family members begin gathering on the cruise ship for Bulma 's birthday party except for Vegeta who is still training to overpower Goku and everyone else in the universe . `` Aim for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf Gang in Action ! '' / `` Bid for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf and Crew 's Impossible Mission ! '' `` Mezase Doragon Bōru ! Pirafu ichimi no dai - sakusen ! '' ( 目指せドラゴンボール ! ピラフ一味の大作戦 ! ) August 2 , 2015 January 28 , 2017 With all guests now gathered except for Goku and Vegeta , Bulma 's birthday party gets underway . Trunks shows Goten where his mother hid the bingo tournament grand prize -- the Dragon Balls . Not far off from the ship , the Pilaf Gang are now poor and hungry . They are trying to get by until they find the Dragon Balls and make their wishes come true . When his Dragon Radar picks up a signal coming from Bulma 's ship , Pilaf and his henchmen hastily board the ship with Trunks and Goten 's help . Meanwhile , on his planet , King Kai explains to Goku who and what Beerus exactly is and that for every benevolent God there must be a malevolent one in order to keep the universe in balance . Just as he finishes , Beerus and Whis arrive . 5 5 `` The Ultimate Fight on King Kai 's Planet ! Goku vs. the God of Destruction Beerus '' / `` Showdown on King Kai 's World ! Goku vs. Beerus the Destroyer ! '' `` Kaiō - sei no kessen ! Gokū VS Hakaishin Birusu '' ( 界王星の決戦 ! 悟空 VS 破壊神ビルス ) August 9 , 2015 February 4 , 2017 Beerus and Whis arrive on King Kai 's planet and detect Goku 's presence . While he is initially disappointed that Goku does not know what a `` Super Saiyan God '' is , he agrees to test his strength in a sparring match . Goku attempts to fight him in all of the Super Saiyan transformations , but Beerus effortlessly defeats him in two strikes . Beerus and Whis head for Earth shortly afterwards , while King Kai uses his telepathy to warn Vegeta ahead of their arrival . 6 6 `` Do n't Anger the God of Destruction ! Excitement at the Birthday Party '' / `` Do n't Anger the Destroyer ! A Heart - Pounding Birthday Party ! '' `` Hakaishin o okoraseru na ! Doki - doki tanjō pātī '' ( 破壊神を怒らせるな ! ドキドキ誕生パーティー ) August 16 , 2015 February 11 , 2017 Beerus and Whis arrive on Earth , where Bulma 's birthday party is underway . Initially , Vegeta is paralyzed by Beerus ' presence . He recalls a childhood encounter with the deity a long time ago when Beerus visited Planet Vegeta and threatened his father , King Vegeta . Shortly afterwards , Bulma pops up . She invites Beerus and Whis to join the party . The two gladly accept her offer and quickly become enamored with the Earth 's cuisine . They start mingling with the other guests , while Vegeta tries his best to ensure that Beerus remains calm . Whis soon learns of pudding , which he finds to be extraordinarily delicious . Whis urges Beerus to have some too . It turns out that Majin Buu had taken the remaining pudding cups for himself and refuses to share . Angered by Majin Buu 's insolence , Beerus attacks him . 7 7 `` How Dare You Hurt My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Sudden , Angry Shift ? ! '' / `` How Dare You Do That To My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Metamorphosis of Fury ? '' `` Yokumo ore no Buruma o ! Bejīta ikari no totsuzenhen'i ! ? '' ( よくもオレのブルマを ! ベジータ怒りの突然変異 ! ? ) August 23 , 2015 February 18 , 2017 Beerus effortlessly disposes of Majin Buu , while Vegeta stands by in awe . Vegeta tries to persuade Beerus to calm down and enjoy himself , but he refuses to listen . Trunks and Goten fuse into Gotenks and attack to no avail . Powerless to do anything else , Gotenks starts insulting Beerus for which he is promptly punished . Piccolo , Tien Shinhan , and Android 18 try taking on Beerus with little success . Majin Buu attacks again , but he is unable to land a single hit . While observing the battle , Dende realizes what Beerus actually is and immediately informs Piccolo . Before Piccolo is able to warn him , Gohan powers up and charges towards Beerus . Using Majin Buu as a weapon , Beerus repels Gohan and takes them both out . Being the last one standing , Vegeta confronts Beerus , but he is swiftly brought to the ground . Beerus tells Vegeta that he is disappointed with him since he is just as weak as his father was . Just as Beerus is about to finish Vegeta , Bulma walks up and slaps him for ruining her party . Beerus retaliates in similar fashion . Seeing Bulma struck infuriates Vegeta . He explodes and powers up immensely . 8 8 `` Goku Arrives ! A Last Chance from Beerus Sama ? ! '' / `` Goku Makes an Entrance ! A Last Chance from Lord Beerus ? '' `` Gokū kenzan ! Birusu - sama kara no rasuto chansu ! ? '' ( 悟空見参 ! ビルス様からのラストチャンス ! ? ) August 30 , 2015 February 25 , 2017 Having powered up , Vegeta charges towards Beerus . He manages to land a few punches before Beerus , who was using only a fraction of his power , knocks him out . Just as he is about to destroy Earth , Beerus has a sudden idea . He decides to give the Earthlings another chance at saving Earth . Meanwhile , fearing for their lives , the Pilaf Gang disembark Bulma 's ship on a rowboat and sail away . Thinking he is the same as Majin Buu because of his pink hue , Beerus picks Oolong out of the crowd and challenges him to a game of rock -- paper -- scissors to decide the fate of the Earth . Oolong manages to draw twice , but Beerus eventually wins and proceeds to power up his attack . Just as Beerus is about to fire , Goku chimes in and says he has thought of a way to find out about the Super Saiyan God . He will summon and ask Shenron about it . 9 9 `` Sorry for the Wait , Beerus Sama . The Super Saiyan God Is Finally Born ! '' / `` Thanks for Waiting , Lord Beerus ! A Super Saiyan God is Born At Last ! '' `` O matase , Birusu - sama . Tsuini Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo tanjō ! '' ( お待たせ、ビルス様 . ついに超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ人ゴッド誕生 ! ) September 6 , 2015 March 4 , 2017 Goku gathers the Dragon Balls together and summons Shenron , who is startled by Beerus ' presence . Shenron quickly explains that the Super Saiyan God is not a person , but it is a legendary transformation that only kindhearted Saiyans can achieve by fusing their power together . The Saiyans attempt to transform Goku , but they fail as they are one Saiyan short . Growing tired of waiting , Beerus starts preparing his attack to destroy the planet . Suddenly , Videl jumps in front of the Saiyans . She says that there is one more Saiyan who might be able to help them , who happens to be her and Gohan 's unborn child . The Saiyans and Videl attempt the transformation again and manage to transform Goku into the Super Saiyan God . 10 10 `` Unleash It , Goku ! The Power of the Super Saiyan God ! ! '' / `` Show Us , Goku ! The Power of a Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Misero Gokū ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo no pawā ! ! '' ( 見せろ悟空 ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ人ゴッドの力 ( パワー ) ! ! ) September 13 , 2015 March 11 , 2017 Goku is now a Super Saiyan God . He confronts Beerus . Goku is amazed by the immense power his body has gained with the transformation . He is initially unable to fully grasp its newfound potential . Fighting with Beerus , Goku manages to grow gradually into his new form . Seeing as how Goku might turn out to be a worthy adversary after all , Beerus decides it is time for them to unleash their true power and have a real battle of Gods . 11 11 `` Let 's Keep Going , Beerus Sama ! Our Battle of Gods ! '' / `` Let 's Keep Going , Lord Beerus ! The Battle of Gods ! '' `` Tsudukeyō ze Birusu - sama ! Kami to kami no tatakai o ! '' ( 続けようぜビルス様 ! 神と神の戦いを ! ) September 20 , 2015 March 18 , 2017 Having somewhat got a grip on the Super Saiyan God form , Goku initially manages to keep up with Beerus . He soon realizes that his opponent is still not fighting at his maximum . It is revealed that Beerus is doing so only to motivate Goku to catch up with him . To that end , Beerus drags Goku to space , where he swiftly knocks him out . Goku comes crashing down back to Earth and ends up in an ocean . Amazed by such power , Goku gets excited and powers up . He heals himself in the process . Willing to have another go , Goku flies out of the ocean and dashes towards Beerus . 12 12 `` The Universe Crumbles ? ! Clash ! God of Destruction vs. Super Saiyan God '' / `` The Universe Will Shatter ? Clash ! Destroyer vs. Super Saiyan God '' `` Uchū ga kudakeru ! ? Gekitotsu ! Haikaishin VS Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo ! '' ( 宇宙が砕ける ! ? 激突 ! 破壊神 VS 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ人ゴッド ! ) September 27 , 2015 March 25 , 2017 Goku and Beerus continue to fight in space . As both of them power up and clash , the universe begins to crumble under the power of the gods . Celestial bodies blow up due to the shock waves . Meanwhile , Old Supreme Kai reveals to the younger Supreme Kai that with three more blows the whole universe would be destroyed along with Beerus and Goku . When Goku lands the third clash with Beerus , he unknowingly stops the universe 's collapse by balancing Beerus ' attack with his own . Beerus gets enraged and uses his atomic bomb attack on Goku . Goku uses the Super Saiyan God energy to power up his Kamehameha attack to keep Beerus ' attack at bay . 13 13 `` Goku , Go Beyond Super Saiyan God '' / `` Goku , Surpass Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Gokū yo , Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o koete ike ! '' ( 悟空よ、超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ人ゴッドを越えて行け ! ) October 4 , 2015 April 8 , 2017 The Supreme Kais are surprised that the universe is still intact following the battle , but they fear the worst is still to come . On Earth , Vegeta , Whis , and the others are still standing by while watching the battle . Whis is surprised by the Super Saiyan God 's power and its ability to keep up with his trainee . In space , Goku struggles to keep up with Beerus ' attack , which ultimately ends up in a massive explosion that blinds everyone on Earth . Shortly after , the light clears out , which reveals everything to be as it was prior to the explosion . Beerus explains that he used his full power to negate the explosion , which saved the universe . Seeing it as a perfect opportunity to boast , Mr. Satan arranges to have himself be falsely credited with saving the planet yet again . Despite being at his limit , Goku remains calm , which annoys the God of Destruction . Beerus thinks Goku might have a strategy that he has been hiding , which Goku promptly denies . Goku says that everything he had been doing was improvised as they fought . The Gods quickly power up and continue fighting , but this time both are at their limit . As soon as they start , Goku loses his Super Saiyan God aura and reverts to the ordinary Super Saiyan form . Upon noticing that , Beerus decides to quit . He thinks it is pointless to fight an ordinary Super Saiyan . However , Goku does not notice and keeps going at it . Whis is able to sense Goku 's mortal energy . Whis assumes that the battle has concluded and that Goku has lost . However , Piccolo begs to differ . Surprised that Goku is still able to hit him even after losing his Super Saiyan God form , Beerus surmises that Goku 's body has adjusted to the Super Saiyan God power . This made him stronger in his ordinary form . With or without the Super Saiyan God form , Goku proclaims that it is still him that Beerus is up against . Beerus and Goku resume their battle of Gods . Note : This episode was originally scheduled to air on April 1 , 2017 , but an unannounced change in schedule on April Fools ' Day supplanted a new Dragon Ball Super episode with the premiere of the third season of Rick and Morty , which aired repeatedly from 8 PM to midnight . 14 14 `` This Is Every Ounce of Power I Have ! The Battle of Gods ' Conclusion ! '' / `` This Is All the Power I 've Got ! A Settlement Between Gods '' `` Kore ga ora no arittake no chikarada ! Ketchaku ! Kami to kami '' ( これがオラのありったけの力だ ! 決着 ! 神と神 ) October 11 , 2015 April 15 , 2017 Now with only a Super Saiyan form at his disposal , Goku powers up and attacks but to no avail , as Beerus knocks him out effortlessly . With Goku knocked out , Beerus prepares to destroy the Earth . In a final effort to stop Beerus , Goku once again powers up and charges his Kamehameha attack . Goku manages to prevent Beerus ' attack , but he completely depletes what was left of his energy in the process . He comes crashing down to Earth onto Bulma 's ship , where Vegeta manages to catch him . Beerus lands on the planet shortly after to finish what he started , but he suddenly falls asleep . Whis explains that Goku must have tired Beerus out , and that by the time he wakes up he will have forgotten about their trip to Earth . Beerus was faking his sudden sleep because the Earth 's food convinced him to spare the planet . Beerus and Whis leave for Beerus ' planet . With Earth safe again , Goku decides to relax and enjoy the party . Season 2 : Golden Frieza Saga ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 15 `` Make a Miracle , Satan the Hero ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' / `` Valiant Mr. Satan , Work a Miracle ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' `` Yūsha Satan yo kiseki o okose ! Uchū kara no chōsenjō ! ! '' ( 勇者サタンよ奇跡を起こせ ! 宇宙からの挑戦状 ! ! ) October 18 , 2015 April 22 , 2017 With Earth no longer in danger , Goku and the others return to their ordinary lives . Chi - Chi tells Goku she has already spent the 100 million Zeni received from Mr. Satan . She orders Goku to leave training behind and find a job so he can support the family . Meanwhile , Mr. Satan 's self - promotion goes awry when a group of aliens land in the city . The aliens reveal that they are ambassadors who wish to thank and reward whoever defeated Beerus and thus protected their planet from destruction . Before he is given the reward , Mr. Satan is asked to demonstrate his godlike power against the alien 's mightiest champion in a sparring match . Knowing that he does not stand a chance , Mr. Satan quickly scampers away to safety and calls for help , but no one answers him . Suddenly , Goku arrives at the scene in need of Mr. Satan 's help . Mr. Satan arranges to have Goku fight for him instead . Just before the fight , Goku spots Chi - Chi and immediately runs away to avoid being scolded for disobeying her . Mr. Satan is left to confront the alien champion on his own . Suddenly , the cynophobic aliens spot Mr. Satan 's dog and run away in fear . With the aliens gone , the crowd praises Mr. Satan , whom they think saved them and Earth yet again . 16 `` Vegeta Becomes an Apprentice ? ! Winning Whis Over ! '' / `` Vegeta Becomes a Student ? ! Win Over Whis ! '' `` Bejīta ga deshi'iri ! ? Uisu o kōryakuse yo ! '' ( ベジータが弟子入り ! ? ウイスを攻略せよ ! ) October 25 , 2015 April 29 , 2017 Chi - Chi still has Goku doing work out on the farm . Instead of working , Goku decides to rest and falls asleep . Krillin flies in and wakes up Goku . Krillin is very surprised to hear that Goku is still on Earth and not training with King Kai . He reminisces about his training with Goku under Master Roshi and the power level difference between them since they were children . Curious to see how large the gap is , Krillin tells Goku to punch him with all his power . A reluctant Goku tries to change Krillin 's mind . Goku ends up punching Krillin anyway , which sends Krillin flying into a boulder . Shortly afterwards , Goku heads home . Android 18 treats Krillin 's wounds . Krillin states that he misses martial arts and wishes to start training again . Meanwhile , Vegeta is seen in the wastelands standing determined . He states his intent to surpass Goku without the aid of others . Elsewhere , Whis and Bulma are having lunch together . Whis is enjoying all the food Bulma is having her chef make . While they dine , Bulma asks Whis to protect Earth from Beerus in case he ever shows up again . Vegeta arrives and sees Whis . He asks Whis to see Beerus , but Whis refuses to do so . Whis tells Vegeta that he is Beerus ' martial arts teacher . Whis informs Vegeta that with the proper tutelage he could one day surpass Goku . Vegeta bows and kneels before Whis and begs to become his student . An unimpressed Whis walks past him . Vegeta decides to convince Whis by giving him the tastiest food on Earth . After several failed attempts , Vegeta finally impresses Whis with a cup of instant noodle . Before Vegeta heads off with Whis to train on Beerus ' planet , Bulma hands him new battle armor . Whis and Vegeta arrive on Beerus ' planet . Whis prepares to train Vegeta . 17 `` Pan Is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Trip ? ! '' / `` Pan is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Journey ? ! '' `` Pan tanjō ! Soshite Gokū wa shugyō no tabi he ! ? '' ( パン誕生 ! そして悟空は修行の旅へ ! ? ) November 1 , 2015 May 6 , 2017 Pan has been born . While most of her family members and friends think that she should be taught martial arts , Chi - Chi is revolted by the very idea . She believes that Pan should be raised to be a lady and not a mindless fighter like her grandfather Goku . Everyone tries to persuade Chi - Chi to change her mind but to no avail . Bulma accidentally mentions that Vegeta has been away training with Whis for six months , which shocks Goku . After some time , Whis returns to Earth to enjoy more of the food Earth has to offer . Goku approaches Whis and asks to become his pupil . Whis accepts Goku 's plea . Whis thinks it is the perfect time for Goku to join Vegeta in training . Just as the two are about to depart , Chi - Chi runs up and stops Goku from leaving . Despite her wishes , Goku ends up leaving with Whis . Chi - Chi has a sudden change of heart . She says that Goku will return once he gets hungry anyway . 18 `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Begins on Beerus ' Planet ! '' / `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Commences on Beerus ' World ! '' `` Ora mo kita zo ! Birusu - sei de shugyō kaishi da ! '' ( オラも来たぞ ! ビルス星で修行開始だ ! ) November 8 , 2015 May 13 , 2017 Goku and Whis arrive on Beerus ' planet , where Vegeta is tasked with housekeeping . Goku is surprised to learn that Vegeta has gotten considerably stronger training under Whis . Goku wants to start his training right away . Before he is allowed to train , Whis orders him to help Vegeta with the chores including changing Beerus ' bed sheets without waking him up . Goku and Vegeta promptly do their chores and start their training with Whis . Whis ' training routine quickly wears Goku out . He falls asleep . Vegeta , who is willing to surpass Goku at any cost , keeps on training . The next day , Whis decides to have a sparring match with his apprentices in order to gauge their speed . The two prove to be no match for Whis . Goku and Vegeta are too slow to land a single hit on Whis . Somewhere in space , surviving members of Frieza 's army are led by Sorbet . They continue with their effort of resurrecting their leader . Not far off , mysterious beings from a different universe named Champa ( シャンパ , Shanpa ) and Vados ( ヴァドス , Vadosu ) continue their search for Beerus . 19 5 `` Despair Rises ! The Emperor of Evil , Frieza , Resurrected ! '' / `` Despair Redux ! The Return of the Evil Emperor , Frieza ! '' `` Zetsubō futatabi ! Aku no teiō Furīza no fukkatsu ! '' ( 絶望ふたたび ! 悪の帝王・フリーザの復活 ! ) November 15 , 2015 May 20 , 2017 Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet . Meanwhile , Sorbet and his assistant Tagoma ( タゴマ ) depart their ship and head for Earth in order to find the Dragon Balls , which they intend to resurrect their leader Frieza . They run into the Pilaf Gang , who had collected all seven Dragon Balls just before their arrival . Sorbet coerces Pilaf into summoning Shenron . At first , Shenron refuses to revive Frieza because he sees it as pointless given his current state , where Frieza was cut in pieces just as he was when Future Trunks killed him . Tagoma suggests using their advanced healing technology to make Frieza intact again . Sorbet has Frieza resurrected . Sorbet and Tagoma collect all of Frieza 's pieces and return to their ship . Frieza is completely renewed shortly afterwards . 20 6 `` Jaco 's Warning ! Frieza and His 1000 Troops Approach '' / `` A Warning from Jaco ! Frieza and 1,000 Soldiers Close In '' `` Jako kara no keikoku ! Semari kuru Furīza to 1000 - ri no heishi - tachi ! '' ( ジャコからの警告 ! 迫り来るフリーザと 1000 人の兵士達 ) November 22 , 2015 June 3 , 2017 Once restored , Frieza plans revenge against Goku and Future Trunks . Tagoma objects to Frieza 's plans , but Frieza promptly subdues him . When Frieza finds out that Goku has gotten much stronger since they last met , he decides to train in order to become more powerful . Since Frieza 's power was inborn , he reveals that he had never felt the need to train a day in his life before now . Four months pass before Frieza and his army head for Earth . All the while , Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis . Jaco the Galactic Patrolman travels to Earth to inform Bulma that Frieza had been revived . Frieza will be approaching Earth shortly with an army of one thousand soldiers . With Frieza 's army fast approaching , Bulma gathers the remaining fighters to fight Frieza 's army in hopes of holding out until Goku and Vegeta make it back to Earth . 21 7 `` The Start of Revenge ! The Malice of Frieza Army Strikes Gohan ! '' / `` The Start of Vengeance ! The Frieza Force 's Malice Strikes Gohan ! '' `` Fukushū no hajimari ! Furīza - gun no akuiga satoshi Gohan outsu ! '' ( 復讐の始まり ! フリーザ軍の悪意が悟飯を撃つ ! ) November 29 , 2015 June 10 , 2017 Frieza and his army arrive on Earth , where Gohan , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , Tien , and Jaco have gathered to hold out until Goku and Vegeta return . Frieza says that he has waited a long time to have his revenge and that he wishes to face Goku . Seeing as how Goku is not present to help , Frieza orders his army to attack the Earthlings . His army proves to be no match for the fighters even for Krillin , who had given up fighting . Disappointed with his lackluster army , Frieza orders Sorbet to send in his elite soldier , Shisami ( シサミ ) , to take out Gohan . Suddenly , Tagoma fires a beam at Shisami and Gohan , which kills the former and badly injures the latter . Sorbet is surprised by Tagoma 's newfound power , which he had achieved through training with Frieza . Frieza promises Tagoma the command of his army if he takes out the Earthlings . He accepts and prepares to fight the Earthlings . Meanwhile , Goku and Vegeta are oblivious to what is happening on Earth . They continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet . 22 8 `` Change ! An Unexpected Return ! His Name is Ginyu ! ! '' `` Chēnji ! Masaka no fukkatsu ! Sono na wa Ginyū ! ! '' ( チェーンジ ! まさかの復活 ! その名はギニュー ! ! ) December 6 , 2015 June 17 , 2017 Tagoma powers up and confidently approaches his opponents . Piccolo is instantly outmatched . Gohan blasts Tagoma , which causes him to fly several yards away . As the dust settles , Tagoma reveals himself to be unharmed . Suddenly , Gotenks arrives and headbutts Tagoma . Everybody is shocked to see this . While Tagoma is struggling to recuperate from Gotenks ' attack , Captain Ginyu , who is in his frog form , pounces close to him and inscribes a message in the gravel . Tagoma accidentally sets off Ginyu 's signature move , and the two swap bodies . Ginyu rapidly adjusts to his new body 's immense power and assaults all of his rivals simultaneously . Bulma , Trunks , and Goten attempt to contact Whis , which bewilders Jaco . While fighting Gohan , Ginyu appears to have the upper hand until Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan and defeats him . When Gohan shows mercy to Ginyu , Frieza becomes enraged and repeatedly fires multiple blasts at Gohan . Before Frieza can kill Gohan , Piccolo steps in to save him . 23 9 `` The Earth ! Gohan ! Absolute Peril ! Hurry and Get Here , Son Goku ! ! '' / `` Earth ! Gohan ! Both on the Ropes ! Hurry and Get Here , Goku ! ! '' `` Chikyū ga ! Gohan ga ! Zettaizetsumei ! Hayaku kite kure Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 地球が ! 悟飯が ! 絶体絶命 ! 早く来てくれ孫悟空 ! ! ) December 13 , 2015 June 24 , 2017 Piccolo takes Frieza 's attack to save Gohan and dies in the process . On Beerus ' planet , Beerus desires more pizza . Whis gets an invitation from Bulma for a strawberry dessert . As Whis telepathically contacts her , she reveals Frieza 's revival and Piccolo 's death to him . Initially shocked to realize that Frieza is revived , Goku and Vegeta get set to fight Frieza . As Whis says it would take some time to reach Earth , Goku resorts to instant transmission on Beerus ' advice . Goku realizes that instant transmission is impossible due to the large distance between Earth and Beerus ' planet . Nevertheless , Goku tries to search for someone 's energy on Earth . On Earth , Gohan powers up to his maximum limit . This helps Goku to identify an energy source to perform instant transmission . Goku and Vegeta arrive on Earth in the nick of time to save Gohan . Vegeta executes Ginyu . As Goku and Frieza meet after a long time , Frieza transforms into his final form in a fit to demonstrate his new power . This results in the death of all his men except for Sorbet , who is at a considerable distance . Perplexed by Frieza 's new power , Goku prepares to engage in a battle . 24 10 `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Son Goku ; This Is The Result of My Training ! '' / `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Goku ! This is the Result of My Training ! '' `` Gekitotsu ! Furīza VS Son Gokū ; Kore ga ora no shugyō no seikada ! '' ( 激突 ! フリーザ VS 孫悟空これがオラの修行の成果だ ! ) December 20 , 2015 July 8 , 2017 The battle between Goku and Frieza begins . They fight on even ground , and neither one is able to inflict significant damage to the other . Frieza resorts to attacking Krillin and Bulma . When Goku tries to save them , he is caught off guard when Frieza lands several blows on him . Vegeta grows impatient due to the constant rambling by both fighters . He charges at Goku in frustration and asks him to give it all he has . Goku takes Vegeta 's request into account and convinces Frieza to power up to his maximum . When Frieza calls out to Goku to show his full power , Goku transforms into a Super Saiyan Blue . 25 11 `` An All - Out Battle ! The Revenge of Golden Frieza ! '' / `` A Full - Throttle Battle ! The Vengeful Golden Frieza '' `` Zenkai Batoru ! Fukushū no Gōruden Furīza '' ( 全開バトル ! 復讐のゴールデンフリーザ ) December 27 , 2015 July 15 , 2017 After briefly testing Goku 's new transformation , Frieza transforms into a new gold - colored form , tersely named as Golden Frieza . After expressing how impressed they are by each - other 's progress , Goku and Frieza engage in a fierce battle . Meanwhile , Whis informs Bulma of their arrival on Earth in a few minutes but , on their way to Earth , Beerus and Whis encounter the God of Destruction of Universe Six , Champa , and his assistant , Vados . After having a short conversation with Champa and Vados , Beerus and Whis finally arrive on the battlefield . While eating Bulma 's delicious dessert , Beerus and Whis acknowledge that Frieza has indeed become significantly stronger and that Goku seems to have a tough time keeping up with Golden Frieza . Still not use to his newest form , Goku struggles to keep up with Golden Frieza 's speed and prowess , eventually getting pummeled into the ground . 26 12 `` A Glint of Hope Shines Through in a Crisis ! Time to Fight Back , Son Goku ! '' / `` A Chance Appears in a Tight Spot ! Launch a Counteroffensive , Goku ! '' `` Dai pinchi ni shōki ga mieta ! Hangeki kaishida Son Gokū ! '' ( 大ピンチに勝機が見えた ! 反撃開始だ孫悟空 ! ) January 10 , 2016 July 22 , 2017 Frieza and Goku continue their protracted battle with Frieza landing more blows on Goku than can be returned . Unable to match Frieza 's raw power , Goku manages to withstand and dodge Frieza 's attacks . Goku and Vegeta notice that Frieza is progressively losing stamina and that his power level is dropping , though Frieza himself fails to notice this . Vegeta urges Goku to quickly finish Frieza off before he has a chance to recover , or he will step up and do so himself . After Goku and Frieza exchange some sarcastic banter , they power up again and continue their fight . Frieza still has the upper hand , but Goku realizes he only needs to stall Frieza long enough for his weakness to reappear . After a fully powered Frieza unleashes a barrage of attacks , he quickly becomes tired and starts running out of breath , with his attacks no longer hurting Goku . Frieza finally realizes his weakness ; a lack of endurance , as his Golden form exhausts more energy than he can produce . Goku explains this is because Frieza rushed to Earth immediately after achieving the Golden form without giving himself enough time to master it . Frieza agonizes over his failed chance at revenge in combat , but mouths a few inaudible words to Sorbet for assistance . Goku tells Frieza to leave Earth while he still can - but to everyone 's surprise , a laser beam pierces Goku 's chest from behind , fired from Sorbet 's ray gun . Stomping on Goku 's chest wound to make him scream , Frieza gloats about his backup strategy to have Goku let his guard down , mocking him by claiming Goku 's overconfidence prevents him from being the strongest fighter . Before Frieza can unleash his killing shot on Goku , Vegeta fires at Frieza and announces that it is his turn to fight . 27 13 `` The Earth Explodes ? ! The Deciding Kamehameha '' / `` The Earth Explodes ? A Decisive Kamehameha ! '' `` Chikyū bakuhatsu ! ? Ketchaku no kamehameha '' ( 地球爆発 ! ? 決着のかめはめ波 ) January 17 , 2016 July 29 , 2017 Goku is critically injured , but Vegeta intervenes before Frieza can deliver a killing blow . When Krillin attempts to deliver Goku a Senzu Bean , Frieza attempts to blast him - but Vegeta redirects the blast to Sorbet , killing him . Afterwards , Vegeta demonstrates his own ability to transform into a Super Saiyan Blue . Frieza attempts to land a hit on Vegeta but fails to do so and , already exhausted from his fight with Goku , Frieza quickly finds himself completely outmatched by Vegeta . Enraged and humiliated , Frieza refuses to accept defeat and , while Vegeta powers up a killing shot , Frieza instead fires an attack at the Earth and destroys it out from under them . Whis protects Goku and the others , but Vegeta and everyone else on the planet are killed - with Whis suspecting Frieza survived and escaped through his ability to breathe in space . As Goku laments his failure to stop Frieza and protect Earth , Whis offers to turn back time by a couple of minutes and allow Goku one last chance . The moment is reset to the end of Vegeta and Frieza 's battle , allowing Goku just enough time to charge up a Kamehameha attack and kill Frieza , saving the world . Later , the group gathers at Capsule Corporation , where Piccolo is revived with the Namekian Dragon Balls . Shaken by his helplessness against Frieza , Gohan tells Piccolo that he intends to resume his training so that he can protect his loved ones , which Piccolo is delighted to hear . Season 3 : Universe 6 Saga ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 28 `` The God of Destruction from Universe 6 - His Name Is Champa ! '' / `` The 6th Universe 's Destroyer ! His Name is Champa ! '' `` Dai - 6 uchū no hakaishin - Sono na wa Shanpa '' ( 第 6 宇宙の破壊神その名はシャンパ ) January 24 , 2016 August 5 , 2017 As Goku and Vegeta continue their vigorous training , Champa and Vados abruptly arrive on Beerus ' planet . After a small skirmish between Beerus and Champa , everyone settles down to eat some food . Formal introductions are exchanged , where Champa is introduced as Beerus ' twin brother and Vados as Whis ' older sister . An argument erupts concerning which universe 's food is superior . This leaves Goku and Vegeta bewildered . Whis explains that there are twelve universes . When two universes add up to thirteen , each universe compliments each other such as the sixth and the seventh universe . After Vados discovers that Universe Six 's Earth has been destroyed through warfare , Champa proposes a tournament between Universe Six and Seven to determine who acquires the Earth of Universe Seven . Beerus protests the idea . He believes it is impossible to do so . Champa ascertains that it is doable by using the Super Dragon Balls , which the Namekian Dragon Balls were trimmed from . At the current moment , Champa has six of them . Goku informs Beerus and Champa that Bulma is capable of locating the final Super Dragon Ball necessary to perform the wish . With tensions mounted , Beerus accepts Champa 's proposal . 29 `` The Martial Arts Match Has Been Decided ! The Team Captain Is Stronger Than Goku '' / `` Combat Matches Are a Go ! The Captain Is Someone Stronger Than Goku '' `` Kakutō shiai kaisai kettei ! Shushō wa Gokū yori tsuyoi yatsu '' ( 格闘試合開催決定 ! 主将は悟空よりも強いヤツ ) January 31 , 2016 August 12 , 2017 Champa decides to host the tournament on a vacated nameless planet located between Universe Six and Universe Seven . Goku suggests the rules be similar to that of the Tenkaichi Budokai tournaments held on Earth . Vegeta recommends a written exam be implemented in order to prevent insensitive beings lacking knowledge of the regulations from participating . The tournament is scheduled to begin several days after the encounter between Beerus and Champa . On Earth , Whis requests that Bulma use her Dragon Radar in order to obtain the final Super Dragon Ball . Contrary to this , Bulma believes it would be easier to simply summon Shenron to locate it instead . Shenron reveals that tracking down the Super Dragon Balls is beyond his power . Meanwhile , Vados selects a portion of the nameless planet and transforms it into the tournament 's arena . After judging Whis ' students , Champa realizes he should also enlist a Saiyan onto his team . Beerus explains that Goku is merely the second strongest opponent he has ever faced . He proceeds to take off to inform Monaka ( モナカ ) , the strongest warrior he has ever fought , of the tournament . The next morning , Bulma finishes constructing the Super Dragon Radar . She intends to collect the Super Dragon Balls of Universe Seven before Beerus can use them to wish for total annihilation of the entire world . 30 `` A Review Before the ' Martial Arts Match ' - Who Are the Last Two Members ? ! '' / `` A Run - Through For the Competition ! Who Are the Last Two Members ? '' `` '' Kakutō '' shiai e no o sarai - Nokori futari no menbā wa dareda ! ? '' ( 「格闘試合」へのおさらい残り二人のメンバーは誰だ ! ? ) February 7 , 2016 August 19 , 2017 Goku and Vegeta meet up with Krillin , who goes with them to recruit Majin Buu as the fourth combatant of the Universe Seven team . Although Majin Buu is reluctant due to his hatred of Beerus , he agrees when Goku promises him a wish from the Super Dragon Balls , which he plans on giving to Mr. Satan . Goten and Trunks try to join , but they are denied by Vegeta because their use of fusion is illegal . The group finds Piccolo training with Gohan . They recruit Piccolo as the fifth and final member . Gohan considers joining the team , but he can not participate due to a business meeting on the day of the tournament . Beerus and the others think back over recent events . Beerus and Whis contemplate the intentions behind Champa 's plans . A series of flashbacks recapping the series is shown up to Frieza 's demise . 31 `` Off to Zuno Sama 's ! Find Out Where Super Dragon Balls Are ! '' / `` Off to See Master Zuno ! Find Out Where the Super Dragon Balls Are ! '' `` Zunō - sama no moto e ! Sūpā Doragon Bōru no arika o kikidase ! '' ( ズノー様のもとへ ! 超 ( スーパー ) ドラゴンボールのありかを聞き出せ ! ) February 14 , 2016 August 26 , 2017 Bulma and Jaco travel to meet an omniscient alien , Master Zunō ( ズノー様 , Zunō - sama ) , to ask him about the Super Dragon Balls . After arriving on Master Zunō 's planet , the duo encounters a spacefaring criminal named Burpman ( ゲップマン , Geppuman ) , who is wanted for leaving a restaurant without paying the bill . As a reward for subduing the criminal , Master Zunō 's attendants allow Bulma and Jaco to skip the lengthy waiting list and seek Master Zunō 's advice right away . Bulma unwittingly wastes two of her three questions , but she does glean information on the radius and other properties of the Super Dragon Balls . This includes the fact that they were formerly scattered across both Universe Six and Universe Seven . 32 5 `` The Match Begins ! Let 's All Go to the `` Nameless Planet '' ! '' / `` The Matches Begin ! We 're All Off to the `` Planet With No Name ! '' '' `` Shiaikaishi da ! Min'na de `` Namae no nai hoshi '' e ! '' ( 試合開始だ ! みんなで「名前のない星」へ ! ) February 21 , 2016 September 9 , 2017 On Earth , everyone gathers for the trip to the tournament . Goku and Vegeta arrive after having trained in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for three years . After stopping at Beerus ' planet to get both him and Monaka , everyone proceeds to go to the tournament . The group meets their competition who are all somewhat unusual . This includes a Saiyan with a radically different history as well as a fighter who looks like Frieza . After the written test , the Universe Seven team is left one team member down because Majin Buu falls asleep . Majin Buu is deemed unfit and disqualified . Beerus decides that Monaka will go last . After a round of rock - paper - scissors , it is decided that Goku will fight first , followed by Piccolo , and then Vegeta . Goku and his competitor named Botamo ( ボタモ ) , who is a giant bear - like creature , enter the tournament ring . 33 6 `` Behold , Universe 6 ! This Is the Super Saiyan ? Son Goku ! '' / `` Surprise , 6th Universe ! This is Super Saiyan Goku ! '' `` Odoroke Dai - 6 uchū yo ! Kore ga Sūpā Saiya - jin ・ Son Gokū da ! '' ( 驚け第 6 宇宙よ ! これが超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ人・孫悟空だ ! ) February 28 , 2016 September 16 , 2017 The fight between Goku and Botamo commences . Goku takes a while to warm up due to having overeaten during the trip . Although Goku seems faster and more well trained than Botamo , none of the hits that he lands seem to have an effect . Botamo seems content to simply take the punishment . Urged by Vegeta to think before he acts , Goku drags Botamo to the side of the ring and throws him out . This results in a win for Universe Seven . The next match begins almost immediately . The Frieza look alike named Frost ( フロスト , Furosuto ) is Goku 's next opponent . In direct contrast to Frieza , Frost is a kind and beloved hero in Universe Six who looks forward to a challenge . Goku surprises Frost with knowledge of his transformations . Frost assumes a form that mirrors Frieza 's third form . Goku mentions his ability to transform as well . He transforms into a Super Saiyan . Frost responds by transforming into his final form . Frost seems greatly outmatched by Goku even in his final transformation . Suddenly , a strange effect comes over Goku that severely weakens him and allows Frost a chance to strike . Frost knocks Goku out of the ring , which stuns everyone from Universe Seven . 34 7 `` Piccolo vs. Frost - Put It All on the Special Beam Cannon ! '' / `` Piccolo vs. Frost - Stake It All on the Special Beam Cannon ! '' `` Pikkoro VS Furosuto - Makankōsappō ni subete o kakero ! '' ( ピッコロ VS フロスト魔貫光殺砲にすべてをかけろ ! ) March 6 , 2016 September 23 , 2017 Frost beats Goku by knocking him out of the ring . Piccolo walks up to Frost to face him next . Piccolo charges his signature attack while simultaneously evading Frost 's attacks . To buy himself time to charge his attack , Piccolo creates clones of himself to distract Frost . Frost quickly disposes of decoys and charges at Piccolo . After a bout of close combat , Frost defeats Piccolo with a power blast . Before the referee could rule in Frost 's favor , Jaco chimes in claiming that Frost had been cheating all along . The referee examines Frost and finds that he had been using a forbidden tool . Champa is initially outraged to find that Frost had cheated . Champa decides to forgive and help him in his universe if Frost continues to play by the rules . Frost reveals that he set up the attacks on the planets he saved . The referee declares Piccolo the winner until Vegeta steps in and says that he wishes to face Frost . 35 8 `` Turn Rage into Strength ! Vegeta 's Full - On Battle ! '' / `` Turn Your Anger Into Strength ! Vegeta 's Full - Bore Battle '' `` Ikari o chikara ni kaero ! Bejīta no zenkai batoru '' ( 怒りを力に変えろ ! ベジータの全開バトル ) March 20 , 2016 September 30 , 2017 Frost cockily announces his intent to utterly defeat Vegeta in combat with the presentation of yet another weapon . Both parties agree that the match should not be regulated by the standard rules of the tournament in order to avoid disqualification and allow the combatants to fight at their full power . Vegeta mercilessly assaults Frost and sends him flying out of the barrier . Vegeta declares that he did not kill Frost because he was not going to stoop down to the latter 's level . Beerus discovers that Goku was also affected by Frost 's weapon , and he proceeds to convince the referee to allow Goku to return to the competition . Goku protests the turn order because he desperately wants to see Monaka in combat . Beerus explains that Monaka , as his trump card , must fight last . This prompts a hushed remark from Whis concerning Monaka 's `` true colors '' . Vados generates a new barrier around the ring as the referee announces a new rule , where any contact an individual makes with the barrier automatically disqualifies them . Meanwhile , Frost attempts to steal the tournament winnings and escape in Champa 's transportation cube . Frost is stunned by a purple humanoid , Hit ( ヒット , Hitto ) , in the process . Hit takes the unconscious Frost back to the arena . The next match begins . Vegeta faces off against the robot Magetta ( マゲッタ ) . The audience begins to dispute over Magetta 's eligibility because of the fact that Magetta can spit lava . Magetta is declared eligible because the lava is just his saliva . Magetta 's volcanic fumes engulf the barrier and cause Vegeta to perspire rapidly and breathe heavily from the extreme heat . 36 9 `` An Unexpected Desperate Battle ! Vegeta 's Furious Explosion ! '' / `` An Unexpectedly Uphill Battle ! Vegeta 's Great Blast of Fury ! '' `` Masaka no dai kusen ! Bejīta ikari no dai bakuhatsu ! '' ( まさかの大苦戦 ! ベジータ怒りの大爆発 ! ) March 27 , 2016 October 7 , 2017 Vegeta continues his battle with Magetta . He is struggling against the rising temperatures in the enclosed arena . Vegeta tries to win quickly , but Magetta endures and counters his attacks . Magetta follows it with a punch that sends Vegeta flying toward the ground . After nearly being disqualified through by going out of bounds , Vegeta powers up in anger and destroys the barrier of the arena . He blasts Magetta and forces him to the very edge of the stage . However , Vegeta is unable to knock Magetta off the stage . After Vegeta insults Magetta , he loses his will to fight . Magetta is knocked out of the ring . 37 10 `` Do n't Forget Your Saiyan Pride ! Vegeta vs. the Saiyan of Universe 6 ! '' / `` Do n't Forget Your Saiyan Pride ! Vegeta vs The 6th Universe 's Saiyan ! '' `` Saiya - jin no hokori o wasureruna ! Bejīta VS Dai - 6 uchū no Saiya - jin '' ( サイヤ人の誇りを忘れるな ! ベジータ VS 第 6 宇宙のサイヤ人 ) April 3 , 2016 October 14 , 2017 Vegeta faces a slim and short Saiyan from Universe Six , Cabba ( キャベ ) , in the following round . Unlike their Universe Seven counterparts , Saiyans of Universe Six are heroic and kind . They are known as benevolent galactic protectors . Vegeta and Cabba are initially equally matched . After Vegeta pushes Cabba to power up , Cabba admits he can not do it . Cabba asks for Vegeta to teach him how to transform . This seemingly enrages Vegeta . Vegeta transforms into a Super Saiyan and begins to mercilessly beat Cabba . Vegeta threatens Cabba . He says he will kill him and destroy his planet if he forfeits . An enraged Cabba suddenly transforms and goes on the offensive . Vegeta reveals the Super Saiyan transformation is unlocked through drawing on one 's inner anger . Vegeta 's actions were intended to bring about that transformation . Vegeta quickly powers up even more and knocks Cabba out with a single punch . After the fight , Cabba thanks Vegeta for telling him about his untapped potential . Vegeta brushes him off and tells him not to forget his Saiyan pride . Vegeta also tells Cabba to surpass all other Saiyans . Cabba acknowledges Vegeta 's advice and walks off the stage . With Universe Six now down to their last fighter , Champa is still unconcerned as he is certain his hit man , Hit , will be able to settle the score . 38 11 `` The Ultimate Warrior of Universe 6 ! Assassin Hit Appears ! ! '' / `` The 6th Universe 's Mightiest Warrior ! Engage the Assassin Hit ! '' `` Dai - 6 uchū saikyō no senshi ! Koroshi ya Hitto kenzan ! ! '' ( 第 6 宇宙最強の戦士 ! 殺し屋ヒット見参 ! ! ) April 10 , 2016 October 21 , 2017 Vegeta and Hit start their battle . To Vegeta 's surprise , he is unable to land a single blow on Hit due to his superior speed . Eventually , Vegeta is struck by a heavy blow and collapses . Hit is declared the winner of the match . Suddenly , it is revealed that Hit used a `` time - skipping '' technique , where he gets to time travel and be the only person able to move for a split second . Goku walks up to battle Hit . Initially , Hit overpowers Goku , which prompts him to ask Goku to surrender . Goku refuses and says he used the time to figure out how Hit 's technique works . Goku predicts Hit 's moves and evades his attacks . Hit claims that Goku 's foresight was just a fluke and that he will not be able to use it again . However , Goku is able to foresee Hit 's attacks and defend himself . Goku proposes that both of them fight at their full power . Hit concurs and withdraws . Shortly afterwards , both start preparing for their next fight . 39 12 `` The Advanced `` Time - Skip '' Fights Back ? ! Will It Come Forth ? Goku 's New Technique ! '' / `` A Developed `` Time Skip '' Counterstrike ? Here Comes Goku 's New Move ! '' `` Seichōshita `` toki tobashi '' no hangeki ! ? Deru ka ! ? Gokū no aratana waza ! '' ( 成長した `` 時とばし '' の反撃 ! ? 出るか ! ? 悟空の新たな技 ! ) April 17 , 2016 November 4 , 2017 Goku and Hit both power up before the match . Goku is finally able to counter Hit 's time - manipulating attacks , which displeases Hit . Hit tries to power up even more , but Goku prevents him . Soon after , Hit manages to counter Goku 's blows , while he simultaneously grows even stronger . Badly hurt , Goku hits the ground . Champa tells Hit to finish off Goku , but Hit refuses to obey his order . Goku manages to get back on his feet , and the two resume their fight . Goku is soon backed into a corner and resorts to his Kaiō - ken technique , which greatly increases his strength and speed . Having powered up , Goku begins pummeling and blasting Hit , who manages to evade most of the attacks with ease . 40 13 `` At Last , It Comes to an End ! Is the Winner Beerus ? Or is it Champa ? '' / `` A Decision at Last ! Is the Winner Beerus ? Or is it Champa ? '' `` Tsuini ketchaku ! Shōsha wa Birusu ? Soretomo Shanpa ? '' ( ついに決着 ! 勝者はビルス ? それともシャンパ ? ) April 24 , 2016 November 11 , 2017 Goku and Hit fight to an indecisive stalemate . Neither side is able to gain ground against the other . Goku requests that the rules of the fight be waived so that Hit can use his assassination techniques freely . Champa and Beerus argue over this decision . During their argument , Goku jumps out of the fighting stage . He forfeits the match . Goku argues that he would have been unable to continue due to the strain on his body brought on by his Kaiō - ken technique . Shortly afterwards , Monaka faces Hit . Monaka is scared to fight . Monaka punches Hit and wins the fight . Hit throws the fight as repayment for Goku enabling him to surpass his limits . With Hit defeated , the Universe Seven team is declared the winner of the tournament . Just as the festivities are about to conclude , Grand Zenō ( 全王 ) , a mysterious `` King of Universes '' , appears in the center of the fighting stage . 41 14 `` Come , God of Dragons - And Pretty Please Grant My Wish ! '' / `` Come Forth , Divine Dragon ! And Grant My Wish , Peas and Carrots ! '' `` Ide deyo kami no ryū - soshite negai o kanaete chonmage ! '' ( 出でよ神の龍そして願いを叶えてちょんまげ ! ) May 1 , 2016 November 18 , 2017 Grand Zenō announces that he will organize a martial arts tournament for all twelve universes . Goku disrespectfully approaches and talks to Grand Zenō . Grand Zenō is amused , and everyone else is discomforted . Champa scolds his team for losing and orders them to train for the upcoming tournament . Shortly afterwards , Champa and his team leave . Beerus asks the Earthlings to find the Super Dragon Balls . Android 18 notices that all Super Dragon Balls are clumped together on the radar , and Monaka deduces that the planet they have been fighting on is actually the seventh Super Dragon Ball . Beerus , Goku , and the others leave for the location of all seven Super Dragon Balls . Once they are there , Whis summons Super Shenron ( スーパーシェンロン , Chāo Shénlóng ) , which is a more powerful version of Shenron . Unknown to anyone else , Beerus secretly wishes to have Universe Six 's Earth restored back to normal . Vados informs Champa what Beerus wished for . Whis leaves Beerus and Monaka on Beerus ' planet and departs for Earth . Monaka is revealed to be an ordinary mail deliveryman , who is an aspiring fighter . Beerus rewards Monaka with money for his help motivating Goku and Vegeta . Goku , Vegeta , and the others from Earth return home . 42 15 `` Trouble at the Victory Celebration ! Showdown at Last ? ! Monaka vs. Son Goku ! '' / `` A Chaotic Victory Party ! Showdown at Last ? Monaka vs. Goku ! '' `` Haran no shukushō kai ! Tsuini taiketsu ! ? Monaka VS Son Gokū ! '' ( 波乱の祝勝会 ! 遂に対決 ! ? モナカ VS 孫悟空 ) May 8 , 2016 December 2 , 2017 With the tournament completed , Bulma decides to hold a celebration party at the Capsule Corporation . She also decides to invite Monaka . Bulma considers Monaka to be the real winner of the tournament . Beerus and Whis are opposed to Bulma 's idea as they believe that Goku would want to fight Monaka if he were to attend . Ultimately , Monaka does attend . Beerus decides to tell everyone besides Goku about Monaka 's secret . Monaka is not nearly as powerful as everyone believes him to be . Goten and Trunks suggest that Beerus disguise himself as Monaka and fight Goku in Monaka 's place . Beerus agrees to the plan and disguises himself . Pu'ar also shape - shifts itself into Beerus to act as a decoy . Shortly afterwards , Goku and a disguised Beerus begin their fight . Following a brief clash , Whis interrupts the battle . Everyone carries on with the festivities . 43 16 `` Goku 's `` Ki '' is Out of Control ? ! Looking After Pan is A Lot of Trouble ! '' / `` Goku 's Energy is Out of Control ? The Struggle to Look After Pan '' `` Gokū no `` Ki '' ga seigyo funō ! ? Pan no osewa de shikuhakku ! '' ( 悟空の「気」が制御不能 ! ? パンのお世話で四苦八苦 ) May 15 , 2016 December 9 , 2017 Due to overexerting himself during the tournament , Goku has problems controlling his energy . He decides to take a break and relax in order to get his strength back . While Gohan and Videl are out , Goku and his family babysit Pan . That morning , Pilaf , Shu , and Mai plan to attack Goku , while he is asleep . They end up fleeing in terror and bring Pan along with them . Inside their ship , Pilaf accidentally launches them into the stratosphere . The pressure from the launch destroys their ship , but Pan is able to fly back home with her captives in tow . On their way home , Goku 's family is relieved to find Pan even though they remain ignorant of her exploits . 44 17 `` Seal of Planet Potofu - Secret of the Superhuman Water Is Unleashed ! '' / `` The Seal of Planet Pot - au - feu ; Secrets of the Unleashed Superhuman Water ! '' `` Potofu sei no fūin toki hanatareta - `` Chōjin sui '' no himitsu ! '' ( ポトフ星の封印解き放たれた `` 超人水 '' の秘密 ! ) May 22 , 2016 December 16 , 2017 While Monaka delivers a package to Bulma , Goten and Trunks sneak into his delivery truck and are accidentally taken to Planet Po - tau - feu . A group of space bandits are led by a teal humanoid called Gryll ( グリル , Guriru ) . They attempt to steal a key to an item called the Superhuman Water ( 超人水 , Chōjin Mizu ) from an elder named Potage ( ポタジ , Potaji ) . The bandits succeed and are absorbed and cloned by the purple viscous liquid . At Bulma 's request , Vegeta and Jaco arrive on the planet to search for the children . Shortly after they arrive , the liquid absorbs and clones Vegeta . 45 18 `` Vegeta Disappears ? ! The Threat of Duplicated Vegeta ! '' / `` Vegeta Disappears ? ! Menace of the Duplicate Vegeta ! '' `` Bejīta ga kieru ! ? Fukusei bejīta no kyōi ! '' ( ベジータが消える ! ? 複製ベジータの脅威 ! ) May 29 , 2016 January 6 , 2018 Vegeta is powerless due to the purple viscous liquid cloning and absorbing his powers . The liquid is revealed to be a sentient being known as Commeson ( コメソン , Komeson ) . Superhuman Water is just one of its many names known throughout the universe . Vegeta and the rest flee from the cloned Vegeta and the space bandits . They learn from Potage that the original will disappear once cloned . Goten and Trunks attempt to defeat the clone before that happens . Goku is fully recovered while training on King Kai 's planet . He senses that Goten and Trunks are in danger and teleports to Goten 's side . Goku prepares to fight the cloned Vegeta . 46 19 `` Goku vs. Duplicated Vegeta ! Who 's Gonna Win ? ! '' / `` Goku vs. the Duplicate Vegeta ! Which One is Going to Win ? '' `` Gokū VS fukusei Bejīta ! Katsu no wa dotchida ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS 複製ベジータ ! 勝つのはどっちだ ! ? ) June 5 , 2016 January 13 , 2018 Goku and the cloned Vegeta begin their battle . Each side holds its own . Vegeta tells Goku that he can not beat him with attacks like that . The cloned Vegeta backs Goku into a corner . Goku teleports behind his opponent and lands a blow on him , which briefly turns the battle in his favor . Vegeta starts getting frustrated that his clone is failing to dodge certain attacks and begins cheering for the clone when it knocks Goku away . Trunks reminds Vegeta that if they do not defeat the clone , Vegeta would die . Vegeta attempts to attack the clone himself , but he fails to do any damage . Frustrated , Vegeta criticizes both his clone and Goku . Goku begins wondering whose side Vegeta is on . He and the cloned Vegeta quickly power up , and the two continue their fight . Jaco points out that Vegeta is even more transparent than before . Potage tells Vegeta to use Commeson to gain time . Trunks wonders if there might be another way to save Vegeta in case their plan fails . Potage suggests that the Commeson should be destroyed to weaken the clones it had created . Trunks , Goten , Potage , and Jaco fly away to retrieve the weapon . Meanwhile , Goku manages to fight off cloned Vegeta . Vegeta is frustrated that it is Goku who is fighting the clone and not him . The fight causes a destructive shock wave . Commeson takes advantage of this and quickly attacks Trunks . Vegeta feels that Trunks is in trouble and tries to reach him . Monaka accidentally steps on Commeson 's core behind him , which damages it along with its clones . Potage notes that even though the core was destroyed , time has run out . Vegeta is disappearing . Realizing this is his last chance , Goku destroys the cloned Vegeta . As a result , Vegeta 's body regenerates . Potage reseals Commeson . Goku thanks Monaka for his help and says that he would have been beaten by the cloned Vegeta if it were not for him . With the Planet Po - tau - feu saved and the threat destroyed , Goku and the others return to Earth . Meanwhile , in an annihilated alternate timeline , Future Trunks looks to destroy a new threat that has been terrorizing his world . Season 4 : `` Future '' Trunks Saga ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 47 `` An SOS from the Future ! A Dark New Enemy Emerges ! ! '' / `` SOS from the Future : A Dark New Enemy Appears ! '' `` Mirai kara no esuōesu ! Kuroki arata na teki arawaru ! '' ( 未来からの SOS ! 黒き新たな敵現る ! ! ) June 12 , 2016 January 20 , 2018 In an alternate timeline , Future Trunks is hiding from a mysterious enemy that has been terrorizing the Future Earth . He meets with his mother in their hideout , Future Bulma , who is relieved that he survived . She is revealed to have been working on the time machine for their trip to find help . Just as they are about to leave , an explosion destroys Future Bulma 's equipment . Seeing as they are in danger , Future Bulma urges Future Trunks to leave without her . Shortly after , a mysterious enemy demolishes the hideout . Future Bulma is killed by falling debris following the explosion , but Future Trunks manages to escape . Back in the present timeline , Goku is showing his new farm to Chi - Chi and Goten . Piccolo arrives shortly after at Goku 's request . Goku says he wants to use his work as a way to train . While Goku and Piccolo are having a harvesting competition , on Beerus ' planet , Vegeta is training with Whis . Goku notices this and teleports to them . Beerus asks if Goku brought him a gift , and Goku gives him a ball of lettuce he grabbed during his contest with Piccolo . Beerus enjoys the lettuce , but he considers it inadequate . Meanwhile , in the alternate timeline , Future Trunks meets up with Future Mai . Future Trunks tells her that his mother has sacrificed herself so he could escape and return to the past to save his world . Back on Beerus ' planet , Goku , Vegeta , Beerus , and Whis discuss Zenō , who is the `` King of Universes '' . Beerus says that Zenō is the most powerful being there is . Whis says that Zenō is also able to erase entire universes as there had originally been 18 universes instead of the current 12 universes . In the alternate timeline , Future Trunks and Future Mai are eating and resting . They discuss about going back 17 years in the past , where Future Trunks ' friends would be . They make their way to Capsule Corporation . They stumble upon a vortex in the sky out of which arrives the mysterious enemy that the two have been running away from . Future Trunks tells Future Mai to go on ahead as he draws his sword . He tries to face the enemy but to no avail . In order to save Future Trunks and give him a chance to escape , Future Mai acts as a decoy . Future Mai is hit by the enemy 's blast and seemingly killed on the spot . Future Trunks is enraged and looks at the enemy , who is revealed to be a Goku look - alike being named Goku Black ( ゴクウブラック , Gokū Burakku ) . 48 `` Hope ! ! Once More Awaken in the Present , Trunks '' / `` Hope ! Redux Awaken in the Present , Trunks '' `` Kibō ! ! Futatabi - Imade mezame yo Torankusu '' ( HOPE ( きぼう ) ! ! 再び現在で目覚めよトランクス ) June 19 , 2016 January 27 , 2018 Goku Black taunts Future Trunks as he could not save any of his family or friends . Future Trunks powers up to Super Saiyan to fight Goku Black , but he is outmatched . He distracts Goku Black with an energy attack and quickly boards the Time Capsule and escapes 17 years into the past . Goku Black is frustrated that he can not find Trunks in the future timeline . Meanwhile in the present timeline , Trunks is studying in class along with Pilaf 's Gang . During a recess break , Trunks feels strange and looks at the sky to observe the Time Capsule arriving with Future Trunks inside . He immediately calls for his mother . Bulma contacts Vegeta and Goku who are training on Beerus ' planet . Bulma asks Trunks to power up in order for Goku to be able to teleport himself and Vegeta to their location . Whis and Beerus also arrive to see Future Trunks . Vegeta asks Goku to get some Senzu beans . Goku goes to Korin 's place to get some Senzu beans . Future Trunks regains consciousness thanks to the Senzu bean . Upon spotting Goku , Future Trunks recalls Goku Black 's attacks and immediately charges towards Goku , which shocks everyone around . 49 `` A Message from the Future - Goku Black Strikes ! '' / `` A Message From the Future - The Incursion of Goku Black ! '' `` Mirai kara no messēji - Gokū Burakku shūrai ! '' ( 未来からのメッセージゴクウブラック襲来 ! ) June 26 , 2016 February 3 , 2018 Goku manages to fight off Future Trunks . Bulma manages to calm down Future Trunks . Future Trunks gets clued in as to where he had ended up . He is also introduced to Beerus and Whis . Future Trunks apologizes to Goku for attacking him . Future Trunks explains that he was unaware that Goku was revived after sacrificing himself to defeat Cell , and the new enemy he is facing looks just like him . Both Goku and Vegeta are intrigued by this enemy . They decide to help him . Meanwhile in an alternate timeline , Goku Black is searching for Future Trunks . Realizing Future Trunks escaped using a time - traveling machine , Goku Black decides to go after him . Goku and Future Trunks decide to have a quick fight to determine each other 's power . Goku easily defeats Future Trunks , but Future Trunks warns Goku that Goku Black is a lot more powerful . While Goku and Future Trunks discuss more about Goku Black , a portal opens above them . Goku Black comes out of the portal and introduces himself . 50 `` Goku vs. Black ! The Closed Path to the Future '' / `` Goku vs. Black ! A Closed - Off Road to the Future '' `` Gokū VS Burakku ! Tozasareta mirai e no michi '' ( 悟空 VS ブラック ! 閉ざされた未来への道 ) July 3 , 2016 February 10 , 2018 Goku Black arrives in the past . Future Trunks decides to fight Goku Black , but Vegeta stops him . Curious to know how powerful Goku Black really is , Goku decides to fight him . Neither of them seems to be particularly interested in their fight . Goku decides to transform into a Super Saiyan . Goku Black proves to be no match for powered - up Goku . Future Trunks wonders why Goku does not simply destroy his opponent . Goku Black tries to power up but before he is able to , Goku thwarts him . While Goku and Goku Black fight , the time portal starts to disappear . It also starts dragging Goku Black towards itself . Goku Black realizes this . He destroys the Time Machine as soon as he had been dragged into it , which prevents others to return to the future . With Goku Black suddenly gone , Goku wonders where his enemy could have disappeared . Whis explains that Goku Black used a time - traveling method only Supreme Kai know about . Bulma decides to search for the other Time Machine that Cell used to travel back in time . Just as Goku Black reappears in the future timeline , Future Mai regains consciousness . 51 5 `` Feelings That Travel Beyond Time - Trunks and Mai '' / `` Feelings That Transcend Time : Trunks and Mai '' `` Toki o koeta omoi - Torankusu to Mai '' ( 時をこえた想いトランクスとマイ ) July 10 , 2016 February 17 , 2018 Bulma finds the Time Machine that Cell used to travel to the past and promptly gathers the team to repair it . While Future Trunks is waiting for Bulma to finish the repairs , Goku heads off to King Kai 's planet to train . Future Trunks and Mai discuss their counterparts from alternate timelines . Future Trunks explains to Mai that Future Mai was a leader of Earth 's resistance movement who died fighting to protect the planet . He also mentions Goku Black 's ultimate goal , which is to eliminate all humans who are seen as inferior beings . Determined to find Goku Black , Beerus and Whis search for the villain 's energy signature . Meanwhile , Goku Black is surprised that he had grown stronger fighting Goku . He seeks to fight him again to become even stronger . 52 6 `` Teacher and Student Reunited - Son Gohan and `` Future '' Trunks '' / `` Master and Pupil Reunited Gohan and `` Future '' Trunks ! '' `` Shitei saikai - Son Gohan to `` Mirai '' Torankusu '' ( 師弟再会孫悟飯と `` 未来 '' トランクス ) July 17 , 2016 February 24 , 2018 Bulma and her team are still repairing the Time Machine . Piccolo and Krillin are mending the damages in the wake of Goku 's fight with Goku Black . Piccolo mentions that Gohan had changed since he is not the pupil he had trained years ago . He is dissatisfied with the fact that Gohan decided to abandon his training to become a scholar . Future Trunks is surprised by Piccolo 's point of view . Piccolo and Krillin suggest that Future Trunks should meet their timeline 's Gohan . Future Trunks meets Gohan at Gohan 's house , and the two discuss their shared future . Gohan introduces Future Trunks to his family . Shortly afterwards , Future Trunks leaves for the Capsule Corporation . Meanwhile , Goku , Beerus , and Whis travel to another universe , where they had detected Goku Black 's energy . 53 7 `` Uncover Black 's Identity ! To the Sacred World of the Kais ! '' / `` Uncover Black 's Identity ! Off to the 10th Universe 's World of the Kai 's ! '' `` Burakku no shōtai o abake ! Iza dai 10 uchū no kaiōshin kai e ! '' ( ブラックの正体を暴け ! いざ第 10 宇宙の界王神界へ ! ) July 31 , 2016 March 3 , 2018 Goku , Beerus , and Whis arrive on Universe Ten 's Sacred World of the Kais . They meet the Supreme Kai beings called Zamasu ( ザマス ) , who is an apprentice Supreme Kai , and Gowasu ( ゴワス ) , who is the Supreme Kai and Zamasu 's master . Gowasu shows himself to be a kind hearted Supreme Kai who loves all creation , while Zamasu despises mortals . Goku is excited by the idea of fighting a Supreme Kai . He asks Zamasu to spar with him . Zamasu objects to fighting Goku , but he is asked to fight by Gowasu . Zamasu is baffled to learn that he is no match for Goku . Beerus and Whis realize that the energy they had detected is actually that of Zamasu . Goku , Beerus , and Whis head back to Universe Seven 's Earth . On Earth , Krillin introduces Future Trunks to his wife , Android 18 , and his daughter , Marron . 54 8 `` The One Who Inherits the Saiyan Blood - Trunk 's Resolve '' / `` He Who is of Saiyan Blood Trunks 's Resolve '' `` Saiya - jin no chiohikumono - Torankusu no ketsui '' ( サイヤ人の血をひく者トランクスの決意 ) August 7 , 2016 March 10 , 2018 Bulma and her team put the finishing touches to the rebuilt Time Machine . Meanwhile , Vegeta wants to test Future Trunks ' power to see how strong his son had become . Future Trunks proves to be no match for Vegeta at his full power . Future Trunks is outmatched in every way . However , Future Trunks finds this fact reassuring . Knowing how powerful Vegeta and Goku have become , he is certain that Goku Black will not be much of a threat . Vegeta is disappointed and angry with Future Trunks . Vegeta believes that Saiyans should continually strive to grow stronger and not only when enemies present themselves . On Beerus ' planet , Beerus and Whis are about to eat dinner . Suddenly , Grand Zenō contacts them and tells them that he wishes to meet Goku , which shocks Beerus and Whis . 55 9 `` I Want to See Son Goku - Zen - Oh Sama 's Summoning ! '' / `` I 'd Like to See Goku , You See A Summons from Grand Zeno ! '' `` Son Gokū ni aitai no ne - Zenō - sama kara no yobidashi ! '' ( 孫悟空に会いたいのね全王様からのよびだし ! ) August 21 , 2016 March 17 , 2018 Whis and Beerus are worried over Grand Zenō 's request to meet Goku and what it could mean for their universe . They do not want Goku to meet Grand Zenō out of fear that he would come across as crude and offensive . Whis and Beerus reluctantly decide to heed Grand Zenō 's request . They tell Goku to keep quiet about their plans regarding Goku Black and time - traveling . Beerus instructs Whis to let nothing happen to the Supreme Kai of Universe Seven . It is revealed that if a Supreme Kai dies then the God of Destruction from the same universe dies as well . In Universe Ten on Planet Babari ( 惑星ババリ , Wakusei Babari ) , Zamasu kills one of the natives after it tried to attack them . Gowasu scolds his student and says such behavior goes against his teaching of maintaining the balance between good and evil . Zamasu flouts that mindset and argues that the only way to maintain balance is to eradicate mortals . As Zamasu stands in the wind , rose petals start to whirl around him , which gives an allusion to distinctive red energy of Goku Black . Goku , Whis , and Universe Seven 's Supreme Kai arrive at Grand Zenō 's palace . Grand Zenō says that all he wanted was a friend to play with when he feels like having fun . Goku promises that he will find more friends for him to play with . Before Goku leaves , Grand Zenō gives him a button and says to press it if Goku ever wants to summon him . Shortly afterwards , Goku , Beerus , and Whis leave for Earth , where the Time Machine has been repaired . Goku , Vegeta , and Future Trunks arrive into Future Trunks ' alternate timeline . As soon as they arrive , Goku is attacked by the Earth 's resistance forces who mistook him for Goku Black . 56 10 `` Rematch With Goku Black ! Super Saiyan Rosé Appears '' / `` Rematch with Goku Black ! Enter Super Saiyan Rosé '' `` Saisen Gokū Burakku ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Roze tōjō ! ! '' ( 再戦ゴクウブラック ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ人ロゼ登場 ! ! ) August 28 , 2016 March 24 , 2018 Future Trunks quickly pacifies the resistance fighters . He explains that he has returned with Goku and Vegeta to defeat Goku Black . The fighters reveal that Future Mai has left them with an action plan in case Goku Black appears . Future Trunks , Goku , and Vegeta leave and meet Future Mai at her hideout . Future Mai explains that after she managed to escape , she stumbled on a group of resistance members who took her in . However , their refuge was soon attacked and destroyed by Goku Black . Goku spots Future Yajirobe ( 未来のヤジロベー , Mirai no Yajirobē ) , who Future Trunks believed to be dead in the resistance 's ranks . Future Yajirobe reveals that his life was saved by a Senzu bean , which Korin had given him . Vegeta states that he plans to take on Goku Black alone this time . Goku suggests that they play a game of Rock - paper - scissors to decide who gets to fight first . Vegeta accepts the proposal and wins . Meanwhile , Goku Black is wandering the desolate ruins of the Future Earth . Future Trunks , Goku , and Vegeta suddenly appear near him . Vegeta powers up and engages Goku Black who seems to be completely uninterested . Goku Black transforms into a pink - haired Super Saiyan and fights Vegeta . He dubs the form Super Saiyan Rosé ( 超サイヤ人ロゼ , Sūpā Saiya - jin Roze ) following Goku 's naming pattern . Goku Black tells Vegeta that their fight only made him stronger . Vegeta and Goku Black exchange a few blows . Vegeta knocks him away . Vegeta charges in to attack again . Goku Black uses his ki to form an energy blade on his hand and stabs Vegeta in the chest , which critically wounds him . Goku quickly powers up and charges at Goku Black . As the two fight , Future Trunks thinks they are evenly matched , but Vegeta notices that Goku Black has an advantage over Goku as well . Just as Goku Black begins charging his attack , Zamasu appears and stops the fight . He urges Goku Black to allow him to kill Goku just as they have agreed . 57 11 `` The God With the Immortal Body - Zamasu Descends '' / `` The God With the Invulnerable Body : The Advent of Zamasu '' `` Fujimi no karada o motsu kami - Zamasu kōrin '' ( 不死身の体を持つ神ザマス降臨 ) September 4 , 2016 March 31 , 2018 Zamasu appears unexpectedly from the sky . He states that he and Goku Black are `` kindred spirits '' who want a world without mortals . Goku challenges Zamasu to a fight and Zamasu accepts . During the fight , Goku Black suddenly comes between Goku and Zamasu and smashes Goku into a corner . Future Trunks appears and attacks Goku Black . Goku Black uses Goku 's Kamehameha blast at Goku and Future Trunks . They fail to dodge it . As Goku Black and Zamasu use their combined power to finish off Goku and Future Trunks , Vegeta steps in and saves Goku and Future Trunks . Vegeta is badly wounded . Future Yajirobe swoops in to rescue wounded Goku and Future Trunks and takes them to a safer location . Before Goku Black and Zamasu are able to finish off Vegeta , Future Mai and the resistance soldiers intervene and rescue Vegeta . Goku and the others return to their timeline using the Time Machine . Future Mai and Future Yajirobe are left behind . 58 12 `` Zamasu and Black - The Mystery of the Two Deepens '' / `` Zamasu and Black - The Two Mysterious of the Deepens '' `` Zamasu to Burakku - Fukamaru futari no nazo '' ( ザマスとブラック深まる二人の謎 ) September 11 , 2016 April 7 , 2018 Wanting to learn more about the Super Dragon Balls , Zamasu visits Master Zuno 's planet . Under duress , Master Zuno explains exactly how the Super Dragon Balls work and where they are . At Capsule Corporation , Bulma nurses Goku , Vegeta , and Future Trunks back to health . Beerus and Whis arrive with Supreme Kai . After listening to what happened in the alternate timeline , Whis posits a theory as to what exactly Zamasu is planning . He believes that , after losing to Goku , Zamasu became obsessed with Goku and his incredible power . Zamasu needed an ally as powerful as Goku to achieve his goal of obliterating mortals . Goku Black was therefore supposed to be a copy of Goku and created using the Super Dragon Balls . Whis also adds his earlier theory about how Goku Black is able to time travel using Supreme Kai 's method . He believes that their timeline 's Zamasu is the one who is going to kill Gowasu and give Goku Black the time - traveling device known as the Time Ring ( 時の指輪 , Toki no yubiwa ) . Supreme Kai takes Goku , Beerus , and Whis to Universe Ten to warn Gowasu , while Vegeta stays behind . They arrive to the Supreme Kai Realm ( 界王神界 , Kaiōshin Kai ) , where they meet Gowasu . Gowasu explains that Zamasu has left on what he called an important mission . Goku tries to warn Gowasu of what Zamasu has done in the future , but Beerus promptly silences him . They wonder if Gowasu noticed anything wrong with his apprentice . Gowasu mentions the doubts Zamasu has had regarding the role of the Supreme Kai and their relationship with mortals , but it should not be a cause for concern . Just as Gowasu finishes , Zamasu arrives . 59 13 `` Protect Supreme Kai Gowasu - Destroy Zamasu ! '' `` Kaiōshin Gowasu o mamore - Zamasu o hakai seyo ! '' ( 界王神ゴワスを守れザマスを破壊せよ ! ) September 25 , 2016 April 14 , 2018 Whis gifts Gowasu with rice cakes and says that he and the others did not mean to disturb Zamasu and him . They leave shortly after . While they are in space , Whis uses his staff to eavesdrop on Gowasu and Zamasu . They watch as Zamasu kills Gowasu . Whis turns back time so that Goku can save Gowasu . Zamasu claims he did not plan on killing Gowasu , but Whis tells him otherwise . Angered that his plan has failed , Zamasu tries to kill Goku . Beerus saves Goku and kills Zamasu . With the present day Zamasu killed , Goku and the others decide to track down Goku Black . In the alternate timeline , Zamasu and Goku Black are discussing Goku Black 's power . 60 14 `` Back to the Future - Goku Black 's Identity Is Revealed ! ! '' / `` Futatabi mirai e - Akasareru Gokū Burakku no shōtai ! ! '' ( 再び未来へ明かされるゴクウブラックの正体 ! ! ) October 2 , 2016 TBA With Zamasu defeated , Beerus is convinced that Future Trunks ' timeline has become peaceful once again . Although hesitant , Future Trunks decides to go back to his timeline to make sure that is the case . Goku , Vegeta , and Bulma accompany him . As soon as they arrive , they realize that nothing has changed . Future Zamasu and Goku Black learn of Goku and the others ' return . The two groups meet shortly after . Goku Black reveals himself to be the version of Zamasu who successfully killed Gowasu and was apparently erased by Whis ' time powers ; he had protected himself by using the Time Ring . Afterwards , he stole the body of his timeline 's Goku with the wish granted by the Super Dragon Balls . Goku Black used its potential to grow stronger than Goku himself . 61 15 `` Zamasu 's Ambition - The Awful `` Zero Mortal Plan '' Is Revealed '' / `` Zamasu no yabō - Katarareru kyōfu no `` Ningen 0 keikaku '' '' ( ザマスの野望語られる恐怖の『人間 0 計画』 ) October 9 , 2016 TBA Future Zamasu reveals himself to be Zamasu from Future Trunks ' alternate timeline , who used the Super Dragon Balls in this timeline to wish for immortality . Goku fights Goku Black and Future Zamasu , but he is outmatched by the two villains . Goku Black tells Goku that after taking over his body , he killed Chi - Chi and Goten just to spite him . Enraged , Goku takes on both of the villains . He is initially able to hold his own , but he is soon overpowered and knocked out . With Goku defeated , Future Trunks and Vegeta are backed into a corner . Future Zamasu holds Future Trunks and his constant time - traveling responsible for thwarting his plan to eradicate all mortals . This infuriates Future Trunks , who explodes and transforms into an immensely powerful new form of Super Saiyan . 62 16 `` I 'll Protect the World ! Trunks ' Furious Super Power Explodes ! ! '' / `` Sekai wa ore ga mamoru ! Torankusu ikari no sūpā pawā sakuretsu ! ! '' ( 世界はオレが守る ! トランクス怒りの超 ( スーパー ) パワー炸裂 ! ! ) October 16 , 2016 TBA While Future Trunks ' new form is enough to match Goku Black , Future Trunks is still unable to deal the death blow . Future Trunks tells Vegeta to take Goku back to the past , while he faces their opponents . Goku Black attempts to prevent them from escaping , but he fails to do so . Goku , Vegeta , and Bulma arrive in the present . Vegeta explains what happened in Future Trunks ' timeline and Goku Black 's origin to Beerus and Whis . Believing they had done their part , Beerus and Whis leave . Meanwhile , Chi - Chi and Gohan meet with Krillin to ask if he knows where Goku went . Krillin hesitates and dodges the question . They leave for Bulma 's house to ask her the same question . Once there , they meet Goku in bandages . With everyone present , Piccolo thinks of a new plan . He proposes using Evil Containment Wave ( 魔封波 , Mafūba ) , which is an ancient technique used to seal demons in jars . Wondering what the Evil Containment Wave is , Goku quickly teleports to Kame House . Goku spends the night at Master Roshi 's house training to master the Evil Containment Wave , while Vegeta trains in the Hyberbolic Time Chamber . 63 17 `` Do n't Disrespect Saiyan Cells ! Vegeta 's Heroic Battle Begins ! ! '' / `` Saiya - jin no saibō o kegasu na ! Bejīta no sōzetsu batoru kaien ! ! '' ( サイヤ人の細胞を汚すな ! ベジータの壮絶バトル開演 ! ! ) October 23 , 2016 TBA Before Goku Black and Zamasu are able to kill him , Future Trunks is saved by the resistance . Future Yajirobe informs Future Trunks that Mai has found Goku Black 's hideout . Future Trunks leaves for the hideout . Mai tries to shoot Goku Black , but she misses her shot . Just as Goku Black and Zamasu try to retaliate , Future Trunks intervenes in the nick of time . Future Trunks fights the two again without success . Goku and Vegeta arrive just in time to save him . Goku Black destroys the Time Machine , but Bulma manages to salvage what was left by dousing the fire . Gowasu and Supreme Kai arrive from the past to stop Zamasu from going on a killing spree . Goku Black and Future Zamasu explain that they killed all of the Supreme Kais in the future timeline ; during the conversation , it is revealed that Whis and those like him are actually angels . Goku Black tries to kill Gowasu , but Goku and Vegeta stop him . Goku fights Future Zamasu , while Vegeta battles Goku Black . Bulma begins repairing the Time Machine and asks Future Trunks to prepare the seal , which Goku has brought to seal Zamasu . Vegeta gets the upper hand over Goku Black due to his latest training , which he interprets as a tipping point in his latent power that he possesses as the Prince of Saiyans . 64 18 `` Revere Him ! Praise Him ! Fusion Zamasu 's Explosive Birth ! ! '' / `` Agameyo ! Tataeyo ! Gattai Zamasu bakutan ! ! '' ( 崇めよ ! 讃えよ ! 合体ザマス爆誕 ! ! ) October 30 , 2016 TBA Vegeta continues to overpower Goku Black . Future Zamasu attempts to intervene , but Goku cuts him off . Goku Black realizes that Vegeta 's increased power comes from his anger and uses that method to increase his own power . Goku Black distracts Goku and Vegeta by creating many energy duplicates of himself to confuse them , while Future Zamasu goes after Future Trunks , Mai , and Bulma . Bulma attempts to buy time for Future Trunks to prepare the Evil Containment Wave by flirting with Future Zamasu . However , he sees through her trick and knocks her out . This angers Future Trunks , who powers up to his new Super Saiyan form and uses the Evil Containment Wave on Future Zamasu . The Evil Containment Wave works on Future Zamasu , who is sealed within the jar . However , in the present , Master Roshi realizes that he forgot to give Goku the paper amulet that would make the seal permanent . As a result , the seal fails and Future Zamasu breaks out of the jar , which weakened him . Goku Black goes to help him , and Goku and Vegeta follow in pursuit . Realizing that they have underestimated their enemies , Goku Black and Future Zamasu use their Potarra Earrings to fuse into a single immensely powerful being known as Fusion Zamasu . 65 19 `` Is This the Final Judgement ? ! The Ultimate Power of the Absolute God '' / `` Saigo no shipan ka ! ? Zettai shin no kyūkyoku no pawā '' ( 最後の審判か ! ? 絶対神の究極の力 ( パワー ) ) November 6 , 2016 TBA Fusion Zamasu explains that he possesses the immortality of Future Zamasu as well as Goku Black 's Saiyan ability to grow stronger from each fight . He shows off his power and devastates the Earth in the process . Meanwhile , Future Trunks decides to rejoin the fight , while Mai and Bulma are working on the Time Machine . Goku and Vegeta fight Fusion Zamasu , but they are easily defeated . Future Trunks joins the fight , but he is also overpowered . Fusion Zamasu begins charging up an enormous ki blast known as the Holy Wrath to destroy the planet . Future Trunks uses a last - ditch Galick Gun attack to hold him off . Vegeta joins the clash with his own all - out Galick Gun . Surprisingly , their combined attack overpowers Fusion Zamasu 's attack and saves the Earth . However , Fusion Zamasu survives unscathed . Vegeta barely saves Future Trunks from a deadly attack by Fusion Zamasu . Vegeta gets knocked out by the blast . Fusion Zamasu charges a second attack , but Goku rejoins the fight and counters it with his Kamehameha attack . 66 20 `` The Climactic Battle ! The Miraculous Power of a Relentless Warrior ! '' / `` Kessen ! Akiramenai senshi - tachi no kiseki no pawā ! '' ( 決戦 ! あきらめない戦士たちの奇跡の力 ( パワー ) ! ) November 13 , 2016 TBA Goku puts all of his power into his Kamehameha , which is able to pierce through Fusion Zamasu 's attack and stop him from destroying Earth . In the wake of the explosion , Goku is exhausted , and Fusion Zamasu is injured . When Fusion Zamasu grabs him , Goku overpowers him using his Kaio - ken technique , and knocks Fusion Zamasu back temporarily . However , Goku 's use of the Kaio - ken drains all of his energy , and he collapses . Fusion Zamasu regains consciousness and powers up , but he still does not heal properly . Vegeta wonders why Fusion Zamasu is not healing . Gowasu explains that Fusion Zamasu must be mortal since Goku Black was as well . Goku decides that the only way they can win is for him and Vegeta to fuse using Supreme Kai 's Potarra Earrings . Vegeta initially refuses until Gowasu explains that a Potarra fusion that does not involve a Kai only lasts for one hour . Goku and Vegeta fuse to become Vegito . Vegito powers up to Super Saiyan Blue , dubbing himself `` Vegito Blue '' , and begins fighting Fusion Zamasu . Vegito quickly gains the advantage , but Fusion Zamasu grows even stronger . Gowasu explains that Zamasu 's mutation is a result of his anger manifesting in physical form . Meanwhile , Bulma and Mai finish repairing the Time Machine . Mai gives Future Trunks his broken sword , which inspires him to keep fighting . Future Trunks uses his power to restore the sword . Vegito and Fusion Zamasu continue fighting . Vegito is winning until his fusion abruptly ends , due to strain from his immense power . Fusion Zamasu begins to pummel Goku and Vegeta until Future Trunks arrives to help . Future Trunks unknowingly begins gathering energy from all living things on Earth , creating a Spirit Bomb , which he then channels into his sword . With this new power , Future Trunks runs his sword through Fusion Zamasu and cuts him in half . 67 21 `` With New Hope ! ! In Our Hearts - Farewell , Trunks '' / `` Aratana kibō ! ! O mune ni - saraba Torankusu '' ( 新たな HOPE ( きぼう ) ! ! を胸にさらばトランクス ) November 20 , 2016 TBA Fusion Zamasu expresses his disbelief that a mortal could defeat him and then disintegrates . However , as everyone exchanges congratulations , Fusion Zamasu 's essence returns and begins spreading over the entire planet . Gowasu explains that Zamasu has cast off his physical form and is trying to physically merge his spirit and energy with the entire universe . Zamasu begins raining destruction down on the Earth and annihilates everything and everyone on the planet except Goku and the others . Zamasu 's power is even felt in the present timeline , where Beerus and Whis sense it . Goku looks for another Senzu bean in his pocket , but instead he finds the button that Grand Zenō gave him in the present timeline . Goku presses the button and Future Grand Zenō appears . After Goku explains the situation , Future Grand Zenō decides to erase the future timeline due to the corruption that Zamasu has caused . Gowasu and Supreme Kai teleport away , while Goku and the others escape using the Time Machine . Future Grand Zenō erases the entire future timeline and Fusion Zamasu . After the others return to the present , Goku and Future Trunks return to what is left of the future timeline . They retrieve Future Grand Zenō and bring him back to the present with them . Goku and Whis bring Future Grand Zenō to meet the present Grand Zenō , which fulfills Goku 's promise to provide the present Grand Zenō with a friend to play with . Whis also meets another angel , the Grand Minister ( 大神官 , Daishinkan ) , who is revealed to be his father , and invites him to visit Universe Seven . In the aftermath , Whis devises a solution for Future Trunks and Future Mai . Whis explains that they can return to the future timeline before Zamasu became a threat , which would create a new and safe version of the future timeline with the price of there being two duplicates of both Future Trunks and Future Mai living in the new timeline . Future Trunks and Future Mai accept Whis ' solution and use the time machine to travel to their new future . 68 22 `` Come Forth , Shenron ! Whose Wish Will Be Granted ? ! '' / `` Ideyo Shenlong ! Kanaeru negai wa dare no mono ! ? '' ( いでよ神龍 ( シェンロン ) ! 叶える願いは誰のもの ! ? ) November 27 , 2016 TBA Bulma is secretly trying to build a new Time Machine , but she has so far been unsuccessful . Goku decides to gather the Dragon Balls and use them to revive King Kai . However , Bulma wants to use them to acquire a rare mineral that she needs for the Time Machine , which can only be found at the Earth 's core . Wanting to taste more Earth food , Beerus and Whis return to Earth . Bulma takes them to a seafood restaurant and attempts to keep them from finding out about the Time Machine as they had previously forbidden her from making another Time Machine . Goku gathers the Dragon Balls and summons Shenron . Before Goku can make his wish , several others show up who want to make their respective wishes . As the others are all fighting over the wishes , Gohan arrives with Pan , who is sick and suffering from a severe fever . Goku and the others immediately allow Gohan to use one of the two wishes to heal Pan . After Gohan and Pan leave , the others resume fighting over the remaining wish . Bulma manages to talk everyone else out of making wishes by solving their problems herself . Goku still insists on getting his wish granted . Bulma agrees , but she convinces Goku to go to the Earth 's core and retrieve the rare mineral she needs in exchange for letting him use the wish . Beerus and Whis finish eating and leave the restaurant . They spot Shenron and promptly go to the scene , and they find Goku at the Earth 's core . Having deduced that Bulma is trying to make another Time Machine , Beerus destroys both the mineral and the Time Machine . Just as Goku is about to make his wish , the Dragon Balls deactivate and scatter around the Earth . Goku promises to revive King Kai as soon as the Dragon Balls reactivate . 69 23 `` Goku vs. Arale ! A Ridiculous Battle Will End the Earth ? ! '' / `` Gokū VS Arare ! Hachamechabatoru de Chikyū ga owaru ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS アラレ ! ハチャメチャバトルで地球が終わる ! ? ) December 4 , 2016 TBA Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks attend a science competition that Bulma is participating in , which is hosted by Mr. Satan , while Goku is hired to work security for the event . Dr. Senbei Norimaki of Penguin Village , who has created a device that can create any item its user can think of out of thin air , wins the award . Dr. Norimaki 's nemesis , Dr. Mashirito , appears as a ghost , and reveals that he has used a chemical called Playtine - X to gain control over Norimaki 's powerful robot daughter , Arale Norimaki . Vegeta attempts to stop Arale , but her overwhelming strength and seeming ability to defy the laws of physics are too much for him . She sends him flying into the distance . Goku transforms into Super Saiyan Blue and begins fighting Arale . They initially seem to be evenly matched , but it becomes apparent that their battle could easily destroy the Earth . Dr. Norimaki is able to use his new invention to distract Arale temporarily . Meanwhile , Bulma uses the invention to conjure up a mass of delicious food , which immediately attracts Beerus , who had been taking a nap . Dr. Mashirito confronts Beerus , who promptly obliterates him . Beerus also easily overpowers Arale . Just as Beerus is about to destroy her , the food he has eaten causes him severe stomach pain , which prompts him to rush home with Whis immediately . Shortly after , Dr. Norimaki and Arale leave and return home . Goku and Arale agree to fight again in the future . 70 24 `` Champa 's Challenge ! This Time We Fight with Baseball ! ! '' / `` Shanpa kara no chōsen - jō ! Kondo wa yakyū de shōbuda ! ! '' ( シャンパからの挑戦状 ! 今度は野球で勝負だ ! ! ) December 11 , 2016 TBA Champa contacts Beerus and challenges him to a game of baseball ( 野球 , Yakyū ) as a way of reconciling Universes Six and Seven . The baseball game is arranged to be held on Universe Seven 's Earth . Champa explains to Vados that he intends to use the game as an opportunity to steal food from Earth . The game begins with Goku initially unsuccessful as the pitcher for Beerus ' team due to his lack of experience . Yamcha , who has extensive experience playing baseball , steps up and gives the Universe Seven team an advantage . However , he is injured several times over the course of the game by Vegeta , who is playing on the Universe Six team with Champa . Champa and Beerus end up fighting , which almost destroys the planet . Whis and Vados intervene and call the game off . Vados reveals that Yamcha , despite his injuries , made it to home plate and scored a run before the game was called off , thereby winning the game for Universe Seven . Champa and his team return to Universe Six . Champa has seemingly forgotten his goal of stealing Universe Seven 's Earth 's food , as he has already become obsessed with training to prepare for a rematch . 71 25 `` The Death of Goku ! The Guaranteed Assassination Mission '' / `` Gokū shisu ! Zettai shikkō no ansatsu ninrai ! '' ( 悟空死す ! 絶対執行の暗殺任頼 ) December 18 , 2016 TBA Goku begins acting strangely . He admits to Gohan and Goten that he thinks someone wants to kill him . Meanwhile , in Universe Six , Hit carries out an assassination mission by killing a crime boss . His next target is revealed to be Goku . Goku senses Hit coming and flies to a remote area so that their fight would not put anyone else in danger . Hit arrives to kill Goku . Goku charges at Hit , but he can not hit him . Hit seemingly kills Goku with a single blow to the chest and disappears just before Piccolo , Gohan , and Goten arrive and find Goku 's body . 72 26 `` Will There Be a Counterattack ? ! The Invisible Killing Strike ! ! '' / `` Hangeki naruka ! ? Mienai koroshi no waza ! ! '' ( 反撃なるか ! ? 見えない殺しの技 ! ! ) December 25 , 2016 TBA Piccolo tries to revive Goku to no avail , but Goku had fired an energy blast in the air shortly before he was killed , reviving him . Goku learns that Hit 's assassination technique is an invisible energy blast . Goku shocks Hit by being the first person to ever dodge this technique , but he is still unable to land a blow on Hit and remains at a disadvantage . Meanwhile , Champa and Vados come to see the fight . They are later joined by Vegeta , Beerus , and Whis . Vados explains how Hit is able to use his secret technique , which makes him seemingly untouchable . In the midst of the battle , Goku fires his Kamehameha attack , which proves to be powerful enough to knock out both Hit and himself . In the aftermath , Goku reveals to Vegeta , Champa , and Beerus that he had hired Hit , because he wanted to fight him at full strength , and that Whis and Vados were involved in his plan as well . 73 27 `` Gohan 's Misfortune ! An Unexpected Great Saiyaman Movie ? ! '' / `` Gohan no sainan ! Gurētosaiyaman masakano eiga ka ! ? '' ( 悟飯の災難 ! グレートサイヤマンまさかの映画化 ! ? ) January 8 , 2017 TBA Mr. Satan reveals to Videl and Gohan that he is starring in a new superhero film : `` Great Saiyaman vs. Mister Satan '' ! As Videl , Gohan , and Pan check out the film set , the lead in the film -- - a famous but self - absorbed actor named Barry Kahn -- becomes enamored with Videl and tries to woo her . Videl rejects Barry in front of the entire film crew , which angers him . Seeking revenge on Videl for his humiliation , Barry convinces Gohan to take over as the main stuntman for the film in order to embarrass and potentially maim him . As Gohan is the real Great Saiyaman , he uses his powers to easily take on the role . Gohan later dons the suit again for a fight against a pair of bank robbers . When the film crew accuses Gohan of using the suit and stopping the bank robbery , Bulma bails him out . However , Gohan 's identity is accidentally revealed to Cocoa , who is a starlet in the film . Cocoa blackmails Gohan into flying her around the city . Meanwhile , Jaco chases after a being known as Watagashi ( 綿餓死 ) , which is an extraterrestrial parasitic criminal that possesses its hosts . Suspecting that `` The Great Saiyaman '' might be the host of Watagashi , Jaco attacks Gohan with a vaporizing cannon . 74 28 `` For the Ones He Loves ! The Unbeatable Great Saiyaman ! ! '' / `` Aisuru mono no tame ni ! Fukutsu no Gurēto Saiyaman ! ! '' ( 愛するもののために ! 不屈のグレートサイヤマン ! ! ) January 15 , 2017 TBA Gohan manages to dodge Jaco 's cannon blast and learns of Watagashi 's ability to possess its hosts . Cocoa brings Gohan back to her apartment to rehearse , but she hides the fact that she was forced by Barry to let photos be taken of the pair for the tabloids . She has a secret change of heart and does not let the photos get taken in her room . When the pair go to the roof the next morning , Barry gets the pictures of Gohan getting a kiss from Cocoa and revealing himself as Great Saiyaman . Barry immediately brings the photos to Videl in an attempt to expose Gohan as a cheater . As he tries to woo Videl again , she sees through Barry 's act and refuses his advances . Watagashi finds and possesses Barry by turning him into a powerful monster in the process . The possessed Barry dispatches Gohan and kidnaps Pan . He seeks a final showdown with Gohan . Barry proves formidable . Gohan is nearly killed in the struggle . Videl and Pan express complete faith in Gohan 's desire to protect them and call out for his aid . Gohan transforms into `` Super Great Saiyaman '' and knocks out Barry , which separates him from Watagashi in the process . The film becomes a hit . Cocoa blackmails Barry into keeping Gohan 's secret with the knowledge that Barry was the monster that attacked the city . Now seeing him as less of a threat , Jaco lets Watagashi escape . 75 29 `` Goku and Krillin Back to the Old Training Grounds '' / `` Gokū to Kuririn - Natsukashi no shugyō no ba e '' ( 悟空とクリリン懐かしの修行の場へ ) January 22 , 2017 TBA Goku seeks a sparring partner to train with , but he laments being unable to find a suitable opponent . On Goten 's suggestion , Goku goes to ask Krillin , who is still working as a police officer . Krillin is grazed by a bullet during a shootout with a pair of burglars , but they are easily disarmed by Goku . Krillin declines Goku 's offer to spar . He knows he would be no challenge for Goku and that he has given up martial arts for good . Krillin is chastised by Android 18 , who says the strong man she fell in love with could never be harmed by a bullet . Her words lead Krillin to reconsider Goku 's offer and ultimately accepts it . The two leave for Master Roshi 's to train as they did when they were children . Krillin proves to be no match for Goku even though Goku is wearing a heavy suit as a handicap . Sensing Krillin 's self - doubt and believing that a different approach is needed , Master Roshi sends his students on a race to a heavily forested island to recover a rare herb . As a reward , Master Roshi offers to teach the winner a secret technique that can immensely increase the user 's strength . On the island , Goku and Krillin meet Fortuneteller Baba . They tell her about Master Roshi 's challenge . Interested to see what will happen , Baba decides to observe the race using her crystal ball . Goku and Krillin venture into the forest in search of the herb . As they enter , a heavy fog rolls in , where familiar foes emerge . 76 30 `` Defeat These Terrifying Enemies ! Krillin 's Fighting Spirit Returns ! '' / `` Kowa teki o uchiyabure ! Kuririn no tōshi futatabi ! '' ( 恐敵を打ち破れ ! クリリンの闘志ふたたび ! ) January 29 , 2017 TBA Android 18 arrives at Master Roshi 's house and searches for Krillin . Master Roshi and Fortuneteller Baba explain that Krillin and Goku have entered the `` Forest of Terror , '' which is a place where they have to face illusions of enemies that they had battled before . Master Roshi intended this exercise as a way to help Krillin overcome his lack of confidence . In the forest , Krillin is terrified by what he sees . Among the group of illusions are Tambourine , Frieza , Dabura , and Majin Buu , where all of them previously killed or seriously wounded Krillin . Overcome with fear , Krillin attempts to abandon the race and fly out of the forest . The trees move to block the entrance , which leave Goku and Krillin stranded . The illusions attack and separate Goku and Krillin . Krillin finds himself surrounded by the illusions , but his attacks only make them stronger . After slicing one in half , he discovers that they are powered by his own energy . He heeds Master Roshi 's training and calms himself down , which weakens the illusions . As a final challenge , Fortuneteller Baba summons an illusion of Super Shenron , which immediately ensnares Goku . Krillin quickly arrives and frees him . The two of them use a combined Kamehameha blast to destroy the illusion . The illusions turn into the rare herbs that Master Roshi wanted . Goku and Krillin return to Master Roshi 's house with bags full of the herb . Master Roshi admits that there is actually no secret technique . Krillin , who has regained his confidence , disagrees . Goku and Krillin soon leave . Krillin returns home , where Android 18 shaves his head . This signals Krillin 's decision to pick up his martial arts training once again . Season 5 : Universe Survival Saga ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 77 `` Let 's Do It , Zen - Oh Sama ! The All - Universe Martial Arts Tournament ! ! '' `` Yarou ze Zenō - sama ! Uchū ichi Budō - kai ! ! '' ( やろうぜ全王様 ! 宇宙一武道会 ! ! ) February 5 , 2017 TBA The Present Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō are playing a game together in their realm , but both have become bored with their monotonous routine . Meanwhile , Goku heads to a local farmer 's market to sell his produce and get Chi - Chi off his back about making money . On the way home , he is ambushed by some robbers . Goku defeats them , but he is injured in the process . Deciding that he has grown rusty , Goku and Goten decide to train with Whis . They head to the Capsule Corporation building , where Bulma reveals she is pregnant with her and Vegeta 's second child . Goten remains behind to train with Trunks . Vegeta declines to accompany Goku so that he can be with Bulma when she gives birth . Goku heads to Beerus ' planet alone . While training with Whis , Goku remembers Grand Zenō 's intention to hold a multiverse martial arts tournament . Heedless of Beerus and Whis ' warnings , Goku uses Grand Zenō 's button to head to his realm and convinces Present Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to hold the tournament . When he returns to Beerus ' planet , Beerus angrily berates Goku and explains that Grand Zenō naive and innocent nature combined with his extreme power makes him a danger to the multiverse . Beerus threatens to kill Goku if he steps out of line again . Goku , Beerus , and Whis head to the Sacred World of the Kais , where the Grand Minister arrives . He tells the group to assemble their ten most powerful warriors to compete in the `` Tournament of Power '' ( 力の大会 , Chikara no Taikai ) . 78 `` The Gods of Every Universe in Shock ? ! Losers Erased in the Tournament of Power '' `` Zen uchū no kami - sama mo don hiki ! ? Maketara shōmetsu `` Chikara no taikai '' '' ( 全宇宙の神様もドン引き ! ? 負けたら消滅「力の大会」 ) February 12 , 2017 TBA The Grand Minister explains the details of the `` Tournament of Power '' and states that it will be held on `` the World of Void '' . It is a place of `` infinite nothingness '' , where the competitors can fight without limits . The tournament champion will be granted a wish by the Super Dragon Balls , while the losers and their respective universes will be completely erased from existence . Everyone is horrified by this harsh penalty . Goku suggests asking Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to ignore it , but Whis advises against this . Whis tells Goku that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō has already made up his mind and attempting to change it could be dangerous . Beerus demands that Goku takes responsibility for asking Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to hold the tournament in the first place . Goku declares that he will defeat any opponent he faces . The Grand Minister also reveals that Universes 7 and 9 are to have a smaller exhibition tournament for Future Grand Zenō 's benefit . Each universe is to name three fighters . Goku sets off to recruit teammates . After Vegeta refuses , Goku recruits Gohan and Majin Buu , who is accompanied by Mr. Satan to represent Universe 7 . Goku also explains the potential penalty to Gohan . Gohan tells Goku to keep the stakes a secret to prevent mass panic . Back at Grand Zenō 's and Future Grand Zenō 's palace , all the gods from all 12 universes gather . The Grand Minister explains the purpose of the Zen Exhibition Match . He alludes to the possibility of Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō erasing the fighters that he deems unfit for the tournament . In the first round , Majin Buu is to fight Basil ( バジル , Bajiru ) , a humanoid canine fighter from Universe 9 . 79 `` Universe 9 's Basil the Kicker VS Universe 7 's Majin Buu ! ! '' `` Dai kyu uchū keri no Bajiru basasu Dai nana uchū Majinbū ! ! '' ( 第 9 宇宙蹴りのバジル VS 第 7 宇宙魔人ブウ ! ! ) February 19 , 2017 TBA Basil quickly gains the upper hand and beats down Majin Buu , who is not taking the fight seriously and thinks of it as a game . Goku goads Basil into showing his full power to get Majin Buu 's attention , which leads to Basil using his ultimate attack . As Roh ( ロウ , Rō ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 9 , claims victory , Majin Buu emerges with a hole in his stomach , but he is otherwise unmoved . Basil and Roh are shocked to see this . Mr. Satan is injured during the attack . He tells Majin Buu to beat Basil before falling unconscious . This enrages Majin Buu to the point , where he effortlessly beats Basil and knocks him out of the ring . However , since neither Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō is satisfied with the fight , Basil is allowed to get back into the ring . Roh gives Basil a drug that makes him far more powerful . Although Beerus demands that Basil is disqualified for obvious cheating , Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō is entertained by this and allows the fight to continue . The Grand Minister announces that the rules will be improvised as the tournament goes along . Basil overpowers Majin Buu and seemingly beats him , which causes Roh to prematurely gloat about the superiority of Universe 9 . However , Majin Buu emerges unscathed and launches a full power attack at Basil . This knocks him out and clinches Universe 7 the victory . As the Universe 9 team laments Basil 's loss , Basil 's second oldest brother Lavender ( ラベンダ , Rabenda ) says that if he is allowed to kill his opponent , which Bergamo gives him permission to do , he can win his match . Gohan volunteers to fight Lavender . 80 `` Awaken Your Sleeping Battle Spirit ! Son Gohan 's Fight ! ! '' `` Nemutta tōshi o yobisamase ! Son Gohan no tatakai ! ! '' ( 眠った闘志を呼び覚ませ ! 孫悟飯の闘い ! ! ) February 26 , 2017 TBA As their battle begins , Lavender spits a poison mist into Gohan 's eyes and blinds him . Shin offers Gohan a Senzu bean to cure the poison , but Gohan refuses and says he wants to fight with his strength alone . Unable to see , Gohan uses his other senses to track Lavender and scores several blows . Lavender counters by levitating , which eliminates the sound of his footsteps . Gohan responds by powering up to Super Saiyan and bouncing his own ki off of Lavender 's body , which uses it as a kind of active radar . Powering up also causes the poison to spread rapidly through Gohan 's body . Lavender mounts a comeback . In desperation , Gohan grabs hold of Lavender and launches a kamikaze attack . He drives both of their bodies into the ring at high speed . Lavender is knocked out , but Gohan is so weakened by the poison that he can not continue . With both fighters down , the match is declared a tie . After Goku feeds Gohan a Senzu bean , the Grand Minister announces to those in attendance that all universes that lose the Tournament of Power will be erased with their respective gods as well . However , Universes 1 , 5 , 8 , and 12 will be exempt from erasure as will the Angels from all universes because their inhabitants are particularly strong . Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō had long believed that there were too many universes . He was planning to erase most of them anyway , but the tournament will afford one of the weaker universes the chance to be spared . With the announcement concluded , the ring is repaired in preparation for the final exhibition match where Goku will fight Bergamo ( ベルガモ , Berugamo ) , Basil 's oldest brother who is also a humanoid canine . 81 5 `` Bergamo the Crusher Vs Son Goku ! Which One Wields the Limitless Power ? ! '' `` Tsubushi no Berugamo VS Son Gokū ! Aotenjō no tsuyosa wa dotchida ! ? '' ( 潰しのベルガモ VS 孫悟空 ! 青天井の強さはどっちだ ! ? ) March 5 , 2017 TBA Before their battle begins , Bergamo denounces Goku before the assembled gods . Bergamo pleads with Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to rescind the rule that the universes that lose the Tournament of Power be erased . Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō agree on the condition that Bergamo beats Goku in an all out battle . Grand Minister states that if Goku holds back to cancel the erasure , Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō will immediately erase all of the universes . Both Goku and Bergamo agree to the terms . When the fight begins , Bergamo invites Goku to hit him and leaves himself exposed . Goku obliges and strikes Bergamo several times , but Bergamo absorbs the energy of Goku 's attacks . He grows stronger and physically larger . Goku continues to attack , which causes Bergamo to grow so large that the ring begins to buckle under his weight . Goku transforms to Super Saiyan Blue , which shocks the gods and quickly overwhelms Bergamo with a Kaioken powered Kamehameha . Bergamo claims every universe participating in the Tournament of Power will seek vengeance on Goku for making them face erasure , but Goku relishes the idea of such a challenge . The Zen Exhibition Match comes to a close and the Tournament of Power will soon begin . The universe with the most fighters remaining or the last fighter standing will be declared the winner . Suddenly , a mysterious fighter from Universe 11 named Toppo ( トッポ ) appears and challenges Goku to a battle . Goku , who is unsatisfied after his short fight with Bergamo , agrees to fight Toppo . 82 6 `` Never Forgive Son Goku ! Toppo the Warrior of Justice Intrudes ! ! '' `` Son Gokū yurusumaji ! Seigi no senshi Toppo ran'nyū ! ! ! '' ( 孫悟空許すまじ ! 正義の戦士トッポ乱入 ! ! ) March 19 , 2017 TBA After obtaining Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō blessing to proceed , Goku and Toppo begin their battle . Toppo quickly gains the upper hand and dislocates Goku 's shoulder . Goku responds by attacking with a flurry of blows , but Toppo manages to grab Goku in a powerful bear hug . He begins squeezing the life out of Goku , which forces Goku to turn Super Saiyan Blue to escape . Goku gains the upper hand in this form and damages Toppo with a Kamehameha . Just as the two power up even more , the Grand Minister puts an end to the fight . As Toppo leaves , he reveals to Goku that Universe 11 has a warrior even stronger than him named Jiren ( ジレン ) . The Grand Minister begins creating a martial arts arena suitable for the Tournament of Power . In the Sacred World of the Kais , Beerus and Goku get into an argument over Goku 's constant relaxed and negligent attitude , which Whis breaks up . The group agrees to convene at the Capsule Corporation to discuss their future strategy . 83 7 `` Form the Universe 7 Representing Team ! Who are the Strongest Ten ? ! '' `` Dai - 7 uchū daihyō chīmu o kessei seyo ! Saikyō no 10 - ri wa dareda ? '' ( 第 7 宇宙代表チームを結成せよ ! 最強の 10 人は誰だ ! ? ) March 26 , 2017 TBA Goku and the others arrive at Capsule Corporation . They discuss who should be on the team . Goku immediately suggests Monaka , but Beerus tells him that Monaka is sick and can not participate . Goku and Gohan agree on Vegeta , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , No. 18 , and No. 17 , which would bring the total number of fighters up to nine . Trunks and Goten are ruled out due to their inexperience . They proceed to ask Vegeta , who has been thinking of a name for his second child . Vegeta refuses to participate . He says he will not fight , while Bulma is pregnant . Whis uses his time warping ability to birth the baby sooner than expected in order to get Vegeta to agree to the fight . Everyone celebrates the baby 's birth . Trunks is slightly disappointed he has a sister because he wanted to train with a younger brother . As soon as the baby is handed to Vegeta , he develops an attachment to her . Bulma names the baby Bulla even though Vegeta hoped to give her the Saiyan name Eschalot . However , Vegeta quickly accepts Bulla 's name . Goku leaves to recruit members and heads to Krillin 's house . 84 8 `` Son Goku the Recruiter Invites Krillin and No. 18 '' `` Sukautoman Son Gokū - Kuririn to 18 - gō o izanau '' ( スカウトマン孫悟空クリリンと 18 号を誘う ) April 2 , 2017 TBA Goku and Gohan arrive at Krillin 's house and ask him and No. 18 to join the Tournament of Power . No. 18 convinces Krillin to participate in order to put his newfound martial arts training to use . No. 18 is reluctant to join herself . She quickly suspects Goku and Gohan of hiding something from them , but Goku convinces her that the secret is a 10 million Zeni reward , which convinces her to participate . Gohan decides to test Krillin in a sparring match on the coast . After Gohan overpowers him in hand to hand combat , Krillin swiftly defeats Gohan by blinding him with his new move named Solar Flare x 100 and knocking him into the sea . Goku is excited by Krillin 's new power . He challenges him to a sparring match as well . They relocate to a building owned by Mr. Satan , where Krillin 's strategies make up for the gap in power , forcing Goku to go Super Saiyan . Goku then transforms into his Super Saiyan Blue form , and he and Krillin have a Kamehameha clash . As Goku increases his power and starts to overpower Krillin , No. 18 intervenes and blocks Goku 's Kamehameha , just as Krillin collapses from exhaustion . She justifies herself by noting that the Tournament of Power will be a battle royal and that Goku can not expect to fight one - on - one all the time . Goku concedes the match and realizes he will have to adjust his tactics in order to win the Tournament of Power . No. 18 reveals that No. 17 is currently working at a wildlife reserve , but she does not know where . Goku decides to ask Dende to find No. 17 . 85 9 `` The Universes Begin to Make Their Moves Their Individual Motives '' `` Ugokidasu uchū - sorezore no omowaku '' ( 動き出す宇宙 - それぞれの思惑 ) April 9 , 2017 TBA Gohan leaves to recruit Piccolo , while Goku prepares to head to the Lookout . He encounters Majin Buu and Mr. Satan training . Goku discovers that Buu has lost weight and has gotten much slimmer in appearance . The two spar together . Buu defeats Goku by overwhelming him with ki blasts and knocking him out of the fighting stage . Meanwhile , Khai ( カイ ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 11 , gathers all of the Supreme Kais involved in the tournament except for Universe 7 's , who is ostracized due to Goku 's involvement with the creation of the tournament . Khai asks his fellow Supreme Kais to request that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō cancel the erasure of the universes , but they are all too afraid of his wrath to do so . Champa gathers all the Gods of Destruction involved in the tournament except Beerus after finding out about the Supreme Kai 's meeting , and they discuss Goku . Toppo recruits his fellow Pride Troopers Kahseral ( カーセラル , Kāseraru ) and Dyspo ( ディスポ , Disupo ) . Champa recruits Cabba and demands he find more powerful Saiyans . Goku meets Dende and Mr. Popo at the Lookout and learns No. 17 's location . Gohan prepares to train with Piccolo . 86 10 `` Fist Cross for the First Time ! Android # 17 VS Son Goku ! ! '' `` Hajimete majiwaru kobushi ! Jinzōningen Jūnana - gō VS Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 初めて交わる拳 ! 人造人間 17 号 VS 孫悟空 ! ! ) April 16 , 2017 TBA On their way to the island where No. 17 is working , Dende explains that since the conclusion of the Cell Games , No. 17 has started a family and gotten far stronger . Dende also reveals that Kid Buu has reincarnated as a young Earthling with massive fighting potential and asks Goku to train him when he is old enough . They reach the island as Goku arrives just in time to witness No. 17 defeat a group of armed poachers . As they introduce themselves to each other , a large army of poachers arrive . Goku and No. 17 team up to subdue them all . Afterwards , No. 17 explains that the poachers are after the last Minotaurus in order to steal its rare and valuable horns . The two decide to have a sparring match . No. 17 evenly matches Super Saiyan Goku , which causes him to turn Super Saiyan Blue . Goku launches a Kamehameha at No. 17 , who easily deflects it with an energy shield . The two go toe - to - toe until No. 17 ends the match in order to avoid catching the island in the crossfire . Goku and No. 17 acknowledge that they were both holding back in the fight . Afterwards , Goku attempts to convince him to join the Tournament of Power , but No. 17 is uninterested . He remains indifferent even when Goku reveals that the losing universes will be erased . Meanwhile , alien poachers arrive on Earth and they set their sights on the Minotaurus . 87 11 `` Hunt the Poachers ! Goku and No. 17 's United Front ! ! '' `` Mitsuryō - dan o kare ! Gokū to Jūnana - gō no kyōtō ! ! '' ( 密漁団を狩れ ! 悟空と 17 号の共闘 ! ! ) April 23 , 2017 TBA Goku entices No. 17 with a wish on the Super Dragon Balls . As he begins to consider Goku 's offer , the alien poachers arrive and abduct all of the island 's animals . Goku uses his Instant Transmission to teleport himself and No. 17 aboard their ship before it can escape . After defeating some of the poachers , No. 17 sets off to defeat the leader , while Goku remains behind to battle the rest of the poachers . No. 17 confronts and easily defeats the leader . Goku catches up just as the leader pulls out a switch and threatens to self - destruct if he is not released immediately . No. 17 smashes him out of a window , which vents both of them into deep space . Goku manages to use his Instant Transmission to teleport all three of them to King Kai 's world . Dende contacts Goku and informs him that the leader 's threat was a bluff . Afterwards , Goku and No. 17 return the animals to their rightful homes . Jaco arrives to arrest the alien poachers . No. 17 decides to leave his island in the hands of Goten and Trunks and accepts Goku 's offer to fight in the Tournament of Power . He hopes to use the Super Dragon Balls to wish for an expensive boat and travel the world with his family . 88 12 `` Gohan and Piccolo Teacher and Pupil Clash in Max Training ! '' `` Gohan to Pikkoro Shitei gekitotsu no Genkai shugyō ! '' ( 悟飯とピッコロ師弟激突の限界修業 ! ) April 30 , 2017 TBA Gohan and Piccolo engage in intense training . Piccolo explains that Goku has already informed him about the potential erasure of the universe and that he is going to participate in the Tournament of Power . He points out that Gohan 's over eagerness to protect his loved ones is making him reckless . Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan , and the two continue to spar . Meanwhile , Cabba heads to the residence of his retired captain and mentor , Renso ( レンソウ ) . Cabba asks him to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power , but Renso refuses due to an injury to his leg . Renso suggests his sister , Caulifla ( カリフラ , Karifura ) , instead , who he claims is even stronger than him . Back in Universe 7 , Piccolo removes his weighted clothes to go all out and quickly defeats Gohan . Piccolo explains that Gohan has a tendency to become arrogant when he has the advantage in battle . After being encouraged by Piccolo , Gohan manages to reach the level of power he had against Super Buu . The two fight again , and Gohan successfully severs Piccolo 's arm . However , Piccolo blasts him in the back with the severed arm and defeats Gohan , which proves Piccolo 's point about Gohan 's overconfidence . That night , Piccolo vows to push Gohan to new heights of power . They both agree to work on combination moves . 89 13 `` An Unknown Beauty Appears ! The Tenshin - Style Dojo 's Mystery ? ! '' `` Arawareta nazo no bijo ! Tenshin - ryū Dōjō no kai ! ? '' ( 現れた謎の美女 ! 天津流道場の怪 ! ? ) May 7 , 2017 TBA Goku heads to Master Roshi 's island , where Oolong informs him that Tien and Chiaotzu have started a martial arts dojo , and that Roshi has headed there to act as a special instructor . Goku decides to make Tien the tenth member of the team , and heads off to recruit him and Roshi . At Tien 's dojo , a woman named Yurin ( ユーリン , Yūrin ) with a grudge against Tien arrives and requests to join the dojo . Although Tien denies her because her motivation of beauty was unfit for his dojo , Roshi drags Yurin off to ogle her . Goku arrives and asks Tien to join the Tournament of Power , but , even after Goku bribes him with 10 million Zeni , Tien refuses . Yurin escapes Roshi 's advances and uses witchcraft to drive Tien 's students on a rampage throughout town . Goku , Tien , Chiaotzu , and Roshi arrive at the village , where Yurin confronts them . Yurin explains that she is a former classmate of Tien 's during his time at the Crane School and that she swore revenge on him after he left the school and refused to fight her . Meanwhile , Cabba sways Caulifla into joining Universe 6 's team by promising to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . Back on Earth , while Goku , Chiaotzu , and Tien cure the students of their brainwashing , Roshi battles Yurin . He lowers his guard after catching a glimpse of Yurin 's panties , which allows her to brainwash him . The brainwashed Roshi quickly defeats Tien , but Goku intervenes . While Chiaotzu temporarily disables Yurin , Goku subdues Roshi with a Kamehameha and cures him of the brainwashing . Tien orders Yurin to apologize to everyone she hurt and offers her a place at his dojo . Tien decides to join the Tournament of Power because he believes that the 10 million Zeni Goku promised will repair the village . After hearing about the 10 million Zeni , Master Roshi quickly agrees to join as well . 90 14 `` See The Wall That Must Be Passed ! Goku vs Gohan '' `` Koerubeki kabe o misuete ! Gokū bāsasu Gohan '' ( 超えるべき壁を見据えて ! 悟空 VS 悟飯 ) May 14 , 2017 TBA As Gohan finishes training with Piccolo , they go to meet with Goku , Master Roshi , and Tien . At Gohan 's request , Goku and Tien have a fight against Gohan and Piccolo to practice for the tournament . Although Tien views this as a practice match and wants to avoid injuring anyone , Gohan and Goku take the fight seriously . As Gohan fights both his father and Tien , Piccolo spends the time charging a strong technique , which ultimately destroys the mountain fighting stage when it is launched . Tien calls the match off on the grounds that the fighting stage is now destroyed . Although Goku agrees , Gohan requests to have a one - on - one fight against his father . Goku accepts , and Gohan powers up while Goku goes Super Saiyan 2 . Although Goku has the upper hand for much of the fight , Gohan turns the tables and begins to overpower Goku . Gohan begs Goku to use his full power . Goku responds by becoming a Super Saiyan Blue and using his Kaio - Ken technique , then defeats Gohan with a single blow . Impressed with his son 's improvement , Goku assigns Gohan as the leader of their Universe 7 team . Meanwhile , Rumsshi ( ラムーシ , Ramūshi ) recruits a powerful fighter named Murichim ( ムリチム , Murichimu ) and his companions to represent Universe 10 in the tournament . 91 15 `` Which Universe Will Survive ? ! The Strongest Warriors Are Gathering ! ! '' `` Kachinokoru no wa dono Uchū da ! ? Zokuzoku to tsudou Saikyō no senshi - tachi ! ! '' ( 勝ち残るのはどの宇宙だ ! ? 続々と集う最強の戦士たち ! ! ) May 21 , 2017 TBA Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō are suffering from extreme boredom again . They decide to observe the universes ' progress in assembling their strongest warriors . In Universe 7 , Vegeta prepares to enter the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for some intense training . Goku spars with Whis in Vegeta 's gravity chamber . Master Roshi and Puar train to remove Roshi 's weakness to seduction techniques , which fails miserably . In Universe 9 , word has spread of the potential erasure of their universe . The populace has descended into anarchy . The three canine brothers have been unable to find any other fighters . In Universe 6 , Hit tracks down the destitute Frost and forces him to join the Tournament of Power , while he relieves him of his poison needles in the process . In Universe 11 , Toppo 's comrade Kahseral is delayed from joining when he aids a cat stuck in a tree . In Universe 2 , a magical girl named Brianne de Chateau ( ブリアン・デ・シャトー , Burian de Shatō ) transforms into her alter ego named Ribrianne ( リブリアン , Riburian ) and auditions for a spot in the tournament . In Universe 10 , Murichim and his comrades record a dance video to improve team spirit . Back in Universe 7 , Mr. Satan calls and unexpectedly reveals that Majin Buu has fallen into a deep sleep and can not join the tournament , which horrifies everyone . 92 16 `` Emergency Development ! The Incomplete Ten Members ! ! '' `` Kinkyū jitai hassei ! Sorowanai jū nin no menbā ! ! '' ( 緊急事態発生 ! そろわない 10 人のメンバー ! ! ) May 28 , 2017 TBA Goku races to Mr. Satan 's house , where he proves unable to wake Majin Buu from his hibernation . Meanwhile , all of Universe 7 's remaining warriors except Master Roshi and No. 17 gather at the Capsule Corporation . After Krillin brings up the 10 million Zeni prize that Goku had bribed him , Piccolo and Gohan reveal to Krillin , No. 18 , and Tien that the prize of 10 million Zeni was a lie and that the universe will be erased if they lose . When Goku returns , Krillin berates him and threatens to withdraw from the team along with No. 18 . After Goku fails to convince them otherwise , Beerus swiftly threatens Krillin into staying , while Bulma agrees to pay out the promised reward . In Universe 6 , Cabba takes Caulifla to a deserted wasteland to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . As Caulifla 's protégée , Kale ( ケール , Kēru ) , observes them , Cabba ineffectually attempts to provoke Caulifla in order to make her transform . When that fails , he teaches her to focus her energy on an area in her back . Caulifla successfully transforms into a Super Saiyan . Caulifla tests her newfound power and agrees to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power . She beckons Kale over to attempt the transformation herself . In Universe 11 , Kahseral arrives at the Pride Trooper headquarters , where he and Toppo agree to leave the universe in their trainees ' hands so they can participate in the tournament . In Universe 3 , two cyborg warriors named Nigrisshi ( ニグリシ , Nigrisshi ) and Narirama ( ナリラマ , Narirāma ) display their upgrades for the tournament to Universe 3 's God of Destruction Mosco ( モスコ , Mosuko ) , Supreme Kai Ea ( エア ) , and Angel Campari ( カンパーリ , Kanpāri ) . Back in Universe 7 , Goku and his friends are unable to figure out who can replace Buu . When Beerus claims they have no suitable fighters because Goku destroyed the Frieza Force , Goku is inspired to recruit Frieza , which shocks everyone . 93 17 `` You 're The Tenth Warrior ! Goku Goes To See Frieza ! ! '' `` Jū ninme no senshi wa omē da ! Gokū Furīza no moto e ! ! '' ( 10 人目の戦士はおめえだ ! 悟空フリーザのもとへ ! ! ) June 4 , 2017 TBA Goku 's idea is met with much hesitance from his comrades . He explains that he intends to have Fortuneteller Baba resurrect Frieza for 24 hours to fight in the tournament . If Frieza betrays them then either he or Vegeta can defeat him . Goku 's friends reluctantly agree , and he sets out to the afterlife . The Universe 7 team are unaware that a spy from Universe 4 is observing them . In Universe 6 , Cabba and Caulifla attempt to teach Kale how to turn into a Super Saiyan but to no avail . Kale begins to despair over her own uselessness , and it enrages her enough to trigger her transformation into an extremely powerful Berserker Super Saiyan . Kale immediately goes berserk and attacks Cabba . Caulifla quickly deduces that Kale is jealous of her and Cabba 's perceived relationship . She denies having any sort of feelings for Cabba . Kale calms down and collapses in Caulifla 's arms . Cabba , who is impressed by Kale 's power , decides to add her to Universe 6 's team . Back in Universe 7 , Goku arrives in the afterlife and receives King Yemma 's permission to visit Frieza . He explains about the Tournament of Power and asks Frieza to join them . Frieza agrees to aid him on the condition that he be properly resurrected with Earth 's Dragon Balls . When Goku hesitates to agree , Frieza goads him by playing to his desire to see how powerful Frieza can become . Goku accepts his terms . In Universe 4 , Ganos ( ガノス , Ganosu ) reports Universe 7 's latest actions to Universe 4 's God of Destruction Quitela ( キテラ , Kitera ) and Supreme Kai Kuru ( クル ) . Quitela immediately begins making plans to counter Beerus . 94 18 `` The Emperor of Evil Returns ! A Reception of Mysterious Assassins ? ! '' `` Aku no Teiō fukkatsu ! Demukaeru Nazo no Shikaku - tachi ! ? '' ( 悪の帝王復活 ! 出迎える謎の刺客たち ! ? ) June 11 , 2017 TBA Quitela contacts Universe 9 's God of Destruction Sidra ( シドラ , Shidora ) and informs him that Universe 7 is planning to use Frieza to assassinate their rivals before the tournament begins and that the only way to counter them is to kill them first . Sidra and Roh agree to have Frieza killed . Meanwhile , Goku returns to the Capsule Corporation to update everyone on his success . As Master Roshi completes his training at Korin 's tower , Krillin and No. 18 head to No. 17 's island to pick him up and drop off Goten , Trunks , and Marron . Goku goes to Fortuneteller Baba 's home , where she completes the ritual to resurrect Frieza . As Goku and Frieza prepare to depart , an army of assassins arrives to claim their heads . Despite the time pressure , Frieza wounds the assassins ' leader , transforms into his Golden form , and prepares for battle . 95 19 `` The Worst ! The Most Evil ! Frieza 's Rampage ! ! '' `` Saikyō ! Saiaku ! Furīza Ōabare ! ! '' ( 最凶 ! 最悪 ! フリーザ大暴れ ! ! ) June 18 , 2017 TBA Frieza explains to Goku that he spent his recent incarceration in Hell undergoing intense mental training to overcome the stamina issues that plagued him during his previous battles with the Z - Fighters . He quickly slaughters most of the assassins , which horrifies Goku . The assassins ' leader , who has been directly empowered by Sidra , attacks Frieza with Sidra 's power , but Frieza manages to overcome and hijack the attack . Frieza spitefully uses the attack on Goku and traps him . Frieza tortures and kills the assassins until they reveal that Roh and Sidra hired them . Frieza contacts Universe 9 and offers his services as a defector . Roh and Sidra begin arguing about whether or not to accept him . Roh fears Frieza 's psychopathic and treasonous nature , while Sidra wants his power . Sidra is confident he could kill him if he stepped out of line . Their argument buys time for Beerus and Whis to arrive and rescue Goku . Frieza cuts the connection . He begins making plans to use the Tournament of Power to manipulate the gods to suit his own ends . Goku and Frieza have a brief sparring match , which ends in a draw . Goku , Frieza , Beerus , and Whis return to the Capsule Corporation . The Universe 7 team prepare to travel to the World of Void for the Tournament of Power . 96 20 `` The Time Is Here ! To The World Of Void For The Fate Of The Universe ! ! '' `` Toki wa kita ! Uchū no Meiun o kake Mu no Kai e ! ! '' ( 時はきた ! 宇宙の命運をかけ無の界へ ! ! ) June 25 , 2017 TBA In the World of Void , Universes 1 , 5 , and 8 's Gods of Destruction Iwne ( イワン , Iwan ) , Arack ( アラク , Araku ) , and Liquiir ( リキュール , Rikīru ) have a brief exhibition match to test the durability of the Tournament of Power 's fighting stage . Afterwards , the Grand Minister forces them all to clean up their mess and fix the stage . In Universe 7 , Gohan and Shin 's strategy is to have the team members stick together to conserve energy and use strength of numbers to defeat anyone who attacks them . This suggestion offends Goku and Vegeta 's Saiyan pride . Whis transports the team to the World of Void . All of the other universes arrive . Frieza and Frost befriend each other and agree to work together , while Goku singles out Jiren as a potential rival due to his extreme power . As the Grand Minister introduces each team , Universe 4 seemingly has only 8 warriors on their team , which confuses most of Universe 7 , except for Tien , who tells No. 18 that he can sense a faint presence . After a speech from the Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō , the 80 warriors prepare for battle . 97 21 `` Survive ! The Tournament of Power Begins at Last ! ! '' `` Ikinokore ! Tsui ni kaimaku Chikara no Taikai ! ! '' ( 生き残れ ! ついに開幕「力の大会」 ! ! ) July 2 , 2017 TBA The Grand Minister reminds everyone of the rules and officially starts the tournament . A massive free - for - all ensues . Goku targets Toppo , but he is intercepted by Ganos . Disregarding Gohan 's plan as well , No. 17 , No. 18 , Vegeta , and Frieza all jump into the fray . Universe 3 gains an early advantage when Narirama unleashes a spinning attack designed to knock its opponents off the stage , but Hit and Basil disable it . Universe 10 's Lilibeu ( リリベウ , Ririberu ) attacks Basil , but Basil successfully knocks her off the stage . Meanwhile , the five Universe 7 warriors who stayed together are confronted by a gang of warriors from varying universes , but Universe 7 uses teamwork to fend them off . Basil nearly defeats Universe 10 's Napapa , but Napapa is able to push his attacks away at the last moment . As Goku is pursuing Toppo , he comes face to face with Jiren until Universe 4 's Nink ( ニンク , Ninku ) outflanks Goku by grappling and dragging him towards the edge of the stage with the intention of jumping off with him . Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and knocks Nink off the stage . As Goku reverts back to his normal form to conserve energy , Basil , Lavender , Bergamo , and two other Universe 9 warriors surround him with 47 minutes remaining in the tournament . 98 22 `` Oh , Uncertainty ! A Universe Despairs ! ! '' `` Ā mujou ! Zetsubō suru Uchū ! ! '' ( あぁ無常 ! 絶望する宇宙 ! ! ) July 9 , 2017 TBA Roh orders his warriors to attack Goku to avenge their defeat at the Zen Exhibition Match . Goku is forced to avoid fighting at his fullest in order to conserve stamina for later in the tournament . He fights Team Universe 9 , where the Trio de Dangers brothers manage to overwhelm him thanks to their teamwork . Vegeta notices Goku 's plight and reinforces him . Roh sends over three more fighters . Team Universe 9 is able to push Goku and Vegeta to the brink until Vegeta tricks Lavender and Hop ( ソレル , Hoppu ) into accidentally hitting each other . Goku and Vegeta take advantage of the confusion to defeat five of the Universe 9 warriors . No. 18 and Frieza each defeat Sorrel ( ソレル , Soreru ) and Roselle . Only Basil , Lavender , and Bergamo remain in the tournament for Team Universe 9 . Goku and Vegeta push them to the edge of the stage . The brothers use a combination beam as a last ditch effort , but Goku and Vegeta power up to Super Saiyan Blue and knock them off the stage with a Final Kamehameha . With all 10 members defeated , Universe 9 is eliminated from the tournament . As a result , Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō erase Universe 9 , Roh , Sidra , and all of their fighters . This amuses Universe 9 's angel Mojito ( モヒイト , Mohi'ito ) and horrifies everyone else . 99 23 `` Show Them ! Krillin 's True Power ! ! '' `` Misetsukero ! Kuririn no sokojikara ! ! '' ( 見せつけろ ! クリリンの底力 ! ! ) July 16 , 2017 TBA As the other warriors recover from the shock of Universe 9 's erasure , No. 17 reminds No. 18 that they have infinite stamina due to their cyborg bodies and have no reason to hold back . Vegeta tries to fight Hit , but he is blocked by Botamo , who is immune to damage . Vegeta manages to pick Botamo up and nearly throws him off the stage , but Magetta stops him at the last moment . Meanwhile , Universe 10 's Jium ( ジウム , Jiumu ) attacks Gohan and his friends . Jium is swiftly defeated by Master Roshi . Universe 4 's Shosa ( ショイサ , Shōsa ) tricks No. 18 into lowering her guard by faking his own death and nearly knocks her off the stage with a barrage of ki blasts . Krillin rescues No. 18 , and the two defeat Shosa with a powerful combination attack . They are challenged by Universe 4 's Majora ( マジョラ ) , who is a blind fighter that uses his powerful sense of smell to locate his enemies in battle . Although Majora proves to be stronger than Krillin , Krillin disables his nose by throwing his smelly shoe at him and knocks him off the stage . Krillin boasts about his victory , which allows Frost to knock him off with a single blow . Beerus and Shin berate Krillin for his carelessness with 43 minutes remaining in the tournament . 100 24 `` Out Of Control ! The Savage Berserker Awakens ! ! '' `` Daibōsō ! Mezame araburu Kyōsenshi ! ! '' ( 大暴走 ! 目覚め荒ぶる狂戦士 ! ! ) July 23 , 2017 TBA As Universe 7 recovers from Krillin 's defeat , Cabba defeats Nigrisshi and Universe 10 's Murisam ( ムリサーム ) and confronts Vegeta . Hit blows off Narirama 's limbs and uses his time skip ability to dodge his ultimate attack . He flicks him off the stage . Meanwhile , Kale is disabled by Universe 10 's Napapa and Methiop ( メチオープ ) . They knock her unconscious and attempt to throw her off the stage , but Caulifla rescues her and defeats Napapa . The two confront Goku , and Caulifla knocks away Universe 2 's Jimeze ( ジーミズ , Jimizu ) and demands to know how to become a Super Saiyan Blue . Goku refuses , and Caulifla transforms into an Ultra Super Saiyan . However , her increased muscle mass cripples her speed and allows Goku to counterattack . With Goku 's aid , Caulifla manages to become a Super Saiyan 2 , and the two resume their fight . As Kale watches them , she is once again consumed by her feelings of uselessness and transforms into her Berserker Super Saiyan form . Hit uses his time skip to save Caulifla from getting caught in the crossfire . Kale flies into a jealous rage and attacks Goku for allegedly stealing Caulifla from her . Kale easily overwhelms Goku and forces him to power up to Super Saiyan Blue . He unleashes a powerful Kamehameha , but Kale powers through it unharmed . As Piccolo realizes she has lost control of her power , Kale begins firing ki blasts at everything in sight and defeats Methiop . When Universe 11 's Vuon ( ブーオン , Būon ) attempts to stop her , Kale defeats him as well . Jiren knocks her unconscious with a single ki blast . As Hit and Caulifla retreat with Kale , Goku challenges Jiren . 101 25 `` The Impending Warriors of Justice ! The Pride Troopers ! ! '' `` Semari kuru seigi no senshi ! Puraido Torūpāsu ! ! '' ( 迫りくる正義の戦士 ! プライド・トルーパス ! ! ) July 30 , 2017 TBA As Goku prepares to fight Jiren , Toppo suddenly ambushes him with a barrage of ki blasts . Toppo and Jiren decide to retreat and conserve their stamina . This leaves Goku to be dealt with by Kahseral and their fellow Pride Troopers Tupper ( タッパー , Tappā ) , Zoiray ( ゾイレー , Zoirē ) , Cocotte ( ココット , Kokotto ) , and Kettol . The five declare their intent to defeat Caulifla and Kale to avenge Vuon 's defeat . The two are forced to form a temporary alliance with Goku . Meanwhile , Master Roshi and Tien team up to defeat Universe 3 's The Preecho ( ザ・プリーチョ ) . They regroup with Gohan , Piccolo , Vegeta , and Frieza , where he has defeated Murichim . The Pride Troopers push Goku , Caulifla , and Kale to the brink , but No. 17 and No. 18 rescue them . No. 18 and Goku defeat Tupper , while No. 17 easily overpowers Kahseral . The remaining Pride Troopers regroup and focus their assault on the wounded Caulifla and Kale . Cocotte seals them in a separate dimension to ensure that Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 do not interfere . As the four beat Caulifla , Kale 's self - hatred causes her to return to the Berserker Super Saiyan form , but she remains in control of herself this time . Caulifla and Kale use an extremely powerful combination ki blast to defeat Kahseral , Zoiray , and Kettol . Cocotte seals herself in a mini-dimension to avoid the blast , but No. 18 simply throws it off , eliminating Cocotte . Goku allows Caulifla and Kale to retreat so he can fight them at their full strength after they rest . The group is unaware that Brianne is observing them . 102 26 `` The Power of Love Explodes ? ! Universe 2 's Little Witch Warriors ! ! '' `` Ai no chikara ga dai bakuhatsu ! ? dai ni uchu majo - kko senshi ! ! '' ( 愛の力が大爆発 ! ? 第 2 宇宙の魔女っ子戦士 ! ! ) August 6 , 2017 TBA Brianne and her companions Sanka Ku ( サンカ・クー , Sanka Kū ) and Su Roas ( スー・ロース , Sū Rōsu ) announce themselves to the other fighters and begin to transform into their magical girl alter - egos . No. 17 blasts them before they can transform , but Brianne , Goku , and Toppo berate him for his dishonorable tactics and browbeat him into allowing them to transform , much to Beerus ' dismay . They assume their alter - egos Ribrianne , Kakunsa ( カクンサ , Kakunsa ) , and Rozie ( ロージィ , Rōjī ) and barrage the arena with a powerful love - based attack that brainwashes some of the fighters . Universe 7 's mental discipline allows them to overcome its effects . Gohan 's group elects to split up and fight independently . Vegeta attacks Ribrianne , who counters with a rolling attack that knocks out Universe 10 's Jirasen ( ジラセン ) . Rozie attacks Goku with a flurry of blows that grows more powerful the longer she keeps it up , while Kakunsa battles No. 17 with her animalistic fighting style . No. 17 baits her into overextending herself and stuns her with a barrier . He attempts to knock her out of the stage , but her teammate Vikal ( ビカル , Bikaru ) rescues her . No. 17 decides to stop holding back and swiftly eliminates Vikal . He also eliminates Kakunsa with a powerful ki blast . Enraged by his actions , Ribrianne powers up and prepares to battle No. 17 . 103 27 `` Gohan , Show No Mercy ! Showdown With Universe 10 ! ! '' `` Gohan yo hijōnare ! Dai ju uchu to no kessen ! ! '' ( 悟飯よ非情なれ ! 第 10 宇宙との決戦 ! ! ) August 13 , 2017 TBA Ribrianne and No. 17 fiercely attack each other , while Rozie begins to overwhelm Goku 's defenses . She surrounds him with ki balls and attempts to blow him up , but No. 17 protects him with a barrier . Goku , who has studied Rozie 's techniques , hits her with a powerful ki blast . As he and No. 17 corner Rozie and Ribrianne , Jimeze arrives and rescues them with instant transmission . Elsewhere , Botamo challenges Gohan on Champa 's orders . As Piccolo and Goku observe , Gohan attacks with a flurry of blows , which apparently have no effect . However , Gohan 's attacks begin to lift Botamo off the ground and renders him unable to defend himself , allowing Gohan to knock him off the stage . Universe 10 's Obuni ( オブニ ) and Rubalt ( ルバルト , Rubaruto ) appear to challenge Gohan and Piccolo . Jimeze defeats Universe 10 's Jilcol ( ジルコル Jirukoru ) . With 8 warriors eliminated , Gowasu accepts his imminent demise , while Rumsshi remains defiant . Obuni shifts his ki away from his body to render himself impossible to detect and wounds Gohan . Rubalt initially has the upper hand against Piccolo , but Piccolo uses his Hellzone Grenade attack to knock out Rubalt , leaving Universe 10 with only Obuni . Obuni begins to overwhelm Gohan , which makes Gowasu want to cling to life again . Gohan powers up and powers through one of Obuni 's punches . He counterattacks Obuni 's moves by locating and hitting Obuni after he gets hit . Obuni pauses the fight to show his respect for Gohan , but refuses to lose for the sake of Universe 10 . Gohan battles and defeats Obuni with a Kamehameha . All of Universe 10 's fighters have been eliminated . Right before Universe 10 is annihilated , Gohan discovers a locket containing a picture of Obuni and his wife and child . Gohan and Universe 10 's angel , Cus ( クス , Kusu ) , mourn Universe 10 's erasure . 104 28 `` The Ultimate High Speed Battle Begins ! Goku and Hit Join Forces ! ! '' `` Chōzetsu kōsoku batoru boppatsu ! Gokū to hitto no kyōdō sensen ! ! '' ( 超絶光速バトル勃発 ! 悟空とヒットの共同戦線 ! ! ) August 20 , 2017 TBA Dyspo challenges Hit and uses his incredible speed to overwhelm Hit 's Time Skip . Everyone quickly deduces that Dyspo is listening for the sound of Hit 's body tensing up to determine when he is about to attempt to use Time Skip . Hit resorts to fighting him conventionally , but he is pushed to the edge of the stage . Toppo deduces that Hit has adjusted to Dyspo 's fighting style and is luring him into a trap . Toppo sends fellow pride trooper Kunshi ( クンシー , Kunshī ) to back him up . Before Dyspo can land the finishing blow , Hit suddenly turns intangible and sends Dyspo over the edge . However , Kunshi uses ropes made of his energy to pull Dyspo back onto the stage before he is eliminated . The two launch a renewed assault against Hit and drive him into a corner . Before they can finish him off , Goku interferes and rescues Hit . Goku uses his Super Saiyan God form to counter Dyspo 's speed , while Hit uses his assassination technique to injure Kunshi . The two switch places . Hit uses a fake Time Skip to throw Dyspo off and wound him , while Goku overwhelms Kunshi with his Super Saiyan Blue form . Hit attempts to eliminate Dyspo , but Kunshi rescues him again . Kunshi charges Hit , who turns intangible and knocks him off the stage . Dyspo retreats and regroups with his allies . Toppo abandons all notions of justice and decides to focus on survival . Hit decides not to battle Goku as thanks for lending a hand . Goku and Hit vow to settle their score if they both make it to the end of the tournament . 105 29 `` A Desperate Battle ! Master Roshi 's Sacrifice ! ! '' `` Funsen ! Mutenroshi inochi o Moyasu ! ! '' ( 奮戦 ! 武天老師命を燃やす ! ! ) August 27 , 2017 TBA Master Roshi quietly observes the battles from afar . He is challenged by an attractive warrior from Universe 4 , Caway ( キャウェイ , Kyauei ) , who attempts to seduce him . However , Caway 's attempts to attack him brings him back to his senses . Roshi destroys her energy weapon , powers up , and drives her to jump off the stage . Roshi is next challenged by Dercori ( ダーコリ , Dākori ) , who is a talisman - wielding warrior from Universe 4 . She uses her talismans to confound Roshi with illusions and trap him in a single spot . Roshi uses the Evil Containment Wave to seal her in a small bottle and throw her off the arena . Quitela and Beerus get into an argument about the legality of the move , which is defused when Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō rule in Roshi 's favor . Ganos , who is enraged at Roshi for eliminating his friends , challenges him and powers up into an avian form . Initially , Roshi is able to use his experience to predict , evade , and counter Ganos ' attacks . However , Ganos is able to grow more powerful the longer a fight drags on . He rallies and delivers a fierce series of blows to Roshi . Roshi attempts to hypnotize Ganos into falling asleep , but he attacks himself to wake himself up . Ganos demands that Roshi accept his limits and give up , but Roshi refuses . He unleashes a Max Power Kamehameha that defeats Ganos . However , the effort is too much for Roshi 's body to handle , and he collapses . Goku races over to him and successfully defibrillates him with his ki . Goku escorts Roshi to safety . 106 30 `` Find Him ! Death Match With An Invisible Attacker ! ! '' `` Mikiwamero ! Sugata naki atakkā to no shitō ! ! '' ( 見極めろ ! 姿なきアタッカーとの死闘 ! ! ) September 3 , 2017 TBA Goku brings Master Roshi to an isolated part of the stage and leaves him to rest at his request . Gohan and Piccolo are confronted by Universe 6 's Dr. Rota ( Dr. ロタ , Dokutā Rota ) , but Rota is shot down by a sniper before he can reveal his ability . Gohan and Piccolo are unable to find the location of the sniper until they find a red orb on the ground . It is revealed that the sniper , Universe 2 's Prum ( プラン , Puran ) , can see through these orbs . The lasers ricochet off of the orbs so that his true location is a secret . Piccolo tries to create a smokescreen in order to blur the vision , but Prum can still see them via their heat signatures . Prum shoots Piccolo and destroys both of his arms , which forces him to painfully regenerate them . Gohan and Piccolo realize that the orbs depend on heat signatures and blast the surrounding area to create multiple heat signatures . Prum responds by coming out of his hiding spot and blasting the entire area . Gohan and Piccolo are forced into hiding . Tien analyzes Dr. Rota and deduces that he was hit by a sniper as Goku and Vegeta arrive . Vegeta berates Tien , who warns them about Prum , but Vegeta arrogantly brushes it off until he is almost incapacitated by one of Prum 's blasts . As Goku and Tien observe Prum , they deduce that there is another shooter from behind as Prum is merely reflecting the blasts . Vegeta and Goku go after Prum , while Tien goes to save Gohan and Piccolo . Goku and Vegeta try to attack Prum , but their ki blasts are reflected off of his body . Tien navigates through the field of blasts and confronts the true sniper , Prum 's teammate Hermila ( ハーミラ , Hāmira ) . Realizing that Prum can deflect ki blasts and not physical attacks , Vegeta and Goku throw giant boulders at him . Tien uses his Multi-form technique in order to buy himself time against Hermila , but three of his clones are shot down . The fourth and final Tien defeats Hermila . Just as Tien is about to eliminate him , Hermila shoots the ground underneath Tien 's feet and knocks him off the stage . However , Tien 's other three clones come back and drag Hermila down with them . Tien and Hermila are eliminated from the tournament . Although Beerus praises Tien for forcing the battle into a draw , Tien is noticeably upset about being defeated . As Prum is confronted by Vegeta , Dr. Rota comes back and attacks Prum as revenge for shooting him . Shortly after , Vegeta eliminates Prum and Dr. Rota from the tournament . 107 31 `` Revenge `` F '' The Cunning Trap ? ! '' `` Fukushū no Efu ! Shikakerareta Kōkatsu na Wana ! ? '' ( 復讐の「 F 」 ! しかけられた狡猾な罠 ! ? ) September 17 , 2017 TBA Frost recalls how Champa promised to pardon his crimes if he humiliated and defeated Universe 7 . Elsewhere , Universe 3 's Maji Kayo confronts Universe 11 's remaining warriors . He entraps Dyspo with his liquid body , but Jiren effortlessly defeats him with a single blow . As Master Roshi attempts to recover from his previous fights , Frost corners and attacks him . Goku sees this and tries to rush to his aid , but he is confronted by Ribrianne . Roshi hits Frost with a flurry of blows and attempts to use the Evil Containment Wave , but the strain proves too much for him . He flubs the attack . Frost barrages Roshi with ki blasts and sends an attack towards Vegeta , which provokes him . Vegeta interferes before Frost can finish Roshi . Magetta arrives to reinforce Frost , and the two battle Vegeta . Frost goads Roshi into using the Evil Containment Wave on Magetta despite the risk of killing himself . When Roshi falls for it , Frost reflects the attack and seals Vegeta into a bottle . With the last of his strength , Roshi uses a small ki blast to destroy the bottle and free Vegeta . Vegeta immediately turns Super Saiyan Blue , and Frost flees . Vegeta knocks Magetta off the stage and tells Roshi to drop out so he can receive medical attention . Roshi jumps off the stage , and he is given a Senzu Bean . Beerus admits that Roshi has earned his respect . 108 32 `` Frieza and Frost ! Conjoined Malice ? ! '' `` Furīza to Furosuto ! Majiwaru Akui ! ? '' ( フリーザとフロスト ! 交わる悪意 ! ? ) September 24 , 2017 TBA As Goku battles Ribrianne , the gods of the top four universes speculate on who will win the tournament . Meanwhile , Gohan is confronted by Jimeze . Jimeze makes use of his Instant Transmission technique to confound and damage Gohan . As he prepares to finish him , Frieza intervenes . When Frieza does not immediately attack Jimeze , Universe 7 's spectators speculate he may intend to betray and defeat Gohan so he can seize the wish on the Super Dragon Balls for himself . Frieza steps aside and allows Jimeze to continue his fight with Gohan . Jimeze corners Gohan again and attempts to finish him , but Frieza destroys his attack with a ki blast . Enraged , Jimeze attacks Frieza , who swiftly tortures and eliminates him . Frost appears and declares his intention to defeat Gohan , and Frieza admits that the two intend to work together in order to exact revenge on the Saiyans . Frieza battles Gohan , who counterattacks . Frieza uses his Golden form to knock out Gohan . However , instead of eliminating him , he double - crosses and eliminates Frost . Gohan admits that he immediately figured out Frieza 's plan and played along with him . An enraged Frost attempts to attack Frieza from the spectator stands , but Grand Zenō erases him , explaining that this is forbidden and Universe 6 would be erased upon a second offence . Meanwhile , Goku continues to battle Ribrianne . 109 33 `` The Ultimate Enemy Approaches Goku ! Now , Let Loose ! The Killer Spirit Bomb ! ! '' `` Goku ni Semaru Saikyo no Teki ! Ima Koso Hanate ! Hisassu no Genki - Dama ! ! '' ( 悟空に迫る最強の敵 ! 今こそ放て ! 必殺の元気玉 ! ! ) October 8 , 2017 TBA Ribrianne declares her intention to use the wish to become a love goddess adored by all beings using the Super Dragon Balls . Goku considers using the wish to benefit his family or meet a strong opponent . Ribrianne absorbs the love of her teammates and becomes Super Ribrianne . She attacks Goku with several ki blasts , and he counters by turning Super Saiyan Blue and knocking her away . Ribrianne lands near Jiren , and Goku sees him and prepares to finally battle him . Universe 11 's God of Destruction , Belmod , telepathically orders Jiren to defeat Goku . Belmod hopes to demoralize the other universes by defeating the strongest fighter besides Jiren himself . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 , but that proves to be no match for Jiren 's overwhelming power . Goku begins powering up a Spirit Bomb , and all of his teammates except Vegeta lend him their energy . Despite the time it takes to charge the attack , Jiren agrees to wait for him to complete it . Ribrianne attempts to attack Goku from behind , but she is stopped by Vegeta . Goku completes the Spirit Bomb and throws it , but Jiren deflects it . The two engage in a struggle to take control of the Spirit Bomb . This forces Goku to use Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 to keep up . However , Jiren prevails and begins to overwhelm Goku with his own attack . 110 34 `` Son Goku Wakes ! New Level of the Awakened ! ! '' `` Son Gokū kakusei ! Mezameshi mono no aratanaru gokui ! ! '' ( 孫悟空覚醒 ! 目覚めし者の新たなる極意 ! ! ) October 8 , 2017 TBA Goku powers up himself and pushes the Spirit Bomb back towards Jiren , which locks him in a stalemate . Whis realizes that Jiren is at least as powerful as a God of Destruction . As the two struggle to overpower each other , the Spirit Bomb suddenly condenses into a small black hole , which absorbs Goku and causes him to vanish . The Grand Minister rules that since Goku 's own attack apparently vaporized him , Jiren will not be disqualified for destroying him . As Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō prepare to eliminate Goku , he suddenly reappears and reaches a new level of power . Goku resumes the fight , and he is able to go toe - to - toe with Jiren . Whis theorizes Goku must have absorbed the Spirit Bomb and unlocked an ability called Ultra Instinct ( 身勝手の極意 '' 兆 '' , Migatte no Gokui ) . Goku uses another powerful attack in an attempt to eliminate Jiren , but he fails , and exhausts his newfound power . Jiren knocks him away , and Hit attempts to take advantage of the opportunity and attacks Jiren . Vegeta demands to know what happened to Goku before preparing to fight Ribrianne , while Frieza appears to corner Goku and aims an attack at him . 111 35 `` The Surreal Supreme Battle ! Hit vs Jiren ! ! '' `` I jigen no kyokuchi batoru ! Hitto basasu Jiren ! ! '' ( 異次元の極致バトル ! ヒット VS ジレン ! ! ) October 15 , 2017 TBA Instead of killing the defenseless Goku , Frieza shares with him some of his energy and repays his act of mercy during their fight on Planet Namek . Meanwhile , Hit uses his time - skip powers against Jiren , but his attacks fail to connect . Goku spectates the battle , but he is ambushed by Saonel ( サオネル , Saoneru ) and Pirina ( ピリナ , Pirina ) , Namekians from Universe 6 , who are confronted by Gohan and Piccolo . Elsewhere , Vegeta fights Ribrianne , and he is easily overpowering her in his base form until Rozie interferes and retreats with Ribrianne . Ribrianne loses hope due to the gap in power , but Rozie motivates her . Meanwhile , Hit keeps attacking Jiren to no avail , but he is able to react and block most of Jiren 's punches . After being knocked back , Hit sneaks up behind Jiren and lands a strong punch on his heart . He knocks Jiren to the edge of the ring after a brief struggle . Hit uses his own time - skip powers continually on Jiren to stop his movement . Realizing that he can not hold Jiren for long , Hit urges Cabba , Caulifla , and Kale to keep fighting for Universe 6 . Hit pools all his energy in a final attack to defeat him , but Jiren stops Hit 's attack only with his glare . Jiren breaks free and eliminates Hit . As the Tournament of Power reaches its midway point , Jiren begins to meditate . He is certain that there are no other warriors strong enough to fight him . Jiren leaves the fight to Toppo and Dyspo . Viara ( ビアラ , Biara ) and Katopesla ( カトペスラ , Katopesura ) of Universe 3 attempt to attack him while meditating , but Jiren 's energy alone is enough to push them back . 112 36 `` A Saiyan 's Vow ! Vegeta 's Resolution ! ! '' `` Saiya - jin no chikai ! Bejīta no kakugo ! ! '' ( サイヤ人の誓い ! ベジータの覚悟 ! ! ) October 22 , 2017 TBA Despite his exhaustion and low energy , Goku is determined to keep fighting . However , he is suddenly targeted by Koitsukai ( コイツカイ , Koitukai ) , Panchia ( パンチア , Panchia ) , and Bollarator ( ボラレータ , Borarēta ) of Universe 3 . Gohan and Piccolo want to help him , but they are distracted by their own battle with Saonel and Pilina . Caulifla and Kale are discussing the battle between Goku and Jiren , when they are confronted by Monna ( モンナ , Monna ) , a female warrior from Universe 4 . Caulifla faces off against Monna , but Cabba appears and takes her place . He instructs Caulifla and Kale to retreat for now . Cabba turns Super Saiyan and battles Monna , but he is initially overpowered . Monna almost knocks Cabba off the stage , but Vegeta intervenes and catches him before he can fall . Vegeta and Cabba both promise that , if either of them wins the tournament , the winner will use the Super Dragon Balls to restore the other 's erased universe and its inhabitants . Newly inspired , Cabba fights Monna again , but he is losing until he taps into his anger and unlocks Super Saiyan 2 . With his new power , Cabba easily defeats and eliminates Monna . However , Frieza appears , fights Cabba , and easily eliminates him as well . Frieza reveals that he plans to win the tournament in order to use the Super Dragon Balls to control the gods . Meanwhile , Vegeta decides to challenge Jiren , but he is intercepted by Toppo . The two battle each other . Vegeta ends up meeting up with Goku , who is still having difficulty with his three opponents . However , Caulifla intervenes and knocks Koitsukai , Borareta , and Pancea away before powering up to Super Saiyan 2 and challenging Goku herself . 113 37 `` With Great Joy ! The Repeat Battle - Crazy Saiyan Fight ! ! '' `` Kiki to Shite ! Sentō - kyō Saiya - jin Batoru Futatabi ! ! '' ( 嬉々として ! 戦闘狂サイヤ人バトル再び ! ! ) October 29 , 2017 TBA Caulifla demands that Goku fight her and teach her how to unlock Super Saiyan 3 so that she can become strong enough to win the tournament . She begins fighting Goku , who does not initially power up beyond his base form . However , Goku 's superior martial arts skills allow him to keep up with her even in her Super Saiyan 2 form . Eventually , she is able to adapt to his moves , which forces Goku to power up to Super Saiyan 2 himself . The two of them fight evenly for some time . Goku later calls in Kale to join the battle . His superior power and skill enables him to fight them both at once , but they are able to match him by working together . They land a massive combined attack on him , but Goku powers up to Super Saiyan 3 and easily deflects their attacks . However , Goku lacks the stamina to maintain that form and reverts to Super Saiyan 2 . Kale 's desire to become stronger inadvertently causes her to transform into her Berserker Super Saiyan form again . 114 38 `` Intimidating Passion ! The Birth of a New Super Warrior ! ! '' `` Kiki semaru ! Aratana chō sen - shi no bakutan ! ! '' ( 鬼気せまる ! 新たな超戦士の爆誕 ! ! ) November 5 , 2017 TBA Vegeta continues his battle with Toppo , while Caulifla is able to help Kale regain control of her Berserker form . Caulifla and Kale battle Goku together and are able to hold him off . Meanwhile , Frieza is confronted by Katopesla , but they are interrupted by Goku 's battle with Caulifla and Kale . Frieza wants to fight Caulifla and Kale , but Goku insists that he will fight them himself . Frieza backs down and watches the fight . The three Saiyans resume their battle . After unsuccessfully attempting to use Instant Transmission as a strategy , Goku powers up to his Super Saiyan God form and easily overpowers the two of them . As Goku prepares to eliminate Caulifla and Kale with a powerful Kamehameha , it is revealed that the girls were given a pair of Potara earrings by Fuwa , Universe 6 's Supreme Kai . They use the earrings and fuse to become a single being with immense power , who takes the name Kefla ( ケフラ , Kefura ) . 115 39 `` Goku VS Kefla ! Super Saiyan Blue Defeated ? ! '' `` Gokū vāsasu Kefura ! Sūpāsaiya - jin Burū Yabureru ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS ケフラ ! 超サイヤ人ブルー敗れる ! ? ) November 12 , 2017 TBA As Vegeta continues to fight Toppo , Gohan and Piccolo are engaged with Saonel and Pirina . No. 18 is attacked by Katopesla , but she is saved by No. 17 . Meanwhile , Goku continues his fight with Kefla . The Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō approve Kefla 's use of the Potara earrings . The other universes consider giving the Potara to their warriors as well . Pell ( ペル , Peru ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 2 , gives his Potara to Rabanra ( ラバンラ , Rabanra ) and Zarbuto ( ザーブト , Zābuto ) , but the earrings are destroyed by Kefla charging through them to continue fighting Goku . The battle becomes intense with Kefla gaining the upper hand . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue , but Kefla counters by powering up to Super Saiyan . However , Goku uses the Kaioken and regains the advantage . He appears to be winning , but Kefla lands a sneak attack that knocks him out of Super Saiyan Blue . She prepares to eliminate him , but Goku unexpectedly reawakens Ultra Instinct again and easily dodges her attacks . 116 40 `` The Sign of a Comeback ! Ultra Instinct 's Huge Explosion ! ! '' `` Gyakuten no kizashi ! Migatte no gokui ga dai bakuhatsu ! ! '' ( 逆転の兆し ! 身勝手の極意が大爆発 ! ! ) November 19 , 2017 TBA To counter Goku 's increase in power , Kefla powers up to Super Saiyan 2 , and the two of them face off . Goku still easily dodges Kefla 's attacks , but his own attacks are not strong enough to take her down . Whis explains that when Goku launches his attacks , it interferes with his concentration and prevents him from using Ultra Instinct to its full potential . Jiren senses the energy from the battle , which prompts him to awaken from his meditation and rejoin Toppo and Dyspo . Vegeta realizes that Ultra Instinct is the level of skill that Whis was training him and Goku to attain , and decides that he must reach it too . Goku begins running low on stamina , so he declares that he will end the fight with his next attack . Kefla panics and unleashes a multitude of deadly energy beams . Her ultimate attack devastates the ring , but Goku easily dodges her blasts while charging a Kamehameha . Goku jumps into the air , so Kefla focuses all of her power into a single blast and launches it at him , taking advantage of his apparent inability to dodge . However , he backflips and uses the charged - up energy to slide over her attack , and launches his Kamehameha at point - blank range , blasting Kefla out of the ring and eliminating her . Her Potara earrings shatter , and she splits back into Kale and Caulifla . With both of them eliminated , Saonel and Pirina are the only remaining warriors from Team Universe 6 . NOTE : This episode was dedicated in memory of Hiromi Tsuru , who passed away on November 16 , 2017 . 117 41 `` Showdown of Love ! Androids VS Universe 2 ! ! '' `` Ai no daikessen ! Jinzōningen VS Dai ni uchū ! ! '' ( 愛の大決戦 ! 人造人間 VS 第 2 宇宙 ! ! ) November 26 , 2017 TBA Goku is left exhausted from his battle with Kefla . He is confronted by all five remaining warriors from Universe 2 . Gohan and Piccolo try to help him , but they are intercepted by Saonel and Pirina . Elsewhere , Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and tries to unlock Ultra Instinct - Sign - against him . However , he is unsuccessful , and resorts to his normal fighting style . Vegeta easily overpowers Katopesla . Rozie and Ribrianne launch a combined attack at Goku , but No. 17 and No. 18 arrive in time to deflect it . The androids battle Rozie and Ribrianne . No. 17 defeats and eliminates Rozie , while No. 18 knocks Ribrianne out of her powered - up transformation . This causes her to revert into Brianne . Brianne is able to catch No. 18 in an energy trap , while her comrades from Universe 2 send their love to her . This allows Brianne to transform into a giant manifestation version of her Super Ribrianne form . No. 18 almost gives up until her love for Krillin and Marron gives her the determination to break free of Ribrianne 's trap . With No. 17 's help , No. 18 blasts through Ribrianne 's giant form and eliminates her . Brianne realizes that she lost because of No. 18 's strong love for Krillin , while Goku faces off against Zirloin ( ザーロイン , Zāroin ) , Zarbuto , and Rabanra of Universe 2 . 118 42 `` Accelerated Tragedy Vanishing Universes ... '' `` Kasokusuru Higeki Kieyuku Uchū ... '' ( 加速する悲劇消えゆく宇宙 ... ) December 3 , 2017 TBA Goku battles against Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra from Universe 2 , while Gohan and Piccolo are fighting against Saonel and Pirina . Saonel and Pirina 's power suddenly increases , and it is revealed that they had each fused with many Namekians from their universe before coming to the tournament , which greatly increased their own powers . No. 17 and No. 18 join Goku to help in the battle against the remaining Universe 2 warriors . It is revealed that Universe 2 's angel , Sour ( サワア , Sawaa ) , has been broadcasting the tournament to the populace of their universe . Universe 2 's inhabitants channel their love to Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , who are able to transform into forms similar to Ribrianne , Rozie , and Kakunsa 's transformed states . Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 battle Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , while Gohan and Piccolo continue fighting Saonel and Pirina . The Universe 2 trio unleash a legendary Universe 2 technique , the Pretty Black Hole , which traps and threatens to sink Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 through the fighting stage . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue and breaks through the Pretty Black Hole with a Kamehameha that eliminates Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , while Gohan and Piccolo blast Saonel and Pirina off the ring with a powerful combined attack that eliminates them as well . With all of their fighters eliminated , both Universe 2 and Universe 6 are erased . Brianne leads the Universe 2 team in a final happy moment before their erasure , while Cabba wishes Vegeta good luck . Champa taunts Beerus before being erased . Beerus remains impassive in the face of his brother 's erasure . Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and warns him that he is in a bad mood . 119 43 `` Unavoidable ? ! The Fierce Stealth Attack ! ! '' `` Kaihi funō ! ? Suterusu kōgeki no mōi ! ! '' ( 回避不能 ! ? ステルス攻撃の猛威 ! ! ) December 10 , 2017 TBA Vegeta overpowers Katopesla and drives him to the edge of the ring . Katopesla is able to catch himself , but he is pushed over the edge and eliminated by an unseen force . Vegeta and Gohan are attacked by the same force , but Vegeta is able to stop himself from going over the edge , while Piccolo catches Gohan . No. 18 is attacked by the invisible fighter , who is revealed to be one of the missing Universe 4 fighters , Gamisaras ( ガミサラス , Gamisarasu ) . Gohan creates a cloud of dust that coats Gamisaras , which allows Piccolo to see him and then easily eliminates Gamisaras . Undaunted , Quitela orders the remaining Universe 4 fighters to step up their game . Shantza ( シャンツァ , Shantsa ) generates a dome that envelops the Universe 7 team and manifests illusions of the defeated fighters from the erased universes . However , Piccolo spots Shantza and blasts him off the ring , which eliminates him and destroys the illusions . Universe 4 's last fighter , Damon ( ダモン , Damon ) , is also assumed to be invisible since no one can see him . Piccolo is able to sense Damon 's attacks , but he proves unable to hit Damon , who knocks him out of the ring and eliminates him . No. 17 discovers the truth and exposes Damon as a tiny bug - like creature rather than an invisible person , which explains why none of the fighters were able to hit him . To solve this problem , Goku repeatedly punches the ring and creates shock waves that launch Damon into the air , which cancels out his agility and allows No. 17 to hit him with energy blasts . No. 17 traps Damon in a miniature force field and kicks him out of the ring to eliminate him . With all of their fighters eliminated , Universe 4 is promptly erased . 120 44 `` The Perfect Survival Tactic ! Universe 3 's Menacing Assassin ! ! '' `` Kanpeki na Seizon Senryaku ! Dai san Uchū Kyōi no Shikaku ! ! '' ( 完璧なる生存戦略 ! 第 3 宇宙脅威の刺客 ! ! ) December 17 , 2017 TBA Following the elimination of Universe 4 , the remaining fighters from Universe 3 take the offensive against Universe 7 . While Viara is defeated and eliminated by No. 17 and No. 18 's combined efforts , Paparoni ( パパロニ , Paparoni ) sends Panchia , Koitsukai , and Bollarator to attack Goku , Gohan , and Vegeta . To help Goku and Vegeta save their energy to confront Universe 11 , Gohan decides to face the three robots alone . He gains the upper hand until Paparoni has them combine together into a much stronger robot called Koichiarator ( コイチアレータ , Koichiarēta ) . Koichiarator overpowers Gohan until Goku and Vegeta step in . The two distract the enemy , while Gohan charges and strikes with an attack powerful enough to defeat it . With his robots defeated , Paparoni refuses to surrender and declares that he will unleash his trump card on Universe 7 . 121 45 `` All - Out War ! The Ultimate Quadruple Merge vs Universe 7 's Full - Scale Attack ! ! '' `` Sōryokusen ! Kyūkoku no Yontai Gattai VS Dai nana Uchū Sōkōgeki ! ! '' ( 総力戦 ! 究極の 4 体合体 VS 第 7 宇宙総攻撃 ! ! ) December 24 , 2017 TBA Paparoni and Koichiarator merge to form Anilaza ( アニラーザ , Anirāza ) , the most powerful warrior from Universe 3 . Anilaza begins to overwhelm the Saiyans , which forces No. 17 and No. 18 to reinforce them . The five attempt to coordinate their attacks to catch Anilaza off - guard , but he deflects them all . It is revealed that Anilaza can use echolocation to detect his opponents ' movements . Anilaza begins teleporting his punches , and he nearly knocks Goku off the stage until Frieza steps in and knocks him back onto the fighting stage . Realizing that the Universe 7 warriors will rescue each other from defeat , Anilaza attempts to eat No. 18 , who is rescued by Goku . Anilaza corners No. 17 and overwhelms him . He knocks him off the fighting stage , but No. 18 sacrifices herself to kick No. 17 back onto the fighting stage . She is eliminated from the tournament . With no other options , the Universe 7 warriors power up to their maximum levels and engage in a ki clash with Anilaza . They buy time for No. 17 to pierce through Anilaza 's attack and damage his energy reactor . This enables the others to overwhelm and eliminate Anilaza . With all of their warriors eliminated , Universe 3 is erased . As the Universe 7 warriors begin to celebrate , the remaining Universe 11 warriors step forward to challenge them . 122 46 `` For One 's Own Pride ! Vegeta 's Challenge to Be The Strongest ! ! '' `` Onore no Hokori wo Kakete ! Bejīta Saikyō he no Chōsen ! ! '' ( 己の誇りをかけて ! ベジータ最強への挑戦 ! ! ) January 7 , 2018 TBA With only two universes remaining , the Grand Minister compresses the bleachers so that the remaining spectators are all close together . The final warriors begin their battle : Gohan and No. 17 battle Toppo , Frieza fights Dyspo , and Goku and Vegeta battle Jiren . Jiren overwhelms Goku with a flurry of punches , but Vegeta is able to analyze Jiren 's attack patterns and dodges his attacks . He lands a solid blow to Jiren 's midsection , but Jiren counters with a powerful blast that nearly rings Vegeta out . Meanwhile , Frieza blocks one of Dyspo 's attacks with his tail , but Dyspo uses it as leverage to injure him . Jiren disparages Vegeta for his self - righteousness , but Vegeta declares that it is the source of his strength . He powers up a Final Flash and goads Jiren into taking it head - on . However , the attack fails to damage Jiren , who acknowledges the power of Vegeta 's attack before incapacitating him . 123 47 `` Body and Soul , Full Power Release ! Goku and Vegeta ! ! '' `` Zenshin Zenrei Zenryoku Kaihō ! Gokū to Bejīta ! ! '' ( 全身全霊全力解放 ! 悟空とベジータ ! ! ) January 14 , 2018 TBA With Vegeta down , Goku faces off against Jiren . Meanwhile , the other battles continue . Frieza decides to start fighting Dyspo seriously , while Gohan and No. 17 are outmatched against Toppo . Outmatched in power , Goku instead uses ki blasts to create a minefield around Jiren , but it has no effect . Goku then lures Jiren onto a large rock that extends out over the edge of the fighting stage and cuts through the rock with a Destructo Disc . This causes Jiren to fall , but Jiren is able to push off the falling debris and jumps back onto the fighting stage . Angered by his near - elimination , Jiren finally shows his real power and easily overwhelms Goku with a volley of punches . Goku and Vegeta both get back up and power up to Super Saiyan Blue . Goku uses his maximum Kaioken beyond his previous limitations , while Vegeta is able to surpass his limits by tapping into more ki in his body , and attains a transformation similar to the Ascended Super Saiyan form , the Super Saiyan Blue Evolution form . Fully powered up , Goku and Vegeta attack Jiren as a team , and they are able to catch him off guard with their un-coordinated attacks . 124 48 `` The Fiercely Overwhelming Assault ! Gohan 's Last Stand ! ! '' `` Shippū - Dotō no Mōshū ! Gohan Haisui no Jin ! ! '' ( 疾風怒涛の猛襲 ! 悟飯背水の陣 ! ! ) January 21 , 2018 TBA As Goku and Vegeta continue their battle with Jiren , the battle between Dyspo and Frieza intensifies . The two seem evenly matched , until Frieza breaks off the fight and offers to help Universe 11 win the tournament if they promise to resurrect him with the Super Dragon Balls . Dyspo refuses the offer , so Frieza powers up to his Golden form and gains the advantage in the fight . Dyspo reveals his own ultimate technique , the Super Maximum Light Speed Mode , which increases his power and speed even further , and overwhelms Frieza . Gohan and No. 17 realize that Frieza is in danger of being knocked off the fighting stage , so No. 17 distracts Toppo , while Gohan goes to Frieza 's aid . Gohan and Frieza take on Dyspo as a team , but they have little success . Gohan develops a strategy that has Frieza use his energy to form a cage around Dyspo , which prevents him from using his high - speed attacks and allows Gohan to gain the upper hand . Unfortunately , Frieza runs out of energy , and the cage dissolves before Gohan can land the finishing blow . However , Gohan is able to grab Dyspo and hold him in place , while Frieza launches a blast that knocks them off the fighting stage and eliminates them both from the tournament . 125 49 `` With Imposing Presence ! God of Destruction Toppo Descends ! ! '' `` Ifu - Dōdō ! Hakaishin Toppo Kōrin ! '' ( 威風堂々 ! 破壊神トッポ降臨 ! ! ) January 28 , 2018 TBA Goku and Vegeta continue their battle with Jiren , while No. 17 and Toppo fight . No. 17 and Toppo engage in a beam clash , which Toppo is winning . Frieza intervenes and strikes Toppo repeatedly from behind , which allows No. 17 to overpower Toppo 's blast . In the wake of the explosion , Toppo appears to have been defeated . However , he gets back up and powers up to using the same type of energy as a God of Destruction . Belmod explains that Toppo is a candidate to be Universe 11 's next God of Destruction , so he can wield the same kind of power . Toppo unleashes his new power , which damages the fighting stage and breaks a large portion of it . No. 17 and Frieza attack Toppo repeatedly , but his power is now far superior to theirs . Toppo easily defeats them both . Fortunately , they are able to stay on the fighting stage , but Toppo knocks Frieza unconscious and engages in another beam clash with No. 17 . 126 50 `` Surpass Even a God ! Vegeta 's Desperate Blow ! ! '' `` Kami wo mo Koero ! Bejīta Sutemi no Ichigeki ! ! '' ( 神をも超えろ ! ベジータ捨て身の一撃 ! ! ) February 4 , 2018 TBA Toppo easily overpowers No. 17 's blast . No. 17 is able to evade him for a while by using the broken fighting stage to his advantage , but Toppo effortlessly withstands No. 17 's attacks . Toppo prepares to eliminate No. 17 with a giant energy blast . Frieza rejoins the battle and deflects Toppo 's attack . Frieza uses his own energy attack to immobilize Toppo , which allows him and No. 17 to land numerous attacks , but none of them have any effect . Toppo is about to eliminate them both , when he is interrupted by Goku and Vegeta , who are still fighting Jiren . Frieza and No. 17 are hit by one of Jiren 's attacks , which gives Toppo the opportunity to attack Vegeta instead . Toppo overwhelms Vegeta with his new power . Toppo states that he has cast aside everything else in order to become strong enough to win the tournament . However , Vegeta is inspired by his family , his promise to Cabba , and his Saiyan pride . He refuses to cast anything aside . Vegeta unleashes his full power and overwhelms Toppo . Vegeta and Toppo both use their ultimate attacks . Toppo unleashes his Energy of Destruction , while Vegeta uses the Final Explosion technique that he used against Majin Buu . Vegeta 's attack overwhelms Toppo 's attack , blasts Toppo out of the fighting stage , and knocks him out of his God of Destruction state . Vegeta eliminates Toppo from the tournament . This also causes even more damage to the fighting stage . Due to Vegeta being much stronger than the last time he used the Final Explosion technique , he survives the blast , but his energy is almost completely drained . No. 17 also reappears , but he has been injured by Jiren 's attack . Goku , Vegeta , and No. 17 all face off against Jiren , who begins to unleash his full power . 127 51 `` The Approaching Wall ! The Final Barrier of Hope ! ! '' `` Semari - kuru Shōheki ! Kibō wo Takushita Saigo no Baria ! ! '' ( 迫りくる障壁 ! 希望を託した最後のバリア ! ! ) February 11 , 2018 TBA Jiren powers up to his maximum . Goku , Vegeta , and No. 17 all attack him simultaneously , but he easily overpowers them . However , No. 17 manages to land a sneak attack and injures Jiren . Jiren defeats Goku and Vegeta , while Frieza rejoins the fight and tries to kill Jiren in his golden form . However , Frieza is easily defeated as well . No. 17 asks Jiren what his wish on the Super Dragon Balls would be , and Belmod explains that Jiren 's endless pursuit of strength was inspired when his parents , most of his comrades , and mentor were killed by a powerful villain . However , his abandonment by his surviving friends turned Jiren into a loner who distrusted friendship , and he solely focused on increasing his strength since then . No. 17 admires Jiren 's human qualities , but he accuses Jiren of using the rest of his universe 's team for his own ends . Jiren rebuffs him and fires a powerful energy blast down at No. 17 , Goku , and Vegeta . No. 17 uses a barrier to hold back Jiren 's blast and forms force fields around Goku and Vegeta to protect them before self - destructing to destroy Jiren 's blast . Despite his exhausted state , Vegeta faces off against Jiren and declares that he will defeat him . 128 52 `` Noble Pride to the End ! Vegeta Falls ! ! '' `` Kedakai Hokori Saigo Made ! Bejīta Chiru ! ! '' ( 気高い誇り最後まで ! ベジータ散る ! ! ) February 18 , 2018 TBA Vegeta prepares for a final stand against Jiren . Although Vegeta is too exhausted to turn into even a Super Saiyan , he still decides to take on Jiren . Jiren easily dodges his attacks and continues to pummel Vegeta . Jiren injures Vegeta 's left eye in the process . Vegeta is knocked to the brink of elimination , and he begins to think about the people in his life he cares about the most . He gets back up and continues to fight Jiren , who is impressed by Vegeta 's pride . Vegeta nearly rings out again . His boot catches onto a floating piece of rubble , which narrowly allows him to stay in the fight because the pieces of rubble still count as part of the fighting stage . Vegeta hears Bulma 's voice urging him to fight on , and he returns to fight Jiren once again . Jiren is unable to understand why Vegeta continues to fight him . Vegeta fires off a Final Flash , but Jiren is unfazed . Jiren knocks Vegeta out of the fighting stage and eliminates him from the tournament . Although Vegeta is upset at being unable to last until the end , he gives Goku his remaining energy at the last second before falling out of bounds . Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and begins to fight Jiren with his remaining power . However , even with Vegeta 's energy , Goku is still overwhelmed by Jiren . Goku is knocked back into his base form . When Goku is pushed back to the edge of the fighting stage and only one punch away from defeat , Vegeta shouts at Goku . Goku thinks about how the others have all put their faith in him . As Jiren delivers the final blow , Goku suddenly reactivates Ultra Instinct and dodges the attack . With his new power , Goku is able to effortlessly dodge Jiren 's attacks . Goku lands a heavy blow on Jiren , which hurts him . Both fighters prepare to face each other for their final battle . 129 53 `` Limits Super Surpassed ! Ultra Instinct Mastered ! ! '' `` Genkai Chōzetsu Toppa ! Migatte no Gokui Kiwamaru ! ! '' ( 限界超絶突破 ! 身勝手の極意極まる ! ! ) March 4 , 2018 TBA Whis points out that , since Goku has no allies to help him and no time to recover from the strain caused by Ultra Instinct , this will be his last chance to end the battle . Goku and Jiren resume their battle , but Goku has the same problem he experienced with Kefla , and he is unable to attack at his full potential . Goku tries the same trick he used on Kefla by powering up a Kamehameha and firing it at Jiren , but Jiren is able to punch through the blast . Belmod is confident that Goku 's incomplete Ultra Instinct will not be enough to win , but Vegeta points out that , throughout the tournament , all of the Saiyans have been able to surpass their limits and achieve higher levels of power . Jiren is able to trap Goku on a single floating rock and fires a barrage of attacks down at him in an attempt to knock him out , but Goku begins blocking Jiren 's attacks with his own punches . Jiren launches a final blast down at Goku , but Goku suddenly powers up immensely . He easily blocks Jiren 's blast and jumps back up to the fighting stage . Jiren attacks again , but this time Goku easily overpowers him with a flurry of punches . Whis reveals that Goku has completed his ascension of Ultra Instinct . Goku 's hair and eyes have turned silver , and he now has full mastery over Ultra Instinct . 130 54 `` The Greatest Showdown of All Time ! The Ultimate Survival Battle ! ! '' `` Kūzenzetsugo no Chō Kessen ! Kyūkyoku no Sabaibaru Batoru ! ! '' ( 空前絶後の超決戦 ! 究極のサバイバルバトル ! ! ) March 18 , 2018 TBA Having mastered Ultra Instinct , Goku overpowers and corners Jiren , which forces him to unleash the true extent of his powers . The two exchange attacks continuously . Despite almost being defeated twice , Goku stands up and recovers . When Jiren asks why Goku refuses to surrender , his friends claim that the source of Goku 's strength comes from the trust between him and his companions . Refusing to accept it , an enraged Jiren launches an attack on the bleachers that is repelled by a furious Goku , who finally defeats him . However , just as Goku is about to knock Jiren out , his body collapses from the burden of using Ultra Instinct for too long . Jiren takes the opportunity to knock Goku off the fighting stage , but Goku is saved by Frieza and No. 17 . Universe Seven is surprised to see No. 17 still alive . As Frieza and No. 17 prepare themselves to face Jiren , Goku writhes in pain . 131 55 `` The Miraculous Conclusion ! Farewell , Goku ! Until We Meet Again ! '' `` Kiseki no ketchaku ! Saraba Goku ! Mataauhimade ! ! '' ( 奇跡の決着 ! さらば悟空 ! また会う日まで ! ! ) March 25 , 2018 TBA With Goku down , Frieza and No. 17 face off against Jiren . No. 17 manages to injure Jiren , who collapses from exhaustion . Frieza is about to eliminate Jiren , who accepts his impending defeat , but Toppo calls out to Jiren and inspires him to keep fighting despite his injuries . Jiren powers up and fires a massive blast at Frieza and No. 17 . They form a barrier to shield themselves , but Frieza is running low on energy and loses his Golden form . Before Jiren can overpower them , Goku manages to get back up and rejoins the others . Goku adds his strength to the barrier and enables them to block Jiren 's blast . Goku and Frieza take on Jiren together , while No. 17 provides cover fire . Working together , Goku and Frieza overpower Jiren and tackle him out of the ring . All three of them are eliminated from the tournament . With all of their fighters gone , Universe 11 is erased . As the only fighter remaining on the fighting stage , No. 17 is declared the winner of the Tournament of Power . No. 17 is given the privilege of getting his wish granted from the Super Dragon Balls . After some consideration , No. 17 wishes to restore all of the universes that had been erased , which brings all their inhabitants back to life . As the erased universes are restored , the Grand Priest reveals that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō had foresaw the outcome of a virtuous being winning the Tournament of Power who would make a selfless wish on the Super Dragon Balls . He also stated that they would have otherwise erased the entire multiverse if the winner had wished for selfish reasons as this would have shown that the winning universe was no better than the erased universes and that universes excluded from the tournament were not equally worthy of existing . As a reward for doing well in the tournament , Lord Beerus asks Whis to restore Frieza to life as a present . In Universe 11 , Jiren establishes a real friendship with Toppo and looks forward to having a rematch with Goku someday . The group from Universe 7 return home . Frieza leaves Earth and resumes leadership of his empire . Goku vows to defeat Frieza if he starts causing trouble again . Goku and Vegeta meet for a sparring match in the place where they first fought . Goku reveals that he can not use Ultra Instinct anymore . Goku believes that he obtained it by accident during the tournament . Goku and Vegeta declare that they will keep finding new levels of strength as they race towards each other to fight . Blu - ray and DVD release ( edit ) Region 1 ( North America ) ( edit ) Name Date Discs Episodes Part One July 25 , 2017 1 -- 13 Part Two October 3 , 2017 14 -- 26 Part Three February 20 , 2018 27 -- 39 Part Four June 19 , 2018 40 -- 52 Region 2 ( Japan ) ( edit ) Name Date Discs Episodes Box 1 December 2 , 2015 1 -- 12 Box 2 March 2 , 2016 13 -- 24 Box 3 July 2 , 2016 25 -- 36 Box 4 October 4 , 2016 37 -- 48 Box 5 January 6 , 2017 49 -- 60 Box 6 April 4 , 2017 61 -- 72 Box 7 August 2 , 2017 73 -- 84 Box 8 October 3 , 2017 85 -- 96 Box 9 January 6 , 2018 97 -- 108 Box 10 April 3 , 2018 109 -- 120 Box 11 July 3 , 2018 121 -- 131 Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Episodes 109 and 110 aired together as a 1 - hour television special . ^ Jump up to : English titles per Crunchyroll . ^ Jump up to : English dub titles per Funimation . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super TV Anime Debuts on July 5 '' . Anime News Network . June 4 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2016 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kazuya Yoshii , Good Morning America to Perform Theme Songs For Dragon Ball Super '' . Anime News Network . May 19 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2016 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gods And Heroes Of `` Dragon Ball Super - Universal Survival Arc '' Gathered For New Opening Preview Shots `` . Crunchyroll . February 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super 's New Opening Sequence Previewed in Screenshots '' . Anime News Network . February 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : KEYTALK Performs New ED Song for `` Dragon Ball Super '' `` . Crunchyroll . October 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super To Introduce A New Theme This April '' . attackofthefanboy . March 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batten Showjo Tai Performs New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme '' . Anime News Network . June 19 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Band Arukara Performs New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme '' . Anime News Network . September 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE COLLECTORS Perform New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending Theme `` . Crunchyroll . December 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spring 's `` Dragon Ball Super '' End Theme Revealed `` . Crunchyroll . March 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miyu Inoue Sings New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme Song '' . Anime News Network . March 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lacco Tower Returns For New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending `` . Crunchyroll . June 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dragon Ball Super ' To Get New Ending '' . Comicbook . September 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RottenGraffty To Perform New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending `` . Crunchyroll . September 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Announces New Ending Theme '' . Comicbook . December 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blu - ray ・ DVD 情報ドラゴンボール超東映アニメーション ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami Snaps up ' Dragon Ball Super ' '' . Animation World Network . November 10 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2015 . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DRAGON BALL SUPER , READY FOR EMEA TAKEOVER WITH TURNER '' . www.toei-animation.com . Toei Animation Europe . October 10 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barder , Ollie ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dragon Ball Super ' Will Start Airing In Europe This Fall , Still No Word On A US Release '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Dragon Ball Super English Sub Announced '' . IGN . Ziff Davis , LLC . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super to Simulcast on Crunchyroll , Daisuki , AnimeLab ( Updated ) '' . Anime News Network . Anime News Network . October 19 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' DRAGON BALL SUPER '' SUBTITLED EPISODES BEGIN STREAMING TODAY ON FUNIMATIONNOW WITH NEW SIMULCAST EPISODES STARTING NOVEMBER 5 , 2016 . Funimation to Produce English Dub of New Series `` . Funimation . Funimation . November 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Licenses Dragon Ball Super , Plans English Dub '' . Anime News Network . Anime News Network . November 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami : Hope you 're sitting down for this ... '' Facebook . December 7 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super -- Universe Survival Saga -- Official PV 1 ( SUB ) '' . Funimation . Archived from the original on 4 February 2017 . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dragon Ball Super Universe Survival arc jump festa 17 promo video '' . kanzenshuu . December 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : あらすじドラゴンボール超 ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Listings Grid , TV Guide and TV Schedule , Where to Watch TV Shows - Screener '' . Archived from the original on 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Julia Alexander ( April 3 , 2017 ) , Samurai Jack gets left behind for Rick and Morty , and no one 's happy about it , archived from the original on April 3 , 2017 , retrieved April 3 , 2017 Jump up ^ Rick and Morty Twitter account ( April 1 , 2017 ) , New Episode of RICK AND MORTY airing NOW thru MIDNIGHT ( ET / PT ) and ONLINE at http://www.adultswim.com/streams , archived from the original on May 7 , 2017 , retrieved May 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . January 15 , 2018 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 1 '' . FUNimation . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 2 '' . FUNimation . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 3 '' . FUNimation . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 4 '' . FUNimation . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール超 Blu - ray BOX 1 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール超 Blu - ray BOX 2 '' ( in Urdu ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール超 Blu - ray BOX 3 '' ( in e ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール超 Blu - ray BOX 4 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール超 Blu - ray BOX 5 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール超 Blu - ray BOX 6 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール超 Blu - ray BOX 7 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール超 Blu - ray BOX 8 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール超 Blu - ray BOX 9 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . September 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール超 Blu - ray BOX 10 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . September 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール超 Blu - ray BOX 11 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . September 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . ( hide ) Dragon Ball by Akira Toriyama Media Manga chapters Dragon Ball Z Dragon Ball episodes Z episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 9 GT episodes Kai episodes Super episodes Films and TV specials Video games Soundtracks Characters Goku Bulma Master Roshi Yamcha Krillin Tien Shinhan Piccolo Gohan Vegeta Frieza Trunks Android 17 Android 18 Cell Majin Buu Beerus Zamasu Related Dr. Slump Arale Norimaki Neko Majin Episode of Bardock Jaco the Galactic Patrolman Portal Anime and manga portal Dragon Ball portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dragon_Ball_Super_episodes&oldid=833217407 '' Categories : Dragon Ball episode lists Hidden categories : CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Urdu - language sources ( ur ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Galego Italiano Magyar Norsk Português ไทย Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 08 : 55 . 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who won i am a celebrity 2018 australia	Season Presenters Start date End date Days in camp Campmates Honour places Winner Second place Third place Chris Brown and Julia Morris 1 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 01 ) 15 March 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) 45 14 Freddie Flintoff Barry Hall Chrissie Swan 31 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 31 ) 13 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 13 ) 45 12 Brendan Fevola Paul Harragon Laurina Fleure 29 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 29 ) 13 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 13 ) 46 14 Casey Donovan Dane Swan Natalie Bassingthwaighte 28 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) 12 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 12 ) 45 15 Fiona O'Loughlin Shannon Noll Danny Green 5 2019 2019	Fiona O'Loughlin	I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australian TV series )	i'm a celebrity... get me out of here! ( australian tv series )	I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( occasionally shortened to I 'm a Celebrity ) is an Australian reality television series on Network Ten which is based on the British television show of the same name . The series sees celebrities living in the jungle with few creature comforts and compete in various challenges to earn meals and other luxuries . The celebrities compete for $100,000 to be donated to their chosen charity . The series is set in Kruger National Park , South Africa , and is hosted by Julia Morris and Chris Brown .	On 16 July 2015 the series was renewed for a second season , which premiered on 31 January 2016 . The second season was accompanied by the companion series ' ' I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Now ! ' ' . It aired on Eleven following each episode of the main series , hosted by comedian and former season one contestant Joel Creasey and The Bachelor Australia 3 contestant Heather Maltman . ' ' I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Now ! ' ' did not air after the main show in later seasons due to low viewing rates . On 1 August 2016 the series was renewed for a third season with Morris and Brown returning as hosts , which premiered on 29 January 2017 . A fourth season commenced on 28 January 2018 and concluded 12 March 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Tucker trials 1.2 Celebrity chest challenges 1.3 Secret mission 1.4 Mystery box 2 Production 2.1 Broadcast 2.2 The fallout zone 2.3 Public voting 3 Series overview 4 Series results 4.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 4.2 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 4.3 Season 3 ( 2017 ) 4.4 Season 4 ( 2018 ) 4.5 Season 5 ( 2019 ) 5 Ratings 6 Awards and nominations 7 Lawsuit 8 See also 9 References Format ( edit ) The premise of the show is that there is a group of well known personalities living together in a specially constructed camp site in a jungle . During their time in the jungle they are isolated from the outside world and are not commonly aware of outside events . The contestants compete for $100,000 to be donated to a charity of their choosing , in addition to being personally reimbursed for their participation . While in the jungle , some of the contestants ( generally voted by the viewing public ) compete in challenges for food and luxuries for the camp . These challenges often involve local wildlife and are meant to take the contestants out of their comfort zone . Each week one or more of the contestants are evicted from the jungle , based on viewer votes . In addition , if the contestants become overwhelmed by their situation they can leave the series by speaking the phrase `` I 'm a celebrity get me out of here ! '' . However , it is reported that if contestants do quit they will have their income for participating in the series markedly reduced . Throughout the show , additional contestants ( called `` intruders '' ) enter the competition ; and beginning with season two , some contestants are only included temporarily ( i.e. having a guest appearance ) . In the end , a final viewer vote occurs to determine the winner of the series , who is given the title of `` King and / or Queen of the Jungle '' . Tucker trials ( edit ) The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food . These trials aim to test both physical and mental abilities . The winner is usually determined by the number of stars collected during the trial , with each star representing a meal earned by the winning contestant for their camp mates . Celebrity chest challenges ( edit ) Two or more celebrities are chosen to take part in the celebrity chest challenge to win luxuries for camp . Each challenge involves completing a task to win a chest to take back to camp . However , to win the luxury item in the chest , the campmates must correctly answer a question . If they fail to answer correctly , the luxury item is forfeited and a joke prize is won . The luxury item is `` donated '' by a celebrity from the outside . Secret mission ( edit ) This is a challenge where some celebrities have to take part without alerting the other celebrities - if they are successful in their ' missions ' , they are rewarded . Mystery box ( edit ) A mystery box sees a box delivered to the campsite , each time containing a different gift for the contestants . Production ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The show is broadcast Sunday to Thursday at 7.30 pm , with a weekly eviction show on Sunday ( except for the first week , where the celebrities arrive in the ' jungle ' ) . All shows are presented by Julia Morris & Chris Brown from a nearby studio . The program is live to AEDT States ( New South Wales , Victoria , Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory ) , in other states the program is delayed to accommodate local time zones . The Fallout Zone ( edit ) In addition to the television broadcast , for the first season a live feed from the camp site aired for an hour after the AEDT airing of the show on Ten 's website and mobile app , titled The Fallout Zone but more commonly referred to as FOZ . The content of feed was available on the website after the fact so viewers in other states could watch the show after their airing of the main show . The feed was hosted by comedian Sam Mac and producer Ciaran `` The Butcher '' Flannery , also known as `` The C - Word '' . On 8 and 12 March 2015 , producer Dominic `` The Domin8or '' Sullivan filled in during Flannery 's absence . The duo interact with viewers through Twitter , using the hashtag # FOZ . Mac and Flannery have no control over the shots used in the stream which has resulted in one episode featuring a 20 - minute shot of a waterfall and , on 16 February 2015 , a 15 - minute conversation featuring a sound technician looking for Bob being picked up . On 5 March 2015 the show famously featured audio problems during which Mac and Flannery 's voices fluctuated between chipmunk and Darth Vader filters for the first thirty minutes . The show 's theme song is Highway to the Fallout Zone sung by Sam Mac . The show did not return for the second season . Public voting ( edit ) Throughout the show the public votes on who competes in the following tucker trial and who to evict from the campsite . Viewers can either vote via SMS ( by texting the name of the celebrity to 1995 1010 ) or vote via Social Media ( namely Facebook or Twitter ) by using the celebrity 's hashtag ( # celeb ( name ) ) . Voting via social media is limited to 20 votes per account . For tucker trial voting , viewers vote for celebrity they wish to compete . For eviction voting , viewers vote for a celebrity to stay . Voting closes at approximately 7 : 30pm AEDT for Sunday 's eviction vote and at approximately 8pm AEDT for voting on other days . Prior to the premiere of the second season , it was announced that the voting process would change slightly compared to the inaugural season . SMS voting wil be used for both trial and eviction voting while Twitter voting will be used exclusively for trial voting . This change was implemented to even the playing field between celebrities with a larger international fan base ( who are more likely to receive Twitter votes from said fan base ) and celebrities with a smaller fan base who are only known in Australia . However , this decision was later reversed , allowing Twitter and Facebook votes for the finals . Series overview ( edit ) Winners crowned King or Queen of their respective year . Key : King of the Jungle Queen of the Jungle Season Presenters Start date End date Days in camp Campmates Honour places Winner Second place Third place Chris Brown and Julia Morris 1 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 01 ) 15 March 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) 45 14 Freddie Flintoff Barry Hall Chrissie Swan 31 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 31 ) 13 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 13 ) 45 12 Brendan Fevola Paul Harragon Laurina Fleure 29 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 29 ) 13 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 13 ) 46 14 Casey Donovan Dane Swan Natalie Bassingthwaighte 28 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) 12 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 12 ) 45 15 Fiona O'Loughlin Shannon Noll Danny Green 5 2019 2019 Series results ( edit ) Key Winner -- King or Queen of the Jungle Runner - up Third place Late arrival Evicted Withdrew Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia season 1 ) Celebrity Known for Day Entered Day Exited Result Freddie Flintoff England and Wales cricketer 17 45 Winner Barry Hall Former AFL forward 45 Runner - up Chrissie Swan Television & radio broadcaster 45 Third Place Maureen McCormick The Brady Bunch actress 42 Evicted 11th Joel Creasey Comedian 41 Evicted 10th Anna Heinrich The Bachelor Australia star 10 41 Evicted 9th Julie Goodwin Chef & cookbook author 17 40 Evicted 8th Merv Hughes Former test match cricketer 39 Evicted 7th Tyson Mayr Model 38 Evicted 6th Andrew Daddo Television & radio presenter 31 Evicted 5th Lauren Brant Hi - 5 singer 24 Evicted 4th Laura Dundovic Miss Universe Australia 2008 17 Evicted 3rd Tim Robards The Bachelor Australia star 10 17 Evicted 2nd Leisel Jones Olympic swimmer 10 Evicted 1st Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia season 2 ) Celebrity Known for Day Entered Day Exited Result Brendan Fevola AFL full - forward 45 Winner Paul Harragon Former NRL prop forward 45 Runner - up Laurina Fleure The Bachelor Australia 2 star 45 Third Place Anthony Callea Singer - songwriter 42 Evicted 9th Shane Warne Retired international cricketer 41 Evicted 8th Havana Brown DJ 40 Evicted 7th Jo Beth Taylor Television presenter 39 Evicted 6th Val Lehman Prisoner actress 38 Evicted 5th Dean Geyer Glee actor 31 Evicted 4th Bonnie Lythgoe So You Think You Can Dance Australia judge 24 Evicted 3rd Akmal Saleh Comedian 17 Evicted 2nd Courtney Hancock Ironwoman 10 Evicted 1st Season 3 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia season 3 ) Celebrity Known for Day Entered Day Exited Result Casey Donovan Singer - songwriter ( Australian Idol Winner ) 46 Winner Dane Swan AFL Legend 46 Runner - Up Natalie Bassingthwaighte Singer & Actress 46 Third Place Nazeem Hussain Comedian 45 Evicted 11th Steve Price Radio Shock Jock 42 Evicted 10th Lisa Curry Olympic Swimmer 41 Evicted 9th Ash Pollard My Kitchen Rules contestant 40 Evicted 8th Carson Kressley TV Personality 25 39 Evicted 7th Tegan Martin Beauty Queen 38 Evicted 6th Keira Maguire The Bachelor Australia 4 star 19 35 Evicted 5th Kris Smith TV Personality & Model 35 Evicted 4th Tziporah Malkah Former Model 31 Evicted 3rd Jay Laga'aia Actor & Singer 24 Evicted 2nd Tom Arnold Hollywood Actor 17 Evicted 1st Season 4 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia season 4 ) Celebrity Known for Day Entered Day Exited Result Fiona O'Loughlin Comedian 45 Winner Shannon Noll Singer 45 Runner - up Danny Green Boxer 7 45 Third place Vicky Pattison Reality TV Star ( I 'm a Celeb UK , Winner ) 17 44 Evicted 10th Simone Holtznagel Model 41 Evicted 9th Peter Rowsthorn Actor & Comedian 40 Evicted 8th Jackie Gillies Psychic & Reality TV Star 39 Evicted 7th Josh Gibson AFL Player 38 Evicted 6th Paul Burrell Former Royal Butler ( I 'm a Celeb UK , Runner Up ) 17 37 Evicted 5th Lisa Oldfield Reality TV Star 24 34 Evicted 4th David Oldfield Former Politician 24 30 Evicted 3rd Kerry Armstrong Actress 23 Evicted 2nd Tiffany Darwish Singer 16 Evicted 1st Anthony Mundine Boxer 12 Withdrew Bernard Tomic Tennis Player Withdrew Season 5 ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia season 5 ) Celebrity Known for Day Entered Day Exited Result Ratings ( edit ) Season Episodes Premiere Finale Source Premiere date Premiere viewers ( Opening Night ) Rank Premiere viewers ( Welcome to the Jungle ) Rank Finale date Finale viewers ( Grand final ) Rank Finale viewers ( Winner announced ) Rank 31 1 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 01 ) 1.199 1.136 5 15 March 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) 0.999 8 1.144 31 31 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 31 ) 1.324 1.081 5 13 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 13 ) 0.719 8 0.858 6 32 29 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 29 ) 1.103 7 0.963 8 13 March 2017 0.989 6 1.056 31 28 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) 1.274 1.108 5 12 March 2018 0.684 11 0.804 8 5 2019 2019 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Recipients and nominees Result Refs . 2016 Logie Awards of 2016 Best Reality Program I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Nominated 2017 Logie Awards of 2017 I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Nominated 2018 Logie Awards of 2018 I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! N / A Lawsuit ( edit ) In June 2017 , Tom Arnold filed a lawsuit against Network Ten and A List Entertainment for defrauding him for being on I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! . Arnold claims that he was promised a payment of $425,000 and a comedy tour in Australia , however he was missing $140,000 in payment and that Network Ten backed out of the comedy tour . See also ( edit ) Television in Australia portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` I 'm a Celebrity heads to Oz '' . C21 Media . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Gusmaroli , Danielle ( 8 February 2015 ) . `` I 'm A Celebrity I 'm out Of Here ! Olympian Liesel Jones is first star voted out of the south African jungle after opening up about her weight issues '' . Daily Mail Australia . Retrieved 23 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Kruger Welcomes I 'm A Celebrity '' . CallSheet. 28 January 2016 . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV jungle gets real for Channel 10 but are celebs in or out ? '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 16 July 2015 ) . `` Renewed : I 'm A Celebrity Get Me Out of Here '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 10 January 2016 ) . `` Returning : I 'm a Celebrity Get Me Out of Here ! '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 31 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 19 November 2015 ) . `` TEN Upfronts 2016 : Survivor , Jessica Marais , Anh Do - and Nigella ! '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 'm A Celebrity ... Get Me Out Of Here ! Is Back In 2017 '' . Ten Play . Channel Ten . August 1 , 2016 . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reines , Ros ( 2 February 2015 ) . `` I 'm SO glad I turned down I 'm A Celebrity ... even though it paid ' $30 k per week ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 4 March 2015 ) . `` Contract clause ' penalty ' for Celebrities who quit TEN 's jungle '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 28 December 2015 ) . `` Mark Waugh into TEN 's jungle ? '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 28 January 2016 ) . `` I 'm a Celebrity to switch - up viewer voting this year '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 10 March 2016 ) . `` TEN U-turn on voting promise for I 'm A Celebrity '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 2 February 2015 ) . `` Sunday 1 February 2015 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 16 March 2015 ) . `` Sunday 15 March 2015 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 1 February 2016 ) . `` Sunday 31 January 2016 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 14 March 2016 ) . `` Sunday 13 March 2016 '' . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 30 January 2017 ) . `` Sunday 29 January 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 14 March 2017 ) . `` Monday 13 March 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 29 January 2018 ) . `` Sunday 28 January 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 13 March 2018 ) . `` Monday 12 March 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 3 April 2016 ) . `` Logie Awards 2016 : nominations '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 3 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 22 April 2017 ) . `` Logie Awards 2017 : nominees '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Cullins , Ashley ( 2017 - 06 - 15 ) . `` Tom Arnold Sues Australian Reality TV Network for Fraud '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 16 . I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia ) Seasons Winners Freddie Flintoff Brendan Fevola Casey Donovan Fiona O'Loughlin Related articles I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! International versions of I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Australia France Germany Hungary India Romania Sweden United Kingdom ( original ) United States Current Australian reality television series Seven Network First Dates Hell 's Kitchen Australia House Rules My Kitchen Rules Seven Year Switch Nine Network Australian Ninja Warrior Family Food Fight Married at First Sight The Block The Voice 9Go ! Love Island Australia Meet the Hockers Network Ten Australian Survivor Bachelor in Paradise Australia The Bachelor The Bachelorette MasterChef Australia I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Shark Tank Eleven Bondi Ink Tattoo Arena The Real Housewives of Melbourne The Real Housewives of Sydney Fox8 Australia 's Next Top Model The Recruit A&E Aussie Pickers Demolition Man Pawn Stars Australia Lifestyle Food The Great Australian Bake Off All Australian reality series Network Ten local programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime All Star Family Feud ( since 2016 ) Australian Survivor ( since 2016 ) The Bachelor Australia ( since 2013 ) The Bachelorette Australia ( since 2015 ) Bachelor in Paradise ( since 2018 ) Todd Sampson 's Body Hack ( since 2016 ) Bondi Vet ( since 2009 ) Bondi Rescue ( since 2006 ) CRAM ! ( since 2017 ) Family Feud ( since 2014 ) Gogglebox Australia ( since 2015 ) Have You Been Paying Attention ? ( since 2013 ) Hughesy , We Have a Problem ( since 2018 ) I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( since 2015 ) The Living Room ( since 2012 ) MasterChef Australia ( since 2009 ) Offspring ( 2010 -- 2014 , since 2016 ) Shark Tank ( since 2015 ) Show Me the Movie ! ( since 2018 ) Sisters ( since 2017 ) The Wrong Girl ( since 2016 ) Daytime Ben 's Menu ( since 2014 ) Everyday Gourmet with Justine Schofield ( since 2011 ) Good Chef Bad Chef ( since 2011 ) My Market Kitchen ( since 2016 ) News Ten Eyewitness News ( since 1965 ) The Project ( since 2009 ) Studio 10 ( since 2013 ) Sport RPM ( 1997 -- 2008 , 2011 , since 2015 ) Weekends Cruise Mode ( since 2016 ) Healthy Homes TV ( since 2015 ) ifish ( since 2009 ) Mass For You At Home ( since 1971 ) What 's Up Downunder Upcoming All Aussie Adventures ( 2018 ) Blind Date ( 2018 ) How to Stay Married ( 2018 ) Playing For Keeps ( 2018 ) Street Smart ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_a_Celebrity...Get_Me_Out_of_Here!_(Australian_TV_series)&oldid=838342428 '' Categories : Network Ten shows 2010s Australian television series 2015 Australian television series debuts Australian reality television series I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! English - language television programs Television series by ITV Studios Television shows set in South Africa Hidden categories : Use Australian English from February 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from February 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 12 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%2527m%20a%20Celebrity...Get%20Me%20Out%20of%20Here%21%20%28Australian%20TV%20series%29	440
where is the 11 foot 8 inch bridge	The 11 foot 8 Bridge ( formally known as the Norfolk Southern -- Gregson Street Overpass and nicknamed The Can - Opener ) is a railroad bridge in Durham , North Carolina , United States , that has attracted media coverage and popular attention because tall vehicles such as trucks and RVs frequently collide with the unusually low overpass , resulting in damage ranging from RV roof air conditioners being scraped off to entire truck roofs being removed . The 78 - year - old bridge along South Gregson Street provides only 11 feet 8 inches ( 3.56 m ) of vertical clearance . It can not be raised , because nearby railroad crossings would also have to be raised with it . The street also can not be lowered , because a major sewer line runs only four feet ( 1.2 m ) under Gregson Street .	Durham , North Carolina	11 foot 8 bridge	11 foot 8 bridge	The 11 foot 8 Bridge ( formally known as the Norfolk Southern -- Gregson Street Overpass and nicknamed The Can - Opener ) is a railroad bridge in Durham , North Carolina , United States , that has attracted media coverage and popular attention because tall vehicles such as trucks and RVs frequently collide with the unusually low overpass , resulting in damage ranging from RV roof air conditioners being scraped off to entire truck roofs being removed . The 78 - year - old bridge along South Gregson Street provides only 11 feet 8 inches ( 3.56 m ) of vertical clearance . It can not be raised , because nearby railroad crossings would also have to be raised with it . The street also can not be lowered , because a major sewer line runs only four feet ( 1.2 m ) under Gregson Street .	Despite numerous signs and warning devices , a truck crashes into the bridge on average at least once a month . Most crashes involve rental trucks , even though rental agencies warn renters about the under - height bridges in the area . Jürgen Henn , who works in a nearby office , mounted a video camera to record the crashes . Since April 2008 , he has recorded over 100 crashes , and posted them on YouTube . The videos gradually attracted the attention of a local TV station , and eventually progressed to international media attention . The bridge is only one of several under - height bridges in the area that trucks frequently crash into ; however , the videos became viral , and brought this particular bridge to international media attention , including front - page coverage in The Wall Street Journal , and on an episode of the Comedy Central show Tosh. 0 . As of January 2018 , there have been no deaths and only three minor injuries at the bridge , leading officials to concentrate on more urgent safety issues . Contents ( hide ) 1 Official actions 1.1 New traffic light 1.2 Priorities 2 References 3 External links Official actions ( edit ) A view from under the bridge , facing traffic . Just below the bridge , is a wide - flange steel H - beam to protect it from over-height trucks . The beam 's web is horizontal to better absorb the shear force of truck collisions . The vertical flanges spread the impact . Screenshot of a truck damaged after attempting to go under the bridge , one of many vehicle collisions recorded by Jürgen Henn The state of North Carolina owns the North Carolina Railroad Company , which owns the land and the bridge . ( North Carolina Railroad owns no rolling stock , but leases tracks to Amtrak and Norfolk Southern Railway . ) A heavy steel crash beam protects the bridge from over-height trucks , but does nothing to prevent crashes or protect the trucks . The crash beam has been hit so often that it had to be replaced at least once . The Transportation Department of the City of Durham maintains Gregson Street , which runs under the bridge . The city installed height detectors on Gregson a block before the bridge . When an over-height truck passes by the detector , yellow warning lights flashed to alert the drivers of trucks that will not clear the low underpass . Unfortunately , many drivers fail to heed the warnings , and crash into the bridge . The problem is complicated by the location of Peabody Street , which runs parallel to the tracks , and intersects Gregson , just before the bridge . Not all trucks traveling on Gregson will continue under the bridge . Some large trucks must turn right onto Peabody to make their deliveries . Over-height trucks are allowed on Gregson , as long as they turn just before the bridge . New traffic light ( edit ) In May 2016 , the city attempted to solve the problem by installing a traffic signal at the intersection , removing the yellow warning lights in return . When an over-height truck approaches , the light turns yellow , then red , and a screen displays the message `` OVERHEIGHT MUST TURN '' . The light will eventually turn green again , even if a truck driver chooses not to turn . The city hoped the long delay would give drivers time to realize their trucks will not fit under the bridge . However , trucks have continued to hit the bridge despite this . Priorities ( edit ) In 2014 , the North Carolina Department of Transportation ( NCDOT ) Rail Division and the City of Durham began a `` Traffic Separation Study '' of 18 rail crossings over a 12 - mile ( 19 km ) section of the railroad . Gregson Street is in the middle of that section of track , but was not mentioned in the study . The study focused on eliminating at - grade crossings , not on fixing grade - separated crossings such as the one at Gregson . There have been four deaths and two other injuries in the study area since 1991 , compared to only three minor injuries at Gregson . The study did recommend replacing the bridge at Roxboro Street , because it has a vertical clearance of only 11 feet 4 inches ( 3.45 m ) , and `` Many trucks have gotten stuck under the Roxboro Street railroad bridge . '' Local news has reported crashes at the Roxboro Street bridge . As of January 2016 , recommendations made in the study have not been implemented . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gutierrez , Gabe ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` This Bridge Continues Wreaking Havoc on Unsuspecting Truck Drivers '' . NBC Nightly News . NBC News . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Tamara ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` Trucks Hit Same Durham Bridge Hours Apart '' . Eyewitness News . Durham , NC : WTVD - TV . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , David ( April 12 , 2013 ) . `` Video : Trucks Smash into Bridge Time After Time After Time '' . Denver : KDVR - TV . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Ben ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` The Joys of Watching a Bridge Shave the Tops off Trucks '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Erin Hartness ( March 18 , 2009 ) . `` Man 's videos span year of trucks hitting Durham bridge '' . WRAL - TV . Capitol Broadcasting Company . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hooley , Danny ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` A Little off the Top : Durham 's ' Canopener Bridge ' Makes the Front Page of the Wall Street Journal , '' . Indy Week . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Another Truck Slams Into Durham Bridge , Gets Stuck '' . Eyewitness News . Durham , NC : WTVD - TV . August 6 , 2015 . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gary D. Robertson ( November 26 , 2012 ) . `` NC lawmakers seeking more from railroad company '' . The Daily Herald , Roanoke Rapids , NC . Associated Press . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chris Williams ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Truck Slams Into Durham 's ' Can Opener ' Bridge Despite New Warning System '' . Spectrum News . Time Warner Cable . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matthew West ( March 27 , 2014 ) . Traffic Separation Study ( TSS ) ( Report ) . City of Durham , North Carolina . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tractor - trailer hits Roxboro Street bridge in Durham '' . WRAL - TV . Capitol Broadcasting Company . December 9 , 2014 . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Norfolk Southern -- Gregson Street Overpass at Wikimedia Commons 11foot8.com Bridge - related articles Structural types Arch bridge Bascule bridge Beam bridge Box girder bridge Bridge -- tunnel Burr truss Cable - stayed bridge Canopy bridge Cantilever bridge Cantilever spar cable - stayed bridge Covered bridge Crib bridge Extradosed bridge Log bridge Moon bridge Moveable bridge Navigable aqueduct Pile bridge Pontoon bridge ( Vlotbrug ) Suspension bridge ( types ) Tilt bridge Timber bridge Through arch bridge Transporter bridge Truss bridge Tubular bridge Viaduct Visual index to various types Lists of bridges by type List of bridges List of road -- rail bridges List of bridge -- tunnels List of bascule bridges List of multi-level bridges List of toll bridges List of cantilever bridges Lists of bridges by size By length Suspension bridges Cable - stayed bridges Cantilever bridges Continuous truss bridges Arch bridges Masonry arch bridges Highest Tallest Additional lists Bridge failures Bridge to nowhere Commons WikiProject Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=11_foot_8_Bridge&oldid=833429975 '' Categories : Buildings and structures in Durham , North Carolina Railroad bridges in North Carolina Beam bridges Viral videos Traffic collisions Transportation in Durham , North Carolina Steel bridges in the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Polski Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 14 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11%20foot%208%20Bridge	822
who said to error is human to forgive divine	An Essay on Criticism is one of the first major poems written by the English writer Alexander Pope ( 1688 -- 1744 ) . It is the source of the famous quotations `` To err is human , to forgive divine '' and `` A little learning is a dang'rous thing , '' frequently misquoted as `` A little knowledge is a dang'rous thing . '' It first appeared in 1711 after having been written in 1709 , and it is clear from Pope 's correspondence that many of the poem 's ideas had existed in prose form since at least 1706 . Composed in heroic couplets ( pairs of adjacent rhyming lines of iambic pentameter ) and written in the Horatian mode of satire , it is a verse essay primarily concerned with how writers and critics behave in the new literary commerce of Pope 's contemporary age . The poem covers a range of good criticism and advice , and represents many of the chief literary ideals of Pope 's age .	Alexander Pope	An Essay on criticism	an essay on criticism	An Essay on Criticism is one of the first major poems written by the English writer Alexander Pope ( 1688 -- 1744 ) . It is the source of the famous quotations `` To err is human , to forgive divine '' and `` A little learning is a dang'rous thing , '' frequently misquoted as `` A little knowledge is a dang'rous thing . '' It first appeared in 1711 after having been written in 1709 , and it is clear from Pope 's correspondence that many of the poem 's ideas had existed in prose form since at least 1706 . Composed in heroic couplets ( pairs of adjacent rhyming lines of iambic pentameter ) and written in the Horatian mode of satire , it is a verse essay primarily concerned with how writers and critics behave in the new literary commerce of Pope 's contemporary age . The poem covers a range of good criticism and advice , and represents many of the chief literary ideals of Pope 's age .	Pope contends in the poem 's opening couplets that bad criticism does greater harm than bad writing : ' Tis hard to say , if greater Want of Skill Appear in Writing or in Judging ill , But , of the two , less dang'rous is th ' Offence , To tire our Patience , than mis - lead our Sense Some few in that , but Numbers err in this , Ten Censure wrong for one who Writes amiss ; A Fool might once himself alone expose , Now One in Verse makes many more in Prose ... ( 1 -- 8 ) Despite the harmful effects of bad criticism , literature requires worthy criticism . Pope delineates common faults of poets , e.g. , settling for easy and cliché rhymes : And ten low words oft creep in one dull line : While they ring round the same unvaried chimes , With sure returns of still expected rhymes ; Wher'er you find `` the cooling western breeze '' , In the next line , it `` whispers through the trees '' ; If crystal streams `` with pleasing murmurs creep '' , The reader 's threatened ( not in vain ) with `` sleep '' ... ( 347 -- 353 ) Throughout the poem , Pope refers to ancient writers such as Virgil , Homer , Aristotle , Horace and Longinus . This is a testament to his belief that the `` Imitation of the ancients '' is the ultimate standard for taste . Pope also says , `` True ease in writing comes from art , not chance , / As those move easiest who have learned to dance '' ( 362 -- 363 ) , meaning poets are made , not born . As is usual in Pope 's poems , the Essay concludes with a reference to Pope himself . Walsh , the last of the critics mentioned , was a mentor and friend of Pope who had died in 1710 . An Essay on Criticism was famously and fiercely attacked by John Dennis , who is mentioned mockingly in the work . Consequently , Dennis also appears in Pope 's later satire , The Dunciad . Part II of An Essay on Criticism includes a famous couplet : A little learning is a dangerous thing ; Drink deep , or taste not the Pierian spring . This is in reference to the spring in the Pierian Mountains in Macedonia , sacred to the Muses . The first line of this couplet is often misquoted as `` a little knowledge is a dangerous thing '' . The Essay also gives this famous line ( towards the end of Part II ) : To err is human , to forgive divine . The phrase `` fools rush in where angels fear to tread '' from Part III has become part of the popular lexicon , and has been used for and in various works . See also ( edit ) Dunning -- Kruger effect , the empirically observed pattern that individuals possessing a nonzero but low degree of competence in a field tend to overestimate their competence whereas individuals possessing high competence in that field tend to accurately assess or even underestimate their competence relative to others ' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ An Essay on Criticism ( 1 ed . ) . London : Printed for W. Lewis in Russel Street , Covent Garden ; and Sold by W. Taylor at the Ship in Pater - Noster Row , T. Osborn near the Walks , and J. Graves in St. James Street . 1711 . Retrieved 21 May 2015 . via Google books Jump up ^ 22 October 1706 : Correspondence , i. 23 -- 24 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : An Essay on Criticism Wikisource has original text related to this article : An Essay on Criticism An Essay on Criticism at the Eighteenth - Century Poetry Archive ( ECPA ) Full text of the Essay An Essay on Criticism at Project Gutenberg ( much punctuation is missing ) A Study Guide for the Essay , by Walter Jackson Bate An Essay on Criticism public domain audiobook at LibriVox Alexander Pope Plays Three Hours After Marriage ( 1717 ) Essays `` Peri Bathous , Or the Art of Sinking in Poetry '' ( 1727 ) Poetry `` Ode on Solitude '' ( 1700 ) An Essay on Criticism ( 1711 ) Messiah ( Latin poem ) ( 1712 ) The Rape of the Lock ( 1712 ) The Temple of Fame ( 1715 ) Eloisa to Abelard ( 1717 ) `` Elegy to the Memory of an Unfortunate Lady '' ( 1717 ) The Dunciad ( 1728 -- 9 , 1742 -- 3 ) An Essay on Man ( 1734 ) Moral Essays ( 1731 - 35 ) Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot ( 1735 ) Related Popeswood Binfield Scriblerus Club Memoirs of Martinus Scriblerus `` Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel ? '' Heroic couplet People Martha Blount John Caryll Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=An_Essay_on_Criticism&oldid=781814832 '' Categories : British poems Works by Alexander Pope 1711 poems Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2011 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Talk About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2017 , at 11 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%20Essay%20on%20Criticism	823
who sang make em laugh in singin in the rain	`` Make ' Em Laugh '' is a song first featured in the 1952 film Singin ' in the Rain , frenetically performed by Donald O'Connor . Written by Nacio Herb Brown and Arthur Freed , the song is closely based on Cole Porter 's `` Be a Clown '' . It finished at # 49 in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema .	Donald O'Connor	Make ' Em Laugh	make'em laugh	`` Make ' Em Laugh '' is a song first featured in the 1952 film Singin ' in the Rain , frenetically performed by Donald O'Connor . Written by Nacio Herb Brown and Arthur Freed , the song is closely based on Cole Porter 's `` Be a Clown '' . It finished at # 49 in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema .	O'Connor's song - and - dance routine in Singin ' in the Rain is noted for its extreme physical difficulty , featuring dozens of jumps , pratfalls , and two backflips . Hollywood legend states that O'Connor , a chain - smoker , was bedridden for several days after filming the sequence . This high degree of difficulty has made the original routine a tour de force in physical comedy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Notable Performances 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Notable performances ( edit ) `` Make ' Em Laugh '' was later performed by Tim Curry , Kathy Najimy , and Mara Wilson at the 67th Annual Academy Awards in 1995 . A parody of this song was featured on an episode of the TV series Family Guy titled `` Peterotica '' . It was sung by Glenn Quagmire while visiting a sex shop with Peter , Cleveland , and Joe . The song title was used for a six - hour documentary , Make ' Em Laugh : The Funny Business of America , which aired on PBS in January , 2009 . The song was performed by Joseph Gordon - Levitt on Saturday Night Live on November 21 , 2009 . It was also performed by Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) on the Glee episode `` The Substitute '' on November 16 , 2010 . It also had a new original rendition in the 2015 movie Minions , in Minionese . See also ( edit ) Be a Clown Paul Krassner References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Adams , Cecil . `` Are n't the show tunes `` Be a Clown '' and `` Make ' Em Laugh '' suspiciously similar ? `` . The Straight Dope . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Make ' Em Laugh '' . PBS . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Glee - `` The Substitute '' `` . Cultural Learnings. 2010 - 11 - 16 . External links ( edit ) Article on similarities between `` Be a Clown '' and `` Make ' em Laugh '' This show tune - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Make_%27Em_Laugh&oldid=798872190 '' Categories : Songs from musicals Laughter 1952 songs Songs with music by Nacio Herb Brown Songs with lyrics by Arthur Freed Show tune stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 08 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make%20%2527Em%20Laugh	824
mix red and green to make this colour	By convention , the three primary colors in additive mixing are red , green , and blue . In the absence of color , when no colors are showing , the result is black . If all three primary colors are showing , the result is white . When red and green combine , the result is yellow . When red and blue combine , the result is magenta . When blue and green combine , the result is cyan .	yellow	Color mixing	color mixing	There are two types of color mixing : Additive and Subtractive . In both cases , there are three primary colors , three secondary colors ( colors made from 2 of the three primary colors in equal amounts ) , and one tertiary color made from all three primary colors . This point is a common source of confusion , as there are different sets of primary colors depending on whether you are working with additive or subtractive mixing .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Additive mixing 2 Subtractive mixing 3 See also 4 External links 5 References Additive mixing ( edit ) A simulated example of additive color mixing . Additive primaries act as sources of light . The standard red , green , and blue combine pairwise to produce the additive secondaries cyan , magenta , and yellow ( which are also the subtractive primaries in theory , although actual pigments are likely not as intense ) . Combining all three primaries ( center ) produces white . The additive mixing of colors is unintuitive as it does not correspond to the mixing of physical substances ( such as paint ) which would correspond to subtractive mixing . For instance , one can additively mix yellow and blue by shining yellow light together with blue light , which will result in not green but a white light . As in this example , one should always have the mixture of light in mind when considering additive color mixing as it is the only situation where it occurs . Despite being unintuitive , it is conceptually simpler than subtractive mixing . Two beams of light that are superimposed correspond to additive mixing . By convention , the three primary colors in additive mixing are red , green , and blue . In the absence of color , when no colors are showing , the result is black . If all three primary colors are showing , the result is white . When red and green combine , the result is yellow . When red and blue combine , the result is magenta . When blue and green combine , the result is cyan . Additive mixing is used in television and computer monitors to produce a wide range of colors using only three primary colors . A pixel is a juxtaposition of these three primary colors . Projection televisions typically have three projectors , one for each primary color . Subtractive mixing ( edit ) Main article : Subtractive color A simulated example of ( idealized ) subtractive color mixing . An external source of illumination is assumed , and each primary attenuates ( absorbs ) some of that light . The standard subtractive primaries cyan , magenta , and yellow combine pairwise to make subtractive secondaries red , green , and blue ( which themselves are additive primaries , or in practice somewhat darker and less - saturated versions of typical additive primaries ) . Combining all three primaries ( center ) absorbs all the light , resulting in black . For real pigments , the results would be somewhat complicated by opacity and mixing behavior , and in practice adding a fourth pigment such as black may be helpful . The mixing of colored physical substances corresponds to subtractive color mixing , hence it corresponds to our intuition about mixing colors . To explain the mechanism , let us consider mixing red paint with yellow paint . The red paint is red because when the ambient light strikes it , the composition of the material is such that it absorbs all other colors in the visible spectrum except for red . The red light , not being absorbed , reflects off the paint and is what we see . This same mechanism describes the color of all material objects -- note that light is not a material object -- and so applies to the yellow paint as well . Making recourse to the figure above demonstrating additive color mixing , one sees that yellow light is composed of an ( additive ) mixture of red and green light . When we mix the two paints , the resulting substance has red paint and yellow paint . The yellow paint absorbs all colors except for red and green . However , the red paint will absorb the green reflected by the yellow paint . The red paint can be said to subtract the green from the yellow paint . The resulting paint reflects only red light and so appears red to our eyes . Note however that this description is theoretical and that the mixing of pigments does not correspond to ideal subtractive color mixing because some light from the subtracted color is still being reflected by one component of the original paint . This results in a darker and desaturated color compared to the color that would be achieved with ideal filters . The three primary colors in subtractive mixing that produce the largest gamut are yellow , magenta and cyan , leading to the CMYK color model widely used in color printing . Historically , painters have used yellow , red and blue in place of these , resulting in reduced gamut . In subtractive mixing of color , the absence of color is white and the presence of all three primary colors is black . The secondary colors are the same as the primary colors from additive mixing , and vice versa . This is not an accident . By mixing additive secondary colors subtractively one can reachieve the primary additive colors . Subtractive mixing is used to create a variety of colors when printing on paper by combining a small number of ink colors , and also when painting . Red is created by mixing magenta and yellow ( removing green and blue ) . Green is created by mixing cyan and yellow ( removing red and blue respectively ) . Blue is created by mixing cyan and magenta ( removing red and green ) . Black can be approximated by mixing cyan , magenta , and yellow , although real pigments are not ideal and so pure black is nearly impossible to achieve . See also ( edit ) Color theory Subtractive color Additive color Impossible colors External links ( edit ) Interactive Java applet on the additive mixing of RGB colors by Wolfgang Bauer Interactive Java applet on the subtractive mixing of CYM colors by Wolfgang Bauer References ( edit ) Macaulay , David and Neil Ardley ( 1988 ) . The New Way Things Work . London : Dorling Kindersley Ltd . ISBN 0 - 395 - 93847 - 3 . ( hide ) Color topics Red Orange Yellow Green Cyan Blue Indigo Violet Purple Magenta Pink Brown White Gray Black Color science Color physics Electromagnetic spectrum Light Rainbow Visible Spectral colors Chromophore Structural coloration Animal coloration On Vision and Colors Metamerism Spectral power distribution Color perception Color vision Color blindness Achromatopsia test Tetrachromacy Color constancy Color term Color depth Color photography Spot color Color printing Web colors Color mapping Color code Color management Chrominance False color Chroma key Color balance Color cast Color temperature Eigengrau Color psychology Color symbolism Color preferences Lüscher color test Kruithof curve Political color National colors Chromophobia Chromotherapy Color philosophy Color space Color model additive subtractive Color mixing Primary color Secondary color Tertiary color ( intermediate ) Quaternary color Quinary color Aggressive color ( warm ) Receding color ( cool ) Pastel colors Color gradient Color scheme Color tool Monochromatic colors Complementary colors Analogous colors Achromatic colors ( Neutral ) Polychromatic colors Impossible colors Light - on - dark Tinctures in heraldry Color theory Chromaticity diagram Color solid Color wheel Color triangle Color analysis ( art ) Color realism ( art style ) Color terms Basic terms Blue Green Red Yellow Pink Purple Orange Black Gray White Brown Cultural differences Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate Blue -- green distinction in language Color history Color in Chinese culture Traditional colors of Japan Human skin color Color dimensions Hue Dichromatism Colorfulness ( chroma and saturation ) Tints and shades Lightness ( tone and value ) Grayscale Color organizations Pantone Color Marketing Group The Color Association of the United States International Colour Authority International Commission on Illumination ( CIE ) International Color Consortium International Colour Association Lists List of colors : A -- F List of colors : G -- M List of colors : N -- Z List of colors ( compact ) List of colors by shade List of color palettes List of color spaces List of Crayola crayon colors history pencil colors marker colors Color chart List of fictional colors List of RAL colors List of web colors Related Vision Image processing Multi-primary color display Quattron Qualia Lighting Local color ( visual art ) Portal Index of color - related articles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_mixing&oldid=836825914 '' Categories : Color Light Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Hrvatski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 02 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color%20mixing	825
when did the surgeon general warning about smoking			Tobacco packaging warning messages	tobacco packaging warning messages	Tobacco package warning messages are warning messages that appear on the packaging of cigarettes and other tobacco products concerning their health effects . They have been implemented in an effort to enhance the public 's awareness of the harmful effects of smoking . In general , warnings used in different countries try to emphasize the same messages . Warnings for some countries are listed below . Such warnings have been required in tobacco advertising for many years .	The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control , adopted in 2003 , requires such package warning messages to promote awareness against smoking . A 2009 review summarises that `` There is clear evidence that tobacco package health warnings increase consumers ' knowledge about the health consequences of tobacco use . '' The warning messages `` contribute to changing consumers ' attitudes towards tobacco use as well as changing consumers ' behaviour . '' At the same time , such warning labels have been subject to criticism . 2007 meta - analyses indicated that communications emphasizing the severity of a threat are less effective than communications focusing on susceptibility , and that warning labels may have no effect among smokers who are not confident that they can quit , which lead the authors to recommend exploring different , potentially more effective methods of behavior change . Contents ( hide ) 1 Albania 2 Argentina 3 Australia 4 Azerbaijan 5 Bosnia and Herzegovina 6 Brazil 7 Canada 8 Chile 9 China 10 European Union 10.1 Austria and Germany 10.2 Croatia 10.3 Cyprus 10.4 Czech Republic 10.5 Denmark 10.6 Finland 10.7 France 10.8 Greece 10.9 Hungary 10.10 Ireland 10.11 Italy 10.12 Latvia 10.13 Malta 10.14 The Netherlands 10.15 Poland 10.16 Portugal 10.17 Romania 10.18 Slovenia 10.19 Spain 10.20 Sweden 10.21 United Kingdom 11 Hong Kong 12 Iceland 13 India 14 Indonesia 15 Japan 16 Malaysia 17 Mexico 18 Moldova 19 New Zealand 20 Norway 21 Pakistan 22 Philippines 23 Russian Federation 24 Serbia 25 Singapore 26 Switzerland 27 Somalia 28 South Korea 29 Taiwan 30 Thailand 31 Turkey 32 Ukraine 33 United States of America 33.1 Cigars 33.2 Smokeless tobacco 34 Venezuela 35 Vietnam 36 References 37 External links Albania ( edit ) Text - based warnings on cigarette packets are used in Albania . Pirja e duhanit vret ( Smoking kills ) Pirja e duhanit mund të vrasë Smoking can kill Pirja e duhanit ju dëmton ju dhe të tjerët rreth jush Smoking seriously harms you and others around you Duhanpirësit vdesin më të rinj Smokers die younger Duhanpirja bllokon arteriet dhe shkakton infarkt të zemrës ose hemorragji cerebrale Smoking blocks the arteries and causes heart attack or cerebral hemorrhage Duhanpirja shkakton kancer në mushkëri Smoking causes lung cancer Duhanpirja gjatë shtatëzanisë dëmton fëmijën tuaj Smoking during pregnancy harms your baby Ruani fëmijët : mos i lini ata të thithin tymin tuaj Protect children : do not let them breathe your smoke Mjeku ose farmacisti juaj mund t'ju ndihmojë të lini duhanin Your doctor or pharmacist can help you stop smoking Duhanpirja shkakton varësi të fortë , mos e filloni atë Smoking causes a strong addiction , do not start it Lënia e duhanit pakëson rrezikun e sëmundjeve vdekjeprurëse të zemrës dhe mushkërive Leaving smoking reduces the risk of deadly heart disease and lung Duhanpirja mund të shkaktojë një vdekje të ngadaltë dhe të dhimbshme Smoking can cause a slow and painful death Kërkoni ndihmë për të lënë duhanin : telefon 0 800 47 47 ; Sektori i abuzimit me substancat , Instituti i Shëndetit Publik : www.ishp.gov.al ; konsultonhuni me mjekun / farmacistin tuaj Ask for help to quit smoking : telephone 0800 47 47 ; Substance Abuse sector , the Institute of Public Health : www.ishp.gov.al ; consult your doctor / pharmacist Duhanpirja mund të ngadalësojë rrjedhjen e gjakut dhe shkakton impotencë Smoking can slow blood flow and causes impotence Duhanpirja shkakton plakjen e fytyrës Smoking causes facial aging Duhani përmban benzen , nitrosaminë , formalinë dhe cianid hidrogjeni Smoking contains benzene , nitrosamines , formalin and hydrogen cyanide Pirja e duhanit shkakton sëmundje të zemrës Smoking causes heart disease Duhanpirja mund të dëmtojë spermën dhe ul pjellorinë Smoking can damage sperm and decrease fertility Duhani dëmton rëndë shëndetin Smoking seriously harms health Argentina ( edit ) General warning : Fumar es muy malo para la salud . Puede causar enfermedades del corazon , gangrena , cancer de pulmon , funcion pulmonar reducida , bronquitis cronica , accidente cerebrovascular , cancer de garganta , cancer de boca y enfisema . Si todavia usted fuma , no diga que no le advertimos . As of January 30 , 2013 , all cigarette packages must include graphical warning labels that show the detrimental effects on the health of long - term smokers . Translation of words in box : `` Smoking is very bad for health . It can cause heart disease , gangrene , lung cancer , reduced lung function , chronic bronchitis , stroke , throat and mouth cancer , and emphysema . If you smoke despite all this , do n't say that we did not warn you . '' Australia ( edit ) On 1 December 2012 , Australia introduced groundbreaking legislation and the world 's toughest tobacco packaging warning messages to date . All marketing and brand devices were removed from the package and replaced with warnings , only the name of the product remain in generic standard sized text . All tobacco products sold , offered for sale or otherwise supplied in Australia were plain packaged and labelled with new and expanded health warnings . Main article : Cigarette packets in Australia Azerbaijan ( edit ) In Azerbaijan , cigarette packages carry a small notice : `` Ministry of Health warns : Smoking is dangerous for your health '' , but this is usually printed in light and small fonts , and the first part of the message is not always visible . Bosnia and herzegovina ( edit ) Front of packaging ( covers 30 % of surface ) : Pušenje je štetno za zdravlje ( Smoking is harmful to health ) Pušenje ubija ( Smoking kills ) Pušenje ozbiljno šteti vama i drugima oko vas ( Smoking seriously harms you and others around you ) Back of packaging ( covers 50 % of surface ) : Pušenje uzrokuje rak pluća ( Smoking causes lung cancer ) Pušenje uzrokuje srčani udar ( Smoking causes heart attack ) Pušenje uzrokuje moždani udar ( Smoking causes stroke ) Pušenje u trudnoći šteti zdravlju Vašeg djeteta ( Smoking while pregnant harms your child ) Before 2011 , a small warning with the text Pušenje je štetno za zdravlje ( Smoking is harmful to health ) was printed on the back of cigarette packets . Brazil ( edit ) Brazil 's third and current batch of graphic images , mandatory on all cigarette packs . Brazil was the second country in the world and the first country in Latin America to adopt mandatory warning images in cigarette packages . Warnings and graphic images illustrating the risks of smoking occupy 100 % of the back of cigarettes boxes since 2001 . In 2008 , the government elected a third batch of images , aimed at younger smokers . Since 2003 , the sentence Este produto contém mais de 4 , 7 mil substâncias tóxicas , e nicotina que causa dependência física ou psíquica . Não existem níveis seguros para consumo dessas substâncias . ( This product contains over 4700 toxic substances and nicotine , which causes physical or psychological addiction . There are no safe levels for the intake of these substances . ) is displayed in all packs . Canada ( edit ) A Canadian Number 7 cigarette package , with 1 of the 16 warnings found on packages between 2000 and 2011 Canada has had 3 phases of tobacco warning labels . The first set of warnings was introduced in 1989 under the Tobacco Products Control Act , and required warnings to be printed on all tobacco products sold legally in Canada . The set consisted of 4 messages printed in black - and - white on the front and back of the package , and was expanded in 1994 to include 8 messages covering 25 % of the front top of the package . In 2000 , the Tobacco Products Information Regulations ( TPIR ) were passed under the Tobacco Act . The regulations introduced a new set of 16 warnings . Each warning was printed on the front and back of the package , covering 50 % of the surface , with a short explanation and a picture illustrating that particular warning , for example : WARNING CIGARETTES CAUSE LUNG CANCER 85 % of lung cancers are caused by smoking . 80 % of lung cancer victims die within three years . accompanied by a picture of a human lung detailing cancerous growths . Additionally , on the inside of the packaging or , for some packets , on a pull - out card , `` health information messages '' provide answers and explanations regarding common questions and concerns about quitting smoking and smoking - related illnesses . The side of the package also featured information on toxic emissions and constituent levels . In 2011 , the TPIR were replaced for cigarettes and little cigars with the Tobacco Products Labelling Regulations ( Cigarettes and Little Cigars ) . These regulations introduced the third and current set of 16 warnings in Canada . Currently , cigarette and little cigar packages in Canada must bear new graphic warning messages that cover 75 % of the front and back of the package . The interior of each package contains 1 of 8 updated health warning messages , all including the number for a national quitline . The side of the package now bears 1 of 4 simplified toxic emission statements . These labels were fully implemented on cigarette and little cigar packages by June 2012 ( though the 2000 labels still appear on other tobacco products ) . Canada also prohibits terms such as `` light '' and `` mild '' from appearing on tobacco packaging . The current labels were based on extensive research and a long consultation process that sought to evaluate and improve upon the warnings introduced in 2000 . In accordance with Canadian law regarding products sold legally in Canada , the warnings are provided in both English and French . Imported cigarettes to be sold in Canada which do not have the warnings are affixed with sticker versions when they are sold legally in Canada . Health Canada is also considering laws mandating plain packaging , in which legal tobacco product packaging would still include warning labels , but brand names , fonts , and colours would be replaced with simple unadorned text , thereby reducing the impact of tobacco industry marketing techniques . There have been complaints from some Canadians due to the graphic nature of the labels , but they generally enjoy wide public support . Chile ( edit ) Starting in November 2006 , all cigarette packages sold in Chile are required to have one of two health warnings , a graphic pictorial warning or a text - only warning . These warnings are replaced with a new set of two warnings each year . China ( edit ) Under laws of the People 's Republic of China , `` Law on Tobacco Monopoly '' ( 中华人民共和国烟草专卖法 ) Chapter 4 Article 18 and `` Regulations for the Implementation of the Law on Tobacco Monopoly '' ( 中华人民共和国烟草专卖法实施条例 ) Chapter 5 Article 29 , cigarettes and cigars sold within the territory of China should indicate the grade of tar content and `` Smoking is hazardous to your health '' ( 吸烟有害健康 ) in the Chinese language on the packs and cartons . The warnings were revised in 2009 . The following warnings shows what is printed at the current time . 吸烟有害健康尽早戒烟有益健康 Smoking is harmful to your health Quitting smoking early is good for your health 吸烟有害健康戒烟可减少对健康的危害 Smoking is harmful to your health Quitting smoking can reduce health risks European Union ( edit ) Cigarette packets and other tobacco packaging must include warnings in the same size and format and using the same approved texts ( in the appropriate local languages ) in all member states of the European Union . These warnings are displayed in black Helvetica bold on a white background with a thick black border . Ireland once prefaced its warnings with `` Irish Government Warning '' , Latvia with `` Veselības ministrija brīdina '' ( Health Ministry Warning ) and Spain with `` Las Autoridades Sanitarias Advierten ( The Health Board Warns ) . In member states with more than one official language , the warnings are displayed in all official languages , with the sizes adjusted accordingly ( for example in Belgium the messages are written in Dutch , French and German , in Luxembourg in French and German and in Ireland , in Irish and English ) . All cigarette packets sold in the European Union must display the content of nicotine , tar , and carbon monoxide in the same manner on the side of the packet . In 2003 , it was reported that sales of cigarette cases had surged , attributable to the introduction of more prominent warning labels on cigarette packs by an EU directive in January 2003 . Alternatively , people choose to hide the warnings using various arguably `` funny '' stickers , such as `` You could be hit by a bus tomorrow . '' Austria and germany ( edit ) Carton of German cigarettes , complete with warning General warnings : Rauchen ist tödlich . ( Smoking is lethal ) Rauchen kann tödlich sein ( Smoking can be lethal ) Rauchen fügt Ihnen und den Menschen in Ihrer Umgebung erheblichen Schaden zu . -- Smoking severely harms you and the people around you . Additional warnings : Raucher sterben früher -- Smokers die sooner . Rauchen führt zur Verstopfung der Arterien und verursacht Herzinfarkte und Schlaganfälle . -- Smoking leads to clogging of arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes . Rauchen verursacht tödlichen Lungenkrebs . -- Smoking causes lethal lung cancer . Rauchen in der Schwangerschaft schadet Ihrem Kind -- Smoking while pregnant harms your child . Schützen Sie Kinder -- lassen Sie sie nicht Ihren Tabakrauch einatmen ! -- Protect children -- do n't let them inhale your tobacco smoke ! Ihr Arzt oder Apotheker kann Ihnen dabei helfen , das Rauchen aufzugeben . -- Your doctor or pharmacist can help you to give up smoking . Rauchen macht sehr schnell abhängig : Fangen Sie gar nicht erst an ! -- Smoking makes you addicted very fast : Do n't start in the first place ! Wer das Rauchen aufgibt , verringert das Risiko tödlicher Herz - und Lungenerkrankungen -- Giving up smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases . Rauchen kann zu einem langsamen und schmerzhaften Tod führen -- Smoking can lead to a slow and painful death . Rauchen kann zu Durchblutungsstörungen führen und verursacht Impotenz -- Smoking can lead to blood circulation disorders and causes impotence . Rauchen lässt Ihre Haut altern -- Smoking ages your skin . Rauchen kann die Spermatozoen schädigen und schränkt die Fruchtbarkeit ein -- Smoking can damage the spermatozoa and decreases your fertility . Rauch enthält Benzol , Nitrosamine , Formaldehyd und Blausäure -- Smoke contains benzene , nitrosamine , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide . Croatia ( edit ) Front of packaging ( covers 30 % of surface ) : Pušenje ubija ( Smoking kills ) or Pušenje ozbiljno šteti vama i drugima oko vas ( Smoking seriously harms you and others around you ) Back of packaging ( covers 40 % of surface ) : Pušači umiru mlađi ( Smokers die younger ) Pušenje uzrokuje začepljenje arterija i uzrokuje srčani i moždani udar ( Smoking clogs your arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes ) Pušenje uzrokuje smrtonosan rak pluća ( Smoking causes lethal lung cancer ) Pušenje u trudnoći šteti vašem djetetu ( Smoking while pregnant harms your child ) Zaštitite djecu od udisanja vašeg cigaretnog dima ( Protect children from inhaling your cigarette smoke ) Vaš liječnik ili ljekarnik može vam pomoći prestati pušiti ( Your doctor or pharmacist can help you stop smoking ) Pušenje stvara izrazitu ovisnost , nemojte ni počinjati ( Smoking is highly addictive , do n't even start ) Prestanak pušenja umanjuje rizik smrtnih srčanih ili plućnih bolesti ( Quitting smoking reduces the risk of deadly heart and lung diseases ) Pušenje može izazvati polaganu i bolnu smrt ( Smoking can cause a slow and painful death ) Potražite pomoć za prestanak pušenja / savjetujte se sa svojim liječnikom / ljekarnikom ) ( Get help to stop smoking / consult with your doctor / pharmacist ) Pušenje može usporiti krvotok i prouzročiti impotenciju ( Smoking can slow down blood circulation and cause impotence ) Pušenje uzrokuje starenje kože ( Smoking causes aging of the skin ) Pušenje može oštetiti spermu i smanjiti plodnost ( Smoking can damage sperm and reduce fertility ) Dim sadrži benzene , nitrozamine , formaldehide i ugljikove cijanide ( Smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanides * ) The last warning contains a mistranslation from Directive 2001 / 37 / EC -- `` hydrogen '' was translated as ugljik ( carbon ) instead of vodik . It was nevertheless signed into law and started appearing on cigarette packages in March 2009 . Front of packaging 2004 -- 2009 Back of packaging 2004 -- 2009 Side of packaging 2004 -- 2009 2004 -- 2009 These warnings are also simple text warnings . Front of packaging : Pušenje šteti Vašem zdravlju ( Smoking harms your health ) Back of packaging : Pušenje uzrokuje rak ( Smoking causes cancer ) Pušenje u trudnoći šteti i razvoju djeteta ( Smoking while pregnant harms the child 's development ) Pušenje uzrokuje srčani i moždani udar ( Smoking causes heart attacks and strokes ) Pušenje skraćuje život ( Smoking shortens your life ) Side of packaging : Zabranjuje se prodaja osobama mlađim od 18 godina ( Not for sale to persons under the age of 18 ) 1997 -- 2004 Between 1997 and 2004 , a simple text label warning Pušenje je štetno za zdravlje ( Smoking is harmful to health ) was used . Cyprus ( edit ) Front side Το κάπνισμα σκοτώνει . Τütün içmek öldürür . ( Smoking kills . ) or Το κάπνισμα βλάπτει σοβαρά εσάς και τους γύρω σας . Τütün içmek size çevrenizdekilere ciddi zararlar verir . ( Smoking seriously harms you and those around you . ) Rear Οι καπνιστές πεθαίνουν γρήγορα . Τütün içenler genç yaşta ölür . ( Smokers die younger . ) Το κάπνισμα αποφράσσει τις αρτηρίες και προκαλεί εμφράγμα και εγκεφαλικά επεισόδια . Τütün damarları tıkar , kalp krizine ve felçlere neden olur . ( Smoking clogs the arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes . ) Το κάπνισμα προκαλεί θανατηφόρο καρκίνο των πνευμόνων . Τütün ölümcül akciğer kanserine neden olur . ( Smoking causes terminal lung cancer . ) Το κάπνισμα κατά τη διάρκεια της εγκυμοσύνης μπορεί να βλάψει την υγεία του παιδιού σας . Hamile iken tütün içmek bebeğe zarar verir . ( Smoking during pregnancy may harm your baby . ) Προστατέψτε τα παιδιά : μην τα αναγκάζετε να αναπνέουν τον καπνό σας . Çocukları koruyun : Dumanınızı onlara solutmayın . ( Protect children : do n't make them breathe your smoke . ) Ο γιατρός σας ή ο φαρμακοποιός σας μπορούν να σας βοηθήσουν να κόψετε το κάπνισμα . Sağlık kuruluşları tütünü bırakmada size yardımcı olabilir . ( Your doctor or your pharmacist can help you stop smoking . ) Το κάπνισμα είναι εξαιρετικά εθιστικό , μην το αρχίσετε . Τütün yüksek derecede bağımlılık yapar , başlamayın . ( Smoking is highly addictive , do n't start . ) Το σταμάτημα του καπνίσματος μειώνει τον κίνδυνο θανατηφόρων καρδιαγγειακών και πνευμονικών παθήσεων . Τütünü bırakmak ölümcül kalp ve akciğer hastalıkları riskini azaltır . ( Stopping smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases . ) Το κάπνισμα μπορεί να προκαλέσει αργό και επώδυνο θάνατο . Τütün ağrılı ve yavaş bir ölüme neden olabilir . ( Smoking can cause a slow and painful death . ) Το κάπνισμα μπορεί να μειώσει τη ροή του αίματος και να προκαλέσει ανικανότητα . Τütün kan akışını yavaşlatır ve cinsel iktidarsızlığa neden olur . ( Smoking may reduce the blood flow and cause impotence . ) Το κάπνισμα προκαλεί γήρανση του δέρματος . Τütün cildin erken yaşlanmasına neden olur . ( Smoking causes ageing of the skin . ) Το κάπνισμα μπορεί να βλάψει το σπέρμα και μειώνει τη γονιμότητα . Τütün spermlere zarar vererek doğurganlığı azaltır . ( Smoking can damage the sperm and decreases fertility . ) Ο καπνός περιέχει βενζόλιο , νιτροζαμίνες , φορμαλδεΰδη και υδροκυάνιο . Τütün dumanında benzen , nitrosamine , formaldehit ve hidrojensiyanit gibi kanser yapıcı maddeler bulunur . ( Smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide . ) Czech Republic ( edit ) Kouření může zabíjet ( Smoking can kill ) Kouření vážně škodí Vám i lidem ve Vašem okolí . ( Smoking seriously harms you and others around you ) Kuřáci umírají předčasně . ( Smokers die younger ) Kouření ucpává tepny a způsobuje infarkt a mrtvici . ( Smoking clogs the blood vessels and causes heart attacks and strokes ) Kouření způsobuje smrtelnou rakovinu plic . ( Smoking causes deadly lung cancer ) Kouření je vysoce návykové , nezačínejte s ním . ( Smoking is highly addictive , do n't start ) Přestat kouřit , znamená snížit riziko vzniku smrtelných onemocnění srdce a plic . ( Quitting smoking reduces the risk of deadly heart and lung diseases ) Kouření může způsobit pomalou a bolestivou smrt . ( Smoking can cause a slow and painful death ) Kouření způsobuje stárnutí kůže . ( Smoking causes ageing of the skin ) Kouření může poškodit sperma a snižuje plodnost . ( Smoking can damage sperm and reduce fertility ) Kouření může snižovat krevní oběh a způsobuje neplodnost . ( Smoking can reduce blood flow and cause impotence ) Kouř obsahuje benzen , nitrosaminy , formaldehyd a kyanovodík . ( Smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanides ) Kouření v těhotenství škodí zdraví Vašeho dítěte . ( Smoking while pregnant harms your child ) Chraňte děti : nenuťte je vdechovat Váš kouř . ( Protect children : do n't make them breathe your smoke ) Váš lékař nebo lékárník Vám může pomoci přestat s kouřením . ( Your doctor or pharmacist can help you stop smoking ) Získejte pomoc při odvykání kouření . ( Seek help to stop smoking ) Denmark ( edit ) Warning texts in tobacco products , health warnings , which are reproduced on the packaging of cigarettes and other tobacco products . It is implemented in an effort to strengthen public knowledge about the dangers of smoking . The order was introduced in Denmark on 31 December 1991 . The Order was last revised on 2 October 2003 , which also imposed ban on the words `` light '' and `` mild '' on Danish cigarette packages , as did European Union countries . The marking shall appear on one third of the most visible part of the package . Rygning kan dræbe ( Smoking can kill ) Rygning er yderst skadelig for dig og dine omgivelser ( Smoking seriously harms you and others around you ) Rygning nedsætter levealderen ( Smokers die younger ) Rygning medfører åreforkalkning og forårsager hjerteanfald og slagtilfælde ( Smoking clogs the arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes ) Rygning forårsager dødelig lungekræft ( Smoking causes fatal lung cancer ) Hvis du er gravid , skader rygning dit barns sundhed ( If you are pregnant , smoking damages your child 's health ) Beskyt børn mod tobaksrøg − de har ret til selv at vælge ( Protect children from tobacco smoke -- they have the right to choose ) Din læge eller din apoteker kan hjælpe dig med at holde op med at ryge ( Your doctor or your pharmacist can help you stop smoking ) Rygning er stærkt vanedannende : lad være med at begynde ( Smoking is highly addictive , do not start ) Hold op med at ryge , hvis du vil nedsætte risikoen for dødelige hjerte - og lungesygdomme ( Stopping smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases ) Rygning kan medføre en langsom og smertefuld død ( Smoking can cause a slow and painful death ) Få hjælp til at holde op med at ryge : Tlf.nr. 80313131 ( Get help to quit smoking : Telephone number 80313131 ) Rygning kan nedsætte blodgennemstrømningen og medfører impotens ( Smoking may reduce blood flow and causes impotence ) Rygning ælder huden ( Smoking causes aging of the skin ) Rygning kan beskadige sæden og nedsætter frugtbarheden ( Smoking can damage sperm and reduce fertility ) Røg indeholder benzen , nitrosaminer , formaldehyd og cyanbrinte ( Smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide ) For smokeless tobacco use above markings does not , whereas the label `` Denne tobaksvare kan være sundhedsskadelig og er afhængighedsskabende '' ( This tobacco product can damage your health and is addictive ) is always used for such products . Finland ( edit ) On the left there is a new Lucky Strike cigarette pack by a new EU directive meanwhile on the right there 's an obsolete pack as red . The warning texts are both in Finnish and Swedish as they both are official languages in Finland . In Finland , warning signs are written in both Finnish and Swedish languages . Tupakointi on hengenvaarallista . Rökning kan döda . ( Smoking is perilous / Smoking can kill ) Tupakointi vahingoittaa vakavasti sinua ja ympärilläsi olevia / Rökning skadar allvarligt dig själv och personer i din omgivning ( Smoking severely harms you and those around you ) Tupakoivat kuolevat nuorempina / Rökare dör i förtid ( Smokers die younger ) Tupakointi tukkii verisuonet sekä aiheuttaa sydänkohtauksia ja aivoveritulppia / Rökning ger förträngningar i blodkärlen och orsakar hjärtinfarkt och stroke ( Smoking clogs the arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes ) Tupakointi aiheuttaa keuhkosyöpää , joka johtaa kuolemaan / Rökning orsakar dödlig lungcancer ( Smoking causes lung cancer , which leads to death / Smoking causes fatal lung cancer ) Tupakointi raskauden aikana vahingoittaa lastasi / Rökning under graviditeten skadar ditt barn ( Smoking during pregnancy harms your child ) Suojele lapsia ― älä pakota heitä hengittämään tupakansavua / Skydda barnen ― låt dem inte andas in din tobaksrök ( Protect children ― do n't force them to breathe tobacco smoke / Protect children ― do n't make them breathe your smoke ) Lääkäriltä tai apteekista saat apua tupakoinnin lopettamiseen / Din läkare eller ditt apotek kan hjälpa dig att sluta röka ( You receive help to stop smoking from a doctor or a pharmacy / Your doctor or your pharmacist can help you stop smoking ) Tupakointi aiheuttaa voimakasta riippuvuutta . Älä aloita / Rökning är mycket beroendeframkallande . Börja inte rök ( Smoking causes powerful addiction . Do n't start / Smoking is highly addictive . Do n't start ) Lopettamalla tupakoinnin vähennät vaaraa sairastua kuolemaan johtaviin sydän - ja keuhkosairauksiin / Om du slutar röka löper du mindre risk att få dödliga hjärt - och lungsjukdomar ( By stopping smoking you reduce the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases / Stopping smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases ) Tupakointi voi aiheuttaa hitaan ja tuskallisen kuoleman / Rökning kan leda till en långsam och smärtsam död ( Smoking can cause a slow and painful death ) Pyydä apua tupakoinnin lopettamiseen : puh. 0800 148 484 / Sök hjälp för att sluta röka : tfn 0800 148 484 ( Request help to stop smoking : phone 0800 148 484 / Get help to stop smoking : phone 0800 148 484 ) Tupakointi aiheuttaa impotenssia ja voi heikentää verenkiertoa / Rökning kan försämra blodflödet och orsakar impotens ( Smoking causes impotence and may reduce the blood flow / Smoking may reduce the blood flow and cause impotence ) Tupakointi vanhentaa ihoa / Rökning får din hy att åldras ( Smoking ages the skin / Smoking causes ageing of the skin ) Tupakointi voi vahingoittaa siittiöitä ja vähentää hedelmällisyyttä / Rökning kan skada sperman och minskar fruktsamheten ( Smoking can damage the sperm and decrease fertility / Smoking can damage the sperm and decreases fertility ) Savu sisältää bentseeniä , nitrosamiineja , formaldehydiä ja vetysyanidia / Rök innehåller bensen , nitrosaminer , formaldehyd och cyanväte ( Smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide ) France ( edit ) Warning on the French cigarette packaging Front of packaging ( covers 30 % of surface ) Fumer tue ( Smoking kills ) or Fumer nuit gravement à votre santé et à celle de votre entourage ( Smoking seriously harms your health and that of others around you ) Rear ( covers 40 % of surface , similar design ) Les fumeurs meurent prématurément . ( Smokers die prematurely . ) Fumer bouche les artères et provoque des crises cardiaques et des attaques cérébrales . ( Smoking clogs arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes . ) Fumer provoque le cancer mortel du poumon . ( Smoking causes fatal lung cancer . ) Fumer pendant la grossesse nuit à la santé de votre enfant . ( Smoking during pregnancy harms your child 's health . ) Protégez les enfants : ne leur faites pas respirer votre fumée . ( Protect your children : do n't make them breathe your smoke . ) Votre médecin ou votre pharmacien peuvent vous aider à arrêter de fumer . ( Your doctor or pharmacist can help you quit smoking . ) Fumer crée une forte dépendance , ne commencez pas . ( Smoking is highly addictive , do n't start . ) Arrêter de fumer réduit les risques de maladies cardiaques et pulmonaires mortelles . ( Quitting smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases . ) Fumer peut entraîner une mort lente et douloureuse . ( Smoking can result in a slow and painful death . ) Faites - vous aider pour arrêter de fumer : téléphonez au 0 825 309 310 ( 0 , 15 euro / min ) ( Help yourself quit smoking : call 0 825 309 310 ) Fumer peut diminuer l'afflux sanguin et provoque l'impuissance . ( Smoking can cause low blood pressure and impotence . ) Fumer peut nuire aux spermatozoïdes et réduit la fertilité . ( Smoking damages sperm and reduces fertility . ) La fumée contient du benzène , des nitrosamines , du formaldéhyde et du cyanure d'hydrogène . ( Cigarette smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide . ) Left or right side of packaging Components percentages ( 15 % of surface , small prints ) : Tobacco -- Cigarette paper -- Flavor and texture agents ISO yields of toxics in mg / cigarette ( in prominent black on white square and bold letters ) : Tar -- Nicotin -- Carbon monoxide Other side of packaging Country of manufacturing , name of manufacturer , quantity Product identifier ( EAN - 7 bar code ) Other characteristics Small print : `` Vente en France 01 '' ( sales in France ) Recyclable logo ( for the packaging ) Words forbidden in the displayed product name : light , ultra-light , légere , or any indication that may indicate that this is a minor drug with low impact ... ( These branding words have been replaced by various colour names ) Greece ( edit ) ΤΟ ΚΑΠΝΙΣΜΑ ΣΚΟΤΩΝΕΙ . ( Smoking kills ) Το κάπνισμα μπορεί να σκοτώσει . ( Smoking can kill ) Το κάπνισμα βλάπτει σοβαρά τον καπνιστή και τους γύρω του . ( Smoking seriously harms the smoker and the ones around him . ) Το κάπνισμα βλάπτει σοβαρά εσάς και τους γύρω σας . ( Smoking seriously harms you and the ones around you . ) Οι καπνιστές πεθαίνουν πρόωρα . ( Smokers die prematurely . ) Το κάπνισμα αποφράσσει τις αρτηρίες και προκαλεί εμφράγματα και εγκεφαλικά επεισόδια . ( Smoking clogs the arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes . ) Το κάπνισμα προκαλεί θανατηφόρο καρκίνο των πνευμόνων . ( Smoking causes fatal lung cancers . ) Το κάπνισμα κατά τη διάρκεια της εγκυμοσύνης μπορεί να βλάπτει την υγεία του παιδιού σας . ( Smoking during pregnancy can harm the health of your baby . ) Προστατέψτε τα παιδιά : μην τα αναγκάζετε να αναπνέουν τον καπνό σας . ( Protect children : do not force them to breathe in your smoke . ) Ο γιατρός σας ή ο φαρμακοποιός σας μπορεί να σας βοηθήσει να κόψετε το κάπνισμα . ( Your physician or pharmacist can assist you in quitting smoking . ) Το κάπνισμα είναι εξαιρετικά εθιστικό , μην το αρχίσετε . ( Smoking is very addictive ; do n't start with it ) Το σταμάτημα του καπνίσματος μειώνει τον κίνδυνο θανατηφόρων καρδιαγγειακών και πνευμονικών παθήσεων . ( Stopping smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases ) Το κάπνισμα μπορεί να προκαλέσει αργό και επώδυνο θάνατο . ( Smoking can cause a slow and painful death . ) Ζητήστε βοήθεια για να σταματήσετε το κάπνισμα : συμβουλευτείτε το γιατρό σας . ( Seek help to quit smoking : consult your doctor . ) Το κάπνισμα μπορεί να μειώσει τη ροή του αίματος και να προκαλέσει ανικανότητα . ( Smoking may reduce blood circulation and cause impotence ) Το κάπνισμα προκαλεί γήρανση του δέρματος . ( Smoking causes premature skin aging . ) Το κάπνισμα μπορεί να βλάψει το σπέρμα και μειώνει τη γονιμότητα . ( Smoking damages sperm and reduces fertility . ) Ο καπνός περιέχει βενζόλιο , νιτροζαμίνες , φορμαλδεΰδη και υδροκυάνιο . ( Cigarette smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide . ) Hungary ( edit ) A dohányzás halált okozhat . ( Smoking can kill . ) A dohányosok korábban halnak . ( Smokers die earlier . ) A dohányzás elzárja az artériákat , szívrohamot és agyvérzést okoz . ( Smoking clogs arteries and causes heart diseases and strokes . ) A dohányzás halálos tüdőrákot okoz . ( Smoking causes fatal lung cancer . ) A terhes nők dohányzása károsítja a magzat egészségét . ( Smoking during pregnancy harms the baby . ) Védje a gyermekeket : ne tegye ki őket a dohányfüst belélegzése veszélyének . ( Protect the kids , do n't smoke in their presence . ) Az orvosok és a gyógyszerészek segíthetnek a leszokásban . ( Your doctor or your pharmacist may help you quit smoking . ) A dohányzásról nagyon nehéz leszokni , ezért ne szokjon rá . ( Smoking is highly addictive , do n't start . ) A dohányzás abbahagyása csökkenti a halálos szív - és tüdőbetegségek kockázatát . ( Quitting smoking reduces the risk of deadly cardiovascular and lung diseases . ) A dohányzás lassú és fájdalmas halálhoz vezet . ( Smoking can cause a long and painful death . ) Kérjen segítséget a leszokáshoz ( telefon / levélcím / Internet - cím ) kérdezze meg háziorvosát / gyógyszerészét . ( Specialists in the medical profession may help you quit smoking . ) A dohányzás lassíthatja a vér áramlását , és impotenciát okozhat . ( Smoking may reduce blood circulation and cause impotency . ) A dohányzás öregíti a bőrt . ( Smoking ages the skin . ) A dohányzás károsítja a spermákat és gyengíti a megtermékenyítő képességet . ( Smoking may damage sperm and diminish fertility . ) A füst benzolt , nitrozamint , formaldehidet és hidrogén - cianidot tartalmaz . ( Cigarettes contain benzene , nistrosamine , formaldehyde and hydrocyanic acid . ) Ireland ( edit ) Packet of Irish cigarettes , complete with warning Toradh caithimh tobac -- bás Smoking kills Ireland currently follows EU standards ( see above ) , but previously ran its own scheme , where one of 8 messages was placed on the pack , as defined in SI 326 / 1991 . After a High Court settlement in January 2008 , it was accepted that the warnings on tobacco products must appear in all official languages of the state . As a result , the European Communities ( Manufacture , Presentation and Sale of Tobacco Products ) ( Amendment ) Regulations 2008 were enacted . This states that tobacco products going to market after 30 September 2008 must carry warnings in Irish and English . A year - long transition period applied to products which were on the market prior to 1 October 2008 , which may have been sold until 1 October 2009 . Each packet of tobacco products must carry : One of the following general warnings ( in both the Irish and English languages ) which must cover at least 32 % of the external side . Toradh caithimh tobac -- bás -- Smoking kills Déanann caitheamh tobac díobháil thromchúiseach duit agus do na daoine mórthimpeall ort -- Smoking seriously harms you and others around you AND One of the following additional warnings ( in both the Irish and English languages ) which must cover at least 45 % of the external side . Giorrú saoil tobac a chaitheamh -- Smokers die younger Nuair a chaitear tobac , tachtar na hartairí agus is é cúis le taomanna croí agus strócanna -- Smoking clogs the arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes Caitheamh tobac is cúis le hailse scamhóg mharfach -- Smoking causes fatal lung cancer Má chaitheann tú tobac le linn toirchis , déantar díobháil don leanbán -- Smoking when pregnant harms your baby Cosain leanaí : ná cuir iallach orthu do chuid deataigh an análú -- Protect children : do n't make them breathe your smoke Féadann do dhochtúir nó do chógaiseoir cabhrú leat éirí as caitheamh tobac Your doctor or your pharmacist can help you stop smoking Is éasca a bheith tugtha do chaitheamh tobac , ná tosaigh leis -- Smoking is highly addictive , do n't start Má éiríonn tú as tobac a chaitheamh laghdaítear an riosca de ghalair mharfacha chroí agus scamhóg -- Stopping smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases Féadann caitheamh tobac bheith ina chúis le bás mall pianmhar -- Smoking can cause a slow and painful death Faigh cúnamh chun éirí as caitheamh tobac : Íosghlao Stoplíne 1850 201 203 -- Get help to stop smoking : Callsave Quitline 1850 201 203 Féadfaidh caitheamh tobac imshruthúfola a laghdú agus bheith ina chúis le héagumas -- Smoking may reduce the blood flow and cause impotence Caitheamh tobac is cúis le críonadh craicinn -- Smoking causes ageing of the skin Féadann caitheamh tobac dochar a dhéanamh don speirm agus laghdaíonn sé torthúlacht -- Smoking can damage the sperm and decreases fertility Cuimsíonn deatach beinséin , nítreasaimíní , formaildéad agus ciainíd hidrigine -- Smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide In the case of Smokeless Tobacco Products , only the following warning must be displayed : Féadann an táirge tobac seo dochar a dhéanamh do shláinte agus is táirge andúile é -- This tobacco product can damage your health and is addictive Italy ( edit ) Il fumo uccide ( Smoking kills ) Il fumo uccide / Il fumo può uccidere . ( Smoking kills / Smoking may kill ) Il fumo danneggia gravemente te e chi ti sta intorno . ( Smoking heavily damages you and whoever is near you ) I fumatori muoiono prima . ( Smokers die early . ) Il fumo ostruisce le arterie e provoca infarti e ictus . ( Smoking clogs arteries and causes heart diseases and strokes ) Il fumo provoca cancro mortale ai polmoni . ( Smoking causes fatal lung cancer . ) Fumare in gravidanza fa male al bambino . ( Smoking during pregnancy harms the baby . ) Proteggi i bambini , non fumare in loro presenza . ( Protect the kids , do n't smoke in their presence . ) Il medico o il tuo farmacista possono aiutarti a smettere di fumare . ( Your doctor or your pharmacist may help you quit smoking . ) Specialisti del settore medico possono aiutarti a smettere di fumare . ( Specialists in the medical profession may help you quit smoking . ) Il fumo crea un'elevata dipendenza , non iniziare . ( Smoking is highly addictive , do n't start . ) Smettere di fumare riduce il rischio di malattie cardiovascolari e polmonari mortali . ( Quitting smoking reduces the risk of deadly cardiovascular and lung diseases . ) Il fumo può provocare una morte lenta e dolorosa . ( Smoking can cause a long and painful death . ) Il fumo provoca il cancro della cavità orale . ( Smoking causes oral cancer . ) Fatti aiutare a smettere di fumare . ( Let ( someone ) help you to quit smoking . ) Il fumo può ridurre la circolazione sanguigna e causa impotenza . ( Smoking may reduce blood circulation and cause impotency . ) Il fumo invecchia la pelle . ( Smoking ages the skin . ) Il fumo può danneggiare lo sperma e diminuisce la fertilità . ( Smoking may damage sperm and diminish fertility . ) Il fumo contiene benzene , nitrosammine , formaldeide e acido cianidrico . ( Cigarettes contain benzene , nistrosamine , formaldehyde and hydrocyanic acid ) Other text is sometimes placed in the packets , for example some packets contain leaflets which have all the above warnings written on them , with more detailed explanations and reasons to give up , and advice from Philip Morris . Latvia ( edit ) Smēķēšana nogalina - atmetiet tagad ! ( Smoking kills - quit now ! ) Deviņi no desmit plaušu vēža slimniekiem ir smēķētāji . ( Smoking causes 9 out of 10 lung cancers ) Smēķēšana izraisa mutes un rīkles vēzi . ( Smoking causes mouth and throat cancer ) Smēķēšana nopietni kaitē plaušām . ( Smoking damages your lungs ) Smēķēšana izraisa sirdslēkmes . ( Smoking causes heart attacks ) Smēķēšana izraisa insultu un invaliditāti . ( Smoking causes strokes and disability ) Smēķēšana izraisa artēriju nosprostošanos . ( Smoking clogs your arteries ) Smēķēšana palielina risku kļūt aklam . ( Smoking increases the risk of blindness ) Smēķēšana izraisa zobu bojājumus un smaganu saslimšanas . ( Smoking can cause teeth damages and illnesses of something ) Smēķēšana var nogalināt jūsu vēl nedzimušo bērnu . ( Smoking can kill your unborn child ) Cigarešu dūmi kaitē jūsu bērniem , ģimenei un draugiem . ( Your smoke harms your children , family and friends ) Ja smēķējat jūs , paaugstinās risks , ka smēķēs arī jūsu bērni . ( Smokers ' children are more likely to start smoking ) Atmetiet tagad -- tuviniekiem jūs esat vajadzīgs dzīvs . ( Quit smoking now -- stay alive for those close to you ) Smēķēšana samazina auglību . ( Smoking reduces fertility ) Smēķēšana palielina impotences risku . ( Smoking increases the risk of impotence ) Malta ( edit ) Twissija mid-Dipartiment tas - Saħħa : PERIKLU -- ( DANGER -- Health Department -- Warning ) It - tipjip joqtol -- ( Smoking kills ) Min ipejjep imut żgħir -- ( Smokers die younger ) It - tipjip isodd l - arterji u jġib l - attakki tal - qalb u l - puplesiji -- ( Smoking clogs the arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes ) It - tipjip jagħmel kanċer fil - pulmun -- ( Smoking causes fatal lung cancers ) Jekk tpejjep waqt it - tqala tagħmel ħsara lit - tarbija tiegħek -- ( Smoking when pregnant harms your baby ) Ipproteġi lit - tfal : iġġelhomx jibilgħu d - duħħan tas - sigaretti tiegħek -- ( Protect children : do n't make them breathe your smoke ) It - tabib Jew l - ispiżjar jgħinuk biex tieqaf tpejjep -- ( Your doctor and your pharmacist can help you stop smoking ) It - tipjip huwa vizzju , tibdiex tpejjep -- ( Smoking is highly addictive , do n't start ) Jekk tieqaf tpejjep tnaqas ir - riskju ta ' attakki tal - qalb u mard tal - pulmun -- ( Stopping smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases ) It - tipjip jista ' jwassal għal agunija fit - tul u ħafna uġiegħ -- ( Smoking can cause a slow and painful death ) Itlob l - għajnuna biex tieqaf tpejjep -- 21231247 -- ( Get help to stop smoking -- 21231247 ) It - tipjip inaqqas iċ - ċirkulazzjoni tad - demm u jista ' jwassal għall - impotenza -- ( Smoking may reduce the blood flow and causes impotence ) It - tipjip ixejjħek -- ( Smoking causes aging of the skin ) It - tipjip jista ' jagħmel ħsara lill - isperma u jnaqqas il - fertilità -- ( Smoking can damage the sperm and decrease fertility ) Id - duħħan fih il - benżene , in - nitrosamini , il - formaldehyde , u l - idroġen cyanide -- ( Smokes contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide ) The netherlands ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Roken is dodelijk ( Smoking is lethal ) Roken veroorzaakt impotentie ( Smoking causes impotence ) Roken veroorzaakt dodelijke longkanker ( Smoking causes deadly lung cancer ) Tabaksrook bevat benzeen , nitrosaminen , formaldehyde en waterstofcyanide ( Tobacco smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogencyanide ) Uw arts of apotheker kan u helpen te stoppen met roken ( Your physician or pharmacist can help you to quit smoking ) Rokers sterven jonger ( Smokers die younger ) Roken veroorzaakt verstopping van de bloedvaten , hartaanvallen en beroertes ( Smoking causes clogging of the blood vessels , heart attacks and strokes ) Roken tijdens de zwangerschap is slecht voor uw baby ( Smoking during pregnancy harms your baby ) Bescherm kinderen : laat hen niet uw rook inademen ( Protect children : do n't let them inhale your smoke ) Roken werkt zeer verslavend ; begin er niet mee ( Smoking is very addictive ; prevent yourself from starting ) Stoppen met roken vermindert het risico op dodelijke hart - en longziekten ( Quitting smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases ) Roken kan leiden tot een langzame , pijnlijke dood ( Smoking may result in a slow , painful death ) Roken kan de bloedsomloop verminderen en veroorzaakt impotentie ( Smoking may reduce the blood flow and causes impotence ) Roken veroudert uw huid ( Smoking ages your skin ) Roken kan het sperma beschadigen en vermindert de vruchtbaarheid ( Smoking can damage the sperm and reduces fertility ) Roken brengt u en anderen rondom u ernstige schade toe ( Smoking causes serious damage to you and those around you ) Uw arts of apotheker kan u helpen te stoppen met roken , bel nu 0800 - 55532340 ( Your physician or pharmacist can help you to quit smoking , call 0800 - 555532340 now . ) Poland ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Front of packaging ( covers 30 % of surface ) : Palenie zabija ( Smoking kills ) or Palenie poważnie szkodzi Tobie i osobom w Twoim otoczeniu ( Smoking seriously harms you and others around you ) There are also warnings on the back of every packet : Palacze tytoniu umierają młodziej ( Smokers die younger ) Palenie tytoniu zamyka naczynia krwionośne i jest przyczyną zawałów serca i udarów mózgu ( Smoking causes clogging of the blood vessels , heart attacks and strokes ) Palenie tytoniu powoduje śmiertelnego raka płuc ( Smoking causes deadly lung cancer ) Palenie tytoniu w czasie ciąży szkodzi Twojemu dziecku ( Smoking while pregnant harms your baby ) Chrońcie dzieci -- nie zmuszajcie ich do wdychania dymu tytoniowego ( Protect children : do n't let them breath your smoke ) Twój lekarz lub farmaceuta pomoże Ci rzucić palenie ( Your doctor or your pharmacist can help you quit smoking ) Palenie tytoniu silnie uzależnia -- nie zaczynaj palić ( Smoking is highly addictive ; do not start smoking ) Zaprzestanie palenia zmniejsza ryzyko groźnych chorób serca i płuc ( Stopping smoking reduces the risk of serious heart and lung diseases ) Palenie tytoniu może spowodować powolną i bolesną śmierć ( Smoking can cause a slow and painful death ) Dzwoniąc pod nr telefonu 0801108108 , uzyskasz pomoc w rzuceniu palenia ( Get help to quit smoking by calling 0801108108 ) Palenie tytoniu może zmniejszyć przepływ krwi i powodować impotencję ( Smoking can reduce the blood flow and cause impotence ) Palenie tytoniu przyśpiesza starzenie się skóry ( Smoking accelerates skin aging ) Palenie tytoniu może uszkodzić nasienie i zmniejszać płodność ( Smoking can damage the sperm and reduce fertility ) Dym tytoniowy zawiera benzen , nitrozoaminy , formaldehyd i cyjanowodór ( Tobacco smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide ) Portugal ( edit ) A warning message on a Portuguese pack of Lucky Strike Fumar mata ( Smoking kills ) Fumar mata . ( Smoking kills ) Fumar provoca o cancro pulmonar mortal . ( Smoking causes deadly lung cancer ) Fumar causa elevada dependência . Não comece a fumar . ( Smoking causes high dependency . Do n't start smoking . ) Fumar provoca o envelhecimento da pele . ( Smoking promotes early skin aging ) Fumar prejudica gravemente a sua saúde ea dos que o rodeiam . ( Smoking seriously harms you and others around you ) Se está grávida : fumar prejudica a saúde do seu filho . ( If you 're pregnant : Smoking harms your child 's health ) Os fumadores morrem prematuramente . ( Smokers die prematurely ) Fumar bloqueia as artérias e provoca ataques cardíacos e AVC . ( Smoking clogs your arteries and promotes heart attacks and strokes ) Fumar pode reduzir o fluxo de sangue e provoca impotência . ( Smoking might reduce blood flow and causes impotence ) Deixar de fumar reduz os riscos de doenças cardiovasculares e pulmonares mortais . ( Quitting reduces the risks of deadly cardiovascular and pulmonar diseases ) Romania ( edit ) Fumatul ucide ( Smoking kills ) General warning ( on the front of cigarette packages , covering at least 40 % of the area ) : Fumatul ucide ( Smoking kills ) Fumatul poate să ucidă ( Smoking can kill ) Fumatul dăunează grav sănătăţii dumneavoastră şi a celor din jur ( Smoking seriously harms you and those around ) ; Additional warnings ( on the back of cigarette packages , covering at least 50 % of the area ) : Fumătorii mor mai tineri . ( Smokers die younger . ) Fumatul blochează circulaţia sângelui în artere , provoacă infarct miocardic şi accident vascular cerebral . ( Smoking clogs the arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes ) Fumatul provoacă cancer pulmonar , care este letal . ( Smoking causes lung cancer , which is lethal . ) Fumatul în timpul sarcinii daunează copilului dumneavoastră . ( Smoking when pregnant harms your baby . ) Protejaţi copiii : nu - i lăsaţi să respire fumul dumneavoastră ! ( Protect children : do n't let them breathe your smoke ! ) Doctorul sau farmacistul dumneavoastră vă poate ajuta să vă lăsaţi de fumat . ( Your doctor or pharmacist can help you quit smoking ) Fumatul dă dependenţă , nu începeţi să fumaţi ! ( Smoking is addictive , do n't start smoking ! ) Oprirea fumatului scade riscul de îmbolnăviri cardiace sau pulmonare fatale . ( Stopping smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases ) Fumatul poate provoca o moarte lentă şi dureroasă . ( Smoking can cause a slow and painful death . ) Primiţi ajutorul pentru renunţare la fumat : ( ... telefon / adresă postală / adresă de Internet / consultaţi doctorul dumneavoastră / farmacistul ... ) . ( Get help to stop smoking : telephone / postal address / Internet address / consult your doctor / pharmacist ... ) Fumatul încetineşte circulaţia sângelui şi provoacă impotenţă . ( Smoking reduces blood circulation and causes impotence ) Fumatul provoacă îmbătrânirea tenului ( pielii ) . ( Smoking causes skin aging . ) Fumatul poate dăuna calităţii spermei şi scade fertilitatea . ( Smoking can affect sperm quality and decreases fertility . ) Fumul de ţigară conţine benzeni , nitrozamine , formaldehide şi cianuri . ( Cigarette smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide . ) Slovenia ( edit ) Front of packaging ( covers 30 % of surface ) Kajenje ubija ( Smoking kills ) or Kajenje resno škoduje vam in ljudem okoli vas ( Smoking seriously harms you and others around you ) Rear of packaging ( covers 40 % of surface ) Kadilci umirajo mlajši . ( Smokers die younger . ) Kajenje maši žile in povzroča srčni infarkt in možgansko kap . ( Smoking clogs arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes . ) Kajenje povzroča smrt zaradi pljučnega raka . ( Smoking causes fatal lung cancer . ) Kajenje med nosečnostjo škoduje vašemu otroku . ( Smoking during pregnancy harms your child . ) Varujte otroke pred vdihavanjem vašega cigaretnega dima . ( Protect your children from breathing your cigarette smoke . ) Vaš zdravnik ali farmacevt vam lahko pomaga opustiti kajenje . ( Your doctor or pharmacist can help you quit smoking . ) Kajenje povzroča hudo zasvojenost , zato ne začnite kaditi . ( Smoking is highly addictive , do n't start . ) Opustitev kajenja zmanjša tveganje za smrt zaradi bolezni srca in pljuč . ( Quitting smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases . ) Kajenje lahko povzroči počasno in boleče umiranje . ( Smoking can result in a slow and painful death . ) Poiščite pomoč pri opuščanju kajenja : posvetujte se z zdravnikom . ( Seek help to quit smoking : consult your doctor . ) Kajenje lahko zmanjša pretok krvi in povzroči impotenco . ( Smoking can reduce blood circulation and cause impotence . ) Kajenje povzroča staranje kože . ( Smoking causes ageing of the skin . ) Kajenje lahko škoduje spermi in zmanjša plodnost . ( Smoking damages sperm and reduces fertility . ) Cigaretni dim vsebuje benzen , nitrosamine , formaldehid in vodikov cianid . ( Cigarette smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide . ) Spain ( edit ) In Spain , cigarette packages are preceded by warnings on both sides of the package marked `` Las Autoridades Sanitarias advierten '' ( Health authorities warn ) , written in black and white above the black part of the standard warning . Fumar mata ( Smoking kills ) or Fumar perjudica gravemente su salud y la de los que están a su alrededor ( Smoking seriously harms you and others around you ) Front of cigarette packages Fumar puede matar ( Smoking can kill ) ( changed in 2010 to `` Fumar mata '' ) Fumar perjudica gravemente su salud y la de los que están a su alrededor ( Smoking seriously harms to your health and that of others ) Back of cigarette packages Fumar acorta la vida ( Smoking shortens life ) Fumar provoca cáncer mortal de pulmón ( Smoking causes fatal lung cancer ) El tabaco es muy adictivo : no empiece a fumar ( The Tobacco is very addictive , do not start ) Fumar obstruye las arterias y provoca cardiopatías y accidentes cerebrovasculares ( Smoking clogs the arteries and causes heart disease and stroke ) Fumar provoca el envejecimiento de la piel ( Smoking causes skin aging ) Ayuda para dejar de fumar : consulte a su médico o farmacéutico ( Help to stop smoking : consult your doctor or pharmacist ) Fumar puede reducir el flujo sanguíneo y provoca impotencia ( Smoking may reduce blood flow and causes impotence ) Sweden ( edit ) General warnings on all Swedish cigarette packagings have been in force since 1977 . Front of cigarette packages Rökning dödar . ( Smoking kills . ) Tobak skadar din hälsa allvarligt . ( Tobacco causes serious harm to your health . ) Rökning under graviditet kan skada ditt foster . ( Smoking while pregnant may harm your fetus . ) Rökning kan leda till en långsam och smärtsam död . ( Smoking can lead to a slow and painful death . ) Rökning kan försämra blodflödet och orsakar impotens . ( Smoking can impair the blood flow and causes impotence . ) Rökning skadar allvarligt dig själv och personer i din omgivning . ( Smoking seriously hurts you and people around you . ) Rök innehåller bensen , nitrosaminer , formaldehyd och cyanväte . ( Smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide . ) Skydda barnen . Låt dem inte andas in din tobaksrök . ( Protect the children . Do n't let them inhale your tobacco smoke . ) Back of cigarette packages Rökning kan skada sperman och minskar fruktsamheten . ( Smoking may damage the sperm and reduce fertility . ) Rökning är mycket beroendeframkallande . Börja inte röka ( Smoking is very addictive . Do not start smoking . ) Rear side of snus packaging Denna tobaksvara kan skada din hälsa och är beroendeframkallande . ( This tobacco product might cause harm to your health and is addictive . ) United kingdom ( edit ) Cigarette pack in the United Kingdom . In 1971 , tobacco companies printed on the left side of cigarette packets `` WARNING by H.M. Government , SMOKING CAN DAMAGE YOUR HEALTH '' . In 1991 , the E.U. tightened laws on tobacco warnings . `` TOBACCO SERIOUSLY DAMAGES HEALTH '' was printed on the front of all tobacco packs . An additional warning was also printed on the reverse of cigarette packs . In 2003 , new E.U. regulations required one of the following general warnings must be displayed , covering at least 30 % of the surface of the pack : Smoking kills Smoking seriously harms you and others around you Additionally , one of the following additional warnings must be displayed , covering at least 40 % of the surface of the pack : Smokers die younger Smoking clogs the arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes Smoking causes fatal lung cancer Smoking when pregnant harms your baby Protect children : do n't make them breathe your smoke Your doctor or your pharmacist can help you stop smoking Smoking is highly addictive , do n't start Stopping smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases Smoking can cause a slow and painful death Get help to stop smoking : ( telephone ) / ( postal address ) / ( internet address ) / consult your doctor / pharmacist Smoking may reduce the blood flow and cause impotence Smoking causes ageing of the skin Smoking can damage the sperm and decreases fertility Smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide From October 2008 , all cigarette products manufactured must carry picture warnings to the reverse . Every pack must have one of these warnings by October 2009 . Plain packaging is compulsory for all cigarettes manufactured after May 2016 and sold after May 2017 . Hong Kong ( edit ) Warning on HKSAR cigarette packages Under Hong Kong Law , Chap 371B Smoking ( Public Health ) ( Notices ) Order , packaging must indicate the amount of nicotine and tar that is present in cigarette boxes in addition to graphics depicting different health problems caused by smoking in the size and ratio as prescribed by law . The warnings are to be published in both official languages , Traditional Chinese and English . Warning begins with the phrase ' 香港特區政府忠告市民 HONG KONG SAR GOVERNMENT WARNING ' and then one of the following in all caps . 吸煙引致肺癌 Smoking Causes Lung Cancer 吸煙足以致命 Smoking Kills 吸煙禍及家人 Smoking Harms Your Family 吸煙引致末梢血管疾病 Smoking Causes Peripheral Vascular Diseases 吸煙可引致陽萎 Smoking May Cause Impotence 吸煙可加速皮膚老化 Smoking Can Accelerate Aging of Skin In addition , any print advertisement must give minimum 20 % coverage of the following warnings : HKSAR GOVERNMENT HEALTH WARNING January - February SMOKING KILLS March - April SMOKING CAUSES CANCER May - June SMOKING CAUSES HEART DISEASE July - August SMOKING CAUSES LUNG CANCER September - October SMOKING CAUSES RESPIRATORY DISEASES November -- December SMOKING HARMS YOUR CHILDREN Iceland ( edit ) All cigarette packets and other tobacco packaging in Iceland must include warnings in the same size and format as in the European Union and using the same approved texts in Icelandic . Reikningar drepa ( Smoking kills ) Læknirinn þinn eða lyfjafræðingur geta hjálpað þér að hætta að reykja . ( Your doctor or pharmacist can help you quit smoking ) Reykingar valda krabbameini . ( Smoking causes cancer ) Reykingar eru mjög skaðlegar fyrir þig og þá sem eru nálægt þér . ( Smoking is very harmful to you and those close to you ) Reykingar stífla slagæðar og valda kransæðastíflu og heilablóðfalli . ( Smoking blocks your arteries and causes coronary artery disease and stroke . ) Reykingar valda banvænu krabbameini í lungum . ( Smoking causes fatal lung cancer ) Reykingar á meðgöngu skaða barnið þitt . ( Smoking during pregnancy harms your child . ) Verndaðu börnin -- Láttu þau ekki anda að sér tókbaksreyk . ( Protect the children -- Do n't let them inhale tobacco smoke . ) India ( edit ) File : Classic Mild pack of 20 front. JPG Front of a Classic Mild pack , sold in India , displaying the new pictorial warning Cigarette packets sold in India are required to carry graphical and textual health warnings . The warning must cover at least 85 % of the surface of the pack , of which 60 % must be pictorial and the remaining 25 % contains textual warnings in English , Hindi or any other Indian language . Until 2008 , cigarette packets sold in India were required to carry a written warning on the front of the packet with the text CIGARETTE SMOKING IS INJURIOUS TO HEALTH in English . Paan , gutkha and tobacco packets carried the warning TOBACCO IS INJURIOUS TO HEALTH in Hindi and English . The law later changed . According to the new law , cigarette packets were required to carry pictorial warnings of a skull or scorpion along with the text SMOKING KILLS and TOBACCO CAUSES MOUTH CANCER in both Hindi and English . The Cigarette and Other Tobacco Products ( Packaging and Labelling ) Rules 2008 requiring graphic health warnings came into force on 31 May 2008 . Under the law , all tobacco products were required to display graphic pictures , such as pictures of diseased lungs , and the text SMOKING KILLS or TOBACCO KILLS in English , covering at least 40 % of the front of the pack , and retailers must display the cigarette packs in such a way that the pictures on pack are clearly visible . In January 2012 controversy arose when it was discovered an image of English footballer John Terry was used on a warning label . On 15 October 2014 , Union Health Minister Harsh Vardhan announced that only 15 % of the surface of a pack of cigarettes could contain branding , and that the rest must be used for graphic and text health warnings . The Union Ministry of Health amended the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products ( Packaging and Labelling ) Rules , 2008 to enforce the changes effective from 1 April 2015 . However , the government decision to increase pictorial warnings on tobacco packets from April 1 , was put on hold indefinitely , following the recommendations of a Parliamentary committee , which reportedly did not speak to health experts , but only spoke to tobacco lobby representatives . On April 5 , 2016 , the health ministry ordered government agencies to enforce this new rule . Following the intervention by the Parliamentary committee , NGO Health of Millions represented by Prashant Bhushan filed a petition in Supreme Court of India , which asks the government to stop selling of loose cigarettes and publish bigger health warnings on tobacco packs . Indonesia ( edit ) General warning : Current warning message in Indonesia ( only for advertisement ) , where uses `` 18 + '' sign . This picture is adapted from Thailand origin and used in many countries such as Indonesia . Before 1999 PERINGATAN PEMERINTAH : MEROKOK DAPAT MERUGIKAN KESEHATAN ( Government warning : smoking can harm your health ) 1999 -- 2001 PERINGATAN PEMERINTAH : MEROKOK DAPAT MENYEBABKAN KANKER , SERANGAN JANTUNG , IMPOTENSI DAN GANGGUAN KEHAMILAN DAN JANIN ( Government warning : smoking can cause cancer , heart attacks , impotence and disorders of pregnancy and the fetus ) 2002 -- end of 2013 MEROKOK DAPAT MENYEBABKAN KANKER , SERANGAN JANTUNG , IMPOTENSI DAN GANGGUAN KEHAMILAN DAN JANIN ( Smoking can cause cancer , heart attacks , impotence and disorders of pregnancy and the fetus ) Since 2014 With the enforcement of 2012 Indonesian Government Regulation ( Peraturan Pemerintah ) No. 109 , all of tobacco products / cigarette packaging and advertisement should include warning images and age restriction ( 18 + ) . Graphic warning messages must consist 40 % of cigarette packages . After the introduction of graphic images in Indonesian cigarette packaging , the branding of cigarettes as `` light '' , `` mild '' , `` filter '' , etc. is forbidden . PERINGATAN : MEROKOK MEMBUNUHMU ( Warning : smoking kills you ) Other alternatives : PERINGATAN : MEROKOK SEBABKAN KANKER MULUT . ( Warning : smoking can cause oral cancer ) PERINGATAN : MEROKOK SEBABKAN KANKER TENGGOROKAN . ( Warning : smoking can cause laryngeal cancer ) PERINGATAN : MEROKOK DEKAT ANAK BERBAHAYA BAGI MEREKA . ( Warning : smoking can endanger kids near you ) PERINGATAN : MEROKOK SEBABKAN KANKER PARU - PARU DAN BRONKITIS KRONIS . ( Warning : smoking can cause pulmonary cancer and chronic bronchitis ) This warning below is appear on the side of the cigarette packaging : DILARANG MENJUAL / MEMBERI PADA ANAK USIA DI BAWAH 18 TAHUN DAN PEREMPUAN HAMIL . ( Do not sell or give ( this product ) to the children under 18 years old and expectant mothers ) Japan ( edit ) Cigarette in Japan with warning message Japan is the first country in Asia to enforce general warning on cigarette packaging , in force since 1972 . Prior to 2005 , there was only one warning on all Japanese cigarette packages . 健康のため吸いすぎに注意しましょう ( For the good of your health , be careful not to smoke too much ) ( 1972 -- 1989 ) あなたの健康を損なうおそれがありますので吸いすぎに注意しましょう ( Be careful not to smoke too much , as there is a risk of damaging your health ) ( 1990 -- 2005 ) Since 2005 , more than one general warning is printed on cigarette packaging . On the front of cigarette packages : 喫煙は、あなたにとって肺がんの原因の一つとなります. 疫学的な推計によると、喫煙者は肺がんにより死亡する危険性が非喫煙者に比べて約 2 倍から 4 倍高くなります . ( Smoking is a cause of lung cancer . According to epidemiological estimates , smokers are about two to four times more likely than non-smokers to die of lung cancer . ) 喫煙は、あなたにとって心筋梗塞の危険性を高めます. 疫学的な推計によると、喫煙者は心筋梗塞により死亡する危険性が非喫煙者に比べて約 1.7 倍高くなります . ( Smoking increases risk of myocardial infarction . According to epidemiological estimates , smokers are about 1.7 times more likely than non-smokers to die of a heart attack . ) 喫煙は、あなたにとって脳卒中の危険性を高めます. 疫学的な推計によると、喫煙者は脳卒中により死亡する危険性が非喫煙者に比べて約 1.7 倍高くなります . ( Smoking increases risk of stroke . According to epidemiological estimates , smokers are about 1.7 times more likely than non-smokers to die of a stroke . ) 喫煙は、あなたにとって肺気腫を悪化させる危険性を高めます . ( Smoking can aggravate the symptoms of emphysema . ) On the back of cigarette packages : 妊娠中の喫煙は、胎児の発育障害や早産の原因の一つとなります. 疫学的な推計によると、たばこを吸う妊婦は、吸わない妊婦に比べ、低出生体重の危険性が約 2 倍、早産の危険性が約 3 倍高くなります. ( 詳細については、厚生労働省のホーム・ページ www.mhlw.go.jp/topics/tobacco/main.html をご参照ください . ) ( Smoking during pregnancy is a cause of preterm delivery and impaired fetal growth . According to epidemiological estimates , pregnant women who smoke have almost double the risk of low birth weight and three times the risk of premature birth than pregnant women who do not smoke . ( For more information , please visit the Ministry of Health home page at www.mhlw.go.jp/topics/tobacco/main.html . ) ) たばこの煙は、あなたの周りの人、特に乳幼児、子供、お年寄りなどの健康に悪影響を及ぼします. 喫煙の際には、周りの人の迷惑にならないように注意しましょう . ( Tobacco smoke adversely affects the health of people around you , especially infants , children and the elderly . When smoking , be careful not to inconvenience others . ) 人により程度は異なりますが、ニコチンにより喫煙への依存が生じます . ( The degree may differ from person to person , but nicotine ( in cigarettes ) causes addiction to smoking . ) 未成年者の喫煙は、健康に対する悪影響やたばこへの依存をより強めます. 周りの人から勧められても決して吸ってはいけません . ( Smoking while underage heightens the addiction and damage to health caused by cigarettes . Never smoke , even if encouraged to by those around you . ) Malaysia ( edit ) In Malaysia , general warning as a mandatory on all Malaysian cigarette packaging are in force since June 1976 . AMARAN OLEH KERAJAAN MALAYSIA , MEROKOK MEMBAHAYAKAN KESIHATAN ( Warning by the government of Malaysia , Smoking endangers health ) Starting 1 June 2009 , The Malaysian government has decided to place graphic images on the cigarette packs to show the adverse long - term effects of excessive smoking replacing the general warning with text describing the graphic images printed in Malay ( front ) and English ( back ) explaining : ( in Malay ) `` Rokok penyebab ... '' ( in English ) `` Cigarette causes ... '' Graphic warning messages must consist 40 % of the front of cigarette packages and 60 % in the back . After the introduction of graphic images in Malaysian cigarette packaging , the branding of cigarettes as `` light '' , `` mild '' , etc. is forbidden . Mexico ( edit ) In Mexico cigarette packs contain health warnings and graphic images since 2010 . By law , 30 % of the pack 's front , 100 % of the pack 's rear , and 100 % of one lateral must consist on images and warnings . The Secretariat of Health issues new warnings and images every six months . Images have included a dead rat , a partial mastectomy , a laryngectomy , a dead human fetus surrounded by cigarette butts , a woman being fed after suffering a stroke , and damaged lungs amongst others . Warnings include smoking - related diseases and statistics , toxins found in cigarettes and others such as : Smoking kills Your baby can die ( appealing to pregnant women ) You will have a slow and painful death By smoking you are hurting your family Go ahead , shorten your life Smoking damages your arteries Moldova ( edit ) General warning ( on the front of cigarette packages , covering at least 30 % of the area , Helvetica font ) : `` Fumatul ucide '' ( smoking kills ) or `` Fumatul dăunează grav sănătăţii dumneavoastră şi a celor din jur '' ( smoking seriously harms you and those around ) ; Additional warnings ( on the back of cigarette packages , covering at least 40 % of the area , Helvetica font ) : `` Fumătorii mor mai tineri '' ( smokers die younger ) ; `` Fumatul blochează arterele şi provoacă infarct miocardic şi accident vascular cerebral '' ( Smoking clogs the arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes ) ; `` Fumatul conduce la moarte de cancer pulmonar '' ( smoking causes death from lung cancer ) ; `` Fumatul în timpul sarcinii dăunează copilului dumneavoastră '' ( Smoking while pregnant harm your baby ) ; `` Protejaţi copiii dumneavoastră de inspirarea fumului de ţigaretă '' ( Protect your children from breathing in the cigarette smoke ) ; `` Psihologul , profesorul sau medicul vă poate ajuta să renunţaţi la fumat '' ( Psychologists , Teachers , and Doctors can help you quit smoking ) ; `` Fumatul creează dependenţă rapidă , nu încercaţi să fumaţi '' ( Smoking becomes addictive fast , try not to smoke ) ; `` Abandonarea fumatului reduce riscul de îmbolnăviri cardiace sau pulmonare fatale '' ; `` Fumatul poate provoca o moarte lentă şi dureroasă '' ( Smoking can cause a slow and painful death ) ; `` Fumatul reduce circulaţia sîngelui şi provoacă impotenţă '' ( Smoking reduces blood circulation and increases impotency ) ; `` Fumatul provoacă îmbolnăvirea tenului ( pielei ) '' ( Smoking causes skin diseases ) ; `` Fumatul creează grave disfuncţii sexuale '' ( Smoking causes serious sexual dysfunction ) ; Regulated by `` LEGE cu privire la tutun şi la articolele din tutun `` ( Law on tobacco and tobacco articles ) nr. 278 - XVI from 14.12. 2007 enabled at 07.03. 2008 Cigarette packets in Transnistria have variable warning labels , depending from where they come from ( English , Russian , etc . ) New Zealand ( edit ) The front of a 20 pack of Marlboro red cigarettes sold in New Zealand . The first health warnings appeared on cigarette packets in New Zealand in 1974 . Warning images accompanying text have been required to appear on each packet since 28 February 2008 . By law , 30 % of the pack 's front and 90 % of the pack 's rear must consist of graphic warning messages . Images include gangrenous toes ( pictured ) , rotting teeth and gums , diseased lungs and smoking - damaged hearts . Cigarette packets also carry the Quitline logo and phone number and other information about quitting smoking . In total , there are 14 different warnings . A full list with pictures is available at the New Zealand Ministry of Health 's website . Warning messages are rotated annually with 7 being printed in equal quantities one year , and the other 7 messages the next . Following is a list of the warnings in English , however each message also shows a small Māori language translation . Smoking causes gangrene Smoking causes blindness Smoking causes mouth cancer You are not the only one smoking this cigarette Over 80 % of lung cancers are caused by smoking Tobacco smoke is poisonous Smoking causes heart attacks Smoking can make you impotent Smoking is highly addictive Smoking causes foul and offensive breath Your smoking can harm your kids Smoking causes serious lung diseases Smoking more than doubles your risk of stroke Smoking blocks your arteries Norway ( edit ) A warning in Norwegian ( bokmål ) Norway have had general warnings on cigarette packets since 1975 . Norway 's warnings of today were introduced in 2003 and are in line with EU 's legislation , as Norway is an EEA member : On the front of cigarette and cigar packages , covering about 30 % of the area : Røyking dreper ( Smoking kills ) Røyking er svært skadelig for deg og dine omgivelser ( Smoking is very harmful to you and your surroundings ) On the back of cigarette and cigar packages , covering about 45 % of the area : Røyking fører til dødeleg lungekreft ( Smoking causes fatal lung cancer ) Hvis du slutter å røyke vil du minske risikoen for dødelige hjerte - og lungesykdommer ( If you stop smoking , you will reduce the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases ) Røyking fører til tidleg aldring av huda ( Smoking causes early ageing of the skin ) Røyking kan redusere blodgjennomstrømminga og føre til impotens ( Smoking may reduce the blood flow and cause impotence ) Røyking kan føre til ein langsam og smertefull død ( Smoking can cause a slow and painful death ) Røyking kan redusere sædkvaliteten og minske fruktbarheten ( Smoking can reduce the sperm quality and decrease fertility ) Vern barn mot tobakksrøyk , ikke la dem puste inn din røyk ( Protect children against tobacco smoke , do n't let them inhale your smoke ) Røyking er sterkt avhengighetsskapende : Ikke begynn å røyke ( Smoking is highly addictive , do n't start smoking ) Røyking fører til forkalking av årene og forårsakar hjarteinfarkt og slag ( Smoking clogs the arteries and causes heart attacks and strokes ) Din lege eller ditt apotek kan hjelpe deg med røykeslutt ( Your doctor or your pharmacy can help you stop smoking ) Få hjelp til røykeslutt -- ring Røyketelefonen 800 400 85 ( Get help to stop smoking -- call the Quitline : 800 400 85 ) Røyking nedsetter levealderen ( Smoking lowers life expectancy ) Røyking under graviditeten skader barnet ( Smoking during pregnancy harms the child ) Røyk inneholder benzen , nitrosaminer , formaldehyd og blåsyre ( Smoke contains benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide ) Tobacco products like snus and chewing tobacco have the following warning printed on them : Denne tobakksvaren kan være helseskadelig og er avhengighetsskapende ( This tobacco product may be a health hazard , and is addictive ) Pakistan ( edit ) All cigarettes are required by a Statutory Order 1219 ( I ) / 2008 dated 25 September 2008 , published in the Gazette of Pakistan dated 24 November 2008 , to carry rotational health warnings from 1 July 2009 . Under the previous law , health warnings were not required to be rotated . Each health warning will be printed for a period of 6 months . The health warnings are to be in Urdu and in English . Here are the English versions : 1 . WARNING : Protect children . Do not let them breathe your smoke . Ministry of Health . 2 . WARNING : Smoking causes mouth and throat cancer . Ministry of Health . 3 . WARNING : Quit smoking ; live longer life . Ministry of Health . 4 . WARNING : Smoking severely harms you and the people around you . Ministry of Health . The warnings shall cover at least 30 % on both sides of the packet , and located at the top portions of the face ( in Urdu ) and back ( in English ) of the packet . Philippines ( edit ) Tobacco packaging warning messages on cigarette packs sold in the Philippines prior to March 2016 Graphic tobacco packaging warning messages at present See also : Smoking in the Philippines § Legislation All cigarette packaging sold in Philippines are required to display a government warning label . The warnings include : Government Warning : Cigarette smoking is dangerous to your health . Government Warning : Cigarettes are addictive . Government Warning : Tobacco smoke can harm your children . Government Warning : Smoking kills . In July 2014 , Philippine President Benigno Aquino III signed the Republic Act 10643 , or `` An Act to Effectively Instill Health Consciousness through Graphic Health Warnings on Tobacco Products '' , more known as the `` Graphic Health Warning Act . '' This law requires tobacco product packaging to display pictures of the ill effects of smoking , occupying the bottom half of the display area in both front and the back side of the packaging . On March 3 , 2016 , Department of Health ( DOH ) secretary Janette Garin started the implementation of Republic Act 10643 , requiring tobacco manufacturers to include graphic health warnings on newer cigarette packaging . With the Graphic Health Warning Act implemented , graphic health warnings are used on all newer cigarette packaging , and older packages using text - only warnings are required to be replaced by newer packaging incorporating graphic warnings . The 12 new warnings , showing photos of negative effects of smoking , like mouth cancer , impotence , and gangrene , are rotated every month , and on November 3 , 2016 , all cigarette packaging without graphic health warning messages are banned from sale . Labeling of cigarettes with `` light '' or `` mild '' is also forbidden by the Graphic Health Warning Act . Russian Federation ( edit ) Warning messages on Russian cigarette packets Type of warning Message English translation Main Минздравсоцразвития России предупреждает : курение вредит Вашему здоровью The Russian Ministry of Public Health and Social Development warns : smoking is harmful to your health . Additional Курение -- причина раковых заболеваний Smoking causes cancer Курение -- причина смертельных заболеваний Smoking causes fatal diseases Оградите детей от табачного дыма Keep children away from tobacco smoke Курение табака вызывает никотиновую зависимость Smoking tobacco causes nicotine addiction Курение -- причина заболеваний сердца Smoking causes heart diseases Warning messages on Russian cigarette packets revised in 2013 , falling in line with European Union standards . Changes to Tobacco packaging warning messages in Russia Obverse Reverse Example design Text warnings will cover 30 % of surface Pictorial warnings will cover 50 % of surface Курение убивает ( Smoking kills ) Note : 12 different variants . Serbia ( edit ) Pack with Serbian warning The warning messages on Serbian cigarette packets are visually similar to those in European Union countries , but the texts used in Serbia are not translated directly from EU - approved texts . Warning messages on Serbian cigarette packets Message English translation Example design Пушење убија . Дувански дим штети људима у Вашој околини . Smoking kills . Tobacco smoke harms people around you . Пушење убија . Дувански дим штети људима у Вашој околини . Желите бебу ? Пушење неповољно утиче на плодност код мушкараца и жена . Want a baby ? Smoking reduces fertility in men and women . Пушење изазива зависност ! Потражите стручну помоћ за одвикавање . Smoking causes addiction ! Seek professional help to quit the habit . Singapore ( edit ) File : Cigarette pack of L&M Blue in Singapore. jpg Cigarette pack of L&M Blue in Singapore , a photo of heart surgery and a warning message were printed . Text warnings were first added on cigarette packets . They used blunt , straight - to - the - point messages such as ' Smoking causes lung cancer ' . They were later replaced by graphic warnings in August 2004 . They featured gory pictures and were printed with the messages : Smoking causes a slow painful death Smoking harms your family Tobacco smoke can kill babies Smoking causes stroke Smoking causes lung cancer Smoking causes mouth diseases In 2006 , the images and warnings were revised , with images focusing on damaged organs . The following warnings shows what is printed nowadays . Smoking causes mouth diseases Smoking can cause a slow and painful death Smoking causes lung cancer Smoking causes gangrene Smoking causes neck cancer Smoking harms your family Smoking causes 92 % of oral cancer From 1 January 2009 , people possessing cigarettes without the SDPC ( Singapore Duty Paid Cigarettes ) label will be committing an offence under the Customs and GST Acts . The law was passed to distinguish non-duty paid , contraband cigarettes from duty - paid ones . Switzerland ( edit ) Switzerland has four official languages , but only has warning messages in three languages . The fourth language , Romansh , is only spoken by 0.5 % of the population , and those persons typically also speak either German or Italian . The three warning messages below are posted on cigarette packets , cartons and advertisements such as outdoor billboard posters : ( in French ) Fumer tue . ( Smoking kills . ) ( in German ) Rauchen tötet . ( Smoking kills . ) ( in Italian ) Il Fumo uccide . ( Smoking kills . ) Somalia ( edit ) A small warning , in Somali and English , appears on British American Tobacco brands , Royals and Pall Mall . South Korea ( edit ) In South Korea , general warning on cigarette packaging are in force since 1976 . The warning messages are : From 1976 to 1989 건강 을 위하여 지나친 흡연 을 삼 갑시다 ( For your health , please refrain from smoking too much ) From December 1989 to 1996 흡연 은 폐암 등 을 일으킬 수 있으며 , 특히 임산부 와 청소년 의 건강 에 해 롭습니다 ( Smoking may cause lung cancer and it is especially dangerous for teenagers and pregnant women ) From 1996 to March 2005 Front 흡연 은 폐암 등 각종 질병 의 원인 이 되며 , 특히 임신부 와 청소년 의 건강 에 해 롭습니다 ( Smoking causes lung cancer and other diseases and it is especially dangerous for teenagers and pregnant women ) Back 19 세 미만 청소년 에게 판매 할 수 없습니다 ( It is illegal to sell cigarettes to people under 19 ) and additionally , 금연 하면 건강 해지고 장수 할 수 있습니다 ( You can be healthy and live longer if you quit ) , 흡연 은 중풍 과 심장병 도 일으 킵니다 ( Smoking also causes paralysis and heart diseases ) , 흡연 은 사랑하는 자녀 의 건강 도 해 칩니다 ( Smoking also damages your beloved children ) , 당신 이 흡연 하면 다른 사람 의 건강 도 해 칩니다 ( Smoking damages others ) From April 2005 to April 2007 Front 건강 을 해치는 담배 그래도 피우 시겠습니까 ? ( Smoking damages your health . Do you still want to smoke ? ) Back 19 세 미만 청소년 에게 판매 할 수 없습니다 ( It is illegal to sell cigarettes to people under 19 ) and additionally , 금연 하면 건강 해지고 장수 할 수 있습니다 ( You can be healthy and live longer if you quit ) , 흡연 은 중풍 과 심장병 도 일으 킵니다 ( Smoking also causes paralysis and heart diseases ) , 흡연 은 사랑하는 자녀 의 건강 도 해 칩니다 ( Smoking also damages your beloved children ) , 당신 이 흡연 하면 다른 사람 의 건강 도 해 칩니다 ( Smoking damages others ) From April 2007 to April 2009 Front 흡연 은 폐암 등 각종 질병 의 원인 이 되며 , 특히 임신부 와 청소년 의 건강 에 해 롭습니다 ( Smoking causes lung cancer and other diseases and it is especially dangerous for teenagers and pregnant women ) Back 19 세 미만 청소년 에게 판매 금지 ! 당신 자녀 의 건강 을 해 칩니다 '' ( It is illegal to sell cigarettes to people under 19 ! It hurts your children 's health ) From April 2009 to April 2011 ( a prospectus ) Front 건강 에 해로운 담배 , 일단 흡연 하게 되면 끊기 가 매우 어렵 습니다 ( Smoking damages your health . Once you start smoking , it is very difficult to quit ) Back 19 세 미만 청소년 에게 판매 금지 ! 당신 자녀 의 건강 을 해 칩니다 ( It is illegal to sell cigarettes to people under 19 ! It hurts your children 's health ) From December 2016 , 50 % of cigarette packages must contain warning elements , of which 30 % must be graphic or photographic warnings . In addition to the existing warning 흡연 이 질병 의 원인 이 될 수 있다 ( Smoking can be a cause of disease ) , the following warning will be mandatory : 흡연 은 다른 사람 의 건강 을 위협 할 수 있다 ( Smoking can harm another person 's health ) Taiwan ( edit ) The warnings in Taiwan are led by the phrase `` 行政院衛生署警告 '' ( Warning from the Department of Health , Executive Yuan : ) , and followed by one of the following warnings : 吸菸有害健康 Smoking is hazardous to your health 孕婦吸菸易導致胎兒早產及體重不足 Smoking during pregnancy can cause premature death and underweight birth 抽菸會導致肺癌、心臟病、氣腫及與懷孕有關的問題 Smoking can cause lung cancer , heart diseases , emphysema and pregnancy - related problems 吸菸害人害己 Smoking hurts yourself , and hurts others 懷孕婦女吸菸可能傷害胎兒 , 導致早產及體重不足 Smoking during pregnancy might damage the fetus , and can cause premature death and underweight birth 戒菸可減少健康的危害 Quitting smoking can reduce health risk -- no longer us Due to the Department of Health was reorganized into Ministry of Health and Welfare , the images and warnings were revised in 2014 . The following warnings shows what is printed ( the new warnings will use on June 1 , 2014 ) . 吸菸導致皮膚老化 Smoking causes ageing of skin 菸癮困你一生 Tobacco addiction traps your life 吸菸會導致性功能障礙 Smoking causes sexual dysfunction 菸害導致胎兒異常及早產 Smoking and second hand smoking causes abnormality of baby or premature birth 不吸菸 , 你可以擁有更多 You can have more if you quit smoking 二手菸引發兒童肺炎、中耳炎、癌症 Second hand smoking causes children pneumonia , otitis media , or cancer 吸菸影響口腔衛生 Smoking affects oral hygiene 吸菸引發自己與家人中風與心臟病 Smoking causes you and your family paralyzing stroke and heart disease Whether the warning is the old version or the new version , it will be marked with `` 戒煙專線 0800 - 636363 '' ( Smoking Quitting Hotline : 0800 - 636363 ) . Thailand ( edit ) In Thailand , a variety of warnings with graphic , disturbing images of tobacco - related harms ( including a tracheotomy and rotting teeth ) are placed prominently on cigarette packages . A recent study showed that the warnings made Thai smokers think more often about the health risks of smoking and about quitting smoking . Turkey ( edit ) Old Turkish cigarette packaging with a general warning Front of packaging ( covers 65 % of surface ) Sigara içmek öldürür ( Smoking kills ) or Sigara içmek size ve çevrenizdekilere ciddi zararlar verir ( Smoking seriously harms you and others around you ) Back of packaging ( covers 40 % of surface ) Sigara içenler genç yaşta ölür . ( Smokers die younger ) Sigara içmek damarları tıkar , kalp krizine ve felçlere neden olur . ( Smoking clogs the arteries and causes heart attacks and paralysis . ) Sigara içmek ölümcül akciğer kanserine neden olur . ( Smoking causes lethal lung cancer ) Hamile iken sigara içmek bebeğe zarar verir . ( Smoking while pregnant will harm the baby ) Çocukları koruyun : Dumanınızı onlara solutmayın . ( Protect your children , do n't let them breathe your smoke . ) Sağlık kuruluşları sigarayı bırakmada size yardımcı olabilir . ( Health agencies can help you quit smoking ) Sigara içmek yüksek derecede bağımlılık yapar , başlamayın . ( Smoking is highly addictive , do n't start ) Sigarayı bırakmak ölümcül kalp ve akciğer hastalıkları riskini azaltır . ( Stopping smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases ) Sigara içmek ağrılı ve yavaş bir ölüme neden olabilir . ( Smoking can cause a slow and painful death ) Sigarayı bırakmak için doktorunuzdan ve ... ' den yardım isteyin . ( To quit smoking ask for help from your doctor and ... ) Sigara içmek kan akışını yavaşlatır ve cinsel iktidarsızlığa neden olur . ( Smoking will slow the blood flow and cause impotence ) Sigara içmek cildin erken yaşlanmasına neden olur . ( Smoking causes early ageing of the skin ) Sigara içmek spermlere zarar vererek doğurganlığı azaltır . ( Smoking can damage the sperm and decreases fertility ) Sigara dumanında benzen , nitrozamin , formaldehit ve hidrojensiyanit gibi kanser yapıcı maddeler bulunur . ( Cigarette smoke contains carcinogens such as benzene , nitrosamines , formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide . ) Ukraine ( edit ) The warning messages on Ukrainian cigarette packets are also visually similar to those in European Union countries : Warning messages on Ukrainian cigarette packets Message English translation Example design Курiння призводить до серцево - судинних захворювань та раку легенiв . Smoking causes heart diseases and lung cancer . Warning on Lucky Strike pack from Ukraine Курiння викликає залежнiсть , не починайте курити . Smoking is highly addictive , do n't start . Курiння викликає iмпотенцiю . Smoking causes impotence . Захистiть дiтей : не дозволяйте їм дихати вашим димом . Protect your children , do n't let them inhale your smoke . Курiння пiд час вагiтностi шкодить вашiй дитинi . Smoking while pregnant harms your child . Тютюновий дим шкодить здоров'ю тих , хто вас оточує . Cigarette smoke harms those around you . Курцi помирають рано . Smokers die younger . United states of America ( edit ) Surgeon General 's warning on a cigarette pack , 2012 . In 1966 , the United States became the first nation in the world to require a health warning on cigarette packages . In 1973 , the Assistant Director of Research at R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company wrote an internal memorandum regarding new brands of cigarettes for the youth market . He observed that , `` psychologically , at eighteen , one is immortal '' and theorized that `` the desire to be daring is part of the motivation to start smoking . '' He stated , `` in this sense the label on the package is a plus . '' In 1999 , Philip Morris U.S.A. purchased three brands of cigarettes from Liggett Group Inc . The brands were : Chesterfield , L&M , and Lark . At the time Philip Morris purchased the brands from Liggett , the packaging for those cigarettes included the statement `` Smoking is Addictive '' . After Philip Morris acquired the three Liggett brands , it removed the statement from the packages . Though the United States started the trend of labeling cigarette packages with warnings , today the country has one of the least restrictive labelling requirements on their packages . Warnings are usually in small typeface placed along one of the sides of the cigarette packs with colors and fonts that closely resemble the rest of the package , so the warnings essentially are integrated and do not stand out with the rest of the cigarette package . However , this is subject to change as the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act of 2009 requires color graphics with supplemental text that depicts the negative consequences of smoking to cover 50 percent of the front and rear of each pack . The nine new graphic warning labels were announced by the FDA in June 2011 and were required to appear on packaging by September 2012 , though this was delayed by legal challenges . In August 2011 , five tobacco companies filed a lawsuit against the FDA in an effort to reverse the new warning mandate . Tobacco companies claimed that being required to promote government anti-smoking campaigns by placing the new warnings on packaging violates the companies ' free speech rights . Additionally , R.J. Reynolds , Lorillard , Commonwealth Brands Inc. , Liggett Group LLC and Santa Fe Natural Tobacco Company Inc. claimed that the graphic labels are an unconstitutional way of forcing tobacco companies to engage in anti-smoking advocacy on the government 's behalf . A First Amendment lawyer , Floyd Abrams , represented the tobacco companies in the case , contending that requiring graphic warning labels on a lawful product can not withstand constitutional scrutiny . The Association of National Advertisers and the American Advertising Federation also filed a brief in the suit , arguing that the labels infringe on commercial free speech and could lead to further government intrusion if left unchallenged . On 29 February 2012 , U.S. District Judge Richard Leon ruled that the labels violate the right to free speech in the First Amendment . However , the following month the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 6th Circuit upheld the majority of the Tobacco Control Act of 2009 , including the part requiring graphic warning labels . In April 2013 the Supreme Court declined to hear the appeal to this ruling , allowing the new labels to stand . As the original ruling against the FDA images was not actually reversed , the FDA will again need to go through the process of developing the new warning labels , and the timetable and final product remain unknown . Cigars ( edit ) SURGEON GENERAL WARNING : Cigar Smoking Can Cause Cancers Of The Mouth And Throat , Even If You Do Not Inhale . SURGEON GENERAL WARNING : Cigars Are Not A Safe Alternative To Cigarettes . SURGEON GENERAL WARNING : Tobacco Smoke Increases The Risk Of Lung Cancer And Heart Disease , Even In Nonsmokers . SURGEON GENERAL WARNING : Cigar Smoking Can Cause Lung Cancer And Heart Disease . SURGEON GENERAL WARNING : Tobacco Use Increases The Risk Of Infertility , Stillbirth , And Low Birth Weight . SURGEON GENERAL WARNING : This Product Contains / Produces Chemicals Known To The State Of California To Cause Cancer , And Birth Defects Or Other Reproductive Harm . Stronger warning labels started to appear in May 2010 . Smokeless tobacco ( edit ) A can of Copenhagen with the warning label . The four warning label variants seen on various chewing tobacco products sold in the United States . Effective June 2010 , the following labels began to appear on smokeless tobacco products ( also known as chewing tobacco ) and their advertisements . WARNING : This product can cause mouth cancer . WARNING : This product can cause gum disease and tooth loss . WARNING : This product is not a safe alternative to cigarettes . WARNING : Smokeless tobacco is addictive . The new warnings are required to comprise 30 percent of two principal display panels on the packaging ; on advertisements , the health warnings must constitute 20 percent of the total area . Venezuela ( edit ) For many years in Venezuela , the only warning in cigarette packs was printed in a very small typeface along one of the sides : `` Se ha determinado que el fumar cigarrillos es nocivo para la salud , Ley de impuesto sobre cigarrillos '' ( It has been determined that cigarette smoking is harmful to your health , Cigarette Tax Law ) Since 14 September 1978 On 24 March 2005 , another warning was introduced in every cigarette pack : `` Este producto contiene alquitrán , nicotina y monóxido de carbono , los cuales son cancerígenos y tóxicos . No existen niveles seguros para el consumo de estas sustancias '' ( This product contains tar , nicotine and carbon monoxide , which are carcinogenic and toxic . There are no safe levels for consumption of these substances `` . 1978 's warning , was not removed , now every cigarette pack contains both warnings ( one on each lateral ) . In addition , since 24 March 2005 , one of the following warnings is randomly printed very prominently , along with a graphical image , occupying the 100 % of the back of the pack ( 40 % for the text warning and 60 % for the image ) : Este producto es dañino para la salud y produce adicción ( This product is hazardous to your health and is addictive ) Fumar causa mal aliento , pérdida de muelas y cáncer de boca ( Smoking causes bad breath , tooth decay and mouth cancer ) Fumar causa cáncer de pulmón , tos , enfisema pulmonar y bronquitis crónica ( Smoking causes lung cancer , coughing , pulmonar emphysema and chronic bronchitis ) , the picture is a comparison between a smoker _́ s lung ( left ) and a healthy lung ( right ) Fumar causa infarto al corazón , Q.E.P.D. al portador , muerto por fumador ( Smoking causes cardiac infarction , R.I.P. bearer , Killed by smoking ) Fumar durante el embarazo daña la salud de tu bebé ( Smoking while pregnant harms your baby ) Los niños y niñas comienzan a fumar al ver adultos fumando ( Children start smoking when they see adults smoke ) Fumar cigarrillos causa cáncer de laringe ( Smoking cigarettes causes larynx cancer ) Fumar causa impotencia en los hombres ( Smoking causes impotence in men ) El humo del cigarrillo afecta también a quien no fuma ( Cigarette smoke also harms those who do n't smoke ) Da hoy el primer paso , dejar de fumar es posible ( take today your first step , quitting is possible ) Also , in Venezuela , tobacco advertising is strictly forbidden , so much so that the words tobacco , cigarette , cigar , etc. are not permitted in media such as radio and television and no one can smoke on television . In the campaign called : `` Venezuela 100 % libre de humo '' ( Venezuela , 100 % smoke - free ) , curiously , these warnings only appear on cigarette packs and not on other tobacco products ( which only conserve the 1978 warning ) . Vietnam ( edit ) In Vietnam , a variety of warnings with graphic , disturbing images of tobacco - related harms ( including a tracheotomy and rotting teeth ) are placed prominently on cigarette packages . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control , Article 9 and 11 Jump up ^ A review of the science base to support the development of health warnings for tobacco packages ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Sambrook Research International . 2009 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Ruiter R , Kok , G ( 2005 ) . `` Saying is not ( always ) doing : Cigarette warning labels are useless '' . European Journal of Public Health . 15 ( 3 ) : 329 . doi : 10.1093 / eurpub / cki095 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Ruiter R , Kok , G ( 2006 ) . `` Response to Hammond et al. Showing leads to doing , but doing what ? The need for experimental pilot - testing '' . European Journal of Public Health . 16 ( 2 ) : 225 . doi : 10.1093 / eurpub / ckl014 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ de Hoog N , Stroebe W , de Wit J ( 2007 ) . `` The impact of vulnerability to and severity of a health risk on processing and acceptance of fear - arousing communications : A meta - analysis . '' . Review of General Psychology . 11 ( 3 ) : 258 -- 285 . doi : 10.1037 / 1089 - 2680.11. 3.258 . Jump up ^ Peters GJ , Ruiter R , Kok G ( 2012 ) . `` Threatening communication : a critical re-analysis and a revised meta - analytic test of fear appeal theory '' . Health Psychology Review . doi : 10.1080 / 17437199.2012. 703527 . Jump up ^ `` Los paquetes de cigarrillos deberán incluir advertencias sanitarias con imágenes sobre el daño que provoca en la salud '' . Programa Nacional de Control de Tabaco . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Important changes to the sale of tobacco products in Australia '' . Department of Health and Ageing , Australian Government . Retrieved 19 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tobacco plain packaging '' . Department of Health and Ageing , Australian Government . Retrieved 19 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tobacco plain packaging design released '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 19 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Governo lança novas imagens para embalagens de cigarro '' . globo.com. 27 May 2008 . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Health Warnings on Tobacco Products in Canada - Warnings from 2000 '' . Non-Smokers ' Rights Association . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Reid , JL ; Hammond , D ( 2013 ) , Tobacco Use in Canada : Patterns and Trends ( Supplement : Tobacco Control Policies in Canada ) ( PDF ) , Waterloo : Propel Centre for Population Health Impact , pp. 4 -- 23 Jump up ^ `` No Retreat on Tobacco Warnings : Aglukkaq '' . CBC News . Toronto . December 9 , 2010 . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chai , Carmen ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Could Plain Packaging for Cigarettes Help Canadians Quit Smoking ? '' . Global News . Toronto . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kline , Jesse ( December 1 , 2012 ) . `` Hey , Anti-Smoking Crusaders ? You Can Stop Now . You Won . '' . The National Post . Toronto . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chile '' . tobaccolabels.ca . ^ Jump up to : Day , Elizabeth ( 15 October 2003 ) . `` Film star glamour of cigarette cases hides truth for smokers '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Retrieved 14 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` S.I. No. 326 / 1991 -- Tobacco Products ( Control of Advertising , Sponsorship and Sales Promotion ) Regulations , 1991 '' . Irishstatutebook.ie . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tobacco warnings to be made bilingual '' . RTÉ. 24 January 2008 . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Statutory Instruments '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tumours , ulcers to occupy most space on cigarette packs soon '' . dna . Jump up ^ `` ' John Terry ' image appears in India anti-smoking drive '' . news.bbc.co.uk. 3 January 2012 . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Govt mandates health warning to cover 85 % display on cigarettes packaging '' . livemint.com/ . Jump up ^ `` Indian government tightens rules , health warning to cover 85 per cent space on tobacco pack '' . The Indian Express . 16 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cigarette packets to now carry health warnings covering 85 % of space '' . The Economic Times . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Abantika ( 1 April 2015 ) . `` Panel defers to lobbies over science , tobacco warnings put on hold '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` India steps up fight against cigarette firms over health warnings '' . Reuters. 5 April 2016 . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SC hearing on tobacco warning today '' . Deccan Herald . 6 April 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Master Blaster ( 12 October 2012 ) . `` Thailand not Playing Around When It Comes to Cigarette Warning Labels - RocketNews24 '' . RocketNews24 . Jump up ^ `` Cigarette packets to carry health warnings '' . New Straits Times . 14 February 1976 . Retrieved 8 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` LEGE cu privire la tutun şi la articolele din tutun ( Law on tobacco and tobacco articles ) nr. 278 - XVI '' . 14 December 2007 . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Tobacco Packages -- Graphic Warnings '' . New Zealand Ministry of Health . 12 June 2008 . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Chiu , Patricia Denise ( 20 July 2014 ) . `` Aquino signs law on graphic warnings on tobacco products '' . GMA News . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Crisostomo , Sheila ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Graphic health warning law takes effect today '' . Philstar Global . Philstar . The Philippine Star . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Villa , Jet ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Starting today , cigarette packs must have graphic health warnings '' . InterAksyon . News5 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Section 8 , Graphic Health Warning Act , Republic Act No. 10643 of July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved on March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ State Duma ( in Russian ) ( Translation ) Jump up ^ http://www.moneyweek.co.kr/news/mwView.php?type=1&no=2015070908488059013&outlink=1 Jump up ^ Regulations for the Testing of Yields of Nicotine and Tar Contained in Tobacco Products and the Labeling of Cigarette Containers ( 菸品尼古丁焦油含量檢測及容器標示辦法 ) Jump up ^ `` Evaluating the Effects of Warning Labels on Adult Smokers in Thailand : Findings from the ITC Thailand Survey '' . 2006.confex.com . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Duff Wilson ( 21 June 2011 ) . `` U.S. Releases Graphic Images to Deter Smokers '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Satcher , David ( 1998 - 04 - 01 ) . Tobacco Use Among U.S. Racial Ethnic Minority Groups : African Americans , American Indians & Alaska Natives , Asian Americans & Pacific Islanders , Hispanics . DIANE Publishing . pp. 299 -- . ISBN 9780788177958 . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Teague , Claude E. `` Research Planning Memorandum on Some Thoughts About New Brands of Cigarettes for the Youth Market '' . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Philip Morris U.S.A. `` Circular No. 719 '' . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Keane , Denise . `` Written Direct Testimony of Denise F. Keane '' . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dumas , Bethany K. `` An Analysis of the Adequacy of Federally Mandated Cigarette Package Warnings . '' Ch. 11 of Language in the Judicial Process , ed . J.N. Levi and A.G. Walker . NY : Plenum Press Corp. , 1990 , 309 -- 352 . Reprinted Tennessee Law Review 59.2 ( 1992 ) , 261 -- 304 . Jump up ^ `` Health Groups Weigh In On Lawsuit Over Graphic Cigarette Labels '' . Huffington Post . 20 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` US cigarette makers sue over graphic warning labels '' . BBC.co.uk . BBC . 17 August 2011 . Retrieved 17 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Koppel , Nathan ( 12 September 2011 ) . `` FDA Defends New Graphic Cigarette Labels '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Big Tobacco Gets Top First Amendment Lawyer for New Suit '' . AdWeek . Jump up ^ `` Tobacco Cos . Get Allies in Warning Label Fight '' . Convenience Store News . Jump up ^ Craver , Richard ( 1 March 2012 ) . `` Judge blocks graphic images on cigarette packages '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Jump up ^ `` Graphic tobacco warning labels to remain , but look , timetable unknown '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Court : Tobacco health labels constitutional '' . Reuters. 19 March 2012 . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court rejects challenge to tobacco warnings '' . The Hill . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Agrees : Cigarette Warning Labels Do n't Violate Big Tobacco 's Free Speech '' . Consumerist . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Smokeless Tobacco Product Warning Labels '' . Fda.gov . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.mpps.gob.ve/campanas/cigarrillo/images/imagen1.jpg . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.mpps.gob.ve/campanas/cigarrillo/images/imagen2.jpg . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.mpps.gob.ve/campanas/cigarrillo/images/imagen9.jpg . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.mpps.gob.ve/campanas/cigarrillo/images/imagen6.jpg . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.mpps.gob.ve/campanas/cigarrillo/images/imagen4.jpg . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.mpps.gob.ve/campanas/cigarrillo/images/imagen7.jpg . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.mpps.gob.ve/campanas/cigarrillo/images/imagen3.jpg . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.mpps.gob.ve/campanas/cigarrillo/images/imagen5.jpg . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.mpps.gob.ve/campanas/cigarrillo/images/imagen10.jpg . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.mpps.gob.ve/campanas/cigarrillo/images/imagen8.jpg . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cigarette packet warning signs . Tobacco Labelling Resource Centre Warning : Graphic Cigarette Labels -- slideshow by Life magazine BBC News Online : `` Spoof cigarette warnings slammed '' Directive 2001 / 37 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 June 2001 UCSF Tobacco Industry Videos Collection Quit Now , website advertised on Australian packets of cigarettes Cigarette Package Health Warnings International Status Report - Fourth Edition Smoking Country and region Albania Argentina Brazil Canada China Hong Kong Macau Colombia East Timor Ecuador Egypt Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Italy Japan Korea North South Malaysia New Zealand Nigeria Norway Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sweden Syria Taiwan Tokelau Turkey United Kingdom United States Uruguay Vietnam Religion Smoking in Jewish law Tobacco fatwa Ceremonial pipe Chanunpa Kinnikinnick Pipe bag Health Health effects of tobacco ( Nicotine poisoning Nicotine withdrawal ) Passive smoking Third - hand smoke Prevalence of tobacco consumption Schizophrenia and smoking Sidestream smoke Smokeless tobacco keratosis Smoker 's face Smoker 's melanosis Stomatitis nicotina Smoking age Smoking and male infertility Smoking cessation Tobacco - 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what month is it in the hindu calendar	Vikrami solar months Vikrami lunar months Gregorian months Ṛtu ( season ) Hindi / Marathi name Bengali name Kannada name Malayalam name Odia name Tamil name Telugu name Meṣa Vaisakha Apr - May Grīṣma ( summer ) ग्रीष्म গ্রীষ্ম ( Grishmô ) ಗ್ರೀಷ್ಮ ಋತು ( Grīṣma Ṛtu ) ഗ്രീഷ്മം ( Grīṣmam ) ଗ୍ରୀଷ୍ମ ( Griṣma ) இளவேனில் ( ilavenil ) గ్రీష్మ ఋతువు ( Grīṣma Ṛtuvu ) Vṛṣabha Jyeshtha May -- June Mithuna Ashadha June -- July Varṣā ( monsoon ) वर्षा বর্ষা ( Bôrsha ) ವರ್ಷ ಋತು ( Varṣa Ṛtu ) വര്‍ഷം‌ ( Varṣām ) ବର୍ଷା ( Barṣā ) முதுவேனில் ( mudhuvenil ) వర్ష ఋతువు ( Varṣa Ṛtuvu ) Karkaṭa Shraavana July - Aug Siṃha Bhadra Aug - Sept Śarad ( autumn ) शरद শরৎ ( Shôrôt ) ಶರದೃತು ( Śaradṛtu ) ശരത്‌ ( Śarat ) ଶରତ ( Śarata ) கார் ( kaar ) శరదృతువు ( Śaradṛtuvu ) Kanyā Ashvin Sept - Oct Tulā Kartik Oct - Nov Hemanta ( Late - Autumn ) हेमंत হেমন্ত ( Hemôntô ) ಹೇಮಂತ ಋತು ( Hēmaṃta Ṛtu ) ഹേമന്തം‌ ( Hemantam ) ହେମନ୍ତ ( Hemanta ) குளிர் ( kulir ) హేమంత ఋతువు ( Hēmaṃta Ṛtuvu ) Vṛścik‌‌‌a Agahana Nov - Dec Dhanu Pausha Dec - Jan Śiśira ( Winter ) शिशिर শীত ( Shīth ) ಶಿಶಿರ ಋತು ( Śiśira Ṛtu ) ശിശിരം‌ ( Śiśiram ) ଶୀତ / ଶିଶିର ( Śīta / Śiśira ) முன்பனி ( munpani ) శిశిర ఋతువు ( Śiśira Ṛtuvu ) Makara Magha Jan - Feb Kumbha Phalguna Feb - Mar Vasanta ( spring ) वसंत বসন্ত ( Bôsôntô ) ವಸಂತ ಋತು ( Vasaṃta Ṛtu ) വസന്തം‌ ( Vasaṃtam ) ବସନ୍ତ ( Basanta ) பின்பனி ( pinpani ) వసంత ఋతువు ( Vasaṃta Ṛtuvu ) Mīna Chaitra Mar - Apr		Hindu calendar	hindu calendar	Hindu calendar is a collective term for the various lunisolar calendars traditionally used in Hinduism . They adopt a similar underlying concept for timekeeping , but differ in their relative emphasis to moon cycle or the sun cycle and the names of months and when they consider the New Year to start . Of the various regional calendars , the most studied and known Hindu calendars are the Vikrami calendar ( Bikrami ) found in northern , western and central regions of the Indian subcontinent , Tamil calendar found in the south , and the Bengali calendar found in the east -- all of which emphasize the lunar cycle , their new year starts in spring , with their heritage dating back to 1st millennium BCE . In contrast , in regions such as Kerala , the solar cycle is emphasized and this is called the Malayalam calendar , their new year starts in autumn , and these have origins in the second half of the 1st millennium CE . A Hindu calendar is sometimes referred to as Panchanga ( पञ्चाङ्ग ) .	The ancient Hindu calendar is similar in conceptual design to the Jewish calendar , but different from the Gregorian calendar . Unlike Gregorian calendar which adds additional days to lunar month to adjust for the mismatch between twelve lunar cycles ( 354 lunar days ) and nearly 365 solar days , the Hindu calendar maintains the integrity of the lunar month , but insert an extra full month by complex rules , every few years , to ensure that the festivals and crop related rituals fall in the appropriate season . The Hindu calendars have been in use in the Indian subcontinent since ancient times , and remains in use by the Hindus in India and Nepal particularly to set the Hindu festival dates such as Holi , Maha Shivaratri , Vaisakhi , Raksha Bandhan , Pongal , Onam , Krishna Janmashtami , Durga Puja , Ramlila , Vishu and Diwali . Early Buddhist communities of India adopted the ancient Indian calendar , later Vikrami calendar and then local Buddhist calendars . Buddhist festivals continue to be scheduled according to a lunar system . The Buddhist calendar and the traditional lunisolar calendars of Cambodia , Laos , Myanmar , Sri Lanka and Thailand are also based on an older version of the Hindu calendar . Similarly , the ancient Jainism traditions have followed the same lunisolar system as the Hindu calendar for festivals , texts and inscriptions . However , the Buddhist and Jaina timekeeping systems have attempted to use the Buddha and the Mahavira lifetimes as the reference point . The Hindu calendar is also important to the practice of Hindu astrology and zodiac system , most of which it adopted from Greece , in centuries after the arrival of Alexander the Great . The Indian national calendar or `` Saka calendar '' was redesigned in an effort that started in 1952 based on the traditional Hindu calendars , and it was adopted on March 22 , 1957 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Texts 2.1 Astrology 2.2 Balinese Hindu calendar 3 Year : Samvat 4 Months 4.1 Amanta , Purnimanta systems 4.2 Paksha 4.3 Month names 4.4 Months and approximate correspondence 4.5 Corrections between lunar and solar months 4.5. 1 Rare corrections 5 Day 5.1 Weekday / Vāsara 5.2 Five limbs of time 5.2. 1 Yoga 5.2. 2 Karaṇa 5.2. 3 Naksatra 6 Festival calendar : solar and lunar dates 7 Regional variants 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 10.1 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Origins ( edit ) Time keeping ( The current year ) minus one , multiplied by twelve , multiplied by two , added to the elapsed ( half months of current year ) , increased by two for every sixty ( in the sun ) , is the quantity of half - months ( syzygies ) . -- Rigveda Jyotisha - vedanga 4 Translator : Kim Plofker Time keeping was important to Vedic rituals , and Jyotisha was the Vedic era field of tracking and predicting the movements of astronomical bodies in order to keep time , in order to fix the day and time of these rituals . This study was one of the six ancient Vedangas , or ancillary science connected with the Vedas -- the scriptures of Hinduism . The ancient Indian culture developed a sophisticated time keeping methodology and calendars for Vedic rituals . David Pingree has proposed that the field of timekeeping in Jyotisha may have been `` derived from Mesopotamia during the Achaemenid period '' , but Yukio Ohashi considers this proposal as `` definitely wrong '' . Ohashi states that this Vedanga field developed from actual astronomical studies in ancient India . The texts of Vedic Jyotisha sciences were translated into the Chinese language in the 2nd and 3rd centuries CE , and the Rigvedic passages on astronomy are found in the works of Zhu Jiangyan and Zhi Qian . Timekeeping as well as the nature of solar and moon movements are mentioned in Vedic texts . For example , Kaushitaki Brahmana chapter 19.3 mentions the shift in the relative location of the sun towards north for 6 months , and south for 6 months . The Vikrami calendar is named after king Vikramaditya and starts in 57 BCE . Texts ( edit ) Hindu scholars attempted to keep time by observing and calculating the cycles of sun ( Surya ) , moon and the planets . These calculations about the sun appears in various Sanskrit astronomical texts in Sanskrit , such as the 5th century Aryabhatiya by Aryabhata , the 6th century Romaka by Latadeva and Panca Siddhantika by Varahamihira , the 7th century Khandakhadyaka by Brahmagupta and the 8th century Sisyadhivrddida by Lalla . These texts present Surya and various planets and estimate the characteristics of the respective planetary motion . Other texts such as Surya Siddhanta dated to have been complete sometime between the 5th century and 10th century present their chapters on various planets with deity mythologies . The manuscripts of these texts exist in slightly different versions , present Surya - and planets - based calculation and its relative motion to earth . These vary in their data , suggesting that the text were open and revised over their lives . For example , the 1st millennium CE Hindu scholars had estimated the sidereal length of a year as follows , from their astronomical studies , with slightly different results : Sanskrit texts : How many days in a year ? Hindu text Estimated length of the sidereal year Surya Siddhanta 365 days , 6 hours , 12 minutes , 36.56 seconds Paulica Siddhanta 365 days , 6 hours , 12 minutes , 36 seconds Paracara Siddhanta 365 days , 6 hours , 12 minutes , 31.50 seconds Arya Siddhanta 365 days , 6 hours , 12 minutes , 30.84 seconds Laghu Arya Siddhanta 365 days , 6 hours , 12 minutes , 30 seconds Siddhanta Shiromani 365 days , 6 hours , 12 minutes , 9 seconds The Hindu texts used the lunar cycle for setting months and days , but the solar cycle to set the complete year . This system is similar to the Jewish and Babylonian ancient calendars , creating the same challenge of accounting for mismatch between the nearly 354 lunar days in twelve months , versus nearly 365 solar days in a year . They tracked the solar year by observing the entrance and departure of surya ( sun , at sunrise and sunset ) in the constellation formed by stars in the sky , which they divided into 12 intervals of 30 degrees each . Like other ancient human cultures , Hindus innovated a number of systems of which intercalary months became most used , that is adding another month every 32.5 months on average . As their calendar keeping and astronomical observations became more sophisticated , the Hindu calendar became more sophisticated with complex rules and greater accuracy . According to Scott Montgomery , the siddhanta tradition at the foundation of Hindu calendars predate the Christian era , once had 18 texts of which only 5 have survived into the modern era . These texts provide specific information and formulae on motions of sun , moon and planets , to predict their future relative positions , equinoxes , rise and set , with corrections for prograde , retrograde motions , as well as parallax . These ancient scholars attempted to calculate their time to the accuracy of a truti ( 29.63 microseconds ) . In their pursuit of accurate tracking of relative movements of celestial bodies for their calendar , they had computed the diameter of earth , which though not accurate , was very close to the actual 7,918 miles . Hindu calendars were refined during the Gupta era astronomy by Āryabhaṭa and Varāhamihira in the 5th to 6th century . These in turn were based in the astronomical tradition of Vedāṅga Jyotiṣa , which in the preceding centuries had been standardised in a number of ( non-extant ) works known as Sūrya Siddhānta . Regional diversification took place in the medieval period . The astronomical foundations were further developed in the medieval period , notably by Bhāskara II ( 12th century ) . Astrology ( edit ) Later , the term Jyotisha evolved to include Hindu astrology . The astrological application of Hindu calendar was a field that likely developed in the centuries after the arrival of Greek astrology with Alexander the Great , because their zodiac signs are nearly identical . The ancient Hindu texts on Jyotisha only discuss time keeping , and never mention astrology or prophecy . These ancient texts predominantly cover astronomy , but at a rudimentary level . Technical horoscopes and astrology ideas in India came from Greece , states Nicholas Campion , and developed in the early centuries of the 1st millennium CE . Later medieval era texts such as the Yavana - jataka and the Siddhanta texts are more astrology - related . Balinese Hindu calendar ( edit ) Hinduism and Buddhism were the prominent religions of southeast Asia in the 1st millennium CE , prior to the Islamic conquest that started in the 14th century . The Hindus prevailed in Bali , Indonesia and they have two types of Hindu calendar . One is a 210 - day based Pawukon calendar which likely is a pre-Hindu system , and another is similar to lunisolar calendar system found in South India and it is called the Balinese saka calendar which uses Hindu methodology . The names of month and festivals of Balinese Hindus for the most part are different , though the significance and legends have some overlap . Year : samvat ( edit ) Samvat refers to era of the several Hindu calendar systems in India and Nepal , in a manner the 0 AD marks the Christian era and the BC / AD system . There are several samvat found in historic Buddhist , Hindu and Jaina texts and epigraphy , of which three are most significant : Vikrama era , Old Shaka era and Shaka era of 78 AD . The Hindu calendar saka samvat system is found in Indonesian inscriptions , such as the above dated to 611 CE . Vikram Samvat : A northern India almanac which started in 57 BCE , and is also called the Vikrama Era . It is related to the Bikrami calendar , and is linked to Vikramaditya . This system is common in epigraphic evidence from northern , western , central and eastern Indian subcontinent , particularly after the early centuries of the 1st millennium CE . Shaka Samvat : There are two Shaka era system in scholarly use , one is called Old Shaka Era , whose epoch is uncertain , probably sometime in the 1st millennium BCE because ancient Buddhist , Jaina and Hindu inscriptions and texts use it . However , the starting point of Old Shaka Era is a subject of dispute among scholars . The second system is called Saka Era of 78 AD , or simply Saka Era , a system that is common in epigraphic evidence from southern India . Saka era of Southeast Asia : The Hindu calendar system in Indonesia is attributed to the legend of Hindus arriving with a sage Aji Saka in the 1st century Java , in the March of 78 CE . Numerous ancient and medieval era texts and inscriptions found in Indonesian islands use this reference year . In mainland southeast Asia , the earliest verifiable use of Hindu Saka methodology in inscriptions is marked Saka 533 in Ankor Borei , which corresponds to 611 CE , while in the Indonesian islands , the Kedukan Bukti inscription in Sumatra , marked to Saka 605 ( 683 CE ) is one of the earliest known . However , these inscriptions set the floruit , and the Hindu calendaring methodology likely existed in southeast Asia before these dates to be used in important monuments . Further , the Hindu calendar system remained popular among the Hindus through about the 15th century , and thereafter in Bali Indonesia . Indian national calendar ( modern ) : combined many Hindu calendars into one official standardized one , but old ones remain in use . Months ( edit ) Play media The astronomical basis of the Hindu lunar day . Also illustrates Kshaya Tithi ( Vaishaka - Krishna - Chaturdashi ( i.e. 14th ) ) and Adhika Tithi ( Jyeshta - Shukla - Dashami ( i.e. 10th ) ) Amanta , Purnimanta systems ( edit ) Two traditions have been followed in the Indian subcontinent with respect to lunar months : Amanta tradition which ends the lunar month on no moon day , while Purnimanta tradition which ends it on full moon day . Amavasyant ( Amanta , Mukhyamana ) tradition is followed by all Indian states that have a peninsular coastline ( except Odisha ) , as well as Assam and Tripura . Odisha and all other states follow the Purnimanta ( Gaunamana ) tradition . Purnimanta tradition was being followed in the Vedic era . It was replaced with Amanta system and in use as the Hindu calendar system prior to 1st century BCE , but the Purnimanta tradition was restarted in 57 BCE by Vikramaditya who wanted to return to the Vedic roots . The presence of this system is one of the factors considered in dating ancient manuscripts and epigraphical evidence of India that have survived into the modern era . Paksha ( edit ) A month contains two fortnights called pakṣa ( पक्ष , literally `` side '' ) . One fortnight is the bright , waxing half where the moon size grows and it ends in the full moon . The other half is the darkening , waning fortnight which ends in the new moon . The Hindu festivals typically are either on or the day after the full moon night , or the darkest night ( amavasya , अमावास्या ) , except for some associated with Krishna , Durga or Rama . The lunar months of the hot summer and the busy major cropping - related part of the monsoon season typically do not schedule major festivals . A combination of the Paksha system , and the two traditions of Amanta and Purnimanta systems , has led to alternate ways of dating any festival or event in the historic Hindu , Buddhist or Jain literature , and contemporary regional literature or festival calendars . For example , the Hindu festival of colors called Holi falls on the first day ( full moon ) of Chaitra lunar month 's dark fortnight in the Purnimanta system , while the same exact day for Holi is expressed in Amanta system as the Purnima ( full moon ) lunar day of Phalguna . Both time measuring and dating systems are equivalent ways of meaning the same thing , they continue to be in use in different regions , though the Purnimanta system is now typically assumed as implied in modern Indology literature if not specified . Month names ( edit ) There are 12 months in Hindu lunar calendar ( Sanskrit : मासाः ) . If the transits of the Sun through various constellations ( Rāśi ) are used , then we get solar months , which do not shift with reference to the Gregorian calendar . The solar months along with the corresponding Hindu seasons and Gregorian months are : Vikrami solar months Vikrami lunar months Gregorian months Ṛtu ( season ) Hindi / Marathi name Bengali name Kannada name Malayalam name Odia name Tamil name Telugu name Meṣa Vaisakha Apr - May Grīṣma ( summer ) ग्रीष्म গ্রীষ্ম ( Grishmô ) ಗ್ರೀಷ್ಮ ಋತು ( Grīṣma Ṛtu ) ഗ്രീഷ്മം ( Grīṣmam ) ଗ୍ରୀଷ୍ମ ( Griṣma ) இளவேனில் ( ilavenil ) గ్రీష్మ ఋతువు ( Grīṣma Ṛtuvu ) Vṛṣabha Jyeshtha May -- June Mithuna Ashadha June -- July Varṣā ( monsoon ) वर्षा বর্ষা ( Bôrsha ) ವರ್ಷ ಋತು ( Varṣa Ṛtu ) വര്‍ഷം‌ ( Varṣām ) ବର୍ଷା ( Barṣā ) முதுவேனில் ( mudhuvenil ) వర్ష ఋతువు ( Varṣa Ṛtuvu ) Karkaṭa Shraavana July - Aug Siṃha Bhadra Aug - Sept Śarad ( autumn ) शरद শরৎ ( Shôrôt ) ಶರದೃತು ( Śaradṛtu ) ശരത്‌ ( Śarat ) ଶରତ ( Śarata ) கார் ( kaar ) శరదృతువు ( Śaradṛtuvu ) Kanyā Ashvin Sept - Oct Tulā Kartik Oct - Nov Hemanta ( Late - Autumn ) हेमंत হেমন্ত ( Hemôntô ) ಹೇಮಂತ ಋತು ( Hēmaṃta Ṛtu ) ഹേമന്തം‌ ( Hemantam ) ହେମନ୍ତ ( Hemanta ) குளிர் ( kulir ) హేమంత ఋతువు ( Hēmaṃta Ṛtuvu ) Vṛścik‌‌‌a Agahana Nov - Dec Dhanu Pausha Dec - Jan Śiśira ( Winter ) शिशिर শীত ( Shīth ) ಶಿಶಿರ ಋತು ( Śiśira Ṛtu ) ശിശിരം‌ ( Śiśiram ) ଶୀତ / ଶିଶିର ( Śīta / Śiśira ) முன்பனி ( munpani ) శిశిర ఋతువు ( Śiśira Ṛtuvu ) Makara Magha Jan - Feb Kumbha Phalguna Feb - Mar Vasanta ( spring ) वसंत বসন্ত ( Bôsôntô ) ವಸಂತ ಋತು ( Vasaṃta Ṛtu ) വസന്തം‌ ( Vasaṃtam ) ବସନ୍ତ ( Basanta ) பின்பனி ( pinpani ) వసంత ఋతువు ( Vasaṃta Ṛtuvu ) Mīna Chaitra Mar - Apr Months and approximate correspondence ( edit ) The names of the Indian months vary by region . Despite the significant differences between Indo - European languages and Dravidian languages , those Hindu calendars which are based on lunar cycle are generally phonetic variants of each other , while the solar cycle are generally variants of each other too , suggesting that the time keeping knowledge travelled widely across the Indian subcontinent in ancient times . The Tamil lunar month names are forward shifted by a month compared to Vikrami month names , in part because Tamil calendar integrates greater emphasis for the solar cycle in a manner similar to the neighboring Kerala region and it follows the Amanta system for lunar months . This is in contrast to Vikrami calendar which keeps the Purnimanta system and emphasizes the lunar cycle . A few major calendars are summarized below : Calendar month names in different Hindu calendars # Vikrami ( lunar ) Assamese Bengali Tamil Odia Vikrami ( solar ) Malayalam ( solar ) Gregorian Vaisākha Bohag Boishak Chithirai Boisakho Mesha Medam April -- May Jyeshta Zeth Joistho Vaigasi Jyestho Vrisha Edavam May -- June Āshāda Ahar Ashshar Aani Asadho Mithuna Midunam June -- July Shraavana Xaün Shrabon Aadi Srabono Karka Karkadakam July -- August 5 Bhādra Bhado Bhadro Aavani Bhadrobo Singa Chingam August -- September 6 Ashwina Ahin Ashshin Purataasi Aswino Kanya Kanni September -- October 7 Kartika Kati Kartik Aippasi Kartiko Tula Tulam October -- November 8 Mārgasirsa ( Agrahayana ) Aghün Agrohoyon Kartiggai Margasira Vrischika Vrischikam November -- December 9 Pausha Puh Poush Margazhi Pouso Dhanus Dhanu December -- January 10 Māgha Magh Magh Thai Magho Makara Makaram January -- February 11 Phālguna Phagun Falgun Maasi Phalguno Kumbha Kumbham February -- March 12 Chaitra Sót Choitro Panguni Choitro Mina Minuam March -- April Corrections between lunar and solar months ( edit ) Play media The astronomical basis of the Hindu lunar months . Also illustrates Adhika Masa ( Year 2 - Bhadrapada ) repeats ; the first time the Sun moves entirely within Simha Rashi thus rendering it an Ashika Masa Twelve Hindu mas ( māsa , lunar month ) are equal to approximately 354 days , while the length of a sidereal ( solar ) year is about 365 days . This creates a difference of about eleven days , which is offset every ( 29.53 / 10.63 ) = 2.71 years , or approximately every 32.5 months . The twelve months are subdivided into six lunar seasons timed with the agriculture cycles , blooming of natural flowers , fall of leaves , and weather . To account for the mismatch between lunar and solar calendar , the Hindu scholars adopted intercalary months , where a particular month just repeated . The choice of this month was not random , but timed to sync back the two calendars to the cycle of agriculture and nature . The repetition of a month created the problem of scheduling festivals , weddings and other social events without repetition and confusion . This was resolved by declaring one month as Shudha ( pure , clean , regular , proper , also called Deva month ) and the other Mala or Adhika ( extra , unclean and inauspicious , also called Asura masa ) . The Indian mathematicians who calculated the best way to adjust the two years , over long periods of a yuga ( era , tables calculating 1000 of years ) , they determined that the best means to intercalate the months is to time the intercalary months on a 19 - year cycle . This intercalation is generally adopted in the 3rd , 5th , 8th , 11th , 14th , 16th and 19th year of this cycle . Further , the complex rules rule out the repetition of Mārgasirsa ( also called Agahana ) , Pausha and Maagha lunar months . The historic Hindu texts are not consistent on these rules , with competing ideas flourishing in the Hindu culture . Rare corrections ( edit ) The Hindu calendar makes further rare adjustments , over a cycle of centuries , where a certain month is considered kshaya month ( dropped ) . This occurs because of the complexity of the relative lunar , solar and earth movements . According to the Hindu calendar theory , states uriel Marion Underhill , `` when the sun is in perigee , and a lunar month being at its longest , if the new moon immediately precedes a samkranti , then the first of the two lunar months is deleted ( called nija or kshaya ) . This , for example , happened in the year 1 BCE , when there was no new moon between Makara samkranti and Kumbha samkranti , and the month of Pausha was dropped . Day ( edit ) Just like months , the Hindu calendar has two measures of a day , one based on the lunar movement and the other on solar . The solar day or civil day , called divasa ( दिवस ) , has been what most Hindus traditionally use , is easy and empirical to observe , by poor and rich , with or without a clock , and it is defined as the period from one sunrise to another . The lunar day is called tithi ( तिथि ) , and this is based on complicated measures of lunar movement . A lunar day or tithi may , for example , begin in the middle of an afternoon and end next afternoon . Both these days do not directly correspond to a mathematical measure for a day such as equal 24 hours of a solar year , a fact that the Hindu calendar scholars knew , but the system of divasa was convenient for the general population . The tithi have been the basis for timing rituals and festivals , while divasa for everyday use . The Hindu calendars adjust the mismatch in divasa and tithi , using a methodology similar to the solar and lunar months . A Tithi is technically defined in Indian texts , states John E. Cort , as `` the time required by the combined motions of the sun and moon to increase ( in a bright fortnight ) or decrease ( in a dark fortnight ) their relative distance by twelve degrees of the zodiac . These motions are measured using a fixed map of celestial zodiac as reference , and given the elliptical orbits , a duration of a tithi varies between 21.5 and 26 hours , states Cort . However , in the Indian tradition , the general population 's practice has been to treat a tithi as a solar day between one sunrise to next . A lunar month has 30 tithi . The technical standard makes each tithi contain different number of hours , but helps the overall integrity of the calendar . Given the variation in the length of a solar day with seasons , and moon 's relative movements , the start and end time for tithi varies over the seasons and over the years , and the tithi adjusted to sync with divasa periodically with intercalation . Weekday / vāsara ( edit ) Vāsara refers to the weekdays in Sanskrit . Also referred to as Vara and used as a suffix , the Indian names for the weekdays based on zodiac planets was adopted from the Greeks around the 3rd century CE , because they are not mentioned in earlier Sanskrit or Pali texts , nor are they found in any ancient inscriptions . The correspondence between the names of the week in Hindu and other Indo - European calendars are exact . The weekday of a Hindu calendar has been symmetrically divided into 60 ghatika ( = 24 hours ) , each ghatika is divided into 60 pala ( = 24 minutes ) , each pala is subdivided into 60 vipala ( = 24 seconds ) , and so on . Names of the weekdays in regional languages No . Sanskrit Latin weekday Celestial object Hindi Bhojpuri Punjabi ( Hindus and Sikhs ) Bengali Marathi Odia Kannada Telugu Tamil Malayalam Gujarati Nepali Raviv āsara रविवासर or Aditya vāsara आदित्य वासर Sunday / dies Solis Ravi , Aditya = Sun Ravivār रविवार Aitwār एतवार Aitvār ਐਤਵਾਰ Rôbibār রবিবার Ravivār रविवार Rabibāra ରବିବାର Bhānuvāra ಭಾನುವಾರ Ādivāraṁ ఆదివారం Nyayiru ஞாயிறு Njaayar ഞായർ Ravivār રવિવાર Aaitabar आइतवार Somav āsara सोमवासर Monday / dies Lunae Soma ( deity ) , Chandra = Moon Somavār सोमवार Somār सोमार Somavār ਸੋਮਵਾਰ Shombār সোমবার Somavār सोमवार Somabāra ସୋମବାର Sōmavāra ಸೋಮವಾರ Sōmavāraṁ సోమవారం Thingal திங்கள் Thinkal തിങ്കൾ Sōmavār સોમવાર Sombar सोमवार Maṅgalav āsara मंगलवासर or Bhaumavasara भौम वासर Tuesday / dies Martis Maṅgala = Mars Maṅgalavār मंगलवार Mangar मंगर Maṅgalavār ਮੰਗਲਵਾਰ Môngôlbār মঙ্গলবার Maṅgaḷavār मंगळवार Maṅgaḷabāra ମଙ୍ଗଳବାର Maṁgaḷavāra ಮಂಗಳವಾರ Maṁgaḷavāraṁ మంగళవారం Chevvai செவ்வாய் Chovva ചൊവ്വ Maṅgaḷavār મંગળવાર Mangalbar मंगलवार Budhav āsara बुधवासर or Saumya vasara सौम्य वासर Wednesday / dies Mercurii Budha = Mercury Budhav āra बुधवार Buddh बुध Buddhavār ਬੁੱਧਵਾਰ Budhbār বুধবার Budhav ār बुधवार Budhab āra ବୁଧବାର Budhav āra ಬುಧವಾರ Budhav āraṁ బుధవారం Arivan ( Tamil tradition ) / puthan அறிவன் / புதன் Budhan ബുധൻ Budhav ār બુધવાર Budhabar बुधवार 5 Guruv āsara गुरुवासर or Brhaspati vāsara बृहस्पतिवासर Thursday / dies Iovis / Jupiter Deva - Guru Bṛhaspati = Jupiter Guruv ār गुरुवार or Brihaspativ āra बृहस्पतिवार Bi'phey बियफे Vīravār ਵੀਰਵਾਰ Brihôshpôtibār বৃহস্পতিবার Guruv ār गुरुवार Gurub āra ଗୁରୁବାର Guruv āra ಗುರುವಾರ Guruvāraṁ , Br̥haspativāraṁ గురువారం , బృహస్పతివారం , లక్ష్మీవారం Vyazhan வியாழன் Vyaazham വ്യാഴം Guruv ār ગુરુવાર Bihibar बिहिवार 6 Śukrav āsara शुक्रवासर Friday / dies Veneris Śukra = Venus Śukravār शुक्रवार Sukkar सुक्कर Śukkaravār ਸ਼ੁੱਕਰਵਾਰ Shukrôbār শুক্রবার Śukravār शुक्रवार Śukrabāra ଶୁକ୍ରବାର Śukravāra ಶುಕ್ರವಾರ Śukravāraṁ శుక్రవారం Velli வெள்ளி Velli വെള്ളി Śukravār શુક્રવાર Sukrabar शुक्रवार 7 Śaniv āsara शनिवासर Saturday / dies Saturnis Śani = Saturn Śanivār शनिवार Sanichchar सनिच्चर Śanīvār ਸ਼ਨੀਵਾਰ Chhanicchharavār ਛਨਿੱਚਰਵਾਰ Shônibār শনিবার Śanivār शनिवार Śanibāra ଶନିବାର Śanivāra ಶನಿವಾರ Śanivāraṁ శనివారం Kaari ( Tamil tradition ) / shani காரி / சனி Shani ശനി Śanivār શનિવાર Sanibar शनिवार The term - vāsara is often realised as vāra or vaar in Sanskrit - derived and influenced languages . There are many variations of the names in the regional languages , mostly using alternate names of the celestial bodies involved . Five limbs of time ( edit ) The complete Indian calendars contain five angas or parts of information : lunar day ( tithi ) , solar day ( vara ) , asterism ( naksatra ) , planetary joining ( yoga ) and astronomical period ( karanam ) . This structure gives the calendar the name Panchangam . The first two are discussed above . Yoga ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Sanskrit word Yoga means `` union , joining , attachment '' , but in astronomical context , this word means latitudinal and longitudinal information . The longitude of the sun and the longitude of the moon are added , and normalised to a value ranging between 0 ° to 360 ° ( if greater than 360 , one subtracts 360 ) . This sum is divided into 27 parts . Each part will now equal 800 ' ( where ' is the symbol of the arcminute which means 1 / 60 of a degree ) . These parts are called the yogas . They are labelled : Viṣkambha Prīti Āyuśmān Saubhāgya Śobhana Atigaṇḍa Sukarma Dhṛti Śūla Gaṇḍa Vṛddhi Dhruva Vyāghatā Harṣaṇa Vajra Siddhi Vyatipāta Variyas Parigha Śiva Siddha Sādhya Śubha Śukla Brahma Māhendra Vaidhṛti Again , minor variations may exist . The yoga that is active during sunrise of a day is the prevailing yoga for the day . Karaṇa ( edit ) A karaṇa is half of a tithi . To be precise , a karaṇa is the time required for the angular distance between the sun and the moon to increase in steps of 6 ° starting from 0 ° . ( Compare with the definition of a tithi . ) Since the tithis are 30 in number , and since 1 tithi = 2 karaṇas , therefore one would logically expect there to be 60 karaṇas . But there are only 11 such karaṇas which fill up those slots to accommodate for those 30 tithis . There are actually 4 `` fixed '' ( sthira ) karaṇas and 7 `` repeating '' ( cara ) karaṇas . The 4 Śakuni ( शकुनि ) Catuṣpāda ( चतुष्पाद ) Nāga ( नाग ) Kiṃstughna ( किंस्तुघ्न ) The 7 `` repeating '' karaṇas are : Vava or Bava ( बव ) Valava or Bālava ( बालव ) Kaulava ( कौलव ) Taitila or Taitula ( तैतिल ) Gara or Garaja ( गरज ) Vaṇija ( वणिज ) Viṣṭi ( Bhadra ) ( भद्रा ) Now the first half of the 1st tithi ( of Śukla Pakṣa ) is always Kiṃtughna karaṇa . Hence this karaṇa ' is `` fixed '' . Next , the 7 - repeating karaṇas repeat eight times to cover the next 56 half - tithis . Thus these are the `` repeating '' ( cara ) karaṇas . The 3 remaining half - tithis take the remaining `` fixed '' karaṇas in order . Thus these are also `` fixed '' ( sthira ) . Thus one gets 60 karaṇas from those 11 preset karaṇas . The Vedic day begins at sunrise . The karaṇa at sunrise of a particular day shall be the prevailing karaṇa for the whole day . Naksatra ( edit ) Nakshatras are divisions of ecliptic , each 13 ° 20 ' , starting from 0 ° Aries . The purnima of each month is synchronised with a nakshatra . Festival calendar : solar and lunar dates ( edit ) Many holidays in the Hindu , Buddhist and Jaina traditions are based on the lunar cycles in the lunisolar timekeeping with foundations in the Hindu calendar system . A few holidays , however , are based on the solar cycle , such as the Vaisakhi , Pongal and those associated with Sankranti . The dates of the lunar cycle based festivals vary significantly on the Gregorian calendar and sometimes as much as weeks . The solar cycle based ancient Indian festivals almost always fall on the same Gregorian date every year and if they vary in an exceptional year , it is by one day . Regional variants ( edit ) The Indian Calendar Reform Committee , appointed in 1952 , identified more than thirty well - developed calendars , in use across different parts of India . Variants include the lunar emphasizing Vikrama , the Shalivahana calendars , as well as the solar emphasizing Tamil calendar and Malayalam calendar . The two calendars most widely used today are the Vikrama calendar which is followed in Nepal as national calendar and also in the Indian regions like western and northern India and the Shalivahana or Saka calendar which is followed in Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka , Maharashtra and Goa . See also ( edit ) Hindu astrology Hindu chronology Hindu units of measurement List of Hindu festivals Panchangam Panjika Ancient Vedic units of measurement Perpetual Calendar of 800 Years Pambu Panchangam Kollam era Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Punjabi Muslims use Urdu / Arabic words for Friday / Saturday etc . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : B. Richmond ( 1956 ) . Time Measurement and Calendar Construction . Brill Archive . pp. 80 -- 82 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Christopher John Fuller ( 2004 ) . The Camphor Flame : Popular Hinduism and Society in India . Princeton University Press . pp. 109 -- 110 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 69112 - 04 - 85 . Jump up ^ Klaus K. Klostermaier ( 2007 ) . A Survey of Hinduism : Third Edition . State University of New York Press . p. 490 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 7082 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Eleanor Nesbitt ( 2016 ) . Sikhism : a Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press . pp. 122 -- 123 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 874557 - 0 . Jump up ^ Orazio Marucchi ( 2011 ) . Christian Epigraphy : An Elementary Treatise with a Collection of Ancient Christian Inscriptions Mainly of Roman Origin . Cambridge University Press . p. 289 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 23594 - 5 . , Quote : `` the lunar year consists of 354 days '' . Jump up ^ Anita Ganeri ( 2003 ) . Buddhist Festivals Through the Year . BRB . pp. 11 -- 12 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58340 - 375 - 4 . Jump up ^ Jeffery D Long ( 2013 ) . Jainism : An Introduction . I.B. Tauris . pp. 6 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85771 - 392 - 6 . Jump up ^ John E. Cort ( 2001 ) . Jains in the World : Religious Values and Ideology in India . Oxford University Press . pp. 142 -- 146 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 513234 - 2 . Jump up ^ Robert E. Buswell Jr. ; Donald S. Lopez Jr. ( 2013 ) . The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism . Princeton University Press . p. 156 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 4805 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Nicholas Campion ( 2012 ) . Astrology and Cosmology in the World 's Religions . New York University Press . pp. 110 -- 111 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 0842 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Klaus K. Klostermaier ( 2007 ) . A Survey of Hinduism : Third Edition . State University of New York Press . pp. 490 -- 492 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 7082 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kim Plofker 2009 , p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Monier Monier - Williams ( 1923 ) . A Sanskrit -- English Dictionary . Oxford University Press . p. 353 . ^ Jump up to : James Lochtefeld ( 2002 ) , `` Jyotisha '' in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism , Vol. 1 : A -- M , Rosen Publishing , ISBN 0 - 8239 - 2287 - 1 , pages 326 -- 327 ^ Jump up to : Friedrich Max Müller ( 1860 ) . A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature . Williams and Norgate . pp. 210 -- 215 . Jump up ^ Kim Plofker 2009 , pp. 10 , 35 -- 36 , 67 . Jump up ^ Pingree 1973 , pp. 1 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Yukio Ohashi 1999 , p. 719 . ^ Jump up to : Yukio Ohashi 1999 , pp. 719 -- 721 . Jump up ^ Pingree 1973 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Yukio Ohashi 1993 , pp. 185 -- 251 . Jump up ^ Yukio Ohashi 1999 , p. 720 . Jump up ^ Kim Plofker 2009 , pp. 35 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Eleanor Nesbitt ( 2016 ) . Sikhism : a Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press . pp. 122 , 142 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 874557 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Ebenezer Burgess ( 1989 ) . P Ganguly , P Sengupta , ed . Sûrya - Siddhânta : A Text - book of Hindu Astronomy . Motilal Banarsidass ( Reprint ) , Original : Yale University Press , American Oriental Society . pp. vii -- xi . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0612 - 2 . Jump up ^ Lionel D. Barnett ( 1994 ) . Antiquities of India : An Account of the History and Culture of Ancient Hindustan . Asian Educational Services . pp. 190 -- 192 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 206 - 0530 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ebenezer Burgess ( 1989 ) . P Ganguly , P Sengupta , ed . Sûrya - Siddhânta : A Text - book of Hindu Astronomy . Motilal Banarsidass ( Reprint ) , Original : Yale University Press , American Oriental Society . pp. ix -- xi , xxix . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0612 - 2 . Jump up ^ J Fleet ( 1911 ) . Arbhatiya . Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland . Cambridge University Press for the Royal Asiatic Society . pp. 794 -- 799 . ^ Jump up to : Ebenezer Burgess ( 1989 ) . P Ganguly , P Sengupta , ed . Sûrya - Siddhânta : A Text - book of Hindu Astronomy . Motilal Banarsidass ( Reprint ) , Original : Yale University Press , American Oriental Society . pp. 26 -- 27 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0612 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Scott L. Montgomery ; Alok Kumar ( 2015 ) . A History of Science in World Cultures : Voices of Knowledge . Routledge . pp. 103 -- 106 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 43906 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Nachum Dershowitz ; Edward M. Reingold ( 2008 ) . Calendrical Calculations . Cambridge University Press . pp. 123 -- 133 , 275 -- 311 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88540 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Christopher John Fuller ( 2004 ) . The Camphor Flame : Popular Hinduism and Society in India . Princeton University Press . pp. 291 -- 293 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 69112 - 04 - 85 . Jump up ^ Pingree 1973 , pp. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Erik Gregersen ( 2011 ) . The Britannica Guide to the History of Mathematics . The Rosen Publishing Group . p. 187 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61530 - 127 - 0 . Jump up ^ C.K. Raju ( 2007 ) . Cultural Foundations of Mathematics . Pearson . p. 205 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 317 - 0871 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kim Plofker 2009 , pp. 116 -- 120 , 259 -- 261 . ^ Jump up to : Nachum Dershowitz ; Edward M. Reingold ( 2008 ) . Calendrical Calculations . Cambridge University Press . pp. 123 -- 133 , 153 -- 161 , 275 -- 311 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88540 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Richard Salomon ( 1998 ) . Indian Epigraphy : A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit , Prakrit , and the other Indo - Aryan Languages . Oxford University Press . pp. 181 -- 183 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 535666 - 3 . Jump up ^ Colette Caillat ; J.G. de Casparis ( 1991 ) . Middle Indo - Aryan and Jaina Studies . BRILL . p. 36 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 09426 - 1 . Jump up ^ Andrea Acri ( 2016 ) . Esoteric Buddhism in Mediaeval Maritime Asia : Networks of Masters , Texts , Icons . ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute . pp. 256 -- 258 . ISBN 978 - 981 - 4695 - 08 - 4 . Jump up ^ Duncan Graham ( 2004 ) . The People Next Door : Understanding Indonesia . University of Western Australia Press . pp. 16 -- 17 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 920694 - 09 - 8 . Jump up ^ J. Gordon Melton ( 2011 ) . Religious Celebrations : An Encyclopedia of Holidays , Festivals , Solemn Observances , and Spiritual Commemorations . ABC - CLIO . pp. 652 -- 653 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 205 - 0 . Jump up ^ M.C. Ricklefs ; P. Voorhoeve ; Annabel Teh Gallop ( 2014 ) . Indonesian Manuscripts in Great Britain : A Catalogue of Manuscripts in Indonesian Languages in British Public Collections . Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia . pp. 49 , 69 -- 73 , 81 . ISBN 978 - 979 - 461 - 883 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : J.G. De Casparis ( 1978 ) . Indonesian Chronology . BRILL Academic . pp. 15 -- 24 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 05752 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Drik Panchang ( 25 May 2016 ) . `` Difference between North Indian and South Indian Lunar Calendar '' . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : V.R. Ramachandra Dikshitar ( 1993 ) . The Gupta Polity . Motilal Banarsidass . pp. 24 -- 35 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1024 - 2 . Jump up ^ D.C. Sircar ( 1965 ) . Indian Epigraphy . Motilal Banarsidass . pp. 304 -- 305 with footnotes . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1166 - 9 . Jump up ^ Christopher John Fuller ( 2004 ) . The Camphor Flame : Popular Hinduism and Society in India . Princeton University Press . pp. 109 -- 110 , 291 -- 293 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 69112 - 04 - 85 . Jump up ^ Regional Varieties of the Indian Calendars , Helmer Aslaksen and Akshay Regulagedda , National University of Singapore ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Muriel Marion Underhill ( 1991 ) . The Hindu Religious Year . Asian Educational Services . pp. 20 , 32 note 5 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 206 - 0523 - 7 . Jump up ^ Robert Sewell ; Śaṅkara Bālakr̥shṇa Dīkshita . The Indian Calendar . S. Sonnenschein . pp. 29 -- 34 , 48 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Muriel Marion Underhill ( 1991 ) . The Hindu Religious Year . Asian Educational Services . pp. 20 -- 21 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 206 - 0523 - 7 . Jump up ^ Muriel Marion Underhill ( 1991 ) . The Hindu Religious Year . Asian Educational Services . pp. 23 , 26 -- 27 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 206 - 0523 - 7 . Jump up ^ Muriel Marion Underhill ( 1991 ) . The Hindu Religious Year . Asian Educational Services . pp. 27 -- 28 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 206 - 0523 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : John E. Cort ( 2001 ) . Jains in the World : Religious Values and Ideology in India . Oxford University Press . pp. 228 note 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 513234 - 2 . Jump up ^ Muriel Marion Underhill ( 1991 ) . The Hindu Religious Year . Asian Educational Services . pp. 23 -- 28 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 206 - 0523 - 7 . Jump up ^ Monier Monier - Williams , वासर , Sanskrit - English Dictionary , Oxford University Press , page 948 ^ Jump up to : Muriel Marion Underhill ( 1991 ) . The Hindu Religious Year . Asian Educational Services . pp. 24 -- 25 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 206 - 0523 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Roshen Dalal ( 2010 ) . Hinduism : An Alphabetical Guide . Penguin Books . p. 89 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 341421 - 6 . Jump up ^ Tej Bhatia ( 2013 ) . Punjabi . Routledge . pp. 208 -- 209 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 89460 - 2 . Jump up ^ Ebenezer Burgess ( 1989 ) . Sûrya - Siddhânta : A Text - book of Hindu Astronomy . Motilal Banarsidass Publ . pp. 107 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0612 - 2 . Jump up ^ Peter J. Claus ; Sarah Diamond ; Margaret Ann Mills ( 2003 ) . South Asian Folklore : An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan , Bangladesh , India , Nepal , Pakistan , Sri Lanka . Taylor & Francis . pp. 91 -- 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93919 - 5 . Jump up ^ Robert Sewell ; Śaṅkara Bālakr̥shṇa Dīkshita ( 1896 ) . The Indian Calendar : With Tables for the Conversion of Hindu and Muhammadan Into A.D. Dates , and Vice Versa . S. Sonnenschein . pp. 9 -- 12 . Bibliography ( edit ) Kim Plofker ( 2009 ) . Mathematics in India . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 12067 - 6 . Pingree , David ( 1973 ) . `` The Mesopotamian Origin of Early Indian Mathematical Astronomy '' . Journal for the History of Astronomy . SAGE. 4 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.1177 / 002182867300400102 . Pingree , David ( 1981 ) . Jyotihśāstra : Astral and Mathematical Literature . Otto Harrassowitz . ISBN 978 - 3447021654 . Yukio Ohashi ( 1999 ) . Johannes Andersen , ed . Highlights of Astronomy , Volume 11B . Springer Science . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7923 - 5556 - 4 . Yukio Ohashi ( 1993 ) . `` Development of Astronomical Observations in Vedic and post-Vedic India '' . Indian Journal of History of Science . 28 ( 3 ) . Maurice Winternitz ( 1963 ) . History of Indian Literature , Volume 1 . Motilal Banarsidass . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0056 - 4 . Further reading ( edit ) Reingold and Dershowitz , Calendrical Calculations , Millennium Edition , Cambridge University Press , latest 2nd edition 3rd printing released November 2004 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 77752 - 6 S. Balachandra Rao , Indian Astronomy : An Introduction , Universities Press , Hyderabad , 2000 . Rai Bahadur Pandit Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha , The Paleography of India , 2 ed. , Ajmer , 1918 , reprinted Manshuram Manoharlal publishers , 1993 . External links ( edit ) Kyoto University Gregorian -- Saka -- Vikrami Calendar Converter Tool , M. YANO and M. FUSHIMI Converter : Gregorian and 1957 Normalized Indian Calendar , Shalivahana Hindu calendar , United Kingdom Hindu Calendar to Julian / Hebrew / Islamic / Mayan / French / ISO 8601 Converter , Harvard University Hindu Calendar of Nepal The Official Hindu Calendar of Nepal Months of the Hindu calendar Chaitra ( चैत्र ) Vaisakha ( वैशाख ) Jyeshta ( ज्येष्ठ ) Ashadha ( आषाढ ) Shraavana ( श्रावण ) Bhadra ( भाद्रपद ) Ashvin ( अश्विन् ) Kartik ( कार्तिक ) Agrahayana ( मार्गशीर्ष ) Pausha ( पौष ) Magha ( माघ ) Phalguna ( फाल्गुन ) Months of the Nepali calendar Baishākh ( बैशाख ) Jeṭh ( जेठ / जेष्ठ / ज्येष्ठ ) Asār ( असार / आषाढ ) Sāun ( साउन / श्रावण ) Bhadau ( भदौ / भाद्र ) Asoj ( असोज / आश्विन ) Kāttik ( कात्तिक / कार्तिक ) Mangsir ( मंसिर / मार्ग / मार्गशीर्ष ) Pus ( पुस / पौष ) Māgh ( माघ ) Fāgun ( फागुन / फाल्गुण ) Chait ( चैत / चैत्र ) Calendars Systems Lunar Lunisolar Solar In wide use Astronomical Bengali Chinese Ethiopian Gregorian Hebrew Hindu Iranian Islamic ISO Unix time In more limited use Akan Armenian Assyrian Bahá'í ( Badí ' ) Balinese pawukon Balinese saka Berber Buddhist Burmese Chinese Coptic Gaelic Germanic Heathen Georgian Hebrew Hindu or Indian Vikram Samvat Saka Igbo Iranian Jalali ( medieval ) Hijri ( modern ) Zoroastrian Islamic Fasli Tabular Jain Japanese Javanese Korean Juche Kurdish Lithuanian Malayalam Mongolian Melanau Nanakshahi Nepal Sambat Nisg̱a'a Oromo Romanian Somali Sesotho Slavic Slavic Native Faith Tamil Thai lunar solar Tibetan Vietnamese Xhosa Yoruba Types Runic Mesoamerican Long Count Calendar round Christian variants Julian Revised Liturgical year Eastern Orthodox Saints Historical Attic Aztec Tonalpohualli Xiuhpohualli Babylonian Bulgar Byzantine Celtic Cham Culāsakaraj Egyptian Florentine French Republican Germanic Greek Hindu Inca Maya Haab ' Tzolk'in Muisca Pentecontad Pisan Rapa Nui Roman calendar Rumi Soviet Swedish Turkmen By specialty Holocene ( anthropological ) Proleptic Gregorian / Proleptic Julian ( historiographical ) Darian ( Martian ) Dreamspell ( New Age ) Discordian / Pataphysical ( surreal ) Proposals Calendar reform Hanke -- Henry Permanent International Fixed Pax Positivist Symmetry454 Tranquility World New Earth Time Fictional Discworld Greyhawk Middle - earth Stardate Star Wars ( Galactic Standard Calendar ) Displays and applications Electronic Perpetual Wall Year naming and numbering Terminology Era Epoch Regnal name Regnal year Year zero Systems Ab urbe condita Anno Domini / Common Era Anno Mundi Assyrian Before Present Chinese Imperial Chinese Minguo Human Era Japanese Korean Seleucid Spanish Yugas Satya Treta Dvapara Kali Vietnamese List of calendars Festivals in the Hindu calendar Major festivals Chhath Diwali Ganesh Chaturthi Vasant Panchami Holi Galungan ( Bali ) Kartik Purnima Kali Puja Krishna Janmashtami Maha Shivaratri Makar Sankranti Nyepi ( Bali ) Navratri Ayudha Puja Durga Puja Vijayadashami Onam Pongal Rama Navami Thaipusam Vat Purnima Mesha Sankranti Bhratri Dwitiya Dhanteras Ratha - Yatra Dashahara Anant Chaturdashi Guru Purnima Buddha Jayanti Hanuman Jayanti Regional New Year Bihu ( Assamese ) Cheti Chand ( Sindhi ) Gudi Padwa ( Marathi , Konkani ) Nyepi ( Bali ) Pana Sankranti ( Oriya ) Pohela Boishakh ( Bengali ) Puthandu ( Tamil ) Ugadi ( Telugu , Kannada ) Vaisakhi ( North & Central India , Nepal ) Vishu ( Malayali ) Holy days Akshaya Tritiya Amalaka Ekadashi Vaikuntha Ekadashi Kamada Ekadashi Shravana Putrada Ekadashi Shayani Ekadashi Pausha Putrada Ekadashi Varuthini Ekadashi Prabodhini Ekadashi Ekadashi Gowri Habba Karva Chauth Mahalakshmi Vrata Nirjala Ekadashi Raksha Bandhan Sankranti Nag Panchami Savitri Brata Amavasya Sharad Purnima Kartik Purnima Datta Jayanti Pradosha Holy periods Chaturmas Dhanurmas Pitru Paksha Uttarayana Dakshinayana Hindu festivals Hinduism topics Glossary Philosophy Concepts Brahman Om Ishvara Atman Maya Karma Samsara Purusharthas Dharma Artha Kama Moksha Niti Ahimsa Asteya Aparigraha Brahmacharya Satya Dāna Damah Dayā Akrodha Schools Astika : Samkhya Yoga Nyaya Vaisheshika Mimamsa Vedanta Dvaita Advaita Vishishtadvaita Nastika : Charvaka Texts Classification Śruti Smriti Vedas Rigveda Yajurveda Samaveda Atharvaveda Divisions Samhita Brahmana Aranyaka Upanishad Upanishads Aitareya Kaushitaki Brihadaranyaka Isha Taittiriya Katha Maitri Shvetashvatara Chandogya Kena Mundaka Mandukya Prashna Upavedas Ayurveda Dhanurveda Gandharvaveda Sthapatyaveda Vedanga Shiksha Chandas Vyakarana Nirukta Kalpa Jyotisha Other Bhagavad Gita Agamas Itihasas Ramayana Mahabharata Puranas Minor Upanishads Artha Shastra Dharma Shastra Manusmriti Nāradasmṛti Yājñavalkya Smṛti Sutras Stotras Subhashita Tantras Yoga Vasistha Yoga Sutras of Patanjali Deities Trimurti Brahma Vishnu Shiva Ishvara Devi Deva Saraswati Lakshmi Parvati Shakti Durga Kali Ganesha Kartikeya Rama Krishna Hanuman Prajapati Rudra Indra Agni Dyaus Bhumi Varuna Vayu Practices Worship Temple Murti Puja Bhakti Japa Bhajana Naivedhya Yajna Homa Tapa Dhyana Tirthadana Sanskaras Garbhadhana Pumsavana Simantonayana Jatakarma Namakarana Nishkramana Annaprashana Chudakarana Karnavedha Vidyarambha Upanayana Keshanta Ritushuddhi Samavartana Vivaha Antyeshti Varnashrama Varna Brahmin Kshatriya Vaishya Shudra Ashrama Brahmacharya Grihastha Vanaprastha Sanyassa Festivals Diwali Holi Shivaratri Raksha Bandhan Navaratri Durga Puja Ramlila Vijayadashami ( Dasara ) Ganesh Chaturthi Rama Navami Janmashtami Onam Pongal Makar Sankranti New Year Bihu Gudi Padwa Pahela Baishakh Puthandu Vaisakhi Vishu Ugadi Kumbha Mela Ratha Yatra Teej Vasant Panchami Others Other Svādhyāya Namaste Related Hindu Denominations Law Calendar Criticism Gurus , saints , philosophers Hindu studies Iconography Mythology Nationalism Hindutva Persecution Pilgrimage sites Glossary Hinduism by country Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindu_calendar&oldid=807256949 '' Categories : Hindu calendar Hindu astronomy Hindu astrology Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2016 Use Indian English from January 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles containing Sanskrit - 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what is the old name of state bank of india	The bank descends from the Bank of Calcutta , founded in 1806 , via the Imperial Bank of India , making it the oldest commercial bank in the Indian subcontinent . The Bank of Madras merged into the other two `` presidency banks '' in British India , the Bank of Calcutta and the Bank of Bombay , to form the Imperial Bank of India , which in turn became the State Bank of India in 1955 . The Government of India took control of the Imperial Bank of India in 1955 , with Reserve Bank of India ( India 's central bank ) taking a 60 % stake , renaming it the State Bank of India . In 2008 , the government took over the stake held by the Reserve Bank of India .	Imperial Bank of India	State Bank of India	state bank of india	State Bank of India ( SBI ) is an Indian multinational , public sector banking and financial services company . It is a government - owned corporation with its headquarters in Mumbai , Maharashtra . On April 1 , 2017 , the State Bank of India , which was India 's largest bank , merged with five of its associate banks ( State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur , State Bank of Hyderabad , State Bank of Mysore , State Bank of Patiala and State Bank of Travancore ) , and with the Bharatiya Mahila Bank . This was the first ever large scale consolidation in the Indian banking industry . With the merger , SBI became one of the 50 largest banks in the world ( balance sheet size of ₹ 33 trillion , 278,000 employees , 420 million customers , and more than 24,000 branches and 59,000 ATMs ) . SBI 's market share was projected to increase to 22 percent from 17 per cent . It has 198 offices in 37 countries ; 301 correspondents in 72 countries . The company is ranked 232nd on the Fortune Global 500 list of the world 's biggest corporations as of 2016 .	The bank descends from the Bank of Calcutta , founded in 1806 , via the Imperial Bank of India , making it the oldest commercial bank in the Indian subcontinent . The Bank of Madras merged into the other two `` presidency banks '' in British India , the Bank of Calcutta and the Bank of Bombay , to form the Imperial Bank of India , which in turn became the State Bank of India in 1955 . The Government of India took control of the Imperial Bank of India in 1955 , with Reserve Bank of India ( India 's central bank ) taking a 60 % stake , renaming it the State Bank of India . In 2008 , the government took over the stake held by the Reserve Bank of India . The State Bank of India has 20 % market share in deposits and loans among Indian commercial banks . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Operations 2.1 Domestic presence 2.2 International presence 2.3 Former Associate Banks 2.4 Non-banking subsidiaries 2.5 Other SBI service points 3 Listings and shareholding 4 Employees 5 Recent awards and recognition 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Share of the Bank of Bengal , issued 13 May 1876 Seal of Imperial Bank of India The roots of the State Bank of India lie in the first decade of the 19th century , when the Bank of Calcutta later renamed the Bank of Bengal , was established on 2 June 1806 . The Bank of Bengal was one of three Presidency banks , the other two being the Bank of Bombay ( incorporated on 15 April 1840 ) and the Bank of Madras ( incorporated on 1 July 1843 ) . All three Presidency banks were incorporated as joint stock companies and were the result of royal charters . These three banks received the exclusive right to issue paper currency till 1861 when , with the Paper Currency Act , the right was taken over by the Government of India . The Presidency banks amalgamated on 27 January 1921 , and the re-organised banking entity took as its name Imperial Bank of India . The Imperial Bank of India remained a joint stock company but without Government participation . Pursuant to the provisions of the State Bank of India Act of 1955 , the Reserve Bank of India , which is India 's central bank , acquired a controlling interest in the Imperial Bank of India . On 1 July 1955 , the imperial Bank of India became the State Bank of India . In 2008 , the Government of India acquired the Reserve Bank of India 's stake in SBI so as to remove any conflict of interest because the RBI is the country 's banking regulatory authority . In 1959 , the government passed the State Bank of India ( Subsidiary Banks ) Act . This made SBI subsidiaries of eight that had belonged to princely states prior to their nationalization and operational takeover between September 1959 and October 1960 , which made eight state banks associates of SBI . This une with the first Five Year Plan , which prioritised the development of rural India . The government integrated these banks into the State Bank of India system to expand its rural outreach . In 1963 SBI merged State Bank of Jaipur ( est. 1943 ) and State Bank of Bikaner ( est. 1944 ) . SBI has acquired local banks in rescues . The first was the Bank of Bihar ( est. 1911 ) , which SBI acquired in 1969 , together with its 28 branches . The next year SBI acquired National Bank of Lahore ( est. 1942 ) , which had 24 branches . Five years later , in 1975 , SBI acquired Krishnaram Baldeo Bank , which had been established in 1916 in Gwalior State , under the patronage of Maharaja Madho Rao Scindia . The bank had been the Dukan Pichadi , a small moneylender , owned by the Maharaja . The new bank 's first manager was Jall N. Broacha , a Parsi . In 1985 , SBI acquired the Bank of Cochin in Kerala , which had 120 branches . SBI was the acquirer as its affiliate , the State Bank of Travancore , already had an extensive network in Kerala . There has been a proposal to merge all the associate banks into SBI to create a `` mega bank '' and streamline the group 's operations . The first step towards unification occurred on 13 August 2008 when State Bank of Saurashtra merged with SBI , reducing the number of associate state banks from seven to six . On 19 June 2009 , the SBI board approved the absorption of State Bank of Indore . SBI holds 98.3 % in State Bank of Indore . ( Individuals who held the shares prior to its takeover by the government hold the balance of 1.7 % . ) The acquisition of State Bank of Indore added 470 branches to SBI 's existing network of branches . Also , following the acquisition , SBI 's total assets will approach ₹ 10 trillion . The total assets of SBI and the State Bank of Indore were ₹ 9,981,190 million as of March 2009 . The process of merging of State Bank of Indore was completed by April 2010 , and the SBI Indore branches started functioning as SBI branches on 26 August 2010 . On 7 October 2013 , Arundhati Bhattacharya became the first woman to be appointed Chairperson of the bank . Mrs. Bhattacharya received an extension of two years of service to merge into SBI the five remaining associated banks . Operations ( edit ) SBI provides a range of banking products through its network of branches in India and overseas , including products aimed at non-resident Indians ( NRIs ) . SBI has 14 regional hubs and 57 Zonal Offices that are located at important cities throughout India . Domestic presence ( edit ) SBI has 18,354 branches in India . In the financial year 2012 -- 13 , its revenue was ₹ 2.005 trillion ( US $31 billion ) , out of which domestic operations contributed to 95.35 % of revenue . Similarly , domestic operations contributed to 88.37 % of total profits for the same financial year . Under the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana of financial inclusion launched by Government in August 2014 , SBI held 11,300 camps and opened over 3 million accounts by September , which included 2.1 million accounts in rural areas and 1.57 million accounts in urban areas . International presence ( edit ) The Israeli branch of the State Bank of India located in Ramat Gan As of 2014 -- 15 , the bank had 191 overseas offices spread over 36 countries having the largest presence in foreign markets among Indian banks . SBI operates several foreign subsidiaries or affiliates . In 1989 , SBI established an offshore bank : State Bank of India International ( Mauritius ) Ltd in Mauritius . SBI International ( Mauritius ) Ltd amalgamated with The Indian Ocean International Bank , which has been doing retail banking business in Mauritius since 1979 with the new name , SBI ( Mauritius ) Ltd . Today , SBI ( Mauritius ) Ltd is having fully integrated 14 branches - 13 Retail Branches covering major cities and town of Mauritius , including Rodrigues , and 1 Global Business Branch at Ebene in Mauritius . Apart from Branch Banking , customers also have the convenience of 24x7 ATM Banking at 18 ATMs across the country . Bank also has a 24x7 robust Internet Banking Channel enabling customers to work from their homes and offices . State Bank of India Branch at Jaffna , Sri Lanka SBI Sri Lanka now has three branches located in Colombo , Kandy and Jaffna . The Jaffna branch was opened on 9 September 2013 . SBI Sri Lanka , the oldest bank in Sri Lanka , celebrated its 150th year in Sri Lanka on 1 July 2014 . State Bank of India ( S.B.I. ) Branch at Tsim Sha Tsui , Hong Kong In 1982 , the bank established a subsidiary , State Bank of India , which now has ten branches -- nine branches in the state of California and one in Washington , D.C. The 10th branch was opened in Fremont , California on 28 March 2011 . The other eight branches in California are located in Los Angeles , Artesia , San Jose , Canoga Park , Fresno , San Diego , Tustin and Bakersfield . In Nigeria , SBI operates as INMB Bank . This bank began in 1981 as the Indo -- Nigerian Merchant Bank and received permission in 2002 to commence retail banking . It now has five branches in Nigeria . In Nepal , SBI owns 49 % of SBI Nepal ( State Bank in Nepal ) share with Nepal Government owing the rest and SBI NEPAL has branches throughout the country in each and every city as banking has become the major part of daily life for Nepalese people . In Moscow , SBI owns 60 % of Commercial Bank of India , with Canara Bank owning the rest . In Indonesia , it owns 76 % of PT Bank Indo Monex . The State Bank of India already has a branch in Shanghai and plans to open one in Tianjin . In Kenya , State Bank of India owns 76 % of Giro Commercial Bank , which it acquired for US $ 8 million in October 2005 . In January 2016 , SBI opened its first branch in Seoul , South Korea following the continuous and significant increase in trade due to the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement signed between New Delhi and Seoul in 2009 . Former associate banks ( edit ) Main Branch of SBI in Mumbai SBI acquired the control of seven banks in 1960 . They were the seven regional banks of former Indian princely states . They were renamed , prefixing them with ' State Bank of ' . These seven banks were State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur ( SBBJ ) , State Bank of Hyderabad ( SBH ) , State Bank of Indore ( SBN ) , State Bank of Mysore ( SBM ) , State Bank of Patiala ( SBP ) , State Bank of Saurashtra ( SBS ) and State Bank of Travancore ( SBT ) . All these banks were given the same logo as the parent bank , SBI . The plans for making SBI a mega bank with trillion dollar business by merging the associate banks started in 2008 , and in September the same year , SBS merged with SBI . The very next year , State Bank of Indore ( SBN ) also merged . In the same year , a subsidiary named Bharatiya Mahila Bank was formed . The negotiations for merging of the 6 associate banks ( State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur , State Bank of Hyderabad , State Bank of Mysore , State Bank of Patiala , State Bank of Travancore and Bharatiya Mahila Bank ) by acquiring their businesses including assets and liabilities with SBI started in 2016 . The merger was approved by the Union Cabinet on 15 June 2016 . The State Bank of India and all its associate banks used the same blue Keyhole logo . The State Bank of India wordmark usually had one standard typeface , but also utilized other typefaces . On 15 February 2017 , the Union Cabinet approved the merger of five associate banks with SBI. What was overlooked , however , were different pension liability provisions and accounting policies for bad loans , based on regional risks . State Bank of India Mumbai LHO The State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur , State Bank of Hyderabad , State Bank of Mysore , State Bank of Patiala and State Bank of Travancore , and Bharatiya Mahila Bank were merged with State Bank of India with effect from 1 April 2017 . Non-banking subsidiaries ( edit ) Apart from its five associate banks ( merged with SBI since April 1 , 2017 ) , SBI also has the following non-banking subsidiaries : SBI Capital Markets Ltd SBI Funds Management Pvt Ltd SBI Factors & Commercial Services Pvt Ltd SBI Cards & Payments Services Pvt. Ltd . ( SBICPSL ) SBI DFHI Ltd SBI Life Insurance Company Limited SBI General Insurance In March 2001 , SBI ( with 74 % of the total capital ) , joined with BNP Paribas ( with 26 % of the remaining capital ) , to form a joint venture life insurance company named SBI Life Insurance company Ltd . In 2004 , SBI DFHI ( Discount and Finance House of India ) was founded with its headquarters in Mumbai . Other SBI service points ( edit ) As of 31 March 2017 , SBI group ( including associate banks ) has 59,291 ATMs . Since November 2017 , SBI also offers an integrated digital banking platform named YONO . Listings and shareholding ( edit ) As on 31 March 2017 , Government of India held around 61.23 % equity shares in SBI . The Life Insurance Corporation of India , itself state - owned , is the largest non-promoter shareholder in the company with 8.82 % shareholding . Shareholders Shareholding Promoters : Government of India 61.23 % FIIs / GDRs / OCBs / NRIs 11.17 % Banks & Insurance Companies 10.00 % Mutual Funds & UTI 8.29 % Others 9.31 % Total 100.0 % The equity shares of SBI are listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange , where it is a constituent of the BSE SENSEX index , and the National Stock Exchange of India , where it is a constituent of the CNX Nifty . Its Global Depository Receipts ( GDRs ) are listed on the London Stock Exchange . Employees ( edit ) State Bank Learning Centre in Machilipatnam SBI is one of the largest employers in the country with 209,567 employees as on 31 March 2017 , out of which there were 23 % female employees and 3,179 ( 1.5 % ) employees with disabilities . On the same date , SBI had 37,875 Scheduled Castes ( 18 % ) , 17,069 Scheduled Tribes ( 8.1 % ) and 39,709 Other Backward Classes ( 18.9 % ) employees . The percentage of Officers , Associates and Sub-staff was 38.6 % , 44.3 % and 16.9 % respectively on the same date . Around 13,000 employees have joined the Bank in FY 2016 - 17 . Each employee contributed a net profit of ₹ 511,000 ( US $7,800 ) during FY 2016 - 17 . Recent awards and recognition ( edit ) SBI was ranked as the top bank in India based on tier 1 capital by The Banker magazine in a 2014 ranking . SBI was ranked 232nd in the Fortune Global 500 rankings of the world 's biggest corporations for the year 2016 . SBI was named the 29th most reputed company in the world according to Forbes 2009 rankings SBI was 50th Most Trusted brand in India as per the Brand Trust Report 2013 , an annual study conducted by Trust Research Advisory , a brand analytics company and subsequently , in the Brand Trust Report 2014 , SBI finished as India 's 19th Most Trusted Brand in India . See also ( edit ) List of largest banks John Mathai YONO , an online banking platform run by SBI References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Report ( 2016 - 17 ) of State Bank of India '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` State Bank of India Consolidated Yearly Results , State Bank of India Financial Statement & Accounts '' . www.moneycontrol.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` State Bank of India Yearly Results , State Bank of India Financial Statement & Accounts '' . www.moneycontrol.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` From Imperial Bank to State Bank '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` One unified entity '' ( jpg ) . SBI . Jump up ^ SBI website : https://www.sbi.co.in/portal/web/international/international Jump up ^ `` Fortune Global 500 list '' . CNN Money . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Rajesh . Banking Theory Law N Practice . Tata McGraw - Hill Education . p. 8 . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SBI accounts for one - fifth of country 's loans '' . Livemint.com. 25 January 2009 . Retrieved 20 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Banks ' Association '' . Iba.org.in. 23 April 2005 . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Business Standard ( 21 June 2010 ) . `` Approvals for State Bank of Indore merger by July : SBI '' . Jump up ^ Economic Times ( 26 August 2010 ) . `` State Bank of Indore branches to become SBI units from Aug 26 : SBI '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` Arundhati Bhattacharya , first woman to head SBI '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Fortune ' Global 500 ' 2016 : State Bank of India '' . CNN . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SBI takes lead in opening bank accounts under Jan Dhan Yojana '' . The Economic Times . 11 September 2014 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SBI Annual Report 2014 - 15 '' . State Bank of India . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.sbimauritius.com/new/files/about.php Jump up ^ `` State Bank of India set to open second branch in China '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` State Bank of India Acquired 76 % Shareholding in Giro Commercial Bank in 2005 '' . Accessmylibrary.com. 8 October 2005 . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Five associate banks to merge with SBI '' . 18 May 2016 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 -- via The Hindu . Jump up ^ Iyer , Aparna ( 17 May 2016 ) . `` SBI merger : India may soon have a global Top 50 bank '' . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SBI merges with 5 associates : New entity set to enter world 's top 50 banks list '' . Mumbai : Financial Express . 16 June 2016 . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ahead of merger with SBI , associate SBT to raise up to Rs 600 crore '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Pension liability provisions and accounting policies for bad loans. ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Reserve Bank of India List of ATM 's and POS '' . Jump up ^ `` Stake in PSBs : LIC holding drops as stress mounts '' . The Indian Express . 2016 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` State Bank of India '' . BSEindia.com . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Scripwise Weightages in S&P BSE SENSEX '' . BSE India . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` State Bank of India '' . NSE India . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Download List of CNX Nifty stocks (. csv ) '' . NSE India . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SBID State Bank of India GDR ( Each Rep 2 SHS INR10 ) '' . London Stock Exchange . 11 October 1996 . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The top five banks in India '' . thebanker.com. 10 April 2014 . Retrieved 11 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Kneale , Klaus ( 6 May 2009 ) . `` World 's Most Reputable Companies : The Rankings '' . Forbes . Retrieved 20 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Brand Mahatma lags behind Sachin , Aamir : Study '' . India Today . 28 January 2011 . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Economic Times '' . Jump up ^ `` Brand Trust Report 2014 '' . Archived from the original on 24 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to State Bank of India . 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Mitsubishi UFJ Barclays Citibank India Credit Suisse DBS Bank Deutsche Bank HSBC Rabobank Royal Bank of Scotland Scotiabank Standard Chartered Regional Rural Banks Other Andhra Pradesh Grameena Vikas Bank Andhra Pragathi Grameena Bank Assam Gramin Vikash Bank Bangiya Gramin Vikash Bank Gramin Bank of Aryavart Kerala Gramin Bank North Malabar Gramin Bank Pallavan Grama Bank Pandyan Grama Bank Paschim Banga Gramin Bank Sarva UP Gramin Bank South Malabar Gramin Bank Uttar Bihar Gramin Bank Vananchal Gramin Bank Uttar Pradesh Allahabad UP Gramin Bank Baroda UP Gramin Bank Gramin Bank of Aryavart Kashi Gomti Samyut Gramin Bank Prathama Bank Purvanchal Bank Sarva UP Gramin Bank Payment Bank Airtel Paytm Interbank networks Cirrus NFS PLUS Electronic funds transfers IMPS NEFT RTGS UPI ( VPA ) AEPS Cards MasterCard Debit MasterCard Maestro RuPay Visa Visa Debit Visa Electron Visa payWave Defunct banks Alliance Bank of Simla Arbuthnot & Co Bank of Bombay Bank of Calcutta Bank of Chettinad Bank of Cochin Bank of Hindostan Bank of Madras Bank of Madura Bank of Rajasthan Bank of Thanjavur Bareilley Corporation Bank Bengal Central Bank Bharat Overseas Bank Bharatiya Mahila Bank Centurion Bank of Punjab Chartered Bank of India , Australia and China Commercial Bank of India Dass Bank Exchange Bank of India & Africa Global Trust Bank Grindlays Bank Hindustan Commercial Bank Imperial Bank of India ING Vysya Bank Lakshmi Commercial Bank Lord Krishna Bank Madhavpura Mercantile Cooperative Bank Mercantile Bank of India , London and China Miraj State Bank Nath Bank Nedungadi Bank New Bank of India Oriental Bank Corporation Oudh Commercial Bank Palai Central Bank Pandyan Bank Sikkim Bank State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur State Bank of Hyderabad State Bank of Indore State Bank of Mysore State Bank of Patiala State Bank of Saurashtra State Bank of Travancore Times Bank United Industrial Bank United Western Bank Related topics ATM usage fees in India Banks Board Bureau Banking Codes and Standards Board of India Bharat Bill Payment System De-Materialisation ( DEMAT ) Foreign Exchange ( FOREX ) Indian Financial System Code ( IFSC ) List of banks in India National Payments Corporation of India Prepaid Payment Instruments in India Structured Financial Messaging System ( SFMS ) ATM networks BANCS Cashnet CashTree India 1 ATM ( White Label ATM ) Indicash ( White Label ATM ) MITR BSE SENSEX companies of India Airtel Axis Bank Bajaj Auto BHEL Cipla Coal India Dr. Reddy 's Laboratories GAIL HDFC HDFC Bank Hero MotoCorp Hindalco HUL ICICI Bank Infosys ITC L&T Mahindra & Mahindra Maruti Suzuki NTPC ONGC Reliance Industries SBI Sesa Sterlite Sun Pharma Tata Motors Tata Power Tata Steel TCS Wipro CNX Nifty companies of India ACC Ambuja Cements Asian Paints Ltd Axis Bank Bajaj Auto Bank of Baroda BHEL BPCL Bharti Airtel Cairn India Cipla Coal India DLF Dr. Reddy 's Laboratories GAIL Grasim Industries HCL Technologies HDFC HDFC Bank Hero MotoCorp Hindalco Industries HUL Infosys ICICI Bank IDFC IndusInd Bank Ltd . ITC Limited Jindal Steel and Power Kotak Mahindra Bank L&T Lupin Mahindra & Mahindra Maruti Udyog NMDC NTPC ONGC Power Grid Corporation PNB Reliance Industries Sesa Sterlite Limited SBI Sun Pharmaceutical TCS Tata Motors Tata Power Tata Steel Tech Mahindra Ultratech Cement Wipro Zee Entertainment Enterprises State Bank of India Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Bank_of_India&oldid=831566938 '' Categories : Government - owned banks of India Banks based in Mumbai State Bank of India Financial services companies established in 1955 Banks of India Companies nationalised by the Government of India Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange BSE SENSEX CNX Nifty Government - owned companies of India Multinational companies headquartered in India 1955 establishments in India Hidden categories : EngvarB from July 2016 Use dmy dates from September 2016 Pages using infobox company with unsupported parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Deutsch Español فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Simple English Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 06 : 43 . 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where does the largest halloween parade take place every year	New York 's Village Halloween Parade is an annual holiday parade and street pageant presented on the night of every Halloween in New York City 's Greenwich Village . The Village Halloween Parade , initiated in 1973 by Greenwich Village puppeteer and mask maker Ralph Lee , that lays claim to being the world 's largest Halloween parade where in recent years it is reported to have 60,000 marchers and 2 million spectators. .	New York	New York 's Village Halloween parade	new york's village halloween parade	New York 's Village Halloween Parade is an annual holiday parade and street pageant presented on the night of every Halloween in New York City 's Greenwich Village . The Village Halloween Parade , initiated in 1973 by Greenwich Village puppeteer and mask maker Ralph Lee , that lays claim to being the world 's largest Halloween parade where in recent years it is reported to have 60,000 marchers and 2 million spectators. .	It has been called `` New York 's Carnival . '' The parade is largely a spontaneous event as individual marchers can just show up in costume at the starting point without registering or paying anything . The parade 's most signature features are its large puppets which are animated by hundreds of volunteers . The official parade theme each year is applied to the puppets . In addition to the puppets the website reports that more than 50 bands participates each year . In addition there are some commercial Halloween floats . The official route on Sixth Avenue from Spring Street to 16th Street is 1.4 miles ( the distance from the gathering spot at Canal and Sixth to Spring adds another 0.2 miles ) . The parade has been studied by leading cultural anthropologists . According to The New York Times , `` the Halloween Parade is the best entertainment the people of this City ever give the people of this City . '' `` Absolutely anything goes , '' says USA Today . `` Be prepared to drop your jaw . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 History Timeline 2 Theme 3 References 4 Other sources 4.1 Videos 4.2 Photographs 5 External links History timeline ( edit ) 1973 - An informal parade of puppets for children was organized by Ralph Lee of the Mettawee River Theatre Company around his residence of artists in the Westbeth Artists Community . Parades from 1973 until 1984 would start at Westbeth . 1974 - The parade still aimed at children went from Jane Street at the Hudson River to Washington Square Park . About 200 adults and children participated . 1975 - The parade was produced by the Theatre for the New City ( which at the time was in Westbeth ) . Lee and the Theatre won Obie Award for the production . The 1975 parade grew to 1,500 participants . The new management introduced more adult elements into the event including a Halloween ball after the parade . . 1976 - Organization of the parade was formally handled by a non-profit organization . 1977 - Route was changed to 10th Street between Greenwich Avenue to Fifth Avenue and still ending in Washington Square . A devil sat at the top of the Washington Square arch where it released balloons and slid down a wire into the fountain . The year also saw the first appearance of giant spider on the Jefferson Market Library . 1985 - With crowds expanding to 250,000 , the route was moved from side streets to Sixth Avenue from Spring Street to 22nd Street ( although in practice the gathering point was further south at Canal Street and the northern point would be shortened to 16th Street . The change in route ended the connection to Washington Square Park . Jeanne Fleming took over managing the event . The change with its barricades also reduced the possibilities of people joining the parade at any point as had been the case . 1990 - New York University and Manhattan Community Board 2 begin hosting an unrelated Children 's Halloween Parade in Greenwich Village in the afternoons n Washington Square . 1998 - Sophia Michahelles and Alex Kahn become the official designers of the parade 's puppets . 1999 - Basil Twist designs the spider that currently appears on the Jefferson Market Library . 2001 - Less than seven weeks after the September 11 attacks the parade was broadcast worldwide and was an indication that New York was bouncing back . The parade was led by a giant puppet of a Phoenix rising out of the ashes . Noticeably missing from the parade was Bread and Puppet Theater which had been a political staple of the parade but was protesting the new War in Afghanistan . Earlier the Bread and Puppet contingent consisted of five blocks of its giant puppets . 2005 - Less than 8 weeks after Hurricane Katrina more than 8,000 storm evacuees attended a funeral procession tribute as part of the parade . 2010 - Haitian Carnival Artist Didier Civil created Haitian carnival figures as a tribute to victims of the 2010 Haiti earthquake . 2012 - The parade was cancelled for its only time in the aftermath Hurricane Sandy which had heavily damaged coastal New York City and had left Greenwich without electricity during the parade time . 2013 - A Kickstarter campaign to cover costs of the 2012 closing saved the parade from permanently closing . The campaign raised $56,000 and had a goal of $50,000 . 2017 - Less than four hours after Sayfullo Saipov killed 8 people six blocks west of the parade route in the 2017 Lower Manhattan attack the parade proceded as sheduled . Both Mayor Bill de Blasio and Gov. Andrew Cuomo marched in the parade . Theme ( edit ) Parade participant ( 2004 ) Exotic masquerader in beads , feathers , headdress , and face paint ( 2004 ) A masquerader poses in front of a wrought iron fence in historic Greenwich Village . Celebration artist Jeanne Fleming , the parade 's artistic and producing director Twenty - foot illuminated caterpillars -- animated pageant sized puppets designed by Alex Kahn of Superior Concept Monsters -- transform Manhattan 's Greenwich Village in 1998 . An incandescent baby phoenix conceived and designed by Sophia Michahelles of Superior Concept Monsters rises from fiery ashes to new life in 2001 , after the September 11 attacks . Finishing touches are made to a giant dinosaur puppet in the staging area on parade day . In 2001 , the parade presented a work of puppetry that would become celebrated for its artistry , and remembered in the city 's history . After terrorists struck Lower Manhattan on September 11 , 2001 , events citywide and nationwide were being cancelled . Organizers believed the parade would give the city a much - needed emotional release , reform the community , and help it to begin the healing process . They felt that this was the most positive way they , as artists , could serve the city at such a desperate time . `` This is the meaning of the Dancing Skeletons that always lead the march : they know better than anyone what they have lost , and so they dance this one night of the year to celebrate life , '' Fleming told CNN in an interview . By September 15 , Fleming had scrapped the old theme and chosen a new one . Although no one was certain the parade would take place , designer Sophia Michahelles conceived of a new theme , Phoenix Rising , to galvanize the spirit of New York in the wake of the tragedy . A giant puppet of a phoenix , the mythical bird that rises up out of its own ashes , was created by Michahelles in the workshop of Official Parade Puppeteers Superior Concept Monsters . The animated creation was mechanically configured to spread its wings and rise out of fiery ashes , represented by flickering lanterns lifted on poles , encircling the parading figure . On October 25 the parade received final authorization to go ahead . In light of the widely established community relationships which Fleming had cultivated , and the parade 's long tradition , Mayor Rudy Giuliani insisted it go on . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Village Halloween Parade . `` History of the Parade '' . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Participate - NYC Village Halloween Parade '' . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Costume Contest - NYC Village Halloween Parade '' . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Artistry - NYC Village Halloween Parade '' . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The founder of NYC 's Halloween Parade fears he created a beast '' . 29 October 2016 . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What Happened to the Halloween Parade ? '' . www.nytheatre-wire.com . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Theater for the New City - Production History , 1970 - 1979 '' . www.theaterforthenewcity.net . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` A history of the Village Halloween Parade : Puppets , performers , and NYC pride - 6sqft '' . 6sqft . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Skal , David J. ( 20 June 2016 ) . `` Halloween : The History of America 's Darkest Holiday '' . Courier Dover Publications . Retrieved 6 November 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Franks , Don ( 22 September 2004 ) . `` Entertainment Awards : A Music , Cinema , Theatre and Broadcasting Guide , 1928 through 2003 , 3d ed '' . McFarland . Retrieved 6 November 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Participate - NYC Village Halloween Parade '' . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2017/october/27th-annual-childrens-halloween-parade-in-greenwich-village--oct.html Jump up ^ `` Processional Arts Workshop : People '' . www.superiorconcept.org . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.basiltwist.com/halloween.html ^ Jump up to : `` About Us - NYC Village Halloween Parade '' . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Kalish , Jon . `` 50 Years Of Bread And Puppet Theater '' . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , John ( 30 April 2016 ) . `` American Puppet Modernism : Essays on the Material World in Performance '' . Springer . Retrieved 6 November 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/729950056/bring-halloween-back-to-nyc Jump up ^ `` Village Halloween Parade marches with message after terror attack '' . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Other sources ( edit ) Videos ( edit ) Karl Gober 1999 Halloween Parade on YouTube 2000 Halloween Parade `` Life Cycle of a Parade '' Note : Each chapter is about one minute long Note : Twin Towers in background on their last Halloween ( Chp 01 : Hibernation ) on YouTube ( Chp 02 : Sewing the seeds ) on YouTube ( Chp 03 : Fever Pitch ) on YouTube ( Chp 05 : First Run ) on YouTube ( Chp 06 : Incarnation ) on YouTube ( Chp 07 : First Flight ) on YouTube ( Chp 08 : Tower of Basil ) on YouTube ( Chp 10 : Offering ) on YouTube ( Chp 11 : Parade ) on YouTube 2004 Halloween Parade on YouTube 2006 Halloween Parade on YouTube Superior Concept Monsters -- Theme Performances 2006 : `` ' Jack ' '' on YouTube 2007 : `` Wings of Desire '' on YouTube 2008 : `` Ghost '' Superior on YouTube 2009 : `` Terra Incognita '' on YouTube 2010 : `` Memento Mori '' on YouTube 2010 Halloween on YouTube Street photo montage , Kenneth Akama Photographs ( edit ) `` Village Halloween Parade '' . NY Daily News . `` Photos : 39th Annual Village Halloween Parade '' . Time Out New York . Nov 2011 . NYCfoto -- 2014 , 2013 , 2011 , 2010 , 2009 , 2008 Skillings , Pamela . `` Halloween Dog Parade in Tompkins Square Park '' . About.com . External links ( edit ) Official website Superior Concept Monsters , `` Official '' Puppeteers for New York 's Village Halloween Parade `` Village Halloween Parade '' . NYC . 2013 . Sandy , Natalie ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` Behind the scenes of the Village Halloween Parade ) '' . Time Out New York . Skillings , Pamela ( 2012 ) . `` Village Halloween Parade ) '' . About.com . Gopinathan , Nishanth ( September 29 , 2013 ) . `` Halloween Day Parade in Greenwich Village '' . New York Visit . Laperruque ( 2013 ) . Treaters : The Greenwich Village Halloween Parade -- 1982 -- 86 . Blurb . Self published photobook Wikimedia Commons has media related to New York 's Village Halloween Parade . ( hide ) Halloween events Community Halloween in the Castro Headless Horseman Hayride New York 's Village Halloween Parade Pumpkin Fest Rutland Halloween Parade Shocktoberfest State Street Halloween Party ( Madison ) Terror Behind the Walls At theme parks Fright Fest Fright Nights HalloWeekends Halloween Haunt California 's Great America Canada 's Wonderland Dorney Park Kings Dominion Kings Island Halloween Horror Nights Halloween Spooktacular Howl - O - Scream Busch Gardens Tampa Bay Busch Gardens Williamsburg SeaWorld San Antonio Knott 's Scary Farm Mickey 's Halloween Party Halloween Screams Mickey 's Not - So - Scary Halloween Party SCarowinds ValleyScare Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York%27s_Village_Halloween_Parade&oldid=809021767 '' Categories : Parades in New York City Halloween events Greenwich Village Sixth Avenue ( Manhattan ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 17 : 39 . 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what are the ages of new edition members			New Edition	new edition	New Edition is an American R&B group from the Roxbury neighborhood of Boston , Massachusetts , formed in 1978 . The group reached its height of popularity in the 1980s . During the group 's first experience with fame in 1983 , its members were Ricky Bell , Michael Bivins , Bobby Brown , Ronnie DeVoe and Ralph Tresvant . Early hits included `` Candy Girl , '' `` Cool It Now , '' and `` Mr. Telephone Man '' . Brown was voted out of the group in 1985 and embarked on a solo career . The group continued for a time with its remaining four members , but eventually recruited singer Johnny Gill , who would be introduced on their 1988 album Heart Break . The group went on hiatus in 1990 , while its various members worked on side projects , such as the group Bell Biv DeVoe . Gill and Tresvant also recorded successful solo albums .	All six members of New Edition reunited in 1996 to record the group 's sixth studio album Home Again . During the ill - fated Home Again Tour , both Bobby Brown and Michael Bivins eventually quit the group , forcing the remainder of the tour to be canceled . Various reunions have occurred since , usually with the 1987 - 1990 lineup , though occasionally also including Brown . Their last studio album was 2004 's One Love . As of 2010 , two New Edition descendants were recording and touring : Bell Biv DeVoe and Heads of State ( which features Brown , Tresvant , and Gill ) . On May 3 , 2011 , New Edition issued a press release on their official website announcing that all six members were reuniting as New Edition to kick off the 30th anniversary celebration of Candy Girl with their fans . They received their star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on January 23 , 2017 . On January 24 , 2017 , a three - part docuseries premiered on BET about the group 's career and personal life . It was later announced that all six members will reunite to record another album and go on tour . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1978 : Origins 1.2 1982 -- 1985 : Beginnings 1.3 1985 - 1986 : The departure of Bobby Brown 1.4 1987 -- 1989 : The introduction of Johnny Gill and Heart Break 1.5 1990 -- 1995 : First breakup and solo projects 1.6 1996 -- 1997 : Home Again reunion and second breakup 1.7 2002 -- 2004 : Second reunion and New Edition under Bad Boy 1.8 2004 -- present : Recent years 2 Awards 3 Discography 4 Tours 5 Members and Lineup Chronology 5.1 Members 5.2 Lineup Chronology 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) 1978 : origins ( edit ) In 1978 , Bobby Brown , Michael Bivins , and Ricky Bell started a vocal group . The group had included two other friends Travis Pettus and Corey Rackley . All five kids lived in the Orchard Park Projects in Roxbury , Boston . They later met Brooke Payne , a local manager and choreographer , who encountered the boys at a local talent show in Roxbury . After an audition for Payne , he gave them the name New Edition to signify they were a new edition of the Jackson 5 . Rackley left the group and was replaced by another neighborhood friend Ralph Tresvant , whom Bell , Bivins , and Brown were already acquainted with and who sang with Ricky in a group called Ricky & Ralph . Travis Pettus eventually would leave the group as well . Later , Payne brought in his nephew Ronnie DeVoe to replace Pettus as the group 's fifth member . 1982 -- 1985 : beginnings ( edit ) The group scored its big break in 1981 , performing at the local Hollywood Talent Night held at Boston 's Strand Theatre by singer / producer Maurice Starr . The first prize was $500 and a recording contract . Though the group came in second place , an impressed Starr decided to bring the group to his studio the following day to record what would become their debut album , Candy Girl . Released in 1983 on New York producer Arthur Baker 's Levi Belt Streetwise Records , the album featured the hits : `` Is This The End '' , `` Popcorn Love '' , `` Jealous Girl '' , and the title track , which went to number one on both the American R&B singles chart and the UK singles chart . Returning from their first major concert tour , the boys were dropped off back at their homes in the projects and were given a check in the amount of $1.87 apiece for their efforts . Tour budget and expenses were given as the explanation as to why they were not paid more . Due to these financial reasons , New Edition parted company with Starr in 1984 ( Starr responded by promptly creating the group New Kids on the Block , essentially formatted after New Edition , but with white teenagers . ) . Meanwhile , the group hired the law firm of Steven and Martin Machat and sued Streetwise for release from a contract that was unenforceable as well as materially breached by Streetwise . The Machats won the legal game and then secured the group a bigger recording deal with major label MCA Records , which won the bidding war among various other major labels . In need of management , the group signed with Steven Machat and his two management partners Rick Smith and Bill Dern . The management company , AMI , proceeded to escalate the group 's profile in both the urban and pop music worlds . Through the production affiliate of AMI , Jump and Shoot , MCA released the group 's self - titled second album the same year . Eclipsing their debut album , New Edition spun off the top five hit `` Cool It Now '' and the top twenty `` Mr. Telephone Man '' , and went on to be certified double platinum in the United States . While promoting their second album , the group was dismayed to realize that they were n't actually signed to MCA Records , but instead with the production company Jump and Shoot , which had its own deal with MCA ; subsequently , all business matters pertaining to the group were controlled by the former . To buy themselves out of the stifling production deal , each of the five members borrowed $100,000 from MCA . Though it effectively separated the group from Jump and Shoot and allowed them to sign a new ( and very long - term ) contract to record for MCA directly , they were now in mortgage to the label . As a result , the group would be forced to continually record and tour during this period in order to pay off its debt . New Edition 's third album , All for Love , was released in the latter half of 1985 . While not duplicating the success of its predecessor , the album was certified platinum , and spawned the hits `` Count Me Out '' , `` A Little Bit Of Love ( Is All It Takes ) '' , and `` With You All the Way '' . The growing popularity of the group led to a guest appearance ( as themselves ) in the 1985 film Krush Groove , performing `` My Secret '' . Toward the year 's end , Christmas All Over The World , a holiday EP , was released as well as an oldies album of tunes from the ' 50s sung by the group with an ' 80s production style . 1985 - 1986 : the departure of Bobby Brown ( edit ) Under pressure from MCA and their management , the group voted Bobby Brown out in December 1985 , due to behavioral problems . Brown embarked on a solo career in 1986 , while New Edition continued to promote All for Love as a quartet . In spite of their financial and internal conflicts , New Edition continued to peak . During this era of the group 's evolution , the group appeared in the episode of Knight Rider titled `` Knight Song '' , performing Count Me Out . As 1986 wound to a close , they recorded a cover of The Penguins 1954 hit `` Earth Angel '' for the soundtrack to The Karate Kid , Part II . The song peaked at number twenty - one and inspired the group to record Under the Blue Moon , an album of doo - wop covers . 1987 -- 1989 : the introduction of Johnny Gill and Heart Break ( edit ) After having already lost a member when Bobby Brown was terminated from the group , New Edition 's future became uncertain when murmurings began to surface that lead singer Ralph Tresvant was eyeing a solo career as well . To pad his potential departure , singer Johnny Gill was voted into the group by Ricky Bell , Michael Bivins , and Ron DeVoe in 1987 , despite Tresvant ultimately deciding to remain in place . A native of Washington , D.C. , Johnny Gill is the only non-Boston native among the group 's six members . New Edition 's fifth studio release , Heart Break -- which also featured Gill as the co-lead vocalist -- was released in the summer of 1988 . Primarily produced by the production team of Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis , the album was a departure from the group 's previous bubblegum sound , and instead took on a smoother , stronger , and more adult resonance . Spinning off five hit singles : `` If It Is n't Love , '' `` You 're Not My Kind of Girl , '' `` Can You Stand The Rain , '' `` Crucial '' and `` N.E. Heartbreak '' ; Heart Break became New Edition 's most commercially successful album up to that point , certified double platinum in the United States . The success of Heart Break would launch the group on a successful concert tour as well in the closing months of 1988 ; with N.E. serving as the headliners while Al B. Sure and former member Bobby Brown served as the opening acts . 1990 -- 1995 : first breakup and solo projects ( edit ) Inspired by the substantial success Bobby Brown was having with his multi-platinum 1988 breakthrough album Do n't Be Cruel , after the run of Heart Break , New Edition went on hiatus to pursue side projects away from the group . At the suggestion of producers Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis , Ricky Bell , Michael Bivins and Ron DeVoe formed a trio , Bell Biv DeVoe . Their 1990 debut album , Poison , went quadruple platinum . The same year , lead singers Ralph Tresvant and Johnny Gill ( who had already recorded as a solo act prior to joining New Edition ) also released self - titled solo albums , which also achieved multi-platinum success . Later that year , the group ( including Bobby Brown ) had a semi-reunion of sorts when they performed at the 1990 MTV Video Music Awards . In 1991 , all six members again reunited to record a remix of the Bell Biv DeVoe track `` Word to the Mutha ! '' ; Brown , Gill and Tresvant also appeared in the music video . Prior to this , Brown also appeared in the music videos for Bell Biv DeVoe 's `` BBD ( I Thought It Was Me ) '' video , as well as Tresvant 's `` Stone Cold Gentleman '' and `` Sensitivity '' remix videos . 1996 -- 1997 : Home Again reunion and second breakup ( edit ) By 1996 , the members of New Edition had arguably achieved greater commercial success with their own side projects than the group had during its run . However , after having promised fans that there would be a reunion -- and still contractually owing MCA Records another New Edition album -- the group ( with Bobby Brown ) reunited to record Home Again , their first new album in eight years . The album debuted at number one on both the Billboard 200 and R&B Albums chart , and became the most commercially successful album of the group 's career ; reaching double platinum status in the United States . Meanwhile , Home Again produced several hits , including the top ten pop hits : `` Hit Me Off '' and `` I 'm Still In Love With You '' . However , the ensuing 1997 Home Again Tour would prove disastrous for the group . Despite not having toured together in close to a decade ( and over ten years for Brown ) , old rivalries and struggles for on stage dominance resurfaced as if no time had passed . By the middle leg of the tour , one evening at a concert in Las Cruces , NM as Brown was extending his solo set , Ronnie DeVoe attempted to pull Brown off the stage . Brown responded by dropping his microphone and a fist fight between the two ensued . This led to both members ' security guards confronting each other , gun play was brought in , and the concert was halted . Bivins and Brown left the tour early , while DeVoe , Bell , Gill , and Tresvant finished out the rest of the tour as a quartet . Brown later admitted during an interview that he was intoxicated during the tour . Each of the group members again went their separate ways , this time on more hostile terms than ever ; resulting in an indefinite hiatus that appeared to be the swan song for New Edition . Also in 1996 , the three solo members of New Edition ( Brown , Gill and Tresvant ) joined Monica and Faith Evans to collaborate with Whitney Houston on a recording of the gospel standard Somebody Bigger Than You and I that appeared on the soundtrack to Houston 's movie The Preacher 's Wife . They had also made an appearance on Family Matters season 8 episode 9 titled Home Again . The following year , Gill formed the R&B supergroup LSG , which along with Gerald Levert ( for whom he wrote the song `` How Do You Like Your Love Served '' also from Home Again from Gill 's group , which Levert produced ) and Keith Sweat to released the album Levert. Sweat. Gill , which had the hit single `` My Body '' . 2002 -- 2004 : second reunion and New Edition under Bad Boy ( edit ) After their second wave of solo pursuits proved less than successful , New Edition ( sans Bobby Brown ) reunited once more and began touring clubs , casinos , and small arenas in 2002 ; including appearing on The Tom Joyner Sky Show . After having caught the attention of rapper / producer Sean Combs , who was present at one of their shows , he signed the group to his Bad Boy Records label , after their long term contract with MCA Records finally ended . In the fall of 2004 , New Edition 's seventh studio album and Bad Boy debut , One Love , was released . Though the album debuted at number twelve on the Billboard 200 , it had a steady descent from the chart . The lead - off single , `` Hot 2Nite , '' underperformed ; peaking at number thirty - five and number eighty - seven on the R&B and Pop singles charts , respectively . During production of the album , the group disagreed with Combs on its creative direction . In an interview , Ricky Bell later revealed that Combs ' had refused to pay New Edition 's long time producers Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis for a track that the group wanted on the album . Reportedly , Combs told the group they were over budget , despite their having used many of Bad Boy 's in - house team of writers and producers on the album . Ultimately , the group asked to be released from their Bad Boy contract . Despite the messy divorce with Bad Boy , New Edition soldiered on and continued to tour . 2004 -- present : recent years ( edit ) In the fall of 2005 , New Edition performed a medley of hits at BET 's 25th Anniversary Special . During their set , they brought Bobby Brown out onstage for an impromptu rendition of their 1985 hit `` Mr. Telephone Man '' . Bobby Brown also performed a rendition of `` My Prerogative '' with Ronnie DeVoe and Ralph Tresvant as dancers . It was later announced on BET and Access Hollywood that Brown had reconciled with New Edition and planned to rejoin the group for its future concert dates and studio albums . On August 26 , 2006 , New Edition filmed a concert at the University of South Carolina 's Koger Center in Columbia set for a future DVD release , the concert was billed as `` Spend the Night with New Edition '' , a BET special presented by Lincoln with whom the group has advertised . Bobby Brown also made an appearance at the show . In 2008 , the group ( minus Brown ) recorded a new song with New Kids on the Block called `` Full Service '' for their latest album , The Block . Meanwhile , Brown , Tresvant and Gill formed a new side group called Heads of State , which performed at `` The Summit Tour '' in 2009 . According to Gill , their group name `` is inspired by the original name for The Rat Pack called `` The Summit '' or `` The Heads of State '' . On June 28 , 2009 , the group performed a medley of Jackson 5 hits in tribute to Michael Jackson on the BET Awards . Led by Ralph Tresvant , Bobby Brown , and Ricky Bell , New Edition sang and danced through classics such as `` I Want You Back '' , `` ABC '' and `` The Love You Save '' . Later that year , Ricky Bell and Johnny Gill joined New Kids on the Block onstage at a House Of Blues benefit show for Toys for Tots in Boston , performing `` Full Service '' and `` This One 's for the Children '' . Gill later confirmed that New Edition had signed with manager Irving Azoff , that they are currently signed with Geffen Records ( which absorbed the group 's old label , MCA , and controls the group 's back catalog ) and was slating to release a comeback album . On July 3 , 2011 in New Orleans , Louisiana , all six members of New Edition reunited at the Essence Music Festival to kick off and celebrate their 30th anniversary tour . `` This is just the beginning . We 're preparing for a world tour and many other exciting things that we 'll be announcing soon . The next chapter of New Edition is going to be an incredible celebration to thank our fans for all of their support over the last 30 years , '' said Bell speaking on behalf of the group . In February 2012 , Brown would miss a handful of dates due to the death of ex-wife Whitney Houston . On March 9 and 11 , 2012 , Bobby Brown and Bell Biv DeVoe made their African debut by performing in Nigeria . In late 2012 , New Edition received the Lifetime Achievement Award during the Soul Train Awards ceremony . All six members appeared together onstage that evening . From Late 2011 - Early 2012 , New Edition went on a tour called # AllSix with was in the United States . This happen after Heads Of State went on there 2 year 2 month tour called the Summit Tour which was healed from November 2008 to January 2011 . In August 2015 , BET announced a three night miniseries about the group would be made for release in January 2017 . Five members signed on to be co-producers of the production , Ronnie DeVoe , Ricky Bell , Johnny Gill , Michael Bivins , and Ralph Tresvant . Jesse Collins Entertainment will be the executive producer of the original miniseries , which will be BET 's first scripted music - focused miniseries . The group 's original choreographer and longtime manager Brooke Payne will also serve as a co-producer . Bobby Brown has now signed off to co-produce the film as well making it all six members to sign on . On June 28 2016 , Hollywood Chamber of Commerce and Walk of Famer Vin Di Bona announced New Edition 's induction into the Hollywood Walk of Fame in the category of Recording . On January 23 , 2017 , New Edition received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for their contributions to the music industry , located at 7080 Hollywood Boulevard . On January 24 - 26 , 2017 , BET aired the biopic miniseries The New Edition Story which chronicles the band members life from their childhood in Boston into Hollywood fame as adults . It was directed by Chris Robinson and executive produced by Jessie Collins . The group served as co-producers . The mini brought in 28.4 million viewers to BET , through the initial run and subsequent encores over the week of the premiere . Awards ( edit ) New Edition received two American Music Awards for Favorite Soul / R&B Band / Duo / Group ( 1987 and 1997 ) . They also received the Soul Train Award in 1989 for Best R&B / Urban Contemporary Album of the Year -- Group , Band , or Duo ( Heart Break ) , and again in 1997 for the Best R&B / Soul Album -- Group , Band , or Duo - ( Home Again ) . In 2016 , New Edition received the Soul Train Lifetime Achievement Award . In 2017 , New Edition received a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2017 BET Awards . Discography ( edit ) Main article : New Edition discography Studio albums Candy Girl ( 1983 ) New Edition ( 1984 ) All for Love ( 1985 ) Under the Blue Moon ( 1986 ) Heart Break ( 1988 ) Home Again ( 1996 ) One Love ( 2004 ) Other albums Greatest Hits Vol. 1 ( 1991 ) Gold ( 2005 ) Candy Girl 25th Anniversary Edition ( 2008 ) Tours ( edit ) All for Love Tour ( 1985 ) New Edition presents Carefree Summer Fest 1986 ( 1986 ) Heartbreak Tour ( 1988 - 89 ) Home Again Tour ( 1996 - 97 ) ( half cancelled ) 30th Anniversary Tour ( 2011 ) # AllSix ( 2014 ) Greatest Hits 2016 Tour ( 2016 ) Members and Lineup Chronology ( edit ) Members ( edit ) Ricky Bell - Secondary Lead Singer ( 1978 - 1990 ; 1996 - 1997 ; 2004 - present ) Michael Bivins - Rapper ( 1978 - 1990 ; 1996 - 1997 ; 2004 - present ) Bobby Brown - Tertiary Lead Singer ( 1978 - 1985 ; 1996 - 1997 ; 2005 - present ) Ronnie DeVoe - Rapper ( 1981 - 1990 ; 1996 - 1997 ; 2004 - present ) Johnny Gill - Quaternary Lead Singer ( 1987 - 1990 ; 1996 - 1997 ; 2004 - present ) Ralph Tresvant - Primary Lead Singer ( 1980 - 1990 ; 1996 - 1997 ; 2004 - present ) Lineup Chronology ( edit ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` New Edition -- Artist Biography '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jamie Foxx , New Edition Open BET Awards With Rousing Michael Jackson Tributes '' . MTV News . Jump up ^ Carter , Kelley L. ( 10 August 2008 ) . `` 5 Things You Can Learn About ... New jack swing '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Billboard.com Jump up ^ Sources : The Streetwise Records Anthology , London : Demon Music Group , 20 November 2015 Jump up ^ Streetwise - CDs and Vinyl at Discogs , Portland : Discogs Jump up ^ New Edition 's `` Candy Girl '' Turns 30 : A Retrospective ( Deluxe Edition ) , Bastard Swordsman Jump up ^ `` Bobby Brown Bio - Bobby Brown Career '' . MTV Artists . Jump up ^ Billboard.com - Biography - Bobby Q. Brown Jump up ^ `` Black News , Entertainment , Style and Culture - HuffPost Black Voices '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Kirby , Jonathan ( 2012 - 02 - 16 ) . `` New Edition reunion keeps ' 80s alive '' . News & Record . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 16 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Bobby Brown and New Edition in Nigeria for first ever African concert Entertainment News '' . Entertainment.myjoyonline.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ http://hollywoodchamber.chambermaster.com/news/details/hollywood-chamber-of-commerce-and-walk-of-famer-vin-di-bona-announce-hollywood-walk-of-fame-honorees Jump up ^ `` New Edition Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . www.walkoffame.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Orinda . `` BET 's ' The New Edition Story ' Miniseries Ends on Ratings High Note '' . variety.com . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . External links ( edit ) Book : New Edition Sporty Rich Enterprises ( Michael Bivins ) New Edition Ricky Bell Michael Bivins Bobby Brown Ronnie DeVoe Johnny Gill Ralph Tresvant Albums Candy Girl New Edition All for Love Christmas All Over the World Under the Blue Moon Heart Break Home Again One Love Singles `` Candy Girl '' ( 1983 ) `` Is This the End '' ( 1983 ) `` Popcorn Love / Jealous Girl '' ( 1983 ) `` Cool It Now '' ( 1984 ) `` Mr. Telephone Man '' ( 1984 ) `` Lost in Love '' ( 1985 ) `` My Secret ( Didja Gitit Yet ? ) '' ( 1985 ) `` Count Me Out '' ( 1985 ) `` If It Is n't Love '' ( 1988 ) `` You 're Not My Kind of Girl '' ( 1988 ) `` Can You Stand the Rain '' ( 1988 ) `` Crucial '' ( 1989 ) `` N.E. Heart Break '' ( 1989 ) `` Hit Me Off '' ( 1996 ) `` I 'm Still in Love with You '' ( 1996 ) `` Something About You '' ( 1996 ) `` One More Day '' ( 1997 ) `` Hot 2Nite '' ( 2004 ) Related articles Discography Bell Biv DeVoe LSG Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis Maurice Starr New Kids on the Block Heads of State The New Edition Story The Bobby Brown Story Book : New Edition Bell Biv DeVoe Ricky Bell Michael Bivins Ronnie DeVoe Albums Studio Poison ( 1990 ) Hootie Mack ( 1993 ) BBD ( 2001 ) Three Stripes ( 2017 ) Remix WBBD - Bootcity ! : The Remix Album ( 1991 ) Singles `` Poison '' `` Do Me ! '' `` B.B.D. ( I Thought It Was Me ) ? '' `` When Will I See You Smile Again ? '' `` She 's Dope ! '' `` Word to the Mutha ! '' `` Gangsta '' `` Above the Rim '' `` Something in Your Eyes '' Featured singles `` The Best Things in Life Are Free '' Related articles New Edition Biv 10 Records Bobby Brown Albums Studio King of Stage Do n't Be Cruel Bobby Forever The Masterpiece Remix Dance ! ... Ya Know It ! Remixes in the Key of B Compilation B. Brown Posse Singles `` Girlfriend '' `` Girl Next Door '' `` Do n't Be Cruel '' `` My Prerogative '' `` Roni '' `` Every Little Step '' `` On Our Own '' `` Rock Wit'cha '' `` Every Little Hit Mix '' `` Humpin ' Around '' `` Good Enough '' `` Get Away '' `` That 's the Way Love Is '' `` Something in Common '' `` Two Can Play That Game '' `` Feelin ' Inside '' Featured singles `` She Ai n't Worth It '' `` Stone Cold Gentleman '' `` Word to the Mutha ! '' `` Thug Lovin ' '' `` Beautiful '' Related articles Discography New Edition Heads of State Whitney Houston ( first wife ) Bobbi Kristina Brown ( daughter ) Being Bobby Brown Johnny Gill Discography Albums Studio Johnny Gill ( 1983 album ) Chemistry Johnny Gill ( 1990 album ) Provocative Let 's Get the Mood Right Still Winning Game Changer Collaboration Perfect Combination Compilation Favorites Singles `` Super Love '' `` When Something Is Wrong with My Baby '' `` Perfect Combination '' / `` Heartbreak Look '' `` Block Party '' `` Baby It 's You '' `` Half Crazy '' `` Ca n't Wait Til Tomorrow '' `` Rub You the Right Way '' `` My , My , My '' `` Fairweather Friend '' `` Wrap My Body Tight '' Featured singles `` Where Do We Go from Here '' `` Word to the Mutha ! '' `` Silent Prayer '' Related articles New Edition LSG Heads of State Stacy Lattisaw Ralph Tresvant Albums Ralph Tresvant It 's Goin ' Down Rizz - Wa - Faire Singles `` Sensitivity '' `` Stone Cold Gentleman '' `` Do What I Gotta Do '' `` Rated R '' `` Yo , Baby , Yo ! '' `` Money Ca n't Buy You Love '' `` Who 's the Mack '' `` When I Need Somebody '' `` My Homegirl '' Featured singles `` Word to the Mutha ! '' `` The Best Things in Life Are Free '' `` Old Thing Back '' Related articles New Edition Heads of State Bad Boy Records Founder Sean Combs Subsidiaries Bad Boy South Bad Boy Latino BNE : XX261710 BNF : cb13905253g ( data ) GND : 10280583 - 0 ISNI : 0000 0001 2253 8598 LCCN : n85316109 MusicBrainz : b4b94b15 - 1535 - 48a4 - aa1e - d44e55d75bc5 NLA : 35595831 VIAF : 127281461 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Edition&oldid=843357383 '' Categories : Geffen Records artists Interscope Records artists Bad Boy Records artists MCA Records artists Child musical groups American contemporary R&B musical groups American boy bands New jack swing music groups Bubblegum pop Vocal quintets African - American musical groups Musical groups from Boston Musical groups established in 1978 1978 establishments in Massachusetts Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Português Русский Simple English Suomi Türkçe 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 16 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Edition	830
who sings on i ain't mad at cha	`` I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' is a song by rapper 2Pac released shortly after his death as the sixth single from his album All Eyez on Me . It was also his last single using the stage name 2Pac . The song features contemporary soul singer Danny Boy who provided the vocals for the song 's hook . The song did well in the United Kingdom , reaching the number 13 on the UK Singles Chart and on the UK R&B Charts peaking at number 3 . It was not released as a single in the United States , thus making it ineligible to chart on the Billboard singles charts ( due to chart rules at the time ) , but reached numbers 18 and 58 in the R&B and Pop Airplay charts , respectively . It also reached number two on the New Zealand Singles Chart .	Danny Boy	I Ai n't Mad at Cha	i ain't mad at cha	`` I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' is a song by rapper 2Pac released shortly after his death as the sixth single from his album All Eyez on Me . It was also his last single using the stage name 2Pac . The song features contemporary soul singer Danny Boy who provided the vocals for the song 's hook . The song did well in the United Kingdom , reaching the number 13 on the UK Singles Chart and on the UK R&B Charts peaking at number 3 . It was not released as a single in the United States , thus making it ineligible to chart on the Billboard singles charts ( due to chart rules at the time ) , but reached numbers 18 and 58 in the R&B and Pop Airplay charts , respectively . It also reached number two on the New Zealand Singles Chart .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Lyrics and Message 3 Composition and recording 4 Music video 4.1 Personnel 5 Track listing 5.1 CD single 5.2 12 '' maxi single 5.3 Cassette single 6 Song credits 7 Charts 7.1 Certification 8 In popular culture 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) The track was produced by Dat Nigga Daz ( who now goes by Daz Dillinger ) and samples the song `` A Dream '' by DeBarge . The song was recorded the same day 2Pac was released from prison , and was the second song he recorded when he came out ( `` Ambitionz Az a Ridah '' being the first ) . The single was released two days after 2Pac 's death . As so , by the time this single was released , 2Pac had already finished recording his next album , The Don Killuminati : The 7 Day Theory . It has been labeled by many one of the best songs on `` All Eyez on Me '' and one of the greatest in 2Pac 's career . The song also appeared on 2Pac 's Greatest Hits album . Another song on the CD single proved to be popular among fans . `` Heartz of Men '' appeared on 4 of 2Pac 's albums , compared to 3 for `` I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' . These include : All Eyez on Me , 2Pac Live , 2Pac 's Greatest Hits , and a remixed version on Nu - Mixx Klazzics . A remix was made of Rihanna 's `` We Ride '' to include elements of `` I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' . R&B group BLACKstreet also used the identical keyboard tune in `` Do n't Leave Me '' off of their Another Level album . The track sampled Children of the Corn 's `` American Dream '' . On the clean version there is a new third verse that replaces the one on the album . Lyrics and message ( edit ) The song is a reminiscence of how time has changed from when he was younger to when he became famous . He speaks of losing touch with people and how many people turned on him after his success . Yet he still maintains that he 's got `` nothing but love '' for his old friends , with the hook repeating the line `` I ai n't mad at cha '' . The first verse speaks about how he lost touch with his friend , who converted to Islam , and the difference in lifestyles they chose to live . The second verse speaks about 2Pac being sentenced to prison . He mentions his old girlfriend and tries to comfort his mother . In the third verse ( album version ) , 2Pac raps about how his life has changed from being in the ghetto to being a celebrity . He talks about his connection to the hood and how his old associates think negatively of him now . In the censored version , the third verse of the song is completely replaced with new lyrics which talk about the struggles of living , a message to God , and life after death . Composition and recording ( edit ) `` I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' was the first song to interpolate the core melody of the song `` A Dream '' an album track by DeBarge , written and performed by Bunny , and taken from their 1983 album In a Special Way . This makes the instrumentals very identical . This is most apparent in the piano usage which is almost identical to the original song . The main difference is `` A Dream '' uses a keyboard for its notes , while `` I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' uses more of a classical piano . Daz 's main job as producer of the song was changing this piano instrument , as most other aspects of the song were the same . The tempo of the original song was also sped up , which matches with 2Pac 's pace of rapping . Another minor difference is the accompanying beat uses different sounds to project the same repetition ( sped up as previously noted ) . The day 2Pac was released from prison , he went to the studio and recorded `` I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' and `` Ambitionz Az a Ridah '' . When 2Pac entered the studio the beat was already complete , and 2Pac wrote the lyrics and recorded the song all in a few hours . Shortly thereafter , BLACKstreet released `` Do n't Leave Me '' to radio , which also interpolates the melody of `` A Dream '' . According to Dave Aron , 2Pac had a lot of energy going into the studio . Kurupt was in the studio at the time of recording and said when 2Pac heard the beat he `` flipped out '' from excitement . He wanted to finish the song quickly and was cursing at the engineers for moving too slow . Technical info MIDI format : 1 Ticks per quarter note : 384 Tempo : Andante ( Quarter Note = 84 ) Key : C minor / Eb Major Time signature : 4 / 4 Music video ( edit ) Music video screenshots For the video the whole song was re-recorded with a live band . Featuring horns and strings Kevyn Lewis commissioned a band featuring Cornelius Mims , Warryn Campbell , Priest , Ricky Rouse , and Darryl Crooks to replay the track . The new track was recorded at Can - am Studio by Conley Abrams , it was mixed at Larrabee North by Abrams . It was shot weeks before 2Pac 's death . The music video begins with 2Pac and a friend of his ( Bokeem Woodbine ) leaving a hotel party at night . While waiting for someone to arrive a hooded man comes up , pulls out a handgun , and starts shooting in their direction . As 2Pac pushes them out of the way , he gets hit by at least one bullet . In the ambulance his body gives in and he passes away . Upon entering Heaven , 2pac is told that they have been waiting for him to come for a long time , yet he still has to earn his way in . As a spirit , he then returns to Earth to watch over and guide his friend as he struggles through the next few days . While this is going on 2Pac is shown rapping to his friend , ( who ca n't see or hear him ) trying to offer guidance . Finally , the video concludes with 2pac 's friend gaining the courage to give condolences personally to 2pac 's widow and daughter . Look - alikes of many deceased entertainers are revealed to be playing the beat in the party , featuring ( among others ) , Redd Foxx , Jimi Hendrix , Bob Marley , Nat King Cole , Miles Davis , Sachmo , Marvin Gaye , Billie Holiday , Florence Ballard , Sammy Davis Jr. , and Louis Armstrong . Danny Boy is also present in Heaven as an angel . In the censored version , the third verse of the song is completely replaced with new lyrics which talk about the struggles of living , God , and life after death . The video ends with the words `` Dedicated to Mutulu Shakur and Geronimo Pratt '' appearing on the screen . These individuals are 2Pac 's stepfather and godfather , respectively . The music video was voted # 33 on the `` MTV Top 100 of 1996 '' ranking music videos . The concept of the video ( showing 2Pac 's death and him being on Earth as an angel ) was used as evidence by many who believed in the 7 Day Theory that Tupac is still alive . The music video is available on the edition of Tupac : Live at the House of Blues Personnel ( edit ) Filming crew First aired : September 18 , 1996 Filmed : May 1996 Production company : Been There Director ( s ) : Tupac Shakur & Kevin Swain Producer ( s ) : Taj Lewis Photography : Patrick Loungeway ( cinematographer ) Additional crew 1st assistant director : Joe Oz Track listing ( edit ) CD single ( edit ) DRWCD5 / 854 843 - 2 `` I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' - Edit `` I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' - LP Version `` Skandalouz '' `` Heartz of Men '' 12 '' maxi single ( edit ) 12 DRW5 / 854 843 - 1 `` I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' - Edit `` I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' - LP Version `` Skandalouz '' `` Heartz of Men '' Cassette single ( edit ) DRWMC5 / 854 842 - 4 `` I Ai n't Mad At Cha '' ( Edit ) `` Skandalouz '' Song credits ( edit ) 13 . I Ai n't Mad At Cha ( feat . Danny Boy ) Written by : T. Shakur , D. Arnaud , E. Jordan , Danny Boy Steward Produced by : Dat Nigga Daz Mixed by : DJ Quik & Carlos Warlick Engineered by : Dave Aron Engineered by : Rick Clifford Assistant Engineer : Alvin McGill Remix recorded by Conley Abrams Remix mixed by Conley Abrams Charts ( edit ) Charts ( 1996 - 97 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 47 Germany ( Media Control AG ) 26 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 15 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 35 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 13 US Billboard Hot 100 Airplay 58 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Airplay ( Billboard ) 18 Certification ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 5,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone In popular culture ( edit ) Rich Juzwiak of Gawker in an article expressed his disappointment in a 2014 musical about Shakur 's life , the article titled , `` We 're Kind of Mad at Cha : The 2Pac Musical Holler If Ya Hear Me '' . U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder referenced the song in December 2014 , when protestors interrupted him while he was giving a speech in Atlanta , Georgia at Ebenezer Baptist Church . In response , Holder stated to the protestors , `` I 'm not mad at cha '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` News Archives , HitEmUp.com - September 2004 '' . Hitemup.com. 2007 - 10 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved September 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Huey , Steve ( 1996 - 02 - 13 ) . `` All Eyez on Me review '' . Allmusic.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 2Pac - I Ai n't Mad At Cha ' MIDI - MP3 - Karaoke - Sheet Music - Video HamieNET.com '' . Hamienet.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Top 100 of 1996 -- Reviews # 40 - 31 '' . Emptyv.multimedia.cx . Retrieved September 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Mvdbase.com - 2 Pac - `` I ai n't mad at cha '' `` . Mvdbase.com. 1996 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved September 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- 2 Pac feat . Danny Boy -- I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Die ganze Musik im Internet : Charts , News , Neuerscheinungen , Tickets , Genres , Genresuche , Genrelexikon , Künstler - Suche , Musik - Suche , Track - Suche , Ticket - Suche '' . musicline.de . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- 2 Pac feat . Danny Boy -- I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- 2 Pac feat . Danny Boy -- I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- 2 Pac feat . Danny Boy -- I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/r-and-b-singles-chart/19961124/114/ Jump up ^ `` 2Pac Album & Song Chart History `` . Billboard Hot 100 Airplay . Prometheus Global Media . Jump up ^ `` 2Pac Album & Song Chart History `` . Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Airplay . Prometheus Global Media . Jump up ^ THE FIELD id ( chart number ) MUST BE PROVIDED for NEW ZEALAND CERTIFICATION . Jump up ^ http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=3767 Jump up ^ Juzwiak , Rich ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` We 're Kind of Mad at Cha : The 2Pac Musical Holler If Ya Hear Me '' . Gawker . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Holder Spits Tupac At Protester , ' I Ai n't Mad At Cha ' ( VIDEO ) '' . News One . December 2 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Music video at MTV.com ( hide ) Tupac Shakur Studio albums 2Pacalypse Now Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z. ... Thug Life : Volume 1 Me Against the World All Eyez on Me The Don Killuminati : The 7 Day Theory Posthumous albums RU Still Down ? ( Remember Me ) Still I Rise Until the End of Time Better Dayz Loyal to the Game Pac 's Life Live albums 2Pac Live Live at the House of Blues Compilation albums Greatest Hits The Rose That Grew from Concrete The Prophet : The Best of the Works Nu - Mixx Klazzics Tupac : Resurrection The Rose , Vol. 2 The Prophet Returns Beginnings : The Lost Tapes 1988 -- 1991 Nu - Mixx Klazzics Vol. 2 Best of 2Pac Related albums Nothing but Trouble ( soundtrack ) Sons of the P Juice ( soundtrack ) Poetic Justice ( soundtrack ) Above the Rim ( soundtrack ) Gridlock 'd ( soundtrack ) Gang Related ( soundtrack ) A 2Pac Tribute : Dare 2 Struggle Extended plays Makaveli & Dillinger Do n't Go 2 Sleep Singles `` Brenda 's Got a Baby '' `` If My Homie Calls '' `` Trapped '' `` Holler If Ya Hear Me '' `` I Get Around '' `` Keep Ya Head Up '' `` Papa'z Song '' `` Cradle to the Grave '' `` Dear Mama '' `` So Many Tears '' `` Temptations '' `` California Love '' `` 2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted '' `` How Do U Want It '' `` All Bout U '' `` I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' `` Life Goes On '' `` Toss It Up '' `` To Live & Die in LA '' `` Hail Mary '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' `` Made Niggaz '' Posthumous singles `` I Wonder If Heaven Got a Ghetto '' `` Do for Love '' `` Changes '' `` Unconditional Love '' `` Baby Do n't Cry ( Keep Ya Head Up II ) '' `` Who Do U Believe In '' `` Until the End of Time '' `` Letter 2 My Unborn '' `` Thugz Mansion '' `` Still Ballin ' '' `` Runnin ' ( Dying to Live ) '' `` One Day at a Time ( Em 's Version ) '' `` Thugs Get Lonely Too '' `` Ghetto Gospel '' `` Untouchable '' `` Pac 's Life '' `` Playa Cardz Right '' Other songs `` I Do n't Give a Fuck '' `` Runnin ' ( From tha Police ) '' `` Hit ' Em Up '' `` Are U Still Down '' `` Panther Power '' Featured singles `` Smile '' `` Playa Cardz Right '' Books The Rose That Grew from Concrete Stage Holler If Ya Hear Me Filmography Nothing but Trouble Juice Poetic Justice Above the Rim Bullet Gridlock 'd Gang Related Documentaries Biggie & Tupac Tupac : Resurrection Tupac : Assassination Outlawz Yaki Kadafi Kastro Napoleon E.D.I. Mean Hussein Fatal Mussolini Komani Young Noble Related articles Discography List of songs Outlawz Digital Underground Afeni Shakur Assata Shakur Mopreme Shakur Mutulu Shakur East Coast - West Coast hip hop rivalry Makaveli Branded Clothing Niccolò Machiavelli Orlando Anderson Tupac Amaru Shakur Center for the Arts Billy Garland Kadafi List of awards and nominations received by Tupac Shakur Murder of Tupac Shakur All Eyez on Me Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Ain%27t_Mad_at_Cha&oldid=800750551 '' Categories : 1996 singles Tupac Shakur songs Songs released posthumously Rhythm and blues ballads 1996 songs Songs written by Tupac Shakur Songs written by Daz Dillinger Death Row Records singles Interscope Records singles Hidden categories : Cite certification used with missing parameters Music infoboxes with malformed table placement Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Polski Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 12 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Ain%2527t%20Mad%20at%20Cha	831
when did women's cricket start in india	The British brought cricket to India in the early 1700s , with the first cricket match played in 1721 . The first Indian cricket club was established by the Parsi community in Bombay , in 1848 ; the club played their first match against the Europeans in 1877 . The first official Indian cricket team was formed in 1911 and toured England , where they played English county teams . The India team made their Test debut against England in 1932 . Around the same time ( 1934 ) , the first women 's Test was played between England and Australia . However , women 's cricket arrived in India much later ; the Women 's Cricket Association of India was formed in 1973 . The Indian women 's team played their first Test match in 1976 , against the West Indies . India recorded its first - ever Test win in November 1978 against West Indies under Shantha Rangaswamy 's captaincy at the Moin - ul - Haq Stadium in Patna .	1973	India Women 's national cricket team	india women's national cricket team		India India cricket crest Nickname ( s ) Women in Blue Association Board of Control for Cricket in India Personnel Captain Mithali Raj ( Test and ODI ) T20I captain Harmanpreet Kaur Coach Anjum Chopra International Cricket Council ICC status Full member ( 1926 ) ICC region Asia ICC Rankings Current Best - ever Women 's 4th 2nd Women 's Tests First WTest v West Indies at the M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore ; 31 October -- 2 November 1976 Last WTest v South Africa at Srikantadatta Narasimha Raja Wadeyar Ground , Mysore ; 16 -- 19 November 2014 WTests Played Won / Lost Total 36 5 / 6 ( 25 draws ) Women 's One Day Internationals First WODI v England at Eden Gardens , Calcutta ; 1 January 1978 Last WODI v England at Nagpur ; 18 April 2018 WODIs Played Won / Lost Total 257 140 / 112 ( 1 ties , 4 no result ) This year 9 2 / 4 ( 0 ties , 0 no result ) Women 's World Cup Appearances 9 ( first in 1978 ) Best result Runner - Up ( 2005 , 2017 ) Women 's Twenty20 Internationals First WT20I v England at the County Cricket Ground , Derby ; 5 August 2006 Last WT20I v Bangladesh at Kuala Lumpur ; 10 June 2018 WT20Is Played Won / Lost Total 88 45 / 42 ( 0 ties , 1 no result ) This year 15 8 / 6 ( 0 ties , 1 no result ) Women 's World Twenty20 Appearances 5 ( first in 2009 ) Best result Semi-final ( 2009 , 2010 ) As of 1 April 2018 The India women 's national cricket team , nicknamed the Women in Blue , represents the country of India in international women 's cricket . One of eight teams competing in the ICC Women 's Championship , the highest level of international women 's cricket , the team is governed by the Board of Control for Cricket in India ( BCCI ) . India made its Test debut in 1976 , against the West Indies , and its One Day International ( ODI ) debut at the 1978 World Cup , which it hosted . The team has made the World Cup final on two occasions , losing to Australia by 98 runs in 2005 , and losing to England by 9 runs in 2017 . India has made the semi-finals on three other occasions , in 1997 , 2000 , and 2009 . India has also made the semi-finals of the World Twenty20 on two occasions ( 2009 and 2010 ) , but is yet to progress any further in the tournament . Contents 1 History 2 Current international rankings Top 10 3 Governing body 4 Team colours 5 International grounds 6 Captains 7 Results and fixtures 8 Current squad 9 Support Staff 10 Tournament history 11 Individual records 12 Statistics 12.1 One - Day Internationals 12.2 Twenty20 Internationals 12.3 Test cricket 13 See also 14 References History ( edit ) Members of the Indian cricket team before a Women 's Cricket World Cup game in Sydney The British brought cricket to India in the early 1700s , with the first cricket match played in 1721 . The first Indian cricket club was established by the Parsi community in Bombay , in 1848 ; the club played their first match against the Europeans in 1877 . The first official Indian cricket team was formed in 1911 and toured England , where they played English county teams . The India team made their Test debut against England in 1932 . Around the same time ( 1934 ) , the first women 's Test was played between England and Australia . However , women 's cricket arrived in India much later ; the Women 's Cricket Association of India was formed in 1973 . The Indian women 's team played their first Test match in 1976 , against the West Indies . India recorded its first - ever Test win in November 1978 against West Indies under Shantha Rangaswamy 's captaincy at the Moin - ul - Haq Stadium in Patna . Indian Batswoman at Cricket Worlds Cup 2010 Mithali Raj , Captain of India Women 's cricket team As part of the International Cricket Council 's initiative to develop women 's cricket , the Women 's Cricket Association of India was merged with the Board of Control for Cricket in India in 2006 . Current international Rankings top 10 ( edit ) The ICC Women 's Rankings incorporates results from Tests , ODIs and T20Is into a single ranking system . ICC Women 's Rankings Rank Team Matches Points Rating Australia 54 7,157 133 England 45 5,715 127 New Zealand 57 6,900 121 India 59 6,672 113 5 West Indies 48 4,725 98 6 South Africa 62 5,775 93 7 Pakistan 52 3,920 75 8 Sri Lanka 52 3,256 63 9 Bangladesh 19 704 37 10 Ireland 17 504 30 Reference : icc-cricket.com , espncricinfo.com , 31 March 2018 Governing body ( edit ) Main article : Board of Control for Cricket in India The Board of Control for Cricket in India ( BCCI ) is the governing body for the Indian cricket team and first - class cricket in India . The Board has been operating since 1929 and represents India at the International Cricket Council . It is amongst the richest sporting organisations in the world . It sold media rights for India 's matches from 2006 -- 2010 for US $612,000,000 . It manages the Indian team 's sponsorships , its future tours and team selection . The International Cricket Council determines India 's upcoming matches through its future tours program . Team colours ( edit ) Team colour is blue . International grounds ( edit ) Further information : List of women 's Test cricket grounds and List of women 's Twenty20 International cricket grounds See also : List of international cricket grounds in India Fourteen grounds in India have hosted women 's international Test cricket matches . The first women 's international test cricket match hosted in India was held at the M. Chinnaswamy Stadium in Bangalore on 31 October 1976 . Six grounds in India have hosted women 's T20I matches . The first women 's T20I match hosted in India was held at the Bandra Kurla Complex Ground in Mumbai on 4 March 2010 . Captains ( edit ) Main articles : List of India women Test cricketers § Test captains , and List of India women ODI cricketers § ODI captains Results and fixtures ( edit ) The recent results and forthcoming fixtures of India in international cricket : Bilateral series and tours Date Against H / A / N Results ( Matches ) Test WODI WT20I February 2018 South Africa Away -- 2 -- 1 ( 3 ) 3 -- 1 ( 5 ) March 2018 Australia Home -- 0 -- 3 ( 3 ) -- April 2018 England Home -- 2 -- 1 ( 3 ) -- Summer 2018 Sri Lanka Away -- ( 3 ) -- February -- March 2019 New Zealand Away -- ( 3 ) -- Multiteam series and tournaments Date Series Format Position Results ( Matches ) March 2018 2017 -- 18 India women 's Tri-Nation Series WT20I 3rd place 1 -- 3 ( 4 ) June 2018 2018 Women 's Twenty20 Asia Cup WT20I Runner 's up 4 -- 2 ( 6 ) Current squad ( edit ) This lists all the players who have played for India in the past 12 months and the forms in which they have played . Key C / G = Contract grade S / N = Shirt number Name Age Batting style Bowling style Domestic team Zone C / G Forms S / N Test and ODI Captain Mithali Raj 35 Right - handed Right - arm leg break Railways Rajasthan Central Test , ODI , T20I T20I Captain Harmanpreet Kaur 29 Right - handed Right - arm medium fast Railways Punjab North ODI , T20I 17 Batswomen Thirush Kamini 28 Left - handed Leg break Railways Central Tamil Nadu - T20I 16 Veda Krishnamurthy 25 Right - handed Right - arm leg break Karnataka South ODI , T20I 79 Smriti Mandhana 22 Left - handed Right - arm medium Maharashtra West ODI , T20I 18 Mona Meshram 26 Right - handed Right - arm medium ODI , T20I Poonam Raut 28 Right - handed Right - arm offbreak Railways Central ODI , T20I 14 Vellaswamy Vanitha 28 Right - handed Right - arm offbreak Karnataka South - ODI , T20I 14 Latika Kumari 26 Right - handed Right - arm offbreak Delhi North - T20I 15 Jemimah Rodrigues 17 Right - handed Right - arm offbreak Delhi North ODI , T20I Wicket - keeper Sushma Verma 25 Right - handed n / a Himachal Pradesh North ODI , T20I 5 Ravi Kalpana 22 Right - handed n / a Andhra South - ODI , T20I 11 Nuzhat Parveen 22 Right - handed n / a Railways Central ODI , T20I Taniya Bhatia 20 Right - handed n / a Punjab North ODI , T20I All - rounders Jhulan Goswami 35 Right - handed Right - arm medium fast Bengal East Test , ODI , T20I 25 Shikha Pandey 29 Right - handed Right - arm medium fast Goa South ODI , T20I 99 Deepti Sharma 20 Left - handed Right - arm off spin Uttar Pradesh North ODI , T20I 6 Anuja Patil 26 Right - handed Right - arm off spin Maharashtra West ODI , T20I 82 Bowlers Ekta Bisht 32 Right - handed Slow left - arm orthodox Railways Central ODI , T20I 8 Rajeshwari Gayakwad 27 Right - handed Slow left - arm orthodox Railways Central ODI , T20I Mansi Joshi 24 Right - handed Right - arm medium - fast ODI , T20I Sneh Rana 24 Right - handed Right - arm offbreak Punjab North - ODI , T20I 7 Pooja Vastrakar 18 Right - handed Right - arm medium Railways Central T20I Poonam Yadav 26 Right - handed Right - arm legbreak ODI , T20I Radha Yadav 18 Right - handed Right - arm leg break Railways North - T20I The BCCI awarded contracts to women cricketers for the first time in the 2015 - 16 fiscal year . Contracts are pay graded according to the importance of the player . Players ' salaries are as follows : Grade A -- ₹ 50 lakh ( US $73,000 ) per annum Grade B -- ₹ 30 lakh ( US $44,000 ) per annum Grade C -- ₹ 10 lakh ( US $15,000 ) per annum Support Staff ( edit ) Team Manager - Monica Sumra Director Of Cricket - Rajani Venugopal Head Coach - Anjum Chopra Assistant Head Coach - Neetu David Batting Coach - Pramila Bhatt Batting Consultant - Mithali Raj Fast Bowling Coach - Amita Sharma Spin Bowling Coach - Nooshin Al Khadeer Bowling Consultant - Jhulan Goswami Youth Development Coach - Mamatha Maben Fielding Coach - Rita Dey Wicket Keeping Coach - Anju Jain Physiotherapist - Tracy Fernandes Fitness Trainer - Neelima Batav Analyst - Aarti Nalge Tournament history ( edit ) World Cup record Year and Host Played Won Lost Tie NR Position 1973 DNP 1978 0 0 0 Fourth 1982 12 8 0 0 Fourth DNP 1993 7 0 0 Fourth 1997 5 0 Semi-Finalists 2000 8 5 0 0 Semi-Finalists 2005 8 5 0 Runners - Up 2009 7 5 0 0 3rd Place 2013 0 0 7th Place 2017 9 6 0 0 Runners - Up TOTAL 63 34 27 Runners - Up ( 2 Times ) Note - In the 1997 World Cup , a match was abandoned between India and Sri Lanka . In 2005 World Cup , a match was abandoned between India and Australia . Both these matches are not included in any categories . World Twenty20 record Year Played Won Lost Tie NR Position 2009 0 0 Semi-Finalists 0 0 Semi-Finalists 2012 0 0 0 Group Stage 2014 5 0 0 Group Stage 2016 5 0 0 Group Stage TOTAL 21 8 13 0 0 Semi-Finalists ( 2 Times ) Individual records ( edit ) Further information : List of women 's Test cricket records , List of women 's One Day International cricket records , and List of women 's Twenty20 International records Statistics ( edit ) Main article : India women 's national cricket team record by opponent One - Day Internationals ( edit ) Opponent Matches Won Lost Tied No Result % Won First Last Australia 46 9 37 0 0 19.56 1978 2018 Bangladesh 0 0 0 100.00 2013 2017 Denmark 0 0 0 100.00 1993 1993 England 66 28 36 0 43.75 1978 2018 International XI 0 0 0 100.00 2013 2013 Ireland 12 12 0 0 0 100.00 1993 2017 Netherlands 0 0 0 100.00 1993 2000 New Zealand 45 17 27 0 38.88 1978 2017 Pakistan 10 10 0 0 0 100.00 2005 2017 South Africa 19 11 7 0 61.11 1997 2018 Sri Lanka 26 24 0 96.00 2000 2017 Zimbabwe 0 0 100 2017 2017 West Indies 22 18 0 0 81.81 1993 2017 Total 258 141 112 55.83 1978 2018 Statistics are correct as of India v England at Nagpur , 3rd ODI , April 12 , 2018 . Most ODI runs for India Player Runs Average Mithali Raj 6,373 50.18 Anjum Chopra 2,856 31.38 Harmanpreet Kaur 2,196 35.41 Jaya Sharma 2,091 30.75 Anju Jain 1,729 29.81 Poonam Raut 1,670 32.11 Smriti Mandhana 1,464 37.53 Deepti Sharma 1,230 43.92 Hemlata Kala 1,023 20.87 Jhulan Goswami 1,011 13.66 Most ODI wickets for India Player Wickets Average Jhulan Goswami 203 21.77 Neetu David 141 16.34 Nooshin Al Khadeer 100 24.02 Amita Sharma 87 35.52 Ekta Bisht 79 21.39 Gouher Sultana 66 19.39 Rumeli Dhar 63 27.38 Deepa Marathe 60 20.83 Rajeshwari Gayakwad 59 16.64 Shikha Pandey 54 21.44 Highest team total : 358 / 3 v Ireland , 15 May 2017 at Senwes Park , South Africa Highest individual score : 188 Deepti Sharma v Ireland , 15 May 2017 at Senwes Park , South Africa Best innings bowling : 6 / 10 , Mamatha Maben v Sri Lanka , 25 April 2004 at Asgiriya Stadium , Sri Lanka Twenty20 Internationals ( edit ) Opponent Matches Won Lost Tied No Result % Won First Last Australia 14 11 0 0 21.42 2008 2018 Bangladesh 11 9 0 0 81.81 2013 2018 England 13 10 0 0 23.07 2006 2018 Malaysia 0 0 0 100.00 2018 2018 New Zealand 7 5 0 0 28.57 2009 2015 Pakistan 10 8 0 0 80.00 2009 2018 South Africa 6 0 80.00 2014 2018 Sri Lanka 12 9 0 0 75.00 2009 2018 Thailand 0 0 0 100.00 2018 2018 West Indies 13 5 8 0 0 38.46 2011 2016 Total 88 45 42 0 51.72 2006 2018 Statistics are correct as of India v Bangladesh at Kuala Lumpur , Women 's Twenty20 Asia Cup final , June 10 , 2018 . Most T20I runs for India Player Runs Average Mithali Raj 2,026 36.83 Harmanpreet Kaur 1,557 27.31 Smriti Mandhana 826 23.60 Poonam Raut 719 27.65 Veda Krishnamurthy 596 18.62 Jhulan Goswami 405 10.94 Sulakshana Naik 384 14.76 Amita Sharma 383 14.73 Anuja Patil 260 17.33 Anjum Chopra 241 17.21 Most T20I wickets for India Player Wickets Average Jhulan Goswami 56 21.94 Poonam Yadav 50 14.12 Ekta Bisht 50 14.30 Anuja Patil 31 23.48 Gouher Sultana 29 26.27 Priyanka Roy 21 12.47 Rajeshwari Gayakwad 20 19.80 Shikha Pandey 18 25.66 Harmanpreet Kaur 17 28.94 Diana David 16 14.18 Test cricket ( edit ) Test record versus other nations Opponent Matches Won Lost Draw W / L ratio % Won % Lost % Draw First Last Australia 9 0 5 0.00 0.00 44.44 55.55 1977 2006 England 13 10 2.00 15.38 7.69 76.92 1986 2014 New Zealand 6 0 0 6 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 1977 2003 South Africa 0 0 - 100.00 0.00 0.00 2002 2014 West Indies 6 1.00 16.66 16.66 66.66 1976 1976 Total 36 5 6 25 0.83 13.88 16.66 69.44 1976 2014 Statistics are correct as of India v South Africa at Mysore , Nov 16 - 19 , 2014 . Most Test runs for India Player Runs Average Sandhya Agarwal 1,110 50.45 Shanta Rangaswamy 750 32.60 Shubhangi Kulkarni 700 23.33 Mithali Raj 663 51.00 Gargi Banerji 614 27.90 Sudha Shah 601 18.78 Anjum Chopra 548 30.44 Hemlata Kala 503 50.30 Most Test wickets for India Player Wickets Average Diana Edulji 63 25.77 Shubhangi Kulkarni 60 27.45 Neetu David 41 18.90 Jhulan Goswami 40 16.62 Shashi Gupta 25 31.28 Shanta Rangaswamy 21 31.61 Sharmila Chakraborty 19 22.10 Purnima Rau 15 21.26 Highest team total : 467 v England , 14 August 2002 at County Ground , Taunton , England Highest individual score : 214 , Mithali Raj v England , 14 August 2002 at County Ground , Taunton , England Best innings bowling : 8 / 53 , Neetu David v England , 24 November 1995 at Jamshedpur , India Best match bowling : 10 / 78 , Jhulan Goswami v England , 29 August 2006 at County Ground , Taunton , England See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to India women 's national cricket team . Cricket portal List of India women Test cricketers List of India women ODI cricketers List of India women Twenty20 International cricketers Indian men 's cricket team References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` India women 's coach Tushar Arothe resigns '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ICC Rankings '' . icc-cricket.com . Jump up ^ `` Women 's Test matches - Team records '' . ESPNcricinfo . Jump up ^ `` Women 's Test matches - 2018 Team records '' . ESPNcricinfo . Jump up ^ `` WODI matches - Team records '' . ESPNcricinfo . Jump up ^ `` WODI matches - 2018 Team records '' . ESPNcricinfo . Jump up ^ `` WT20I matches - Team records '' . ESPNcricinfo . Jump up ^ `` WT20I matches - 2018 Team records '' . ESPNcricinfo . Jump up ^ `` The history of Indian women 's cricket '' . Jump up ^ Downing , Clement ( 1978 ) . A History of the Indian Wars . p. 189 . OCLC 5905776 . Jump up ^ `` Cricket and Politics in Colonial India '' . Ramachandra Guha. 1998 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` India in England , 1911 '' . Cricket Archive . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` England v India 1932 '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` List of women 's Test matches '' . Cricinfo . Archived from the original on 20 July 2012 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Stoddart , Brian ; Keith A.P. Sandiford ( 1998 ) . The imperial game : cricket , culture , and society . Manchester University Press . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 4978 - 1 . OCLC 40430869 . Jump up ^ `` India women Test matches '' . Cricinfo . Archived from the original on 15 July 2012 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` One more game , and it can change India 's fortunes : Mithali Raj '' . Jump up ^ `` 1978 Patna scorecard '' . Jump up ^ `` Better days for women 's cricket ? '' . Rediff. 14 November 2006 . Archived from the original on 4 June 2011 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nimbus Bags Cricket Rights for $612 m '' . The Hindu . India . Retrieved 11 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ajinkya Rahane gets Grade A contract '' . ESPNcricinfo. 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kohli , Rohit , Dhawan bag million - dollar BCCI contracts '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . 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Jump up ^ `` ICC Women 's World Cup , Final : India Women v England Women at Lords , July 23 , 2017 '' . espncricinfo.com. 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=9;filter=advanced;orderby=season;team=1863;template=results;trophy=68;type=team;view=season Jump up ^ `` ICC Women 's World Twenty20 , 2012 / 13 '' . espncricinfo.com. 10 April 2005 . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` India Women / Records / Women 's One - Day Internationals / Result summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Women 's One - Day Internationals / Team records / Results summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India Women / Records / Women 's One - Day Internationals / Most runs '' . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India Women / Records / Women 's One - Day Internationals / Most wickets '' . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-womens-world-cup-2017/content/current/player/597811.html Jump up ^ http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-womens-world-cup-2017/content/current/player/597811.html Jump up ^ `` India Women / Records / Women 's Twenty20 Internationals / Result summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 11 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Women 's Twenty20 Internationals / Team records / Results summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 11 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India Women / Records / Women 's Twenty20 Internationals / Most runs '' . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India Women / Records / Women 's Twenty20 Internationals / Most wickets '' . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India Women / Records / Women 's Test matches / Result summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Women 's Test matches / Team records / Results summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . 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where did the civil war in china resume			Chinese Civil war	chinese civil war	Chinese Communist victory	Major combat ended , but no armistice or peace treaty signed Small pockets of insurgency continued through the 1960s Territorial changes Communist Party of China takeover of mainland China and Hainan People 's Republic of China established in mainland China Government of the Republic of China relocated to Taiwan Belligerents 1927 -- 36 Republic of China Kuomintang National Revolutionary Army 1927 -- 36 Communist Party Chinese Workers ' and Peasants ' Red Army Chinese Soviet Republic ( 1931 -- 37 ) Jiangxi -- Fujian Soviet ( 1931 -- 34 ) Fujian People 's Government ( 1933 -- 34 ) Supported by : Soviet Union Communist International 1947 -- 49 Republic of China Kuomintang Republic of China Armed Forces Supported by : United States 1946 -- 49 Communist Party Pre-PLA troops and militia People 's Liberation Army East Turkestan Republic ( 1944 -- 46 ) Ili National Army Supported by : Soviet Union 1949 -- 61 Republic of China Republic of China Armed Forces Nationalist loyalist guerrillas , militias and regular troops left in Mainland China and Burma Supported by : United States 1949 -- 61 People 's Republic of China People 's Liberation Army Supported by : Soviet Union Commanders and leaders Chiang Kai - shek ( show ) Bai Chongxi Chen Cheng Li Zongren Yan Xishan He Yingqin Hu Zongnan Gu Zhutong Wei Lihuang Du Yuming Sun Li - jen Fu Zuoyi Liu Chih Xue Yue Wang Yaowu Tang Enbo Huang Baitao † Zhang Lingfu † Zhang Xueliang Feng Yuxiang ( Until 1930 ) Mao Zedong ( show ) Zhu De Peng Dehuai Zhou Enlai Lin Biao Liu Bocheng He Long Chen Yi Luo Ronghuan Xu Xiangqian Nie Rongzhen Ye Jianying Deng Xiaoping Su Yu Chen Geng Wang Jiaxiang Ye Ting † Bo Gu † Li De Zhang Guotao ( Until 1936 ) Strength 4,300,000 ( June 1946 ) 3,650,000 ( June 1948 ) 1,490,000 ( June 1949 ) 1,200,000 ( July 1945 ) 2,800,000 ( June 1948 ) 4,000,000 ( June 1949 ) Casualties and losses c. 1.5 million ( 1948 -- 49 ) c. 250,000 ( 1948 -- 49 ) 1945 -- 49 : c. 6 million ( including civilians ) 1928 -- 37 : c. 7 million ( including civilians ) 1945 -- 49 : c. 2.5 million ( including civilians ) c. 8 million casualties total Chinese Civil War Major engagements in bold Shanghai massacre Uprisings Autumn Harvest Baise Guangzhou Nanchang Encirclement Campaigns First Jiangxi Hubei - Henan - Anhui Honghu Hubei - Henan - Shaanxi Shaanxi - Gansu Soviet Second Jiangxi Hubei - Henan - Anhui Honghu Hubei - Henan - Shaanxi Shaanxi - Gansu Soviet Third Jiangxi Hubei - Henan - Anhui Honghu Ningdu uprising Hubei - Henan - Shaanxi Shaanxi - Gansu Soviet Fourth Jiangxi Hubei - Henan - Anhui Honghu Soviet Fifth v. Jiangxi Soviet Hubei - Henan - Anhui Long March Luding Bridge Intermission Wannan Opening Campaign Yetaishan S. Jiangsu Baoying Yongjiazhen Tianmen Linyi Wuhe Yinji Huaiyin - Huai'an Xinghua Dazhongji Lingbi Zhucheng Lishi Pingdu Taixing Shangdang Wuli Xiangshuikou Rugao Weiguangnuan Shicun Operation Beleaguer Houmajia Handan Pacification of NE China Shaobo Gaoyou Tangguo Houma 1st Siping 2nd Siping North China Plain S. Tongpu Railway Datong Jining Longhai Dapu Ruhuang Dingtao Linfu Zhengtai Datong - Puzhou Huaiyin -- Huai'an Yan'an Kalgan Lüliang Linjiang Guanzhong Beitashan S. Baoding Niangziguan Tang'erli Menglianggu Summer 1947 , NE China Heshui 3rd Siping N. Baoding Nanlin Meridian Ridge N. Daqing River Autumn 1947 , NE China Mt . Funiu Winter 1947 , NE China Gongzhutun Phoenix Peak W. Tai'an Jingzhong Linfen Zhouzhang Hebei - Rehe - Chahar Yanzhou Shangcai Liaoshen Changchun Jinzhou Tashan Jinan Taiyuan Huaihai Shuangduiji Jiulianshan Pingjin Tianjin Bandits Suppression N. China C.S. China E. China Dabieshan NW. China Wupin SW. China Longquan N. Canton NE. Guizhou Hunan - Hubei - Sichuan W. Hunan Shiwandashan Liuwandashan W. Guangxi Shanghai Lanzhou Ningxia Nanchuan Guangxi Bobai Chengdu Bamianshan Tianquan Yiwu KMT insurgency 1950 - 58 Burma - China border Island campaigns Quemoy Denbu Nan'ao Hainan Island Dongshan Wanshan Nanpeng Nanri Nanpeng Dalushan Dongshan Yijiangshan Dachen Dong - Yin Chinese Civil War Traditional Chinese 國共內戰 Simplified Chinese 国共内战 Literal meaning Kuomintang - Communist Civil War ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Guó - Gòng Nèizhàn Wu Romanization gho - gon - ne - tsan Yue : Cantonese Jyutping gwok gung noi zin Southern Min Hokkien POJ kok - kiōng lāi - chiàn Part of a series on Revolution Types ( show ) Colour Communist Democratic Nonviolent Permanent Political Proletarian Social Wave Methods ( show ) Boycott Civil disobedience Civil war Class conflict Coup d'état Demonstration Guerrilla warfare Insurgency Nonviolent resistance Protest Rebellion Revolutionary terror Samizdat Strike action Tax resistance Terrorism Causes ( show ) Authoritarianism Autocracy Capitalism Collaborationism Colonialism Cronyism Despotism Dictatorship Discrimination Economic depression Economic inequality Electoral fraud Famine Fascism Feudalism Imperialism Military occupation Monarchy Natural disaster Nepotism Persecution Political corruption Political repression Poverty Totalitarianism Unemployment Examples ( show ) Commercial Revolution Industrial Revolution English Revolution Atlantic Revolutions American Revolution French Revolution Haitian Revolution Serbian Revolution Greek Revolution Revolutions of 1820 Revolutions of 1830 Belgian Revolution Texas Revolution Revolutions of 1848 Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Philippine Revolution Persian Constitutional Revolution Young Turk Revolution Mexican Revolution Xinhai Revolution Revolutions of 1917 -- 23 Russian Revolution German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Spanish Revolution of 1936 Guatemalan Revolution Chinese Communist Revolution Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Cuban Revolution Rwandan Revolution Cultural Revolution Nicaraguan Revolution Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution People Power Revolution Carnation Revolution Revolutions of 1989 Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Singing Revolution Bolivarian Revolution Bulldozer Revolution Rose Revolution Orange Revolution Tulip Revolution Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010 Arab Spring Tunisian Revolution Yemeni Revolution Euromaidan Politics portal The Chinese Civil War was a war fought between the Kuomintang ( KMT ) - led government of the Republic of China and the Communist Party of China ( CPC ) . Although particular attention is paid to the four years of Chinese Communist Revolution from 1945 to 1949 , the war actually started in August 1927 , with the White Terror at the end of Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek 's Northern Expedition , and essentially ended when major hostilities between the two sides ceased in 1950 . The conflict took place in two stages : the first between 1927 and 1937 , and the second from 1946 to 1950 , with the Second Sino - Japanese War in 1937 -- 1945 separating them . The war marked a major turning point in modern Chinese history , with the Communists gaining control of mainland China and establishing the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) in 1949 , forcing the Republic of China ( ROC ) to retreat to Taiwan . It resulted in a lasting political and military standoff between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait , with the ROC in Taiwan and the PRC on mainland China with both officially claiming to be the legitimate government of all China . The war represented an ideological split between the communist CPC and the nationalist KMT . Conflict continued intermittently until late 1937 , when the two parties came together to form the Second United Front to counter the Imperial Japanese Army threat and to prevent the country from crumbling . Full - scale civil war in China resumed in 1946 , a year after the end of hostilities with the Empire of Japan in September 1945 . Four years later came the cessation of major military activity , with the newly founded People 's Republic of China controlling mainland China ( including the island of Hainan ) , and the Republic of China 's jurisdiction restricted to Taiwan , Penghu , Quemoy , Matsu and several outlying islands . As of April 2018 no armistice or peace treaty has ever been signed , and the debate continues as to whether the civil war has legally ended . Relations between both sides , officially called the Cross-Strait relations , have been hindered by military threats and political and economic pressure , particularly over Taiwan 's political status , with both governments officially adhering to the One - China policy . The PRC still actively claims Taiwan as part of its territory and continues to threaten the ROC with a military invasion if the ROC officially declares independence by changing its name to and gaining international recognition as the `` Republic of Taiwan '' . The ROC , for its part , claims mainland China , and both parties continue the fight over diplomatic recognition . As of 2018 the war as such occurs on the political and economic fronts in the relations without actual military action . However , the two separate governments in China have close economic ties . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Northern Expedition and KMT - CPC split 2 Communist insurgency ( 1927 -- 1937 ) 3 Second Sino - Japanese War ( 1937 -- 1945 ) 4 Immediate post-war clashes ( 1945 -- 1946 ) 5 Resumed fighting ( 1946 -- 1949 ) 5.1 Background and disposition of forces 5.2 Outbreak of war 5.3 Fighting subsides 6 Aftermath 6.1 Political fallout 7 Reasons for the Communist victory 8 Atrocities 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) History of the Republic of China ( ROC ) 1912 -- 1949 Mainland rule Xinhai Revolution Provisional Gov 't Beiyang Government Northern Expedition Shanghai massacre Chinese Civil War Nationalist Government Second Sino - Japanese War Nanking Massacre Constitutional government 1945 -- present Taiwan Retrocession of Taiwan February 28 Incident White Terror Korean War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Vietnam War Second Taiwan Strait Crisis Project National Glory Three Noes Lieyu massacre Third Taiwan Strait Crisis Anti-Secession Law 100th anniversary Sunflower Student Movement 2015 Ma -- Xi meeting 2017 Summer Universiade History of China the PRC ( 1949 -- present ) Taiwan ( geographical ) Taipei Kaohsiung Beiping Culture Economy Education Geography Politics Taiwan portal Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek , Commander - in - Chief of the National Revolutionary Army , emerged from the Northern Expedition as the leader of the Republic of China . Following the collapse of the Qing Dynasty in the aftermath of the Xinhai Revolution , China fell into a brief period of civil war before Yuan Shikai assumed the presidency of the newly formed Republic of China . The administration became known as the Beiyang Government , with its capital in Peking . After the death of Yuan Shikai in 1916 , the following years were characterized by the power struggle between different cliques in the former Beiyang Army . In the meantime , the Kuomintang , led by Sun Yat - sen , created a new government in Guangzhou to resist the rule of Beiyang Government through a series of movements . Sun 's efforts to obtain aid from the Western countries were ignored , thus he turned to the Soviet Union in 1921 . For political expediency , the Soviet leadership initiated a dual policy of support for both Sun and the newly established Communist Party of China , which would eventually found the People 's Republic of China . Thus the struggle for power in China began between the KMT and the CPC . In 1923 , a joint statement by Sun and Soviet representative Adolph Joffe in Shanghai pledged Soviet assistance to China 's unification . The Sun - Joffe Manifesto was a declaration of cooperation among the Comintern , KMT and CPC . Comintern agent Mikhail Borodin arrived in China in 1923 to aid in the reorganization and consolidation of the KMT along the lines of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . The CPC joined the KMT to form the First United Front . In 1923 , Sun sent Chiang Kai - shek , one of his lieutenants from his Tongmenghui days , for several months of military and political study in the Soviet capital Moscow . By 1924 , Chiang became the head of the Whampoa Military Academy , and rose to prominence as Sun 's successor as head of the KMT . The Soviets provided the academy with much educational material , organization and equipment , including munitions . They also provided education in many of the techniques for mass mobilization . With this aid , Sun was able to raise a dedicated `` army of the party , '' with which he hoped to defeat the warlords militarily . CPC members were also present in the academy , and many of them became instructors , including Zhou Enlai , who was made a political instructor . Communist members were allowed to join the KMT on an individual basis . The CPC itself was still small at the time , having a membership of 300 in 1922 and only 1,500 by 1925 . As of 1923 , the KMT had 50,000 members . However , after Sun died in 1925 , the KMT split into left - and right - wing movements . KMT members worried that the Soviets were trying to destroy the KMT from inside using the CPC . The CPC then began movements in opposition of the Northern Expedition , passing a resolution against it at a party meeting . Then , in March 1927 , the KMT held its second party meeting where the Soviets helped pass resolutions against the Expedition and curbing Chiang 's power . Soon , the KMT would be clearly divided . Throughout this time the Soviet Union had a large impact on the Communist Party of China . They sent money and spies to support the Chinese Communist Party . Without their support the communist party would have failed . There are documents showing of other communist parties in China at the time , one with as many as 10,000 members , but they all failed without support from the Soviet Union . Northern Expedition and KMT - CPC split ( edit ) NRA soldiers marching In early 1927 , the KMT - CPC rivalry led to a split in the revolutionary ranks . The CPC and the left wing of the KMT had decided to move the seat of the KMT government from Guangzhou to Wuhan , where communist influence was strong . However , Chiang and Li Zongren , whose armies defeated warlord Sun Chuanfang , moved eastward toward Jiangxi . The leftists rejected Chiang 's demand to eliminate Communist influence within KMT and Chiang denounced them for betraying Sun Yat - sen 's Three Principles of the People by taking orders from the Soviet Union . According to Mao Zedong , Chiang 's tolerance of the CPC in the KMT camp decreased as his power increased . On April 7 , Chiang and several other KMT leaders held a meeting , during which they proposed that Communist activities were socially and economically disruptive and had to be undone for the Nationalist revolution to proceed . On April 12 , in Shanghai , many Communist members in the KMT were purged through hundreds of arrests and executions on the orders of General Bai Chongxi . The CPC referred to this as the April 12 Incident or Shanghai Massacre . This incident widened the rift between Chiang and Wang Jingwei , another warlord who controlled the city of Wuhan . Eventually , the left wing of the KMT also expelled CPC members from the Wuhan government , which in turn was toppled by Chiang Kai - shek . The KMT resumed its campaign against warlords and captured Beijing in June 1928 . Soon , most of eastern China was under the control of the Nanjing central government , which received prompt international recognition as the sole legitimate government of China . The KMT government announced , in conformity with Sun Yat - sen , the formula for the three stages of revolution : military unification , political tutelage , and constitutional democracy . Communist Insurgency ( 1927 -- 1937 ) ( edit ) Communist insurgency ( 1927 -- 1937 ) Second National Revolutionary War ( Mainland China ) Traditional Chinese 第二次國內革命戰爭 Simplified Chinese 第二次国内革命战争 ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Dìèrcì Guónèi Gémìng Zhànzhēng NRA troops firing artillery at Communist forces Main article : Encirclement Campaigns On 1 August 1927 , the Communist Party launched an uprising in Nanchang against the Nationalist government in Wuhan . This conflict led to the creation of the Red Army . On August 4 , the main forces of the Red Army left Nanchang and headed southwards for an assault on Guangdong . Nationalist forces quickly reoccupied Nanchang while the remaining members of the CPC in Nanchang went into hiding . A CPC meeting on August 7 confirmed the objective of the party is to seize the political power by force , but the CPC was quickly suppressed the next day on August 8 by the Nationalist government in Wuhan led by Wang Jingwei . On August 14 , Chiang Kai - shek announced his temporary retirement , as the Wuhan faction and Nanjing faction of the Kuomintang were allied once again with common goal of suppressing the Communist Party after the earlier split . Attempts were later made by the CPC to take the cities of Changsha , Shantou and Guangzhou . The Red Army consisting of mutinous former National Revolutionary Army ( NRA ) soldiers as well as armed peasants established control over several areas in southern China . KMT forces continued to attempt to suppress the rebellions . Then , in September , Wang Jingwei was forced out of Wuhan . September also saw an unsuccessful armed rural insurrection , known as the Autumn Harvest Uprising , led by Mao Zedong . Borodin then returned to the USSR in October via Mongolia . In November , Chiang Kai - shek went to Shanghai and invited Wang to join him . On December 11 , the CPC started the Guangzhou Uprising , establishing a soviet there the next day , but lost the city by December 13 to a counter-attack under the orders of General Zhang Fakui . On December 16 , Wang Jingwei fled to France . There were now three capitals in China : the internationally recognized republic capital in Beijing , the CPC and left - wing KMT at Wuhan and the right - wing KMT regime at Nanjing , which would remain the KMT capital for the next decade . This marked the beginning of a ten - year armed struggle , known in mainland China as the `` Ten - Year Civil War '' ( 十年内战 ) which ended with the Xi'an Incident when Chiang Kai - shek was forced to form the Second United Front against invading forces from Japan . In 1930 the Central Plains War broke out as an internal conflict of the KMT . It was launched by Feng Yuxiang , Yan Xishan and Wang Jingwei . The attention was turned to root out remaining pockets of Communist activity in a series of five encirclement campaigns . The first and second campaigns failed and the third was aborted due to the Mukden Incident . The fourth campaign ( 1932 -- 1933 ) achieved some early successes , but Chiang 's armies were badly mauled when they tried to penetrate into the heart of Mao 's Soviet Chinese Republic . During these campaigns , KMT columns struck swiftly into Communist areas , but were easily engulfed by the vast countryside and were not able to consolidate their foothold . Finally , in late 1934 , Chiang launched a fifth campaign that involved the systematic encirclement of the Jiangxi Soviet region with fortified blockhouses . Unlike previous campaigns in which they penetrated deeply in a single strike , this time the KMT troops patiently built blockhouses , each separated by about five miles , to surround the Communist areas and cut off their supplies and food sources . In October 1934 the CPC took advantage of gaps in the ring of blockhouses ( manned by the forces of a warlord ally of Chiang Kai - shek 's , rather than regular KMT troops ) and broke out of the encirclement . The warlord armies were reluctant to challenge Communist forces for fear of losing their own men and did not pursue the CPC with much fervor . In addition , the main KMT forces were preoccupied with annihilating Zhang Guotao 's army , which was much larger than Mao 's . The massive military retreat of Communist forces lasted a year and covered what Mao estimated as 12,500 km ( 25,000 Li ) ; it became known as the Long March . The Long March was a military retreat taken on by the Communist Party of China , led by Mao Zedong to evade the pursuit or attack of the Kuomintang army . It consisted of a series of marches , during which numerous Communist armies in the south escaped to the north and west . Over the course of the march from Jiangxi the First Front Army , led by an inexperienced military commission , was on the brink of annihilation by Chiang Kai Shek 's troops as their stronghold was in Jiangxi . The Communists , under the command of Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai , `` escaped in a circling retreat to the west and north , which reportedly traversed over 9,000 kilometers over 370 days '' . The route passed through some of the most difficult terrain of western China by traveling west , and then northwards towards Shaanxi . `` In November 1935 , shortly after settling in northern Shaanxi , Mao officially took over Zhou Enlai 's leading position in the Red Army . Following a major reshuffling of official roles , Mao became the chairman of the Military Commission , with Zhou and Deng Xiaoping as vice-chairmen . '' This marked Mao 's position as the pre-eminent leader of the Party , with Zhou in second position to him . The march ended when the CPC reached the interior of Shaanxi . Zhang Guotao 's army , which took a different route through northwest China , was largely destroyed by the forces of Chiang Kai - shek and his Chinese Muslim allies , the Ma clique . Along the way , the Communist army confiscated property and weapons from local warlords and landlords , while recruiting peasants and the poor , solidifying its appeal to the masses . Of the 90,000 -- 100,000 people who began the Long March from the Soviet Chinese Republic , only around 7,000 -- 8,000 made it to Shaanxi . The remnants of Zhang 's forces eventually joined Mao in Shaanxi , but with his army destroyed , Zhang , even as a founding member of the CPC , was never able to challenge Mao 's authority . Essentially , the great retreat made Mao the undisputed leader of the Communist Party of China . The Kuomintang used Khampa troops -- who were former bandits -- to battle the Communist Red Army as it advanced and to undermine local warlords who often refused to fight Communist forces to conserve their own strength . The KMT enlisted 300 `` Khampa bandits '' into its Consolatory Commission military in Sichuan , where they were part of the effort of the central government to penetrate and destabilize local Han warlords such as Liu Wenhui . The government was seeking to exert full control over frontier areas against the warlords . Liu had refused to battle the Communists in order to conserve his army . The Consolatory Commission forces were used to battle the Red Army , but they were defeated when their religious leader was captured by the Communists . In 1936 , Zhou Enlai and Zhang Xueliang grew closer , with Zhang even suggesting that he join the CPC . However , this was turned down by the Comintern in the USSR . Later on , Zhou persuaded Zhang and Yang Hucheng , another warlord , to instigate the Xi'an Incident . Chiang was placed under house arrest and forced to stop his attacks on the Red Army , instead focusing on the Japanese threat . The situation in China in 1929 : After the Northern Expedition , the KMT had direct control over east and central China , while the rest of China proper as well as Manchuria was under the control of warlords loyal to the Nationalist government . Map showing the communist - controlled Soviet Zones of China during and after the encirclement campaigns . Route ( s ) taken by Communist forces during the Long March . A Communist leader addressing survivors of the Long March . Second Sino - Japanese war ( 1937 -- 1945 ) ( edit ) Main article : Second Sino - Japanese War Japanese occupation ( red ) of eastern China near the end of the war , and Communist bases ( striped ) During Japan 's invasion and occupation of Manchuria Chiang Kai - shek , who saw the CPC as a greater threat , refused to ally with them to fight against the Imperial Japanese Army . Chiang preferred to unite China by eliminating the warlords and CPC forces first . He believed that he was still too weak to launch an offensive to chase out Japan and that China needed time for a military build - up . Only after unification would it be possible for the KMT to mobilize a war against Japan . So he would rather ignore the discontent and anger among Chinese people at his policy of compromise with the Japanese , and ordered KMT generals Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng to carry out suppression of the CPC ; however , their provincial forces suffered significant casualties in battles with the Red Army. ref On 12 December 1936 , the disgruntled Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng conspired to kidnap Chiang and force him into a truce with the CPC . The incident became known as the Xi'an Incident . Both parties suspended fighting to form a Second United Front to focus their energies and fighting against the Japanese . In 1937 Japan launched its full - scale invasion of China and its well - equipped troops overran KMT defenders in northern and coastal China . The alliance of CPC and KMT was in name only . Unlike the KMT troops , CPC shunned conventional warfare and instead engaged in guerrilla warfare against the Japanese . The level of actual cooperation and coordination between the CPC and KMT during World War II was at best minimal . In the midst of the Second United Front , the CPC and the KMT were still vying for territorial advantage in `` Free China '' ( i.e. , areas not occupied by the Japanese or ruled by Japanese puppet governments such as Manchukuo and the Reorganized National Government of China ) . The situation came to a head in late 1940 and early 1941 when clashes between Communist and KMT forces intensified . In December 1940 Chiang demanded that the CPC 's New Fourth Army evacuate Anhui and Jiangsu Provinces due to its provocation and harassment of KMT forces in this area . Under intense pressure , the New Fourth Army commanders complied . In 1941 they were ambushed by KMT forces during their evacuation , which led to several thousand deaths . It also ended the Second United Front , which had been formed earlier to fight the Japanese . Despite the intensified clashes between the CPC and KMT , countries such as the US and the Soviet Union attempted to prevent a disastrous civil war . After the New Fourth Army incident , US President Franklin D. Roosevelt sent special envoy Lauchlin Currie to talk with Chiang Kai - shek and KMT party leaders to express their concern regarding the hostility between the two parties , with Currie stating that the only ones to benefit from a civil war would be the Japanese . In 1941 the Soviet Union , with its closer alliance to the CPC , also sent an imperative telegram to Mao warning that the civil war would also make the situation easier for the Japanese military . Due to the international community 's efforts , there was a temporary and superficial peace . In 1943 Chiang attacked the CPC with the propaganda piece China 's Destiny , which questioned the CPC 's power after the war , while the CPC strongly opposed Chiang 's leadership and referred to his regime as fascist in an attempt to generate a negative public image . Both leaders knew that a deadly battle had begun between themselves . In general , developments in the Second Sino - Japanese War were to the advantage of the CPC , as its guerrilla war tactics had won them popular support within the Japanese - occupied areas , while the KMT 's had to defend the country against the main Japanese campaigns to take over the country , since it was the legal Chinese government , and this proved costly to Chiang Kai - shek and his troops . In 1944 Japan launched its last major offensive , Operation Ichi - Go , against the KMT that resulted in the severe weakening of Chiang 's forces . Also , the CPC suffered fewer losses through their guerrilla tactics . By the end of the war , the Red Army had grown to more than 1.3 million members , with a separate militia of over 2.6 million members . About one hundred million people lived in CPC - controlled zones . Immediate postwar clashes ( 1945 -- 1946 ) ( edit ) Chiang Kai - shek and Mao Zedong in 1945 Under the terms of the Japanese unconditional surrender dictated by the United States , Japanese troops were ordered to surrender to KMT troops and not to the CPC , which was present in some of the occupied areas . In Manchuria , however , where the KMT had no forces , the Japanese surrendered to the Soviet Union . Chiang Kai - shek ordered the Japanese troops to remain at their post to receive the Kuomintang and not surrender their arms to the Communists . The first post-war peace negotiation was attended by both Chiang Kai - shek and Mao Zedong in Chongqing from 28 August 1945 and concluded on 10 October 1945 with the signing of Double Tenth Agreement . Both sides stressed the importance of a peaceful reconstruction , but the conference did not produce any concrete results . Battles between the two sides continued even as peace negotiations were in progress , until the agreement was reached in January 1946 . However , large campaigns and full - scale confrontations between the CPC and Chiang 's troops were temporarily avoided . In the last month of World War II in East Asia , Soviet forces launched the huge Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation to attack the Japanese 2 million strong Kwantung Army in Manchuria and along the Chinese - Mongolian border . This operation destroyed the fighting capability of Japan 's Kwantung Army in just 3 weeks and left the USSR occupying all of Manchuria by the end of the war in a total power vacuum of local Chinese forces . Consequently , the 700,000 Japanese troops stationed in the region surrendered . Later in the year Chiang Kai - shek realized that he lacked the resources to prevent a CPC takeover of Manchuria following the scheduled Soviet departure . He therefore made a deal with the Russians to delay their withdrawal until he had moved enough of his best - trained men and modern material into the region ; however , the Russians refused permission for the Nationalist troops to traverse its territory . KMT troops were then airlifted by the US to occupy key cities in North China , while the countryside was already dominated by the CPC . On 15 November 1945 , an offensive began with the intent of preventing the CPC from strengthening its already strong base . The Soviets spent the extra time systematically dismantling the extensive Manchurian industrial base ( worth up to $2 billion ) and shipping it back to their war - ravaged country . Yang Kuisong , a Chinese historian , said that in 1945 -- 46 , during the Soviet Red Army Manchurian campaign , Soviet leader Joseph Stalin commanded Marshal Rodion Malinovsky to give Mao Zedong most Imperial Japanese Army weapons that were captured . Chiang Kai - shek 's forces pushed as far as Chinchow ( Jinzhou ) by 26 November 1945 , meeting with little resistance . This was followed by a Communist offensive on the Shantung ( Shandong ) Peninsula that was largely successful , as all of the peninsula , except what was controlled by the US , fell to the Communists . The truce fell apart in June 1946 when full - scale war between CPC and KMT forces broke out on June 26 . China then entered a state of civil war that lasted more than three years . Resumed fighting ( 1946 -- 1949 ) ( edit ) Resumed fighting ( 1946 -- 1949 ) Third National Revolutionary War ( Mainland China ) Traditional Chinese 第三次國內革命戰爭 Simplified Chinese 第三次国内革命战争 ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Dìsāncì Guónèi Gémìng Zhànzhēng War of Liberation ( mainland China ) Traditional Chinese 解放戰爭 Simplified Chinese 解放战争 ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Jiěfàng Zhànzhēng Wu Romanization chia - fhon - tsan - zen Yue : Cantonese Jyutping gaai fong zin zang Southern Min Hokkien POJ kái - hòng chiàn - cheng Anti-Communist Counter-insurgency War ( Taiwan ) Traditional Chinese 反共戡亂戰爭 Simplified Chinese 反共戡乱战争 ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Fǎngòng Kānluàn Zhànzhēng Chinese People 's Liberation War ( mainland China ) Traditional Chinese 中國人民解放戰爭 Simplified Chinese 中国人民解放战争 ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Zhōngguó Rénmín Jiěfàng Zhànzhēng Shangdang Campaign ( 1945 ) Map showing Three Campaigns during Chinese civil war Main article : Chinese Communist Revolution Background and disposition of forces ( edit ) By the end of the Second Sino - Japanese War , the power of the Communist Party grew considerably . Their main force grew to 1.2 million troops , backed with additional militia of 2 million , totalling 3.2 million troops . Mao was very pleased with the force and decided to go on full rampage against the Kuomintang which he viewed as ' western lapdogs ' that will sell out the country when requested by the Americans . Their `` Liberated Zone '' in 1945 contained 19 base areas , including one - quarter of the country 's territory and one - third of its population ; this included many important towns and cities . Moreover , the Soviet Union turned over all of its captured Japanese weapons and a substantial amount of their own supplies to the Communists , who received Northeastern China from the Soviets as well . In March 1946 , despite repeated requests from Chiang , the Soviet Red Army under the command of Marshal Malinovsky continued to delay pulling out of Manchuria while Malinovsky secretly told the CPC forces to move in behind them , which led to full - scale war for the control of the Northeast . These favorable conditions also facilitated many changes inside the Communist leadership : the more radical hard - line faction who wanted full military bloodshed and warfare to take - over China finally gained the upper hand and defeated the careful opportunists . Prior to giving control to Communist leaders , on March 27 Soviet diplomats requested a joint venture of industrial development with the Nationalist Party in Manchuria . Although General Marshall stated that he knew of no evidence that the CPC was being supplied by the Soviet Union , the CPC was able to utilize a large number of weapons abandoned by the Japanese , including some tanks , but it was not until large numbers of well - trained KMT troops began surrendering and joining the Communist forces that the CPC was finally able to master the hardware . However , despite the disadvantage in military hardware , the CPC 's ultimate trump card was its land reform policy . The CPC continued to make the irresistible promise in the countryside to the massive number of landless and from hunger starving peasants that by fighting for the CPC they would be given their own land to grow crops once the victory was won . Nationalist warplanes being prepared for an air raid on Communist bases This strategy enabled the CPC to access an almost unlimited supply of manpower for both combat and logistical purposes , despite suffering heavy casualties throughout many of the war 's campaigns , man power continued to pour in massively . For example , during the Huaihai Campaign alone the CPC was able to mobilize 5,430,000 peasants to fight against the KMT forces . After the war with the Japanese ended , Chiang Kai - shek quickly moved KMT troops to newly liberated areas to prevent Communist forces from receiving the Japanese surrender . The US airlifted many KMT troops from central China to the Northeast ( Manchuria ) . President Harry Truman was very clear about what he described as `` using the Japanese to hold off the Communists '' . In his memoirs he writes : It was perfectly clear to us that if we told the Japanese to lay down their arms immediately and march to the seaboard , the entire country would be taken over by the Communists . We therefore had to take the unusual step of using the enemy as a garrison until we could airlift Chinese National troops to South China and send Marines to guard the seaports . -- President Truman Using the pretext of `` receiving the Japanese surrender '' , business interests within the KMT government occupied most of the banks , factories and commercial properties , which had previously been seized by the Imperial Japanese Army . They also conscripted troops at a brutal pace from the civilian population and hoarded supplies , preparing for a resumption of war with the Communists . These hasty and harsh preparations caused great hardship for the residents of cities such as Shanghai , where the unemployment rate rose dramatically to 37.5 % . The US strongly supported the Kuomintang forces . About 50,000 US soldiers were sent to guard strategic sites in Hupeh and Shandong . The US equipped and trained KMT troops , and transported Japanese and Koreans back to help KMT forces to occupy liberated zones as well as to contain Communist - controlled areas . American aid included substantial amounts of mostly surplus military supplies ; loans were made to the KMT . Within less than two years after the Sino - Japanese War , the KMT had received $4.43 billion from the US -- most of which was military aid . Outbreak of war ( edit ) Situation in 1947 Situation in the fall of 1948 Situation in the winter of 1948 and 1949 Situation in April to October 1949 As postwar negotiations between the Nationalist government in Nanjing and the Communist Party failed , the civil war between these two parties resumed . This stage of war is referred to in mainland China and Communist historiography as the `` War of Liberation '' ( Chinese : 解放战争 ; pinyin : Jiěfàng Zhànzhēng ) . On 20 July 1946 , Chiang Kai - shek launched a large - scale assault on Communist territory in North China with 113 brigades ( a total of 1.6 million troops ) . This marked the first stage of the final phase in the Chinese Civil War . Knowing their disadvantages in manpower and equipment , the CPC executed a `` passive defense '' strategy . It avoided the strong points of the KMT army and was prepared to abandon territory in order to preserve its forces . In most cases the surrounding countryside and small towns had come under Communist influence long before the cities . The CPC also attempted to wear out the KMT forces as much as possible . This tactic seemed to be successful ; after a year , the power balance became more favorable to the CPC . They wiped out 1.12 million KMT troops , while their strength grew to about two million men . The PLA enters Beijing in the Pingjin Campaign In March 1947 the KMT achieved a symbolic victory by seizing the CPC capital of Yan'an . The Communists counterattacked soon afterwards ; on 30 June 1947 CPC troops crossed the Yellow River and moved to the Dabie Mountains area , restored and developed the Central Plain . At the same time , Communist forces also began to counterattack in Northeastern China , North China and East China . By late 1948 , the CPC eventually captured the northern cities of Shenyang and Changchun and seized control of the Northeast after suffering numerous setbacks while trying to take the cities , with the decisive Liaoshen Campaign . The New 1st Army , regarded as the best KMT army , was forced to surrender after the CPC conducted a brutal six - month siege of Changchun that resulted in more than 150,000 civilian deaths from starvation . The capture of large KMT units provided the CPC with the tanks , heavy artillery and other combined - arms assets needed to execute offensive operations south of the Great Wall . By April 1948 the city of Luoyang fell , cutting the KMT army off from Xi'an . Following a fierce battle , the CPC captured Jinan and Shandong province on 24 September 1948 . The Huaihai Campaign of late 1948 and early 1949 secured east - central China for the CPC . The outcome of these encounters were decisive for the military outcome of the civil war . The Pingjin Campaign resulted in the Communist conquest of northern China . It lasted 64 days , from 21 November 1948 , to 31 January 1949 . The PLA suffered heavy casualties while securing Zhangjiakou , Tianjin along with its port and garrison at Dagu and Beiping . The CPC brought 890,000 troops from the northeast to oppose some 600,000 KMT troops . There were 40,000 CPC casualties at Zhangjiakou alone . They in turn killed , wounded or captured some 520,000 KMT during the campaign . After achieving decisive victory at Liaoshen , Huaihai and Pingjin campaigns , the CPC wiped out 144 regular and 29 non-regular KMT divisions , including 1.54 million veteran KMT troops , which significantly reduced the strength of Nationalist forces . Stalin initially favored a coalition government in postwar China , and tried to persuade Mao to stop the CPC from crossing the Yangtze and attacking the KMT positions south of the river . Mao rejected Stalin 's position and on 21 April , Communist began the Yangtze River Crossing Campaign . On 23 April they captured the KMT 's capital , Nanjing . The KMT government retreated to Canton ( Guangzhou ) until October 15 , Chongqing until November 25 , and then Chengdu before retreating to Taiwan on December 10 . By late 1949 the People 's Liberation Army was pursuing remnants of KMT forces southwards in southern China , and only Tibet was left . In addition , the Ili Rebellion was a Soviet - backed revolt by the Second East Turkestan Republic against the KMT from 1944 -- 49 , as the Mongolians in the People 's Republic were in a border dispute with the Republic of China . A Chinese Muslim Hui cavalry regiment , the 14th Tungan Cavalry , was sent by the Chinese government to attack Mongol and Soviet positions along the border during the Pei - ta - shan Incident . The Kuomintang made several last - ditch attempts to use Khampa troops against the Communists in southwest China . The Kuomintang formulated a plan in which three Khampa divisions would be assisted by the Panchen Lama to oppose the Communists . Kuomintang intelligence reported that some Tibetan tusi chiefs and the Khampa Su Yonghe controlled 80,000 troops in Sichuan , Qinghai and Tibet . They hoped to use them against the Communist army . Mao Zedong proclaiming the establishment of the People 's Republic in 1949 . Fighting subsides ( edit ) The Nationalists ' retreat to Taipei : after the Nationalists lost Nanjing ( Nanking ) they next moved to Guangzhou ( Canton ) , then to Chongqing ( Chungking ) , Chengdu ( Chengtu ) and finally , Xichang ( Sichang ) before arriving in Taipei . On 1 October 1949 , Mao Zedong proclaimed the founding of the People 's Republic of China with its capital at Beiping , which was returned to the former name Beijing . Chiang Kai - shek and approximately two million Nationalist soldiers retreated from mainland China to the island of Taiwan in December after the PLA advanced into the Sichuan province . Isolated Nationalist pockets of resistance remained in the area , but the majority of the resistance collapsed after the fall of Chengdu on 10 December 1949 , with some resistance continuing in the far south . A PRC attempt to take the ROC - controlled island of Quemoy was thwarted in the Battle of Kuningtou , halting the PLA advance towards Taiwan . In December 1949 , Chiang proclaimed Taipei the temporary capital of the Republic of China and continued to assert his government as the sole legitimate authority in China . Communist conquest of Hainan Island in 1950 The Communists ' other amphibious operations of 1950 were more successful : they led to the Communist conquest of Hainan Island in April 1950 , capture of Wanshan Islands off the Guangdong coast ( May -- August 1950 ) , Zhoushan Island off Zhejiang ( May 1950 ) . Aftermath ( edit ) Monument in memory of the crossing of the Yangtze in Nanjing Main article : Cross-Strait relations See also : Political status of Taiwan Most observers expected Chiang 's government to eventually fall to the imminent invasion of Taiwan by the People 's Liberation Army , and the US was initially reluctant in offering full support for Chiang in their final stand . US President Harry S. Truman announced on 5 January 1950 that the United States would not engage in any dispute involving the Taiwan Strait , and that he would not intervene in the event of an attack by the PRC . The situation quickly changed after the onset of the Korean War in June 1950 . This led to changing political climate in the US , and President Truman ordered the United States Seventh Fleet to sail to the Taiwan Strait as part of the containment policy against potential Communist advance . In June 1949 the ROC declared a `` closure '' of all mainland China ports and its navy attempted to intercept all foreign ships . The closure was from a point north of the mouth of Min River in Fujian to the mouth of the Liao River in Liaoning . Since mainland China 's railroad network was underdeveloped , north - south trade depended heavily on sea lanes . ROC naval activity also caused severe hardship for mainland China fishermen . `` Forget not that you are in Jǔ '' -- a rock in Quemoy Island with Chiang Kai - shek 's calligraphy signifying the retaking of one 's homeland After losing mainland China , a group of approximately 3,000 KMT Central soldiers retreated to Burma and continued launching guerrilla attacks into south China during the Kuomintang Islamic Insurgency in China ( 1950 -- 1958 ) and Campaign at the China -- Burma Border . Their leader , Gen. Li Mi , was paid a salary by the ROC government and given the nominal title of Governor of Yunnan . Initially , the US supported these remnants and the Central Intelligence Agency provided them with military aid . After the Burmese government appealed to the United Nations in 1953 , the US began pressuring the ROC to withdraw its loyalists . By the end of 1954 nearly 6,000 soldiers had left Burma and General Li declared his army disbanded . However , thousands remained , and the ROC continued to supply and command them , even secretly supplying reinforcements at times to maintain a base close to China . After the ROC complained to the United Nations against the Soviet Union for violating the Sino - Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance to support the CPC , the UN General Assembly Resolution 505 was adopted on 1 February 1952 , condemning the Soviet Union . Though viewed as a military liability by the US , the ROC viewed its remaining islands in Fujian as vital for any future campaign to defeat the PRC and retake mainland China . On 3 September 1954 , the First Taiwan Strait Crisis began when the PLA started shelling Quemoy and threatened to take the Dachen Islands in Zhejiang . On 20 January 1955 , the PLA took nearby Yijiangshan Island , with the entire ROC garrison of 720 troops killed or wounded defending the island . On January 24 of the same year , the United States Congress passed the Formosa Resolution authorizing the President to defend the ROC 's offshore islands . The First Taiwan Straits crisis ended in March 1955 when the PLA ceased its bombardment . The crisis was brought to a close during the Bandung conference . The Second Taiwan Strait Crisis began on 23 August 1958 with air and naval engagements between PRC and ROC forces , leading to intense artillery bombardment of Quemoy ( by the PRC ) and Amoy ( by the ROC ) , and ended on November of the same year . PLA patrol boats blockaded the islands from ROC supply ships . Though the US rejected Chiang Kai - shek 's proposal to bomb mainland China artillery batteries , it quickly moved to supply fighter jets and anti-aircraft missiles to the ROC . It also provided amphibious assault ships to land supplies , as a sunken ROC naval vessel was blocking the harbor . On September 7 the US escorted a convoy of ROC supply ships and the PRC refrained from firing . The Third Taiwan Strait Crisis in 1995 -- 96 escalated tensions between both sides when the PRC tested a series of missiles not far from Taiwan , although , arguably , Beijing ran the test to shift the 1996 presidential election vote in favor of the KMT , already facing a challenge from the opposition Democratic Progressive Party which did not agree with the `` One China Policy '' shared by the CPC and KMT . Political fallout ( edit ) Main articles : China and the United Nations and United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 On 25 October 1971 , the United Nations General Assembly admitted the PRC and expelled the ROC , which had been a founding member of the United Nations and was one of the five permanent members of the Security Council . Representatives of Chiang Kai - shek refused to recognise their accreditations as representatives of China and left the assembly . Recognition for the People 's Republic of China soon followed from most other member nations , including the United States . By 1984 PRC and ROC began to de-escalate their diplomatic relations with each other , and cross-straits trade and investment has been growing ever since . The state of war was officially declared over by the ROC in 1991 . Despite the end of the hostilities , the two sides have never signed any agreement or treaty to officially end the war . According to Mao Zedong , there were three ways of `` staving off imperialist intervention in the short term '' during the continuation of the Chinese Revolution . The first was through a rapid completion of the military takeover of the country , and through showing determination and strength against `` foreign attempts at challenging the new regime along its borders '' . The second was by `` formalising a comprehensive military alliance with the Soviet Union '' , which would dedicate Soviet power to directly defending China against its enemies ; this aspect became extensively significant given the backdrop of the start of the Cold War . And finally the regime had to `` root out its domestic opponents : the heads of secret societies , religious sects , independent unions , or tribal and ethic organisations . '' By destroying the basis of domestic reaction , Mao believed a safer world for the Chinese revolution to spread in would come into existence . Under the new ROC president Lee Teng - hui , the Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of Communist Rebellion was renounced in May 1991 , thus ending the chances of the Kuomintang 's conquest to retake the mainland . With the election in 2000 of Democratic Progressive Party candidate Chen Shui - bian , a party other than the KMT gained the presidency for the first time in Taiwan . The new president did not share the Chinese nationalist ideology of the KMT and CPC . This led to tension between the two sides , although trade and other ties such as the 2005 Pan-Blue visit continued to increase . Since the election of President Ma Ying - jeou ( KMT ) in 2008 , significant warming of relations has resumed between Taipei and Beijing , with high - level exchanges between the semi-official diplomatic organizations of both states such as the Chen - Chiang summit series . Although the Taiwan straits remain a potential flash point , regular direct air links were established in 2009 . Reasons for the Communist victory ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Historian Odd Arne Westad says the Communists won the Civil War because they made fewer military mistakes than Chiang Kai - shek and also because in his search for a powerful centralized government , Chiang antagonized too many interest groups in China . Furthermore , his party was weakened in the war against the Japanese . Meanwhile , the Communists targeted different groups , such as peasants , and brought them to its corner . Chiang wrote in his diary in June 1948 that the KMT had failed not because of external enemies but because of rot from within . The USSR generally supported Chiang 's forces . Stalin distrusted Mao , tried to block him from leadership as late as 1942 , and worried that Mao would become an independent rival force in world communism . Strong American support for the Nationalists was hedged with the failure of the Marshall Mission , and then stopped completely mainly because of KMT corruption ( such as the notorious Yangtze Development Corporation controlled by H.H. Kung and T.V. Soong 's family ) and KMT 's military setback in Northeast China . Communist land reform policy promised poor peasants farmland from their landlords , ensuring popular support for the PLA . The main advantage of the Chinese Communist Party was the `` extraordinary cohesion '' within the top level of its leadership . These skills were not only secured from defections that came about during difficult times but also coupled with `` communications and top level debates over tactics '' . A big addition to this was the charismatic style of leadership of Mao Zedong which created a `` unity of purpose '' and a `` unity of command '' which the KMT lacked majorly . Apart from that the CPC had mastered the manipulation of local politics to their benefit , this was also derived from their propaganda skills that had also been decentralised successfully . By `` portraying their opponents as enemies of all groups of Chinese '' and itself as `` defenders of the nation '' and people ( given the backdrop of the war with Japan ) . In the Chinese Civil War after 1945 , the economy in the ROC areas collapsed because of hyperinflation and the failure of price controls by the ROC government and financial reforms ; the Gold Yuan devaluated sharply in late 1948 and resulted in the ROC government losing the support of the cities ' middle classes . In the meantime , the Communists continued their relentless land reform ( land redistribution ) programs to win the support of the population in the countryside . Atrocities ( edit ) During the war both the Nationalists and Communists carried out mass atrocities , with millions of non-combatants deliberately killed by both sides . Benjamin Valentino has estimated atrocities in the Chinese Civil War resulted in the death of between 1.8 million and 3.5 million people between 1927 and 1949 . Atrocities include deaths from forced conscription and massacres . See also ( edit ) War portal China portal Taiwan portal List of wars involving the People 's Republic of China Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The conflict did not have an official end date . However , historians generally agree that the war subsided after the People 's Republic of China took the Mosquito Tail Islet , the last island held by the Republic of China in the Wanshan Archipelago . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : China at War : An Encyclopedia . 2012 . p. 295 . Jump up ^ `` China '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. 15 November 2012 . 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The Chinese Army Today : Tradition and Transformation for the 21st Century . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 77003 - 3 . Jump up ^ Esherick , Joseph . ( 2000 ) . Remaking the Chinese City : Modernity and National Identity , 1900 -- 1950 . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 2518 - 7 . Jump up ^ Clark , Anne , Klein , Donald . eds. ( 1971 ) . Biographic Dictionary of Chinese Communism ( Harvard University Press ) , p 134 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Michael Lynch . Clausen , Søren. ( 2003 ) ( 2003 ) . Mao . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 21577 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Manwaring , Max G. Joes , Anthony James . ( 2000 ) ( 2000 ) . Beyond Declaring Victory and Coming Home : The Challenges of Peace and Stability operations . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 275 - 96768 - 9 . pg 58 ^ Jump up to : Zhang , Chunhou . Vaughan , C. Edwin . ( 2002 ) ( 2002 ) . Mao Zedong as Poet and Revolutionary Leader : Social and Historical Perspectives . Lexington books . ISBN 0 - 7391 - 0406 - 3 . p 65 , p 58 Jump up ^ Bianco , Lucien . Bell , Muriel. ( 1971 ) ( 1971 ) . Origins of the Chinese Revolution , 1915 -- 1949 . Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 0827 - 4 . pg 68 Jump up ^ Hsiao - ting Lin ( 2010 ) . Modern China 's Ethnic Frontiers : A Kourney to the West . Volume 67 of Routledge studies in the modern history of Asia ( illustrated ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . p. 52 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 58264 - 4 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 27 . A force of about 300 soldiers was organized and augmented by recruiting local Khampa bandits into the army . The relationship between the Consolatory Commission and Liu Wenhui seriously deteriorated in early 1936 , when the Norla Hutuktu ^ Jump up to : Ye , Zhaoyan Ye , Berry , Michael . ( 2003 ) ( 2003 ) . Nanjing 1937 : A Love Story . Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 12754 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Buss , Claude Albert . ( 1972 ) ( 1972 ) . Stanford Alumni Association . The People 's Republic of China and Richard Nixon . United States . ^ Jump up to : Schoppa , R. Keith . ( 2000 ) ( 2000 ) . The Columbia Guide to Modern Chinese History . Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 11276 - 9 . Jump up ^ Chen , Jian. ( 2001 ) ( 2001 ) . Mao 's China and the Cold War . The University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 807 - 84932 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lary , Diana . ( 2007 ) ( 2007 ) . China 's Republic . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 84256 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Zarrow , Peter Gue. ( 2005 ) ( 2005 ) . China in War and Revolution , 1895 -- 1949 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 36447 - 7 . pg 338 . ^ Jump up to : Xu , Guangqiu. ( 2001 ) ( 2001 ) . War Wings : The United States and Chinese Military Aviation , 1929 -- 1949 . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32004 - 7 . pg 201 . Jump up ^ Bright , Richard Carl . ( 2007 ) ( 2007 ) . Pain and Purpose in the Pacific : True Reports of War . Trafford Publishing . ISBN 1 - 4251 - 2544 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Lilley , James . China hands : nine decades of adventure , espionage , and diplomacy in Asia , PublicAffairs , New York , 2004 ^ Jump up to : Jessup , John E. ( 1989 ) . A Chronology of Conflict and Resolution , 1945 -- 1985 . New York : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 24308 - 5 . Jump up ^ D 杨奎松《读史求实》 : 苏联给了林彪东北野战军多少现代武器 Archived September 26 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hu , Jubin. ( 2003 ) ( 2003 ) . Projecting a Nation : Chinese National Cinema Before 1949 . Hong Kong University Press . ISBN 962 - 209 - 610 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Nguyễn Anh Thái ( chief author ) ; Nguyễn Quốc Hùng ; Vũ Ngọc Oanh ; Trần Thị Vinh ; Đặng Thanh Toán ; Đỗ Thanh Bình ( 2002 ) . Lịch sử thế giới hiện đại ( in Vietnamese ) . Ho Chi Minh City : Giáo Dục Publisher . pp. 320 -- 322 . 8934980082317 . Jump up ^ Michael M Sheng , Battling Western Imperialism , Princeton University Press , 1997 , p. 132 -- 135 Jump up ^ Liu , Shiao Tang ( 1978 ) . Min Kuo Ta Shih Jih Chih. 2 . Taipei : Zhuan Chi Wen Shuan . p. 735 . Jump up ^ New York Times , 12 January 1947 , p44 . Jump up ^ Zeng Kelin , Zeng Kelin jianjun zishu ( General Zeng Kelin Tells his story ) , Liaoning renmin chubanshe , Shenyang , 1997 . p. 112 - 3 Jump up ^ Ray Huang , cong dalishi jiaodu du Jiang Jieshi riji ( Reading Chiang Kai - shek 's diary from a macro-history perspective ) , China Times Publishing Press , Taipei , 1994 , p. 441 - 3 Jump up ^ Lung Ying - tai , dajiang dahai 1949 , Commonwealth Publishing Press , Taipei , 2009 , p. 184 Jump up ^ Harry S. Truman , Memoirs , Vol . Two : Years of Trial and Hope , 1946 -- 1953 ( Great Britain 1956 ) , p. 66 Jump up ^ p23 , U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II , William Blum , Zed Books 2004 London . Jump up ^ Lilley , James R. China Hands : Nine Decades of Adventure , Espionage , and Diplomacy in Asia . ISBN 1 - 58648 - 136 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Westad , Odd Arne. ( 2003 ) ( 2003 ) . Decisive Encounters : The Chinese Civil War , 1946 -- 1950 . Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 4484 - X . p 192 - 193 . Jump up ^ Pomfret , John . Red Army Starved 150,000 Chinese Civilians , Books Says . Associated Press ; The Seattle Times . 2009 - 10 - 02 . URL : http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19901122&slug=1105487 . Accessed : 2009 - 10 - 02 . ( Archived by WebCite at https://www.webcitation.org/5kEN5bTlE?url=http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date%3D19901122%26slug%3D1105487 ^ Jump up to : Elleman , Bruce A. Modern Chinese Warfare , 1795 -- 1989 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 21473 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Finkelstein , David Michael . Ryan , Mark A. McDevitt , Michael . ( 2003 ) ( 2003 ) . Chinese Warfighting : The PLA Experience Since 1949 . M.E. Sharpe . China . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 1088 - 4 . p. 63 . Jump up ^ Donggil Kim , `` Stalin and the Chinese Civil War . '' Cold War History 10.2 ( 2010 ) : 185 - 202 . Jump up ^ Andrew D.W. Forbes ( 1986 ) . Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia : a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911 -- 1949 . Cambridge , England : CUP Archive . p. 215 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 25514 - 7 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Andrew D.W. Forbes ( 1986 ) . Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia : a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911 -- 1949 . Cambridge , England : CUP Archive . p. 225 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 25514 - 7 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Hsiao - ting Lin ( 2010 ) . Modern China 's ethnic frontiers : a journey to the west . Volume 67 of Routledge studies in the modern history of Asia ( illustrated ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . p. 117 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 58264 - 4 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 27 . China 's far northwest. 23 A simultaneous proposal suggested that , with the support of the new Panchen Lama and his entourage , at least three army divisions of anti-Communist Khampa Tibetans could be mustered in southwest China . Jump up ^ Hsiao - ting Lin ( 2010 ) . Modern China 's ethnic frontiers : a journey to the west . Volume 67 of Routledge studies in the modern history of Asia ( illustrated ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . p. xxi . ISBN 0 - 415 - 58264 - 4 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 27 . ( tusi ) from the Sichuan - Qinghai border ; and Su Yonghe , a Khampa native - chieftain from Nagchuka on the Qinghai - Tibetan border . According to Nationalist intelligence reports , these leaders altogether commanded about 80000 irregulars . Jump up ^ Cook , Chris Cook . Stevenson , John . ( 2005 ) ( 2005 ) . The Routledge Companion to World History Since 1914 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 34584 - 7 . p. 376 . Jump up ^ Qi , Bangyuan . Wang , Dewei . Wang , David Der - wei. ( 2003 ) ( 2003 ) . The Last of the Whampoa Breed : Stories of the Chinese Diaspora . Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 13002 - 3 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ MacFarquhar , Roderick . Fairbank , John K. Twitchett , Denis C. ( 1991 ) ( 1991 ) . The Cambridge History of China . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 24337 - 8 . p. 820 . Jump up ^ `` Harry S Truman , `` Statement on Formosa , '' January 5 , 1950 `` . University of Southern California . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Bush , Richard C. ( 2005 ) ( 2005 ) . Untying the Knot : Making Peace in the Taiwan Strait . Brookings Institution Press . ISBN 0 - 8157 - 1288 - X ^ Jump up to : Tsang , Steve Yui - Sang Tsang . The Cold War 's Odd Couple : The Unintended Partnership Between the Republic of China and the UK , 1950 -- 1958 . ( 2006 ) ( 2006 ) . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 1 - 85043 - 842 - 0 . p 155 , p 115 - 120 , p 139 - 145 Jump up ^ Alison Behnke ( 1 January 2007 ) . Taiwan in Pictures . Twenty - First Century Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8225 - 7148 - 3 . Jump up ^ Network , The Learning ( 2011 - 10 - 25 ) . `` Oct. 25 , 1971 People 's Republic of China In , Taiwan Out , at U.N. '' The Learning Network . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Taiwan flashpoint '' . BBC News . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Decisive Encounters By Westad , Odd Arne . Stanford University Press , 21 Mar . pp 292 - 297 2003 ( Google Books ) . Jump up ^ Odd Arne Westad , Restless Empire : China and the World Since 1750 ( 2012 ) p 291 . Jump up ^ Hoover Institution -- Hoover Digest -- Chiang Kai - shek and the Struggle for China Archived 2007 - 07 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Helen Rappaport ( 1999 ) . Joseph Stalin : A Biographical Companion . ABC - CLIO . p. 36 . Jump up ^ http://www.ea.sinica.edu.tw/eu_file/12010586724.pdf Jump up ^ T.V. SOONG - A REGISTER OF HIS PAPERS IN THE HOOVER INSTITUTION ARCHIVES media.hoover.org Jump up ^ http://big5.backchina.com/blog/323944/article-142137.html Jump up ^ Decisive Encounters By Westad , Odd Arne . Stanford University Press , 2003 ( Google Books ) . Jump up ^ http://www.mof.gov.tw/museum/ct.asp?xItem=3682&ctNode=34 Jump up ^ Rummel , Rudolph ( 1994 ) , Death by Government . Jump up ^ Valentino , Benjamin A. Final Solutions : Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century . Cornell University Press . December 8 , 2005 . p88 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chinese Civil War . Summary of Chinese Civil War 1946 - 1949 Chinese Civil War 1945 -- 1950 `` Armored Car Like Oil Tanker Used by Chinese '' Popular Mechanics , March 1930 article and photo of armoured train of Chinese Civil War Topographic maps of China Series L500 , U.S. Army Map Service , 1954 -- Operational Art in the Chinese PLA 's Huai Hai Campaign Postal Stamps of the Chinese Post-Civil War Era Chinese Civil War Principal belligerents and campaigns Nationalist Party / Republic of China ( National Revolutionary Army → Republic of China Armed Forces ) Communist Party / People 's Republic of China ( Red Army → 8th Route Army , N4A , etc . → People 's Liberation Army ) Pre-1945 Post-1945 Current issues 1924 First United Front 1927 Shanghai massacre Nanchang uprising Autumn Harvest Uprising Guangzhou Uprising 1929 Sino - Soviet conflict 1930 -- 1934 Encirclement Campaigns 1931 -- 1934 Chinese Soviet Republic 1933 -- 1934 Fujian People 's Government 1934 -- 1936 Long March 1936 Xi'an Incident 1937 -- 1946 Second United Front 1945 Chongqing Negotiations 1945 Double Tenth Agreement 1946 Jiaochangkou Incident 1945 -- 1949 Operation Beleaguer 1946 -- 1949 Revolution 1948 SS Kiangya Incident 1948 Liaoshen Campaign 1948 -- 1949 Huaihai Campaign 1948 -- 1949 Pingjin Campaign 1949 Taiping Steamer Incident 1949 Yangtze River Crossing Campaign 1950 -- 1958 Kuomintang Islamic insurgency 1950 Hainan Island Campaign 1950 Wanshan Archipelago Campaign 1950 Battle of Chamdo 1951 Incorporation of Tibet 1955 First Taiwan Strait Crisis 1958 Second Taiwan Strait Crisis ( Jinmen Crisis ) 1960 -- 1961 China -- Burma border Third Taiwan Strait Crisis 2005 -- present Pan-Blue visits Political status of Taiwan Tibetan Government - 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Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Uganda -- Tanzania War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - 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only indian reach two times in all england badminton championship			All England Open Badminton Championships	all england open badminton championships	The All England Open Badminton Championships is the world 's oldest badminton tournament , held annually in England . With the introduction of the BWF 's latest grading system , it was given Superseries status in 2007 , upgraded to Superseries Premier status in 2011 .	The world 's first open tournament was held in the English town of Guildford in 1898 , the success of which paved the way for the All England 's inaugural edition , which was held at London 's Horticultural Halls in 1899 . Although the inaugural edition consisted of just the doubles format , the singles were introduced from the second edition onward . It was eventually considered -- especially after the first Thomas Cup series in 1949 -- the unofficial world championship of the sport until 1977 , when the International Badminton Federation launched its official championships . There were two instances when it was halted -- from 1915 to 1919 ( due to World War I ) and from 1940 to 1946 ( due to World War II ) . Contents 1 Historical venues for the Championships 2 Past winners 2.1 Full list 3 Successful players 4 Performances by nation 5 References 6 External links Historical venues for the Championships ( edit ) The tournament has been held at eight venues , and is now played at Arena Birmingham , Birmingham . Years active Venue Location 1899 -- 1901 HQ of the London Scottish Rifles Buckingham Gate 1902 Crystal Palace Central Transept Sydenham Hill 1903 -- 1909 London Rifles Brigade 's City Headquarters Bunhill Row , Islington 1910 -- 1939 Lindley Hall , Vincent Square Westminster , London 1947 -- 1949 Harringay Arena , North London Stadium North London 1950 -- 1956 Empress Hall Earls Court 1957 -- 1993 Wembley Arena Wembley , London 1994 -- Arena Birmingham Birmingham Past winners ( edit ) Year Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles 1899 no competition D. Oakes Stewart Marsden Massey Meriel Lucas Mary Violet Graeme D. Oakes Daisey St. John 1900 Sydney H. Smith Ethel B. Thomson H.L. Mellersh F.S. Collier 1901 H.W. Davies Daisey St. John E. Moseley F.S. Collier Ellen Mary Stawell - Brown 1902 Ralph Watling Meriel Lucas Ethel B. Thomson Meriel Lucas L.U. Ransford E. Moseley 1903 Ethel B. Thomson Stewart Marsden Massey E.L. Huson Mabel Hardy Dorothea K. Douglas George Alan Thomas Ethel B. Thomson 1904 Henry Norman Marrett Albert Prebble Henry Norman Marrett Ethel B. Thomson Meriel Lucas Henry Norman Marrett Dorothea K. Douglass 1905 Meriel Lucas C.T.J. Barnes Stewart Marsden Massey Henry Norman Marrett Hazel Hogarth 1906 Norman Wood Ethel Thomson Larcombe Henry Norman Marrett George Alan Thomas George Alan Thomas Ethel B. Thomson 1907 Meriel Lucas Albert Prebble Norman Wood G.L. Murray Meriel Lucas George Alan Thomas G.L. Murray 1908 Henry Norman Marrett Henry Norman Marrett George Alan Thomas Norman Wood Meriel Lucas 1909 Frank Chesterton Frank Chesterton Albert Prebble Albert Prebble Dora Boothby 1910 Henry Norman Marrett George Alan Thomas Mary K. Bateman Meriel Lucas Guy Sautter Dorothy Cundall 1911 Guy Sautter Margaret Larminie Percy Douglas Fitton Edward Hawthorn Alice Gowenlock Dorothy Cundall George Alan Thomas Margaret Larminie 1912 Frank Chesterton Margaret Tragett Henry Norman Marrett George Alan Thomas Edward Hawthorn Hazel Hogarth 1913 Guy Sautter Lavinia Radeglia Frank Chesterton George Alan Thomas Hazel Hogarth Mary K. Bateman Guy Sautter M.E. Mayston 1914 Margaret Tragett Eveline Peterson George Alan Thomas Hazel Hogarth 1915 1919 no competition 1920 George Alan Thomas Kitty McKane Archibald Engelbach Raoul du Roveray Lavinia Radeglia Violet Elton George Alan Thomas Hazel Hogarth 1921 George Alan Thomas Frank Hodge Margaret Stocks Kitty McKane 1922 Guy Sautter Frank Devlin Margaret Tragett Hazel Hogarth 1923 Lavinia Radeglia Frank Devlin Gordon Mack Gordon Mack Margaret Tragett 1924 Gordon Mack Kitty McKane George Alan Thomas Frank Hodge Margaret Stocks Kitty McKane Frank Devlin Kitty McKane 1925 Frank Devlin Margaret Stocks Herbert Uber Arthur Kenneth Jones Margaret Tragett Hazel Hogarth 1926 Marjorie Barrett Frank Devlin Gordon Mack A.M. Head Violet Elton Frank Devlin Eveline Peterson 1927 Margaret Tragett Hazel Hogarth 1928 Margaret Tragett George Alan Thomas Frank Hodge Marjorie Barrett Violet Elton Albert Edward Harbot Margaret Tragett 1929 Marjorie Barrett Frank Devlin Gordon Mack Frank Devlin Marian Horsley 1930 Donald C. Hume Herbert Uber Betty Uber 1931 Frank Devlin Marian Horsley Betty Uber 1932 Ralph Nichols Leoni Kingsbury Donald C. Hume Raymond M. White Marjorie Barrett Leoni Kingsbury 1933 Raymond M. White Alice Woodroffe Marjorie Bell Thelma Kingsbury Donald C. Hume Betty Uber 1934 Ralph Nichols Leoni Kingsbury Marjorie Henderson Thelma Kingsbury 1935 Raymond M. White Betty Uber 1936 Ralph Nichols Thelma Kingsbury Leslie Nichols Ralph Nichols 1937 Betty Uber Diana Doveton Ian Maconachie Thelma Kingsbury 1938 Daphne Young Raymond M. White Betty Uber 1939 Tage Madsen Dorothy Walton Thomas Boyle James Rankin Ruth Dalsgaard Tonny Olsen Ralph Nichols Bessie M. Staples 1940 1946 no competition 1947 Conny Jepsen Marie Ussing Tage Madsen Poul Holm Tonny Ahm Kirsten Thorndahl Poul Holm Tonny Ahm 1948 Jørn Skaarup Kirsten Thorndahl Preben Dabelsteen Børge Frederiksen Jørn Skaarup Kirsten Thorndahl 1949 David G. Freeman Aase Schiøtt Jacobsen Ooi Teik Hock Teoh Seng Khoon Betty Uber Queenie Allen Clinton Stephens Patricia Stephens 1950 Wong Peng Soon Tonny Ahm Jørn Skaarup Preben Dabelsteen Tonny Ahm Kirsten Thorndahl Poul Holm Tonny Ahm 1951 Aase Schiøtt Jacobsen David Choong Eddy Choong 1952 Tonny Ahm Tonny Ahm Aase Schiøtt Jacobsen 1953 Eddy Choong Marie Ussing Iris Rogers June White David Choong June White 1954 Judy Devlin Ooi Teik Hock Ong Poh Lim Sue Devlin Judy Devlin John Best Iris Cooley 1955 Wong Peng Soon Margaret Varner Finn Kobberø Jørgen Hammergaard Hansen Iris Rogers June White Finn Kobberø Kirsten Thorndahl 1956 Eddy Choong Sue Devlin Judy Devlin Tony Jordan June Timperley 1957 Judy Devlin Joe Alston Johnny Heah Anni Hammergaard Hansen Kirsten Thorndahl Finn Kobberø Kirsten Thorndahl 1958 Erland Kops Erland Kops Poul - Erik Nielsen Margaret Varner Heather Ward Tony Jordan June Timperley 1959 Tan Joe Hok Heather Ward Lim Say Hup Teh Kew San Iris Rogers June Timperley Poul - Erik Nielsen Inge Birgit Hansen 1960 Erland Kops Judy Devlin Finn Kobberø Poul - Erik Nielsen Sue Devlin Judy Devlin Finn Kobberø Kirsten Granlund 1961 Judy Hashman Finn Kobberø Jørgen Hammergaard Hansen Judy Hashman Sue Devlin Peard 1962 Judy Hashman Tonny Holst - Christensen Finn Kobberø Ulla Rasmussen 1963 Judy Hashman Sue Devlin Peard 1964 Knud Aage Nielsen Karin Jørgensen Ulla Rasmussen Tony Jordan Jennifer Pritchard 1965 Erland Kops Ursula Smith Ng Boon Bee Tan Yee Khan Karin Jørgensen Ulla Strand Finn Kobberø Ulla Strand 1966 Tan Aik Huang Judy Hashman Judy Hashman Sue Devlin Peard 1967 Erland Kops Henning Borch Erland Kops Imre Rietveld Ulla Strand Svend Pri Ulla Strand 1968 Rudy Hartono Eva Twedberg Minarni Sudaryanto Retno Koestijah Tony Jordan Sue Pound 1969 Hiroe Yuki Margaret Boxall Sue Pound Whetnall Roger Mills Gillian Perrin 1970 Etsuko Takenaka Tom Bacher Poul Petersen Per Walsøe Pernille Mølgaard Hansen 1971 Eva Twedberg Ng Boon Bee Punch Gunalan Noriko Takagi Hiroe Yuki Svend Pri Ulla Strand 1972 Noriko Nakayama Christian Hadinata Ade Chandra Machiko Aizawa Etsuko Takenaka 1973 Margaret Beck Derek Talbot Gillian Gilks Hiroe Yuki Tjun Tjun Johan Wahjudi Margaret Beck Gillian Gilks David Eddy Susan Whetnall Svend Pri Machiko Aizawa Etsuko Takenaka Elliot Stuart Nora Gardner 1976 Rudy Hartono Gillian Gilks Bengt Fröman Thomas Kihlström Gillian Gilks Sue Pound Whetnall Derek Talbot Gillian Gilks 1977 Flemming Delfs Hiroe Yuki Tjun Tjun Johan Wahjudi Etsuko Toganoo Emiko Ueno 1978 Liem Swie King Gillian Gilks Atsuko Tokuda Mikiko Takada Mike Tredgett Nora Perry 1979 Lene Køppen Verawaty Imelda Wiguna Christian Hadinata Imelda Wiguna 1980 Prakash Padukone Gillian Gilks Nora Perry Mike Tredgett Nora Perry 1981 Liem Swie King Hwang Sun - ai Rudy Heryanto Hariamanto Kartono Nora Perry Jane Webster 1982 Morten Frost Zhang Ailing Razif Sidek Jalani Sidek Lin Ying Wu Dixi Martin Dew Gillian Gilks Luan Jin Thomas Kihlström Stefan Karlsson Xu Rong Wu Jianqiu Thomas Kihlström Nora Perry 1984 Morten Frost Li Lingwei Rudy Heryanto Hariamanto Kartono Lin Ying Wu Dixi Martin Dew Gillian Gilks 1985 Zhao Jianhua Han Aiping Kim Moon - soo Park Joo - bong Han Aiping Li Lingwei Billy Gilliland Nora Perry 1986 Morten Frost Kim Yun - ja Chung Myung - hee Hwang Hye - young Park Joo - bong Chung Myung - hee Kirsten Larsen Li Yongbo Tian Bingyi Lee Deuk - choon Chung Myung - hee 1988 Ib Frederiksen Gu Jiaming Chung So - young Kim Yun - ja Wang Pengren Shi Fangjing 1989 Yang Yang Li Lingwei Lee Sang - bok Park Joo - bong Chung Myung - hee Chung So - young Park Joo - bong Chung Myung - hee 1990 Zhao Jianhua Susi Susanti Kim Moon - soo Park Joo - bong Chung Myung - hee Hwang Hye - young 1991 Ardy Wiranata Li Yongbo Tian Bingyi 1992 Liu Jun Tang Jiuhong Rudy Gunawan Eddy Hartono Yao Fen Lin Yanfen Thomas Lund Pernille Dupont 1993 Hariyanto Arbi Susi Susanti Jon Holst - Christensen Thomas Lund Chung So - young Gil Young - ah Jon Holst - Christensen Grete Mogensen 1994 Rudy Gunawan Bambang Suprianto Nick Ponting Joanne Wright 1995 Poul - Erik Høyer Larsen Lim Xiaoqing Ricky Subagja Rexy Mainaky Gil Young - ah Jang Hye - ock Thomas Lund Marlene Thomsen Bang Soo - hyun Ge Fei Gu Jun Park Joo - bong Ra Kyung - min 1997 Dong Jiong Ye Zhaoying Ha Tae - kwon Kang Kyung - jin Liu Yong Ge Fei 1998 Sun Jun Lee Dong - soo Yoo Yong - sung Kim Dong - moon Ra Kyung - min 1999 Peter Gade Candra Wijaya Tony Gunawan Chung Jae - hee Ra Kyung - min Simon Archer Joanne Goode 2000 Xia Xuanze Gong Zhichao Ha Tae - kwon Kim Dong - moon Ge Fei Gu Jun Kim Dong - moon Ra Kyung - min 2001 Pullela Gopichand Tony Gunawan Halim Haryanto Gao Ling Huang Sui Zhang Jun Gao Ling 2002 Chen Hong Camilla Martin Ha Tae - kwon Kim Dong - moon Kim Dong - moon Ra Kyung - min 2003 Muhammad Hafiz Hashim Zhou Mi Candra Wijaya Sigit Budiarto Zhang Jun Gao Ling Lin Dan Gong Ruina Jens Eriksen Martin Lundgaard Hansen Kim Dong - moon Ra Kyung - min 2005 Chen Hong Xie Xingfang Cai Yun Fu Haifeng Nathan Robertson Gail Emms 2006 Lin Dan Jens Eriksen Martin Lundgaard Hansen Zhang Jun Gao Ling 2007 Koo Kien Keat Tan Boon Heong Wei Yili Zhang Yawen Zheng Bo Gao Ling 2008 Chen Jin Tine Baun Jung Jae - sung Lee Yong - dae Lee Hyo - jung Lee Kyung - won 2009 Lin Dan Wang Yihan Cai Yun Fu Haifeng Zhang Yawen Zhao Tingting He Hanbin Yu Yang Lee Chong Wei Tine Baun Lars Paaske Jonas Rasmussen Du Jing Yu Yang Zhang Nan Zhao Yunlei 2011 Wang Shixian Mathias Boe Carsten Mogensen Wang Xiaoli Yu Yang Xu Chen Ma Jin 2012 Lin Dan Li Xuerui Jung Jae - sung Lee Yong - dae Tian Qing Zhao Yunlei Tontowi Ahmad Liliyana Natsir 2013 Chen Long Tine Baun Liu Xiaolong Qiu Zihan Wang Xiaoli Yu Yang 2014 Lee Chong Wei Wang Shixian Mohammad Ahsan Hendra Setiawan 2015 Chen Long Carolina Marín Mathias Boe Carsten Mogensen Bao Yixin Tang Yuanting Zhang Nan Zhao Yunlei 2016 Lin Dan Nozomi Okuhara Vladimir Ivanov Ivan Sozonov Misaki Matsutomo Ayaka Takahashi Praveen Jordan Debby Susanto 2017 Lee Chong Wei Tai Tzu - ying Marcus Fernaldi Gideon Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo Chang Ye - na Lee So - hee Lu Kai Huang Yaqiong 2018 Shi Yuqi Kamilla Rytter Juhl Christinna Pedersen Yuta Watanabe Arisa Higashino Full list ( edit ) Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Successful players ( edit ) Below is the list of the most successful players in the All England Open Badminton Championships : Name MS WS MD WD XD Total George Alan Thomas 9 8 21 Frank Devlin 6 7 5 18 Judy Devlin 10 7 17 Meriel Lucas 6 10 17 Finn Kobberø 7 8 15 Betty Uber 8 13 Tonny Ahm 6 12 Ethel B. Thomson 5 11 Margaret Tragett 5 11 Erland Kops 7 11 Gillian Gilks 6 11 Kirsten Thorndahl 5 5 11 Gao Ling 6 5 11 Ulla Strand 7 10 Ralph C.F. Nichols 5 9 Park Joo - bong 5 9 Chung Myung - hee 5 9 Marjorie Barrett 5 9 Kitty McKane 8 Gordon ' Curly ' Mack 6 8 Rudy Hartono 8 8 Nora Perry 6 8 Eddy B. Choong 7 In the modern era players are less able to compete in multiple disciplines due to the differentiation of required skills and the physical demands of the game . Some men 's and women 's doubles players are able to compete successfully in mixed doubles . The last player to win in both singles and a doubles discipline was Li Lingwei of China who won women 's doubles in 1985 then in women 's singles in 1989 . Many female badminton players change their surname after marriage . Below are some of the former names or latest names as noted in the table above : ^ 1 -- Judy Devlin later known as Judy Hashman ^ 2 -- Tonny Ahm formerly known as Tonny Olsen ^ 3 -- Ethel B. Thomson formerly known as Larcombe ^ 4 -- Margaret Tragett formerly known as Larminie ^ 5 -- Gillian Gilks formerly known as Gillian Perrin and the latest was changed to Gillian Goodwin ^ 6 -- Ulla Strand formerly known as Ulla Rasmussen ^ 7 -- Kitty McKane later known as Godfree ^ 8 -- Nora Perry formerly known as Nora Gardner Performances by nation ( edit ) Updated after the 2018 edition . Nation MS WS MD WD XD Total England 24 39 28 46.5 52 189.5 Denmark 20 14 21 11 21 88 China 20 21 6 23 12 82 Indonesia 15 20 5 46 5 South Korea 10 12 10 35 6 Malaysia 14 11.5 0.5 26 7 Ireland 7 7.5 3.5 20 8 United States 12 0.5 18.5 9 Japan 7 7 15 10 Sweden 0.5 6.5 11 Switzerland 0.5 4.5 12 India Chinese Taipei 14 Canada Russia Spain 17 Netherlands 0.5 0.5 Scotland 0.5 0.5 Total 107 107 108 108 108 538 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gilmour , Rod ( 22 May 2010 ) . `` All England Badminton Championships handed ' premier ' status on world tour '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 24 April 2016 . Retrieved 26 April 2016 . Jump up ^ International Badminton ... the first 75 years . Badminton World Federation . p. 80 . Archived from the original on 24 April 2016 . Retrieved 26 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Badminton England . Retrieved 26 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The History of All England Championships '' . Archived from the original on 26 June 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Official website BWF Super Series BWF Super Series Finals Editions 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Tournaments Super Series Premier All England Open ( 2011 -- 17 ) China Open ( 2011 -- 17 ) Denmark Open ( 2011 -- 17 ) Indonesia Open ( 2011 -- 17 ) Korea Open ( 2011 -- 13 ) Malaysia Open ( 2014 -- 17 ) Super Series All England Open ( 2007 -- 10 ) Australian Open ( 2014 -- 17 ) China Masters ( 2007 -- 13 ) China Open ( 2007 -- 10 ) Denmark Open ( 2007 -- 10 ) French Open ( 2007 -- 17 ) Hong Kong Open ( 2007 -- 17 ) India Open ( 2011 -- 17 ) Indonesia Open ( 2007 -- 10 ) Japan Open ( 2007 -- 17 ) Korea Open ( 2007 -- 10 , 2014 -- 17 ) Malaysia Open ( 2007 -- 13 ) Singapore Open ( 2007 -- 17 ) Swiss Open ( 2007 -- 10 ) List of winners Most titles BWF World Tour Editions 2018 2019 Tournaments Super 1000 All England Open China Open Indonesia Open Super 750 China Masters Denmark Open French Open Japan Open Malaysia Open Super 500 Hong Kong Open India Open Indonesia Masters Korea Open Malaysia Masters Singapore Open Thailand Open Super 300 Australian Open Chinese Taipei Open German Open Korea Masters Macau Open New Zealand Open Spain Masters Swiss Open Syed Modi International Thailand Masters U.S. Open Super 100 Akita Masters Bangka Belitung Canada Open Dutch Open Hyderabad Open Lingshui China Masters Orleans Masters Russian Open SaarLorLux Open Scottish Open Vietnam Open BWF World Tour Finals All England Open Badminton Championships 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Men 's Singles -- Women 's Singles -- Men 's Doubles -- Women 's Doubles -- Mixed Doubles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_England_Open_Badminton_Championships&oldid=834267492 '' Categories : BWF World Tour All England Open Badminton Championships Badminton tournaments in England Recurring sporting events established in 1899 1899 establishments in England Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Português Русский Svenska 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 20 : 08 ( UTC ) . 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why did the stamp act of 1765 happen	The purpose of the tax was to pay for British military troops stationed in the American colonies after the French and Indian War , which was the North American theater of the Seven Years ' War . However , the colonists had never feared a French invasion to begin with , and they contended that they had already paid their share of the war expenses . They suggested that it was actually a matter of British patronage to surplus British officers and career soldiers who should be paid by London .	to pay for British military troops stationed in the American colonies after the French and Indian War	Stamp Act 1765	stamp act 1765		Duties in American Colonies Act Parliament of Great Britain Long title An act for granting and applying certain stamp duties , and other duties , in the British colonies and plantations in America , towards further defraying the expenses of defending , protecting , and securing the same ; and for amending such parts of the several acts of parliament relating to the trade and revenues of the said colonies and plantations , as direct the manner of determining and recovering the penalties and forfeitures therein mentioned . Citation 5 George III , c. 12 Introduced by The Right Honourable George Grenville , MP Prime Minister , Chancellor of the Exchequer , and Leader of the House of Commons Territorial extent British America and the British West Indies Dates Royal assent 22 March 1765 Commencement 1 November 1765 Repealed 18 March 1766 Other legislation Repealed by Act Repealing the Stamp Act 1766 Relates to Declaratory Act Status : Repealed This article is part of a series about the American Revolution 1765 -- 1783 Origins ( show ) Sugar Act Currency Act Quartering Acts Stamp Act 1765 Declaratory Act No taxation without representation Townshend Acts Tea Act Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party Intolerable Acts Revolutionary War ( show ) Continental Army Continental Navy Minutemen Battles Intelligence Treaty of Paris Costs Declaration of Independence ( show ) Continental Congress Committee of Five Lee Resolution Articles of Confederation United States Constitution ( show ) Philadelphia Convention Annapolis Convention The Federalist Papers Bill of Rights A New Republic ( show ) Republicanism American Enlightenment Liberalism First Great Awakening Role of Women Legacy ( show ) Atlantic Revolutions Bicentennial The Stamp Act of 1765 ( short title Duties in American Colonies Act 1765 ; 5 George III , c. 12 ) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain that imposed a direct tax on the Thirteen Colonies and required that many printed materials in the colonies be produced on stamped paper produced in London , carrying an embossed revenue stamp . Printed materials included legal documents , magazines , playing cards , newspapers , and many other types of paper used throughout the colonies . Like previous taxes , the stamp tax had to be paid in valid British currency , not in colonial paper money . The purpose of the tax was to pay for British military troops stationed in the American colonies after the French and Indian War , which was the North American theater of the Seven Years ' War . However , the colonists had never feared a French invasion to begin with , and they contended that they had already paid their share of the war expenses . They suggested that it was actually a matter of British patronage to surplus British officers and career soldiers who should be paid by London . The Stamp Act was very unpopular among colonists . A majority considered it a violation of their rights as Englishmen to be taxed without their consent -- consent that only the colonial legislatures could grant . Their slogan was `` No taxation without representation . '' Colonial assemblies sent petitions and protests , and the Stamp Act Congress held in New York City was the first significant joint colonial response to any British measure when it petitioned Parliament and the King . One member of the British Parliament argued that the colonials were no different from the 90 % residents of Great Britain who did not own property and thus could not vote , but who were nevertheless `` virtually '' represented by land - owning electors and representatives who had common interests with them . An American attorney refuted this by pointing out that the relations between the Americans and the English electors were `` a knot too infirm to be relied on '' for proper representation , `` virtual '' or otherwise . Local protest groups established Committees of Correspondence which created a loose coalition from New England to Maryland . Protests and demonstrations increased , often initiated by the Sons of Liberty and occasionally involving hanging of effigies . Very soon , all stamp tax distributors were intimidated into resigning their commissions , and the tax was never effectively collected . Opposition to the Stamp Act was not limited to the colonies . British merchants and manufacturers pressured Parliament because their exports to the colonies were threatened by boycotts . The Act was repealed on 18 March 1766 as a matter of expedience , but Parliament affirmed its power to legislate for the colonies `` in all cases whatsoever '' by also passing the Declaratory Act . A series of new taxes and regulations then ensued -- likewise opposed by the colonists . The episode played a major role in defining the grievances that were clearly stated within the text of the Indictment of George III section of the United States Declaration of Independence , enabling the organized colonial resistance that led to the American Revolution in 1775 . Contents 1 Background 2 British decision - making 2.1 Details of tax 3 Colonial reaction 3.1 Political responses 3.2 Protests in the streets 3.2. 1 Massachusetts 3.2. 2 Rhode Island 3.2. 3 New York 3.2. 4 Other Colonies 3.2. 5 Quebec , Nova Scotia , Newfoundland , and the Caribbean 3.2. 6 Sons of Liberty 3.2. 7 Colonial newspapers 3.3 Stamp Act Congress 4 Repeal 5 Consequences 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Bibliography 9 External links Background ( edit ) The British victory in the Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 1763 ) , known in America as the French and Indian War , had been won only at a great financial cost . During the war , the British national debt nearly doubled , rising from £ 72,289,673 in 1755 to almost £ 129,586,789 by 1764 . Post-war expenses were expected to remain high because the Bute ministry decided in early 1763 to keep ten thousand British regular soldiers in the American colonies , which would cost about £ 225,000 per year , equal to £ 30 million today . The primary reason for retaining such a large force was that demobilizing the army would put 1,500 officers out of work , many of whom were well - connected in Parliament . This made it politically prudent to retain a large peacetime establishment , but Britons were averse to maintaining a standing army at home so it was necessary to garrison most of the troops elsewhere . Stationing 10,000 troops to separate American Indians and frontiersmen was one role . The outbreak of Pontiac 's Rebellion in May 1763 apparently reinforced the logic of this decision , as it was an American Indian uprising against the British expansion . The main reason to send 10,000 troops deep into the wilderness was to provide billets for the officers who were part of the British patronage system . John Adams said , `` Revenue is still demanded from America , and appropriated to the maintenance of swarms of officers and pensioners in idleness and luxury . '' Prime Minister George Grenville George Grenville became prime minister in April 1763 after the failure of the short - lived Bute Ministry , and he had to find a way to pay for this large peacetime army . Raising taxes in Britain was out of the question , since there had been virulent protests in England against the Bute ministry 's 1763 cider tax , with Bute being hanged in effigy . The Grenville ministry therefore decided that Parliament would raise this revenue by taxing the American colonists without their consent . This was something new ; Parliament had previously passed measures to regulate trade in the colonies , but it had never before directly taxed the colonies to raise revenue . Politicians in London had always expected American colonists to contribute to the cost of their own defense . So long as a French threat existed , there was little trouble convincing colonial legislatures to provide assistance . Such help was normally provided through the raising of colonial militias , which were funded by taxes raised by colonial legislatures . Also , the legislatures were sometimes willing to help maintain regular British units defending the colonies . So long as this sort of help was forthcoming , there was little reason for the British Parliament to impose its own taxes on the colonists . But after the peace of 1763 , colonial militias were quickly stood down . Militia officers were tired of the disdain shown to them by regular British officers , and were frustrated by the near - impossibility of obtaining regular British commissions ; they were unwilling to remain in service once the war was over . In any case , they had no military role , as the Indian threat was minimal and there was no foreign threat . Colonial legislators saw no need for the British troops . The Sugar Act of 1764 was the first tax in Grenville 's program to raise a revenue in America , which was a modification of the Molasses Act of 1733 . The Molasses Act had imposed a tax of 6 pence per gallon ( equal to £ 3.81 today ) on foreign molasses imported into British colonies . The purpose of the Molasses Act was not actually to raise revenue , but instead to make foreign molasses so expensive that it effectively gave a monopoly to molasses imported from the British West Indies . It did not work ; colonial merchants avoided the tax by smuggling or , more often , bribing customs officials . The Sugar Act reduced the tax to 3 pence per gallon ( equal to £ 1.63 today ) in the hope that the lower rate would increase compliance and thus increase the amount of tax collected . The Act also taxed additional imports and included measures to make the customs service more effective . Printed copy of the Stamp Act of 1765 American colonists initially objected to the Sugar Act for economic reasons , but before long they recognized that there were constitutional issues involved . The British Constitution guaranteed that British subjects could not be taxed without their consent , which came in the form of representation in Parliament . The colonists elected no members of Parliament , and so it was seen as a violation of the British Constitution for Parliament to tax them . There was little time to raise this issue in response to the Sugar Act , but it came to be a major objection to the Stamp Act the following year . British decision - making ( edit ) Parliament announced in April 1764 when the Sugar Act was passed that they would also consider a stamp tax in the colonies . Opposition from the colonies was soon forthcoming to this possible tax , but neither members of Parliament nor American agents in Great Britain ( such as Benjamin Franklin ) anticipated the intensity of the protest that the tax generated . Stamp acts had been a very successful method of taxation within Great Britain ; they generated over £ 100,000 in tax revenue with very little in collection expenses . By requiring an official stamp on most legal documents , the system was almost self - regulating ; a document would be null and void under British law without the required stamp . Imposition of such a tax on the colonies had been considered twice before the Seven Years ' War and once again in 1761 . Grenville had actually been presented with drafts of colonial stamp acts in September and October 1763 , but the proposals lacked the specific knowledge of colonial affairs to adequately describe the documents subject to the stamp . At the time of the passage of the Sugar Act in April 1764 , Grenville made it clear that the right to tax the colonies was not in question , and that additional taxes might follow , including a stamp tax . The Glorious Revolution had established the principle of parliamentary supremacy . Control of colonial trade and manufactures extended this principle across the ocean . This belief had never been tested on the issue of colonial taxation , but the British assumed that the interests of the thirteen colonies were so disparate that a joint colonial action was unlikely to occur against such a tax -- an assumption that had its genesis in the failure of the Albany Conference in 1754 . By the end of December 1764 , the first warnings of serious colonial opposition were provided by pamphlets and petitions from the colonies protesting both the Sugar Act and the proposed stamp tax . Benjamin Franklin represented Pennsylvania in discussions about the act For Grenville , the first issue was the amount of the tax . Soon after his announcement of the possibility of a tax , he had told American agents that he was not opposed to the Americans suggesting an alternative way of raising the money themselves . However , the only other alternative would be to requisition each colony and allow them to determine how to raise their share . This had never worked before , even during the French and Indian War , and there was no political mechanism in place that would have ensured the success of such cooperation . On 2 February 1765 , Grenville met to discuss the tax with Benjamin Franklin , Jared Ingersoll from New Haven , Richard Jackson , agent for Connecticut , and Charles Garth , the agent for South Carolina ( Jackson and Garth were also members of Parliament ) . These colonial representatives had no specific alternative to present ; they simply suggested that the determination be left to the colonies . Grenville replied that he wanted to raise the money `` by means the most easy and least objectionable to the Colonies '' . Thomas Whately had drafted the Stamp Act , and he said that the delay in implementation had been `` out of Tenderness to the colonies '' , and that the tax was judged as `` the easiest , the most equal and the most certain . '' The debate in Parliament began soon after this meeting . Petitions submitted by the colonies were officially ignored by Parliament . In the debate , Charles Townshend said , `` and now will these Americans , children planted by our care , nourished up by our Indulgence until they are grown to a degree of strength and opulence , and protected by our arms , will they grudge to contribute their mite to relieve us from heavy weight of the burden which we lie under ? '' This led to Colonel Isaac Barré 's response : They planted by your care ? No ! Your oppression planted ' em in America . They fled from your tyranny to a then uncultivated and unhospitable country where they exposed themselves to almost all the hardships to which human nature is liable , and among others to the cruelties of a savage foe , the most subtle , and I take upon me to say , the most formidable of any people upon the face of God 's earth ... They nourished by your indulgence ? They grew by your neglect of ' em . As soon as you began to care about ' em , that care was exercised in sending persons to rule over ' em , in one department and another , who were perhaps the deputies of deputies to some member of this house , sent to spy out their liberty , to misrepresent their actions and to prey upon ' em ; men whose behaviour on many occasions has caused the blood of those sons of liberty to recoil within them ... They protected by your arms ? They have nobly taken up arms in your defence , have exerted a valour amidst their constant and laborious industry for the defence of a country whose frontier while drenched in blood , its interior parts have yielded all its little savings to your emolument ... The people I believe are as truly loyal as any subjects the king has , but a people jealous of their liberties and who will vindicate them if ever they should be violated ; but the subject is too delicate and I will say no more . '' Massachusetts Royal Governor William Shirley assured London in 1755 that American independence could easily be defeated by force . He argued : At all Events , they could not maintain such an Independency , without a Strong Naval Force , which it must forever be in the Power of Great Britain to hinder them from having : And whilst His Majesty hath 7000 Troops kept up within them , & in the Great Lakes upon the back of six of them , with the Indians at Command , it seems very easy , provided the Governors & principal Civil Officers are Independent of the Assemblies for their Subsistence , & commonly Vigilant , to prevent any Steps of that kind from being taken . Details of tax ( edit ) Proof sheet of one - penny stamps submitted for approval to Commissioners of Stamps by engraver , May 10 , 1765 The Stamp Act was passed by Parliament on 22 March 1765 with an effective date of 1 November 1765 . It passed 205 -- 49 in the House of Commons and unanimously in the House of Lords . Historians Edmund and Helen Morgan describe the specifics of the tax : The highest tax , £ 10 , was placed ... on attorney licenses . Other papers relating to court proceedings were taxed in amounts varying from 3d. to 10s . Land grants under a hundred acres were taxed 1s . 6d. , between 100 and 200 acres 2s. , and from 200 to 320 acres 2s . 6d. , with an additional 2s 6d . for every additional 320 acres ( 1.3 km ) . Cards were taxed a shilling a pack , dice ten shillings , and newspapers and pamphlets at the rate of a penny for a single sheet and a shilling for every sheet in pamphlets or papers totaling more than one sheet and fewer than six sheets in octavo , fewer than twelve in quarto , or fewer than twenty in folio ( in other words , the tax on pamphlets grew in proportion to their size but ceased altogether if they became large enough to qualify as a book ) . The high taxes on lawyers and college students were designed to limit the growth of a professional class in the colonies . The stamps had to be purchased with hard currency , which was scarce , rather than the more plentiful colonial paper currency . To avoid draining currency out of the colonies , the revenues were to be expended in America , especially for supplies and salaries of British Army units who were stationed there . Two features of the Stamp Act involving the courts attracted special attention . The tax on court documents specifically included courts `` exercising ecclesiastical jurisdiction . '' These type of courts did not currently exist in the colonies and no bishops were currently assigned to the colonies , who would preside over the courts . Many colonists or their ancestors had fled England specifically to escape the influence and power of such state - sanctioned religious institutions , and they feared that this was the first step to reinstating the old ways in the colonies . Some Anglicans in the northern colonies were already openly advocating the appointment of such bishops , but they were opposed by both southern Anglicans and the non-Anglicans who made up the majority in the northern colonies . The Stamp Act allowed admiralty courts to have jurisdiction for trying violators , following the example established by the Sugar Act . However , admiralty courts had traditionally been limited to cases involving the high seas . The Sugar Act seemed to fall within this precedent , but the Stamp Act did not , and the colonists saw this as a further attempt to replace their local courts with courts controlled by England . Colonial reaction ( edit ) Political responses ( edit ) Grenville started appointing Stamp Distributors almost immediately after the Act passed Parliament . Applicants were not hard to come by because of the anticipated income that the positions promised , and he appointed local colonists to the post . Benjamin Franklin even suggested the appointment of John Hughes as the agent for Pennsylvania , indicating that even Franklin was not aware of the turmoil and impact that the tax was going to generate on American - British relations or that these distributors would become the focus of colonial resistance . Debate in the colonies had actually begun in the spring of 1764 over the Stamp Act when Parliament passed a resolution that contained the assertion , `` That , towards further defraying the said Expences , it may be proper to charge certain Stamp Duties in the said Colonies and Plantations . '' Both the Sugar Act and the proposed Stamp Act were designed principally to raise revenue from the colonists . The Sugar Act , to a large extent , was a continuation of past legislation related primarily to the regulation of trade ( termed an external tax ) , but its stated purpose was entirely new : to collect revenue directly from the colonists for a specific purpose . The novelty of the Stamp Act was that it was the first internal tax ( a tax based entirely on activities within the colonies ) levied directly on the colonies by Parliament . It was judged by the colonists to be a more dangerous assault on their rights than the Sugar Act was , because of its potential wide application to the colonial economy . The theoretical issue that soon held center stage was the matter of taxation without representation . Benjamin Franklin had raised this as far back as 1754 at the Albany Congress when he wrote , `` That it is suppos 'd an undoubted Right of Englishmen not to be taxed but by their own Consent given thro ' their Representatives . That the Colonies have no Representatives in Parliament . '' The counter to this argument was the theory of virtual representation . Thomas Whately enunciated this theory in a pamphlet that readily acknowledged that there could be no taxation without consent , but the facts were that at least 75 % of British adult males were not represented in Parliament because of property qualifications or other factors . Members of Parliament were bound to represent the interests of all British citizens and subjects , so colonists were the recipients of virtual representation in Parliament , like those disenfranchised subjects in the British Isles . This theory , however , ignored a crucial difference between the unrepresented in Britain and the colonists . The colonists enjoyed actual representation in their own legislative assemblies , and the issue was whether these legislatures , rather than Parliament , were in fact the sole recipients of the colonists ' consent with regard to taxation . Samuel Adams opposed the act In May 1764 , Samuel Adams of Boston drafted the following that stated the common American position : For if our Trade may be taxed why not our Lands ? Why not the Produce of our Lands & every thing we possess or make use of ? This we apprehend annihilates our Charter Right to govern & tax ourselves -- It strikes our British Privileges , which as we have never forfeited them , we hold in common with our Fellow Subjects who are Natives of Britain : If Taxes are laid upon us in any shape without our having a legal Representation where they are laid , are we not reduced from the Character of free Subjects to the miserable State of tributary Slaves . Massachusetts appointed a five - member Committee of Correspondence in June 1764 to coordinate action and exchange information regarding the Sugar Act , and Rhode Island formed a similar committee in October 1764 . This attempt at unified action represented a significant step forward in colonial unity and cooperation . The Virginia House of Burgesses sent a protest of the taxes to London in December 1764 , arguing that they did not have the specie required to pay the tax . Massachusetts , New York , New Jersey , Rhode Island , and Connecticut also sent protest to England in 1764 . The content of the messages varied , but they all emphasized that taxation of the colonies without colonial assent was a violation of their rights . By the end of 1765 , all of the Thirteen Colonies except Georgia and North Carolina had sent some sort of protest passed by colonial legislative assemblies . The Virginia House of Burgesses reconvened in early May 1765 after news was received of the passage of the Act . By the end of May , it appeared that they would not consider the tax , and many legislators went home , including George Washington . Only 30 out of 116 Burgesses remained , but one of those remaining was Patrick Henry who was attending his first session . Henry led the opposition to the Stamp Act ; he proposed his resolutions on 30 May 1765 , and they were passed in the form of the Virginia Resolves . The Resolves stated : Resolved , That the first Adventurers and Settlers of this his majesty 's colony and Dominion of Virginia brought with them , and transmitted to their Posterity , and all other his Majesty 's subjects since inhabiting in this his Majesty 's said Colony , all the Liberties , privileges , Franchises , and Immunities that have at any Time been held , enjoyed , and possessed , by the People of Great Britain . Resolved , That by the two royal Charters , granted by King James the First , the Colonists aforesaid are declared entitled to all Liberties , Privileges , and Immunities of Denizens and natural Subjects , to all Intents and Purposes , as if they had been abiding and born within the Realm of England . Resolved , That the Taxation of the People by themselves , or by Persons chosen by themselves to represent them , who could only know what Taxes the People are able to bear , or the easiest method of raising them , and must themselves be affected by every Tax laid on the People , is the only Security against a burdensome Taxation , and the distinguishing characteristick of British Freedom , without which the ancient Constitution can not exist . Resolved , That his majesty 's liege people of this his most ancient and loyal Colony have without interruption enjoyed the inestimable Right of being governed by such Laws , respecting their internal Polity and Taxation , as are derived from their own Consent , with the Approbation of their Sovereign , or his Substitute ; and that the same hath never been forfeited or yielded up , but hath been constantly recognized by the King and People of Great Britain . On 6 June 1765 , the Massachusetts Lower House proposed a meeting for the 1st Tuesday of October in New York City : That it is highly expedient there should be a Meeting as soon as may be , of Committees from the Houses of Representatives or Burgesses in the several Colonies on this Continent to consult together on the present Circumstances of the Colonies , and the difficulties to which they are and must be reduced by the operation of the late Acts of Parliament for levying Duties and Taxes on the Colonies , and to consider of a general and humble Address to his Majesty and the Parliament to implore Relief . There was no attempt to keep this meeting a secret ; Massachusetts promptly notified Richard Jackson of the proposed meeting , their agent in England and a member of Parliament . Protests in the streets ( edit ) External video The Stamp Act : Troubling Their Neighbors , 58 : 01 , Benjamin L. Carp , WGBH Forum The Stamp Act : The Lowest Of The Mob , 49 : 35 , Molly Fitzgerald Perry , WGBH Forum While the colonial legislatures were acting , the ordinary citizens of the colonies were also voicing their concerns outside of this formal political process . Historian Gary B. Nash wrote : Whether stimulated externally or ignited internally , ferment during the years from 1761 to 1766 changed the dynamics of social and political relations in the colonies and set in motion currents of reformist sentiment with the force of a mountain wind . Critical to this half decade was the colonial response to England 's Stamp Act , more the reaction of common colonists than that of their presumed leaders . Both loyal supporters of English authority and well - established colonial protest leaders underestimated the self - activating capacity of ordinary colonists . By the end of 1765 ... people in the streets had astounded , dismayed , and frightened their social superiors . Massachusetts ( edit ) Early street protests were most notable in Boston . Andrew Oliver was a distributor of stamps for Massachusetts who was hanged in effigy on 14 August 1765 `` from a giant elm tree at the crossing of Essex and Orange Streets in the city 's South End . '' Also hung was a jackboot painted green on the bottom ( `` a Green - ville sole '' ) , a pun on both Grenville and the Earl of Bute , the two people most blamed by the colonists . Lieutenant Governor Thomas Hutchinson ordered sheriff Stephen Greenleaf to take down the effigy , but he was opposed by a large crowd . All day the crowd detoured merchants on Orange Street to have their goods symbolically stamped under the elm tree , which later became known as the `` Liberty Tree '' . Ebenezer MacIntosh was a veteran of the Seven Years ' War and a shoemaker . One night , he led a crowd which cut down the effigy of Andrew Oliver and took it in a funeral procession to the Town House where the legislature met . From there , they went to Oliver 's office -- which they tore down and symbolically stamped the timbers . Next , they took the effigy to Oliver 's home at the foot of Fort Hill , where they beheaded it and then burned it -- along with Oliver 's stable house and coach and chaise . Greenleaf and Hutchinson were stoned when they tried to stop the mob , which then looted and destroyed the contents of Oliver 's house . Oliver asked to be relieved of his duties the next day . This resignation , however , was not enough . Oliver was ultimately forced by MacIntosh to be paraded through the streets and to publicly resign under the Liberty Tree . A 1765 broadside regarding the resignation of Andrew Oliver under the Liberty Tree As news spread of the reasons for Andrew Oliver 's resignation , violence and threats of aggressive acts increased throughout the colonies , as did organized groups of resistance . Throughout the colonies , members of the middle and upper classes of society formed the foundation for these groups of resistance and soon called themselves the Sons of Liberty . These colonial groups of resistance burned effigies of royal officials , forced Stamp Act collectors to resign , and were able to get businessmen and judges to go about without using the proper stamps demanded by Parliament . On 16 August , a mob damaged the home and official papers of William Story , the deputy register of the Vice-Admiralty , who then moved to Marblehead , Massachusetts . Benjamin Hallowell , the comptroller of customs , suffered the almost total loss of his home . On 26 August , MacIntosh led an attack on Hutchinson 's mansion . The mob evicted the family , destroyed the furniture , tore down the interior walls , emptied the wine cellar , scattered Hutchinson 's collection of Massachusetts historical papers , and pulled down the building 's cupola . Hutchinson had been in public office for three decades ; he estimated his loss at £ 2,218 ( in today 's money , at nearly $250,000 ) . Nash concludes that this attack was more than just a reaction to the Stamp Act : But it is clear that the crowd was giving vent to years of resentment at the accumulation of wealth and power by the haughty prerogative faction led by Hutchinson . Behind every swing of the ax and every hurled stone , behind every shattered crystal goblet and splintered mahogany chair , lay the fury of a plain Bostonian who had read or heard the repeated references to impoverished people as `` rable '' and to Boston 's popular caucus , led by Samuel Adams , as a `` herd of fools , tools , and synchophants . '' Governor Francis Bernard offered a £ 300 reward for information on the leaders of the mob , but no information was forthcoming . MacIntosh and several others were arrested , but were either freed by pressure from the merchants or released by mob action . The street demonstrations originated from the efforts of respectable public leaders such as James Otis , who commanded the Boston Gazette , and Samuel Adams of the `` Loyal Nine '' of the Boston Caucus , an organization of Boston merchants . They made efforts to control the people below them on the economic and social scale , but they were often unsuccessful in maintaining a delicate balance between mass demonstrations and riots . These men needed the support of the working class , but also had to establish the legitimacy of their actions to have their protests to England taken seriously . At the time of these protests , the Loyal Nine was more of a social club with political interests but , by December 1765 , it began issuing statements as the Sons of Liberty . Rhode Island ( edit ) Rhode Island also experienced street violence . A crowd built a gallows near the Town House in Newport on 27 August , where they carried effigies of three officials appointed as stamp distributors : Augustus Johnson , Dr. Thomas Moffat , and lawyer Martin Howard . The crowd at first was led by merchants William Ellery , Samuel Vernon , and Robert Crook , but they soon lost control . That night , the crowd was led by a poor man named John Weber , and they attacked the houses of Moffat and Howard , where they destroyed walls , fences , art , furniture , and wine . The local Sons of Liberty were publicly opposed to violence , and they refused at first to support Weber when he was arrested . They were persuaded to come to his assistance , however , when retaliation was threatened against their own homes . Weber was released and faded into obscurity . Howard became the only prominent American to publicly support the Stamp Act in his pamphlet `` A Colonist 's Defence of Taxation '' ( 1765 ) . After the riots , Howard had to leave the colony , but he was rewarded by the Crown with an appointment as Chief Justice of North Carolina at a salary of ₤ 1,000 . New York ( edit ) Main article : Province of New York § Stamp Act In New York , James McEvers resigned his distributorship four days after the attack on Hutchinson 's house . The stamps arrived in New York Harbor on 24 October for several of the northern colonies . Placards appeared throughout the city warning that `` the first man that either distributes or makes use of stamped paper let him take care of his house , person , and effects . '' New York merchants met on 31 October and agreed not to sell any English goods until the Act was repealed . Crowds took to the streets for four days of demonstrations , uncontrolled by the local leaders , culminating in an attack by two thousand people on Governor Cadwallader Colden 's home and the burning of two sleighs and a coach . Unrest in New York City continued through the end of the year , and the local Sons of Liberty had difficulty in controlling crowd actions . Other colonies ( edit ) In Frederick , Maryland , a court of 12 magistrates ruled the Stamp Act invalid on 23 November 1765 , and directed that businesses and colonial officials proceed in all matters without use of the stamps . A week later , a crowd conducted a mock funeral procession for the act in the streets of Frederick . The magistrates have been dubbed the `` 12 Immortal Justices , '' and 23 November has been designated `` Repudiation Day '' by the Maryland state legislature . On 1 October 2015 , Senator Cardin ( D - MD ) read into the Congressional Record a statement noting 2015 as the 250th anniversary of the event . Among the 12 magistrates was William Luckett , who later served as lieutenant colonel in the Maryland Militia at the battle of Germantown . Other popular demonstrations occurred in Portsmouth , New Hampshire , Annapolis , Maryland , Wilmington and New Bern , North Carolina , and Charleston , South Carolina . In Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , demonstrations were subdued but even targeted Benjamin Franklin 's home , although it was not vandalized . By 16 November , twelve of the stamp distributors had resigned . The Georgia distributor did not arrive in America until January 1766 , but his first and only official action was to resign . The overall effect of these protests was to both anger and unite the American people like never before . Opposition to the Act inspired both political and constitutional forms of literature throughout the colonies , strengthened the colonial political perception and involvement , and created new forms of organized resistance . These organized groups quickly learned that they could force royal officials to resign by employing violent measures and threats . Quebec , Nova Scotia , Newfoundland , and the Caribbean ( edit ) The main issue was constitutional rights of Englishmen , so the French in Quebec did not react . Some English - speaking merchants were opposed , but were in a fairly small minority . The Quebec Gazette ceased publication until the act was repealed , apparently over the unwillingness to use stamped paper . In neighboring Nova Scotia a number of former New England residents objected , but recent British immigrants and London - oriented business interests based in Halifax , the provincial capital were more influential . The only major public protest was the hanging in effigy of the stamp distributor and Lord Bute . The act was implemented in both provinces , but Nova Scotia 's stamp distributor resigned in January 1766 , beset by ungrounded fears for his safety . Authorities there were ordered to allow ships bearing unstamped papers to enter its ports , and business continued unabated after the distributors ran out of stamps . The Act occasioned some protests in Newfoundland , and the drafting of petitions opposing not only the Stamp Act , but the existence of the customhouse at St. John 's , based on legislation dating back to the reign of Edward VI forbidding any sort of duties on the importation of goods related to its fisheries . Violent protests were few in the Caribbean colonies . Political opposition was expressed in a number of colonies , including Barbados and Antigua , and by absentee landowners living in Britain . The worst political violence took place on St. Kitts and Nevis . Riots took place on 31 October 1765 , and again on 5 November , targeting the homes and offices of stamp distributors ; the number of participants suggests that the percentage of St. Kitts ' white population involved matched that of Bostonian involvement in its riots . The delivery of stamps to St. Kitts was successfully blocked , and they were never used there . Montserrat and Antigua also succeeded in avoiding the use of stamps ; some correspondents thought that rioting was prevented in Antigua only by the large troop presence . Despite vocal political opposition , Barbados used the stamps , to the pleasure of King George . In Jamaica there was also vocal opposition , which included threats of violence . There was much evasion of the stamps , and ships arriving without stamped papers were allowed to enter port . Despite this , Jamaica produced more stamp revenue ( £ 2,000 ) than any other colony . Sons of Liberty ( edit ) Main article : Sons of Liberty It was during this time of street demonstrations that locally organized groups started to merge into an inter-colonial organization of a type not previously seen in the colonies . The term `` sons of liberty '' had been used in a generic fashion well before 1765 , but it was only around February 1766 that its influence extended throughout the colonies as an organized group using the formal name `` Sons of Liberty '' , leading to a pattern for future resistance to the British that carried the colonies towards 1776 . Historian John C. Miller noted that the name was adopted as a result of Barre 's use of the term in his February 1765 speech . The organization spread month by month after independent starts in several different colonies . By 6 November , a committee was set up in New York to correspond with other colonies , and in December an alliance was formed between groups in New York and Connecticut . In January , a correspondence link was established between Boston and Manhattan , and by March , Providence had initiated connections with New York , New Hampshire , and Newport . By March , Sons of Liberty organizations had been established in New Jersey , Maryland , and Norfolk , Virginia , and a local group established in North Carolina was attracting interest in South Carolina and Georgia . The officers and leaders of the Sons of Liberty `` were drawn almost entirely from the middle and upper ranks of colonial society , '' but they recognized the need to expand their power base to include `` the whole of political society , involving all of its social or economic subdivisions . '' To do this , the Sons of Liberty relied on large public demonstrations to expand their base . They learned early on that controlling such crowds was problematical , although they strived to control `` the possible violence of extra-legal gatherings . '' The organization professed its loyalty to both local and British established government , but possible military action as a defensive measure was always part of their considerations . Throughout the Stamp Act Crisis , the Sons of Liberty professed continued loyalty to the King because they maintained a `` fundamental confidence '' that Parliament would do the right thing and repeal the tax . Colonial newspapers ( edit ) Bradford 's Philadelphia paper gave a graphic warning . John Adams complained that the London ministry was intentionally trying `` to strip us in a great measure of the means of knowledge , by loading the Press , the colleges , and even an Almanack and a News - Paper , with restraints and duties . '' The press fought back . By 1760 the fledgling American newspaper industry comprised 24 weekly papers in major cities . Benjamin Franklin had created an informal network so that each one routinely reprinted news , editorials , letters and essays from the others , thus helping form a common American voice . All the editors were annoyed at the new stamp tax they would have to pay on each copy . By informing colonists what the other colonies were saying the press became a powerful opposition force to the Stamp Act . Many circumvented the and most equated taxation without representation with despotism and tyranny , thus providing a common vocabulary of protest for the Thirteen Colonies . The newspapers reported effigy hangings and stamp master resignation speeches . Some newspapers were on the royal payroll and supported the Act , but most of the press was free and vocal . Thus William Bradford , the foremost printer in Philadelphia , became a leader of the Sons of Liberty . He added a skull and crossbones with the words , `` the fatal Stamp , '' to the masthead of his Pennsylvania Journal and weekly Advertiser . Some of the earliest forms of American propaganda appeared in these printings in response to the law . The articles written in colonial newspapers were particularly critical of the act because of the Stamp Act 's disproportionate effect on printers . David Ramsay , a patriot and historian from South Carolina , wrote of this phenomenon shortly after the American Revolution : It was fortunate for the liberties of America , that newspapers were the subject of a heavy stamp duty . Printers , when influenced by government , have genereally arranged themselves on the side of liberty , nor are they less remarkable for attention to the profits of their profession . A stamp duty , which openly invaded the first , and threatened a great diminution of the last , provoked their united zealous opposition . Most printers were critical of the Stamp Act , although a few Loyalist voices did exist . Some of the more subtle Loyalist sentiments can be seen in publications such as The Boston Evening Post , which was run by British sympathizers John and Thomas Fleet . The article detailed a violent protest that occurred in New York in December , 1765 , then described the riot 's participants as `` imperfect '' and labeled the group 's ideas as `` contrary to the general sense of the people . '' These Loyalists beliefs can be seen in some of the early newspaper articles about the Stamp Act , but the anti-British writings were more prevalent and seem to have had a more powerful effect . Many papers assumed a relatively conservative tone before the act went into effect , implying that they might close if it was n't repealed . However , as time passed and violent demonstrations ensued , the authors became more vitriolic . Several newspaper editors were involved with the Sons of Liberty , such as William Bradford of The Pennsylvania Journal and Benjamin Edes of The Boston Gazette , and they echoed the group 's sentiments in their publications . The Stamp Act went into effect that November , and many newspapers ran editions with imagery of tombstones and skeletons , emphasizing that their papers were `` dead '' and would no longer be able to print because of the Stamp Act . However , most of them returned in the upcoming months , defiantly appearing without the stamp of approval that was deemed necessary by the Stamp Act . Printers were greatly relieved when the law was nullified in the following spring , and the repeal asserted their positions as a powerful voice ( and compass ) for public opinion . An English newspaper bewails the repeal of the Stamp Act . Stamp Act Congress ( edit ) Main article : Stamp Act Congress The Stamp Act Congress was held in New York in October 1765 . Twenty - seven delegates from nine colonies were the members of the Congress , and their responsibility was to draft a set of formal petitions stating why Parliament had no right to tax them . Among the delegates were many important men in the colonies . Historian John Miller observes , `` The composition of this Stamp Act Congress ought to have been convincing proof to the British government that resistance to parliamentary taxation was by no means confined to the riffraff of colonial seaports . '' The youngest delegate was 26 - year - old John Rutledge of South Carolina , and the oldest was 65 - year - old Hendrick Fisher of New Jersey . Ten of the delegates were lawyers , ten were merchants , and seven were planters or land - owning farmers ; all had served in some type of elective office , and all but three were born in the colonies . Four died before the colonies declared independence , and four signed the Declaration of Independence ; nine attended the first and second Continental Congresses , and three were Loyalists during the Revolution . New Hampshire declined to send delegates , and North Carolina , Georgia , and Virginia were not represented because their governors did not call their legislatures into session , thus preventing the selection of delegates . Despite the composition of the congress , each of the Thirteen Colonies eventually affirmed its decisions . Six of the nine colonies represented at the Congress agreed to sign the petitions to the King and Parliament produced by the Congress . The delegations from New York , Connecticut , and South Carolina were prohibited from signing any documents without first receiving approval from the colonial assemblies that had appointed them . Massachusetts governor Francis Bernard believed that his colony 's delegates to the Congress would be supportive of Parliament . Timothy Ruggles in particular was Bernard 's man , and was elected chairman of the Congress . Ruggles ' instructions from Bernard were to `` recommend submission to the Stamp Act until Parliament could be persuaded to repeal it . '' Many delegates felt that a final resolution of the Stamp Act would actually bring Britain and the colonies closer together . Robert Livingston of New York stressed the importance of removing the Stamp Act from the public debate , writing to his colony 's agent in England , `` If I really wished to see America in a state of independence I should desire as one of the most effectual means to that end that the stamp act should be enforced . '' Wikisource has original text related to this article : Declaration of Rights and Grievances The Congress met for 12 consecutive days , including Sundays . There was no audience at the meetings , and no information was released about the deliberations . The meeting 's final product was called `` The Declaration of Rights and Grievances '' , and was drawn up by delegate John Dickinson of Pennsylvania . This Declaration raised fourteen points of colonial protest . It asserted that colonists possessed all the rights of Englishmen in addition to protesting the Stamp Act issue , and that Parliament could not represent the colonists since they had no voting rights over Parliament . Only the colonial assemblies had a right to tax the colonies . They also asserted that the extension of authority of the admiralty courts to non-naval matters represented an abuse of power . In addition to simply arguing for their rights as Englishmen , the congress also asserted that they had certain natural rights solely because they were human beings . Resolution 3 stated , `` That it is inseparably essential to the freedom of a people , and the undoubted right of Englishmen , that no taxes be imposed on them , but with their own consent , given personally , or by their representatives . '' Both Massachusetts and Pennsylvania brought forth the issue in separate resolutions even more directly when they respectively referred to `` the Natural rights of Mankind '' and `` the common rights of mankind '' . Christopher Gadsden of South Carolina had proposed that the Congress ' petition should go only to the king , since the rights of the colonies did not originate with Parliament . This radical proposal went too far for most delegates and was rejected . The `` Declaration of Rights and Grievances '' was duly sent to the king , and petitions were also sent to both Houses of Parliament . Repeal ( edit ) Grenville was replaced by Lord Rockingham as Prime Minister on 10 July 1765 . News of the mob violence began to reach England in October . Conflicting sentiments were taking hold in Britain at the same time that resistance was building and accelerating in America . Some wanted to strictly enforce the Stamp Act over colonial resistance , wary of the precedent that would be set by backing down . Others felt the economic effects of reduced trade with America after the Sugar Act and an inability to collect debts while the colonial economy suffered , and they began to lobby for a repeal of the Stamp Act . The colonial protest had included various non-importation agreements among merchants who recognized that a significant portion of British industry and commerce was dependent on the colonial market . This movement had also spread through the colonies ; 200 merchants had met in New York City and agreed to import nothing from England until the Stamp Act was repealed . This cartoon depicts the repeal of the Stamp Act as a funeral , with Grenville carrying a child 's coffin marked `` born 1765 , died 1766 '' When Parliament met in December 1765 , it rejected a resolution offered by Grenville that would have condemned colonial resistance to the enforcement of the Act . Outside of Parliament , Rockingham and his secretary Edmund Burke , a member of Parliament himself , organized London merchants who started a committee of correspondence to support repeal of the Stamp Act by urging merchants throughout the country to contact their local representatives in Parliament . When Parliament reconvened on 14 January 1766 , the Rockingham ministry formally proposed repeal . Amendments were considered that would have lessened the financial impact on the colonies by allowing colonists to pay the tax in their own scrip , but this was viewed to be too little and too late . William Pitt stated in the Parliamentary debate that everything done by the Grenville ministry `` has been entirely wrong '' with respect to the colonies . He further stated , `` It is my opinion that this Kingdom has no right to lay a tax upon the colonies . '' Pitt still maintained `` the authority of this kingdom over the colonies , to be sovereign and supreme , in every circumstance of government and legislature whatsoever , '' but he made the distinction that taxes were not part of governing , but were `` a voluntary gift and grant of the Commons alone . '' He rejected the notion of virtual representation , as `` the most contemptible idea that ever entered into the head of man . '' Grenville responded to Pitt : Protection and obedience are reciprocal . Great Britain protects America ; America is bound to yield obedience . If , not , tell me when the Americans were emancipated ? When they want the protection of this kingdom , they are always ready to ask for it . That protection has always been afforded them in the most full and ample manner . The nation has run itself into an immense debt to give them their protection ; and now they are called upon to contribute a small share towards the public expence , and expence arising from themselves , they renounce your authority , insult your officers , and break out , I might also say , into open rebellion . Pitt 's response to Grenville included , `` I rejoice that America has resisted . Three millions of people , so dead to all the feelings of liberty as voluntarily to submit to be slaves , would have been fit instruments to make slaves of the rest . '' Between 17 and 27 January , Rockingham shifted the attention from constitutional arguments to economic by presenting petitions complaining of the economic repercussions felt throughout the country . On 7 February , the House of Commons rejected a resolution by 274 -- 134 , saying that it would back the King in enforcing the Act . Henry Seymour Conway , the government 's leader in the House of Commons , introduced the Declaratory Act in an attempt to address both the constitutional and the economic issues , which affirmed the right of Parliament to legislate for the colonies `` in all cases whatsoever '' , while admitting the inexpediency of attempting to enforce the Stamp Act . Only Pitt and three or four others voted against it . Other resolutions passed which condemned the riots and demanded compensation from the colonies for those who suffered losses because of the actions of the mobs . The House of Commons heard testimony between 11 and 13 February , the most important witness being Benjamin Franklin on the last day of the hearings . He responded to the question about how the colonists would react if the Act was not repealed : `` A total loss of the respect and affection the people of America bear to this country , and of all the commerce that depends on that respect and affection . '' A Scottish journalist observed Franklin 's answers to Parliament and his affect on the repeal ; he later wrote to Franklin , `` To this very Examination , more than to any thing else , you are indebted to the speedy and total Repeal of this odious Law . '' A resolution was introduced on 21 February to repeal the Stamp Act , and it passed by a vote of 276 -- 168 . The King gave royal assent on 18 March 1766 . Consequences ( edit ) Main article : American Revolution Some aspects of the resistance to the act provided a sort of rehearsal for similar acts of resistance to the 1767 Townshend Acts , particularly the activities of the Sons of Liberty and merchants in organizing opposition . The Stamp Act Congress was a predecessor to the later Continental Congresses , notably the Second Continental Congress which oversaw the establishment of American independence . The Committees of Correspondence used to coordinate activities were revived between 1772 and 1774 in response to a variety of controversial and unpopular affairs , and the colonies that met at the 1774 First Continental Congress established a non-importation agreement known as the Continental Association in response to Parliamentary passage of the Intolerable Acts . See also ( edit ) Board of Inland Revenue Stamping Department Archive British Library Philatelic Collections Revenue stamps of the United States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan pg. 96 -- 97 Jump up ^ `` The Stamp Act of 1765 -- A Serendipitous Find '' by Hermann Ivester in The Revenue Journal , The Revenue Society , Vol. XX , No. 3 , December 2009 , pp. 87 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Wood , S.G. `` The American Revolution : A History . '' Modern Library . 2002 , page 24 . Jump up ^ Testimony of Doctor Benjamin Franklin , before an August Assembly of the British House of Commons , relating to the Repeal of the Stamp - Act , &c. , 1766 . Jump up ^ Soames Jennys , The Objections to the Taxation of Our American Colonies by the Legislature of Great Britain , Briefly Considered ( 1765 ) . Jump up ^ Daniel Dulaney , Considerations on the Propriety of Imposing Taxes in the British Colonies , for the Purpose of Raising a Revenue , by Act of Parliament ( 1765 ) ( reprinted in The American Revolution , Interpreting Primary Documents 47 - 51 ( Carey 2004 ) ) . Jump up ^ Draper pp. 216 -- 223 . Nash pp. 44 -- 56 . Maier pp. 76 -- 106 Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 111 -- 120 . Miller pg. 149 -- 153 Jump up ^ Daniella Garran ( 2010 - 07 - 19 ) . `` Steps to the American Revolution '' . Lesson Planet . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan , Stamp Act Crisis , 21 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Crucible of War , 563 ; Thomas , British Politics , 38 ; Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 55 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Crucible of War , 561 ; Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 55 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Crucible of War , 563 . Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan , Stamp Act Crisis , 22 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Crucible of War , 560 . See also Charles S. Grant , `` Pontiac 's Rebellion and the British Troop Moves of 1763 '' , The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 40 , no . 1 ( June 1953 ) , 75 -- 88 . Jump up ^ George Bancroft ( 1888 ) . History of the United States of America , From the Discovery of the Continent . p. 292 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Crucible of War , 510 -- 11 ; Thomas , British Politics , 6 ; Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 62 . Jump up ^ Thomas , British Politics , 37 . Jump up ^ Thomas , British Politics , 32 . Jump up ^ Thomas , British Politics , 44 . Jump up ^ Thomas , British Politics , 47 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Crucible of War , 547 . Jump up ^ Reid , Authority to Tax , 206 . Jump up ^ Miller pg. 109 -- 113 . Morgan and Morgan pg. 75 -- 76 . Weslager pg. 50 Jump up ^ Draper 231 -- 233 . Middlekauff pg. 77 Jump up ^ Miller pg. 109 -- 113 . Morgan and Morgan pg. 75 -- 76 . Weslager pg. 50 . Jump up ^ Draper pg. 216 , 230 -- 233 Jump up ^ Draper 231 -- 233 . Middlekauff pg. 77 . Ingersoll accepted a position of stamp distributor for Connecticut despite his opposition . Middlekauff pg. 108 Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 78 -- 80 Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 79 Jump up ^ George Louis Beer ( 1907 ) . British Colonial Policy , 1754 - 1765 . p. 266 . Jump up ^ Weslager pg. 34 Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan pg. 96 -- 97 . Jump up ^ David Hackett Fischer , Albion 's Seed ( 1989 ) p 825 Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan pg. 96 -- 97 . Weslager ( pg. 42 ) also notes that the paper used had to be pre-stamped in England . Most paper came from there anyway , so there were `` approximately fifty colonial papermakers who operated their own mills '' who would suffer from decreased demand for their products . Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan pg. 97 -- 98 Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan pg. 98 Jump up ^ Draper pg. 223 . Weslager pg. 51 -- 52 . Separate appointments were made for the three Canadian colonies ( Quebec , Nova Scotia , and Newfoundland ) , one each for East and West Florida , and five for the islands of the West Indies . Jump up ^ Morgan pg. 311 -- 313 . Jump up ^ Draper pg. 216 Jump up ^ Morgan ( 1956 ) pg. 19 Jump up ^ Draper pg. 216 -- 217 Jump up ^ Draper pg. 219 Jump up ^ Weslager pg. 58 -- 59 . Ferling pg 33 . Jump up ^ Morgan pg. 314 -- 315 . Draper pg. 223 Jump up ^ Ferling pg. 32 -- 34 . Middlekauff pg. 83 Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 84 . The Resolves were widely reprinted and many versions of them are still seen . Middlekauff used the wording from the journal of the House of Burgesses . Jump up ^ Weslager pg. 60 Jump up ^ Weslager pg. 65 Jump up ^ `` The Stamp Act : Troubling Their Neighbors '' . WGBH and Lowell Institute . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Lowest Of The Mob '' . WGBH and Lowell Institute . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Nash p. 44 Jump up ^ Nash p. 59 Jump up ^ Nash p. 48 Jump up ^ Nash pp. 45 -- 47 Jump up ^ Nash p. 53 Jump up ^ Wood , S.G. `` The American Revolution : A History . '' Modern Library . 2002 , pp. 29 - 30 Jump up ^ Douglass Adair & John A Schultz , eds. , Peter Oliver 's Origin and Progress of the American Rebellion : A Tory View ( The Huntington Library , 1961 ) , p. 52 Jump up ^ Hosmer pg. 91 -- 94 Jump up ^ Nash p. 48 Jump up ^ Nash pp. 49 -- 50 Jump up ^ Nash p. 49 Jump up ^ Maier p. 85 Jump up ^ Nash pp. 50 -- 51 Jump up ^ Wilkins Updike , History of the Episcopal church in Narragansett , Rhode Island ( 1847 ) p. 221 Jump up ^ Nash pp. 53 -- 55 Jump up ^ Nash pp. 55 -- 56 Jump up ^ Middlekauff p. 98 Jump up ^ Wood , S.G. `` The American Revolution : A History . '' Modern Library . 2002 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Kerr , W.B. ( October 1932 ) . `` The Stamp Act in Quebec '' . English Historical Review . 47 ( 188 ) : 648 -- 651 . JSTOR 553075 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Wilfred B. ( September 1933 ) . `` The Stamp Act in Nova Scotia '' . New England Quarterly . 6 ( 3 ) : 552 -- 566 . JSTOR 359557 . Jump up ^ Anspach , Lewis Amadeus ( 1819 ) . A History of the Island of Newfoundland . London : self - published . p. 192 . OCLC 1654202 . Jump up ^ O'Shaughnessy , Andrew J. ( Apr 1994 ) . `` The Stamp Act Crisis in the British Caribbean '' . William and Mary Quarterly . 51 ( 2 ) : 203 -- 26 . JSTOR 2946860 . Jump up ^ Maier pg. 76 -- 82 . Maier noted that the term `` sons of liberty '' , used in the generic sense , was used as early as the 1750s in some Connecticut documents . Jump up ^ Miller pg. 130 Jump up ^ Maiers pg. 78 -- 81 Jump up ^ Maier pg. 86 -- 88 Jump up ^ Maier pg. 101 -- 106 . Miller pg. 139 . Miller wrote , `` Had Great Britain attempted to enforce the Stamp Act , there can be little doubt that British troops and embattled Americans would have shed each other 's blood ten years before Lexington . As Benjamin Franklin remarked , a British army would not have found a rebellion in the American colonies in 1765 but it would have made one . '' Jump up ^ Richard D. Brown ( 1997 ) . The Strength of a People : The Idea of an Informed Citizenry in America , 1650 - 1870 . Uof North Carolina Press . p. 57 . Jump up ^ Roger P. Mellen , `` The Colonial Virginia Press and the Stamp Act . '' Journalism History 38.2 ( 2012 ) . Jump up ^ David A. Copeland ( 2000 ) . Debating the Issues in Colonial Newspapers : Primary Documents on Events of the Period . p. 195 . Jump up ^ `` The Colonial Newspapers and the Stamp Act '' by Arthur M. Schlesinger in The New England Quarterly , Vol. 8 , No. 1 ( March 1935 ) , pp. 65 Jump up ^ Tillman 2013 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Arthur Schlesinger , `` The Colonial Newspapers and The Stamp Act '' New England Quarterly 8 # 1 ( 1935 63 - 83 online Jump up ^ Schlesinger pg. 74 Jump up ^ Schlesinger , `` The Colonial Newspapers and The Stamp Act '' p 69 . Jump up ^ Wood , S.G. `` The American Revolution : A History . '' Modern Library . 2002 , page 29 Jump up ^ Miller pg. 137 Jump up ^ Weslager pg. 108 -- 111 Jump up ^ Miller pg. 137 -- 139 . Morgan and Morgan pg. 139 Jump up ^ Weslager pg. 148 Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan pg. 140 -- 141 Jump up ^ Weslager pg. 109 Jump up ^ Weslager pg. 115 . Morgan and Morgan pg. 142 Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan pg. 145 -- 152 . Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan pg. 151 -- 152 . `` Thus by the fall of 1765 the colonists had clearly laid down the line where they believed that Parliament should stop , and they had drawn that line not merely as Englishmen but as men . '' Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan pg. 147 -- 148 Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 111 -- 113 Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 111 -- 113 . Miller pg. 149 -- 151 Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan pg. 49 -- 50 , pg. 331 Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 113 -- 114 . Miller pg. 153 . Miller wrote of the Rockingham ministry , `` Of all the Whig factions , the Rockinghams were most benevolent toward the colonies . While they were as determined ... as ( other factions ) to maintain the sovereignty of great Britain , they insisted ( that ) the Americans must be treated as customers rather than as rebellious rogues who merited a sound whipping . '' Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 115 Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 116 Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 116 -- 117 Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 117 -- 119 Jump up ^ `` Founders Online : Examination before the Committee of the Whole of the House of ... '' Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 121 Jump up ^ `` Glorious News , Boston , Friday 11 o'Clock , 16 May 1766 '' . London Gazette . Boston . 16 May 1776 . Bibliography ( edit ) Adair , Douglass . `` The Stamp Act in Contemporary English Cartoons . '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 1953 ) : 538 - 542 . in JSTOR Alexander , John K. Samuel Adams : America 's Revolutionary Politician. ( 2002 ) ISBN 0 - 7425 - 2114 - 1 Clark , Ronald W. Benjamin Franklin . A Biography. ( 1983 ) ISBN 0 - 394 - 50222 - 1 Draper , Theodore . A Struggle For Power : The American Revolution . ( 1996 ) ISBN 0 - 8129 - 2575 - 0 Ferling , John . A Leap in the Dark : The Struggle to Create the American Republic . ( 2003 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517600 - 1 Findling , John E. and Frank W. Thackeray . Events That Changed America in the Eighteenth Century . ( 1998 ) Greenwood Press . Hutchins , Zachary McLeod , ed. , Community without Consent : New Perspectives on the Stamp Act ( University Press of New England , 2016 ) . 264 pp. , online review Hoffer , Peter Charles . Benjamin Franklin Explains the Stamp Act Protests to Parliament , 1766 ( 2015 ) , with documents Hosmer , John Kendall ( 1896 ) . The Life of Thomas Hutchinson . Boston : Houghton , Mifflin . OCLC 1527164 . Maier , Pauline . From Resistance to Revolution : Colonial radicals and the development of American opposition to Britain , 1765 -- 1776 . ( 1991 -- original 1972 ) ISBN 0 - 393 - 30825 - 1 Middlekauff , Robert . The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 . ( 2005 ) ISBN 978 0 - 19 - 516247 - 9 Miller , John C. Origins of the American Revolution . ( 1943 ) Morgan , Edmund S. Colonial Ideas of Parliamentary Power 1764 -- 1766 . William and Mary Quarterly , Vol. 5 , No. 3 ( Jul. , 1948 ) , pg. 311 -- 341 . JSTOR Morgan , Edmund S. and Morgan , Helen M. The Stamp Act Crisis : Prologue to Revolution . ( 1963 ) Nash , Gary B . The Unknown American Revolution : The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America . ( 2006 ) ISBN 9780143037200 Reid , John Phillip . Constitutional History of the American Revolution : The Authority to Tax . Madison : University of Wisconsin Press , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 299 - 11290 - X . Arthur M. Schlesinger . The Colonial Newspapers and the Stamp Act . The New England Quarterly , Vol. 8 , No. 1 ( Mar. , 1935 ) , pp. 63 -- 83 . Thomas , Peter D.G. British Politics and the Stamp Act Crisis : The First Phase of the American Revolution , 1763 -- 1767 . Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1975 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 822431 - 1 . Weslager , C.A. The Stamp Act Congress . ( 1976 ) ISBN 0 - 87413 - 111 - 1 Douglass Adair & John A Schultz , eds. , Peter Oliver 's Origin and Progress of the American Rebellion : A Tory View ( The Huntington Library , 1961 ) , p. 52 . External links ( edit ) Works related to Stamp Act ( 1765 ) at Wikisource Text of the 1765 Stamp Act Resolves of the Pennsylvania Assembly on the Stamp Act , 21 September 1765 1766 Text of the Repeal of the Stamp Act Images of the type of stamps referred to in the Act . Profiles of the `` 12 Immortal Justices '' of Maryland who ruled the Stamp Act invalid and void on 23 November 1765 . 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who built the statue in rio de janeiro	Designer Created by the French sculptor Paul Landowski and built by the engineer Heitor da Silva Costa Brazil in collab with the French engineer Albert Caquot . Romanian sculptor Gheorghe Leonida created the face of the statue	Created by the French sculptor Paul Landowski and built by the engineer Heitor da Silva Costa Brazil in collab with the French engineer Albert Caquot . Romanian sculptor Gheorghe Leonida created the face of the statue	Christ the Redeemer ( statue )	christ the redeemer ( statue )	Christ the Redeemer ( Portuguese : Cristo Redentor , standard Brazilian Portuguese : ( ˈkɾistu ʁedẽˈtoʁ ) , local dialect : ( ˈkɾiɕtŭ̻ xe̞dẽ̞ˈtoɦ ) ) is an Art Deco statue of Jesus Christ in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , created by French sculptor Paul Landowski and built by the Brazilian engineer Heitor da Silva Costa , in collaboration with the French engineer Albert Caquot . Romanian sculptor Gheorghe Leonida fashioned the face . Constructed between 1922 and 1931 , the statue is 30 metres ( 98 ft ) tall , excluding its 8 - metre ( 26 ft ) pedestal . The arms stretch 28 metres ( 92 ft ) wide .	The statue weighs 635 metric tons ( 625 long , 700 short tons ) , and is located at the peak of the 700 - metre ( 2,300 ft ) Corcovado mountain in the Tijuca Forest National Park overlooking the city of Rio de Janeiro . A symbol of Christianity across the world , the statue has also become a cultural icon of both Rio de Janeiro and Brazil , and is listed as one of the New Seven Wonders of the World . It is made of reinforced concrete and soapstone . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Restoration 3 Similar structures 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) A view of the Corcovado before the construction , 19th century Aerial view of the statue . Vincentian priest , Pedro Maria Boss , first suggested placing a Christian monument on Mount Corcovado in the mid 1850s to honor Princess Isabel , princess regent of Brazil and the daughter of Emperor Pedro II , however the project died due to lack of support . In 1889 the country became a republic , and due to the separation of church and state , the idea of the statue was dismissed . The Catholic Circle of Rio made a second proposal for a landmark statue on the mountain in 1920 . The group organized an event called Semana do Monumento ( `` Monument Week '' ) to attract donations and collect signatures to support the building of the statue . What motivated the organization was what they perceived as ' Godlessness ' in the society at the time . The donations came mostly from Brazilian Catholics . The designs considered for the `` Statue of the Christ '' included a representation of the Christian cross , a statue of Jesus with a globe in his hands , and a pedestal symbolizing the world . The statue of Christ the Redeemer with open arms , a symbol of peace , was chosen . Local engineer Heitor da Silva Costa designed the statue . French sculptor Paul Landowski created the work . In 1922 , Landowski commissioned fellow Parisian Romanian sculptor Gheorghe Leonida , who studied sculpture at the Fine Arts Conservatory in Bucharest and in Italy . Leonida 's portrayal of Christ 's face made him famous . A group of engineers and technicians studied Landowski 's submissions and felt building the structure of reinforced concrete ( designed by Albert Caquot ) instead of steel was more suitable for the cross-shaped statue . The outer layers are soapstone , chosen for its enduring qualities and ease of use . Construction took nine years , from 1922 to 1931 and cost the equivalent of US $250,000 ( equivalent to $3,400,000 in 2016 ) and the monument opened on October 12 , 1931 . During the opening ceremony , the statue was to be lit by a battery of floodlights turned on remotely by Italian shortwave radio inventor Guglielmo Marconi , stationed 5,700 miles ( 9,200 km ) away in Rome but because of bad weather , the lights were activated on - site . In October 2006 , on the 75th anniversary of the statue 's completion , Archbishop of Rio , Cardinal Eusebio Oscar Scheid , consecrated a chapel , named after Brazil 's patron saint -- Our Lady of the Apparition , under the statue , allowing Catholics to hold baptisms and weddings there . Lightning struck the statue during a violent thunderstorm on February 10 , 2008 , causing some damage to the fingers , head and eyebrows . The Rio de Janeiro state government initiated a restoration effort to replace some of the outer soapstone layers and repair the lightning rods on the statue . Lightning damaged it again , on January 17 , 2014 , dislodging a finger on the right hand . In 2010 , a massive restoration of the statue began . Work included cleaning , replacing the mortar and soapstone on the exterior , restoring iron in the internal structure , and waterproofing the monument . Vandals attacked the statue during renovation , spraying paint along the arm . Mayor Eduardo Paes called the act `` a crime against the nation '' . The culprits later apologized and presented themselves to the police . In 2015 two Russian and Ukrainian urban explorers , Vadim Makhorov and Vitaly Raskalov from Ontheroofs , climbed the statue with captured video footage and photos . Restoration ( edit ) A panoramic view of the statue at the top of Corcovado Mountain with Sugarloaf Mountain ( centre ) and Guanabara Bay in the background . Christ the Redeemer at night as seen from Tijuca Forest Corcovado Rack Railway In 1990 , several organizations , including the Archdiocese of Rio de Janeiro , media company Grupo Globo , oil company Shell do Brasil , environmental regulator IBAMA , National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage , and the city government of Rio de Janeiro entered an agreement to conduct restoration work . More work on the statue and its environs was conducted in 2003 and early 2010 . In 2003 , a set of escalators , walkways , and elevators were installed to facilitate access to the platform surrounding the statue . The four - month restoration in 2010 focused on the statue itself . The statue 's internal structure was renovated and its soapstone mosaic covering was restored by removing a crust of fungi and other microorganisms and repairing small cracks . The lightning rods located in the statue 's head and arms were also repaired , and new lighting fixtures were installed at the foot of the statue . The restoration involved one hundred people and used more than 60,000 pieces of stone taken from the same quarry as the original statue . During the unveiling of the restored statue , it was illuminated with green - and - yellow lighting in support of the Brazil national football team playing in the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Maintenance work needs to be conducted periodically due to the strong winds and erosion to which the statue is exposed , as well as lightning strikes . The original pale stone is no longer available in sufficient quantities , and replacement stones are increasingly darker in hue . Similar structures ( edit ) Cristo del Otero in Palencia , Spain built in 1930 ( 21 m ) Cerro del Cubilete in Guanajuato , Mexico , inspired by Rio 's Christ the Redeemer ( 23 m ) Christ Blessing in Manado , North Sulawesi , Indonesia ( 30 m ) Christ of Havana in Havana , Cuba , inspired by Christ the Redeemer ( 20 m ) Christ of the Abyss in various underwater locations Christ of the Ozarks in Arkansas , United States , inspired by Rio 's Christ the Redeemer ( 20 m ) Christ of Vũng Tàu in Vietnam ( 32 m ) Christ the King in Świebodzin , Poland ( 33 m ) Christ the Redeemer of the Andes ( Argentina / Chile ) Christ the Sacred Heart of Jesus , Ibiza , Spain , inspired by Christ the Redeemer ( 23 m ) Cristo Blanco in Cusco , Peru Cristo de la Concordia in Cochabamba , Bolivia Cristo de las Noas in Torreón , Mexico ( 22 m ) Cristo del Pacífico in Lima , Peru , erected in 2011 ( 37 m ) Patung Yesus Kristus in Mansinam Island , West Papua , Indonesia ( 30 m ) Cristo Redentore ( Christ the Redeemer ) of Maratea , Italy ( 21 m ) Cristo Rei in Lisbon , Portugal ( 28 m ) Cristo Rei of Dili in Dili , Timor - Leste ( 27 m ) Cristo Rei , Madeira on Madeira island , completed in 1927 ( 15 m ) Cristo Rei in Lubango , Angola ( 14 m ) Statue of Jesus Christ on the top of Sagrat Cor , Barcelona , Spain Tas - Salvatur , Malta ( 12 m ) Statue of Jesus Christ , Monte Urgull , Donostia - San Sebastian , Spain - 12 m Jesus de Greatest in Imo , Nigeria , Africa 's tallest statue of Jesus and fifth tallest statue on the continent ( 8.53 m ) Cristo del Picacho in Tegucigalpa , Honduras Cristo Redentor , Puerto Plata , Dominican Republic Christ The King Lebanon Another imitation statue of Christ the Redeemer is at Nellore , Andhra Pradesh , India. ( Shrish Patil ) Gallery ( edit ) The statue Access escalators Christ the Redeemer after restoration The statue illuminated in yellow and green , the colors of Brazil , during the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Christ the Redeemer lit in the colours of the French flag after the November 2015 Paris attacks The Corcovado and Christ the Redeemer as seen from Sugarloaf Mountain . See also ( edit ) Sanctuary of Christ the Redeemer at Google Cultural Institute Approximate heights of various notable statues : 1 . Spring Temple Buddha 153 m ( incl. 25 m pedestal and 20 m throne ) 2 . Statue of Liberty 93 m ( incl. 47 m pedestal ) 3 . The Motherland Calls 91 m ( excl . pedestal ) 4 . Christ the Redeemer 38 m ( incl. 8 m pedestal ) 5 . Statue of David 5.17 m ( excl . 2.5 m pedestal ) List of statues by height References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Murray , Lorraine . `` Christ the Redeemer ( last updated 13 January 2014 ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Giumbelli , Emerson ( 2014 ) . Símbolos Religiosos em Controvérsia ( in Portuguese ) . São Paulo . 244 . ISBN 978 - 85 - 7816 - 137 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The New Seven Wonders of the World '' . Hindustan Times . July 8 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved July 11 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christ the Redeemer '' . TIME . October 26 , 1931 . Retrieved July 11 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brazil : Crocovado mountain -- Statue of Christ '' . Travel Channel . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2007 . Retrieved July 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sanctuary Status for Rio landmark '' . BBC News . October 13 , 2006 . Retrieved July 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cristo Corcovado by Sergi Lla on Prezi '' . Prezi.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristo Redentor -- Histórico da Construção '' ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Victor , Duilo . `` Redentor , carioca até a alma '' ( in Portuguese ) . Jornal do Brasil . Retrieved July 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Phil , Damon ( June 29 , 1983 ) . `` Vote now for Phoneheng '' . The Sun . London . Jump up ^ `` Cristo Redentor : santuário carioca que virou símbolo da cidade no mundo '' . Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro . October 20 , 2014 . ( in Portuguese ) Jump up ^ Dima , Alina . `` Gheorghe Leonida -- Romanian contribution to `` Cristo Redentor '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Cristo Redentor vai passar por restauração até junho ( '' Christ the Redeemer under restoration ' til June `` ) '' . Estadão . Jump up ^ Moratelli , Valmir . `` Cristo Redentor , castigado por raios , passa por ampla reforma ( Christ the Redeemer , punished by lightnings , go by ample refit ) '' . Último Segundo . Jump up ^ `` Cristo Redentor renovado para 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Rio de Janeiro Government . December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lightning breaks finger off Rio 's Christ '' . The Age . January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vandals cover Rio 's Christ statue with graffiti '' . Reuters. April 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tabak , Bernardo . `` Estátua do Cristo Redentor é alvo de pichação '' . Globo . Jump up ^ Infosur hoy : Christ the Redeemer to get new outfit Archived July 14 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Climbing Christ the Redeemer youtube video '' . Ontheroofs . December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Climbing Christ the Redeemer ontheroofs story with photos and video '' . Ontheroofs . December 10 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Millward , David ( December 12 , 2015 ) . `` Watch the stunning footage taken by photographers who climbed Rio 's 125 - feet tall Christ the Redeemer Statue '' . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brazil 's Christ state returns after renovation '' . BBC News . July 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Christ the Redeemer se la come , YouTube video , accessed January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Reforma no cartão - postal '' . Veja Rio . May 18 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2010 . Retrieved May 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bowater , Donna ; Mulvey , Stephen ; Misra , Tanvi ( March 10 , 2014 ) . `` Arms wide open '' . BBC Online . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kompas Cyber Media . `` Presiden Resmikan Patung Yesus Kristus di Pulau Mansinam -- Kompas.com Regional '' . Regional.kompas.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Blanes , Ruy Llera ( 2014 ) . `` Review : Giumbelli , Emerson ( 2014 ) , Símbolos Religiosos em Controvérsia . São Paulo : Terceiro Nome '' . Vibrant : Virtual Brazilian Anthropology ( in Portuguese ) . 11 ( 2 ) : 470 -- 472 . doi : 10.1590 / S1809 - 43412014000200016 . ISSN 1809 - 4341 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2010 . Giumbelli , Emerson ( 2008 ) . `` A modernidade do Cristo Redentor '' . Dados ( in Portuguese ) . 51 ( 1 ) : 75 -- 105 . doi : 10.1590 / S0011 - 52582008000100003 . ISSN 0011 - 5258 . Giumbelli , Emerson & Bosisio , Izabella ( 2010 ) . `` A Política de um Monumento : as Muitas Imagens do Cristo Redentor '' . Debates do NER ( in Portuguese ) . 2 ( 18 ) : 173 -- 192 . ISSN 1982 - 8136 . Giumbelli , Emerson ( 2013 ) . `` O Cristo Pichado '' . Ponto Urbe . Revista do Núcleo de Antropologia Urbana da USP ( in Portuguese ) ( 12 ) . doi : 10.4000 / pontourbe. 586 . ISSN 1981 - 3341 . Ranquetat - Júnior , Cesar Alberto ( 2012 ) . Laicidade à brasileira : um estudo sobre a controvérsia em torno da presença de símbolos religiosos em espaços públicos ( Doutorado em Antropologia Social ) ( in Portuguese ) . UFRGS. 310 pp. Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Ranquetat - Júnior , Cesar Alberto ( 2015 ) . `` Giumbelli , Emerson . Símbolos Religiosos em Controvérsia . São Paulo : Terceiro Nome , 2014 '' . Debates do NER ( in Portuguese ) . 1 ( 27 ) : 429 -- 437 . ISSN 1982 - 8136 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cristo Redentor do Rio de Janeiro . Official website Corcovado Train Map ( in Portuguese ) Government bulletin about the statue 's restoration ( in Portuguese ) Poliakoff , Martyn . `` Soapstone @ Cristo Redentor '' . The Periodic Table of Videos . University of Nottingham . 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flu that spread over a large area in 1918	The 1918 flu pandemic ( January 1918 -- December 1920 ) was an unusually deadly influenza pandemic , the first of the two pandemics involving H1N1 influenza virus . It infected 500 million people around the world , including people on remote Pacific islands and in the Arctic , and resulted in the deaths of 50 to 100 million ( three to five percent of the world 's population ) , making it one of the deadliest natural disasters in human history .	H1N1 influenza virus	1918 flu pandemic	1918 flu pandemic	The 1918 flu pandemic ( January 1918 -- December 1920 ) was an unusually deadly influenza pandemic , the first of the two pandemics involving H1N1 influenza virus . It infected 500 million people around the world , including people on remote Pacific islands and in the Arctic , and resulted in the deaths of 50 to 100 million ( three to five percent of the world 's population ) , making it one of the deadliest natural disasters in human history .	Disease had already greatly limited life expectancy in the early 20th century . In the first year of the pandemic , life expectancy in the United States dropped by about 12 years . Most influenza outbreaks disproportionately kill juvenile , elderly , or already weakened patients ; in contrast , the 1918 pandemic predominantly killed previously healthy young adults . There are several possible explanations for the high mortality rate of the 1918 influenza pandemic . Some research suggests that the specific variant of the virus had an unusually aggressive nature . One group of researchers recovered the virus from the bodies of frozen victims , and found that transfection in animals caused a rapid progressive respiratory failure and death through a cytokine storm ( overreaction of the body 's immune system ) . It was then postulated that the strong immune reactions of young adults ravaged the body , whereas the weaker immune systems of children and middle - aged adults resulted in fewer deaths among those groups . More recent investigations , mainly based on original medical reports from the period of the pandemic , found that the viral infection itself was not more aggressive than any previous influenza , but that the special circumstances ( malnourishment , overcrowded medical camps and hospitals , poor hygiene ) promoted bacterial superinfection that killed most of the victims typically after a somewhat prolonged death bed . Historical and epidemiological data are inadequate to identify the pandemic 's geographic origin . It was implicated in the outbreak of encephalitis lethargica in the 1920s . To maintain morale , wartime censors minimized early reports of illness and mortality in Germany , the United Kingdom , France , and the United States . Papers were free to report the epidemic 's effects in neutral Spain ( such as the grave illness of King Alfonso XIII ) . This created a false impression of Spain as especially hard hit , thereby giving rise to the pandemic 's nickname , Spanish Flu . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Hypotheses about source 1.2 Spread 2 Mortality 2.1 Around the globe 2.2 Patterns of fatality 2.3 Deadly second wave 2.4 Devastated communities 2.5 Less - affected areas 2.6 Aspirin poisoning 2.7 End of the pandemic 2.8 Long - term impact 3 Legacy 4 Spanish flu research 5 In popular culture 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Notes 8.2 Bibliography 9 Further reading 10 External links History Hypotheses about source Historian Alfred W. Crosby recorded that the flu originated in the U.S. state of Kansas , and popular writer John Barry echoed Crosby in describing Haskell County , as the point of origin although already in late 1917 there had been a first wave in at least 14 US military camps . Investigative work in 1999 by a British team led by virologist John Oxford of St Bartholomew 's Hospital and the Royal London Hospital identified the major troop staging and hospital camp in Étaples , France , as being the center of the 1918 flu pandemic . In late 1917 , military pathologists reported the onset of a new disease with high mortality that they later recognized as the flu . The overcrowded camp and hospital -- which treated thousands of victims of chemical attacks and other casualties of war -- was an ideal site for the spreading of a respiratory virus ; 100,000 soldiers were in transit every day . It also was home to a live piggery , and poultry was regularly brought in from surrounding villages . Oxford and his team postulated that a significant precursor virus , harbored in birds , mutated so it could migrate to pigs that were kept near the front . Earlier hypotheses of the epidemic 's origin have varied . Some hypothesized the flu originated in East Asia . Claude Hannoun , the leading expert on the 1918 flu for the Pasteur Institute , asserted the former virus was likely to have come from China , mutating in the United States near Boston and spreading to Brest , France , Europe 's battlefields , Europe , and the world using Allied soldiers and sailors as main spreaders . He considered several other hypotheses of origin , such as Spain , Kansas , and Brest , as being possible , but not likely . Political scientist Andrew Price - Smith published data from the Austrian archives suggesting the influenza had earlier origins , beginning in Austria in early 1917 . In 2014 , historian Mark Humphries of the Memorial University of Newfoundland in St. John 's stated that newly unearthed records confirmed that one of the side stories of the war , the mobilization of 96,000 Chinese laborers to work behind the British and French lines on World War I 's western front , might have been the source of the pandemic . In the report , Humphries found archival evidence that a respiratory illness that struck northern China in November 1917 was identified a year later by Chinese health officials as identical to the `` Spanish '' flu . A report published in 2016 in the Journal of the Chinese Medical Association found no evidence that the 1918 virus was imported to Europe via Chinese and Southeast Asian soldiers and workers . It found evidence that the virus had been circulating in the European armies for months and possibly years before the 1918 pandemic . Spread When an infected person sneezes or coughs , more than half a million virus particles can be spread to those close by . The close quarters and massive troop movements of World War I hastened the pandemic , and probably both increased transmission and augmented mutation ; the war may also have increased the lethality of the virus . Some speculate the soldiers ' immune systems were weakened by malnourishment , as well as the stresses of combat and chemical attacks , increasing their susceptibility . A large factor in the worldwide occurrence of this flu was increased travel . Modern transportation systems made it easier for soldiers , sailors , and civilian travelers to spread the disease . In the United States , the disease was first observed in Haskell County , Kansas , in January 1918 , prompting local doctor Loring Miner to warn the U.S. Public Health Service 's academic journal . On 4 March 1918 , company cook Albert Gitchell reported sick at Fort Riley , an American military facility that at the time was training American troops during World War I , making him the first recorded victim of the flu . Within days , 522 men at the camp had reported sick . By 11 March 1918 , the virus had reached Queens , New York . Failure to take preventive measures in March / April was later criticised . In August 1918 , a more virulent strain appeared simultaneously in Brest , France ; in Freetown , Sierra Leone ; and in the U.S. in Boston , Massachusetts . The Spanish flu also spread through Ireland , carried there by returning Irish soldiers . The Allies of World War I came to call it the Spanish flu , primarily because the pandemic received greater press attention after it moved from France to Spain in November 1918 . Spain was not involved in the war and had not imposed wartime censorship . Mortality Around the globe The difference between the influenza mortality age - distributions of the 1918 epidemic and normal epidemics -- deaths per 100,000 persons in each age group , United States , for the interpandemic years 1911 -- 1917 ( dashed line ) and the pandemic year 1918 ( solid line ) Three pandemic waves : weekly combined influenza and pneumonia mortality , United Kingdom , 1918 -- 1919 The global mortality rate from the 1918 / 1919 pandemic is not known , but an estimated 10 % to 20 % of those who were infected died . With about a third of the world population infected , this case - fatality ratio means 3 % to 6 % of the entire global population died . Influenza may have killed as many as 25 million people in its first 25 weeks . Older estimates say it killed 40 -- 50 million people , while current estimates say 50 -- 100 million people worldwide were killed . This pandemic has been described as `` the greatest medical holocaust in history '' and may have killed more people than the Black Death . It is said that this flu killed more people in 24 weeks than AIDS killed in 24 years , and more in a year than the Black Death killed in a century . However , a 2016 article in The Atlantic states that the Black Death , over the course of the decade of the 1340s , killed more than 10 % of the world population whereas the 1918 flu pandemic killed less than half this percentage . The disease killed in every corner of the globe . As many as 17 million died in India , about 5 % of the population . The death toll in India 's British - ruled districts alone was 13.88 million . In Japan , of the 23 million people who were affected , 390,000 died . In the Dutch East Indies ( now Indonesia ) , 1.5 million were assumed to have died among 30 million inhabitants . In Tahiti 13 % of the population died during only a month . Similarly , in Samoa 22 % of the population of 38,000 died within two months . In Iran , the impact was enormous and according to an estimate , between 902,400 and 2,431,000 or 8.0 % and 21.7 % of the total population died . In the U.S. , about 28 % of the population became infected , and 500,000 to 675,000 died . Native American tribes were particularly hard hit . In the Four Corners area alone , 3,293 deaths were registered among Native Americans . Entire village communities perished in Alaska . In Canada 50,000 died . In Brazil 300,000 died , including president Rodrigues Alves . In Britain , as many as 250,000 died ; in France , more than 400,000 . In West Africa an influenza epidemic killed at least 100,000 people in Ghana . Tafari Makonnen ( the future Haile Selassie , Emperor of Ethiopia ) was one of the first Ethiopians who contracted influenza but survived , although many of his family 's subjects did not ; estimates for the fatalities in the capital city , Addis Ababa , range from 5,000 to 10,000 , or higher . In British Somaliland one official estimated that 7 % of the native population died . This huge death toll was caused by an extremely high infection rate of up to 50 % and the extreme severity of the symptoms , suspected to be caused by cytokine storms . Symptoms in 1918 were so unusual that initially influenza was misdiagnosed as dengue , cholera , or typhoid . One observer wrote , `` One of the most striking of the complications was hemorrhage from mucous membranes , especially from the nose , stomach , and intestine . Bleeding from the ears and petechial hemorrhages in the skin also occurred '' . The majority of deaths were from bacterial pneumonia , a common secondary infection associated with influenza , but the virus also killed people directly , by causing massive hemorrhages and edema in the lung . The unusually severe disease killed up to 20 % of those infected , as opposed to the usual flu epidemic mortality rate of 0.1 % . Patterns of fatality The pandemic mostly killed young adults . In 1918 -- 1919 , 99 % of pandemic influenza deaths in the U.S. occurred in people under 65 , and nearly half in young adults 20 to 40 years old . In 1920 , the mortality rate among people under 65 had decreased sixfold to half the mortality rate of people over 65 , but still 92 % of deaths occurred in people under 65 . This is unusual , since influenza is normally most deadly to weak individuals , such as infants ( under age two ) , the very old ( over age 70 ) , and the immunocompromised . In 1918 , older adults may have had partial protection caused by exposure to the 1889 -- 1890 flu pandemic , known as the Russian flu . According to historian John M. Barry , the most vulnerable of all -- `` those most likely , of the most likely '' , to die -- were pregnant women . He reported that in thirteen studies of hospitalized women in the pandemic , the death rate ranged from 23 % to 71 % . Of the pregnant women who survived childbirth , over one - quarter ( 26 % ) lost the child . Another oddity was that the outbreak was widespread in the summer and autumn ( in the Northern Hemisphere ) ; influenza is usually worse in winter . Modern analysis has shown the virus to be particularly deadly because it triggers a cytokine storm , which ravages the stronger immune system of young adults . In fast - progressing cases , mortality was primarily from pneumonia , by virus - induced pulmonary consolidation . Slower - progressing cases featured secondary bacterial pneumonias , and there may have been neural involvement that led to mental disorders in some cases . Some deaths resulted from malnourishment . A study -- conducted by He et al. -- used a mechanistic modelling approach to study the three waves of the 1918 influenza pandemic . They tried to study the factors that underlie variability in temporal patterns , and the patterns of mortality and morbidity . Their analysis suggests that temporal variations in transmission rate provide the best explanation and the variation in transmission required to generate these three waves is within biologically plausible values . Another study by He et al. used a simple epidemic model , to incorporate three factors including school opening and closing , temperature changes over the course of the outbreak , and human behavioral changes in response to the outbreak to infer the cause of the three waves of the 1918 influenza pandemic . Their modelling results showed that all three factors are important but human behavioral responses showed the largest effects . Deadly second wave American Expeditionary Force victims of the flu pandemic at U.S. Army Camp Hospital no . 45 in Aix - les - Bains , France , in 1918 The second wave of the 1918 pandemic was much deadlier than the first . The first wave had resembled typical flu epidemics ; those most at risk were the sick and elderly , while younger , healthier people recovered easily . But in August , when the second wave began in France , Sierra Leone and the United States , the virus had mutated to a much deadlier form . As the American Experience Influenza 1918 episode says , October 1918 was the deadliest month of the whole pandemic . This increased severity has been attributed to the circumstances of the First World War . In civilian life , natural selection favors a mild strain . Those who get very ill stay home , and those mildly ill continue with their lives , preferentially spreading the mild strain . In the trenches , natural selection was reversed . Soldiers with a mild strain stayed where they were , while the severely ill were sent on crowded trains to crowded field hospitals , spreading the deadlier virus . The second wave began and the flu quickly spread around the world again . Consequently , during modern pandemics health officials pay attention when the virus reaches places with social upheaval ( looking for deadlier strains of the virus ) . The fact that most of those who recovered from first - wave infections were now immune showed that it must have been the same strain of flu . This was most dramatically illustrated in Copenhagen , which escaped with a combined mortality rate of just 0.29 % ( 0.02 % in the first wave and 0.27 % in the second wave ) because of exposure to the less - lethal first wave . On the rest of the population it was far more deadly now ; the most vulnerable people were those like the soldiers in the trenches -- young previously healthy adults . Devastated communities A chart of deaths in major cities , showing a peak in October and November 1918 Even in areas where mortality was low , so many were incapacitated that much of everyday life was hampered . Some communities closed all stores or required customers to leave orders outside . There were reports that health - care workers could not tend the sick nor the gravediggers bury the dead because they too were ill . Mass graves were dug by steam shovel and bodies buried without coffins in many places . Several Pacific island territories were particularly hard - hit . The pandemic reached them from New Zealand , which was too slow to implement measures to prevent ships carrying the flu from leaving its ports . From New Zealand , the flu reached Tonga ( killing 8 % of the population ) , Nauru ( 16 % ) and Fiji ( 5 % , 9,000 people ) . Worst affected was German Samoa , today the independent state of Samoa , which had been occupied by New Zealand in 1914 . 90 % of the population was infected ; 30 % of adult men , 22 % of adult women and 10 % of children died . By contrast , the flu was kept away from American Samoa when Governor John Martin Poyer imposed a blockade . In New Zealand itself , 8,573 deaths were attributed to the 1918 pandemic influenza , resulting in a total population fatality rate of 0.74 % . In Ireland , the Spanish Flu accounted for 10 % of the total deaths in 1918 . Data analysis revealed 6,520 recorded deaths in Savannah - Chatham County , Georgia ( population = 83,252 ) for the three - year period from January 1 , 1917 , to December 31 , 1919 . Of these deaths , influenza was specifically listed as the cause of death in 316 cases , representing 4.85 percent of all causes of death for the total time period . Less - affected areas In Japan , 257,363 deaths were attributed to influenza by July 1919 , giving an estimated 0.425 % mortality rate , much lower than nearly all other Asian countries for which data are available . The Japanese government severely restricted maritime travel to and from the home islands when the pandemic struck . In the Pacific , American Samoa and the French colony of New Caledonia also succeeded in preventing even a single death from influenza through effective quarantines . In Australia , nearly 12,000 perished . By the end of the pandemic , the isolated island of Marajó , in Brazil 's Amazon River Delta had not reported an outbreak . Saint Helena also reported no deaths . Aspirin poisoning In a 2009 paper published in the journal Clinical Infectious Diseases , Karen Starko proposed that aspirin poisoning contributed substantially to the fatalities . She based this on the reported symptoms in those dying from the flu , as reported in the post mortem reports still available , and also the timing of the big `` death spike '' in October 1918 which happened right after the Surgeon General of the United States Army , and the Journal of the American Medical Association both recommended very large doses of 8 to 31 grams of aspirin per day . These levels will produce hyperventilation in 33 % of patients , as well as lung edema in 3 % of patients . Starko also points out that many early deaths showed `` wet , '' sometimes hemorrhagic lungs , whereas late deaths showed bacterial pneumonia . She suggests that the wave of aspirin poisonings was due to a `` perfect storm '' of events : Bayer 's patent on aspirin expired , so that many companies rushed in to make a profit and greatly increased the supply ; this coincided with the flu pandemic ; and the symptoms of aspirin poisoning were not known at the time . As an explanation for the universally high mortality rate , this hypothesis was questioned in a letter to the journal published in April 2010 by Andrew Noymer and Daisy Carreon of the University of California , Irvine , and Niall Johnson of the Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care . They questioned this universal applicability given the high mortality rate in countries such as India , where there was little or no access to aspirin at the time compared to the rate where aspirin was plentiful . They concluded that `` the salicylate ( aspirin ) poisoning hypothesis ( was ) difficult to sustain as the primary explanation for the unusual virulence of the 1918 -- 1919 influenza pandemic '' . In response , Starko pointed to anecdotal evidence of aspirin use in India and argued that even if aspirin over-prescription had not contributed to the high Indian mortality rate , it could still have been a factor for other high rates in areas where other exacerbating factors present in India played less of a role . End of the pandemic After the lethal second wave struck in late 1918 , new cases dropped abruptly -- almost to nothing after the peak in the second wave . In Philadelphia , for example , 4,597 people died in the week ending 16 October , but by 11 November , influenza had almost disappeared from the city . One explanation for the rapid decline of the lethality of the disease is that doctors got better at preventing and treating the pneumonia that developed after the victims had contracted the virus , although John Barry stated in his book that researchers have found no evidence to support this . Another theory holds that the 1918 virus mutated extremely rapidly to a less lethal strain . This is a common occurrence with influenza viruses : there is a tendency for pathogenic viruses to become less lethal with time , as the hosts of more dangerous strains tend to die out ( see also `` Deadly Second Wave '' , above ) . Long - Term impact A 2006 study in the Journal of Political Economy found that `` cohorts in utero during the pandemic displayed reduced educational attainment , increased rates of physical disability , lower income , lower socioeconomic status , and higher transfer payments compared with other birth cohorts . '' Legacy See also : List of 1918 flu pandemic cases American Red Cross nurses tend to flu patients in temporary wards set up inside Oakland Municipal Auditorium , 1918 . Academic Andrew Price - Smith has made the argument that the virus helped tip the balance of power in the later days of the war towards the Allied cause . He provides data that the viral waves hit the Central Powers before they hit the Allied powers , and that both morbidity and mortality in Germany and Austria were considerably higher than in Britain and France . In the United States , Britain and other countries , despite the relatively high morbidity and mortality rates that resulted from the epidemic in 1918 -- 1919 , the Spanish flu began to fade from public awareness over the decades until the arrival of news about bird flu and other pandemics in the 1990s and 2000s . This has led some historians to label the Spanish flu a `` forgotten pandemic '' . Various theories of why the Spanish flu was `` forgotten '' include the rapid pace of the pandemic , which killed most of its victims in the United States , for example , within a period of less than nine months , resulting in limited media coverage . The general population was familiar with patterns of pandemic disease in the late 19th and early 20th centuries : typhoid , yellow fever , diphtheria , and cholera all occurred near the same time . These outbreaks probably lessened the significance of the influenza pandemic for the public . In some areas , the flu was not reported on , the only mention being that of advertisements for medicines claiming to cure it . In addition , the outbreak coincided with the deaths and media focus on the First World War . Another explanation involves the age group affected by the disease . The majority of fatalities , from both the war and the epidemic , were among young adults . The deaths caused by the flu may have been overlooked due to the large numbers of deaths of young men in the war or as a result of injuries . When people read the obituaries , they saw the war or postwar deaths and the deaths from the influenza side by side . Particularly in Europe , where the war 's toll was extremely high , the flu may not have had a great , separate , psychological impact , or may have seemed a mere extension of the war 's tragedies . The duration of the pandemic and the war could have also played a role . The disease would usually only affect a certain area for a month before leaving , while the war , which most had initially expected to end quickly , had lasted for four years by the time the pandemic struck . This left little time for the disease to have a significant impact on the economy . Regarding global economic effects , many businesses in the entertainment and service industries suffered losses in revenue , while the health care industry reported profit gains . February 1918 drawing by Marguerite Martyn of a visiting nurse in St. Louis , Missouri , with medicine and babies Historian Nancy Bristow has argued that the pandemic , when combined with the increasing number of women attending college , contributed to the success of women in the field of nursing . This was due in part to the failure of medical doctors , who were predominantly men , to contain and prevent the illness . Nursing staff , who were predominantly women , felt more inclined to celebrate the success of their patient care and less inclined to identify the spread of the disease with their own work . In Spain , sources from the period explicitly linked the Spanish flu to the cultural figure of Don Juan . The nickname for the flu , the `` Naples Soldier '' , was adopted from Federico Romero and Guillermo Fernández Shaw 's operetta , The Song of Forgetting ( La canción del olvido ) , the protagonist of which is a stock Don Juan type . Federico Romero , one of the librettists , quipped that the play 's most popular musical number , Naples Soldier , was as catchy as the flu . Davis has argued the Spanish flu -- Don Juan connection served a cognitive function , allowing Spaniards to make sense of their epidemic experience by interpreting it through a familiar template , namely the Don Juan story . Spanish flu Research Main article : Spanish flu research An electron micrograph showing recreated 1918 influenza virions Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as Dr. Terrence Tumpey examines a reconstructed version of the 1918 flu . The origin of the Spanish flu pandemic , and the relationship between the near - simultaneous outbreaks in humans and swine , have been controversial . One hypothesis is that the virus strain originated at Fort Riley , Kansas , in viruses in poultry and swine which the fort bred for food ; the soldiers were then sent from Fort Riley around the world , where they spread the disease . Similarities between a reconstruction of the virus and avian viruses , combined with the human pandemic preceding the first reports of influenza in swine , led researchers to conclude the influenza virus jumped directly from birds to humans , and swine caught the disease from humans . Others have disagreed , and more recent research has suggested the strain may have originated in a nonhuman , mammalian species . An estimated date for its appearance in mammalian hosts has been put at the period 1882 -- 1913 . This ancestor virus diverged about 1913 -- 1915 into two clades ( or biological groups ) , which gave rise to the classical swine and human H1N1 influenza lineages . The last common ancestor of human strains dates to between February 1917 and April 1918 . Because pigs are more readily infected with avian influenza viruses than are humans , they were suggested as the original recipients of the virus , passing the virus to humans sometime between 1913 and 1918 . An effort to recreate the 1918 flu strain ( a subtype of avian strain H1N1 ) was a collaboration among the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology , the USDA ARS Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory and Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City . The effort resulted in the announcement ( on 5 October 2005 ) that the group had successfully determined the virus 's genetic sequence , using historic tissue samples recovered by pathologist Johan Hultin from a female flu victim buried in the Alaskan permafrost and samples preserved from American soldiers . On 18 January 2007 , Kobasa et al. ( 2007 ) reported that monkeys ( Macaca fascicularis ) infected with the recreated flu strain exhibited classic symptoms of the 1918 pandemic , and died from a cytokine storm -- an overreaction of the immune system . This may explain why the 1918 flu had its surprising effect on younger , healthier people , as a person with a stronger immune system would potentially have a stronger overreaction . On 16 September 2008 , the body of British politician and diplomat Sir Mark Sykes was exhumed to study the RNA of the flu virus in efforts to understand the genetic structure of modern H5N1 bird flu . Sykes had been buried in 1919 in a lead coffin which scientists hoped had helped preserve the virus . The coffin was found to be split because of the weight of soil over it , and the cadaver was badly decomposed . Nonetheless , samples of lung and brain tissue were taken through the split , with the coffin remaining in situ in the grave during this process . In December 2008 , research by Yoshihiro Kawaoka of the University of Wisconsin linked the presence of three specific genes ( termed PA , PB1 , and PB2 ) and a nucleoprotein derived from 1918 flu samples to the ability of the flu virus to invade the lungs and cause pneumonia . The combination triggered similar symptoms in animal testing . In June 2010 , a team at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine reported the 2009 flu pandemic vaccine provided some cross-protection against the 1918 flu pandemic strain . One of the few things known for certain about the influenza in 1918 and for some years after was that it was , out of the laboratory , exclusively a disease of human beings . In 2013 , the AIR Worldwide Research and Modeling Group `` characterized the historic 1918 pandemic and estimated the effects of a similar pandemic occurring today using the AIR Pandemic Flu Model '' . In the model , `` a modern day `` Spanish flu '' event would result in additional life insurance losses of between USD 15.3 -- 27.8 billion in the United States alone '' with 188,000 -- 337,000 deaths in the United States . In popular culture The 1995 film Outbreak , the 2011 film Contagion and the 2013 film World War Z make reference to the pandemic . Twentieth - century fiction includes at least three novels with the flu pandemic as a major theme : Katherine Anne Porter 's Pale Horse , Pale Rider , Thomas Mullen 's The Last Town on Earth , and Thomas Wolfe 's Look Homeward , Angel . In the one - act play 1918 by Horton Foote ( part of his Orphans ' Home Cycle ( 1979 ) ) , the presence and threat of the flu ( and the tragedy it ultimately causes ) is a major element of the plot . The play was made into a film of the same title , released in 1985 , which was subsequently edited for broadcast by PBS as the last part of the miniseries `` The Story of A Marriage '' . Gallery Two American Red Cross nurses demonstrating treatment practices during the influenza pandemic of 1918 . Albertan farmers wearing masks to protect themselves from the flu . Policemen wearing masks provided by the American Red Cross in Seattle , 1918 A street car conductor in Seattle in 1918 refusing to allow passengers aboard who are not wearing masks Red Cross workers remove a flu victim in St. Louis , Missouri ( 1918 ) Influenza ward at Walter Reed Hospital during the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918 -- 1919 Burying flu victims , North River , Newfoundland and Labrador ( 1918 ) 1919 Tokyo , Japan Japanese poster in 1919 Demonstration at the Red Cross Emergency Ambulance Station in Washington , D.C. , during the influenza pandemic of 1918 Cavalry memorial on the hill Lueg , memory of the Bernese cavalrymen victims of the 1918 flu pandemic ; Emmental , Bern , Switzerland The Spanish flu as the Naples Soldier ( Spain , 1918 ) Spanish biologists and the flu microbe ( Spain , 1918 ) See also Medicine portal Viruses portal Death portal References Notes Jump up ^ `` La Grippe Espagnole de 1918 '' ( in French ) . Institut Pasteur . 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( 1919 ) . `` Pathology of the pneumonia following influenza '' . JAMA : The Journal of the American Medical Association . 72 ( 10 ) : 720 -- 723 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 1919.02610100028012 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , Edwin F. ; McKinney , Marion ( 1919 ) . `` An epidemic of pneumococcus broncho - pneumonia '' . Journal of Infectious Diseases . 24 ( 6 ) : 594 -- 617 . doi : 10.1093 / infdis / 24.6. 594 . Jump up ^ Brundage , John F. ; Shanks , G. Dennis ( 2007 ) . `` What Really Happened during the 1918 Influenza Pandemic ? The Importance of Bacterial Secondary Infections '' . Journal of Infectious Diseases . 196 ( 11 ) : 1717 -- 1718 . doi : 10.1086 / 522355 . Jump up ^ Morens , David M ; Fauci , Anthony S. ( 2007 ) . `` The 1918 influenza pandemic : insights for the 21st century '' . Journal of Infectious Diseases . 195 ( 7 ) : 1018 -- 1028 . doi : 10.1086 / 511989 . Jump up ^ Vilensky , Foley & Gilman 2007 . Jump up ^ Valentine 2006 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Susan ( 29 August 2006 ) . `` Analysis of Spanish flu cases in 1918 -- 1920 suggests transfusions might help in bird flu pandemic '' . American College of Physicians . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Porras - Gallo & Davis 2014 . Jump up ^ Barry 2004 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Galvin 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Crosby 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Barry 2004b . Jump up ^ `` How the US Army infected the World with Spanish Flu '' . Limpia por dentro . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EU Research Profile on Dr. John Oxford '' . Archived from the original on 12 May 2009 . Retrieved 9 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Connor , Steve , `` Flu epidemic traced to Great War transit camp '' , The Guardian ( UK ) , Saturday , 8 January 2000 . Accessed 2009 - 05 - 09 . Archived 11 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Oxford , J.S. ; Lambkin , R. ; Sefton , A. ; Daniels , R. ; Elliot , A. ; Brown , R. ; Gill , D. ( 2005 ) . `` A hypothesis : the conjunction of soldiers , gas , pigs , ducks , geese and horses in Northern France during the Great War provided the conditions for the emergence of the `` Spanish '' influenza pandemic of 1918 -- 1919 `` . Vaccine. 23 ( 7 ) : 940 -- 945 . doi : 10.1016 / j. vaccine. 2004.06. 035 . Jump up ^ 1918 killer flu secrets revealed . BBC News . 5 February 2004 . Jump up ^ Hannoun , Claude , `` La Grippe '' , Ed Techniques EMC ( Encyclopédie Médico - Chirurgicale ) , Maladies infectieuses , 8 - 069 - A-10 , 1993 . Documents de la Conférence de l'Institut Pasteur : La Grippe Espagnole de 1918 . ^ Jump up to : Price - Smith 2008 . Jump up ^ Humphries 2014 . Jump up ^ Vergano , Dan ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` 1918 Flu Pandemic That Killed 50 Million Originated in China , Historians Say '' . National Geographic . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shanks , G. 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Both the H2N2 and H3N2 pandemic strains contained avian flu virus RNA segments . `` While the pandemic human influenza viruses of 1957 ( H2N2 ) and 1968 ( H3N2 ) clearly arose through reassortment between human and avian viruses , the influenza virus causing the ' Spanish flu ' in 1918 appears to be entirely derived from an avian source ( Belshe 2005 ) . '' ( from Chapter Two : Avian Influenza by Timm C. Harder and Ortrud Werner , a free on - line book called Influenza Report 2006 ) Jump up ^ Taubenberger et al. 2005 . Jump up ^ Antonovics , Hood & Baker 2006 . Jump up ^ Vana & Westover 2008 . Jump up ^ dos Reis , Hay & Goldstein 2009 . Jump up ^ Center for Disease Control : Researchers Reconstruct 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus ; Effort Designed to Advance Preparedness Retrieved on 2 September 2009 Jump up ^ Kobasa & et al. 2007 . Jump up ^ USA Today : Research on monkeys finds resurrected 1918 flu killed by turning the body against itself Retrieved on 14 August 2008 . 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Kohn , George C. ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of plague and pestilence : from ancient times to the present ( 3rd ed . ) . Infobase Publishing . p. 363 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 6935 - 4 . Madhav , Nita ( 21 February 2013 ) . Markey , Molly J. , ed . `` Modeling a Modern - Day Spanish Flu Pandemic '' . AIR 's Research and Modeling Group . Retrieved 5 August 2014 . Morrisey , Carla R. ( 1986 ) . `` The Influenza Epidemic of 1918 '' . Navy Medicine . 77 ( 3 ) : 11 -- 17 . Noymer , Andrew ; Carreon , Daisy ; Johnson , Niall ( 2010 ) . `` Questioning the salicylates and influenza pandemic mortality hypothesis in 1918 -- 1919 '' . Clinical Infectious Diseases . 50 ( 8 ) : 1203 . doi : 10.1086 / 651472 . PMID 20233050 . Pankhurst , Richard ( 1991 ) . An Introduction to the Medical History of Ethiopia . Trenton : Red Sea Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 932415 - 45 - 5 . Patterson , K.D. ; Pyle , G.F. ( 1991 ) . `` The geography and mortality of the 1918 influenza pandemic '' . Bull Hist Med. 65 ( 1 ) : 4 -- 21 . PMID 2021692 . Phillips , Howard ( 2010 ) . `` The re-appearing shadow of 1918 : trends in the historiography of the 1918 -- 19 influenza pandemic '' . Can Bull Med Hist. 21 ( 1 ) : 121 -- 134 . PMID 15202430 . Porras - Gallo , Maria ; Davis , Ryan A. , eds. ( 2014 ) . `` The Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918 -- 1919 : Perspectives from the Iberian Peninsula and the Americas '' . Rochester Studies in Medical History . 30 . University of Rochester Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58046 - 496 - 3 . Potter , C.W. ( October 2006 ) . `` A History of Influenza '' . J Appl Microbiol. 91 ( 4 ) : 572 -- 579 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2672.2001. 01492. x . PMID 11576290 . Price - Smith , Andrew T. ( 2008 ) . Contagion and Chaos . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 66203 - 1 . Rice , Geoffrey W. ( 2005 ) . Black November ; the 1918 Influenza Pandemic in New Zealand ( 2nd ed . ) . University of Canterbury Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 877257 - 35 - 3 . Simonsen , L. ; Clarke , M. ; Schonberger , L. ; Arden , N. ; Cox , N. ; Fukuda , K. ( 1998 ) . `` Pandemic versus Epidemic Influenza Mortality : A Pattern of Changing Age Distribution '' . The Journal of Infectious Diseases . 178 ( 1 ) : 53 -- 60 . doi : 10.1086 / 515616 . JSTOR 30114117 . PMID 9652423 . Starko , Karen M. ( 2009 ) . `` Salicylates and Pandemic Influenza Mortality , 1918 -- 1919 , Pharmacology , Pathology , and Historic Evidence '' . Clinical Infectious Diseases . 49 ( 9 ) : 1405 -- 1410 . doi : 10.1086 / 606060 . PMID 19788357 . ( summary by Infectious Diseases Society of America and ScienceDaily , October 3 , 2009 ) Starko , Karen M. ( 2010 ) . `` Reply to Noymer et al '' . Clinical Infectious Diseases . 50 ( 8 ) : 1203 -- 1204 . doi : 10.1086 / 651473 . Taubenberger , J. ; Reid , A. ; Janczewski , T. ; Fanning , T. ( 2001 ) . `` Integrating historical , clinical and molecular genetic data in order to explain the origin and virulence of the 1918 Spanish influenza virus '' . Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 356 ( 1416 ) : 1829 -- 1839 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2001.1020 . PMC 1088558 . PMID 11779381 . Taubenberger , J. ; Reid , A. ; Lourens , R.M. ; Wang , R. ; Jin , G. ; Fanning , T.G. ( 2005 ) . `` Characterization of the 1918 influenza virus polymerase genes '' . Nature . 437 ( 7060 ) : 889 -- 893 . Bibcode : 2005Natur. 437 ... 889T . doi : 10.1038 / nature04230 . PMID 16208372 . Taubenberger , Jeffery K. ; Morens , David M. ( 2006 ) . `` 1918 Influenza : the mother of all pandemics '' . Emerging Infectious Diseases . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 12 ( 1 ) : 15 -- 22 . doi : 10.3201 / eid1201. 050979 . PMC 3291398 . PMID 16494711 . Archived from the original on 1 October 2009 . Retrieved 28 September 2009 . Valentine , Vikki ( 20 February 2006 ) . `` Origins of the 1918 Pandemic : The Case for France '' . NPR . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Vana , G. ; Westover , K.M. ( 2008 ) . `` Origin of the 1918 Spanish influenza virus : a comparative genomic analysis '' . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 47 ( 3 ) : 1100 -- 1110 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2008.02. 003 . PMID 18353690 . Vilensky , J.A. ; Foley , P. ; Gilman , S. ( 2007 ) . `` Children and encephalitis lethargica : a historical '' . Pediatr Neurol. 37 ( 2 ) : 79 -- 84 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pediatrneurol. 2007.04. 012 . PMID 17675021 . Further reading Beiner , Guy ( 2006 ) . `` Out in the Cold and Back : New - Found Interest in the Great Flu '' . Cultural and Social History . 3 ( 4 ) : 496 -- 505 . Duncan , Kirsty ( 2003 ) . Hunting the 1918 flu : one scientist 's search for a killer virus ( illustrated ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8748 - 5 . Humphries , Mark Osborne . The Last Plague : Spanish Influenza and the Politics of Public Health in Canada ( University of Toronto Press ; 29013 ) examines the public - policy impact of the 1918 epidemic , which killed 50,000 Canadians . Johnson , Niall ( 2006 ) . Britain and the 1918 -- 19 Influenza Pandemic : A Dark Epilogue . London and New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 36560 - 0 . Johnson , Niall ( 2003 ) . `` Measuring a pandemic : Mortality , demography and geography '' . Popolazione e Storia : 31 -- 52 . Johnson , Niall ( 2003 ) . `` Scottish ' flu -- The Scottish mortality experience of the `` Spanish flu '' . Scottish Historical Review . 83 ( 2 ) : 216 -- 226 . doi : 10.3366 / shr. 2004.83. 2.216 . Kolata , Gina ( 1999 ) . Flu : The Story of the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918 and the Search for the Virus That Caused It . New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 0 - 374 - 15706 - 5 . Little , Jean ( 2007 ) . If I Die Before I Wake : The Flu Epidemic Diary of Fiona Macgregor , Toronto , Ontario , 1918 . Dear Canada . Markham , Ont. : Scholastic Canada . ISBN 978 - 0 - 439 - 98837 - 7 . Noymer , Andrew ; Michel Garenne ( 2000 ) . `` The 1918 Influenza Epidemic 's Effects on Sex Differentials in Mortality in the United States '' . Population and Development Review . 26 ( 3 ) : 565 -- 581 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1728 - 4457.2000. 00565. x . PMC 2740912 . PMID 19530360 . Oxford JS , Sefton A , Jackson R , Innes W , Daniels RS , Johnson NP ( 2002 ) . `` World War I may have allowed the emergence of `` Spanish '' influenza `` . The Lancet Infectious Diseases . 2 ( 2 ) : 111 -- 4 . doi : 10.1016 / S1473 - 3099 ( 02 ) 00185 - 8 . PMID 11901642 . Oxford JS , Sefton A , Jackson R , Johnson NP , Daniels RS ( 1999 ) . `` Who 's that lady ? '' . Nat . Med. 5 ( 12 ) : 1351 -- 2 . doi : 10.1038 / 70913 . PMID 10581070 . Pettit , Dorothy ; Janice Bailie ( 2008 ) . A Cruel Wind : Pandemic Flu in America , 1918 -- 1920 . Murfreesboro , TN : Timberlane Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9715428 - 2 - 2 . Phillips , Howard ; Killingray , David , eds. ( 2003 ) . The Spanish Flu Pandemic of 1918 : New Perspectives . London and New York : Routledge . Rice , Geoffrey W. ; Edwina Palmer ( 1993 ) . `` Pandemic Influenza in Japan , 1918 -- 1919 : Mortality Patterns and Official Responses '' . Journal of Japanese Studies . 19 ( 2 ) : 389 -- 420 . doi : 10.2307 / 132645 . JSTOR 132645 . Tumpey TM , García - Sastre A , Mikulasova A , et al. ( 2002 ) . `` Existing antivirals are effective against influenza viruses with genes from the 1918 pandemic virus '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 ( 21 ) : 13849 -- 54 . Bibcode : 2002PNAS ... 9913849T . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 212519699 . PMC 129786 . PMID 12368467 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spanish flu . We Heard the Bells : The Influenza of 1918 on YouTube Nature `` Web Focus '' on 1918 flu , including new research Influenza Pandemic on stanford.edu The Great Pandemic : The U.S. in 1918 -- 1919 . US Dept. of HHS The American Influenza Epidemic of 1918 -- 1919 : A Digital Encyclopedia Largest digital collection of newspapers , archival manuscripts and interpretive essays exploring the impact of the epidemic on 50 U.S. cities ( Univ. of Michigan ) . Little evidence for New York City quarantine in 1918 pandemic. 27 Nov 2007 ( CIDRAP News ) Flu by Eileen A. Lynch . The devastating effect of the Spanish flu in the city of Philadelphia , PA , USA Dialog : An Interview with Dr. Jeffery Taubenberger on Reconstructing the Spanish Flu The Deadly Virus -- The Influenza Epidemic of 1918 US National Archives and Records Administration -- pictures and records of the time The 1918 Influenza Pandemic in New Zealand -- includes recorded recollections of people who lived through it Influenza 1918 `` American Experience '' PBS . An Avian Connection as a Catalyst to the 1918 -- 1919 Influenza Pandemic Fluwiki.com Annotated links to articles , books and scientific research on the 1918 influenza pandemic Alaska Science Forum -- Permafrost Preserves Clues to Deadly 1918 Flu Pathology of Influenza in France , 1920 Report Yesterday 's News blog 1918 newspaper account on impact of flu on Minneapolis `` Study uncovers a lethal secret of 1918 influenza virus '' University of Wisconsin -- Madison , 17 January 2007 Spanish Influenza in North America , 1918 -- 1919 1918 Influenza Virus and memory B - cells -- Exposure to virus generates lifelong immune response . Influenza Research Database -- Database of influenza genomic sequences and related information . Spanish Flu with rare pictures from Otis Historical Archives `` No Ordinary Flu '' a comic book of the 1918 flu pandemic published by Seattle & King County Public Health `` Closing in on a Killer : Scientists Unlock Clues to the Spanish Influenza Virus '' An online exhibit from the National Museum of Health and Medicine . Sources for the study of the 1918 influenza pandemic in Sheffield , UK Produced by Sheffield City Council 's Libraries and Archives Booknotes interview with Gina Kolata on Flu : The Story of the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918 and the Search for the Virus That Caused It , 27 February 2000 . Influenza General topics Research Vaccine Treatment Genome sequencing Reassortment Superinfection Flu season Viruses Orthomyxoviridae Influenza A Influenza B Influenza C Influenza A virus subtypes H1N1 H1N2 H2N2 H2N3 H3N1 H3N2 H3N8 H5N1 H5N2 H5N3 H5N6 H5N8 H5N9 H6N1 H7N1 H7N2 H7N3 H7N4 H7N7 H7N9 H9N2 H10N7 H1N1 Pandemics 1918 ( `` Spanish flu '' ) 2009 ( `` swine flu '' ) Science 2009 A / H1N1 H5N1 Outbreaks Croatia ( 2005 ) India ( 2006 ) UK ( 2007 ) West Bengal ( 2008 ) Science Genetic structure Transmission and infection Global spread Vaccine clinical trials Human mortality Social impact Pandemic preparation Treatments Antiviral drugs Adamantane derivatives Amantadine Rimantadine Neuraminidase inhibitor Oseltamivir Laninamivir Peramivir Zanamivir Peramivir ( experimental ) Umifenovir Vaccines Live attenuated influenza vaccine Fluzone Pandemrix Pandemics and epidemics Pandemics `` Russian flu '' ( 1889 -- 1890 ) `` Spanish flu '' ( 1918 ) `` Asian flu '' `` Hong Kong flu '' ( 1968 ) `` Swine flu '' ( 2009 ) Epidemics `` Russian flu '' ( 1977 -- 1978 ) `` Fujian flu '' ( H3N2 ) Central Luzon H5N6 ( 2017 ) Non-human Mammals Canine Feline Equine 2007 Australian outbreak Swine Non-mammals Avian Fujian ( H5N1 ) Complications Acute bronchitis Bronchiolitis Croup Otitis media Pharyngitis Pneumonia Sinusitis Strep throat Related topics Influenza - like illness 2017 -- 18 United States flu season GND : 4278432 - 3 SUDOC : 035290692 BNF : cb131794532 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1918_flu_pandemic&oldid=833964879 '' Categories : 1918 flu pandemic Global health Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from January 2013 Good articles All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lingála Magyar Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 52 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 06 : 47 . 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when was the 1913 natives land act repealed	Natives Land Act , 1913 Act to make further provision as to the purchase and leasing of Land by Natives and other Persons in the several parts of the Union and for other purposes in connection with the ownership and occupation of Land by Natives and other Persons.It was discrimatory and aimed at white control of land . Citation Act No. 27 of 1913 Enacted by Parliament of South Africa Date of Royal Assent 16 June 1913 Date commenced 19 June 1913 Date repealed 30 June 1991 Administered by Minister of Native Affairs Repealing legislation Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act , 1991 Related legislation Native Trust and Land Act , 1936 Status : Repealed	30 June 1991	Natives land Act , 1913	natives land act, 1913	The Natives Land Act , 1913 ( subsequently renamed Bantu Land Act , 1913 and Black Land Act , 1913 ; Act No. 27 of 1913 ) was an Act of the Parliament of South Africa that was aimed at regulating the acquisition of land .	Contents 1 Overview 2 Impact 3 Political ironies 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links Overview ( edit ) The Natives Land Act of 1913 was the first major piece of segregation legislation passed by the Union Parliament . It was replaced by the current policy of land restitution . The act decreed that whites were not allowed to buy land from natives and vice versa . That stopped white farmers from buying more native land . Exceptions had to be approved by the Governor - General . The native areas left initially totaled less than 10 % of the entire land mass of the Union , which was later expanded to 13 % . The Act further prohibited the practice of serfdom or sharecropping . It also protected existing agreements or arrangement of land hired or leased by both parties . This land was in `` native reserve '' areas , which meant it was under `` communal '' tenure vested in African chiefs : it could not be bought , sold or used as surety . Outside such areas , perhaps of even greater significance for black farming was that the Act forbade black tenant farming on white - owned land . Since so many black farmers were sharecroppers or labor tenants , that had a devastating effect , but its full implementation was not immediate . The Act strengthened the chiefs , who were part of the state administration , but it forced many blacks into the `` white '' areas into wage labour . Impact ( edit ) The Act created a system of land tenure that deprived most South Africans of the right to own land . That had major socio - economic repercussions . Had the Supreme Court of South Africa not rendered the Act 's application void for a few years , it also would have disenfranchised all `` natives '' in the Cape Colony , where blacks and people of mixed race ( Cape Coloureds ) had greater political rights than in the other provinces as a legacy of British rule . It had a property ( and education ) - based franchise . The Act continued in force 40 years . The opposition was modest but vocal . John Dube used his newspaper to create an issue . As president of what would become the African National Congress , he supported whites like William Cullen Wilcox , who had created the Zululand Industrial Improvement Company . That had led to them supplying land to thousands of black people in Natal . Dube was one of five people who were sent to Britain to try and overturn the law once it came into force in South Africa . Sol Plaatje traveled to Britain with the SANNC ( later the African National Congress ) to protest the Natives Land Act but to no avail . He collected transcripts of court deliberations on the Natives Land Act and testimonies from those directly subject to the act in the 1916 book Native Life in South Africa . Political ironies ( edit ) Much political irony surrounded the Act : The minister at the time of its introduction , J.W. Sauer , was a Cape Liberal who opposed disenfranchisement of blacks . He , however , advocated for `` separate residential areas for Whites and Natives '' in the Parliamentary debate on the bill . John Tengo Jabavu , a prominent `` educated African '' welcomed the Act , but Merriman and Schreiner opposed the Act on principle . See also ( edit ) History of South Africa ( 1910 -- 1948 ) South Africa under apartheid References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 19 June 1913 Native Land Act '' , This day in history , publish date unknown ( accessed 20 December 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Collins , Robert O. and James M. Burns : A History of Sub-Saharan Africa , page 346 . Cambridge University Press , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Zuma : Address by the President of South Africa , at the 100 year celebration conference of the women 's organisation of the united congregational church of Southern African KZN region ( 31 / 03 / 2012 ) '' . polity.org.za . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Natives Land Act , SAHistory.org.za , accessed 1 August 2013 Jump up ^ Plaatje , Sol ( 1916 ) . Native life in South Africa before and since the European War and the Boer rebellion . London : PS King . ISBN 0582785898 . Jump up ^ see C.F.J Muller ( ed ) , 500 Years , History of South Africa as well as references therein Bibliography ( edit ) L.M. Thompson , A History of South Africa External links ( edit ) Text : Natives ' Land Act 1913 Land Act ( Google Cultural Institute ) Apartheid legislation in South Africa Precursors ( before 1948 ) Hut tax ( 1884 ) Franchise and Ballot Act ( 1892 ) Glen Grey Act ( 1894 ) Natal Legislative Assembly Bill ( 1894 ) Transvaal Asiatic Registration Act ( 1906 ) South Africa Act ( 1909 ) Mines and Works Act ( 1911 ) Natives Land Act ( 1913 ) Natives ( Urban Areas ) Act ( 1923 ) Immorality Act ( 1927 ) Native Administration Act ( 1927 ) Representation of Natives Act ( 1936 ) Native Trust and Land Act ( 1936 ) Native ( Urban Areas ) Consolidation Act ( 1945 ) Asiatic Land Tenure Act ( 1946 ) Malan to Verwoerd ( 1948 -- 1966 ) Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act ( 1949 ) Immorality Amendment Act ( 1950 ) Population Registration Act ( 1950 ) Group Areas Act ( 1950 ) Suppression of Communism Act ( 1950 ) Native Building Workers Act ( 1951 ) Separate Representation of Voters Act ( 1951 ) Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act ( 1951 ) Bantu Authorities Act ( 1951 ) Native Laws Amendment Act ( 1952 ) Pass Laws Act ( 1952 ) Public Safety Act ( 1953 ) Native Labour ( Settlement of Disputes ) Act ( 1953 ) Bantu Education Act ( 1953 ) Reservation of Separate Amenities Act ( 1953 ) Natives Resettlement Act ( 1954 ) Group Areas Development Act ( 1955 ) Riotous Assemblies Act ( 1956 ) Industrial Conciliation Act ( 1956 ) Natives ( Prohibition of Interdicts ) Act ( 1956 ) Immorality Act ( 1957 ) Bantu Investment Corporation Act ( 1959 ) Extension of University Education Act ( 1959 ) Promotion of Bantu Self - government Act ( 1959 ) Unlawful Organizations Act ( 1960 ) Indemnity Act ( 1961 ) Coloured Persons Communal Reserves Act ( 1961 ) Republic of South Africa Constitution Act ( 1961 ) Urban Bantu Councils Act ( 1961 ) General Law Amendment Act ( 1963 ) Coloured Persons Representative Council Act ( 1964 ) Post-Verwoerd ( 1966 -- 1994 ) Terrorism Act ( 1967 ) Separate Representation of Voters Amendment Act ( 1968 ) Prohibition of Political Interference Act ( 1968 ) Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act ( 1970 ) Bantu Homelands Constitution Act ( 1971 ) Aliens Control Act ( 1973 ) Indemnity Act ( 1977 ) National Key Points Act ( 1980 ) - List of National Key Points Internal Security Act ( 1982 ) Black Local Authorities Act ( 1982 ) Republic of South Africa Constitution Act ( 1983 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natives_Land_Act,_1913&oldid=842598426 '' Categories : Apartheid laws in South Africa 1913 in South African law Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Deutsch Français Nederlands Norsk Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 13 : 12 ( UTC ) . 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what is the blind spot of the eye	A blind spot , scotoma , is an obscurity of the visual field . A particular blind spot known as the physiological blind spot , `` blind point '' , or punctum caecum in medical literature , is the place in the visual field that corresponds to the lack of light - detecting photoreceptor cells on the optic disc of the retina where the optic nerve passes through the optic disc . Because there are no cells to detect light on the optic disc , the corresponding part of the field of vision is invisible . Some process in our brains interpolates the blind spot based on surrounding detail and information from the other eye , so we do not normally perceive the blind spot .		Blind spot ( vision )	blind spot ( vision )	A blind spot , scotoma , is an obscurity of the visual field . A particular blind spot known as the physiological blind spot , `` blind point '' , or punctum caecum in medical literature , is the place in the visual field that corresponds to the lack of light - detecting photoreceptor cells on the optic disc of the retina where the optic nerve passes through the optic disc . Because there are no cells to detect light on the optic disc , the corresponding part of the field of vision is invisible . Some process in our brains interpolates the blind spot based on surrounding detail and information from the other eye , so we do not normally perceive the blind spot .	Although all vertebrates have this blind spot , cephalopod eyes , which are only superficially similar , do not . In them , the optic nerve approaches the receptors from behind , so it does not create a break in the retina . The first documented observation of the phenomenon was in the 1660s by Edme Mariotte in France . At the time it was generally thought that the point at which the optic nerve entered the eye should actually be the most sensitive portion of the retina ; however , Mariotte 's discovery disproved this theory . The blind spot is located about 12 -- 15 ° temporally and 1.5 ° below the horizontal and is roughly 7.5 ° high and 5.5 ° wide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Blind spot test 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Blind spot test ( edit ) Demonstration of the blind spot Instructions : Close one eye and focus the other on the appropriate letter ( R for right or L for left ) . Place your eye a distance from the screen approximately equal to 3 × the distance between the R and the L. Move your eye towards or away from the screen until you notice the other letter disappear . For example , close your right eye , look at the `` L '' with your left eye , and the `` R '' will disappear . See also ( edit ) Filling - in Horizontal eccentricity References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brian A. Wandell ( 1 January 1995 ) . Foundations of Vision . Sinauer Associates . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87893 - 853 - 7 . Jump up ^ Gregory , R. , & Cavanagh , P. ( 2011 ) . `` The Blind Spot '' . Scholarpedia . Retrieved on 2011 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Stanley Finger ( 2001 ) . Origins of Neuroscience : A History of Explorations Into Brain Function ( illustrated , reprint , revised ed . ) . Oxford University Press . p. 76 . ISBN 9780195146943 . Jump up ^ MIL - STD - 1472F , Military Standard , Human Engineering , Design Criteria For Military Systems , Equipment , And Facilities ( 23 Aug 1999 ) PDF External links ( edit ) `` Amsler Grid '' Test from Ossibus Software Blind spots Blind spot test Blind spot map tool ( hide ) Phenomena of the visual system Entoptic phenomena Blind spot Phosphene Floater Afterimage Haidinger 's brush Prisoner 's cinema Blue field entoptic phenomenon Purkinje images Other phenomena Aura Form constant Scintillating scotoma Palinopsia Visual snow Afterimage on empty shape Cosmic ray visual phenomena Scotopic sensitivity syndrome Closed - eye hallucination Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blind_spot_(vision)&oldid=839388157 '' Categories : Eye Vision Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Lietuvių മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Українська اردو 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 May 2018 , at 02 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind%20spot%20%28vision%29	839
how many kanals in one acre in pakistan	4 . 160 Marlas or 8 Kanals 4839.99998 Sq. yds. say 4840 Sq. yds. ( 1 acre or 1 killa )	8	Measurement of land in Punjab	measurement of land in punjab	The following are the basic ' measurements of land used in Pakistan Punjab , Indian Punjab and Haryana ' in ascending order .	one ' karam ' is 5.5 ft one ' marla ' is 9 square karams ( 3x3 ) ( 272.25 sq ft ) ( 30.25 gaz ) one ' kanaal ' is 20 marlas ( 5,445 sq ft ) one ' bigha ' is of 4 knaals ( 21780 sq. ft ) one ' killa ' is of 8 kanaals one ' murabba ' is 25 killas ( 1,089,000 sq ft = 25 acres ) A killa or Acre is measured rectangularly , reckoned as an area 36 karams ( 198 ft ) x 40 karams ( 220 ft ) ( 43,560 square ft ) . 5 / 8th of a Killa or Acre is known as Bigha Homes ( Kothis ) are measured in marlas and kanaals . Most are two to four kanaals but the big ones can be anything from four to six kanaals . A couple of older measures : one biswa = 15 Sq karams ; 12 biswas = 1 kanaal ( 605 gaz ) one bigha = 60 biswas - 3025 square yards - 2530 sq m i ) In all areas consolidated on the basis of the standard measure of 66 inches i.e. Karam or Gatha : - 1 . 1 Sq . Karam or Sarsahi 3.3611111 Sq. yds . 2 . 9 Sarsahies or 1 Marla 30.249999 Sq. yds say 30.25 Sq. yds . 3 . 20 Marlas or 1 Kanal 604.99996 Sq. yds say 605 Sq. yds . 4 . 160 Marlas or 8 Kanals 4839.99998 Sq. yds. say 4840 Sq. yds. ( 1 acre or 1 killa ) ( ii ) In the areas consolidated on the basis of the local meas ure and the non - consolidated areas of Amritsar , Gurdaspur , ( except Shahpur Hill Circle and Chak Andar in Pathankot tehsil ) , Ferozepur ( except Fazilka ) and the erstwhile pr incelyState of Faridkot . Also applicable for Lahore ( Pakistan ) : 1 . 1 Karam 60 inches 2 . 1 Sq . Karam or Sarsahi 2.777777 Sq . yds . 3 . 9 Sarsahies or 1 Marla 24.999999 Sq . yards say 25 Sq. yards . 4 . 20 Marlas or 1 Kanal 499.9999 Sq . yards say 500 Sq. yards 5 . 193.60 Marlas ( 9 Kanals1 Acre or 4840 Sq. yds 13 Marlas 5 Sarsahis ) ( iii ) In the areas consolidated on the basis of the local measure and the non - consolidated areas of Hoshiarpur , Jalandhar , Anandpur Sahib ( Ropar ) and the Shahpur hill Circle in Gurdaspur District : 1.1 Karam 57.5 inches 2 . 1 Sq . Karam or Sarsahi 2.5511188 Sq. yds . 3 . 9 Sarsahies or 1 Marla 22.960069 Sq. yards say 22.96 Sq. yds 4 . 20 Marlas or 1 Kanal 459.20138 Sq. yards say 459 Sq. yards . 5 . 160 Marlas ( 8 Kanals I Acre or 4840 Sq. yds . ( iv ) In the area consolidated on the basis of the local measure and the non-consolidated areas of the erstwhile princely State of Kapurthala : 1 . 1 Karam 54 inches 2 . 1 Sq . Karam or Sarsahi 2.25 Sq. yds . 3 . 9 Sarsahies or 1 Marla 30.25 Sq. yards 4 . 20 Marlas or 1 Kanal 405 Sq. yards . 5 . 239 Marlas ( 11 Kanals1 Acre or 4840 Sq. yds. 19 Marlas ) 1 Karam or Gat ha x 1 Karam or Gatha 1 Sq . Karam or Biswansi 20 Biswansis 1 Biswa20 Biswa 1 Satty2 Sq Feet Sq Gaz Sq Meter Karams Marla Kanaal Killa Begha Muraba 272.25 30.25 25.293 9 1 0.05 0.00625 0.0005 0.00025 1361.25 151.25 126.465 45 5 0.25 0.03125 0.0025 0.00125 2722.5 302.5 252.93 90 10 0.5 0.0625 0.005 0.0025 5445 605 505.86 180 20 1 0.125 0.01 0.005 43560 4840 4046.88 1440 160 8 1 0.08 0.04 27225 3025 2529.3 900 100 5 0.625 0.05 0.025 1089000 121000 101172 36000 4000 200 25 2 1 Good work Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Measurement_of_land_in_Punjab&oldid=808892235 '' Categories : Units of measurement Punjab Economic history of India Economic history of Pakistan Metrication Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from February 2010 All articles lacking sources Orphaned articles from March 2012 All orphaned articles Articles with topics of unclear notability from February 2010 All articles with topics of unclear notability Talk About Wikipedia پنجابی اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 21 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement%20of%20land%20in%20Punjab	840
which entity is a primary judicial arm of the united nations			United Nations System	united nations system	The United Nations System consists of the United Nations , its subsidiary organs ( including the separately - administered funds and programmes ) , the specialized agencies , and affiliated organizations . The executive heads of some of the United Nations System organizations and the World Trade Organization , which is not formally part of the United Nations System , have seats on the United Nations System Chief Executives ' Board for Coordination ( CEB ) . This body , chaired by the Secretary - General of the United Nations , meets twice a year to co-ordinate the work of the organizations of the United Nations System .	The United Nations System includes the United Nations and its subsidiary bodies ( such as the separately - administered funds and programmes , research and training institutes , and other subsidiary entities ) , specialized agencies , and affiliated organizations . Some of the organizations of the United Nations System predate the founding of the United Nations in 1945 and were inherited after the dissolution of the League of Nations . Contents ( hide ) 1 United Nations 1.1 General Assembly 1.2 Security Council 1.3 Economic and Social Council 1.4 Secretariat 1.5 International Court of Justice 1.6 Trusteeship Council 2 Funds and programmes , research and training institutes , and other bodies 2.1 Funds and programmes 2.2 Research and training institutes 2.3 Secretariats of Conventions 2.4 Other entities 3 Specialized agencies 4 Related organizations 4.1 International Organization for Migration ( IOM ) 4.2 Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission ( CTBTO PrepCom ) 4.3 International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) 4.4 Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons ( OPCW ) 4.5 World Trade Organization ( WTO ) 5 Chief Executives Board and Senior Management Group 6 United Nations common system 7 See also 8 References 9 External links United Nations ( edit ) Main article : United Nations The principal organ of the UN System was the United Nations itself . It consists of the six principal organs established by the Charter of the United Nations : Principal organs of the United Nations UN General Assembly -- Deliberative assembly of all UN member states -- UN Secretariat -- Administrative organ of the UN -- International Court of Justice -- Universal court for international law -- May resolve non-compulsory recommendations to states or suggestions to the Security Council ( UNSC ) ; Decides on the admission of new members , following proposal by the UNSC ; Adopts the budget ; Elects the non-permanent members of the UNSC ; all members of ECOSOC ; the UN Secretary General ( following his / her proposal by the UNSC ) ; and the fifteen judges of the International Court of Justice ( ICJ ) . Each country has one vote . Supports the other UN bodies administratively ( for example , in the organization of conferences , the writing of reports and studies and the preparation of the budget ) ; Its chairperson -- the UN Secretary General -- is elected by the General Assembly for a five - year mandate and is the UN 's foremost representative . Decides disputes between states that recognize its jurisdiction ; Issues legal opinions ; Renders judgement by relative majority . Its fifteen judges are elected by the UN General Assembly for nine - year terms . UN Security Council -- For international security issues -- UN Economic and Social Council -- For global economical and social affairs -- UN Trusteeship Council -- For administering trust territories ( currently inactive ) -- Responsible for the maintenance of international peace and security ; May adopt compulsory resolutions ; Has fifteen members : five permanent members with veto power and ten elected members . Responsible for co-operation between states as regards economic and social matters ; Co-ordinates co-operation between the UN 's numerous specialized agencies ; Has 54 members , elected by the General Assembly to serve staggered three - year mandates . Was originally designed to manage colonial possessions that were former League of Nations mandates ; Has been inactive since 1994 , when Palau , the last trust territory , attained independence . General Assembly ( edit ) Main article : United Nations General Assembly The United Nations General Assembly ( UNGA / GA ) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations and the only one in which all member nations have equal representation . Its powers are to oversee the budget of the United Nations , appoint the non-permanent members to the Security Council , receive reports from other parts of the United Nations and make recommendations in the form of General Assembly Resolutions . It has also established a wide number of subsidiary organs . Security Council ( edit ) Main article : United Nations Security Council The United Nations Security Council ( UNSC ) is one of the principal organs of the United Nations and is charged with the maintenance of international peace and security . Its powers , outlined in the United Nations Charter , include the establishment of peacekeeping operations , the establishment of international sanctions , and the authorization of military action . Its powers are exercised through United Nations Security Council resolutions . The Security Council held its first session on 17 January 1946 at Church House , Westminster , London . Since its first meeting , the Council , which exists in continuous session , has travelled widely , holding meetings in many cities , such as Paris and Addis Ababa , as well as at its current permanent home at the United Nations Headquarters in New York City . There are 15 members of the Security Council , consisting of five veto - wielding permanent members ( China , France , Russia , the United Kingdom , and the United States ) and 10 elected non-permanent members with two - year terms . This basic structure is set out in Chapter V of the UN Charter . Security Council members must always be present at UN headquarters in New York so that the Security Council can meet at any time . Economic and Social Council ( edit ) Main article : United Nations Economic and Social Council The United Nations Economic and Social Council ( ECOSOC ) constitutes one of the six principal organs ( one is not active , as of 2011 ) of the United Nations . It is responsible for co-ordinating the economic , social and related work of 14 UN specialized agencies , their functional commissions and five regional commissions . ECOSOC has 54 members ; it holds a four - week session each year in July . Since 1998 , it has also held a meeting each April with finance ministers heading key committees of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) . The ECOSOC serves as the central forum for discussing international economic and social issues , and for formulating policy recommendations addressed to member states and the United Nations System . Secretariat ( edit ) Main article : United Nations Secretariat The United Nations Secretariat is headed by the United Nations Secretary - General , assisted by a staff of international civil servants worldwide . It provides studies , information , and facilities needed by United Nations bodies for their meetings . It also carries out tasks as directed by the UN Security Council , the UN General Assembly , the UN Economic and Social Council , and other U.N. bodies . The United Nations Charter provides that the staff to be chosen by application of the `` highest standards of efficiency , competence , and integrity , '' with due regard for the importance of recruiting on a wide geographical basis . The Charter provides that the staff shall not seek or receive instructions from any authority other than the UN . Each UN member country is enjoined to respect the international character of the Secretariat and not seek to influence its staff . The Secretary - General alone is responsible for staff selection . International Court of Justice ( edit ) Main article : International Court of Justice The International Court of Justice is the primary judicial organ of the United Nations . It is based in the Peace Palace in The Hague , Netherlands . Its main functions are to settle legal disputes submitted to it by states and to provide advisory opinions on legal questions submitted to it by duly authorized international organs , agencies , and the UN General Assembly . Trusteeship Council ( edit ) Main article : United Nations Trusteeship Council The United Nations Trusteeship Council , one of the principal organs of the United Nations , was established to help ensure that trust territories were administered in the best interests of their inhabitants and of international peace and security . The trust territories -- most of them are former mandates of the League of Nations or territories taken from nations defeated at the end of World War II -- have all now attained self - government or independence , either as separate nations or by joining neighbouring independent countries . The last was Palau , formerly part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands , which became a member state of the United Nations in December 1994 . Funds and programmes , research and training institutes , and other bodies ( edit ) The separately - administered funds and programmes , research and training institutes , and other subsidiary bodies are autonomous subsidiary organs of the United Nations . Funds and programmes ( edit ) Throughout its history the United Nations General Assembly has established a number of programmes and funds to address particular humanitarian and development concerns . These bodies usually report to the General Assembly through an executive board . Only one UN programme has ever closed in the history of the organization , the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration ( UNRRA ) , which ceased to exist in 1959 and was subsequently replaced by the UNHCR . Each of the funds and programmes is headed by an Executive Director at the Under - Secretary - General level and is governed by an Executive Board . One former fund , the United Nations Development Fund for Women ( UNIFEM ) , was merged with other elements of the United Nations System into a new organization , UN Women , in January 2011 . International Trade Centre ( ITC ) Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( HCR ) Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights ( OHCHR ) United Nations Children 's Fund ( UNICEF ) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD ) United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) United Nations Capital Development Fund ( UNCDF ) United Nations Volunteers ( UNV ) United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) United Nations Human Settlements Programme ( UN-HABITAT ) United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime ( UNODC ) United Nations Population Fund ( UNFPA ) United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East ( UNRWA ) World Food Programme ( WFP ) Programmes and funds of the United Nations No . Acronyms Agency Headquarters Head Established UNDP United Nations Development Programme New York City , United States Achim Steiner 1965 UNICEF United Nations Children 's Fund New York City , United States Anthony Lake 1946 UNCDF United Nations Capital Development Fund New York City , United States Marc Bichler 1966 Affiliated with the UNDP WFP World Food Programme Rome , Italy Ertharin Cousin 1963 5 UNEP United Nations Environment Programme Nairobi , Kenya Erik Solheim 1972 6 UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for Women New York City , United States Inés Alberdi 1976 Merged with UN Women in 2011 7 UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Geneva , Switzerland Filippo Grandi 1951 8 UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS Geneva , Switzerland Michel Sidibé Joint programme 9 UNFPA United Nations Population Fund New York City , United States Babatunde Osotimehin 1969 10 UN-HABITAT United Nations Human Settlements Programme Nairobi , Kenya Joan Clos 1978 11 UNV United Nations Volunteers Bonn , Germany Richard Dictus 1978 Administered by UNDP 12 UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East Gaza , Palestine and Amman , Jordan Pierre Krähenbühl 1949 13 UN WOMEN United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women New York City , United States Phumzile Mlambo - Ngcuka Created by the merger of the Division for the Advancement of Women ( DAW ) , the International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women ( INSTRAW ) , the Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women ( OSAGI ) and the United Nations Development Fund for Women ( UNIFEM ) Research and training institutes ( edit ) The various research and training institutes were established by the General Assembly to perform independent research and training . One former institute , the International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women ( INSTRAW ) , was merged with other elements of the United Nations System into a new organization , UN Women , in January 2011 . United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research ( UNIDIR ) United Nations Institute for Training and Research ( UNITAR ) United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute ( UNICRI ) United Nations Research Institute for Social Development ( UNRISD ) Secretariats of conventions ( edit ) Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities UNCCD - United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification UNFCCC - United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNCLOS - United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea established bodies : ISA -- International Seabed Authority ITLOS -- International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea Other entities ( edit ) Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS ( UNAIDS ) United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women ( UN Women ) United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction ( UNISDR ) United Nations Office for Project Services ( UNOPS ) United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services ( UN-OIOS ) United Nations System Staff College ( UNSSC ) United Nations University ( UNU ) Specialized agencies ( edit ) Main article : List of specialized agencies of the United Nations The specialized agencies are autonomous organizations working with the United Nations and each other through the co-ordinating machinery of the Economic and Social Council . Each was integrated into the UN System by way of an agreement with the UN under UN Charter article 57 . Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) International Fund for Agricultural Development ( IFAD ) International Labour Organization ( ILO ) International Maritime Organization ( IMO ) International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ) United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) United Nations Industrial Development Organization ( UNIDO ) Universal Postal Union ( UPU ) World Bank Group International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( IBRD ) International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes ( ICSID ) International Development Association ( IDA ) International Finance Corporation ( IFC ) Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency ( MIGA ) World Health Organization ( WHO ) World Intellectual Property Organization ( WIPO ) World Meteorological Organization ( WMO ) World Tourism Organization ( UNWTO ) International Refugee Organization ( IRO ) ; ceased to exist in 1952 Related organizations ( edit ) Some organizations have a relationship with the UN defined by an arrangement different from the agreements between the specialized agencies and the UN , which are establish under Articles 57 and 63 of the United Nations Charter . International organization for migration ( IOM ) ( edit ) The IOM , established in 1951 , is the leading inter-governmental organization in the field of migration and works closely with governmental , intergovernmental and non-governmental partners . IOM works to help ensure the orderly and humane management of migration , to promote international cooperation on migration issues , to assist in the search for practical solutions to migration problems and to provide humanitarian assistance to migrants in need , including refugees and internally displaced people . In September 2016 , IOM joined the United Nations System as a related organization during the United Nations General Assembly high - level summit to address large movements of refugees and migrants . Comprehensive nuclear - test - ban treaty organization preparatory Commission ( CTBTO PrepCom ) ( edit ) The CTBTO PrepCom reports directly to the UN General Assembly . International atomic energy agency ( IAEA ) ( edit ) The relationship between the IAEA and the UN was established by a resolution of the UN General Assembly . Unlike the specialized agencies which report to ECOSOC , the IAEA reports directly to the General Assembly as well as the Security Council and ECOSOC . Like the other specialized agency 's heads , their executives are part of the United Nations System Chief Executives ' Board for Coordination ( CEB ) . Organization for the prohibition of chemical weapons ( OPCW ) ( edit ) The OPCW is not an agency of the United Nations , but cooperates both on policy and practical issues . On 7 September 2000 the OPCW and the United Nations signed a co-operation agreement outlining how they were to co-ordinate their activities . Under this agreement , the OPCW reports to the UN General Assembly . World Trade organization ( WTO ) ( edit ) The WTO does not have a formal agreement with the UN . Instead , their relationship is governed by exchanges of letters . Unlike the specialized agencies and the IAEA , the WTO has no reporting obligations towards any of the principal organs of the UN , but provides ad - hoc contribution to the work of the General Assembly and ECOSOC . The WTO has a seat on the CEB . Chief Executives Board and senior management Group ( edit ) The United Nations Chief Executives ' Board for Coordination ( CEB ) brings together on a regular basis the executive heads of the organizations of the United Nations System , under the chairmanship of the Secretary - General of the UN . The CEB aims to further co-ordination and co-operation on a whole range of substantive and management issues facing UN System organizations . In addition to its regular reviews of contemporary political issues and major concerns facing the UN System , the CEB approves policy statements on behalf of the UN System as a whole . Three committees report to the CEB , namely the High - level Committee on Programme ( HCLP ) , the High - level Committee on Management ( HCLM ) and the United Nations Development Group ( UNDG ) . Each of those bodies has , in turn , developed a subsidiary machinery of regular and ad hoc bodies on the substantive and managerial aspects of inter-agency co-ordination . The committee structure is supported by a CEB secretariat located in New York and Geneva . There is also a Senior Management Group , composed of some of the senior officials in the Secretariat and the funds and programmes at the Under - Secretary - General and Assistant Secretary - General rank , which serves as the cabinet of the Secretary - General . United Nations common System ( edit ) The United Nations , its subsidiary bodies , thirteen of the specialized agencies ( ILO , FAO , UNESCO , WHO , ICAO , UPU , ITU , WMO , IMO , WIPO , IFAD , UNDIO , and UNWTO ) , and one related body ( IAEA ) are part of the United Nations common system of salaries , allowances , and benefits administered by the International Civil Service Commission . Most , but not all , of the members of the United Nations System are part of the common system ; the Bretton Woods institutions ( i.e. the World Bank Group and the IMF ) are notable exceptions . The WTO utilizes the OECD common system . The UN common system was established to prevent competition amongst organizations of the United Nations System for staff and to facilitate co-operation and exchange between organizations . Some international organizations that are not part of the United Nations System ( and therefore not members of the common system ) but who voluntarily follow the policies of the common system in whole or in part include : Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ) Organization of American States ( OAS ) See also ( edit ) Outline of the United Nations List of United Nations organizations by location United Nations Member States League of Nations for a rudimentary model on which the UN System is based . Vienna formula References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NGLS Handbook '' . United Nations Non-Governmental Liaison Service . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . The World Trade Organization ( WTO ) is not officially a part of the UN system ... Jump up ^ `` UN System of Organizations '' . United Nations Global Marketplace . Retrieved 28 January 2013 ... the World Trade Organization , which is not part of the UN system . Jump up ^ `` How to do business with the United Nations '' ( PDF ) . Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 2003 . Retrieved 28 January 2013 ... the World Trade Organization , which is not part of the UN system . ^ Jump up to : `` The UN System , Chief Executives Board for Coordination '' . Unsceb.org . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations System '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 11 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Structure and Organization '' . Un.org . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UN Charter : Chapter III '' . United Nations . Retrieved 24 March 2008 . Jump up ^ CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS : Chapter IV . UN.org . Jump up ^ General Assembly : Subsidiary organs . UN.org . Jump up ^ `` Background Information '' . UN Economic and Social Council . Jump up ^ United Nations System of Organizations : `` Entries listed in bold are members of the United Nations System 's Chief Executives Board '' . ^ Jump up to : The United Nations System chart , Published by the United Nations Department of Public Information , December 2007 ^ Jump up to : The United Nations System chart , Published by the United Nations Department of Public Information , October 2011 Jump up ^ List of Agreements between Specialized Agencies and the United Nations Jump up ^ UN Structure and Organization Jump up ^ Organizational Chart of the UN System and the CEB Jump up ^ `` Addressing Large Movements of Refugees and Migrants '' . Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 55 Resolution A / RES / 55 / 283 Retrieved 21 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chief Executives Board '' . Unsceb.org. 31 December 2007 . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 15 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine . 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how to calculate area of land in marla			Measurement of land in Punjab	measurement of land in punjab	The following are the basic ' measurements of land used in Pakistan Punjab , Indian Punjab and Haryana ' in ascending order .	one ' karam ' is 5.5 ft one ' Sq . Karam ' is ' One Sarsai ' = ( 5.5 x 5.5 ) = 30.25 Sq . ft one ' marla ' is 9 ( Sarsai ) square karams = 9 x ( 5.5 x5. 5 ) = 272.25 Sq ft = 30.25 Sq yard . one ' kanaal ' is 20 marlas ( 5,445 sq ft ) = 605 Sq. yard ( Gajz ) one ' bigha ' is of 4 kanaals ( 21780 sq. ft ) = 4x605 = 2420 sq. yd . ( gajz ) one ' killa ' is of 8 kanaals = 8x605 = 4840sq. yd . ( gajz ) one ' murabba ' is 25 killas ( 1,089,000 sq ft = 25 acres ) 1 hectare is 2.5 Acres A killa or Acre is measured rectangularly , reckoned as an area 36 karams ( 198 ft ) x 40 karams ( 220 ft ) ( 43,560 square ft ) . 5 / 8th of a Killa or Acre is known as Bigha 1 Karam = 5.5 feet = 1.83 Yard or Gaj 1 Yard or Gaj = 36 Inch = 0.91 Metre = 3 feet 1 Sq Yard = 9 Sq Feet To convert Sq feet to Sq Yard = Divide by 9 1 Marla is 30.25 Sq Yard ( 272.25 sq feet divide by 9 ) 1 Kanal is 605 sq Yard ( 5445 sq feet divide by 9 ) 1 Acre is 4840 Sq Yard Homes ( Kothis ) are measured in marlas and kanaals . Most are two to four kanaals but the big ones can be anything from four to six kanaals . A couple of older measures : one biswa = 15 Sq karams ; 12 biswas = 1 kanaal ( 605 gaz ) one bigha = 60 biswas - 3025 square yards - 2530 sq m i ) In all areas consolidated on the basis of the standard measure of 66 inches i.e. Karam or Gatha : - 1 . 1 Sq . Karam or Sarsahi 3.0896352 Sq. yds say 30.56 2 . 9 Sarsahies or 1 Marla 30.249999 Sq. yds say 30.25 Sq. yds . 3 . 20 Marlas or 1 Kanal 604.99996 Sq. yds say 605 Sq. yds . 4 . 160 Marlas or 8 Kanals 4839.99998 Sq. yds. say 4840 Sq. yds. ( 1 acre or 1 killa ) ( ii ) In the areas consolidated on the basis of the local meas ure and the non - consolidated areas of Amritsar , Gurdaspur , ( except Shahpur Hill Circle and Chak Andar in Pathankot tehsil ) , Ferozepur ( except Fazilka ) and the erstwhile pr incelyState of Faridkot . Also applicable for Lahore ( Pakistan ) : 1 . 1 Karam 60 inches 2 . 1 Sq . Karam or Sarsahi 2.777777 Sq . yds . 3 . 9 Sarsahies or 1 Marla 24.999999 Sq . yards say 25 Sq. yards . 4 . 20 Marlas or 1 Kanal 499.9999 Sq . yards say 500 Sq. yards 5 . 193.60 Marlas ( 9 Kanals1 Acre or 4840 Sq. yds 13 Marlas 5 Sarsahis ) ( iii ) In the areas consolidated on the basis of the local measure and the non - consolidated areas of Hoshiarpur , Jalandhar , Anandpur Sahib ( Ropar ) and the Shahpur hill Circle in Gurdaspur District : 1.1 Karam 57.5 inches 2 . 1 Sq . Karam or Sarsahi 2.5511188 Sq. yds . 3 . 9 Sarsahies or 1 Marla 22.960069 Sq. yards say 22.96 Sq. yds 4 . 20 Marlas or 1 Kanal 459.20138 Sq. yards say 459 Sq. yards . 5 . 160 Marlas 8 Kanals I Acre or 4840 Sq. yds . ( iv ) In the area consolidated on the basis of the local measure and the non-consolidated areas of the erstwhile princely State of Kapurthala : 1 . 1 Karam 54 inches 2 . 1 Sq . Karam or Sarsahi 2.25 Sq. yds . 3 . 9 Sarsahies or 1 Marla 30.25 Sq. yards 4 . 20 Marlas or 1 Kanal 405 Sq. yards . 5 . 239 Marlas ( 11 Kanals1 Acre or 4840 Sq. yds. 19 Marlas ) 1 Karam or Gat ha x 1 Karam or Gatha 1 Sq . Karam or Biswansi 20 Biswansis 1 Biswa20 Biswa 1 Satty2 Sq Feet Sq Gaz Sq Meter Karams Marla Kanaal Killa Begha Muraba 272.25 30.25 25.293 9 1 0.05 0.00625 0.0005 0.00025 1361.25 151.25 126.465 45 5 0.25 0.03125 0.0025 0.00125 2722.5 302.5 252.93 90 10 0.5 0.0625 0.005 0.0025 5445 605 505.86 180 20 1 0.125 0.01 0.005 43560 4840 4046.88 1440 160 8 1 0.08 0.04 27225 3025 2529.3 900 100 5 0.625 0.05 0.025 1089000 121000 101172 36000 4000 200 25 2 1 Good work Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Measurement_of_land_in_Punjab&oldid=832478412 '' Categories : Units of measurement Punjab Economic history of India Economic history of Pakistan Metrication Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from February 2010 All articles lacking sources Orphaned articles from March 2012 All orphaned articles Articles with topics of unclear notability from February 2010 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk About Wikipedia پنجابی اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 08 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement%20of%20land%20in%20Punjab	840
what is common about the location of urban areas in united states/canada			North America	north america	North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere ; it is also considered by some to be a northern subcontinent of the Americas . It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean , and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea .	North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers ( 9,540,000 square miles ) , about 16.5 % of the earth 's land area and about 4.8 % of its total surface . North America is the third largest continent by area , following Asia and Africa , and the fourth by population after Asia , Africa , and Europe . In 2013 , its population was estimated at nearly 565 million people in 23 independent states , or about 7.5 % of the world 's population , if nearby islands ( most notably the Caribbean ) are included . North America was reached by its first human populations during the last glacial period , via crossing the Bering land bridge approximately 40,000 to 17,000 years ago . The so - called Paleo - Indian period is taken to have lasted until about 10,000 years ago ( the beginning of the Archaic or Meso - Indian period ) . The Classic stage spans roughly the 6th to 13th centuries . The Pre-Columbian era ended with the transatlantic migrations and the arrival of European settlers during the Age of Discovery and the Early Modern period . Present - day cultural and ethnic patterns reflect different kind of interactions between European colonists , indigenous peoples , African slaves and their descendants . European influences are strongest in the northern parts of the continent while indigenous and African influences are relatively stronger in the south . Because of the history of colonialism , most North Americans speak English , Spanish or French and societies and states commonly reflect Western traditions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Extent 2.1 Regions 2.2 Countries , territories , and dependencies 3 History 3.1 Geologic history 3.2 Pre-Columbian 3.3 Colonial period 4 Geography 5 Geology 5.1 Canadian geology 5.2 United States geology 5.3 Central American geology 6 Climate 7 Ecology 8 Demographics 8.1 Languages 8.2 Religions 8.3 Populace 9 Economy 9.1 Transport 9.2 Communications 10 Culture 10.1 Sports 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Name Map of North America , from 1621 The Americas are usually accepted as having been named after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci by the German cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann . Vespucci , who explored South America between 1497 and 1502 , was the first European to suggest that the Americas were not the East Indies , but a different landmass previously unknown by Europeans . In 1507 , Waldseemüller produced a world map , in which he placed the word `` America '' on the continent of South America , in the middle of what is today Brazil . He explained the rationale for the name in the accompanying book Cosmographiae Introductio : ... ab Americo inventore ... quasi Americi terram sive Americam ( from Americus the discoverer ... as if it were the land of Americus , thus America ) . For Waldseemüller , no one should object to the naming of the land after its discoverer . He used the Latinized version of Vespucci 's name ( Americus Vespucius ) , but in its feminine form `` America '' , following the examples of `` Europa '' , `` Asia '' and `` Africa '' . Later , other mapmakers extended the name America to the northern continent , In 1538 , Gerard Mercator used America on his map of the world for all the Western Hemisphere . Some argue that the convention is to use the surname for naming discoveries except in the case of royalty and so a derivation from `` Amerigo Vespucci '' could be problematic . Ricardo Palma ( 1949 ) proposed a derivation from the `` Amerrique '' mountains of Central America -- Vespucci was the first to discover South America and the Amerrique mountains of Central America , which connected his discoveries to those of Christopher Columbus . Alfred E. Hudd proposed a theory in 1908 that the continents are named after a Welsh merchant named Richard Amerike from Bristol , who is believed to have financed John Cabot 's voyage of discovery from England to Newfoundland in 1497 . A minutely explored belief that has been advanced is that America was named for a Spanish sailor bearing the ancient Visigothic name of ' Amairick ' . Another is that the name is rooted in a Native American language . Extent The term North America maintains various definitions in accordance with location and context . In Canadian English , North America may be used to refer to the United States and Canada together . Alternatively , usage sometimes includes Greenland and Mexico ( as in the North American Free Trade Agreement ) , as well as offshore islands . The UN geoscheme for `` North America '' separates Mexico from the United States and Canada , placing it instead within its designated `` Central America '' region , while also treating the islands of the Caribbean separately from the US / Canada definition -- the UN 's `` North America '' definition still includes the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and Greenland together with the US / Canada continental definition , with both insular entities being tectonically on the North American plate . In France , Italy , Portugal , Spain , Romania , Greece , and the countries of Latin America , the cognates of North America usually designate a subcontinent of the Americas comprising Canada , the United States , and Mexico , and often Greenland , Saint Pierre et Miquelon , and Bermuda . North America has been historically referred to by other names . Spanish North America ( New Spain ) was often referred to as Northern America , and this was the first official name given to Mexico . Regions See also : List of regions of Canada and List of regions of the United States Geographically the North American continent has many regions and subregions . These include cultural , economic , and geographic regions . Economic regions included those formed by trade blocs , such as the North American Trade Agreement bloc and Central American Trade Agreement . Linguistically and culturally , the continent could be divided into Anglo - America and Latin America . Anglo - America includes most of Northern America , Belize , and Caribbean islands with English - speaking populations ( though sub-national entities , such as Louisiana and Quebec , are Francophone in composition ) . The southern North American continent is composed of two regions . These are Central America and the Caribbean . The north of the continent maintains recognized regions as well . In contrast to the common definition of `` North America '' , that which encompasses the whole continent , the term `` North America '' is also used to refer to Canada , Mexico , the United States , and Greenland . The term Northern America refers to the northern-most countries and territories of North America , Canada , the United States , Greenland , Bermuda , and St. Pierre and Miquelon . Although rarely used , the term Middle America -- not to be confused with the Midwestern United States -- groups the regions of Central America , the Caribbean , and Mexico . The largest countries of the continent , Canada and the United States , also contain well - defined and recognized regions . In the case of Canada these are the British Columbia Coast , Canadian Prairies , Central Canada , Atlantic Canada , and Northern Canada . These regions also contain many subregions . In the case of the United States -- and in accordance with the US Census Bureau definitions -- these regions are : New England , Mid-Atlantic , East North Central States , West North Central States , South Atlantic States , East South Central States , West South Central States , Mountain States , and Pacific States . Regions shared between both nations included the Great Lakes Region . Megalopolises have also formed between both nations in the case of the Pacific Northwest and the Great Lakes Megaregion . Countries , territories , and dependencies Main article : List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America Flag Country or territory Area ( km ) Population ( 2016 est . ) Population density ( per km ) Capital Anguilla ( UK ) 7001910000000000000 ♠ 91 14,764 164.8 The Valley Antigua and Barbuda 7002442000000000000 ♠ 442 100,963 199.1 St. John 's Aruba ( NLD ) 7002180000000000000 ♠ 180 104,822 594.4 Oranjestad The Bahamas 7004139430000000000 ♠ 13,943 391,232 24.5 Nassau Barbados 7002430000000000000 ♠ 430 284,996 595.3 Bridgetown Belize 7004229660000000000 ♠ 22,966 366,954 13.4 Belmopan Bermuda ( UK ) 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 61,666 1203.7 Hamilton Bonaire ( NLD ) 7002294000000000000 ♠ 294 7004120930000000000 ♠ 12,093 41.1 Kralendijk British Virgin Islands ( UK ) 7002151000000000000 ♠ 151 30,661 152.3 Road Town Canada 7006998467000000000 ♠ 9,984,670 36,289,822 3.4 Ottawa Cayman Islands ( UK ) 7002264000000000000 ♠ 264 60,765 212.1 George Town Clipperton Island ( FRA ) 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 0.0 -- Costa Rica 7004511000000000000 ♠ 51,100 4,857,274 89.6 San José Cuba 7005109886000000000 ♠ 109,886 11,475,982 102.0 Havana Curaçao ( NLD ) 7002444000000000000 ♠ 444 159,371 317.1 Willemstad Dominica 7002751000000000000 ♠ 751 73,543 89.2 Roseau Dominican Republic 7004486710000000000 ♠ 48,671 10,648,791 207.3 Santo Domingo El Salvador 7004210410000000000 ♠ 21,041 6,344,722 293.0 San Salvador Greenland ( Denmark ) 7006216608600000000 ♠ 2,166,086 56,412 0.026 Nuuk Grenada 7002344000000000000 ♠ 344 107,317 302.3 St. George 's Guadeloupe ( FRA ) 7003162800000000000 ♠ 1,628 449,975 246.7 Basse - Terre Guatemala 7005108889000000000 ♠ 108,889 16,582,469 128.8 Guatemala City Haiti 7004277500000000000 ♠ 27,750 10,847,334 361.5 Port - au - Prince Honduras 7005112492000000000 ♠ 112,492 9,112,867 66.4 Tegucigalpa Jamaica 7004109910000000000 ♠ 10,991 2,881,355 247.4 Kingston Martinique ( FRA ) 7003112800000000000 ♠ 1,128 385,103 352.6 Fort - de-France Mexico 7006196437500000000 ♠ 1,964,375 127,540,423 57.1 Mexico City Montserrat ( UK ) 7002102000000000000 ♠ 102 5,152 58.8 Plymouth ( Brades ) Navassa Island ( United States ) 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 0.0 Nicaragua 7005130373000000000 ♠ 130,373 6,149,928 44.1 Managua Panama 7004754170000000000 ♠ 75,417 4,034,119 45.8 Panama City Puerto Rico ( United States ) 7003887000000000000 ♠ 8,870 3,667,903 448.9 San Juan Saba ( NLD ) 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7003153700000000000 ♠ 1,537 118.2 The Bottom Saint Barthélemy ( FRA ) 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7003744800000000000 ♠ 7,448 354.7 Gustavia Saint Kitts and Nevis 7002261000000000000 ♠ 261 54,821 199.2 Basseterre Saint Lucia 7002539000000000000 ♠ 539 178,015 319.1 Castries Saint Martin ( FRA ) 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 7004298200000000000 ♠ 29,820 552.2 Marigot Saint Pierre and Miquelon ( FRA ) 7002242000000000000 ♠ 242 6,305 24.8 Saint - Pierre Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7002389000000000000 ♠ 389 109,643 280.2 Kingstown Sint Eustatius ( NLD ) 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7003273900000000000 ♠ 2,739 130.4 Oranjestad Sint Maarten ( NLD ) 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 39,537 1176.7 Philipsburg Trinidad and Tobago 7003513000000000000 ♠ 5,130 1,364,962 261.0 Port of Spain Turks and Caicos Islands ( UK ) 7002948000000000000 ♠ 948 34,900 34.8 Cockburn Town United States 7006962909100000000 ♠ 9,629,091 322,179,605 32.7 Washington , D.C. United States Virgin Islands ( United States ) 7002347000000000000 ♠ 347 104,913 317.0 Charlotte Amalie Total 7007245009950000000 ♠ 24,500,995 7008541720440000000 ♠ 541,720,440 22.9 History Main article : History of North America Geologic history Principal hydrological divides of Canada , the United States and Mexico Laurentia is an ancient craton which forms the geologic core of North America ; it formed between 1.5 and 1.0 billion years ago during the Proterozoic eon . The Canadian Shield is the largest exposure of this craton . From the Late Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic eras , North America was joined with the other modern - day continents as part of the supercontinent Pangaea , with Eurasia to its east . One of the results of the formation of Pangaea was the Appalachian Mountains , which formed some 480 million years ago , making it among the oldest mountain ranges in the world . When Pangaea began to rift around 200 million years ago , North America became part of Laurasia , before it separated from Eurasia as its own continent during the mid-Cretaceous period . The Rockies and other western mountain ranges began forming around this time from a period of mountain building called the Laramide orogeny , between 80 and 55 million years ago . The formation of the Isthmus of Panama that connected the continent to South America arguably occurred approximately 12 to 15 million years ago , and the Great Lakes ( as well as many other northern freshwater lakes and rivers ) were carved by receding glaciers about 10,000 years ago . North America is the source of much of what humanity knows about geologic time periods . The geographic area that would later become the United States has been the source of more varieties of dinosaurs than any other modern country . According to paleontologist Peter Dodson , this is primarily due to stratigraphy , climate and geography , human resources , and history . Much of the Mesozoic Era is represented by exposed outcrops in the many arid regions of the continent . The most significant Late Jurassic dinosaur - bearing fossil deposit in North America is the Morrison Formation of the western United States . Pre-Columbian The El Castillo pyramid , at Chichén Itzá , Mexico The indigenous peoples of North America have many creation myths by which they assert that they have been present on the land since its creation . The specifics of Paleo - Indian migration to and throughout the Americas , including the exact dates and routes traveled , are subject to ongoing research and discussion . The traditional theory has been that these early migrants moved into the Beringia land bridge between eastern Siberia and present - day Alaska around 25,000 to 11,000 years ago . The few agreements achieved to date are the origin from Central Asia , with widespread habitation of the Americas during the end of the last glacial period , or more specifically what is known as the late glacial maximum , around 13,000 years before present . Some genetic research indicated secondary waves of migration occurred after the initial Paleo - Indian colonization , but prior to modern Inuit , Inupiat and Yupik expansions . Before contact with Europeans , the natives of North America were divided into many different polities , from small bands of a few families to large empires . They lived in several `` culture areas '' , which roughly correspond to geographic and biological zones and give a good indication of the main lifeway or occupation of the people who lived there ( e.g. , the bison hunters of the Great Plains , or the farmers of Mesoamerica ) . Native groups can also be classified by their language family ( e.g. , Athapascan or Uto - Aztecan ) . Peoples with similar languages did not always share the same material culture , nor were they always allies . Anthropologists think that the Inuit people of the high Arctic came to North America much later than other native groups , as evidenced by the disappearance of Dorset culture artifacts from the archaeological record , and their replacement by the Thule people . During the thousands of years of native habitation on the continent , cultures changed and shifted . One of the oldest cultures yet found is the Clovis culture of modern New Mexico . Later cultures include the Mississippian culture and related Mound building cultures , found in the Mississippi river valley and the Pueblo culture of what is now the Four Corners . The more southern cultural groups of North America were responsible for the domestication of many common crops now used around the world , such as tomatoes and squash . Perhaps most importantly they domesticated one of the world 's major staples , maize ( corn ) . The earliest verifiable instance of pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact by any European culture with the landmasses that geologically constitute the `` mainland '' of modern North America has been dated to the end of the 10th century CE - this site , situated at the northernmost extent of the island named Newfoundland , is known as L'Anse aux Meadows , where unmistakable evidence of Norse settlement was uncovered in the early 1960s . As a result of the development of agriculture in the south , many important cultural advances were made there . For example , the Maya civilization developed a writing system , built huge pyramids and temples , had a complex calendar , and developed the concept of zero around 400 CE , a few hundred years after the Mesopotamians . The Mayan culture was still present in southern Mexico and Guatemala when the Spanish explorers arrived , but political dominance in the area had shifted to the Aztec Empire whose capital city Tenochtitlan was located further north in the Valley of Mexico . The Aztecs were conquered in 1521 by Hernán Cortés . Colonial period Benjamin West 's The Death of General Wolfe ( 1771 ) depicting the Battle of the Plains of Abraham Main article : European colonization of the Americas Further information : Timeline of the European colonization of North America , British America , French America , Viceroyalty of New Spain , and Russian colonization of the Americas During the Age of Discovery , Europeans explored and staked claims to various parts of North America . Upon their arrival in the `` New World '' , the Native American population declined substantially , because of violent conflicts with the invaders and the introduction of European diseases to which the Native Americans lacked immunity . Native culture changed drastically and their affiliation with political and cultural groups also changed . Several linguistic groups died out , and others changed quite quickly . The names and cultures that Europeans recorded were not necessarily the same as the names they had used a few generations before , or the ones in use today . Britain , Spain , and France took over extensive territories in North America - and fought over them . In the late 18th century and beginning of the 19th , independence movements that sprung up across the continent , led to the creation of the modern countries in the area . The 13 British colonies on the North Atlantic coast declared independence in 1776 , becoming the United States of America . Canada was formed from the unification of northern territories controlled by Britain and France . New Spain , a territory that stretched from modern - day southern US to Central America , declared independence in 1810 , becoming the First Mexican Empire . In 1823 the former Captaincy General of Guatemala , then part of the Mexican Empire , became the first independent state in Central America , officially changing its name to the United Provinces of Central America . Geography Main article : Geography of North America Satellite imagery of North America North America occupies the northern portion of the landmass generally referred to as the New World , the Western Hemisphere , the Americas , or simply America ( which , less commonly , is considered by some as a single continent with North America a subcontinent ) . North America 's only land connection to South America is at the Isthmus of Panama . The continent is delimited on the southeast by most geographers at the Darién watershed along the Colombia - Panama border , placing all of Panama within North America . Alternatively , some geologists physiographically locate its southern limit at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec , Mexico , with Central America extending southeastward to South America from this point . The Caribbean islands , or West Indies , are considered part of North America . The continental coastline is long and irregular . The Gulf of Mexico is the largest body of water indenting the continent , followed by Hudson Bay . Others include the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the Gulf of California . Before the Central American isthmus formed , the region had been underwater . The islands of the West Indies delineate a submerged former land bridge , which had connected North and South America via what are now Florida and Venezuela . There are numerous islands off the continent 's coasts ; principally , the Arctic Archipelago , the Bahamas , Turks & Caicos , the Greater and Lesser Antilles , the Aleutian Islands ( some of which are in the Eastern Hemisphere proper ) , the Alexander Archipelago , the many thousand islands of the British Columbia Coast , and Newfoundland . Greenland , a self - governing Danish island , and the world 's largest , is on the same tectonic plate ( the North American Plate ) and is part of North America geographically . In a geologic sense , Bermuda is not part of the Americas , but an oceanic island which was formed on the fissure of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge over 100 million years ago . The nearest landmass to it is Cape Hatteras , North Carolina . However , Bermuda is often thought of as part of North America , especially given its historical , political and cultural ties to Virginia and other parts of the continent . Moraine Lake in Banff National Park The vast majority of North America is on the North American Plate . Parts of western Mexico , including Baja California , and of California , including the cities of San Diego , Los Angeles , and Santa Cruz , lie on the eastern edge of the Pacific Plate , with the two plates meeting along the San Andreas fault . The southernmost portion of the continent and much of the West Indies lie on the Caribbean Plate , whereas the Juan de Fuca and Cocos plates border the North American Plate on its western frontier . The continent can be divided into four great regions ( each of which contains many subregions ) : the Great Plains stretching from the Gulf of Mexico to the Canadian Arctic ; the geologically young , mountainous west , including the Rocky Mountains , the Great Basin , California and Alaska ; the raised but relatively flat plateau of the Canadian Shield in the northeast ; and the varied eastern region , which includes the Appalachian Mountains , the coastal plain along the Atlantic seaboard , and the Florida peninsula . Mexico , with its long plateaus and cordilleras , falls largely in the western region , although the eastern coastal plain does extend south along the Gulf . The western mountains are split in the middle into the main range of the Rockies and the coast ranges in California , Oregon , Washington , and British Columbia , with the Great Basin -- a lower area containing smaller ranges and low - lying deserts -- in between . The highest peak is Denali in Alaska . The United States Geographical Survey ( USGS ) states that the geographic center of North America is `` 6 miles ( 10 km ) west of Balta , Pierce County , North Dakota '' at about 48 ° 10 ′ N 100 ° 10 ′ W / 48.167 ° N 100.167 ° W / 48.167 ; - 100.167 , about 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) from Rugby , North Dakota . The USGS further states that `` No marked or monumented point has been established by any government agency as the geographic center of either the 50 States , the conterminous United States , or the North American continent . '' Nonetheless , there is a 4.6 - metre ( 15 ft ) field stone obelisk in Rugby claiming to mark the center . The North American continental pole of inaccessibility is located 1,650 km ( 1,030 mi ) from the nearest coastline , between Allen and Kyle , South Dakota at 43 ° 22 ′ N 101 ° 58 ′ W / 43.36 ° N 101.97 ° W / 43.36 ; - 101.97 ( Pole of Inaccessibility North America ) . Geology Main article : Geology of North America Geologic Map of North America published by USGS Sedimentary , volcanic , plutonic , and metamorphic rock types of North America Canadian geology Geologically , Canada is one of the oldest regions in the world , with more than half of the region consisting of precambrian rocks that have been above sea level since the beginning of the Palaeozoic era . Canada 's mineral resources are diverse and extensive . Across the Canadian Shield and in the north there are large iron , nickel , zinc , copper , gold , lead , molybdenum , and uranium reserves . Large diamond concentrations have been recently developed in the Arctic , making Canada one of the world 's largest producers . Throughout the Shield there are many mining towns extracting these minerals . The largest , and best known , is Sudbury , Ontario . Sudbury is an exception to the normal process of forming minerals in the Shield since there is significant evidence that the Sudbury Basin is an ancient meteorite impact crater . The nearby , but less known Temagami Magnetic Anomaly has striking similarities to the Sudbury Basin . Its magnetic anomalies are very similar to the Sudbury Basin , and so it could be a second metal - rich impact crater . The Shield is also covered by vast boreal forests that support an important logging industry . United States geology The lower 48 US states can be divided into roughly five physiographic provinces : The American cordillera The Canadian Shield Northern portion of the upper midwestern United States . The stable platform The coastal plain The Appalachian orogenic belt The geology of Alaska is typical of that of the cordillera , while the major islands of Hawaii consist of Neogene volcanics erupted over a hot spot . North America bedrock and terrain North American cratons and basement rocks Central American geology Central America rests in the Caribbean Plate . Central America is geologically active with volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occurring from time to time . In 1976 Guatemala was hit by a major earthquake , killing 23,000 people ; Managua , the capital of Nicaragua , was devastated by earthquakes in 1931 and 1972 , the last one killing about 5,000 people ; three earthquakes devastated El Salvador , one in 1986 and two in 2001 ; one earthquake devastated northern and central Costa Rica in 2009 , killing at least 34 people ; in Honduras a powerful earthquake killed seven people in 2009 . Volcanic eruptions are common in the region . In 1968 the Arenal Volcano , in Costa Rica , erupted and killed 87 people . Fertile soils from weathered volcanic lavas have made it possible to sustain dense populations in the agriculturally productive highland areas . Central America has many mountain ranges ; the longest are the Sierra Madre de Chiapas , the Cordillera Isabelia , and the Cordillera de Talamanca . Between the mountain ranges lie fertile valleys that are suitable for the people ; in fact , most of the population of Honduras , Costa Rica , and Guatemala live in valleys . Valleys are also suitable for the production of coffee , beans , and other crops . Climate North America map of Köppen climate classification North America is a very large continent which surpasses the Arctic Circle , and the Tropic of Cancer . Greenland , along with the Canadian Shield , is tundra with average temperatures ranging from 10 to 20 ° C ( 50 to 68 ° F ) , but central Greenland is composed of a very large ice sheet . This tundra radiates throughout Canada , but its border ends near the Rocky Mountains ( but still contains Alaska ) and at the end of the Canadian Shield , near the Great Lakes . Climate west of the Cascades is described as being a temperate weather with average precipitation 20 inches ( 510 mm ) . Climate in coastal California is described to be Mediterranean , with average temperatures in cities like San Francisco ranging from 57 to 70 ° F ( 14 to 21 ° C ) over the course of the year . Stretching from the East Coast to eastern North Dakota , and stretching down to Kansas , is the continental - humid climate featuring intense seasons , with a large amount of annual precipitation , with places like New York City averaging 50 inches ( 1,300 mm ) . Starting at the southern border of the continental - humid climate and stretching to the Gulf of Mexico ( whilst encompassing the eastern half of Texas ) is the subtropical climate . This area has the wettest cities in the contiguous U.S. with annual precipitation reaching 67 inches ( 1,700 mm ) in Mobile , Alabama . Stretching from the borders of the continental humid and subtropical climates , and going west to the Cascades Sierra Nevada , south to the southern tip of durango , north to the border with tundra climate , the steppe / desert climate is the driest climate in the U.S. Ecology This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2015 ) See also : List of endangered plants in North America Notable North American fauna include the bison , black bear , prairie dog , turkey , pronghorn , raccoon , coyote and monarch butterfly . Notable plants that were domesticated in North America include tobacco , maize , squash , tomato , sunflower , blueberry , avocado , cotton , chile pepper and vanilla . Demographics Further information : Demographics of the United States , Demographics of Canada , and Demographics of Mexico Non-native nations ' control and claims over North America c. 1750 -- 2008 Native languages of the US , Canada and Greenland Economically , Canada and the United States are the wealthiest and most developed nations in the continent , followed by Mexico , a newly industrialized country . The countries of Central America and the Caribbean are at various levels of economic and human development . For example , small Caribbean island - nations , such as Barbados , Trinidad and Tobago , and Antigua and Barbuda , have a higher GDP ( PPP ) per capita than Mexico due to their smaller populations . Panama and Costa Rica have a significantly higher Human Development Index and GDP than the rest of the Central American nations . Additionally , despite Greenland 's vast resources in oil and minerals , much of them remain untapped , and the island is economically dependent on fishing , tourism , and subsidies from Denmark . Nevertheless , the island is highly developed . Demographically , North America is ethnically diverse . Its three main groups are Caucasians , Mestizos and Blacks . There is a significant minority of Indigenous Americans and Asians among other less numerous groups . Languages Main article : Languages of North America Languages spoken in the Americas The dominant languages in North America are English , Spanish , and French . Danish is prevalent in Greenland alongside Greenlandic , and Dutch is spoken side by side local languages in the Dutch Caribbean . The term Anglo - America is used to refer to the anglophone countries of the Americas : namely Canada ( where English and French are co-official ) and the United States , but also sometimes Belize and parts of the tropics , especially the Commonwealth Caribbean . Latin America refers to the other areas of the Americas ( generally south of the United States ) where the Romance languages , derived from Latin , of Spanish and Portuguese ( but French speaking countries are not usually included ) predominate : the other republics of Central America ( but not always Belize ) , part of the Caribbean ( not the Dutch - , English - , or French - speaking areas ) , Mexico , and most of South America ( except Guyana , Suriname , French Guiana ( France ) , and the Falkland Islands ( UK ) ) . The French language has historically played a significant role in North America and now retains a distinctive presence in some regions . Canada is officially bilingual . French is the official language of the Province of Quebec , where 95 % of the people speak it as either their first or second language , and it is co-official with English in the Province of New Brunswick . Other French - speaking locales include the Province of Ontario ( the official language is English , but there are an estimated 600,000 Franco - Ontarians ) , the Province of Manitoba ( co-official as de jure with English ) , the French West Indies and Saint - Pierre et Miquelon , as well as the US state of Louisiana , where French is also an official language . Haiti is included with this group based on historical association but Haitians speak both Creole and French . Similarly , French and French Antillean Creole is spoken in Saint Lucia and the Commonwealth of Dominica alongside English . Religions Main article : Religion in North America See also : Religions of the world Washington National Cathedral , in Washington , D.C. . The United States has the most people in the world identifying as Christian . Christianity is the largest religion in the United States , Canada and Mexico . According to a 2012 Pew Research Center survey , 77.4 % of the population considered themselves Christians . Christianity also is the predominant religion in the 23 dependent territories in North America . The United States has the largest Christian population in the world , with nearly 247 million Christians ( 70 % ) , although other countries have higher percentages of Christians among their populations . Mexico has the world 's second largest number of Catholics , surpassed only by Brazil . A 2015 study estimates about 493,000 Christian believers from a Muslim background in North America , most of them belonging to some form of Protestantism . According to the same study religiously unaffiliated ( include agnostic and atheist ) make up about 17.1 % of the population of Canada and the United States . No religion make up about 22.8 % of the United States population , and 23.9 % of Canada total population . Canada , the United States and Mexico host communities of both Jews ( 6 million or about 1.8 % ) , Buddhists ( 3.8 million or 1.1 % ) and Muslims ( 3.4 million or 1.0 % ) . The biggest number of Jewish individuals can be found in the United States ( 5.4 million ) , Canada ( 375,000 ) and Mexico ( 67,476 ) . The United States host the largest Muslim population in North America with 2.7 million or 0.9 % , While Canada host about one million Muslim or 3.2 % of the population . While in Mexico there were 3,700 Muslims in the country . In 2012 , U-T San Diego estimated U.S. practitioners of Buddhism at 1.2 million people , of whom 40 % are living in Southern California . The predominant religion in Central America is Christianity ( 95.6 % ) . Beginning with the Spanish colonization of Central America in the 16th century , Roman Catholicism became the most popular religion in the region until the first half of the 20th century . Since the 1960s , there has been an increase in other Christian groups , particularly Protestantism , as well as other religious organizations , and individuals identifying themselves as having no religion . Also Christianity is the predominant religion in the Caribbean ( 84.7 % ) . Other religious groups in the region are Hinduism , Islam , Rastafari ( in Jamaica ) , and Afro - American religions such as Santería and Vodou . Populace North American cities Mexico City Los Angeles Toronto Chicago New York City See also : List of North American countries by population , List of North American cities by population , and List of North American metropolitan areas by population The most populous country in North America is the United States with 318.4 million persons . The second largest country is Mexico with a population of 112,322,757 . Canada is the third most populous country with 32,623,490 . The majority of Caribbean island - nations have national populations under a million , though Cuba , Dominican Republic , Haiti , Puerto Rico ( a territory of the United States ) , Jamaica , and Trinidad and Tobago each have populations higher than a million . Greenland has a small population of 55,984 for its massive size ( 2,166,000 km2 or 836,300 mi2 ) , and therefore , it has the world 's lowest population density at 0.026 pop. / km2 ( 0.067 pop. / mi2 ) . While the United States , Canada , and Mexico maintain the largest populations , large city populations are not restricted to those nations . There are also large cities in the Caribbean . The largest cities in North America , by far , are Mexico City and New York . These cities are the only cities on the continent to exceed eight million , and two of three in the Americas . Next in size are Los Angeles , Toronto , Chicago , Havana , Santo Domingo , and Montreal . Cities in the sunbelt regions of the United States , such as those in Southern California and Houston , Phoenix , Miami , Atlanta , and Las Vegas , are experiencing rapid growth . These causes included warm temperatures , retirement of Baby Boomers , large industry , and the influx of immigrants . Cities near the United States border , particularly in Mexico , are also experiencing large amounts of growth . Most notable is Tijuana , a city bordering San Diego that receives immigrants from all over Latin America and parts of Europe and Asia . Yet as cities grow in these warmer regions of North America , they are increasingly forced to deal with the major issue of water shortages . Eight of the top ten metropolitan areas are located in the United States . These metropolitan areas all have a population of above 5.5 million and include the New York City metropolitan area , Los Angeles metropolitan area , Chicago metropolitan area , and the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex . Whilst the majority of the largest metropolitan areas are within the United States , Mexico is host to the largest metropolitan area by population in North America : Greater Mexico City . Canada also breaks into the top ten largest metropolitan areas with the Toronto metropolitan area having six million people . The proximity of cities to each other on the Canada -- United States border and Mexico -- United States border has led to the rise of international metropolitan areas . These urban agglomerations are observed at their largest and most productive in Detroit -- Windsor and San Diego -- Tijuana and experience large commercial , economic , and cultural activity . The metropolitan areas are responsible for millions of dollars of trade dependent on international freight . In Detroit - Windsor the Border Transportation Partnership study in 2004 concluded US $13 billion was dependent on the Detroit -- Windsor international border crossing while in San Diego - Tijuana freight at the Otay Mesa Port of Entry was valued at US $20 billion . North America has also been witness to the growth of megapolitan areas . In the United States exists eleven megaregions that transcend international borders and comprise Canadian and Mexican metropolitan regions . These are the Arizona Sun Corridor , Cascadia , Florida , Front Range , Great Lakes Megaregion , Gulf Coast Megaregion , Northeast , Northern California , Piedmont Atlantic , Southern California , and the Texas Triangle . Canada and Mexico are also the home of megaregions . These include the Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor , Golden Horseshoe -- both of which are considered part of the Great Lakes Megaregion -- and megalopolis of Central Mexico . Traditionally the largest megaregion has been considered the Boston - Washington , D.C. Corridor , or the Northeast , as the region is one massive contiguous area . Yet megaregion criterion have allowed the Great Lakes Megalopolis to maintain status as the most populated region , being home to 53,768,125 people in 2000 . The top ten largest North American metropolitan areas by population as of 2013 , based on national census numbers from the United States and census estimates from Canada and Mexico . Metro Area Population Area Country Mexico City 21,163,226 7,346 km ( 2,836 sq mi ) Mexico New York City 19,949,502 17,405 km ( 6,720 sq mi ) United States Los Angeles 13,131,431 12,562 km ( 4,850 sq mi ) United States Chicago 9,537,289 24,814 km ( 9,581 sq mi ) United States Dallas -- Fort Worth 6,810,913 24,059 km ( 9,289 sq mi ) United States Houston 6,313,158 26,061 km ( 10,062 sq mi ) United States Toronto 6,054,191 5,906 km ( 2,280 sq mi ) Canada Philadelphia 6,034,678 13,256 km ( 5,118 sq mi ) United States Washington , D.C. 5,949,859 14,412 km ( 5,565 sq mi ) United States Miami 5,828,191 15,896 km ( 6,137 sq mi ) United States ‌ 2011 Census figures . Economy Main article : Economy of North America See also : List of North American countries by GDP ( nominal ) and List of North American countries by GDP ( PPP ) Rank Country GDP ( PPP , peak year ) millions of USD Peak year United States 19,362,129 2017 Mexico 2,406,087 2017 Canada 1,763,785 2017 Cuba 254,865 2015 5 Dominican Republic 172,576 2017 6 Guatemala 138,276 2017 7 Puerto Rico 130,578 2014 8 Panama 99,430 2017 9 Costa Rica 85,203 2017 10 El Salvador 56,903 2017 Rank Country GDP ( nominal , peak year ) millions of USD Peak year United States 19,362,129 2017 Canada 1,842,627 2013 Mexico 1,298,466 2014 Puerto Rico 105,035 2016 5 Cuba 87,133 2015 6 Dominican Republic 74,873 2017 7 Guatemala 70,806 2017 8 Costa Rica 58,909 2017 9 Panama 59,051 2017 10 Trinidad and Tobago 27,870 2008 North America 's GDP per capita was evaluated in October 2016 by the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) to be $41,830 , making it the richest continent in the world , followed by Oceania . Canada , Mexico , and the United States have significant and multifaceted economic systems . The United States has the largest economy of all three countries and in the world . In 2016 , the U.S. had an estimated per capita gross domestic product ( PPP ) of $57,466 according to the World Bank , and is the most technologically developed economy of the three . The United States ' services sector comprises 76.7 % of the country 's GDP ( estimated in 2010 ) , industry comprises 22.2 % and agriculture comprises 1.2 % . The U.S. economy is also the fastest growing economy in North America and the Americas as a whole , with the highest GDP per capita in the Americas as well . Canada shows significant growth in the sectors of services , mining and manufacturing . Canada 's per capita GDP ( PPP ) was estimated at $44,656 and it had the 11th largest GDP ( nominal ) in 2014 . Canada 's services sector comprises 78 % of the country 's GDP ( estimated in 2010 ) , industry comprises 20 % and agriculture comprises 2 % . Mexico has a per capita GDP ( PPP ) of $16,111 and as of 2014 is the 15th largest GDP ( nominal ) in the world . Being a newly industrialized country , Mexico maintains both modern and outdated industrial and agricultural facilities and operations . Its main sources of income are oil , industrial exports , manufactured goods , electronics , heavy industry , automobiles , construction , food , banking and financial services . The North American economy is well defined and structured in three main economic areas . These areas are the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) , Caribbean Community and Common Market ( CARICOM ) , and the Central American Common Market ( CACM ) . Of these trade blocs , the United States takes part in two . In addition to the larger trade blocs there is the Canada - Costa Rica Free Trade Agreement among numerous other free trade relations , often between the larger , more developed countries and Central American and Caribbean countries . The North America Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) forms one of the four largest trade blocs in the world . Its implementation in 1994 was designed for economic homogenization with hopes of eliminating barriers of trade and foreign investment between Canada , the United States and Mexico . While Canada and the United States already conducted the largest bilateral trade relationship -- and to present day still do -- in the world and Canada - United States trade relations already allowed trade without national taxes and tariffs , NAFTA allowed Mexico to experience a similar duty - free trade . The free trade agreement allowed for the elimination of tariffs that had previously been in place on United States - Mexico trade . Trade volume has steadily increased annually and in 2010 , surface trade between the three NAFTA nations reached an all - time historical increase of 24.3 % or US $791 billion . The NAFTA trade bloc GDP ( PPP ) is the world 's largest with US $17.617 trillion . This is in part attributed to the fact that the economy of the United States is the world 's largest national economy ; the country had a nominal GDP of approximately $14.7 trillion in 2010 . The countries of NAFTA are also some of each other 's largest trade partners . The United States is the largest trade partner of Canada and Mexico ; while Canada and Mexico are each other 's third largest trade partners . The Caribbean trade bloc -- CARICOM -- came into agreement in 1973 when it was signed by 15 Caribbean nations . As of 2000 , CARICOM trade volume was US $96 billion . CARICOM also allowed for the creation of a common passport for associated nations . In the past decade the trade bloc focused largely on Free Trade Agreements and under the CARICOM Office of Trade Negotiations ( OTN ) free trade agreements have been signed into effect . Integration of Central American economies occurred under the signing of the Central American Common Market agreement in 1961 ; this was the first attempt to engage the nations of this area into stronger financial cooperation . Recent implementation of the Central American Free Trade Agreement ( CAFTA ) has left the future of the CACM unclear . The Central American Free Trade Agreement was signed by five Central American countries , the Dominican Republic , and the United States . The focal point of CAFTA is to create a free trade area similar to that of NAFTA . In addition to the United States , Canada also has relations in Central American trade blocs . Currently under proposal , the Canada -- Central American Free Trade Agreement ( CA4 ) would operate much the same as CAFTA with the United States does . These nations also take part in inter-continental trade blocs . Mexico takes a part in the G3 Free Trade Agreement with Colombia and Venezuela and has a trade agreement with the EU . The United States has proposed and maintained trade agreements under the Transatlantic Free Trade Area between itself and the European Union ; the US - Middle East Free Trade Area between numerous Middle Eastern nations and itself ; and the Trans - Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership between Southeast Asian nations , Australia , and New Zealand . Transport Main article : Transportation in North America The full Pan American Highway ( including South America ) , from Prudhoe Bay , Alaska to Ushuaia , Argentina The Pan-American Highway route in the Americas is the portion of a network of roads nearly 48,000 km ( 30,000 mi ) in length which travels through the mainland nations . No definitive length of the Pan-American Highway exists because the US and Canadian governments have never officially defined any specific routes as being part of the Pan-American Highway , and Mexico officially has many branches connecting to the US border . However , the total length of the portion from Mexico to the northern extremity of the highway is roughly 26,000 km ( 16,000 mi ) . 2006 map of the North American Class I railroad network The First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States was built in the 1860s , linking the railroad network of the eastern US with California on the Pacific coast . Finished on 10 May 1869 at the famous golden spike event at Promontory Summit , Utah , it created a nationwide mechanized transportation network that revolutionized the population and economy of the American West , catalyzing the transition from the wagon trains of previous decades to a modern transportation system . Although an accomplishment , it achieved the status of first transcontinental railroad by connecting myriad eastern US railroads to the Pacific and was not the largest single railroad system in the world . The Canadian Grand Trunk Railway ( GTR ) had , by 1867 , already accumulated more than 2,055 km ( 1,277 mi ) of track by connecting Ontario with the Canadian Atlantic provinces west as far as Port Huron , Michigan , through Sarnia , Ontario . Communications A shared telephone system known as the North American Numbering Plan ( NANP ) is an integrated telephone numbering plan of 24 countries and territories : the United States and its territories , Canada , Bermuda , and 17 Caribbean nations . Culture Canada and the United States were both former British colonies . There is frequent cultural interplay between the United States and English - speaking Canada . Greenland shares some cultural ties with the indigenous people of Canada but is considered Nordic and has strong Danish ties due to centuries of colonization by Denmark . Spanish - speaking North America shares a common past as former Spanish colonies . In Mexico and the Central American countries where civilizations like the Maya developed , indigenous people preserve traditions across modern boundaries . Central American and Spanish - speaking Caribbean nations have historically had more in common due to geographical proximity . Northern Mexico , particularly in the cities of Monterrey , Tijuana , Ciudad Juárez , and Mexicali , is strongly influenced by the culture and way of life of the United States . Of the aforementioned cities , Monterrey has been regarded as the most Americanized city in Mexico . Immigration to the United States and Canada remains a significant attribute of many nations close to the southern border of the US . The Anglophone Caribbean states have witnessed the decline of the British Empire and its influence on the region , and its replacement by the economic influence of Northern America . In the Anglophone Caribbean . This is partly due to the relatively small populations of the English - speaking Caribbean countries , and also because many of them now have more people living abroad than those remaining at home . Northern Mexico , the Western United States and Alberta , Canada share a cowboy culture . Sports Canada , Mexico and the US submitted a joint bid to host the 2026 FIFA World Cup . The following table shows the most prominent sports leagues in North America , in order of average revenue . League Sport Primary country Founded Teams Revenue US $ ( bn ) Average Attendance National Football League ( NFL ) American football United States 1920 32 $9.0 7004676040000000000 ♠ 67,604 Major League Baseball ( MLB ) Baseball United States Canada 1869 30 $8.0 7004304580000000000 ♠ 30,458 National Basketball Association ( NBA ) Basketball United States Canada 1946 30 $5.0 7004173470000000000 ♠ 17,347 National Hockey League ( NHL ) Ice hockey United States Canada 1917 31 $3.3 7004177200000000000 ♠ 17,720 Liga MX Football ( soccer ) Mexico 1943 18 $0.6 7004255570000000000 ♠ 25,557 Major League Soccer ( MLS ) Football ( soccer ) United States Canada 20 $0.5 7004215740000000000 ♠ 21,574 Jump up ^ MLS plans to expand to 21 teams in 2017 , and to 24 teams by 2020 . See also South America Americas Notes Jump up ^ This North American density figure is based on a total land area of 23,090,542 km only , considerably less than the total combined land and water area of 24,709,000 km . ^ Jump up to : Depending on definitions , Aruba , Bonaire , Curaçao , Panama , and Trinidad and Tobago have territory in either or both of North and South America . Jump up ^ Since the Lucayan Archipelago is located in the Atlantic Ocean rather than Caribbean Sea , the Bahamas are part of the West Indies but are not technically part of the Caribbean , although the United Nations groups them with the Caribbean . Jump up ^ Because of ongoing activity of the Soufriere Hills volcano beginning in July 1995 , much of Plymouth was destroyed and government offices were relocated to Brades . Plymouth remains the de jure capital . Jump up ^ Panama is generally considered a North American country , though some authorities divide it at the Panama Canal . Figures listed here are for the entire country . Jump up ^ Since the Lucayan Archipelago is located in the Atlantic Ocean rather than Caribbean Sea , the Turks and Caicos Islands are part of the West Indies but are not technically part of the Caribbean , although the United Nations groups them with the Caribbean . Jump up ^ Includes the US state of Hawaii , which is distant from the North American landmass in the Pacific Ocean and therefore more commonly associated with the other territories of Oceania . References ^ Jump up to : International Monetary Fund ( October 2016 ) . `` List of North American countries by GDP per capita '' . World Economic Outlook . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Demographia.com '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` North America '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Map And Details Of All 7 Continents '' . worldatlas.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . In some parts of the world students are taught that there are only six continents , as they combine North America and South America into one continent called the Americas . Jump up ^ `` North America Land Forms and Statistics '' . World Atlas.com . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` North America Fast Facts '' . World Atlas.com . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Amerigo Vespucci '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 7 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Herbermann , Charles George , ed. ( 1907 ) . The Cosmographiæ Introductio of Martin Waldseemüller in Facsimile . Translated by Edward Burke and Mario E. Cosenza , introduction by Joseph Fischer and Franz von Wieser . New York : The United States Catholic Historical Society . p. 9 . Latin : `` Quarta pars per Americum Vesputium ( ut in sequentibus audietur ) inventa est , quam non video , cur quis jure vetet , ab Americo inventore sagacis ingenii viro Amerigen quasi Americi terram sive Americam dicendam , cum et Europa et Asia a mulieribus sua sortita sint nomina . '' ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Cohen . `` The Naming of America : Fragments We 've Shored Against Ourselves '' . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , John ; Mitchinson , John ( 2006 ) . The Book of General Ignorance . Harmony Books . p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 39491 - 0 . New countries or continents were never named after a person 's first name , but always after the second ... Jump up ^ Burchfield , R.W. , ed. ( 2004 ) . `` '' America `` '' . Fowler 's Modern English Usage . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 48 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 861021 - 1 . the term ' North America ' is mostly used to mean the United States and Canada together . Countries to the south of the United States are described as being in Central America ( Mexico , Nicaragua , etc . ) or South America ( Brazil , Argentina , etc . ) . See also : McArthur , Tom ( 1992 ) . `` North American '' . The Oxford Companion to the English Language . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 707 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 214183 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` CIA -- The World Factbook -- North America '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 20 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Countries in North America -- Country Reports '' . Country Reports . Archived from the original on 27 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` North America : World of Earth Science '' . eNotes Inc . Archived from the original on 20 December 2010 . Retrieved 20 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` North American Region '' . The Trilateral Commission . Archived from the original on 21 October 2012 . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` SPP Background '' . CommerceConnect.gov . Security and Prosperity Partnership Of North America . Archived from the original on 18 June 2008 . Retrieved 14 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ecoregions of North America '' . United States Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` What 's the difference between North , Latin , Central , Middle , South , Spanish and Anglo America ? '' . About.com . Jump up ^ `` Norteamérica '' ( North America ) ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . In Ibero - America , North America is considered a subcontinent containing Canada , the United States , Mexico , Greenland , Bermuda and Saint - Pierre and Miquelon . Jump up ^ `` Six or Seven Continents on Earth '' . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . `` In Europe and other parts of the world , many students are taught of six continents , where North and South America are combined to form a single continent of America . Thus , these six continents are Africa , America , Antarctica , Asia , Australia , and Europe . '' Jump up ^ `` Continents '' . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . `` six - continent model ( used mostly in France , Italy , Portugal , Spain , Romania , Greece , and Latin America ) groups together North America + South America into the single continent America . '' Jump up ^ `` AMÉRIQUE '' ( in French ) . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America '' ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Acta Solemne de la Declaración de Independencia de la América Septentrional '' ( Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America ) . Archivos de la Independencia ( in Spanish ) . Archivo General de la Nación . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Central America . Encarta Encyclopedia . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Caribbean '' . The Free Dictionary . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Parsons , Alan ; Schaffer , Jonathan ( May 2004 ) . Geopolitics of oil and natural gas . Economic Perspectives . U.S. Department of State . Jump up ^ `` Definition of major areas and regions '' . United Nations . Retrieved 3 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Composition of macro geographical ( continental ) regions , geographical sub-regions , and selected economic and other groupings '' . UN Statistics Division . Retrieved 3 October 2007 . ( French ) Jump up ^ `` Middle America ( region , Mesoamerica ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 20 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Unless otherwise noted , land area figures are taken from `` Demographic Yearbook -- Table 3 : Population by sex , rate of population increase , surface area and density '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Statistics Division . 2008 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Population estimates are taken from the Central Bureau of Statistics Netherlands Antilles . `` Statistical information : Population '' . Government of the Netherlands Antilles . Archived from the original on 1 May 2010 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Land area figures taken from `` The World Factbook : 2010 edition '' . Government of the United States , Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : These population estimates are for 2010 , and are taken from `` The World Factbook : 2010 edition '' . Government of the United States , Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Dalziel , I.W.D. ( 1992 ) . `` On the organization of American Plates in the Neoproterozoic and the breakout of Laurentia '' . GSA Today . 2 ( 11 ) : 237 -- 241 . Jump up ^ Merali , Zeeya ; Skinner , Brian J. Visualizing Earth Science . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 41847 - 5 . 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External links Houghton Mifflin Company , `` North America '' Interactive SVG version of Non-Native American Nations Control over N America 1750 - 2008 animation North America articles History Settlement of the Americas Paleo - Indians Pre-Columbian era European colonization New Spain New France British North America Turtle Island Geography Cities Countries and dependent territories by population Extreme points Geology Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Politics American imperialism North American Union ( NAU ) Organization of American States ( OAS ) Transatlantic relations Economy Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) Transportation Countries by GDP ( per capita ) PPP per capita HDI Internet users Minimum wages Outline Category Portal Maps Countries and dependencies of North America Sovereign states Entire Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama St. Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States In part Colombia San Andrés and Providencia France Guadeloupe Martinique Caribbean Netherlands Bonaire Saba Sint Eustatius Dependencies Denmark Greenland France Clipperton Island St. Barthélemy St. Martin St. Pierre and Miquelon Netherlands Aruba Curaçao Sint Maarten United Kingdom Anguilla Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Montserrat Turks and Caicos Islands United States Navassa Island Puerto Rico United States Virgin Islands Venezuela Federal Dependencies Nueva Esparta Continents of the world Africa Antarctica Asia Australia Europe North America South America Afro - 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highlight the recent changes in telecommunication sector in india	Indian telecom industry underwent a high pace of market liberalisation and growth since the 1990s and now has become the world 's most competitive and one of the fastest growing telecom markets . The Industry has grown over twenty times in just ten years , from under 37 million subscribers in the year 2001 to over 846 million subscribers in the year 2011 . India has the world 's second - largest mobile phone user base with over 1183.04 million users as of September 2017 . It has the world 's second - largest Internet user - base with over 324 million as of September 2017 .		Telecommunications in India	telecommunications in india	India 's telecommunication network is the second largest in the world by number of telephone users ( both fixed and mobile phone ) with 1.206 billion subscribers as on 30 September 2017 . It has one of the lowest call tariffs in the world enabled by mega telecom operators and hyper - competition among them . India has the world 's second - largest Internet user - base . As on 30 September 2017 , there were 324.89 million internet subscribers in the country .	Major sectors of the Indian telecommunication industry are telephone , internet and television broadcast Industry in the country which is in an ongoing process of transforming into next generation network , employs an extensive system of modern network elements such as digital telephone exchanges , mobile switching centres , media gateways and signalling gateways at the core , interconnected by a wide variety of transmission systems using fibre - optics or Microwave radio relay networks . The access network , which connects the subscriber to the core , is highly diversified with different copper - pair , optic - fibre and wireless technologies . DTH , a relatively new broadcasting technology has attained significant popularity in the Television segment . The introduction of private FM has given a fillip to the radio broadcasting in India . Telecommunication in India has greatly been supported by the INSAT system of the country , one of the largest domestic satellite systems in the world . India possesses a diversified communications system , which links all parts of the country by telephone , Internet , radio , television and satellite . Indian telecom industry underwent a high pace of market liberalisation and growth since the 1990s and now has become the world 's most competitive and one of the fastest growing telecom markets . The Industry has grown over twenty times in just ten years , from under 37 million subscribers in the year 2001 to over 846 million subscribers in the year 2011 . India has the world 's second - largest mobile phone user base with over 1183.04 million users as of September 2017 . It has the world 's second - largest Internet user - base with over 324 million as of September 2017 . Telecommunication has supported the socioeconomic development of India and has played a significant role to narrow down the rural - urban digital divide to some extent . It also has helped to increase the transparency of governance with the introduction of e-governance in India . The government has pragmatically used modern telecommunication facilities to deliver mass education programmes for the rural folk of India . According to London - based telecom trade body GSMA , the telecom sector accounted for 6.5 % of India 's GDP in 2015 , or about ₹ 9 lakh crore ( US $140 billion ) , and supported direct employment for 2.2 million people in the country . GSMA estimates that the Indian telecom sector will contribute ₹ 14.5 lakh crore ( US $220 billion ) to the economy and support 3 million direct jobs and 2 million indirect jobs by 2020 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 The beginning 1.2 Further developments and milestones 1.3 Liberalisation and privatisation 2 Telephony 2.1 Landline 2.2 Mobile telephony 2.2. 1 Frequency bands 2.3 Subscriber base by circle 3 Internet 3.1 Net neutrality 4 Television broadcasting 5 Radio 6 Next - generation networks ( NGN ) 7 Regulatory environment 8 Revenue and growth 9 International 9.1 Submarine cables 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) The beginning ( edit ) A microwave tower for short distance ( ~ 50 km ) communication Telecommunications in India began with the introduction of the telegraph . The Indian postal and telecom sectors are one of the worlds oldest . In 1850 , the first experimental electric telegraph line was started between Calcutta and Diamond Harbour . In 1851 , it was opened for the use of the British East India Company . The Posts and Telegraphs department occupied a small corner of the Public Works Department , at that time . The construction of 4,000 miles ( 6,400 km ) of telegraph lines was started in November 1853 . These connected Kolkata ( then Calcutta ) and Peshawar in the north ; Agra , Mumbai ( then Bombay ) through Sindwa Ghats , and Chennai ( then Madras ) in the south ; Ootacamund and Bangalore . William O'Shaughnessy , who pioneered the telegraph and telephone in India , belonged to the Public Works Department , and worked towards the development of telecom throughout this period . A separate department was opened in 1854 when telegraph facilities were opened to the public . In 1880 , two telephone companies namely The Oriental Telephone Company Ltd. and The Anglo - Indian Telephone Company Ltd. approached the Government of India to establish telephone exchange in India . The permission was refused on the grounds that the establishment of telephones was a Government monopoly and that the Government itself would undertake the work . In 1881 , the Government later reversed its earlier decision and a licence was granted to the Oriental Telephone Company Limited of England for opening telephone exchanges at Calcutta , Bombay , Madras and Ahmedabad and the first formal telephone service was established in the country . On 28 January 1882 , Major E. Baring , Member of the Governor General of India 's Council declared open the Telephone Exchanges in Calcutta , Bombay and Madras . The exchange in Calcutta named the `` Central Exchange '' had a total of 93 subscribers in its early stage . Later that year , Bombay also witnessed the opening of a telephone exchange . Further developments and milestones ( edit ) Pre-1902 -- Cable telegraph 1902 -- First wireless telegraph station established between Sagar Island and Sandhead . 1907 -- First Central Battery of telephones introduced in Kanpur . 1913 -- 1914 -- First Automatic Exchange installed in Shimla . 1927 -- Radio - telegraph system between the UK and India , with Imperial Wireless Chain beam stations at Khadki and Daund . Inaugurated by Lord Irwin on 23 July by exchanging greetings with King George V . 1933 -- Radiotelephone system inaugurated between the UK and India . 1953 -- 12 channel carrier system introduced . 1960 -- First subscriber trunk dialling route commissioned between Lucknow and Kanpur . 1975 -- First PCM system commissioned between Mumbai City and Andheri telephone exchanges . 1976 -- First digital microwave junction . 1979 -- First optical fibre system for local junction commissioned at Pune . 1980 -- First satellite earth station for domestic communications established at Sikandarabad , U.P. . 1983 -- First analogue Stored Programme Control exchange for trunk lines commissioned at Mumbai . 1984 -- C - DOT established for indigenous development and production of digital exchanges . 1995 -- First mobile telephone service started on non-commercial basis on 15 August 1995 in Delhi . 1995 -- Internet Introduced in India starting with Laxmi Nagar , Delhi 15 August 1995 Development of Broadcasting : Radio broadcasting was initiated in 1927 but became state responsibility only in 1930 . In 1937 it was given the name All India Radio and since 1957 it has been called Akashvani . Limited duration of television programming began in 1959 , and complete broadcasting followed in 1965 . The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting owned and maintained the audio - visual apparatus -- including the television channel Doordarshan -- in the country prior to the economic reforms of 1991 . In 1997 , an autonomous body was established in the name of Prasar Bharti to take care of the public service broadcasting under the Prasar Bharti Act . All India Radio and Doordarshan , which earlier were working as media units under the Ministry of I&B became constituents of the body . Pre-liberalisation statistics : While all the major cities and towns in the country were linked with telephones during the British period , the total number of telephones in 1948 numbered only around 80,000 . Post independence , growth remained slow because the telephone was seen more as a status symbol rather than being an instrument of utility . The number of telephones grew leisurely to 980,000 in 1971 , 2.15 million in 1981 and 5.07 million in 1991 , the year economic reforms were initiated in the country . Liberalisation and Privatisation ( edit ) Liberalisation of Indian telecommunication in industry started in 1981 when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi signed contracts with Alcatel CIT of France to merge with the state owned Telecom Company ( ITI ) , in an effort to set up 5,000,000 lines per year . But soon the policy was let down because of political opposition . Attempts to liberalise the telecommunication industry were continued by the following government under the prime - minister - ship of Rajiv Gandhi . He invited Sam Pitroda , a US - based Non-resident Indian NRI and a former Rockwell International executive to set up a Centre for Development of Telematics ( C - DOT ) which manufactured electronic telephone exchanges in India for the first time . Sam Pitroda had a significant role as a consultant and adviser in the development of telecommunication in India . In 1985 , the Department of Telecom ( DoT ) was separated from Indian Post & Telecommunication Department . DoT was responsible for telecom services in entire country until 1986 when Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited ( MTNL ) and Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited ( VSNL ) were carved out of DoT to run the telecom services of metro cities ( Delhi and Mumbai ) and international long distance operations respectively . The demand for telephones was ever increasing and in the 1990s Indian government was under increasing pressure to open up the telecom sector for private investment as a part of Liberalisation - Privatisation - Globalisation policies that the government had to accept to overcome the severe fiscal crisis and resultant balance of payments issue in 1991 . Consequently , private investment in the sector of Value Added Services ( VAS ) was allowed and cellular telecom sector were opened up for competition from private investments . It was during this period that the Narsimha Rao - led government introduced the National Telecommunications policy ( NTP ) in 1994 which brought changes in the following areas : ownership , service and regulation of telecommunications infrastructure . The policy introduced the concept of telecommunication for all and its vision was to expand the telecommunication facilities to all the villages in India . Liberalisation in the basic telecom sector was also envisaged in this policy . They were also successful in establishing joint ventures between state owned telecom companies and international players . Foreign firms were eligible to 49 % of the total stake . The multi-nationals were just involved in technology transfer , and not policy making . During this period , the World Bank and ITU had advised the Indian Government to liberalise long distance services to release the monopoly of the state owned DoT and VSNL and to enable competition in the long distance carrier business which would help reduce tariff 's and better the economy of the country . The Rao run government instead liberalised the local services , taking the opposite political parties into confidence and assuring foreign involvement in the long distance business after 5 years . The country was divided into 20 telecommunication circles for basic telephony and 18 circles for mobile services . These circles were divided into category A , B and C depending on the value of the revenue in each circle . The government threw open the bids to one private company per circle along with government owned DoT per circle . For cellular service two service providers were allowed per circle and a 15 years licence was given to each provider . During all these improvements , the government did face oppositions from ITI , DoT , MTNL , VSNL and other labour unions , but they managed to keep away from all the hurdles . In 1997 , the government set up TRAI ( Telecom Regulatory Authority of India ) which reduced the interference of Government in deciding tariffs and policy making . The political powers changed in 1999 and the new government under the leadership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee was more pro-reforms and introduced better liberalisation policies . In 2000 , the Vajpayee government constituted the Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal ( TDSAT ) through an amendment of the TRAI Act , 1997 . The primary objective of TDSAT 's establishment was to release TRAI from adjudicatory and dispute settlement functions in order to strengthen the regulatory framework . Any dispute involving parties like licensor , licensee , service provider and consumers are resolved by TDSAT . Moreover , any direction , order or decision of TRAI can be challenged by appealing in TDSAT . The government corporatised the operations wing of DoT on 1 October 2000 and named it as Department of Telecommunication Services ( DTS ) which was later named as Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited ( BSNL ) . The proposal of raising the stake of foreign investors from 49 % to 74 % was rejected by the opposite political parties and leftist thinkers . Domestic business groups wanted the government to privatise VSNL . Finally in April 2002 , the government decided to cut its stake of 53 % to 26 % in VSNL and to throw it open for sale to private enterprises . TATA finally took 25 % stake in VSNL . This was a gateway to many foreign investors to get entry into the Indian Telecom Markets . After March 2000 , the government became more liberal in making policies and issuing licences to private operators . The government further reduced licence fees for ( cellular service providers and increased the allowable stake to 74 % for foreign companies . Because of all these factors , the service fees finally reduced and the call costs were cut greatly enabling every common middle - class family in India to afford a cell phone . Nearly 32 million handsets were sold in India . The data reveals the real potential for growth of the Indian mobile market . Many private operators , such as Reliance Communications , Jio , Tata Indicom , Vodafone , Loop Mobile , Airtel , Idea etc. , successfully entered the high potential Indian telecom market . In March 2008 the total GSM and CDMA mobile subscriber base in the country was 375 million , which represented a nearly 50 % growth when compared with previous year . As the unbranded Chinese cell phones which do not have International Mobile Equipment Identity ( IMEI ) numbers pose a serious security risk to the country , Mobile network operators therefore suspended the usage of around 30 million mobile phones ( about 8 % of all mobiles in the country ) by 30 April . Phones without valid IMEI can not be connected to cellular operators . 5 -- 6 years the average monthly subscribers additions were around 0.05 to 0.1 million only and the total mobile subscribers base in December 2002 stood at 10.5 millions . However , after a number of proactive initiatives taken by regulators and licensors , the total number of mobile subscribers has increased rapidly to over 929 million subscribers as of May 2012 . India has opted for the use of both the GSM ( global system for mobile communications ) and CDMA ( code - division multiple access ) technologies in the mobile sector . In addition to landline and mobile phones , some of the companies also provide the WLL service . The mobile tariffs in India have also become the lowest in the world . A new mobile connection can be activated with a monthly commitment of US $0.15 only . Telephony ( edit ) Market share of mobile network operators as on 31 December 2017 Airtel : 290.12 million ( 24.9 % ) Vodafone : 212.53 million ( 18.2 % ) Idea : 196.5 million ( 16.8 % ) Jio : 160.09 million ( 13.7 % ) BSNL : 107.91 million ( 9.2 % ) Aircel : 84.93 million ( 7.3 % ) Telenor : 41.91 million ( 3.6 % ) Tata Docomo : 36.69 million ( 3.1 % ) RCom : 33.16 million ( 2.8 % ) MTNL : 3.58 million ( 0.3 % ) Wired telephony market share as on 31 December 2017 BSNL : 12.58 million ( 53.9 % ) Airtel : 3.91 million ( 16.7 % ) MTNL : 3.37 million ( 14.4 % ) Tata Docomo : 1.85 million ( 7.9 % ) RCom : 1.13 million ( 4.8 % ) Others : 0.51 million ( 2.2 % ) The telephony segment is dominated by private - sector and two state - run businesses . Most companies were formed by a recent revolution and restructuring launched within a decade , directed by Ministry of Communications and IT , Department of Telecommunications and Minister of Finance . Since then , most companies gained 2G , 3G and 4G licences and engaged fixed - line , mobile and internet business in India . On landlines , intra-circle calls are considered local calls while inter-circle are considered long distance calls . Foreign Direct Investment policy which increased the foreign ownership cap from 49 % to 100 % . The Government is working to integrate the whole country in one telecom circle . For long distance calls , the area code prefixed with a zero is dialled first which is then followed by the number ( i.e. , to call Delhi , 011 would be dialled first followed by the phone number ) . For international calls , `` 00 '' must be dialled first followed by the country code , area code and local phone number . The country code for India is 91 . Several international fibre - optic links include those to Japan , South Korea , Hong Kong , Russia , and Germany . Some major telecom operators in India include Airtel , Vodafone , Idea , Reliance Jio , Aircel , BSNL , MTNL , Telenor and TATA DoCoMo . Landline ( edit ) Before the New Telecom Policy was announced in 1999 , only the Government - owned BSNL and MTNL were allowed to provide land - line phone services through copper wire in India with MTNL operating in Delhi and Mumbai and BSNL servicing all other areas of the country . Due to the rapid growth of the cellular phone industry in India , landlines are facing stiff competition from cellular operators , with number of wireline subscribers fell from 37.90 million in December 2008 to 23 million in December 2017 . This has forced land - line service providers to become more efficient and improve their quality of service . As of December 2017 , India has over 23 million wireline customers . Mobile telephony ( edit ) See also : Mobile network operators of India Typical signboards of STD booths ( kiosks from where STD calls can be made ) and internet kiosks in India In August 1995 , then Chief Minister of West Bengal , Jyoti Basu made the first mobile phone call in India to then Union Telecom Minister Sukhram . Sixteen years later 4G services were launched in Kolkata in 2012 . With a subscriber base of more than 1,151.94 million ( as of January 2018 ) , the mobile telecommunications system in India is the second largest in the world and it was thrown open to private players in the 1990s . GSM was comfortably maintaining its position as the dominant mobile technology with 80 % of the mobile subscriber market , but CDMA seemed to have stabilised its market share at 20 % for the time being . The country is divided into multiple zones , called circles ( roughly along state boundaries ) . Government and several private players run local and long distance telephone services . Competition , especially after entry of Reliance Jio , has caused prices to drop across India , which are already one of the cheapest in the world . The rates are supposed to go down further with new measures to be taken by the Information Ministry . In September 2004 , the number of mobile phone connections crossed the number of fixed - line connections and presently dwarfs the wireline segment substantially . The mobile subscriber base has grown from 5 million subscribers in 2001 to over 1,151.94 million subscribers as of January 2018 . India primarily follows the GSM mobile system , in the 900 MHz band . Recent operators also operate in the 1800 MHz band . The dominant players are Airtel , Jio , Vodafone , Idea Cellular and BSNL / MTNL . There are many smaller players , with operations in only a few states . International roaming agreements exist between most operators and many foreign carriers . The government allowed Mobile number portability ( MNP ) which enables mobile telephone users to retain their mobile telephone numbers when changing from one mobile network operator to another . Frequency bands ( edit ) As of 2016 , India has deployed telecom operations in a total of 8 radio frequency bands . Subscriber base by circle ( edit ) India is divided into 22 telecom circles : Telecom circle Landline subscriber base in million ( December 2017 ) Wireless subscriber base in million ( December 2017 ) Teledensity ( September 2014 ) Andhra Pradesh & Telangana 1.52 84.31 81.06 Assam 0.14 22.60 50.41 Bihar & Jharkhand 0.27 84.28 47.66 Delhi 3.22 55.54 232.22 Gujarat & Daman & Diu 1.29 70.59 93.34 Haryana 0.30 25.46 80.31 Himachal Pradesh 0.12 10.57 109.55 Jammu and Kashmir 0.11 13.12 69.98 Karnataka 2.25 67.20 94.20 Kerala & Lakshadweep 1.99 41.01 95.96 Kolkata 0.81 29.06 73.0 Madhya Pradesh & Chhattisgarh 0.97 73.10 57.04 Maharashtra & Goa ( including Mumbai ) 1.76 94.38 92.20 Mumbai * 3.02 38.32 Not available North East ^ * * 0.11 12.81 72.00 Orissa 0.27 34.02 63.41 Punjab 0.88 36.06 103.49 Rajasthan 0.61 67.80 76.18 Tamil Nadu ( including Chennai since 2005 ) 2.37 87.02 114.71 Uttar Pradesh ( East ) 0.48 100.77 58.09 ( Combined ) Uttar Pradesh ( West ) & Uttarakhand 0.35 62.32 58.09 ( Combined ) West Bengal ( including Kolkata ) 0.28 58.00 73.40 ^ * Population statistics are available state-wise only . ^ * * North east circle includes Arunachal Pradesh , Manipur , Meghalaya , Mizoram , Nagaland , & Tripura ^ * * * West Bengal circle includes Andaman - Nicobar and Sikkim Internet ( edit ) Main article : Internet in India The history of the Internet in India started with launch of services by VSNL on 15 August 1995 . They were able to add about 10,000 Internet users within 6 months . However , for the next 10 years the Internet experience in the country remained less attractive with narrow - band connections having speeds less than 56 kbit / s ( dial - up ) . In 2004 , the government formulated its broadband policy which defined broadband as `` an always - on Internet connection with download speed of 256 kbit / s or above . '' From 2005 onward the growth of the broadband sector in the country accelerated , but remained below the growth estimates of the government and related agencies due to resource issues in last - mile access which were predominantly wired - line technologies . This bottleneck was removed in 2010 when the government auctioned 3G spectrum followed by an equally high - profile auction of 4G spectrum that set the scene for a competitive and invigorated wireless broadband market . Now Internet access in India is provided by both public and private companies using a variety of technologies and media including dial - up ( PSTN ) , xDSL , coaxial cable , Ethernet , FTTH , ISDN , HSDPA ( 3G ) , 4G , WiFi , WiMAX , etc. at a wide range of speeds and costs . According to the Internet And Mobile Association of India ( IAMAI ) , the Internet user base in the country stood at 190 million at the end of June , 2013 , which rose to 378.10 million in January 2018 . Cumulative Annual Growth rate ( CAGR ) of broadband during the five - year period between 2005 and 2010 was about 117 per cent . There were 204 Internet Service Providers ( ISPs ) offering broadband services in India as of 31 December 2017 . As of January 2018 , the top five ISPs in terms subscriber base were Reliance Jio ( 168.39 million ) , Bharti Airtel ( 75.01 million ) , Vodafone ( 54.83 million ) , Idea Cellular ( 37.33 million ) and BSNL ( 21.81 million ) . In 2009 , about 37 per cent of the users access the Internet from cyber cafes , 30 per cent from an office , and 23 per cent from home . However , the number of mobile Internet users increased rapidly from 2009 on and there were about 359.80 million mobile users at the end of January 2018 , with a majority using 4G mobile networks . One of the major issues facing the Internet segment in India is the lower average bandwidth of broadband connections compared to that of developed countries . According to 2007 statistics , the average download speed in India hovered at about 40 KB per second ( 256 kbit / s ) , the minimum speed set by TRAI , whereas the international average was 5.6 Mbit / s during the same period . In order to attend this infrastructure issue the government declared 2007 as `` the year of broadband '' . To compete with international standards of defining broadband speed the Indian Government has taken the aggressive step of proposing a $13 billion national broadband network to connect all cities , towns and villages with a population of more than 500 in two phases targeted for completion by 2012 and 2013 . The network was supposed to provide speeds up to 10 Mbit / s in 63 metropolitan areas and 4 Mbit / s in an additional 352 cities . In February 2018 , the average broadband speed of fixed line connection in India was 20.72 mbps , which is less than the global average download speed of 42.71 mbps . In terms of mobile internet speed , India performed quite poorly , with average speed of 9.01 mbps when compared with global average mobile broadband speed was 22.16 mbps . As of December 2017 , according to Internet and Mobile Association of India , the Internet penetration rate in India is one of the lowest in the world and only accounts for 35 % of the population compared to the global average internet penetration is over 54.4 % . Another issue is the digital divide where growth is biased in favour of urban areas ; according to December 2017 statistics , internet penetration in urban India was 64.84 % , whereas internet penetration in rural India is only 20.26 % . Regulators have tried to boost the growth of broadband in rural areas by promoting higher investment in rural infrastructure and establishing subsidised tariffs for rural subscribers under the Universal service obligation scheme of the Indian government . As of May 2014 , the Internet was delivered to India mainly by 9 different undersea fibres , including SEA - ME - WE 3 , Bay of Bengal Gateway and Europe India Gateway , arriving at 5 different landing points . Net neutrality ( edit ) Main article : Net neutrality in India In March 2015 , the TRAI released a formal consultation paper on Regulatory Framework for Over-the - top ( OTT ) services , seeking comments from the public . The consultation paper was criticised for being one sided and having confusing statements . It was condemned by various politicians and internet users . By 18 April 2015 , over 800,000 emails had been sent to TRAI demanding net neutrality . The TRAI on 8 February 2016 , notified the Prohibition of Discriminatory Tariffs for Data Services Regulations , 2016 which barred telecom service providers from charging differential rates for data services . The 2016 Regulation , stipulates that : No service provider can offer or charge discriminatory tariffs for data services on the basis of content . No service provider shall enter into any arrangement , agreement or contract , by whatever name called , with any person , natural or legal , that the effect of discriminatory tariffs for data services being offered or charged by the service provider for the purpose of evading the prohibition in this regulation . Reduced tariff for accessing or providing emergency services , or at times of public emergency has been permitted . Financial disincentives for contravention of the regulation have also been specified . TRAI may review these regulations after a period of two years . Television broadcasting ( edit ) Main article : Television in India Further information : Direct - to - home television in India See also : List of Indian television stations INSAT - 1B satellite : Broadcasting sector in India is highly dependent on INSAT system . Television broadcasting began in India in 1959 by Doordarshan , a state run medium of communication , and had slow expansion for more than two decades . The policy reforms of the government in the 1990s attracted private initiatives in this sector , and since then , satellite television has increasingly shaped popular culture and Indian society . However , still , only the government owned Doordarshan has the licence for terrestrial television broadcast . Private companies reach the public using satellite channels ; both cable television as well as DTH has obtained a wide subscriber base in India . In 2012 , India had about 148 million TV homes of which 126 million has access to cable and satellite services . Following the economic reforms in the 1990s , satellite television channels from around the world -- BBC , CNN , CNBC , and other private television channels gained a foothold in the country . There are no regulations to control the ownership of satellite dish antennas and also for operating cable television systems in India , which in turn has helped for an impressive growth in the viewership . The growth in the number of satellite channels was triggered by corporate business houses such as Star TV group and Zee TV . Initially restricted to music and entertainment channels , viewership grew , giving rise to several channels in regional languages , especially Hindi . The main news channels available were CNN and BBC World . In the late 1990s , many current affairs and news channels sprouted , becoming immensely popular because of the alternative viewpoint they offered compared to Doordarshan . Some of the notable ones are Aaj Tak ( run by the India Today group ) and STAR News , CNN - IBN , Times Now , initially run by the NDTV group and their lead anchor , Prannoy Roy ( NDTV now has its own channels , NDTV 24x7 , NDTV Profit and NDTV India ) . Over the years , Doordarshan services also have grown from a single national channel to six national and eleven regional channels . Nonetheless , it has lost the leadership in market , though it underwent many phases of modernisation in order to contain tough competition from private channels . Today , television is the most penetrative media in India with industry estimates indicating that there are over 554 million TV consumers , 462 million with satellite connections , compared to other forms of mass media such as radio or internet . Government of India has used the popularity of TV and radio among rural people for the implementation of many social - programmes including that of mass - education . On 16 November 2006 , the Government of India released the community radio policy which allowed agricultural centres , educational institutions and civil society organisations to apply for community based FM broadcasting licence . Community Radio is allowed 100 watts of Effective Radiated Power ( ERP ) with a maximum tower height of 30 metres . The licence is valid for five years and one organisation can only get one licence , which is non-transferable and to be used for community development purposes . Radio ( edit ) AIR Radio Tower As of March 2016 , there are 345 radio stations in India . Next - generation networks ( NGN ) ( edit ) Historically , the role of telecommunication has evolved from that of plain information exchange to a multi-service field , with Value Added Services ( VAS ) integrated with various discrete networks like PSTN , PLMN , Internet Backbone etc . However , with decreasing ARPU and increasing demand for VAS has become a compelling reason for the service providers to think of the convergence of these parallel networks into a single core network with service layers separated from network layer . Next - generation networking is such a convergence concept which according to ITU - T is : A next - generation network ( NGN ) is a packet - based network which can provide services including Telecommunication Services and able to make use of multiple broadband , quality of Service - enabled transport technologies and in which service - related functions are independent from underlying transport - related technologies . It offers unrestricted access by users to different service providers . It supports generalised mobility which will allow consistent and ubiquitous provision of services to users . Access network : The user can connect to the IP - core of NGN in various ways , most of which use the standard Internet Protocol ( IP ) . User terminals such as mobile phones , personal digital assistants ( PDAs ) and computers can register directly on NGN - core , even when they are roaming in another network or country . The only requirement is that they can use IP and Session Initiation Protocol ( SIP ) . Fixed access ( e.g. , Digital Subscriber Line ( DSL ) , cable modems , Ethernet ) , mobile access ( e.g. W - CDMA , CDMA2000 , GSM , GPRS ) and wireless access ( e.g. WLAN , WiMAX ) are all supported . Other phone systems like plain old telephone service and non-compatible VoIP systems , are supported through gateways . With the deployment of the NGN , users may subscribe to many simultaneous access - providers providing telephony , internet or entertainment services . This may provide end - users with virtually unlimited options to choose between service providers for these services in NGN environment . The hyper - competition in telecom market , which was effectively caused by the introduction of Universal Access Service ( UAS ) licence in 2003 became much tougher after 3G and 4G competitive auction . About 670,000 route - kilometer ( 419,000 - mile ) of optical fibres has been laid in India by the major operators , including in the financially nonviable rural areas and the process continues . Keeping in mind the viability of providing services in rural areas , the government of India also took a proactive role to promote the NGN implementation in the country ; an expert committee called NGN eCO was constituted in order to deliberate on the licensing , interconnection and Quality of Service ( QoS ) issues related to NGN and it submitted its report on 24 August 2007 . Telecom operators found the NGN model advantageous , but huge investment requirements have prompted them to adopt a multi-phase migration and they have already started the migration process to NGN with the implementation of IP - based core - network . Regulatory environment ( edit ) LIRNEasia 's Telecommunications Regulatory Environment ( TRE ) index , which summarises stakeholders ' perception on certain TRE dimensions , provides insight into how conducive the environment is for further development and progress . The most recent survey was conducted in July 2008 in eight Asian countries , including Bangladesh , India , Indonesia , Sri Lanka , Maldives , Pakistan , Thailand , and the Philippines . The tool measured seven dimensions : i ) market entry ; ii ) access to scarce resources ; iii ) interconnection ; iv ) tariff regulation ; v ) anti-competitive practices ; and vi ) universal services ; vii ) quality of service , for the fixed , mobile and broadband sectors . The results for India , point out to the fact that the stakeholders perceive the TRE to be most conducive for the mobile sector followed by fixed and then broadband . Other than for Access to ScarceResources the fixed sector lags behind the mobile sector . The fixed and mobile sectors have the highest scores for Tariff Regulation . Market entry also scores well for the mobile sector as competition is well entrenched with most of the circles with 4 -- 5 mobile service providers . The broadband sector has the lowest score in the aggregate . The low penetration of broadband of mere 3.87 against the policy objective of 9 million at the end of 2007 clearly indicates that the regulatory environment is not very conducive . In 2013 the home ministry stated that legislation must ensure that law enforcement agencies are empowered to intercept communications . Revenue and growth ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2017 ) The total revenue in the telecom service sector was ₹ 867.2 billion ( US $13.3 billion ) in 2005 -- 06 as against ₹ 716.74 billion ( US $11.0 billion ) in 2004 -- 2005 , registering a growth of 21 % with estimated revenue of FY'2011 of ₹ 8.35 billion ( US $130 million ) . The total investment in the telecom services sector reached ₹ 2,006 billion ( US $30.7 billion ) in 2005 -- 06 , up from ₹ 1,788 billion ( US $27.4 billion ) in the previous fiscal . Telecommunication is the lifeline of the rapidly growing Information Technology industry . Internet subscriber base has risen to more than a 121 million in 2011 . Out of this 11.47 million were broadband connections . More than a billion people use the Internet globally . Under the Bharat Nirman , the Government of India will ensure that 66,822 revenue villages in the country , which have not yet been provided with a Village Public Telephone ( VPT ) , will be connected . However doubts have been raised about what it would mean for the poor in the country . It is difficult to ascertain fully the employment potential of the telecom sector but the enormity of the opportunities can be gauged from the fact that there were 3.7 million Public Call Offices in December 2005 up from 2.3 million in December 2004 . The Total Revenue of Indian Telecom Services company is likely to exceed ₹ 2,000 billion ( US $31 billion ) ( US $44 Bn approx ) for FY 11 -- 12 based on FY 10 -- 11 nos and latest quarterly results . These are consolidated numbers including foreign operation of Bharti Airtel . The major contributions to this revenue are as follows : Airtel ₹ 65,060 ( US $1,000 ) Reliance Communications ₹ 31,468 ( US $480 ) Idea ₹ 16,936 ( US $260 ) Tata Communications ₹ 11,931 ( US $180 ) MTNL ₹ 4,380 ( US $67 ) TTML ₹ 2,248 ( US $34 ) BSNL ₹ 32,045 ( US $490 ) Vodafone India ₹ 18,376 ( US $280 ) Tata Teleservices ₹ 9,200 ( US $140 ) Aircel ₹ 7,968 ( US $120 ) SSTL ₹ 600 ( US $9.20 ) Uninor ₹ 660 ( US $10 ) Loop ₹ 560 ( US $8.60 ) Stel ₹ 60 ( 92 ¢ US ) HFCL ₹ 204 ( US $3.10 ) Videocon Telecom ₹ 254 ( US $3.90 ) DB Etisalat / Allianz ₹ 47 ( 72 ¢ US ) Grand Total ₹ 2,019 billion ( US $31 billion ) International ( edit ) Nine satellite earth stations -- 8 Intelsat ( Indian Ocean ) and 1 Inmarsat ( Indian Ocean region ) . Nine gateway exchanges operating from Mumbai , New Delhi , Kolkata , Chennai , Jalandhar , Kanpur , Gandhinagar , Hyderabad and Ernakulam . Submarine cables ( edit ) LOCOM linking Chennai to Penang , Malaysia India - UAE cable linking Mumbai to Al Fujayrah , UAE . SEA - ME - WE 2 ( South East Asia - Middle East - Western Europe 2 ) SEA - ME - WE 3 ( South East Asia - Middle East - Western Europe 3 ) -- Landing sites at Cochin and Mumbai . Capacity of 960 Gbit / s . SEA - ME - WE 4 ( South East Asia - Middle East - Western Europe 4 ) -- Landing sites at Mumbai and Chennai . Capacity of 1.28 Tbit / s . Fibre - Optic Link Around the Globe ( FLAG - FEA ) with a landing site at Mumbai ( 2000 ) . Initial design capacity 10 Gbit / s , upgraded in 2002 to 80 Gbit / s , upgraded to over 1 Tbit / s ( 2005 ) . TIISCS ( Tata Indicom India - Singapore Cable System ) , also known as TIC ( Tata Indicom Cable ) , Chennai to Singapore . Capacity of 5.12 Tbit / s . i2i -- Chennai to Singapore . Capacity of 8.4 Tbit / s . SEACOM From Mumbai to the Mediterranean , via South Africa . It joins with SEA - ME - WE 4 off the west coast of Spain to carry traffic onward to London ( 2009 ) . Capacity of 1.28 Tbit / s . I - ME - WE ( India - Middle East - Western Europe ) with two landing sites at Mumbai ( 2009 ) . Capacity of 3.84 Tbit / s . EIG ( Europe - India Gateway ) , landing at Mumbai ( due Q2 2010 ) . MENA ( Middle East North Africa ) . TGN - Eurasia ( Announced ) Landing at Mumbai ( due 2010 ? ) , Capacity of 1.28 Tbit / s TGN - Gulf ( Announced ) Landing at Mumbai ( due 2011 ? ) , Capacity Unknown . See also ( edit ) TRAI Indian Telecommunication Service Indian Telecom Spectrum Auction List of mobile network operators of India List of countries by smartphone penetration List of countries by Internet connection speeds References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Telecom sector share in GDP marginally up at 1.94 % in FY15 - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis '' . 23 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Highlights of Telecom Subscription Data as on 31st October , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Telecom Regulatory Authority of India . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` India Internet Users '' . Retrieved 7 April 2016 . Jump up ^ List of countries by number of Internet users Jump up ^ Ahluwalia , Harveen ( 9 August 2017 ) . `` Govt grants nine new TV channel licences '' . http://www.livemint.com/ . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . External link in website = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` FM radio : companies chart expansion drive '' . Mint. 23 March 2016 . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trai Telecom Subscription Data as on 30th September , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . TRAI . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Highlights of Telecom Subscription Data as on 31 May 2012 '' ( PDF ) . TRAI. 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Dharmakumar , Rohin ( 19 October 2011 ) . `` India Telcos : Battle of the Titans '' . Forbes . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Kannan , Shilpa ( 7 April 2010 ) . `` India 's 3G licence bidders bank on big changes '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Telecom India , ImaginMor ^ Jump up to : Raju Thomas G.C. Stanley Wolpert , ed . Encyclopedia of India ( vol. 3 ) . Thomson Gale . pp. 105 -- 107 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 31352 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Telecom sector to contribute Rs 1.45 lakh crore to the public fund by 2020 - ET Telecom '' . ETTelecom.com . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Public Works Department '' . Pwd.delhigovt.nic.in . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Vatsal Goyal , Premraj Suman . `` The Indian Telecom Industry '' ( PDF ) . IIM Calcutta . Jump up ^ `` History of Calcutta telephones '' . Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited . Retrieved 21 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` VSNL starts India 's first Internet service today '' . Dxm.org. 14 August 1995 . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwartzberg , Joseph E. ( 2008 ) , India , Encyclopædia Britannica ^ Jump up to : Dash , Kishore . `` Veto Players and the Deregulation of State - Owned Enterprises : The Case of Telecommunications in India '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 26 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Vanita Kohli ( 14 June 2006 ) . The Indian Media Business . SAGE . pp. 189 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7619 - 3469 - 1 . Retrieved 19 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Marcus F. Franda ( 2002 ) . China and India Online : Information Technology Politics and Diplomacy in the World 's Two Largest Nations . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 137 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 1946 - 6 . Retrieved 19 June 2012 . Jump up ^ J.G. Valan Arasu ( 1 April 2008 ) . Globalisation And Infrastructural Development In India . Atlantic Publishers & Dist . pp. 105 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 269 - 0973 - 5 . Retrieved 19 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Rafiq Dossani ( 1 July 2002 ) . Telecommunications Reform in India . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 106 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56720 - 502 - 2 . Retrieved 19 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TDSAT - profile '' . Archived from the original on 8 May 2012 . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TRAI Act '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Department of Telecommunications Ministry of Communications & IT '' . Jump up ^ `` Draft Information Paper on Dial - up Internet Access '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` GSM , CDMA players maintain subscriber growth momentum - Telecom - News By Industry - News - The Economic Times '' . Economictimes.indiatimes.com. 18 March 2009 . Retrieved 22 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TTC DOT Directs ban on usage of Chinese '' , The Hindu ! News ^ Jump up to : `` Highlights of Telecom Subscription Data as on 31st December , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . TRAI . Jump up ^ `` Kolkata connects India to 4G era '' . The Times of India . 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 4G launched in Kolkota '' . The Times of India . Times of India . Retrieved 18 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Highlights of Telecom Subscription Data as on 31st January , 2018 '' ( PDF ) . TRAI . Retrieved 28 - 03 - 2018 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The death of STD '' . The Indian Express . 12 October 2006 . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Free broadband , rent - free landlines likely : Maran '' . Rediff.com. 31 December 2004 . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mobile number portability : Switch tele operator ! '' . oneindia.in. 20 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A handy guide to frequency bands used for telecommunication in India '' . Telecomtalk.info. 22 March 2015 . Retrieved 4 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release on `` Telecom Subscription Data as on 30th September , 2014 '' '' ( PDF ) . Telecom Regulatory Authority of India . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai metro merged with Tamilnadu '' . Department of Telecom , India . pp. Footnote 7 . Retrieved 19 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SEC Form 20 - F ( 2009 ) '' . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Sursh K. Chouhan , T.A.V. Murthy . `` Digital divide and India '' ( PDF ) . Shodhganga@INFLIBNET Centre . p. 384 . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Broadband status in India '' ( PDF ) . TRAI . p. 21 . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` India to have 243 million Internet users by June 2014 : report '' . NDTV.com . Jump up ^ `` LIST OF ISP LICENSEES AS ON 31.12. 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Department of Telecommunication , Government of India . Retrieved 28 - 03 - 2018 . Check date values in : access - date = , date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Broadband speeds around the world '' . BBC News . 2 December 2007 . Retrieved 2 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` India Seeks Access to the Broadband Highway '' . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` India ranks 67th in fixed line , 109th in mobile broadband speed : Ookla '' . The Economic Times . 2018 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Agarwal , Surabhi ( 2018 - 02 - 20 ) . `` Internet users in India expected to reach 500 million by June : IAMAI '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Usage in Asia '' . International Telecommunications Unit : Asian Internet Users . ITU . Retrieved 10 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` This is From Where and How Internet in India Comes From ? '' , Source Digit , 12 May 2014 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Singh , Saurabh ( 8 April 2015 ) . `` Politicos slam TRAI 's stance on net neutrality '' . India Today . Retrieved 12 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Gandhi , Rajat ( 8 April 2015 ) . `` Net neutrality : Why Internet is in danger is of being shackled '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 12 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indians rally for Internet freedom , send over 1 lakh emails to TRAI for net neutrality '' . IBNLive. 13 April 2015 . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Roy , Prasanto ( 18 April 2015 ) . `` India 's fight for net neutrality '' . India : BBC . Retrieved 18 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Over 3 lakh emails sent to Trai in support of Net Neutrality , so far '' . FirstPort. 14 April 2015 . Retrieved 14 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` India Chooses Net Neutrality , Facebook 's Free Basics Is Nixed '' . 8 February 2016 . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Jump up ^ https://trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/Regulation_Data_Service.pdf Jump up ^ Kaminsky , Arnold P. ; Long , Roger D. ( 30 September 2011 ) . India Today : An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic : An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic . ABC - CLIO . pp. 684 -- 692 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 37462 - 3 . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` India overview '' ( PDF ) . TAM Media Research . Jump up ^ `` Indian Readership Survey 2012 Q1 : Topline Findings '' ( PDF ) . Media Research Users Council . Growth : Literacy & Media Consumption . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Consultation paper on NGN licensing '' ( PDF ) . TRAI . Jump up ^ `` NGN Definition '' . ITU . Jump up ^ Payal Malik . `` Telecom Regulatory and Policy Environment in India : Results and Analysis of the 2008 TRE Survey '' ( PDF ) . LIRNEasia . Jump up ^ `` Home ministry objects to proposed telecom security policy '' , The Times of India ( PTI ) , 15 September 2013 . Retrieved 15 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Press Release no . 60 / 2006 issued on 28 June 2006 by TRAI Jump up ^ `` Is 2012 the year for India 's internet ? '' . BBC News . 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hindu Net '' . Hinduonnet.com . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TRAI releases Quarterly Performance Indicators of Telecom Services for the quarter ending December , 2005 '' , Press Release No. 35 / 2006 , Telecom Regulatory Authority of India , 10 April 2006 Jump up ^ Contributed by Sanjay Banka , FCA in `` Telecommunication Sector in India -- An Analysis '' , N. Swapna , Proceedings of the MPGI National Multi Conference `` Advancement in Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering 7 -- 8 April 2012 '' , International Journal of Computer Applications ( IJCA ) , page 25 External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Internet over GPRS on BSNL South India Prepaid Connection and Nokia 3650 Phone Wikimedia Commons has media related to Telecommunications in India . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications%20in%20India	843
what do you call a person who does acrobatics	The fabrics used as silks are very strong with some give and flexibility . The fabric is 2 - way stretch polyester lycra or Tricot Nylon . The width varies depending on the routine and the acrobat . The fabric is usually quite long , as it is doubled for rigging , giving the acrobat two strips of fabric to work with as they perform .	acrobat	Aerial silk	aerial silk	Aerial silks ( also known as aerial contortion , aerial ribbons , aerial tissues , fabric , ribbon , or tissu , depending on personal preference ) is a type of performance in which one or more artists perform aerial acrobatics while hanging from a fabric . The fabric may be hung as two pieces , or a single piece , folded to make a loop , classified as hammock silks . Performers climb the suspended fabric without the use of safety lines and rely only on their training and skill to ensure safety . They use the fabric to wrap , suspend , fall , swing , and spiral their bodies into and out of various positions . Aerial silks may be used to fly through the air , striking poses and figures while flying . Some performers use dried or spray rosin on their hands and feet to increase the friction and grip on the fabric .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Tricks 2 Fabrics 3 History 4 Rigging 5 Kilo Newtons 6 See also 7 References Tricks ( edit ) The three main categories of tricks are climbs , wraps , and drops . Climbs employed by aerialists range from purely practical and efficient , such as the Russian climb , to athletic and elegant tricks of their own , such as the straddle climb . Wraps are static poses where aerialists wrap the silks around one or more parts of their body . In general , the more complicated the wrap , the stronger the force of friction and the less effort required to hold oneself up . Some wraps , such as the straddle - back - balance , actually allow performers to completely release their hands . Foot locks are a sub-category of wraps where the silks are wrapped around one or both feet , for instance , an ankle hang . In a drop , performers wrap themselves up high on the silks before falling to a lower position . Drops can combine aspects of free fall , rolling or otherwise rotating oneself before landing in a new pose . Preparation for a drop can make for a pretty wrap , but the ultimate goal is the fall rather than the pose . Of the three trick types , drops require the most strength and are also the most potentially dangerous . Rosin ( dry or mixed with rubbing alcohol ) is employed to help performers maintain their grip . Aerial silks are a demanding art and require a high degree of strength , power , flexibility , courage , stamina , and grace to practice . Fabrics ( edit ) Christianne `` Flip '' Sainz of Aerial Angels performing aerial silk at King Richard 's Faire , a renaissance faire in Massachusetts . The fabrics used as silks are very strong with some give and flexibility . The fabric is 2 - way stretch polyester lycra or Tricot Nylon . The width varies depending on the routine and the acrobat . The fabric is usually quite long , as it is doubled for rigging , giving the acrobat two strips of fabric to work with as they perform . Stretch Low stretch fabrics . Low stretch fabrics are primarily used by beginners who have not yet developed proper climbing technique . Medium stretch fabrics . Medium stretch fabrics are the principal choice of professional aerialists and graduates of professional training programs . Width . Fabric width is mostly a personal choice . The thickness of the fabric when gathered is also influenced by the `` denier '' , or technical thickness of the fabric 's weave. 40 denier is a common choice . The following applies to 40 denier nylon fabric : 60 '' - Narrow when open , thin when gathered . Fairly common simply because the fabric is widely available . 72 - 84 '' - Average for adult performers 96 '' - Wide when open , thick when gathered . Best for adults with large hands . 108 '' - Very wide and thick . For adults with very large hands , or specialty acts . Length Length is a function of the height of the space available . For beginners , it is beneficial if the fabric comes down past the ground , allowing them to practice wraps at a lower level where they can be spotted . For intermediate users and above , it is sufficient if the fabrics come down to the ground . For all users , the space required is usually between 20 feet ( 6 m ) and 30 feet ( 9 m ) . There are a great many tricks that can be done on a 12 - to - 15 - foot ( 3.7 to 4.6 m ) aerial fabric and a few drops require more than 30 feet , but for the most part 20 to 30 feet ( 6 to 9 m ) is best . History ( edit ) Aerial silks were invented in 1995 by André Simard , the journey began when he was hired by Cirque du Soleil to develop and research acrobatics in 1987 , his job was to discover original and imaginative ways to attract the audience to the shows . ( `` The beautiful yet dangerous art of aerial silk '' , 2010 ) . Now silks have been incorporated into circus arts as well as a form of aerial fitness . Rigging ( edit ) Aerial rigging applies to the hanging of aerial silks and hammocks . Aerial silk rigging equipment commonly includes : a figure - eight descender , rescue eight , ring , or another piece of hardware for holding the silk a ball - bearing swivel to keep the silk from twisting and to allow for spinning , which is sometimes not used but makes spinning more manageable carabiners for connecting the silk hardware to the swivel , and for connecting the swivel to a mounting point , so depending on the setup , there can be multiple carabiners in use at one time . Carabiners are the most used rigging piece for all aerial arts , but only two or three styles are safe for aerial use , these are the auto lock gate and screw gate carabiner . rated two different ways , one for the spine and one for the gate , though distributing weight on the gate is not recommended for it is about 1 / 3 of the spine kN rating . When using a carabiner for aerial arts , it is important to hook , then rotate and screw downwards , so there is little or no risk that the carabiner will accidentally open or that the screw gate will become unscrewed , also the top part of a carabiner is stronger . A span set or daisy chain can be used to add length to the silks if needed , they can also be used to wrap around a beam . A span set is a polyester loop that can hold up to 44kN ( 10,000 lbs . ) , depending on the quality . A daisy chain is made of nylon webbing with loops sewn on , to offer more length variation , but it is less strong then a span set and may not be able to withstand the downward force of drops and other aerial tricks . A basic daisy chain tops out at around 4kN ( 1,000 lbs . ) on each loop , and end to end is around 22kN ( 5,000 lbs . ) . ( Providing Hardware For Flight ) Kilo newtons ( edit ) A KiloNewton or ( kN ) is a measurement of weight in motion . Knowing the weight that your rigging and hang point can withstand is important for your safety and the maintenance of your equipment . Example : A 100 - pound aerialist dropping 5 feet on silks , with half a foot of stopping distance and the stretch of the silks , calculates to 1,100 pounds of force exerted on rigging , silks , and person . ( Types of Carabiners and What KN Ratings Mean . ) Equation : W x ( 1 + D falling / D stopping ) Example with the equation : ( weight 120 x ( 1 + distance falling ( 3 ft . ) / distance stopping ( 1 / 2 ft . ) ) The weight exerted from this drop would be 840 pounds or 3kN . See also ( edit ) Rope climbing Aerial hoop References ( edit ) Basic Circus Arts Instruction Manual : Chapter 2 - `` Static Trapeze , Rope and Silks . '' ( PDF , 6.2 MB ) and Chapter 8 - `` Manual for Safety and Rigging . '' ( PDF , 3.3 MB ) European Federation of Professional Circus Schools ( FEDEC ) , 2008 . FM 5 - 125 : Rigging Techniques , Procedures , and Applications . ( PDF , 3.6 MB ) US Army , 1995 . Sharon McCutcheon , Geoff Perrem . Circus in Schools Handbook . Tarook Publishing , 2004 . ( ISBN 0975687409 ) Hovey Burgess , Judy Finelli . Circus Techniques . Brian Dube , 1989 . ( ISBN 0917643003 ) Carrie Heller . Aerial Circus Training and Safety Manual . National Writers Press , 2004 . ( ISBN 0881001368 ) Jayne C. Bernasconi and Nancy E. Smith . Aerial Dance . United States : Human Kinetics , 2008 . ( ISBN 0736073965 ) View at Google Books Elena Zanzu , M.A. Il Trapezio Oscillante : Storie di Circo nell'Aria . ( The Swinging Trapeze : Histories of the Circus in the Air . ) Bologna University , Italy , 2004 - 2005 . Language : Italian . `` Types of Carabiners and What KN Ratings Mean . '' ITS Tactical , 27 May 2016 , www.itstactical.com/skillcom/climbing/types-of-carabiners-and-what-kn-ratings-mean/ . The beautiful yet dangerous art of aerial silk . ( 2010 , April 29 ) . Retrieved from aerialists.org website : http://www.aerialists.org/==External links = = Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aerial silk . `` Providing Hardware For Flight . '' Aerial Essentials - Buy the Best Aerial Equipment Today ! , aerialessentials.com/index.php ? route = product / category&path = 74 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aerial_silk&oldid=841784505 '' Categories : Performing arts Circus skills Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español עברית Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 01 : 29 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial%20silk	844
button up your overcoat you belong to me			Button up Your Overcoat	button up your overcoat	`` Button Up Your Overcoat '' is a popular song . The music was written by Ray Henderson , the lyrics by B.G. DeSylva and Lew Brown . The song was published in 1928 , and was first performed later that same year by vocalist Ruth Etting . However , the most famous rendition of this song was recorded early the following year by singer Helen Kane , who was at the peak of her popularity at the time . Kane 's childlike voice and Bronx dialect eventually became the inspiration for the voice of cartoon character Betty Boop ( most famously using Kane 's famous catchphrase Boop Boop a Doop ) .	From January 9 , 1929 to December 21 , 1929 Jack Haley and Zelma O'Neal sang `` Button Up Your Overcoat '' on Broadway in the musical Follow Thru . They reprised the song in the film version which opened on September 27 , 1930 which was also one of the first movies in Technicolor . Contents 1 Other recordings 2 Film appearances 3 In popular culture 4 References Other Recordings ( edit ) Paul Whiteman ( vocal by Vaughn De Leath ) ( 1929 ) Fred Waring 's Pennsylvanians ( 1929 ) Johnny Mercer ( 1946 ) The Hi - Lo 's included the song on their album I Presume ( 1955 ) . Bing Crosby recorded the song in 1956 for use on his radio show and it was subsequently included in the box set The Bing Crosby CBS Radio Recordings ( 1954 - 56 ) issued by Mosaic Records ( catalog MD7 - 245 ) in 2009 . John Serry , Sr. with his ensemble for Dot Records ( catalog # DLP - 3024 ) for a 33 RPM vinyl recording entitled Squeeze Play in 1956 . Eydie Gorme - included in her album Eydie Gormé -- Vamps The Roaring 20 's ( 1958 ) The Bonzo Dog Doo - Dah Band recorded a version as the B - side of their 1966 single `` Alley Oop '' . Connie Francis - for her album Connie & Clyde -- Hit Songs of the 30s ( 1968 ) Film appearances ( edit ) 1930 Follow Thru - sung by Jack Haley and Zelma O'Neal 1946 Margie - sung by Rudy Vallee , Barbara Lawrence 1956 Gordon MacRae sang `` Button Up Your Overcoat '' in the movie The Best Things in Life Are Free . 1971 Loving Memory 1974 The Front Page - sung by Susan Sarandon 1985 The Sure Thing - two characters sing `` Button Up Your Overcoat '' as part of a medley of show tunes during a road trip . The song also appears on the movie 's soundtrack . 1996 Jack 2011 Water for Elephants - performed by Ruth Etting . 2012 Parental Guidance In popular culture ( edit ) In 1969 , the song was parodied in a television commercial for Contac cold capsules . In that commercial , a group of blonde chorus girls known as `` The Cold Diggers of 1969 '' sing and dance to `` Button Up Your Overcoat '' in a Busby Berkeley - style production number . Father Mulcahy and Hawkeye sing `` Button Up Your Overcoat '' in episode 20 , season 6 of M * A * S * H , `` Mail Call Three '' . In 1997 , the Kidsongs Kids and the Biggles sang `` Button Up Your Overcoat '' as part of the Kidsongs : I Can Do It ! VHS / DVD . Helen Kane 's 1929 cover of the song appears anachronistically in the 2013 video game BioShock Infinite , set in 1912 , and can be heard in the Downtown Emporia level . The song was added to the 1993 revision of the musical Good News . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1986 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Pop Memories 1890 - 1954 . Wisconsin , USA : Record Research Inc. p. 451 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 083 - 0 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1986 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Pop Memories 1890 - 1954 . Wisconsin , USA : Record Research Inc. p. 438 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 083 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` allaboutjazz.com/ '' . allaboutjazz.com/ . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography '' . BING magazine . International Club Crosby . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` allmusic.com '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dot Album Discography , Part 2 ( 1955 - 1960 ) '' . bsnpubs.com . Jump up ^ Squeeze Play album by John Serry performing `` Button Up Your Overcoat '' on wolrdcat.org Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Sure Thing ( 1985 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` BioShock Infinite Soundtrack Music Credits '' . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Ruth Etting Singles `` Thinking of You '' `` ' Deed I Do '' `` It All Depends on You '' `` Back in Your Own Back Yard '' `` Ramona '' `` Happy Days and Lonely Nights '' `` Sonny Boy '' `` Love Me or Leave Me '' `` You 're the Cream in My Coffee '' `` Glad Rag Doll '' `` Mean to Me '' `` Button Up Your Overcoat '' `` Ai n't Misbehavin ' '' `` More Than You Know '' `` Ten Cents a Dance '' `` Exactly Like You '' `` Body and Soul '' `` Reaching for the Moon '' `` Guilty '' `` Good Night , Sweetheart '' `` Try a Little Tenderness '' `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' `` In the Chapel in the Moonlight '' Related articles Martin `` Moe '' Snyder Ziegfeld Follies Love Me or Leave Me Book : Ruth Etting This pop standards - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Button_Up_Your_Overcoat&oldid=853892186 '' Categories : 1928 songs Songs from musicals Songs with music by Ray Henderson Songs with lyrics by Buddy DeSylva Songs with lyrics by Lew Brown Pop standard stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 16 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Button%20Up%20Your%20Overcoat	845
what is the name of the cat in tom and jerry	Tom ( named `` Jasper '' in his debut appearance ) is a grey and white domestic shorthair cat . `` Tom '' is a generic name for a male cat . He is usually but not always , portrayed as living a comfortable , or even pampered life , while Jerry ( named `` Jinx '' in his debut appearance ) is a small , brown , house mouse who always lives in close proximity to Tom . Despite being very energetic , determined and much larger , Tom is no match for Jerry 's wits . Jerry also possesses surprising strength for his size , approximately the equivalent of Tom 's , lifting items such as anvils with relative ease and withstanding considerable impacts . Although cats typically chase mice to consume them , it is quite rare for Tom to actually try to consume Jerry . Most of his attempts are just to torment or humiliate Jerry , sometimes in revenge , and sometimes to obtain a reward from a human for catching Jerry . By the final `` fade - out '' of each cartoon , Jerry usually emerges triumphant , while Tom is shown as the loser .	Tom	List of Tom and Jerry characters	list of tom and jerry characters	This is a list of characters in the Tom and Jerry cartoon short series . Most of these characters did not appear in all of the movies .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Tom Cat and Jerry Mouse 2 Hanna - Barbera era 2.1 Spike and Tyke 2.2 Butch 2.3 Toodles Galore 2.4 Mammy Two Shoes 2.5 Nibbles 2.6 Quacker 2.7 Cuckoo 2.8 Lightning 2.9 Topsy 2.10 Meathead 2.11 George and Joan 2.12 Jeannie and the Baby 2.13 The Ants 2.14 Guardian devils 2.15 Goldfish 2.16 Muscles 2.17 George ( cat ) 2.18 Fluff , Muff and Puff 2.19 Chérie 2.20 Toots 2.21 King of France 2.22 Mechano cat and Robot - Mouse 2.23 The St. Bernard 2.24 Eagle 2.25 Lion 2.26 Baby Woodpecker 2.27 Uncle Pecos 2.28 Radio 2.29 Jackass 3 Gene Deitch era 3.1 DeWitt Clinton ' Clint ' Clobber 3.2 Mad Scientist 3.3 Thin Lady 4 Chuck Jones era 4.1 Tiny Bulldog 4.2 Porpoise 5 The Tom and Jerry Show 5.1 Boo - Boo 5.2 Broke 5.3 Robin Ho Ho and his merry men 5.4 Sheriff of Nottingham 5.5 Yvonne Jockalong 5.6 Sergeant Farce 5.7 Alley Cat Gang 6 The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show 6.1 Droopy 6.2 Barney Bear 6.3 McWolf 7 Tom & Jerry Kids 7.1 Dripple 7.2 Miss Vavoom 7.3 Calaboose Cal 7.4 Urfo 7.5 Clyde 7.6 Kyle the Cat 7.7 Bernie the Swallow 7.8 Wild Mouse 7.9 Moncy 7.10 Sheriff Potgut 7.11 Gator Brothers 7.12 Stinky Jr . McWolf 7.13 Screwball Squirrel 7.14 Lightning Bolt the Super Squirrel 8 Tom and Jerry Tales 8.1 Morizzio 8.2 Princess 8.3 Sniffles 8.4 Geraldine Mouse 8.5 Thomasina Cat 8.6 Baby Booties 9 The Tom and Jerry Show 9.1 Rick and Ginger 9.2 Napoleon 9.3 Hamster 9.4 Newt 9.5 Bot 9.6 Beatie and Hildie 9.7 The Detective 9.8 Dr. Bigby 9.9 Skid 10 Tom and Jerry movies 10.1 Biff Buzzard and Buzz Blister 10.2 Tin , Pan and Alley 10.3 Butch ( dog ) 11 References Main characters ( edit ) Tom cat and Jerry Mouse ( edit ) Main articles : Tom Cat and Jerry Mouse Tom ( named `` Jasper '' in his debut appearance ) is a grey and white domestic shorthair cat . `` Tom '' is a generic name for a male cat . He is usually but not always , portrayed as living a comfortable , or even pampered life , while Jerry ( named `` Jinx '' in his debut appearance ) is a small , brown , house mouse who always lives in close proximity to Tom . Despite being very energetic , determined and much larger , Tom is no match for Jerry 's wits . Jerry also possesses surprising strength for his size , approximately the equivalent of Tom 's , lifting items such as anvils with relative ease and withstanding considerable impacts . Although cats typically chase mice to consume them , it is quite rare for Tom to actually try to consume Jerry . Most of his attempts are just to torment or humiliate Jerry , sometimes in revenge , and sometimes to obtain a reward from a human for catching Jerry . By the final `` fade - out '' of each cartoon , Jerry usually emerges triumphant , while Tom is shown as the loser . However , other results may be reached . On rare occasions , Tom triumphs , usually when Jerry becomes the aggressor or when he pushes Tom a little too far . In The Million Dollar Cat Jerry learns that Tom will lose his newly acquired wealth if he harms any animal , `` including a mouse ; '' he then torments Tom a little too much until he retaliates . In Timid Tabby Tom 's look - alike cousin pushes Jerry over the edge . Occasionally and usually ironically , they both lose , usually when Jerry 's final trap or attack on Tom backfires or Jerry overlooks something . In Chuck Jones ' Filet Meow , Jerry orders a shark from the pet store to scare Tom away from eating a goldfish , but finds himself entirely intimidated as well . Finally , they occasionally end up being friends , although within this set of stories , there is often a last minute event that ruins the truce . One story that has friendly ending is Snowbody Loves Me . Both characters display sadistic tendencies , in that they are equally likely to take pleasure in tormenting each other , although it is often in response to a triggering event . However , when one character appears to truly be in mortal danger from an unplanned situation or due to actions by a third party , the other will develop a conscience and save him . Occasionally , they bond over a mutual sentiment towards an unpleasant experience and their attacking each other is more play than serious attacks . Multiple shorts show the two getting along with minimal difficulty , and they are more than capable of working together when the situation calls for it , usually against a third party who manages to torture and humiliate them both . Sometimes this partnership is forgotten quickly when an unexpected event happens , or when one character feels that the other is no longer necessary . This is the case in Posse Cat , when they agree that Jerry will allow himself to be caught if Tom agrees to share his reward dinner , but Tom then reneges . Other times however , Tom does keep his promise to Jerry and the partnerships are not quickly dissolved after the problem is solved . Tom changes his love interest many times . The first love interest is Toots who appears in Puss n ' Toots , and calls him `` Tommy '' in The Mouse Comes to Dinner . He is also interested in a cat called Toots in The Zoot Cat although she has a different appearance to the original Toots . The most frequent love interest of Tom 's is Toodles Galore , who never has any dialogue in the cartoons . Despite six shorts ending with a depiction of Tom 's apparent death , his demise is never permanent ; he even reads about his own death in a flashback in Jerry 's Diary . He appears to die in explosions in Mouse Trouble ( after which he is seen in heaven ) , Yankee Doodle Mouse and in Safety Second , `` Heavenly Puss '' while in The Two Mouseketeers he is guillotined offscreen. ( except Heavenly Puss , Tom is just having a dream ) Hanna - Barbera era ( edit ) The following characters were introduced in the theatrical shorts that were directed by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera . Spike and Tyke ( edit ) Main article : Spike and Tyke ( characters ) Spike , occasionally referred to as Butch or Killer , is a stern but occasionally dumb American bulldog who is particularly disapproving of cats , but a softie when it comes to mice ( though in his debut appearance , Dog Trouble , Spike goes after both Tom and Jerry ) , and later , his son Tyke . In the shorts Jerry would often try to get Tom in trouble with Spike making him a shoo - in for a beating from the bulldog . Spike has a few weaknesses that Tom tries to capitalize upon : his possessiveness about his bone and his ticklishness . He made his first appearance in the 1942 Tom and Jerry cartoon Dog Trouble , and his first speaking role was in 1944 's The Bodyguard , where he was voiced by Billy Bletcher up until 1949 , from which point he was voiced by Daws Butler . Unlike his father Spike , Tyke does not speak . He only communicates by yapping , whimpering , growling , facial expressions and wagging his tail . In Tom and Jerry Kids , Tyke does have a speaking role in the program and is the first time that viewers were able to hear Tyke speak . Spike is very protective towards his son and gets very angry at Tom if Tyke is bothered or harmed . Although Tyke has spoken in Tom and Jerry Kids , he has laughed in one Tom and Jerry short . After Daws Butler , Maurice LaMarche , Frank Welker , John DiMaggio , Michael Donovan , Phil LaMarr and currently Rick Zieff would all perform Spike 's voice . Tyke 's vocal effects are provided by Frank Welker and speaking roles by Patric Zimmerman . Butch ( edit ) Main article : Butch Cat ( Tom and Jerry ) Butch ( voiced by Frank Graham , later Daws Butler due to Graham 's death ) is a black alley cat who made his first appearance in the Tom and Jerry series in the 1943 short Baby Puss , alongside Topsy and the already - established Meathead . His character , however ( along with the character of Toodles Galore ) , first appeared in the 1941 MGM short The Alley Cat , directed by Hugh Harman , Butch 's only solo cartoon . Butch is the leader of the alley cat bullies who are usually friends with Tom and help him catch Jerry . In his first appearance , however , Butch was an antagonist , tormenting Tom after Tom 's young girl owner treated him like a baby -- to the point of dressing Tom up in a diaper , a bonnet , and pink paw mittens . Thus costumed , Tom could n't help but be a figure of fun -- both for Butch and his gang , and for Jerry . Butch also battles with Tom over Toodles Galore and her affections in a couple of shorts including the 1946 short , Springtime for Thomas and the 1951 short Casanova Cat . In some cartoons , such as A Mouse in the House , Butch battles with Tom to catch Jerry . He is voiced by Maurice LaMarche in Tom and Jerry : The Magic Ring , Tony Cervone in The Karate Guard , Colin Murdock in Tom and Jerry Tales , Billy West in Tom and Jerry in War of the Whiskers , and Joey D'Auria in The Tom and Jerry Show . Butch is usually decipted as a homeless alley / street cat although in the 1956 short , Blue Cat Blues , Butch is apparently a millionaire who wins the attention of Tom 's love interest due to his immense wealth much to Tom 's dismay . Butch also appears in the Spike and Tyke cartoon Scat Cats as a house cat owned by George and Joan who in the original series own Tom . Toodles Galore ( edit ) Toodles Galore is an attractive white female cat , and is supposedly Tom 's usual love interest , although Tom is a reputed playboy , and had other love interests before and after Toodles . Toodles is the only love interest who appeared more than twice , and is probably the most favored . During the classic era , Tom had to compete twice against Butch and even once against Spike for Toodles 's affection , and he lost them all . In Casanova Cat , Toodles fell in love with Jerry . However , in her final short Love Me , Love My Mouse , she remained with Tom . Toodles is one of the most anthropomorphic animals in the series , with the only cat features being her tail , nose and ears . She never speaks and she rarely moves around . However , in The Tom and Jerry Show , her appearance and attitude is shown differently and she is heard speaking for the first time . Mammy two Shoes ( edit ) Mammy Two Shoes in a scene from the Tom & Jerry short Saturday Evening Puss , in which her full face was shown for the first time . Main article : Mammy Two Shoes From the beginning , Tom also has to deal with Mammy Two Shoes ( voiced by Lillian Randolph ) , an African - American domestic housemaid based on Hattie McDaniel . In the earliest shorts , Mammy is depicted as the maid taking care of the often opulent home in which Tom and Jerry reside . Later Tom and Jerry shorts are set in what appears to be Mammy 's own house . Her face is never seen ( with the exception of 1950s Saturday Evening Puss , in which her face is very briefly seen as she runs towards the camera ) , and she usually wallops the cat ( whom she usually addresses as `` Thomas '' ) with a broom when he misbehaves . When Mammy was not present , other humans would sometimes be seen , usually from the neck down as well . Mammy would appear in many cartoons until 1952 's Push - Button Kitty ; Mammy 's character was retired after that year following McDaniel 's death . Later cartoons would instead show Tom and Jerry living with a 1950s suburban couple . Soon after , virtually all humans in the series had visible faces. e.g. : Jeanie , Joan , the baby and George . Nibbles ( edit ) Main article : Nibbles ( Tom and Jerry ) Nibbles in the 1949 theatrical short The Little Orphan Nibbles ( also known as Tuffy ) is the little , blue / gray , diaper - wearing orphan mouse who is close to Jerry and appears frequently with him , especially in the comics . His cartoon debut came in the 1946 short The Milky Waif . Nibbles was later featured in the 1949 Academy Award - winning short The Little Orphan. Tom 's and Jerry 's devil appeared in three cartoons Sufferin ' Cats ! , Springtime for Thomas and Smitten Kitten . In the first of these cartoons , he served as evil coscience for Tom and in the other two for Jerry when the other fell in love . He is sometimes seen as Jerry 's nephew , but occasionally referred to as an orphan . In many cartoons , Nibbles is seen eating a lot ( he is always hungry ) . In his first animated appearance , he was left on Jerry 's doorstep , abandoned by his parents . Tom enjoys chasing Nibbles much as he does with Jerry . Though the character was created under the name Tuffy for the comics in 1942 , his early animated appearances ( from 1945 ) gave him the name Nibbles . From the 1950s , the mouse was called Tuffy on - screen as well . In Tom and Jerry : The Magic Ring , the name Nibbles was used again -- and the character was depicted as a pet - store mouse whom Jerry does n't know . In the Mouseketeer shorts , Nibbles speaks in French and English . He also is not Jerry 's nephew ; rather , he is the son of François Mouse -- who does not make an appearance , but his name was given in two letters in the short Touché , Pussy Cat ! Nibbles is often mistaken for a girl due to the extaordinarily high pitched voice . He was voiced by Tara Strong in Tom and Jerry : The Magic Ring , Kath Soucie from 2010 , onwards , and Nancy Cartwright in War of the Whiskers . Quacker ( edit ) Quacker at the end of That 's My Mommy Another recurring character in the series was Little Quacker the duckling , who was later adapted into the Hanna - Barbera character Yakky Doodle . He appears in Little Quacker , The Duck Doctor , Just Ducky , Downhearted Duckling , Southbound Duckling , That 's My Mommy , Happy Go Ducky , and The Vanishing Duck . Quacker talks a lot compared to Tom and Jerry . His voice is a ' duck voice ' similar to Disney 's Donald Duck . In many shorts , he is the only one who speaks . He 's very trusting , even trusting Tom in many situations in which Tom wishes to eat him . He 's a friend of Jerry , but unlike Jerry harbors no hard feelings towards Tom . He appeared in The Tom and Jerry Show episode `` The Lost Duckling . '' He also got his own series of shorts on The Yogi Bear Show ( renamed Yakky Doodle ) after guesting in several Hanna - Barbera TV shows . Quacker was then used as a template for the ' Hard Luck Duck ' character starring in the titular character 's short from the What a Cartoon ! series . His What a Cartoon ! counterpart Hard Luck Duck was voiced by Russi Taylor . Quacker was voiced by Red Coffey in the classic shorts , and Charlie Adler in Tom and Jerry in War of the Whiskers , along with Jerry . He was named `` Duckling '' in that game . In Tom and Jerry Show , Quacker 's `` duck voice '' is provided by Sam Kwasman . In three cartoons Quacker gets separated from his mother at birth , only to reunite with her later in two of them ( Little Quacker and Just Ducky ) . In That 's My Mommy however , he is adopted by Tom . In Little Quacker , Quacker 's father , Henry makes an appearance . Because his birth is shown differently in different cartoons , he may have siblings as seen in Just Ducky and Happy Go Ducky . Quacker gets a girlfriend in Downhearted Duckling . Cuckoo ( edit ) Cuckoo is a canary that first appeared in Kitty Foiled . He also appeared in Puss n ' Toots , The Flying Cat , Life with Tom , Hic - cup Pup , Two Little Indians ( where he is red in color ) and Matinee Mouse . He is Jerry 's good friend . Despite being a little bird , he can actually carry heavy objects which is seen in only Kitty Foiled and The Flying Cat. e.g. : a bowling ball , a 2000 kilogram object . Lightning ( edit ) Lightning is a ginger orange cat who first appeared in the 1948 short Old Rockin ' Chair Tom as Tom 's rival . Lightning is named as such because in his first short , he practically moved at the speed of lightning . In later cartoons , Lightning often appeared as one of Tom 's alley cat buddies / rivals . Lightning has the same character design as Butch Cat , but with an orange color ( although his coloring occasionally varies from film - to - film ) . In Mucho Mouse , he speaks Spanish and is a house cat . He also appears in the Gene Deitch short Switchin ' Kitten . In the Chuck Jones short Catty - Cornered ( his final appearance ) , Lightning is portrayed with more of an orange - yellow color than before , with the additional changes of a black tail and ears . Lightning also makes several appearances in Tom and Jerry Tales , often with a red nose and , in two episodes , a bushy tail . Fans have occasionally confused Lightning with Meathead , though the two are not the same and have appeared side - by - side in two cartoons . Topsy ( edit ) Topsy is a grey / brown Scottish Fold kitten . He is one of Tom 's alley cat friends / foes , although in Professor Tom he befriends Jerry . He first appeared in Baby Puss ; his final appearance in the original theatrical shorts was in Scat Cats . He also appears in Tom and Jerry Tales with a more yellowish color ( similar to Life with Tom ) . In Professor Tom , Topsy is explicitly a house cat ; more often ( as in Saturday Evening Puss and elsewhere ) , he is depicted as an alley cat or a cat of unknown origin . Meathead ( edit ) Meathead is a brown , mangy alley ( or feral ) cat who wears a red toupee ( which is occasionally seen the same color as the rest of his fur ) . He is generally portrayed as dull - witted and first appeared in the 1943 short , Sufferin ' Cats ! , as Tom 's rival . He also appears in Baby Puss and additional shorts as one of Tom 's alley cat buddies / foes . He is known as Frankie in Heavenly Puss . In Scat Cats , his final appearance in the original theatrical shorts , he is portrayed with an all - gray color . Fans have occasionally confused Meathead with Lightning , though the two are not the same and have appeared side - by - side in two cartoons . After over nearly six decades of absence , Meathead re-appeared in The Tom and Jerry Show episode Cruisin ' for a Bruisin ' as a lead antagonist , while a drag version of the character named Meathelda appeared in the episode Hop to It ! Meathead also makes multiple appearances in later seasons , usually alongside Butch and other alley cats . George and Joan ( edit ) George and Joan are an average middle class white couple , who debuted in the 1954 short Pet Peeve . They are the new owners of Tom and Spike , but Tom likes to keep Joan company and Spike likes to keep George company . Joan is often seen either cooking or sitting on her armchair knitting or sewing a dress with Tom keeping her company . George , on the other hand , hates the monthly bills and complains that they 're too expensive . But when he 's not complaining about the bills , he is sitting in his armchair or on the sofa reading the newspaper wearing his smart purple or grey suit and Spike is keeping him company . Both George and Joan are very kind and polite towards each other and Tom and Spike . In Pet Peeve , George and Joan decided that they keep Jerry as a pet because he is easy to look after and does n't eat too much ( George and Joan do not know Jerry 's secret : He eats a lot more than Tom and Spike combined , which explains the amount of food he has in his mouse hole shown later , which mean they lost even more food compared to Tom and Spike . ) and tell Tom and Spike to leave . However , in later shorts with George and Joan , Tom and Spike still happily live with them and Jerry is not known by the couple and he is not a pet anymore . In some shorts , Joan appears without George , such as Mouse for Sale , The Flying Sorceress and Mucho Mouse . It could be presumed that George would be working at his office during the settings of these cartoons . George and Joan also appeared in four other Tom & Jerry shorts , Tom 's Photo Finish , Busy Buddies , The Vanishing Duck ( Quacker 's last short ) and Tot Watchers . Jeannie and the baby ( edit ) Jeannie , the babysitter of George and Joan 's baby , is an average teenager who spends much of her time talking on the phone . She is often called on to look after the baby if they 're going out . Jeannie proceeds to leap straight onto the phone just as George and Joan shut the front door , which tells us that she is very negligent about her job . Despite this , Jeannie is very kind , friendly , cheerful and rarely loses a smile -- except to scold Tom for `` bothering the baby '' , which she thinks he is doing on purpose to annoy her . Jeannie was seen in only two cartoons : Busy Buddies ( 1956 ) and Tot Watchers ( 1958 ) . Jeannie is voiced by Janet Waldo in the original shorts . The baby also appears in Tom & Jerry Kids where the babysitter is slightly younger and a redhead instead . The ants ( edit ) The Ants are an army of red ants who steal food as they see them . They appeared in four cartoons Cat Napping , Pup on a Picnic , Barbecue Brawl and Carmen Get It ! . They also appeared in Tom & Jerry Kids . They 're unusually heavy for their size , and their combined weight often causes many items , such as Tom 's hammock , to break . It 's unclear how or why the ants are so heavy , as they are even capable of making tables and diving boards shake as they march onto them . Guardian devils ( edit ) Each guardian devil for Tom and Jerry appeared in three cartoons Sufferin ' Cats ! , Springtime for Thomas and Smitten Kitten . In the first of these cartoons , one served as evil conscience for Tom and in the other one for Jerry . Goldfish ( edit ) A tiny goldfish who is friends with Jerry and lives in the same house as Tom and Jerry . She appeared in major roles in Jerry and the Goldfish and Filet Meow . Tom 's attempts to eat her lead to Jerry earning her affections . She also appeared in cameo roles in other cartoons namely Puss n ' Toots , The Million Dollar Cat , Casanova Cat and The Missing Mouse . Muscles ( edit ) Muscles is Jerry 's cousin and a mouse with incredible strength . In Jerry 's Cousin , Muscles appears to hate cats , including Tom . In Haunted Mouse , another mouse named Merlin , who is also a cousin of Jerry 's , appears as a wizard with magical abilities . Muscles ' final appearance was in Tom and Jerry : The Magic Ring , however his name was changed to Freddie and he was hostile towards Jerry . He was voiced by Paul Frees in Jerry 's Cousin and by Billy West in Tom and Jerry : The Magic Ring . George ( cat ) ( edit ) George is the cat counterpart of Muscles but with a personality that is in stark contrast to him . Like Muscles , George is identical to Tom ( although he is shorter ) and is his cousin . Unlike Muscles , however , George is a coward and is scared of mice . He first appeared at the beginning of Jerry 's Cousin where he gets thrashed by Muscles ( possibly the reason for his fear of mice ) . His bigger role was in Timid Tabby where he finally overcomes his fear . He also appeared in Tom and Jerry Kids where his fear seems to have re-instated even though he pretended it has not ( his name was changed to Tim in that short ) . Fluff , Muff and Puff ( edit ) Fluff , Muff and Puff are a trio of brown , black and orange kittens that first appeared in Heavenly Puss as adorable kittens - who were murdered by drowning - in a cameo role ( that happened in Tom 's dream ) . They also appeared in Triplet Trouble as cute but extremely mischievous kittens . They also appeared in The Tom and Jerry Show . Chérie ( edit ) Chérie is a brown / grey female mouse who serves as Jerry 's love interest . She first appeared at the end of Springtime for Thomas , and then later in Smitten Kitten , Touché , Pussy Cat ! ( only cartoon where she has an identical twin ) , Tom and Chérie ( the first cartoon where she is named ) and The Mouse from H.U.N.G.E.R. ( as a ticking time bomb set by Tom ) . Toots ( edit ) Toots is the name given to three different characters that have appeared infrequently . The first of these is a fluffy beige cat who appears in Puss n ' Toots and The Mouse Comes to Dinner , the latter being her only speaking role . She also has a cameo in Smitten Kitten . This version of Toots also appeared in some 1940s Tom and Jerry comics . Toots is also a different cat by the same name who appears in The Zoot Cat and in the Tom and Jerry Tales episode `` Kitty Cat Blues . '' She has occasionally and erroneously been referred to as `` Sheikie , '' but this is actually Tom 's nickname , as seen on a gift card in the cartoon . Finally Toots is the name of a mouse who serves as Jerry 's love interest in Blue Cat Blues . Toots also appeared in Love Me , Love My Mouse . King of France ( edit ) In some of the mouseketeer series of cartoons , Tom serves the king of France . This is an obvious reference to Louis XVI of France , who is shown as an extremely short - tempered and cruel monarch . In The Two Mouseketeers , the king guillotines Tom while in Royal Cat Nap , he orders for Tom 's decapitation . Mechano cat and Robot - Mouse ( edit ) Mechano cat first appeared in Push Button Kitty as Tom 's rival . Later , Mechano and Robot - Mouse are seen as a cat - like - robot and mouse - like - robot who serve Tom and Jerry ( except at the end of Advance and Be Mechanized , when they get revenge and switch roles with Tom and Jerry , as they control their minds and make them do the work ) in the three Chuck Jones outer space cartoons O - Solar Meow , Guided Mouse - ille and Advance and Be Mechanized . Mechano 's efforts to catch or trap Jerry or Robot - Mouse always backfire for Tom , except in Advance and Be Mechanized , when he succeeds to catch Robot - Mouse in the beginning . In Guided Mouse - ille , he can stand up right and have hands to use a gun with to try and blast Jerry in his mobile tank . This backfired and left Mechano with a black face , while crying in frustration . He sneaks back and promptly shoots Tom , who attempts to shoot Mechano back for his insubordination . However , the shot came out on the wrong end and Tom faints leaving Mechano laughing himself silly . He also appeared in the Tom and Jerry Tales episode `` Tin Cat of Tomorrow '' where he is named Verminator 7000 . Mechano ( called `` Robot Cat '' ) also appeared as a fighter in the video game , War of the Whiskers , and was voiced by Dee Bradley Baker . The St. Bernard ( edit ) The St. Bernard is a dog who first appeared in Puttin ' on the Dog and then again in The A-Tom - Inable Snowman . Unlike other dogs in the series , he is not hostile to cats and even attends Tom medically . Eagle ( edit ) Eagle is an Eagle that tries to steal Jerry for food from Tom . He first appeared in Flirty Birdy , then in The Tom and Jerry Show episode `` The Egg and Tom and Jerry '' ( where he is female instead of male ) and then again in Tom and Jerry Tales episode `` Bend it like Thomas . '' Eagle also appeared as a playable character in Tom and Jerry in War of the Whiskers , voiced by Rob Paulsen . Lion ( edit ) Lion is a lion that has switched from a tame one in Jerry and the Lion , to a nervous one in The Tom and Jerry Show episode `` The Hypochondriac Lion '' to a monster in the Tom and Jerry Tales episode `` You 're Lion . '' He is also a playable character in Tom and Jerry in War of the Whiskers where he is voiced by Jim Cummings . Baby woodpecker ( edit ) A baby woodpecker that first appeared in Hatch Up Your Troubles and it 's remake The Egg and Jerry where it could peck into virtually anything including Tom 's stomach , Tom 's golf club in Tee for Two or a water pipe as in Landing Stripling . Baby Woodpecker and his Mama would re-appear by making cameo appearances in The Tom and Jerry Show ( 2014 TV Series ) . Uncle Pecos ( edit ) Uncle Pecos is Jerry 's Cowboyish uncle who appears in Pecos Pest . He was voiced by Shug Fisher . He is known to always play with a guitar and wears a black cowboy hat that covers his eyes . He plucks one of Tom 's whiskers off to replace broken strings on the guitar . Being from Texas , he is shown to be super strong . Uncle Pecos returned in the Tom and Jerry Tales episode `` Cry Uncle '' , voiced by Scott McNeil . In the episode , he arrives at Tom and Jerry 's house and annoys Tom and Jerry with his music . He later leaves with Auntie Spinner in the end of the episode . Uncle Pecos made his second return in The Tom and Jerry Show , voiced by Stephen Stanton . He appears in the Season 2 episodes , `` I Quit '' , `` Uncle Pecos Rides Again '' and `` Cat - A-Tonic Mouse '' . Radio ( edit ) A radio with a male human voice that broadcasts music , cookery show and warnings on escaped animals , bomb threats etc . In Jerry 's Diary , the radio is shown to be anthropomorphic ( with the announcer 's name as ' Uncle Dudley ' ) but this is not the case with other cartoons . The radio 's announcements often cause troubles for Tom ( The Missing Mouse , Jerry and the Lion , Little Runaway and Down Beat Bear ) , fear ( Fraidy Cat ) , embarrassment ( Jerry 's Diary and Life with Tom ) or may be the cause of evil intentions ( Jerry and the Goldfish ) . Radio has been voiced by Martha Wentworth in Fraidy Cat , by Paul Frees in The Missing Mouse and Jerry and the Lion and by Joseph Forte in Jerry 's Diary . Other voice actors such as Daws Butler in Jerry and the Goldfish have been uncredited . Jackass ( edit ) Unlike other Tom and Jerry characters , this one is not a character per se , but rather an avatar of a popular character such as Spike . Usually , a character turns into a jackass when it is fooled such as Spike in Solid Serenade , The Framed Cat and Pet Peeve or Tom in Polka Dot Puss . In Pup on a Picnic , the word ' Sucker ' is used instead of ' Jackass ' . Gene Deitch era ( edit ) The following characters were introduced in the theatrical shorts that were directed by Gene Deitch in the 1960s . Dewitt clinton ' Clint ' Clobber ( edit ) An overweight , average height , middle - aged , bald white man became Tom 's owner in three of the thirteen cartoons in Down and Outing , High Steaks and Sorry Safari . Just like Spike the Bulldog , he has very severe anger issues and is repeatedly violent towards Tom for his actions . There is some debate as to whether this is the genuine Clint Clobber as the real Clint would never be an animal abuser , he was just a put - upon grouch . Mad scientist ( edit ) He is a mad scientist reminiscent of Frankenstein . He first appeared in Switchin ' Kitten and subsequently was the subject of a number of television episodes ( for e.g. ' Trojan Dog ' in Tom and Jerry Comedy Show ) and movies thereafter . In his first appearance , the mad scientist is the owner of Jerry ( who is also his assistant ) and has numerous cats trapped in a prison . When Jerry picks an orange cat named Lightning , the other cats flee in terror as the scientist pulls him out for his latest experiment . He switches the mind of the orange cat with that of a bulldog and presents him as his present to Jerry . Thin lady ( edit ) An unnamed thin white lady became Tom 's owner in Buddies Thicker Than Water . Gene Deitch opted not to use Mammy 's character in his shorts , as he felt a `` stereotypical black housekeep '' character `` did n't work in a modern context . '' Chuck Jones would also use her in The Unshrinkable Jerry Mouse and in the re-animated version of Saturday Evening Puss . She also appeared in the movie Tom and Jerry : The Fast and the Furry . Like many other early human characters , her face was never shown . Chuck Jones era ( edit ) The following characters were introduced in the theatrical shorts that were produced by Chuck Jones in the 1960s . Tiny bulldog ( edit ) This nameless mouse - sized bulldog , designed similarly to Spike the Bulldog , is Jerry 's pet dog companion in only two shorts : The Cat 's Me - Ouch and Purr - Chance to Dream . His role is similar to Spike in cartoons such as The Bodyguard , Fit To Be Tied , and Much Ado About Mousing , which is to defend Jerry against Tom . He is presumably the oldest son of Spike before Tyke , and this could be identified by his looks and personality that is similar to his father Spike . Unlike Spike and Tyke he has a big bite ( similar to those of Looney Tunes ' Tasmanian Devil ) . Porpoise ( edit ) A shark who tries to eat Tom and Jerry . He appears in Cannery Rodent , Puss ' n ' Boats , Filet Meow and Surf - Bored Cat . The creature 's color and species varies , in Cannery Rodent and Surf - Bored Cat it is a blue shark , while in Filet Meow and Puss ' n ' Boats it is a great white shark . Porpoise also appeared in the Tom and Jerry Comedy Show episode A Connecticut mouse in King Arthur 's court . The Tom and Jerry Show ( edit ) The following characters were introduced in the 1975 television series The Tom and Jerry Show . Boo - Boo ( edit ) Boo - Boo is the English sheep dog puppy of a rich lady who hires Tom and Jerry as dog walkers . He only appears in Towering Fiasco . Note that Boo - Boo chases a cat during their walk , but he accepts Tom , who is also a cat . The title Towering Fiasco is derived from Irwin Allen 's 1974 20th Century - Fox / Warner Bros. disaster movie The Towering Inferno , starring Steve McQueen and Paul Newman . The idea for the cartoon itself is based on the Tom - and - Jerry cartoon Tot Watchers . Towering Fiasco originally ended with the lady inviting Tom and Jerry to come again the next day , but after a walk during which Boo - Boo kept running into trouble they react in horror and flee . In the new version , she asks them to walk him again right now , Boo - Boo runs off , chasing a small gnat , dragging Tom and Jerry behind him . Broke ( edit ) A gopher that devours vegetables in Gopher Broke . He appeared in the cartoon 's sequel The Son of Gopher Broke . He also appeared in Tom and Jerry Comedy Show . Robin Ho Ho and his Merry men ( edit ) A parody of Robin Hood and his merry men , they appeared in Robin Ho Ho . They also appeared in Tom and Jerry : Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse . Sheriff of nottingham ( edit ) The primary antagonist in Robin Ho Ho and also in Tom and Jerry : Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse . He is based on the character from Robin Hood tales . Yvonne jockalong ( edit ) Love interest to both Tom and Jerry , she appears in Sky Bunny and The Tennis Menace . Sergeant farce ( edit ) A police officer who appears in See Dr. Jackal and Hide and in The Police Kitten where he is the superior officer to both Tom and Jerry . Alley Cat Gang ( edit ) The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show ( edit ) The following characters were introduced in the television series The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show . Droopy ( edit ) Main article : Droopy Dog A Basset Hound often with a miserable look on his face , originally introduced in the Tex Avery shorts of the 1940s . He first made a poster cameo in Matinee Mouse . He also appeared in the Droopy and Dripple segments of Tom and Jerry Kids . He is sometimes an adversary of Spike . He would also appear in Tom and Jerry Tales and would appear in the direct - to - video films . Barney Bear ( edit ) Main article : Barney Bear An anthropomorphic cartoon character , a sluggish , sleepy bear who often is in pursuit of nothing but peace and quiet , originally introduced in the Harman - Ising shorts of the 1930s . He would also appear in the direct - to - video films . McWolf ( edit ) McWolf , initially named ' Slick Wolf ' is the villain of the `` Droopy and Dripple '' segments . A bad and cruel wolf whose only mission is to ruin the life of Droopy ( and Dripple and sometimes to remain with Miss Vavoom in Tom & Jerry Kids ) . Sometimes for of crazy scientist whom it loves to dominate the world , of space villain , a criminal fat person ( known as `` The Chubby Man '' ) , etc . His character is based on the wolf in Red Hot Riding Hood . He is voiced by Frank Welker . Tom & Jerry Kids ( edit ) The following characters were introduced in the television series Tom & Jerry Kids . Dripple ( edit ) The son of Droopy , essentially an older version of the infant pup from Homesteader Droopy . He is always with his father and they always do the same ( although sometimes Dripple thinks `` better '' than his father ) . The identity of his mother is never mentioned or even addressed , although , due to Droopy 's frequent relationships with Miss Vavoom , it can be assumed that his mother is either dead or is divorced from Droopy with no visitation rights prior to the events of the series . He is voiced by Charlie Adler . Miss Vavoom ( edit ) The contiguous woman of the show . She is very seductive and she always takes different hairdos . She always is conquered by Droopy and most of times is the greater target of McWolf . Sometimes she is called Bubbles Vavoom , Ultra Vavoom , Sugar Vavoom , etc . Her character is based on Red from Red Hot Riding Hood . She is voiced by Teresa Ganzel . Calaboose Cal ( edit ) A gold cat owner of a show of demonstration and participation . He is arrogant ( sometimes ) , has a rancher accent , and is sometimes presented as an enemy to Tom . Purportedly inspired by legendary Southern California car dealer Cal Worthington . He is voiced by Phil Hartman . Urfo ( edit ) Urfo is a six - legged alien dog that arrives on Earth many times and helps Jerry fend off Tom . His owners often send people to retrieve him . Clyde ( edit ) A fat cat that often one puts in problems , and when Tom and Jerry save him , he promises to be their better friend ( Although for Tom and Jerry he is like a punishment ) . Voiced by Brian Cummings . Kyle the cat ( edit ) A mangy orange cat that first appeared as the antagonist of Spike and / or Tyke . Voiced by Pat Fraley . Bernie the Swallow ( edit ) A medically challenged yellow swallow that is friends with Jerry in `` Hard to Swallow '' . He had a color change to blue in `` Swallow the Swallow '' and `` Grab that Bird '' as he is chased mostly by Clyde and Kyle . Voiced by David L. Lander . Wild Mouse ( edit ) A grayish - green , shaggy fanged mouse who occasionally replaces Jerry and outwits his foes . Like Tom and Jerry , Wildmouse is voiced by Frank Welker . He first appears in the episode `` Wildmouse '' and is last seen in the episode `` King Windmouse . '' Moncy ( edit ) A cougar who loves tormenting Spike and Tyke . He wants to eat Tyke 's lunch ( and Spike prevents him ) . He was voiced by Frank Welker . Sheriff Potgut ( edit ) The elderly sheriff of Hokey Finokey Swamp . He is arrogant , rude , and self - centered . He threatened to send Swampy back to the circus ( which Swampy is aware of the fact that it promotes animal cruelty ) , throwing Swampy into tears . He also envies the map Swampy made out to search for the hidden treasure . He appears in the episode `` Cajun Gumbo '' as the episode 's main antagonist . Aside from the lone episode where he battled Swampy , the Sheriff and the Gator Brothers were also used as antagonists in an episode featuring Wild Mouse . Gator Brothers ( edit ) Sheriff Potgut 's henchmen . They appear in the episode `` Cajun Gumbo '' as antagonists and in another episode featuring Wild Mouse . Stinky Jr. . McWolf ( edit ) Stinky Jr. is the son of McWolf who has the same personality as him . Screwball Squirrel ( edit ) Main article : Screwy Squirrel Screwball Squirrel is based on the original Screwball `` Screwy '' Squirrel in 1944 , but now his adventures take place in a public city park , as he messes with hot - headed park attendant Dweeble and his dumb guard dog , Rumpley . He was voiced by Charlie Adler . He would also appear in one direct - to - video film , Tom and Jerry 's Giant Adventure , voiced by Paul Reubens . He would also make a cameo appearance in the Season 3 episode of The Tom and Jerry Show , `` Kid Stuff '' . Lightning bolt the super Squirrel ( edit ) A squirrel superhero . He is a rather campy and flamboyant superhero who throws lightning bolts . He also speaks with a slight Minnesotan accent and appeared in the spin - off series Droopy , Master Detective . He was voiced by Charlie Adler . Tom and Jerry Tales ( edit ) The following characters were introduced in the television series Tom and Jerry Tales . Morizzio ( edit ) Morizzio is a very amorous octopus gentleman who first appeared in the 1953 musical film Dangerous When Wet . In Octo Sauve , Tom encounters him , who mistakes Tom for a mermaid . Morizzio wants to date Tom , and they end up getting lost in the sea . Princess ( edit ) Nicole Bouma voiced the princess in Tom and Jerry Tales . The princess appears in Medieval Menace where she kisses Tom - who has turned into a frog - thinking he is a prince transformed by a spell . Sniffles ( edit ) Geraldine Mouse ( edit ) Thomasina Cat ( edit ) Baby Booties ( edit ) The Tom and Jerry Show ( edit ) The following characters were introduced in the 2014 television series Tom and Jerry Show . Rick and ginger ( edit ) Tom 's new owners are Rick and Ginger , a middle - class couple similar to George and Joan . Much like the original couple , the husband is more sympathetic towards Spike while the wife favors Tom . Rick is stouter in appearance when compared to George . Unlike Joan and George , their faces are never seen . Napoleon ( edit ) Napoleon is a small rat with grey fur . He has light pink ears , light pink hands , feet and tail and has black eyes . Hamster ( edit ) The Hamster is a small `` anti-social , overachieving '' hamster with light brown fur . He wears glasses and is the smartest hamster in the lab . Newt ( edit ) Newt is a newt with orange skin . He has yellow spots and long feet . He wears a black eye - patch over his right eye and has green eyes with a black pupil . Bot ( edit ) Bot is a robot that cleans the lab with its vacuum cleaner and control arm . It has a red screen that spots trash all over the lab and most often mistakes Tom as such out of its programming . Beatie and Hildie ( edit ) Beatie and Hildie are witch sisters who act as Tom and Jerry 's medieval owners . The detective ( edit ) The detective is a detective who is the owner of Tom ( and presumably Jerry too ) . In his absence , Tom and Jerry work as sleuths themselves , in the process using his name and fame . He appeared in `` Feline Fatale '' , `` One of a Kind '' , `` Haunted Mouse '' , `` Sleuth or Consequences '' , `` Poof ! '' , `` Bone Dry '' , `` Cat Napped '' , and `` Curse Case Scenario '' . Dr. Bigby ( edit ) Dr. Bigby is an eccentric scientist whose experiments do n't always often go according to plan ( with Jerry and Napoleon usually being the only ones to see the results ) . Skid ( edit ) Skid is an orange cat that was always the great leader and also always makes the election of the Top cat . Both Tom and Butch compete for the Golden Fez in the United Mouse Catchers when they both attempt to capture Jerry . Tom and Jerry movies ( edit ) The following recurring characters were introduced in the various Tom and Jerry movies . Biff Buzzard and Buzz Blister ( edit ) Biff Buzzard and Buzz Blister are characters in Tom and Jerry : The Fast and the Furry and Tom and Jerry : Blast Off to Mars . In Tom and Jerry : The Fast and the Furry , they were news reporters . In Tom and Jerry : Blast Off to Mars , they were astronauts . Biff is voiced by Billy West and Buzz by Jess Harnell . Tin , Pan and alley ( edit ) Tin , Pan and Alley are a trio of male Siamese cats created especially for the new direct - to - video films , they are secondary antagonists in Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes , Tom and Jerry : Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse , Tom and Jerry 's Giant Adventure , Tom and Jerry : The Lost Dragon and Tom and Jerry : Spy Quest , acting as henchmen for the main antagonists . In their first appearance in Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes , they are local gravediggers who work for Professor Moriarty . In Tom and Jerry : Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse , they work for Prince John . In Tom and Jerry : The Lost Dragon , they are the Hench - cats of Drizelda . In Tom and Jerry : Spy Quest , they are seen working for Doctor Zin . They also make an appearance in Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory . They were named after the Warner Bros. 1943 short Tin Pan Alley Cats . Tin is voiced by Greg Ellis , Pan by Jess Harnell and Alley by Richard McGonagle . Butch ( dog ) ( edit ) Main article : Butch Dog ( Tex Avery ) Butch ( Originally known as Spike , until renamed as Butch to avoid confusion with Spike from the Tom and Jerry cartoons ) is the name of another bulldog from Tex Avery 's shorts in the 1940s and 1950s . He was one of the main antagonists in Droopy shorts ( although he was replaced by Hanna - Barbera 's Spike in the 1980s ) and also had a series of his own . He appears in a number of movies e.g. Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz and Tom and Jerry : The Magic Ring . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Deitch , Gene ( 2015 ) . Tom and Jerry ... and Gene in Tom and Jerry : The Gene Deitch Collection ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . hide Tom and Jerry Characters Tom Cat Jerry Mouse Butch Nibbles Spike and Tyke Mammy Two Shoes Theatrical releases Tom and Jerry ( shorts ) Spike and Tyke ( shorts ) The Movie Cameos Anchors Aweigh Dangerous When Wet DVD releases of shorts Spotlight Collection Golden Collection Chuck Jones Collection Classic Collection Deluxe Anniversary Collection Gene Deitch Collection Television series Show ( 1975 ) Comedy Show Kids Show episodes Tales Show ( 2014 ) episodes Television specials Hanna - Barbera 's 50th : A Yabba Dabba Doo Celebration The Mansion Cat Santa 's Little Helpers Direct - to - video films The Magic Ring Blast Off to Mars The Fast and the Furry Shiver Me Whiskers A Nutcracker Tale Meet Sherlock Holmes The Wizard of Oz Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse Giant Adventure The Lost Dragon Spy Quest Back to Oz Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Other formats Video games Soundtrack Related William Hanna Joseph Barbera Scott Bradley hide Hanna - Barbera Founders William Hanna Joseph Barbera Original productions The Atom Ant / Secret Squirrel Show Birdman Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels CB Bears The Flintstones The Funky Phantom Grape Ape Hong Kong Phooey Huckleberry Hound Jabberjaw The Jetsons Jonny Quest Loopy De Loop Magilla Gorilla The Hanna - Barbera New Cartoon Series Peter Potamus Quick Draw McGraw The Ruff and Reddy Show Scooby - Doo Smurfs Snorks Space Ghost Tom and Jerry Top Cat Yogi Bear Wacky Races Amusement attractions Hanna -- Barbera Land The Funtastic World of Hanna - Barbera Comics Hanna - Barbera Beyond Other media Films Video games See also Characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Tom_and_Jerry_characters&oldid=846316748 '' Categories : Tom and Jerry characters Lists of fictional animals in animation Lists of characters in American television animation Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from May 2013 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Magyar Português Română Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 23 : 10 . 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when did the movie i can only imagine come out	I Can Only Imagine Theatrical release poster Directed by Erwin Brothers Produced by Cindy Bond Kevin Downes Daryl Lefever Mickey Liddell Pete Shilaimon Raymond Harris Joe Knopp Screenplay by Jon Erwin Brent McCorkle Story by Alex Cramer Jon Erwin Brent McCorkle Based on The life story of Bart Millard Starring J. Michael Finley Madeline Carroll Trace Adkins Priscilla Shirer Cloris Leachman Dennis Quaid Tanya Clarke Music by Brent McCorkle Cinematography Kristopher Kimlin Edited by Andrew Erwin Brent McCorkle Production companies Kevin Downes Productions Mission Pictures International Distributed by Lionsgate Roadside Attractions Release date March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) Running time 110 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $7 million Box office $85.4 million	March 16 , 2018	I Can Only Imagine ( film )	i can only imagine ( film )	I Can Only Imagine is a 2018 American Christian drama film directed by the Erwin Brothers and written by Alex Cramer , Jon Erwin , and Brent McCorkle , based on the story behind the MercyMe song of the same name , the best - selling Christian single of all time . The film stars J. Michael Finley as Bart Millard , the lead singer who wrote the song about his relationship with his father ( Dennis Quaid ) . Madeline Carroll , Priscilla Shirer , Cloris Leachman , and Trace Adkins also star .	I Can Only Imagine won `` Inspirational Film of the Year '' at the 49th Annual GMA Dove Awards on 17 October 2018 . The award ceremonies were held in Nashville , Tennessee . I Can Only Imagine was released in the United States on March 16 , 2018 . It grossed $85 million worldwide against a production budget of $7 million , and is the third highest - grossing music biopic of all - time in the United States . Some critics praised it as inspiring and noted it as an improvement compared to other faith - based films , while others called it flat and by - the - numbers . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Home media 5 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) 10 - year - old Bart Millard lives with his mother and abusive father Arthur in Texas . One day his mother drops him off at a Christian camp where he meets Shannon . Upon his return from camp , Bart finds his mother has left and movers are removing her belongings . He angrily confronts his father , who denies that his abusiveness was the reason she left . Years later , in high school , Bart and Shannon are dating . Bart plays football to please his father , but is injured , breaking both ankles and ending his career . The only elective with openings is music class , so he reluctantly signs up . Initially , Bart is assigned to be a sound technician , but after overhearing him singing , the director casts him in the lead role in the school production of Oklahoma . Bart overcomes his reluctance and gives an impressive performance , but does not tell his father , who finds out the night of the show when he happens to see a flyer for the show in a diner . Arthur suddenly collapses in pain , and finds out he has cancer , which he hides from Bart . The following morning , Bart antagonizes his father , who smashes a plate over his head . At church , Shannon sees the blood and presses Bart to open up , but he responds by breaking up with her , and leaves town to seek his fortune in the city . He joins a band in need of a singer , and convinces Christian music producer Scott Brickell to manage the band and secure a showcase in Nashville . Bart surprises Shannon and invites her to tour with the band , and is confused when she flatly refuses . In Nashville , Brickell introduces Bart to established artists Amy Grant and Michael W. Smith , but is unable to convince several record execs to sign the band , who do not believe the band , now performing as `` MercyMe '' , is good enough . Devastated , Bart quits the band , but Brickell perceives that Bart needs to resolve issues in his personal life , so Bart reconciles with the band and asks them to wait for him , and leaves to return home . Bart returns home late at night and is confused to find that his father has prepared breakfast for him the next morning . His father claims to have become a Christian , but Bart is skeptical and refuses to forgive him , and leaves . In anger and despair , Arthur smashes his old Jeep , which he had asked Bart to help him restore . Bart attempts to drive away in his father 's pickup , but discovers the terminal cancer diagnosis , and returns to his father . He finally forgives his father , and the two form a deep bond , but Arthur soon dies of his illness . After Arthur 's funeral , Bart rejoins the band and writes `` I Can Only Imagine '' , and also calls Shannon and apologizes for the first time since their breakup . Brickell sends the demo tape to several artists , including Grant , who , deeply moved by the song , asks to record it herself as her next single , and Bart , who just wants the song to be heard , accepts . Grant begins the song , but ca n't bring herself to sing it , and calls Bart on stage from the audience to sing it himself . Bart 's performance earns an enthusiastic ovation , and he reunites with Shannon , who was also in attendance . The band releases the song as their first single , achieving success on both Christian and mainstream radio . Cast ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . J. Michael Finley as Bart Millard Brody Rose as Young Bart Dennis Quaid as Arthur Millard , Bart 's father Tanya Clarke as Adele Cloris Leachman as Meemaw , Bart 's grandmother Madeline Carroll as Shannon , Bart 's girlfriend Taegen Burns as Young Shannon Trace Adkins as Scott Brickell , MercyMe 's manager Priscilla Shirer as Mrs. Fincher , Bart 's teacher Nicole DuPort as Amy Grant Jake B. Miller as Michael W. Smith Mark Furze as Nathan Production ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2018 ) The film was announced in December 2016 . Dennis Quaid joined the cast in January 2017 . Broadway actor J. Michael Finley , who sang all the songs in the movie , makes his film debut as Bart Millard . The same month , it was announced that the film was slated for release in the spring of 2018 . In August 2017 , Lionsgate and Roadside Attractions signed on as distributors for the film for a nationwide release in the United States . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of June 24 , 2018 , I Can Only Imagine has grossed $83.4 million in the United States , and Canada and $1.8 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $85.2 million , against a production budget of $7 million . It is the third - highest grossing music biopic of all - time in the United States , behind Straight Outta Compton and Walk the Line . It is also the highest - grossing independent film of 2018 . I Can Only Imagine was released on March 16 , 2018 , alongside Tomb Raider and Love , Simon , and was originally projected to gross $2 -- 4 million from 1,620 theaters in its opening weekend . However , after making $6.2 million on its first day ( including $1.3 million from Thursday night previews ) , weekend estimates were increased to $14 million . It ended up grossing $17.1 million , exceeding expectations and finishing third at the box office behind Black Panther and Tomb Raider. 67 % of the opening weekend audience was female while 80 % was over the age of 35 . It was the fourth best - ever opening for a faith - based film , following The Passion of the Christ ( $83.8 million ) , Son of God ( $25.6 million ) and Heaven Is for Real ( $22.5 million ) . In its second weekend the film was added to 624 additional theaters and dropped just 19 % to $13.8 million , again finishing third . It was added to another 395 venues and finished fourth in its third weekend , making $10.4 million ( including $3 million on Easter Sunday ) . Critical response ( edit ) Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A + '' on an A+ to F scale , one of fewer than 80 films in the history of the service to earn such a score . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a 91 % audience score with an average rating of 4.6 out of 5.0 but holds an approval rating of 63 % based on 27 reviews by movie critics with an average rating of 5.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` I Can Only Imagine 's message will have the most impact among Christian audiences , but overall , its performances and storytelling represent a notable evolution in faith - based cinema . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 30 out of 100 , based on 8 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . The Arizona Republic 's James Ward gave the film 4 / 5 stars and wrote , `` Too often faith - based films -- say anything with Kirk Cameron or the terrible God 's Not Dead series -- tend to preach to the choir or hector their audience . The Erwins ' films -- I Can Only Imagine definitely among them -- are more inclusive , charitable of spirit and hopeful , all qualities that are always appreciated , be they rooted in Christian faith or otherwise . '' David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a `` C -- '' saying : `` There 's a reason why all of these movies are so amateurishly made ; why they all end with links to religious websites ; why they all look like they were shot on an iPhone by a Walmart - brand Janusz Kaminski who lit each interior like the white light of heaven was streaming through every window ... Art can be affirmation , but affirmation can not be art . '' Home Media ( edit ) The film was released on iTunes and Google Play on June 5 , 2018 , and on DVD and Blu - ray on June 12 , 2018 . I Can Only Imagine was the no . 1 film in DVD sales and rentals for the week ending June 16 , 2018 . Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . K - LOVE Fan Awards May 27 , 2018 Film Impact I Can Only Imagine Won GMA Dove Awards October 17 , 2018 Inspirational Film of the Year I Can Only Imagine Won People 's Choice Awards November 11 , 2018 The Family Movie of 2018 I Can Only Imagine Pending References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Anita , Busch ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Faith - Based ' I Can Only Imagine ' Picked Up By Lionsgate & Roadside Attractions '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Can Only Imagine ( 2018 ) '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Patrick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` How did ' I Can Only Imagine ' become the biggest Christian hit ever ( and inspire a movie ) ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://doveawards.com/49th-annual-gma-dove-awards-winners-revealed-tuesday-night-in-nashville/ Jump up ^ Staff Reports ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` MercyMe hit song turning into Okie production '' . NewsOK . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Faith - Based Film ' I Can Only Imagine ' With Dennis Quaid , Cloris Leachman And Trace Adkins Eyes Spring 2018 Release '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Lionsgate , Roadside Acquire Faith - Based Drama ' I Can Only Imagine ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Biopic - Music Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Erbland , Kate . `` The 20 Highest Grossing Indies of 2018 ( A Running List ) -- IndieWire '' . IndieWire . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fuster , Jeremy ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Will ' Tomb Raider ' Be the Movie to Finally Knock ' Black Panther ' From Box Office Perch ? '' . TheWrap . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Poised For $460 M+ In Profit ; ' I Can Only Imagine ' Surprises -- Box Office Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Keeps B.O. Treasure From ' Tomb Raider ' ; How ' I Can Only Imagine ' Hit A $17 M High Note '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' I Can Only Imagine ' Revives Faith - Based Genre '' . The Hollywood Reporter . March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` Does ' Pacific Rim : Uprising ' Break Even At The Global B.O. ? ; ' Black Panther ' Sets Marvel Record -- Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` How Warner Bros. Sold ' Ready Player One ' On The Spielberg Spirit & Beat Tracking With $53 M+ 4 - Day -- Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` I Can Only Imagine ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved September 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` I Can Only Imagine Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ward , James ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Faith - based drama ' I Can Only Imagine ' does n't just preach to the choir '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , David ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' I Can Only Imagine ' Review : A Christian Rock Biopic Shows Why Faith - Based Films Struggle to Convert Secular Audiences '' . IndieWire . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ June 5 Blu - ray , DVD , and Digital Releases Comingsoon.net , Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ I Can Only Imagine Blu - ray Blu-ray.com , June 22 , 2018 Jump up ^ ( https://www.thechristianmail.com/i-can-only-imagine-soars-to-no-1-on-dvd-sales-chart/ Jump up ^ ( https://www.mediaplaynews.com/research/top-20-sellers-for-week-ended-06-16-18/ Jump up ^ https://www.klovefanawards.com/vote/ Jump up ^ https://doveawards.com/49th-annual-gma-dove-awards-winners-revealed-tuesday-night-in-nashville/ Jump up ^ USA TODAY Life staff ( 2018 - 09 - 24 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards 2018 : The nominees '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 26 . External links ( edit ) 2010s portal film in the United States portal Official website I Can Only Imagine on IMDb I Can Only Imagine at the TCM Movie Database I Can Only Imagine at AllMovie I Can Only Imagine at Box Office Mojo I Can Only Imagine at History vs. Hollywood Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Can_Only_Imagine_(film)&oldid=866290899 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films American films American drama films 2010s drama films Drama films based on actual events Films based on actual events Roadside Attractions films Films shot in Oklahoma Films about Christianity Hidden categories : Incomplete lists from March 2018 Articles to be expanded from March 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 13 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Can%20Only%20Imagine%20%28film%29	847
we found love in a hopeless place by rihanna			We Found Love	we found love		`` Fly '' ( 2011 ) `` We Found Love '' ( 2011 ) `` You da One '' ( 2011 ) Calvin Harris singles chronology `` Feel So Close '' ( 2011 ) Feel So Close 2011 `` We Found Love '' ( 2011 ) We Found Love2011 `` Off the Record '' ( 2011 ) Off the Record 2011 Music video `` We Found Love '' on YouTube `` We Found Love '' is a song recorded by Barbadian singer Rihanna from her sixth studio album , Talk That Talk ( 2011 ) . It was written and produced by , and features Scottish DJ Calvin Harris ; the song was also featured on his third album 18 Months ( 2012 ) . `` We Found Love '' premiered on September 22 , 2011 , on the Capital FM radio station in the United Kingdom , and was made available to download on the same day as the lead single from Talk That Talk . `` We Found Love '' is an uptempo electro house song , with elements of techno and Europop . The song 's lyrics speak of a couple who `` found love in a hopeless place '' . The song topped the US Billboard Hot 100 for ten non-consecutive weeks , becoming the longest running number - one single of 2011 . The single also surpassed `` Umbrella '' and became Rihanna 's longest running number one single . It was the singer 's eleventh song to top the Hot 100 , placing her in third place among female recording artists amassing the most number one singles . `` We Found Love '' topped the charts in twenty - five other countries including Canada , Ireland , New Zealand , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . According to Billboard it is the 24th most successful single of all time in the US . As of 2015 , the single has sold 10.5 million copies worldwide , thus being one of the best selling singles of all time . The song 's accompanying music video , directed by Melina Matsoukas , depicts the singer as a drug - abusing thrill - seeker in a relationship that quickly spirals downward into addiction and violence . The video won a Grammy for `` Best Short Form Music Video '' at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards and `` Video of the Year '' at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards . The song has been performed on both the UK and US versions of The X Factor , as well as at the 2012 Grammy Awards and the 2012 BRIT Awards . Multiple recording artists have covered `` We Found Love '' including alternative rock band Coldplay and English singer Jessie J. The song also used for the trailer of 2012 comedy - drama film Magic Mike , in the TV series Sherlock , and in the film American Honey . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Artwork 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 3.1 Recognition and awards 4 Chart performance 4.1 Oceania 4.2 North America 4.3 Europe 5 Music video 6 Live performances 7 Cover versions 8 Usage in media 9 Remixes 10 Formats and track listings 11 Credits and personnel 12 Charts 12.1 Weekly charts 12.2 Year - end charts 12.3 All - time charts 13 Certifications 14 Radio and release history 15 Cover Girl version 16 See also 17 References 18 External links Background ( edit ) `` It changed absolutely everything . Career-wise it was the best thing that could ever have happened . For example , in America my tune ' Feel So Close ' came out about three months before . But when ' We Found Love ' came out , the radio started playing ' Feel So Close ' like it was the single after . Then that did really well , it charted well and sold a lot of copies . -- Harris talking about the success of `` We Found Love '' Following the release and success of her album Loud ( 2010 ) , Rihanna originally revealed via Twitter that the album would be re-issued with new songs and released in Fall 2011 , writing that `` ( t ) he ( Loud era ) continues with more new music to add to ( your ) collection '' . In September 2011 , Rihanna again took to the social networking site to confirm that the plans had been scrapped , with the singer tweeting `` I ( thought about ) a ( re-release ) , but LOUD is its own body of work ! Plus ( you ) guys work so hard that ( you ) deserve to act brand new '' . On September 19 , 2011 , Rihanna further provoked excitement amongst her followers when she posted that she was listening to the song , only to be re-tweeted by Calvin Harris , who replied `` Sometimes it feels like we find love in the most hopeless place '' , suggesting that his response contained possible lyrics from the song . In an interview with Capital FM , Harris -- who produced the track -- explained that followers of Rihanna had sent messages to him regarding their expectations of the song , saying `` The song better not be rubbish '' , which he interpreted as slightly threatening , but went on to say that `` it 's all part of the fun '' . In an interview for Q magazine , Harris said of the lyric , `` we found love in a hopeless place , '' `` It could have been Jumpin Jaks in Dumfries ( Harris ' home town ) , I do n't know exactly what I was thinking about . '' `` We Found Love '' premiered in the United Kingdom on September 22 , 2011 , on Capital FM , and was sent for mainstream adds in the United States on October 11 , 2011 . The song was released via iTunes on September 22 , 2011 . During an interview with MTV News , Calvin Harris revealed , `` ' We Found Love , ' is the most successful thing I 've done ever ... It 's not strictly a song by me , obviously , it 's by Rihanna . She sings it ... It was great to work with her ... No one could have taken it as far as she did . You ca n't escape it here ( in America ) . I 've heard it a lot . I 've heard it probably more times today than I did when I was mixing it . Which is a good thing ... Ever since the Rihanna song did well , a lot of people want to do some stuff , which is great ... That 's what I enjoy doing . In terms of actual names , I 've not done anything yet . '' In October 2012 , British singer Leona Lewis claimed that she was originally chosen to sing the song but ended up losing it to Rihanna when Harris went touring with the latter , commenting . `` I did n't commit to it because I wanted `` Trouble '' to be my first single so I think that was another reason they went with Rihanna . It was the same version and production but mine 's better . '' In 2013 , Nicole Scherzinger claimed that she was the first artist given the song but ended up rejecting it , commenting . `` I 've got the demo of that song and I was busy at the time . They 'd sent me a few dance tracks and I was n't able to get to them and I was like , ' Oh there 's so much dance and I want to take a break from it . '' Artwork ( edit ) The artwork for `` We Found Love '' was released by Rihanna 's official Facebook page on September 22 , 2011 . Grady Smith of Entertainment Weekly 's The Music Mix criticized the song 's artwork , writing `` ' We found love in a hopeless place , ' Rihanna repeats over a David Guetta - ish synth beat . But judging by the single cover , her place does n't look too hopeless , does it ? Maybe there 's a building on fire outside the frame , and that fire hydrant does n't work . I guess that would be hopeless . '' A reviewer for Sugar Magazine wrote that `` On anyone else this would be a pretty odd look but Rihanna somehow makes a denim overload look good . '' A reviewer for Neon Limelight commented that Rihanna appeared to be adopting a tomboy image for the new project , writing , `` She really is going for that sexy tomboy look this album era it seems ; remember the laid back look she rocked on the single 's cover art ? '' . Composition ( edit ) `` We Found Love '' A 21 - second sample of `` We Found Love '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` We Found Love '' is an electro house song with elements of Europop , pop , techno , trance , and Euro disco . According to the digital music sheet published at musicnotes.com , the song is written in the key of F ♯ major and it is set at a tempo of 128 beats per minute . The instrumentation of `` We Found Love '' consists of alarm bells , a keyboard , repetitive pumped - up synthesizers and 4 / 4 beats . Rihanna 's vocal range in the song spans one octave , from the lower note of C ♯ to the higher note of C ♯ . Priya Elan of NME commented that Rihanna sounds `` extremely relaxed '' and Bill Lamb of About.com wrote that her vocals are simple and unaffected . Leah Collins of The Vancouver Sun wrote that Rihanna 's vocals on `` We Found Love '' were similar to her vocals on `` Fly '' . According to Elan , the keyboard work in the song bears resemblance to that in from `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' and the melody is similar to that of `` Complicated '' , a track included in Rihanna 's 2010 studio album Loud . Similarly , Michael Cragg of The Guardian noted that `` We Found Love '' is in the same vein as `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' , with regard to its dance beat . The lyrical content of the song is sparse and largely revolves around Rihanna chanting the song 's hook line , `` We found love in a hopeless place '' . Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone described it as `` half - baked romantic '' . Rihanna starts the song in a falsetto airy voice as she sings , `` Yellow diamonds in the light / And we 're standing side by side / As your shadow crosses mine / What it takes to come alive . '' Michael Cragg commented that the first chorus is almost being sidelined in favor of a large chunk of Harris 's riff , before they join on the second chorus . The hook repeatedly rings throughout the song . Critical reception ( edit ) The song received polarizing reviews from music critics . Amanda Dobbins of New York magazine praised the composition of the song , writing `` Harris 's electro fingerprints are all over this one -- it plays like a straight house track , with some dreamy Rihanna vocals added in over the beat . '' Robbie Daw of Idolator commented on the song 's lyrics , with particular emphasis on the line `` We found love in a hopeless place '' , writing that it is possibly the best lyric in pop music so far in 2011 . A reviewer for Instinct magazine praised the song , writing that `` We Found Love '' does not mark a departure from the dance - floor oriented material Rihanna debuted on Loud , but it certainly boasts `` a higher - energy , peak - hour vibe '' . Similarly , Michael Cragg of The Guardian commented that the song takes the dance direction Rihanna hinted at on `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' and continues releasing similar songs , making reference to `` We Found Love '' . Cragg also likened the song to Leona Lewis 's recent single , `` Collide '' , but criticized the song 's structure , writing `` ( it ) is slightly odd '' . He ended his review writing , `` Either way , she could have recited Nick Clegg 's conference speech from Wednesday over the sound of Harris cracking his knuckles and it would be a hit . '' Priya Elan of NME commented , `` By now it 's pretty customary to have a jaw - on - the - floor reaction to the first single from a Rihanna album . ' Pon De Replay ' , ' SOS ' , ' Umbrella ' , ' Russian Roulette ' , ' Only Girl In The World ' . '' Despite complimenting Rihanna for sounding extremely relaxed and calling her vocal as `` luxurious calling to mind the atmosphere '' , Elan concluded that the over-all effect is underwhelming . She continued by writing that instead of re-inventing the pop wheel , `` We Found Love '' has `` a whiff of treading - water about it '' and that `` if there is a ' goosebump ' moment to be had it comes after many multiple plays and , dare we say it , a glass of something strong . '' Awarding `` We Found Love '' two stars out of five , Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone was critical , writing that it `` is much ado about very little indeed '' and that is `` an insipid tune '' . He concluded that Rihanna repeats ' We found love in a hopeless place ' `` approximately 350 times , hoping it will start to mean something . It 's the worst single of Rihanna 's career . It will probably top the Hot 100 anyway . '' Leah Collins of The Vancouver Sun initially praised Rihanna 's vocal performance in the song , writing that she `` smoothes out her vocals '' , before adding , `` Angelic as she sounds , though , ( her ) performance -- which is mostly just her repeating the line ' We found love in a hopeless place ' -- seems to take second place to Harris ' repetitive synth - based blare . '' Similarly , Amos Barshad of Grantland criticized the singer 's vocal performance , calling it `` a complete afterthought '' before concluding , `` People who regularly attend the Electric Zoo festival : Rihanna wants your money ! '' A reviewer for GlobalGrind commented on the song 's lyrics , suggesting that there is perhaps an underlying message in the song for ex-boyfriend Chris Brown , in the line `` We found love in a hopeless place '' . This further raised suspicion when Brown re-tweeted one of Rihanna 's posts on Twitter , which read `` Sometimes it feels like we find love in the most hopeless place '' . Jessica Herndon of People magazine praised the song , saying that `` ' We Found Love ' had an amazing influence on people all across the world in 2012 , becoming one of the most popular and most successful songs '' . Pitchfork Media commented , `` Over a frantic , Calvin Harris - produced , Guetta - meets - ' Sandstorm ' beat on her sixth record 's lead - off single , Rihanna repeats these words almost 20 times . ' We Found Love ' ranks among Ri 's best singles because it recognizes that there 's not much more that needs to be said : in three and a half minutes , the line moves from being a great pop lyric to a triumphant mantra to something suggestive of a whole spectrum of unspoken emotion . The best pop music transports you to somewhere beyond words , and Rihanna 's strongest singles all seem to be in on this secret . '' Allmusic chose the song as a highlight on Talk That Talk , and wrote about the `` singer 's ecstatic vocal than Calvin Harris ' shrill , plinky production '' . Los Angeles Times commented that the song was an `` ode for bad love '' and added it `` would n't be out of place at Electric Daisy Carnival '' . The New York Times ' writer commented `` ' We Found Love ' almost criminally recalls the swinging Crystal Waters singles , with triumphant percussion somewhere between church and seventh - inning stretch . '' Billboard magazine also praised the song , saying that : `` Through a haze of glitter and bliss , Rihanna emerges to let us find a gorgeous hook in a hopeless place , and Calvin Harris becomes a household name . '' As of January 2015 , Billboard named `` We Found Love '' as the best song of the 2010s ( so far ) . USA Today considered the song to be a highlight on the set , commenting that Rihanna sings `` bistfully '' . Entertainment Weekly noted , `` U.K. club king Calvin Harris trades Rihanna 's usual somber synths for disco ecstasy on ' We Found Love , ' a song that builds and builds to a climax that 's so arena - ready it practically begs for someone to blow a vuvuzela '' . Recognition and Awards ( edit ) MTV chose `` We Found Love '' as the third best song of 2011 , and `` Video of the Year '' at the MTV Video Music Awards 2012 . The writers of the website further commented , `` The leadoff single from Talk That Talk is where Rihanna fully embraced EDM . Produced by Calvin Harris , ' We Found Love ' is a swirling party track about love and loss , the rare song that manages to be sad and joyous all at once . And it is a pinnacle of the pop / dance crossover , a throwback to ' 90s raves that could make even the most stoic lover of pop want to break out a glow stick and just dance . Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone put `` We Found Love '' at number eleven on his list of Top 25 Songs of 2011 commenting , `` While her other hits tried to camouflage her spindly voice , here it just strains for that spindly melody . '' It was named the third biggest love song of all time by Billboard . Year Ceremony Award Result 2012 Billboard Music Awards Top Radio Song Nominated International Dance Music Awards Best R&B / Urban Dance Track Won Best Music Video Nominated Best Commercial / Pop Dance Track Won MTV Video Music Awards Video Of The Year Won Best Female Video Nominated Best Pop Video Nominated MTV Europe Music Awards Best Video Nominated Best Song Nominated MTV Video Music Awards Japan Best Female Video Nominated Best Pop Video Nominated MuchMusic Video Awards International Video of the Year Nominated UR Fave International Artist Nominated NRJ Music Awards Best International Song Nominated UK Music Video Awards Best Pop Video - International Nominated 2013 55th Grammy Awards Best Short Form Music Video Won Chart performance ( edit ) Oceania ( edit ) `` We Found Love '' made its chart debut on the New Zealand Singles Chart on September 26 , 2011 , at number 14 , and in its fifth week , rose to number one . It remained at the top for nine straight weeks , becoming Rihanna 's longest - running single in the country , overtaking ' Umbrella ' which reigned for six weeks in 2007 . The song has since been certified three - times platinum by the RIANZ , denoting shipments of 45,000 copies . In Australia , `` We Found Love '' debuted on the Australian Singles Chart on October 9 , 2011 , at number three , before rising to number two for multiple weeks . As of February 2013 , the song has been certified six - times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association , denoting shipments of 420,000 copies , marking Rihanna 's best - selling single in the country as a lead artist . North America ( edit ) With `` We Found Love '' becoming Rihanna 's eleventh number - one single on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart , the singer was tied with Whitney Houston in third place amongst females with the most number one singles on the chart , behind Madonna ( 12 ) and Mariah Carey ( 18 ) . In the United States , the song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 chart on September 28 , 2011 , at number 16 . `` We Found Love '' became the singer 's fourth highest debut on the chart out of her 31 Hot 100 chart entries , with the highest being her collaboration with Eminem , `` Love the Way You Lie '' , which debuted at number two in July 2010 . The following week , `` We Found Love '' rose to number nine , giving Rihanna the record for a solo artist to have amassed twenty top - ten singles in the history of the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the shortest amount of time . Rihanna achieved the feat in a time span of six years and four months , surpassing the record previously held by Madonna who managed the achievement in a time span of six years and nine months . In its sixth week on the chart , the song reached number one , giving Rihanna her eleventh number - one single and Calvin Harris his first number - one single in the United States thus tying her with Whitney Houston in fifth place for the highest amount of number - one singles in the 53 - year history of the chart , behind The Beatles ( 20 ) , Mariah Carey ( 18 ) , Michael Jackson ( 13 ) , and a fourth place tie between Madonna and The Supremes ( both with 12 ) . Rihanna also tied with Houston as the female artists with the third most number - one singles on the chart , behind Carey and Madonna . `` We Found Love '' spent 8 consecutive weeks and two additional weeks ( after 2 weeks at number two ) at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 , surpassing `` Umbrella '' as Rihanna 's longest number - one single in the country , and was the longest - running number one of 2011 . It was certified nine times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipping more than 9 million copies . As of June 2015 , the song has sold 5.4 million digital copies in the US . On August 1 , 2013 , Billboard announced that `` We Found Love '' is the 24th biggest Hot 100 hit of all time in the chart 's 55 - year history . `` We Found Love '' debuted at number seven on the US Hot Digital Songs chart , with digital download sales of 117,000 after only four days according to Nielsen SoundScan . In its fifth week , the song rose to number one , with sales of 231,000 copies , giving Rihanna her eleventh number - one song on the chart , further extending her record as the artist with the most number ones . The song spent a second week at number one on the chart , with sales of 243,000 copies , bringing total sales to 1,057,000 copies sold , marking Rihanna 's twentieth download to reach the million - selling milestone , extending her record for the most such downloads among women . On October 12 , 2011 , the song debuted at number 39 on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart and number 21 on the Pop Songs chart . It eventually reached number one on both charts . It was , until 2013 , the most recent song to spend at least two consecutive weeks atop the US Hot Dance Club chart , until Daft Punk 's `` Get Lucky '' . `` We Found Love '' also peaked at numbers three and two on the US Latin Songs and Latin Pop Songs charts , becoming Rihanna 's highest - charting single on both charts . Furthermore , the song reached the top spot on the Canadian Hot 100 chart . Europe ( edit ) In Harris 's native United Kingdom , `` We Found Love '' debuted at number one with 87,000 copies sold on the UK Singles Chart , UK Dance Chart and UK Singles Downloads Chart on October 9 , 2011 , despite only having been on sale for four days . With `` We Found Love '' debuting atop the singles chart , the singer set a record by becoming the first female solo artist to top the chart six times in five consecutive years , having previously held pole position with `` Umbrella '' , `` Take A Bow '' , `` Run This Town '' , `` Only Girl ( In The World ) '' and `` What 's My Name '' between 2007 and 2011 . The song retained its number - one position on all three charts for three consecutive weeks , selling 92,000 copies in its third week . Total sales for `` We Found Love '' in the United Kingdom stood at 372,268 after just 24 days . In its fifth week , the song climbed a place to number two but then in its sixth week , the song returned to number - one for a fourth non-consecutive week ( the record would be broken three years later when Pharrell Williams ' `` Happy '' took a five - week break from the top - spot before returning to pole position ) and eventually topped the chart for six weeks , resulting in Rihanna overtaking Adele as the artist with the most cumulutive weeks at number one of 2011 , with a total of seven weeks between `` We Found Love '' and her January release `` What 's My Name ? '' . In addition , in its sixth week Rihanna scored her second `` chart double '' of the year when Talk That Talk and `` We Found Love '' placed at number one on the albums and singles charts , respectively . This achievement had not been achieved since 1979 and made Rihanna the first female artist in chart history to score two `` chart doubles '' in the same year , with the singer 's previous album Loud and its second single , ' What 's My Name ? ' topping both charts earlier in 2011 . By February 2012 , the single had racked up 1,006,460 copies in 19 weeks , making it Rihanna 's second solo track ( third overall ) to reach the million sales plateau since October 2011 , following `` Love the Way You Lie '' and `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' . In November 2012 , it was included on ' The Million Sellers ' list by the Official Charts Company , consisting of the best - selling singles in the UK that have sold at least one million copies since 1952 . It charted at number 76 out of a total 123 , having sold 1.13 million copies . As of February 2016 , the song has sold 1.39 million copies in the UK , making it Rihanna 's biggest - selling single there . The song debuted at number one in Scotland on October 15 , 2011 . The single is the 9th best - selling song of all time by a female artist in the UK . Elsewhere in Europe , the song topped the charts in Denmark , Finland , France , Germany , Hungary , Ireland , Norway , Poland , Russia , Slovakia , Sweden and Switzerland and attained top - five positions in the Flanders and Wallonia regions of Belgium at numbers three and two , and reached number two in the Czech Republic and Spain and three in the Netherlands . In Germany `` We Found Love '' entered the single chart at number one on October 28 , 2011 , becoming Rihanna 's fourth number one in the country . After being deposed for a week , the track rebounded to take the lead spending three further weeks at the top , becoming Rihanna 's second longest - running number one hit in the country after `` Umbrella '' in 2007 . In France , `` We Found Love '' has sold 145,000 copies as of 2011 . The song topped certain European charts for lengthy periods , including in Norway for nine non-consecutive weeks , Ireland for seven consecutive weeks and Denmark for six weeks . Music video ( edit ) Main article : We Found Love ( music video ) The music video for `` We Found Love '' was shot in late September 2011 , in County Down , Northern Ireland and the New Lodge area of North Belfast . The video was directed by Melina Matsoukas , who had previously directed the videos for `` Hard '' ( 2009 ) , `` Rude Boy '' ( 2010 ) , `` Rockstar 101 '' ( 2010 ) and the controversial `` S&M '' ( 2011 ) . Anticipation for the video grew in the United Kingdom when the national news picked up on the story of sixty - one - year - old Northern Ireland farmer Alan Graham withdrawing his permission to film in his barley field in Bangor , County Down after taking issue with Rihanna 's clothing , focusing on her appearing topless and also wearing a red bikini top which he thought was an `` inappropriate state of undress '' . Rihanna and her film crew departed amiably after Graham advised them to `` be acquainted with God and to consider his son , the Lord Jesus Christ , and his death and Resurrection . '' The video begins with a monologue about love and heartbreak by an unseen narrator , fashion model Agyness Deyn . Multiple scenes of Rihanna and her lover , Dudley O'Shaughnessy , are intercut throughout the narration , depicting them in different love and hate situations with each other . The two are shown as completely enamored with each other while engaging in fun activities together , including enjoying their time at an indoor skating centre and eating in fast food restaurants . During the chorus , the video shows the romance to be somewhat warped , as images of drugs , various pills and dilated pupils are shown , while brief scenes of Rihanna and her boyfriend preparing to engage in sexual intercourse and their various stages of undress are shown . The chorus continues and the video abruptly cuts to Rihanna and other people at an outdoor rave , dancing to music . Calvin Harris features as the DJ during this scene . From the second verse , Rihanna and her boyfriend are seen happily running amok in a supermarket , pushing each other in a shopping cart and spraying canned drinks at each other . This scene is interrupted with Rihanna in a Pontiac Trans Am outside with her boyfriend who begins to recklessly drive in circles , resulting in Rihanna asking him to stop the car which ensues into an argument between the pair . The video then progressively shows the couple experiencing mounting difficulties in their relationship . Rihanna removes herself from the car and returns moments later where we see her boyfriend grab her chin to look at him , suggesting that he is domestically violent towards her . During the final chorus Rihanna can be seen vomiting what appears to be pink and white streamers ; she is also seen passed out on the street while her boyfriend tries to revive her . In another scene , Rihanna is seen lying on a couch while her boyfriend tattoos the word ' MINE ' on her backside . Eventually , Rihanna decides to leave her boyfriend after finding him passed out on the floor of his apartment -- and most likely due to the previous events shown throughout the video . The clip ends with Rihanna curled up in the corner of a room , crying . The video generated controversy for its depiction of violence and drug use , as well as for Rihanna 's removal of her clothes during filming . One journalist wrote , `` The song is probably one of the most talked about in the country following the Barbadian being told to ' find God ' after running naked through a Northern Irish farmer 's field . '' It was described as a `` disgrace '' by an anti-rape campaigner , and Christian commenters worried about the effects of the video and that `` Rihanna is damaging the moral and self - worth of young impressionable teens . '' However , The Guardian praised the video for being different in its time period and called it `` a very British music video '' , comparing it to UK TV series , Skins . The video won a Grammy Award for ' Best Short - Form Music Video . As of January 2015 , Billboard named the video as the second best music video of the 2010s ( so far ) . Live performances ( edit ) Rihanna performing `` We Found Love '' on the Loud Tour ( 2011 ) Rihanna performed `` We Found Love '' for the first time on November 14 , 2011 during a concert of her Loud Tour in London . The song was then added to the setlist as the closing song for the rest of the tour until it ended on December 22 . On November 17 , 2011 , Rihanna performed the song on first season of The X Factor USA . The performance featured Rihanna wearing torn jeans and a bomber jacket with neon signs also present on the stage . On November 20 , 2011 , Rihanna performed the song on the eighth season of The X Factor UK , featuring Rihanna wearing a small tartan dress . On February 12 , 2012 , Rihanna performed `` We Found Love '' at the 54th Grammy Awards held at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , followed by her duet single `` Princess of China '' with Coldplay for first time . John Mitchell from MTV News said he thought Rihanna looked `` gorgeous '' and that she gave `` off a Tina Turner vibe -- Rihanna rocked the blond locks she introduced recently , wearing a tight , belly - baring ensemble . '' USA Today 's writer Ed Masley , praised the performance , describing it as `` shout in shout - out '' . The Huffington Post also noted that the performance had `` a twinge of Tina Turner '' . Time magazine graded the performance with an A , saying that `` Rihanna never disappoints . Her pop songs are always danceable , often catchy and consistently awesome -- sometimes they even have some substance to them . Similarly , her Grammy performance was n't the flashiest or craziest , and she did n't bust out dance moves the way other entertainers did , but it was one of the most enjoyable . '' Later that month , the singer performed the song at the 2012 BRIT Awards held on February 21 , 2012 , at The O2 Arena in London . The performance began with Rihanna , in only an old grandad - style jumper covering her body , in a clear cage as colourful paint began to be thrown inside with her , although none was thrown onto the singer herself . Dancers were also present as Rihanna emerged from the cage and began dancing along the broad stretch of stage . The performance concluded with big multi-coloured balloons pouring down red confetti from the ceiling as they burst , finalizing with Rihanna returning to the paint - covered cage and smearing it over herself ending with her silhouette being broadcast through the cage . At the ceremony , Rihanna also won the award for Best International Female Solo Artist . Whilst promoting her first feature film appearance in Battleship , Rihanna made a visit to Japan , performing `` We Found Love '' on the Japanese music television program Music Station . She donned a traditional kimono and concluded the performance by crowd surfing into the audience . On April 24 , 2012 , Rihanna performed a special acoustic version of the song at the Time 100 gala for Time Magazine 's selection of that year 's 100 most influential people of which Rihanna was listed . Rihanna later performed `` We Found Love '' at Radio 1 's Hackney Weekend on May 24 , 2012 , as the seventeenth and final song on the set list . The performance featured a giant sphinx on the stage . On September 9 , 2012 , Rihanna performed the single ( along with `` Princess of China '' and `` Run This Town '' ) with Coldplay and Jay - Z at the closing ceremony of the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London , entering on a steampunk pirate ship and also suspended in the air on a metal bench . On December 9 , 2012 , Rihanna performed `` We Found Love '' in a medley with a solo version of `` Stay '' on the final of series nine of the UK The X Factor . The performance featured Rihanna wearing white T - bar wedge sandals , strap around her calves , diamond earrings and silver jewellery . She also performed the song at the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards . Cover versions ( edit ) American singer Tinashe uploaded a music video for her cover on her YouTube account on October 21 , 2011 . British alternative rock band Coldplay , with whom Rihanna would later collaborate on their song `` Princess of China '' , covered `` We Found Love '' on October 27 , 2011 , during a performance at BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge . Jocelyn Vena of MTV News called the performance `` flawless '' , writing `` Lead singer Chris Martin 's haunting vocals and the band 's acoustic rendition , using drums , piano and guitar , play up the sadness of the track . '' Jason Lipshutz of Billboard magazine also noted that the band used `` piano flourishes , a kick drum and a simple guitar lick to convey the song 's romantic declaration '' , while making a ballad which was `` reminiscent of Bruno Mars 's emotional reworking of Katy Perry 's ' California Gurls ' '' . Matthew Perpetua of Rolling Stone wrote : `` It may surprise that their rendition is actually pretty good . Whereas Rihanna 's version is a thumping rave anthem , Chris Martin and company transform it into a lovely piano ballad nearly indistinguishable from many of their own songs . '' A writer for The Hollywood Reporter said : `` Martin 's vocals blend with the piano for a slightly softer take on the tragic love story . '' On February 17 , 2012 , British singer Jessie J made a cover of the song on BBC Radio1 's Live Lounge . Lea Michele and Naya Rivera covered the song in the climax of the third season 's tenth episode of Glee , `` Yes / No '' . Romanian X Factor contestant Diana Hetea performed `` We Found Love '' in the `` Public 's Choice Gala '' on December 10 , 2011 . Even though ill of laryngitis , Hetea 's performance was praised all three judges that called it `` ( The ) Perfect match for her ! '' both visually and vocally . Kris Allen also covered the song mashing it with other songs by Katy Perry and other female artists . Carmen Smith also performed `` We Found Love '' for her battle round in the Australian Version of the Voice which saw her through to next round . In September 2012 , Kelly Clarkson performed the song during a concert in Virginia Beach . In October 2012 , British singer Ed Sheeran did an acoustic cover of the song for Sirius XM Radio . Lindsey Stirling covered it in a music video filmed in a Kenyan village . British pop rock band McFly covered `` We Found Love '' on their `` Keep Calm And Play Lounder '' tour 2012 . Kele Okereke sang a verse of the song as the intro to his band Bloc Party 's song `` Flux '' on their June 2012 U.K. tour . In July 2014 , Tori Amos covered the song on her Unrepentant Geraldines Tour . In 2011 , Boyce Avenue , a pop rock band , also made an acoustic cover of the song and released it iTunes and their YouTube channel . Usage in Media ( edit ) The song also used for the trailer of 2012 comedy - drama film Magic Mike , in the TV series Sherlock , and in the films Mediterranea and American Honey . Remixes ( edit ) Pictured American rapper Flo Rida was featured on a remix of the song overlapping Calvin Harris ' dance beats . In November 2011 , R3hab released a remix of `` We Found Love '' with a `` Halloween '' sound . He explained `` I made two versions ... one version is more melodic and euphoric . This ( first ) one is more dark because the lyrics ( to ) ' We Found Love ' can also be seen as something dark . ' We are at the end of the world / And I still found love . ' So from there came the more darker chord progression and the more darker atmosphere , like Dracula is coming to get you . It 's just got a lot of emotion and that worked out great for me . '' On January 13 , 2012 , Rap - Up released a remix of `` We Found Love '' featuring American rapper Flo Rida . Flo Rida 's parts overlap Calvin Harris ' produced dance beats . In the opening lines , Flo Rida introduces himself and raps tongue twisters about Rihanna and The Bahamas , `` You know I got love for you / See what happened was we in Bahams / I remember it was the ox summer , oh so pretty I / ... Girl nice to meet you what 's the honour / Yeah she tap me told me she Rihanna . '' . He also references singer Mick Jagger singing that he is `` rocking a party ' like I 'm Mick Jagger . '' Flo Rida , himself in an interview with NME revealed that it was an honor for him to work with Rihanna . He also revealed that `` We Found Love '' was one of his favorite songs and that 's why he decided to make a remix with Rihanna . He added that Calvin Harris ' production impressed him and heavily influenced him on his future work . Rihanna also noted that she decided to work with Flo Rida because of his `` wild '' productions on his songs . Andrew Unterberger of the website PopDust wrote that Flo Rida was `` exactly '' what the original version of `` We Found Love '' was missing . He added , `` No Rihanna , you got it backwards -- it 's Flo Rida who needs to have other , more talented people on his songs in order to turn them into hits , not the other way around ... At least this remix does feature a sizeable contribution from Flo , as he shows up on both the intro and over the song 's primary instrumental hook with his trademark unintelligble yammering , though he gets in at least one reference to rocking a party ' like I 'm Mick Jagger . ' '' Matthew Perpetua of Rolling Stone praised the remix of the song , saying that `` once again , Flo Rida shows his true rapping skills over the beat of Rihanna 's ' We Found Love ' '' . Both Billboard 's Erika Ramirez and Spin 's Marc Hogan praised the remixed version calling it `` refreshing '' and `` interesting '' . However , Becky Bain of the website Idolator was more negative towards the remix . She noted , `` Being that Rihanna 's ' We Found Love ' has enough beats and synths to be its own remix , not to mention it could n't possibly be even more popular on the Hot 100 ... we find it pointless to release a new version of the single with Flo Rida . '' Formats and track listings ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` We Found Love '' 3 : 35 show CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` We Found Love '' ( Album Version ) 3 : 36 2 . `` We Found Love '' ( Extended Mix ) 5 : 45 show iTunes Remixes EP No . Title Length 1 . `` We Found Love '' ( Chuckie Extended Remix ) 5 : 57 2 . `` We Found Love '' ( Chuckie Dub ) 5 : 56 3 . `` We Found Love '' ( Cahill Edit ) 3 : 36 4 . `` We Found Love '' ( Cahill Club Mix ) 6 : 29 5 . `` We Found Love '' ( Cahill Dub ) 5 : 58 6 . `` We Found Love '' ( R3hab 's XS Remix Edit ) 3 : 40 7 . `` We Found Love '' ( R3hab 's XS Extended Remix ) 5 : 26 8 . `` We Found Love '' ( R3hab 's XS Dub ) 5 : 26 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from CD single liner notes . Recording Recorded at Fly Eye Studios , London , United Kingdom and Westlake Recording Studios , Los Angeles , California . Personnel Rihanna - vocals Calvin Harris -- songwriter , producer , recording , mixing and instrumentation Marcos Tovar -- vocal recording Alejandro Barajas -- assistant recording engineer Phil Tan -- mixing Damien Lewis -- assistant mixing Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 -- 12 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium Dance ( Ultratop Flanders ) Belgium Urban ( Ultratop Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Belgium Dance ( Ultratop Wallonia ) Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Hot 100 ) Brazil Hot Pop Songs Bulgaria ( IFPI ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Colombia ( National - Report ) 5 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) Luxembourg ( Billboard ) Mexico ( Monitor Latino ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Poland ( Dance Top 50 ) Portugal ( Billboard ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) South Korea ( Gaon Chart ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Dance ( Official Charts Company ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 14 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 5 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 54 US Hot Latin Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) US Tropical Airplay ( Billboard ) 7 Venezuela Pop / Rock Songs ( Record Report ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 12 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 30 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 24 Belgium ( Ultratop 40 Wallonia ) 39 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 43 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 8 France ( SNEP ) 13 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 13 Greece ( IFPI ) 96 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 87 Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) 31 Italy ( FIMI ) 20 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 95 Netherlands ( Mega Single Top 100 ) 18 New Zealand ( RIANZ ) 5 Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 80 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 25 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 13 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 5 US Billboard Hot 100 69 Chart ( 2012 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 89 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 46 Belgium ( Ultratop 40 Wallonia ) 42 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 6 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 82 Greece ( IFPI ) 57 Israel ( Media Forest ) 19 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 20 Netherlands ( Mega Single Top 100 ) 84 Poland ( ZPAV ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 19 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 26 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 56 US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 34 US Adult Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 21 US Pop Songs ( Billboard ) All - time charts ( edit ) Chart Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 55 US Billboard Hot 100 27 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 8 × Platinum 560,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 30,000 Denmark ( IFPI ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 2 × Platinum 600,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 3 × Platinum 90,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Platinum 250,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 3 × Platinum 90,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Platinum 40,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 6 × Platinum 240,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 3 × Platinum 1,800,000 United States ( RIAA ) 9 × Platinum 9,000,000 Summaries Worldwide 10,500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Radio and release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label United Kingdom September 22 , 2011 Radio premiere Mercury Australia Digital download Def Jam Belgium Canada Denmark France Italy Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Spain Sweden Switzerland United States Brazil September 23 , 2011 Universal United States October 4 , 2011 Urban radio Def Jam Ireland October 5 , 2011 Digital download Universal United Kingdom Mercury United States October 11 , 2011 Mainstream and rhythmic radio Def Jam Germany October 21 , 2011 CD single Universal Australia November 8 , 2011 Digital Remix Single Def Jam Cover Girl version ( edit ) Thanks to the later release date of `` We Found Love '' in the United Kingdom , a singer called `` Cover Girl '' rush - released a version before Rihanna was due to release hers . This version charted at number 54 in the UK Singles Chart . See also ( edit ) List of best - selling singles List of best - selling singles in the United States List of best - selling singles in Australia List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2011 List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2012 List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2011 List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2012 List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 2011 ( Brazil ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 2012 ( Brazil ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 2011 ( Canada ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 2012 ( Canada ) List of Danish number - one hits List of number - one singles of 2011 ( Finland ) List of number - one hits of 2011 ( France ) List of number - one hits of 2011 ( Germany ) List of number - one singles of the 2010s ( Hungary ) List of number - one singles and albums of 2011 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles from the 2010s ( New Zealand ) List of number - one songs in Norway in 2011 List of number - one singles of 2012 ( Poland ) List of number - one singles ( Sweden ) List of number - one hits of 2011 ( Switzerland ) List of number - one hits of 2011 ( UK ) List of UK Dance Chart number - one singles of 2011 List of number - one dance singles of 2011 ( U.S. ) List of number - one digital songs of 2011 ( U.S. ) List of Mainstream Top 40 number - one hits of 2011 ( U.S. ) List of Mainstream Top 40 number - one hits of 2012 ( U.S. ) List of Hot 100 Airplay number - one singles of the 2010s List of top 10 singles in 2011 ( UK ) List of top 10 singles in 2012 ( UK ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gamboa , Glen ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) . `` Hear Rihanna 's new single ' We Found Love ' '' . Newsday . Terry Jimenez . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Calvin Harris explains why he ditched Leona Lewis for Rihanna on Number One hit ' We Found Love ' '' . NME. April 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish DJ says his own music charted higher after We Found Love ... '' MTV UK . Viacom . 2012 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna to Re-Release Loud '' . Black Entertainment Television . 2011 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna plans ' Loud ' re-release for Fall '' . Rap - Up . 2011 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Scraps `` Loud '' Re-Release For New Album `` . Hello Beautiful ! . BlackPlanet. 2011 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Renshaw , David ( 2011 - 09 - 20 ) . `` Rihanna Label Confirms ' We Found Love ' To Premiere Friday '' . Popdash . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` New Report : Rihanna finds ' Love ' on new single '' . Rap - Up . 2011 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna collaborates with Calvin Harris on new single '' . NME. 2011 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ McCabe , Joanne ( 2011 - 09 - 23 ) . `` Calvin Harris : Rihanna ' navy ' warned me We Found Love better be quality '' . Metro . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rihanna Reveals New Single Title And Lyrics '' . The Capital FM Network . 2011 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( 2011 - 09 - 20 ) . `` Rihanna Confirms Next Single ' We Found Love ' '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 40 / M Future Releases '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` We Found Love '' digital single on various international iTunes stores : `` We Found Love -- Single Rihanna '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . 2011 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 22 . `` We Found Love -- Single Rihanna '' . iTunes Store ( IT ) . 2011 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 22 . `` We Found Love -- Single Rihanna '' . iTunes Store ( AU ) . 2011 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 22 . `` We Found Love -- Single Rihanna '' . iTunes Store ( FR ) . 2011 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Bhansali , Akshay ( 2012 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' We Found Love ' ' Most Successful Thing ' For Calvin Harris '' . MTV . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Ingham , James ( 2012 - 10 - 14 ) . `` Leona Lewis : Rihanna Nicked My Song '' . Daily Star . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Corner , Lewis . `` Nicole Scherzinger turned down Rihanna 's ' We Found Love ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Viera , Bené . `` www.vh1.com/music/tuner/2013-02-22/nicole-scherzinger-should-have-never-ever-admitted-to-passing-on-we-found-love/ '' . VH1 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) . `` Rihanna Drops ' We Found Love ' Single '' . MTV . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Smith , Grady ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) . `` Rihanna debuts new single ' We Found Love ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Artwork for Rihanna 's new single ' We Found Love ' feat . Calvin Harris '' . Sugar Magazine . Rita Lewis . 2011 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Photos : Rihanna Shows Some Skin In Ireland On ' We Found Love ' Video Set '' . Neon Limelight. 2011 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Music : Rihanna f / Calvin Harris -- ' We Found Love ' '' . Rap - Up . 2011 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Barshad , Amos ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) . `` Rihanna Is Working Way Harder Than You '' . Grantland . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Melissa Maerz ( 2011 - 11 - 11 ) . `` Rihanna drops new single ' You da One ' : Hear it here '' . Entertainment Weekly . 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GlobalGrind. 2011 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Dobbins , Amanda ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) . `` Rihanna Found Love at a Disappointing Rave '' . New York . New York Media , LLC . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Daw , Robbie ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) . `` Rihanna & Calvin Harris `` We Found Love '' : Review Revue `` . Idolator . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Heart It Or Hate It : Listen To New Rihanna -- `` We Found Love '' ( With Calvin Harris ) `` . Instinct . JR Pratts. 2011 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Brown Retweets Rihanna ' Love ' Lyric '' . MTV . 2011 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Jessica , Herndon ( February 14 , 2011 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' We Found Love ' : The influence of the song in 2011 / 2012 '' . People ( magazine ) format = requires url = ( help ) . 123 ( 2 ) : 45 . ISSN 0093 - 7673 . OCLC 5454756 . 15 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna : Talk That Talk Album Reviews '' . Pitchfork Media . 2011 - 11 - 23 . 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CALVIN HARRIS - WE FOUND LOVE ( SONG ) '' . danishcharts.com. 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna films music video in Bangor field '' . BBC . 2011 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` ' Rihanna 's tree ' up for grabs in church sale '' . BBC . 2011 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna shoots ' We Found Love ' video in Ireland '' . Rap - Up . Devine Lazerine . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Herrera , Monica ( 2010 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Rihanna Sizzles In New ' Rude Boy ' Music Video '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the video : Rihanna -- S&M '' . Rap - Up . 2011 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Rob Kerby . `` Farmer kicks pop singer Rihanna , video crew out of his field , suggests she find God '' . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna 's New Music Video Features Agyness Deyn '' . New York . New York Media , LLC. 2011 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 21 . 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Jump up ^ `` Rihanna 's video for ' We Found Love ' is `` a disgrace '' , say anti-rape campaigners `` . NME. 2011 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Sarachik , Justin ( 2011 - 10 - 27 ) . `` Rihanna ' We Found Love ' Video Blasted by Pastors for Sexualizing Women '' . The Christian Post . William Anderson . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Cragg , Michael ( 2012 - 02 - 24 ) . `` Rihanna : a very British music video '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The 20 Best Music Videos of the 2010s ( So Far ) '' . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Gives First ' We Found Love ' UK Performance -- Watch '' . Capital FM . 2011 - 11 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rihanna Performs ' We Found Love ' on ' The X Factor ' ( Video ) '' . Rap - Up . Devine Lazerine. 2011 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` X Factor 2011 Results Show : Rihanna wears tartan for `` We Found Love '' ( VIDEO ) `` . unrealitytv.co.uk. 2011 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , John ( 2012 - 02 - 12 ) . `` Rihanna Turns Grammy Stage Into A Rave , With Coldplay Assist '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Masley , Ed ( 2012 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Whitney Houston : Music world pays homage to fallen superstar '' . USA Today . Gannett Company ( The Republic , The Arizona Republic ) . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna , Coldplay Perform At Grammys : ' We Found Love , ' ' Princess Of China ' And ' Paradise ' '' . The Huffington Post . 2012 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Best and Worst of the 2012 Grammys : Rihanna , `` We Found Love '' `` . Time . 2012 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rihanna Gets Messy At The Brit Awards 2012 ! '' . MTV . Viacom . 2012 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` RIHANNA PERFORMS ' WE FOUND LOVE ' ON ' MUSIC STATION ' IN JAPAN '' . Rap - Up . 2012 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna performs ' We Found Love ' at Time 100 party ( Video '' . SoulCulture . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna - Set list '' . BBC . June 24 , 2012 . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cochrane , Greg ( 2012 - 06 - 25 ) . `` Rihanna closes Radio 1 's Hackney Weekend festival '' . BBC . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Paralympics Closing Ceremony : Rihanna becomes a punk pirate princess as she covers up for Coldplay duet '' . Daily Mail . September 9 , 2012 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Louise ( December 9 , 2012 ) . `` Take A Bow ! A demure Rihanna wows in a white cutaway ensemble as she performs at X Factor final alongside One Direction and Emeli Sandé '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://pitchfork.com/news/67860-mtv-vma-2016-watch-rihanna-perform-four-career-spanning-medleys/ Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r2v9VC2P1cU ^ Jump up to : Vena , Jocelyn ( 2011 - 10 - 28 ) . `` Coldplay Cover Rihanna 's ' We Found Love ' '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Lipshutz , Jason ( 2011 - 10 - 27 ) . `` Coldplay Strips Down Rihanna 's ' We Found Love ' : Listen '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Schillaci , Sophie A. ( 2011 - 10 - 28 ) . `` Coldplay Covers Rihanna 's ' We Found Love ' ( Audio ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ^ Jump up to : `` Coldplay Cover Rihanna 's New Hit ' We Found Love ' '' . Jump up ^ JJ Anisiobi ( February 17 , 2012 ) . `` Copy cat : Jessie J arrives at the BBC studios wearing Rihanna 's favourite designer as she covers We Found Love '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` Glee Enjoys Adele - Fueled Music Resurgence , Plans Cover of Rihanna , Destiny 's Child Covers '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Diana Hetea canta ' We found love ' la cererea mentorului '' . Antena 1 . xfactor.a1.ro . December 10 , 2011 . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Diana Hetea a facut show desi era racita '' . Ziua Veche . ziuaveche.ro . December 11 , 2011 . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brian Mansfield ( 2012 - 02 - 17 ) . `` Simon Cowell wants an Idol - Voice - X-Factor threeway '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ maxlavergne ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` The Voice recap : Week 4 '' . thevine.com.au . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2012 . Retrieved September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Capotorto , Alexandra ( September 14 , 2012 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson Covers Rihanna 's ' We Found Love ' '' . PopCrush . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . 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Ultratop Urban . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Rihanna feat . Calvin Harris -- We Found Love '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Rihanna feat . Calvin Harris -- We Found Love '' ( in French ) . Ultratop Dance . ^ Jump up to : BPP , ed . ( Jan -- February 2012 ) . `` Billboard Brasil Hot 100 Airplay '' . Billboard Brasil ( 27 ) : 84 -- 89 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Airplay Top5 - 19.12 - 25.18. 2011 '' Airplay Top 5 . Bulgarian Association of Music Producers . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` National Report - Top Nacional '' . National Report . 2012 - 02 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 20125 into search . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Rihanna feat . Calvin Harris -- We Found Love '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna : We Found Love ( Feat . Calvin Harris ) '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Rihanna feat . Calvin Harris -- We Found Love '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Rihanna feat . Calvin Harris -- We Found Love '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Digital Singles Charts - Greece '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 41 , 2011 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna feat . Calvin Harris -- We Found Love Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Rihanna feat . Calvin Harris -- We Found Love '' . Top Digital Download . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna - Chart History Luxembourg '' . Billboard.biz . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 General '' ( PDF ) . Monitor Latino . February 7 , 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Rihanna feat . Calvin Harris -- We Found Love '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Rihanna feat . Calvin Harris -- We Found Love '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Rihanna feat . Calvin Harris -- We Found Love '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Dance Chart : : Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' ( in Polish ) . ZPAV. 2011 - 11 - 16 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna - Chart History Portugal '' . Billboard.biz . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved October 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201147 into search . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Found Love `` Gaon Chart - We Found Love '' Check url = value ( help ) . Gaon Chart . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Rihanna feat . Calvin Harris -- We Found Love '' Canciones Top 50 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Rihanna feat . Calvin Harris -- We Found Love '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Rihanna feat . Calvin Harris -- We Found Love '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . 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Billboard -- Japan . 2011 . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch charts portal : Jaaroverzichten -- Single 2011 '' ( in Dutch ) . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2011 The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz. 2011 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Romanian Top 100 Anului 2011 '' . RT100 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` '' TOP 50 CANCIONES 2011 `` '' ( PDF ) . PROMUSICAE . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Annual 2011 '' . Hitlistan . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - End Charts 2011 '' . swisscharts.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 20 biggest selling singles of 2011 revealed '' . The Official Charts Company . 2012 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2011 : Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2012 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Belgian charts : Jaaroverzichten 2012 '' ( in Dutch ) . ultratop.be . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Belgian charts : Rapports annuels 2012 '' ( in French ) . ultratop.be . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 - CanadianHot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Album - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Radio Airplay 2012 '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 2012 '' ( in Hungarian ) . Mahasz . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch charts portal : Jaaroverzichten -- Single 2012 '' ( in Dutch ) . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` TOP digital utworów - 2012 '' . ZPAV . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Canciones Anual 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Promuiscae.es . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar - År 2012 '' . Sverigetopplistan . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2013 . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles of 2012 '' . BBC Radio 1 . BBC . 31 December 2012 . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 - Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 - Adult Contemporary Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 - Adult Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 - Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Daniel Lane . `` Adele and Rihanna score UK 's latest million selling singles '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest Of All Time - Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard. 12 November 2015 . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2015 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Gold and Platinum Certifications -- Singles -- 2011 '' . ultratop.be . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 40 '' . Tracklisten . IFPI Danmark & Nielsen Music . 2013 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Rihanna feat . Calvin Harris ; ' We Found Love ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Rihanna -- We Found Love '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` シングルトラック '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` PROMUSICAE TOP 50 CANCIONES - WEEK 25 / 2012 '' ( PDF ) . PROMUSICAE . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Veckolista Singlar - Vecka 32 , 10 augusti 2012 '' ( in Swedish ) . Swedish Recording Industry Association . 2012 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` SCHWEIZER HITPARADE - SINGLES TOP 75 '' . swisscharts.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Rihanna -- We Found Love '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter We Found Love in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Rihanna -- We Found Love '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` We Found Love -- Single Rihanna '' . iTunes Store ( AU ) . 2011 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` We Found Love ( feat . Calvin Harris ) -- Single by Rihanna '' . iTunes Store ( BE ) . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` We Found Love ( feat . Calvin Harris ) -- Single by Rihanna '' . iTunes Store ( DK ) . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` We Found Love ( feat . Calvin Harris ) -- Single de Rihanna '' ( in Spanish ) . iTunes Store ( MX ) . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` ' We Found Love ( feat . Calvin Harris ) -- Single ' van Rihanna '' ( in Dutch ) . iTunes Store ( NL ) . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` We Found Love ( feat . Calvin Harris ) -- Single by Rihanna '' . iTunes Store ( NZ ) . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` We Found Love ( feat . Calvin Harris ) -- Single by Rihanna '' . iTunes Store ( NO ) . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` We Found Love ( feat . Calvin Harris ) -- Single de Rihanna '' ( in Spanish ) . iTunes Store ( ES ) . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` We Found Love ( feat . Calvin Harris ) -- Single by Rihanna '' . iTunes Store ( SE ) . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` We Found Love ( feat . Calvin Harris ) -- Single von Rihanna '' . iTunes Store ( CH ) . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` We Found Love '' . Amazon.com ( US ) . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna -- Músicas '' ( in Portuguese ) . Terra Sonora , Terra Networks . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Urban / UAC Future Releases '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` We Found Love ( feat . Calvin Harris ) -- Single by Rihanna Ireland iTunes '' . iTunes Store ( IE ) . 2011 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` We Found Love ( feat . Calvin Harris ) -- Single by Rihanna UK iTunes '' . iTunes Store ( UK ) . 2011 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` We Found Love feat . Calvin Harris ( 2 - Track ) '' ( in German ) . Pop24.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` COVER GIRL '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 27 August 2013 . External links ( edit ) Video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Rihanna songs Discography Music of the Sun `` Pon de Replay '' `` If It 's Lovin ' that You Want '' `` You Do n't Love Me ( No , No , No ) '' A Girl like Me `` SOS '' `` Unfaithful '' `` We Ride '' `` Break It Off '' Good Girl Gone Bad `` Umbrella '' `` Do n't Stop the Music '' `` Shut Up and Drive '' `` Hate That I Love You '' `` Rehab '' Good Girl Gone Bad : Reloaded `` Disturbia '' `` Take a Bow '' `` If I Never See Your Face Again '' Rated R `` Wait Your Turn '' `` Hard '' `` Stupid in Love '' `` Rockstar 101 '' `` Russian Roulette '' `` Rude Boy '' `` Te Amo '' `` Cold Case Love '' Loud `` S&M '' `` What 's My Name ? '' `` Cheers ( Drink to That ) '' `` Fading '' `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' `` California King Bed '' `` Man Down '' `` Raining Men '' `` Complicated '' `` Skin '' `` Love the Way You Lie ( Part II ) '' Talk That Talk `` You da One '' `` Where Have You Been '' `` We Found Love '' `` Talk That Talk '' `` Cockiness ( Love It ) '' `` Birthday Cake '' `` Drunk on Love '' `` Roc Me Out '' `` Watch n ' Learn '' `` Farewell '' `` Do Ya Thang '' `` Fool in Love '' Unapologetic `` Phresh Out the Runway '' `` Diamonds '' `` Numb '' `` Pour It Up '' `` Loveeeeeee Song '' `` Jump '' `` Right Now '' `` What Now '' `` Stay '' `` Nobody 's Business '' `` Love Without Tragedy / Mother Mary '' `` No Love Allowed '' `` Half of Me '' Home `` Towards the Sun '' `` Dancing in the Dark '' Anti `` Consideration '' `` Kiss It Better '' `` Work '' `` Desperado '' `` Needed Me '' `` Love on the Brain '' `` Pose '' `` Sex with Me '' Collaborations `` All of the Lights '' `` Bad ( Remix ) '' `` Ca n't Remember to Forget You '' `` Famous '' `` Fly '' `` Lemon '' `` Live Your Life '' `` Love the Way You Lie '' `` Loyalty '' `` Nothing Is Promised '' `` Numba 1 ( Tide Is High ) '' `` Princess of China '' `` Roll It '' `` Run This Town '' `` Selfish '' `` Stranded ( Haiti Mon Amour ) '' `` Take Care '' `` The Monster '' `` This Is What You Came For '' `` Too Good '' `` Who 's That Chick ? '' `` Wild Thoughts '' Non-album songs `` American Oxygen '' `` Bad Girl '' `` Birthday Cake ( Remix ) '' `` Bitch Better Have My Money '' `` Cockiness ( Love It ) ( Remix ) '' `` FourFiveSeconds '' `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` Redemption Song '' `` S&M ( Remix ) '' `` Sledgehammer '' `` Turn Up the Music ( Remix ) '' Book Portal Calvin Harris Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums I Created Disco Ready for the Weekend 18 Months Motion Funk Wav Bounces Vol. 1 Singles `` Acceptable in the 80s '' `` The Girls '' `` Merrymaking at My Place '' `` I 'm Not Alone '' `` Ready for the Weekend '' `` Flashback '' `` You Used to Hold Me '' `` Bounce '' `` Feel So Close '' `` Let 's Go '' `` We 'll Be Coming Back '' `` Sweet Nothing '' `` Drinking from the Bottle '' `` I Need Your Love '' `` Thinking About You '' `` Under Control '' `` Summer '' `` Blame '' `` Outside '' `` Open Wide '' `` Pray to God '' `` How Deep Is Your Love '' `` This Is What You Came For '' `` Hype '' `` My Way '' `` Slide '' `` Heatstroke '' `` Rollin '' `` Feels '' `` Faking It '' `` The Weekend ( Funk Wav Remix ) '' `` Nuh Ready Nuh Ready '' `` One Kiss '' `` Promises '' Featured singles `` Dance wiv Me '' `` We Found Love '' ( music video ) `` Off the Record '' Promotional singles `` Iron '' `` Slow Acid '' `` Burnin ' '' Other songs `` Stillness in Time '' `` Together '' MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year ( 2010s ) Lady Gaga -- `` Bad Romance '' 2011 Katy Perry -- `` Firework '' 2012 Rihanna ( featuring Calvin Harris ) -- `` We Found Love '' 2013 Justin Timberlake -- `` Mirrors '' 2014 Miley Cyrus -- `` Wrecking Ball '' 2015 Taylor Swift ( featuring Kendrick Lamar ) -- `` Bad Blood '' 2016 Beyoncé -- `` Formation '' 2017 Kendrick Lamar -- `` Humble '' 2018 Camila Cabello -- `` Havana '' Complete list ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_Found_Love&oldid=855952776 '' Categories : 2011 singles Rihanna songs Calvin Harris songs Number - one singles in Denmark Number - one singles in Finland SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Greece Number - one singles in Honduras Number - one singles in Israel Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Poland Number - one singles in Scotland Number - one singles in Sweden UK Singles Chart number - one singles 2011 songs Dance - pop songs UK Dance Singles Chart number - one singles Eurodance songs Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay number - one singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Mexican Airplay Chart number - one singles Monitor Latino Top Inglés number - one singles Record Report Pop Rock General number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Songs written by Calvin Harris Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with format and no URL CS1 German - 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who made up the allied forces in ww2	At the start of the war on 1 September 1939 , the Allies consisted of France , Poland and the United Kingdom , and dependent states , such as the British India . Within days they were joined by the independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth : Australia , Canada , New Zealand and South Africa . After the start of the German invasion of North Europe till the Balkan Campaign , the Netherlands , Belgium , Greece and Yugoslavia joined the Allies . After first having cooperated with Germany in invading Poland whilst remaining neutral in the Allied - Axis conflict , the Soviet Union perforce joined the Allies in June 1941 after being invaded by Germany . The United States provided war materiel and money all along , and officially joined in December 1941 after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor . China had already been in a prolonged war with Japan since the Lugou Bridge Incident of 1937 , but officially joined the Allies in 1941 .		Allies of World war II	allies of world war ii	The Allies of World War II , called the United Nations from the 1 January 1942 declaration , were the countries that together opposed the Axis powers during the Second World War ( 1939 -- 1945 ) . The Allies promoted the alliance as seeking to stop German , Japanese and Italian aggression .	At the start of the war on 1 September 1939 , the Allies consisted of France , Poland and the United Kingdom , and dependent states , such as the British India . Within days they were joined by the independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth : Australia , Canada , New Zealand and South Africa . After the start of the German invasion of North Europe till the Balkan Campaign , the Netherlands , Belgium , Greece and Yugoslavia joined the Allies . After first having cooperated with Germany in invading Poland whilst remaining neutral in the Allied - Axis conflict , the Soviet Union perforce joined the Allies in June 1941 after being invaded by Germany . The United States provided war materiel and money all along , and officially joined in December 1941 after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor . China had already been in a prolonged war with Japan since the Lugou Bridge Incident of 1937 , but officially joined the Allies in 1941 . The alliance was formalised by the Declaration by United Nations , from 1 January 1942 . However , the name United Nations was rarely used to describe the Allies during the war . The leaders of the `` Big Three '' -- the UK , the Soviet Union , and the United States -- controlled Allied strategy ; relations between the United Kingdom and the United States were especially close . China and the Big Three were referred as a `` trusteeship of the powerful '' , then were recognized as the Allied `` Big Four '' in a Declaration by United Nations and later as the `` Four Policemen '' of the United Nations . In 1945 , the Allied nations became the basis of the United Nations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins and creation 2 Major affiliated state combatants 2.1 United Kingdom 2.1. 1 War declared 2.1. 1.1 Colonies and dependencies 2.1. 1.1. 1 In Africa 2.1. 1.1. 2 In the Americas 2.1. 1.1. 3 In Asia 2.1. 1.1. 4 In Europe 2.2 China 2.2. 1 Factions 2.2. 1.1 Nationalists 2.2. 1.2 Communists 2.3 France 2.3. 1 War declared 2.3. 2 Colonies and dependencies 2.3. 2.1 In Africa 2.3. 2.2 In Asia and Oceania 2.3. 2.3 In the Americas 2.4 Soviet Union 2.4. 1 Outbreak 2.4. 2 History 2.5 United States 2.5. 1 War justifications 2.5. 2 History 2.5. 3 Colonies and dependencies 2.5. 3.1 In the Americas and the Pacific 2.5. 3.2 In Asia 3 Minor affiliated state combatants 3.1 Australia 3.2 Belgium 3.2. 1 Colonies and dependencies 3.3 Brazil 3.4 Canada 3.5 Cuba 3.6 Czechoslovakia 3.7 Greece 3.8 Luxembourg 3.9 Mexico 3.10 Netherlands 3.10. 1 Colonies and dependencies 3.11 New Zealand 3.12 Norway 3.13 Poland 3.14 Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea 3.15 South Africa 3.16 Yugoslavia 3.16. 1 Resistance Factions 3.16. 1.1 Partisans 3.16. 1.2 Chetniks 4 Client states 4.1 British 4.1. 1 Egypt 4.1. 2 British Raj ( India ) 4.1. 3 Iraq 4.1. 4 Iran 4.2 Soviet 4.2. 1 Bulgaria 4.2. 2 Mongolia 4.2. 3 Poland ( Gomułka regime ) 4.2. 4 Romania 4.2. 5 Tannu Tuva 5 Co-belligerent state combatants 5.1 Italy 6 Associated power 6.1 Albania 7 United Nations 7.1 Declaration by United Nations 7.2 Alliance growing 7.3 Charter of the United Nations 8 Timeline of nations entering war on the Axis Powers 8.1 1939 8.2 1940 8.3 1941 8.4 Provisional governments or governments - in exile that declared war against the Axis in 1941 8.5 1942 8.6 1943 8.7 1944 8.8 1945 9 See also 10 Footnotes 11 Bibliography 12 External links Origins and creation Main articles : Causes of World War II and Grand Alliance ( World War II ) The origins of the Allied powers stem from the Allies of World War I and cooperation of the victorious powers at the Paris Peace Conference , 1919 . Germany resented signing Treaty of Versailles . The new Weimar republic 's legitimacy became shaken . However , the 1920s were peaceful . With the Stock Market Crash of 1929 and the ensuing Great Depression , political unrest in Europe soared including the rise in support of revanchist nationalists in Germany who blamed the severity of the economic crisis on the Treaty of Versailles . By the early 1930s , the Nazi Party led by Adolf Hitler became the dominant revanchist movement in Germany and Hitler and the Nazis gained power in 1933 . The Nazi regime demanded the immediate cancellation of the Treaty of Versailles and made claims to German - populated Austria , and German - populated territories of Czechoslovakia . The likelihood of war was high , and the question was whether it could be avoided through strategies such as appeasement . In Asia , when Japan seized Manchuria in 1931 , the League of Nations condemned it for aggression against China . Japan responded by leaving the League of Nations in March 1933 . After four quiet years , the Sino - Japanese War erupted in 1937 with Japanese forces invading China . The League of Nations condemned Japan 's actions and initiated sanctions on Japan . The United States , in particular , was angered at Japan and sought to support China . Poland first to fight -- British wartime poster supporting Poland after the German invasion , 1939 In March 1939 , Germany took over Czechoslovakia , violating the Munich Agreement signed six months before , and demonstrating that the appeasement policy was a failure . Britain and France decided that Hitler had no intention to uphold diplomatic agreements and responded by preparing for war . On 31 March 1939 , Britain formed the Anglo - Polish military alliance in an effort to avert a German attack on the country . Also , the French had a long - standing alliance with Poland since 1921 . The Soviet Union sought an alliance with the western powers , but Hitler ended the risk of a war with Stalin by signing the Nazi -- Soviet non-aggression pact in August 1939 . The agreement secretly divided the independent nations of eastern Europe between the two powers and assured adequate oil supplies for the German war machine . On 1 September 1939 , Germany invaded Poland ; two days later Britain and France declared war on Germany . Then , on 17 September 1939 , the Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east . A Polish government - in - exile was set up and it continued to be one of the Allies , a model followed by other occupied countries . After a quiet winter , Germany in April 1940 invaded and quickly defeated Denmark , Norway , Belgium , the Netherlands and France . Britain and its Empire stood alone against Hitler and Mussolini . In June 1941 , Hitler broke the non-aggression agreement with Stalin and Germany invaded the Soviet Union . In December , Japan attacked the US and Britain . The main lines of World War II had formed . Major affiliated state combatants Main articles : Four Policemen and Diplomatic history of World War II During December 1941 , U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt devised the name `` United Nations '' for the Allies and proposed it to British Prime Minister Winston Churchill . He referred to the Big Three and China as a `` trusteeship of the powerful '' , and then later the `` Four Policemen '' . The Declaration by United Nations on 1 January 1942 was the basis of the modern United Nations ( UN ) . At the Potsdam Conference of July -- August 1945 , Roosevelt 's successor , Harry S. Truman , proposed that the foreign ministers of China , France , the Soviet Union , United Kingdom , and the United States `` should draft the peace treaties and boundary settlements of Europe '' , which led to the creation of the Council of Foreign Ministers of the `` Big Five '' , and soon thereafter the establishment of those states as the permanent members of the UNSC . United Kingdom Further information : Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II British Supermarine Spitfire fighter aircraft ( bottom ) flying past a German Heinkel He - 111 bomber aircraft ( top ) during the Battle of Britain ( 1940 ) British Crusader tanks during the North African Campaign British aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal under attack from Italian aircraft during the Battle of Cape Spartivento . ( Nov. 27 , 1940 ) British soldiers of the King 's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry in Elst , the Netherlands on 2 March 1945 War declared Great Britain and other members of the British Commonwealth , most known as the Dominions , declared war on Germany separately from 3 September 1939 with the UK first , all within one week of each other ; these countries were Canada , Australia , New Zealand , India and the Union of South Africa . Colonies and dependencies Further information : British Empire in World War II In Africa Further information : Southern Rhodesia in World War II British West Africa and the British colonies in East and Southern Africa participated , mainly in the North African , East African and Middle - Eastern theatres . Two West African and one East African division served in the Burma Campaign . Southern Rhodesia was a self - governing colony , having received responsible government in 1923 . It was not a sovereign dominion . It governed itself internally and controlled its own armed forces , but had no diplomatic autonomy , and , therefore , was officially at war as soon as Britain was at war . The Southern Rhodesian colonial government issued a symbolic declaration of war nevertheless on 3 September 1939 , which made no difference diplomatically , but preceded the declarations of war made by all other British dominions and colonies . In the Americas These included : the British West Indies , British Honduras , British Guiana and the Falkland Islands . Newfoundland was ruled as a royal colony in 1933 -- 49 , with a governor appointed by London who made the decisions . In Asia Further information : India in World War II and Indian Army during World War II British India included the areas and peoples covered by later India , Bangladesh , Pakistan and ( until 1937 ) Burma / Myanmar , which later became a separate colony . British Malaya covers the areas of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore , while British Borneo covers the area of Brunei , including Sabah and Sarawak of Malaysia . Territories controlled by the Colonial Office , namely the Crown Colonies , were controlled politically by the UK and therefore also entered hostilities with Britain 's declaration of war . At the outbreak of World War II , the British Indian Army numbered 205,000 men . Later during World War II , the Indian Army became the largest all - volunteer force in history , rising to over 2.5 million men in size. ( 10 ) These forces included tank , artillery and airborne forces . Indian soldiers earned 30 Victoria Crosses during the Second World War . It suffered 87,000 military casualties ( more than any Crown colony but fewer than the United Kingdom ) . The UK suffered 382,000 military casualties . Protectorates included : Kuwait was a protectorate of the United Kingdom formally established in 1920 . The Trucial States were protectorates in the Persian Gulf . Palestine was a mandate dependency created in the peace agreements after World War I from former territory of the Ottoman Empire . Iraq In Europe The Cyprus Regiment was formed by the British Government during the Second World War and made part of the British Army structure . It was mostly Greek Cypriots volunteers and Turkish speaking Cypriot inhabitants of Cyprus but also included other Commonwealth nationalities . On a brief visit to Cyprus in 1943 , Winston Churchill praised the `` soldiers of the Cyprus Regiment who have served honourably on many fields from Libya to Dunkirk '' . About 30,000 Cypriots served in the Cyprus Regiment . The regiment was involved in action from the very start and served at Dunkirk , in the Greek Campaign ( Battle of Greece ) ( about 600 soldiers were captured in Kalamata in 1941 ) , North Africa ( Operation Compass ) , France , the Middle East and Italy . Many soldiers were taken prisoner especially at the beginning of the war and were interned in various POW camps ( Stalag ) including Lamsdorf ( Stalag VIII - B ) , Stalag IVC at Wistritz bei Teplitz and Stalag 4b near Most in the Czech Republic . The soldiers captured in Kalamata were transported by train to prisoner of war camps . China Main article : Second Sino - Japanese War In the 1920s the Soviet Union provided military assistance to Kuomintang , or the Nationalists and helped reorganize their party along Leninist lines : a unification of party , state , and army . In exchange the Nationalists agreed to let members of the Chinese Communist Party join the Nationalists on an individual basis . However , following the nominal unification of China at the end of the Northern Expedition in 1928 , Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek purged leftists from his party and fought against the revolting Chinese Communist Party , former warlords , and other militarist factions . A fragmented China provided easy opportunities for Japan to gain territories piece by piece without engaging in total war . Following the 1931 Mukden Incident , the puppet state of Manchukuo was established . Throughout the early to mid-1930s , Chiang 's anti-communist and anti-militarist campaigns continued while he fought small , incessant conflicts against Japan , usually followed by unfavorable settlements and concessions after military defeats . In 1936 Chiang was forced to cease his anti-communist military campaigns after his kidnap and release by Zhang Xueliang , and reluctantly formed a nominal alliance with the Communists , while the Communists agreed to fight under the nominal command of the Nationalists against the Japanese . Following the Marco Polo Bridge Incident of 7 July 1937 , China and Japan became embroiled in a full - scale war . The Soviet Union , wishing to keep China in the fight against Japan , supplied China with military assistance until 1941 , when it signed a non-aggression pact with Japan . Continuous clashes between the Communists and Nationalists behind enemy lines cumulated in a major military conflict between these two former allies that effectively ended their cooperation against the Japanese , and China had been divided between the internationally recognized Nationalist China under the leadership of Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek and the Communist China under the leadership of Mao Zedong until the Japanese surrendered in 1945 . Factions Nationalists Main article : Nationalist Government Soldiers of the National Revolutionary Army associated with Nationalist China , during the Sino - Japanese War . Prior to the alliance of Germany and Italy to Japan , the Nationalist Government held close relations with both Germany and Italy . In the early 1930s , Sino - German cooperation between the Nationalist Government and Germany in military and industrial matters . Nazi Germany provided the largest proportion of Chinese arms imports and technical expertise . Relations between the Nationalist Government and Italy during the 1930s varied , however even after the Nationalist Government followed League of Nations sanctions against Italy for its invasion of Ethiopia , the international sanctions proved unsuccessful , and relations between the Fascist government in Italy and the Nationalist Government in China returned to normal shortly afterwards . Up until 1936 , Mussolini had provided the Nationalists with Italian military air and naval missions to help the Nationalists fight against Japanese incursions and communist insurgents . Italy also held strong commercial interests and a strong commercial position in China supported by the Italian concession in Tianjin . However , after 1936 the relationship between the Nationalist Government and Italy changed due to a Japanese diplomatic proposal to recognize the Italian Empire that included occupied Ethiopia within it in exchange for Italian recognition of Manchukuo , Italian Foreign Minister Galeazzo Ciano accepted this offer by Japan , and on 23 October 1936 Japan recognized the Italian Empire and Italy recognized Manchukuo , as well as discussing increasing commercial links between Italy and Japan . The Nationalist Government held close relations with the United States . The United States opposed Japan 's invasion of China in 1937 that it considered an illegal violation of China 's sovereignty , and offered the Nationalist Government diplomatic , economic , and military assistance during its war against Japan . In particular , the United States sought to bring the Japanese war effort to a complete halt by imposing a full embargo on all trade between the United States to Japan , Japan was dependent on the United States for 80 percent of its petroleum , resulting in an economic and military crisis for Japan that could not continue its war effort with China without access to petroleum . In November 1940 , American military aviator Claire Lee Chennault upon observing the dire situation in the air war between China and Japan , set out to organize a volunteer squadron of American fighter pilots to fight alongside the Chinese against Japan , known as the Flying Tigers . US President Franklin D. Roosevelt accepted dispatching them to China in early 1941 . However , they only became operational shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor . The Soviet Union recognised the Republic of China but urged reconciliation with the Communist Party of China and inclusion of Communists in the government . The Soviet Union also urged military and cooperation between Nationalist China and Communist China during the war . Even though the Republic of China had been fighting the longest among all the Allied powers , it only officially joined the Allies after the attack on Pearl Harbor , on 7 December 1941 . China fought the Japanese Empire before joining the Allies In the Pacific War . Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek thought Allied victory was assured with the entrance of the United States into the war , and he declared war on Germany and the other Axis nations . However , Allied aid remained low because the Burma Road was closed and the Allies suffered a series of military defeats against Japan early on in the campaign . General Sun Li - jen led the R.O.C. forces to the relief of 7,000 British forces trapped by the Japanese in the Battle of Yenangyaung . He then reconquered North Burma and re-established the land route to China by the Ledo Road . But the bulk of military aid did not arrive until the spring of 1945 . More than 1.5 million Japanese troops were trapped in the China Theatre , troops that otherwise could have been deployed elsewhere if China had collapsed and made a separate peace . Communists Main article : Communist - controlled China ( 1927 -- 1949 ) Soldiers of the First Workers ' and Peasants ' Army associated with Communist China , during the Sino - Japanese War . Victorious Chinese Communist soldiers holding the flag of the Republic of China during Hundred Regiments Offensive Communist China had been tacitly supported by the Soviet Union since the 1920s , though the Soviet Union diplomatically recognised the Republic of China , Joseph Stalin supported cooperation between the Nationalists and the Communists -- including pressuring the Nationalist Government to grant the Communists state and military positions in the government . This was continued into the 1930s that fell in line with the Soviet Union 's subversion policy of popular fronts to increase communists ' influence in governments . The Soviet Union urged military and cooperation between Soviet China and Nationalist China during China 's war against Japan . Initially Mao Zedong accepted the demands of the Soviet Union and in 1938 had recognized Chiang Kai - shek as the `` leader '' of the `` Chinese people '' . In turn , the Soviet Union accepted Mao 's tactic of `` continuous guerilla warfare '' in the countryside that involved a goal of extending the Communist bases , even if it would result in increased tensions with the Nationalists . After the breakdown of their cooperation with the Nationalists in 1941 , the Communists prospered and grew as the war against Japan dragged on , building up their sphere of influence wherever opportunities were presented , mainly through rural mass organizations , administrative , land and tax reform measures favoring poor peasants ; while the Nationalists attempted to neutralize the spread of Communist influence by military blockade and fighting the Japanese at the same time . The Communist Party 's position in China was boosted further upon the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in August 1945 against the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo and the Japanese Kwantung Army in China and Manchuria . Upon the intervention of the Soviet Union against Japan in World War II in 1945 , Mao Zedong in April and May 1945 had planned to mobilize 150,000 to 250,000 soldiers from across China to work with forces of the Soviet Union in capturing Manchuria . France Main article : France during World War II Further information : Free France and Military history of France during World War II Free French forces at the Battle of Bir Hakeim. ( 1942 ) War declared FAFL Free French GC II / 5 `` LaFayette '' receiving ex-USAAF Curtiss P - 40 fighters at Casablanca , French Morocco . The French fleet scuttled itself rather than fall into the hands of the Axis after their invasion of Vichy France on 11 November 1942 . After Germany invaded Poland , France declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939 . In January 1940 , French Prime Minister Édouard Daladier made a major speech denouncing the actions of Germany : At the end of five months of war , one thing has become more and more clear . It is that Germany seeks to establish a domination of the world completely different from any known in world history . The domination at which the Nazis aim is not limited to the displacement of the balance of power and the imposition of the supremacy of one nation . It seeks the systematic and total destruction of those conquered by Hitler and it does not treaty with the nations which it has subdued . He destroys them . He takes from them their whole political and economic existence and seeks even to deprive them of their history and culture . He wishes only to consider them as vital space and a vacant territory over which he has every right . The human beings who constitute these nations are for him only cattle . He orders their massacre or migration . He compels them to make room for their conquerors . He does not even take the trouble to impose any war tribute on them . He just takes all their wealth and , to prevent any revolt , he scientifically seeks the physical and moral degradation of those whose independence he has taken away . France experienced several major phases of action during World War II : The `` Phoney War '' of 1939 -- 1940 , also called drôle de guerre in France , dziwna wojna in Poland ( both meaning `` Strange War '' ) , or the `` Sitzkrieg '' ( `` Sitting War '' ) in Germany . The Battle of France in May -- June 1940 , which resulted in the defeat of the Allies , the fall of the French Third Republic , the German occupation of northern and western France , and the creation of the rump state Vichy France , which received diplomatic recognition from the Axis and most neutral countries including the United States . The period of resistance against the occupation and Franco - French struggle for control of the colonies between the Vichy regime and the Free French , who continued the fight on the Allies ' side after the Appeal of 18 June by General Charles de Gaulle , recognized by the United Kingdom as France 's government - in - exile . It culminated in the Allied landings in North Africa on 11 November 1942 , when Vichy ceased to exist as an independent entity after having been invaded by both the Axis and the Allies simultaneously , being thereafter only the nominal government in charge during the occupation of France . Vichy forces in French North Africa switched allegiance and merged with the Free French to participate in the campaigns of Tunisia and of Italy campaigns and the invasion of Corsica in 1943 -- 44 . The liberation of mainland France beginning with D - Day on 6 June 1944 and operation Overlord , and then with operation Dragoon on 15 August 1944 , leading to the Liberation of Paris on 25 August 1944 by the Free French 2e Division Blindée and the installation of the Provisional Government of the French Republic in the newly liberated capital . Participation of the re-established provisional French Republic 's First Army in the Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine and the Western Allied invasion of Germany until V-E Day on 8 May 1945 . Colonies and dependencies In Africa In Africa these included : French West Africa , French Equatorial Africa , the League of Nations mandates of French Cameroun and French Togo , Madagascar , French Somaliland , and the protectorates of French Tunisia and French Morocco . French Algeria was then not a colony or dependency but a fully - fledged part of metropolitan France . In Asia and oceania The fall of Damascus to the Allies , late June 1941 . A car carrying Free French commanders General Georges Catroux and General Paul Louis Le Gentilhomme enters the city , escorted by French Circassian cavalry ( Gardes Tcherkess ) . In Asia these included : French Polynesia , Wallis and Futuna , New Caledonia , the New Hebrides , French Indochina , French India , the mandates of Greater Lebanon and French Syria . The French government in 1936 attempted to grant independence to its mandate of Syria in the Franco - Syrian Treaty of Independence of 1936 signed by France and Syria . However , opposition to the treaty grew in France and the treaty was not ratified . Syria had become an official republic in 1930 and was largely self - governing . In 1941 , a British - led invasion supported by Free French forces expelled Vichy French forces in operation Exporter . In the Americas In the Americas these included : Martinique , Guadeloupe , French Guiana and Saint Pierre and Miquelon . Soviet Union Soviet soldiers and T - 34 tanks advance in skirmish near Bryansk in 1942 . Soviet soldiers fighting in the ruins of Stalingrad during the Battle of Stalingrad . Soviet Il - 2 ground attack aircraft attacking German ground forces during the Battle of Kursk. ( 1943 ) Outbreak German invasion of the Soviet Union , Operation Barbarossa , began on 22 June 1941 . General Secretary Joseph Stalin and the government of the Soviet Union described the Soviet war effort as a war being fought by the Soviet people for their survival . Stalin had supported popular front movements of anti-fascists including communists and non-communists from 1935 to 1939 . The popular front strategy was terminated from 1939 to 1941 when the Soviet Union cooperated with Germany in 1939 in the occupation and partitioning of Poland while the Soviet Union refused to endorse either the Allies or the Axis from 1939 to 1941 , as it called the Allied - Axis conflict an `` imperialist war '' . After the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 , Stalin endorsed the Western Allies as part of a renewed popular front strategy against Germany and called for the international communist movement to make a coalition with all those who opposed the Nazis . The Soviet Union intervened against Japan and its client state in Manchuria in 1945 , cooperating with the Nationalist Government of China and Nationalist Party led by Chiang Kai - shek ; though also cooperating , preferring , and encouraging the Communist Party led by Mao Zedong to take effective control of Manchuria after expelling Japanese forces . History In the lead up to the war between the Soviet Union and Germany , relations between the Soviet Union and Germany underwent several stages . Stalin studied Hitler , including reading Mein Kampf and from it knew of Hitler 's desire to destroy the Soviet Union . In 1933 , the Soviet Union had immediate concerns with the threat of a potential German invasion of the country should Germany attempt a conquest of the Baltic states , and in December of that year , Polish - Soviet negotiations began for the issuing of a joint declaration by the two countries guaranteeing the sovereignty of the Baltic states . However , Poland withdrew from the negotiations following German and Finnish objections . The Soviet Union and Germany at this time competed with each other for influence in Poland . The Soviet government also was concerned with the anti-Soviet sentiment in Poland and particularly Józef Piłsudski 's proposed Polish federation that would include the territories of Poland , Lithuania , Belarus , and Ukraine within it that threatened the territorial integrity of the Soviet Union . On 20 August 1939 , forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics under General Georgy Zhukov , together with the People 's Republic of Mongolia eliminated the threat of conflict in the east with a decisive victory over Japan at the Battle of Khalkhin Gol in eastern Mongolia . On the same day , Soviet party leader Joseph Stalin received a telegram from German Chancellor Adolf Hitler , suggesting that German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop fly to Moscow for diplomatic talks . ( After receiving a lukewarm response throughout the spring and summer , Stalin abandoned attempts for a better diplomatic relationship with France and the United Kingdom . ) On 23 August , Ribbentrop and Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov signed the non-aggression pact including secret protocols dividing Eastern Europe into defined `` spheres of influence '' for the two regimes , and specifically concerning the partition of the Polish state in the event of its `` territorial and political rearrangement '' . On 15 September 1939 , Stalin concluded a durable ceasefire with Japan , to take effect the following day ( it would be upgraded to a nonaggression pact in April 1941 ) . The day after that , 17 September , Soviet forces invaded Poland from the east . Although some fighting continued until 5 October , the two invading armies held at least one joint military parade on 25 September , and reinforced their non-military partnership with a German -- Soviet Treaty of Friendship , Cooperation and Demarcation on 28 September . On 30 November , the Soviet Union attacked Finland , for which it was expelled from the League of Nations . In the following year of 1940 , while the world 's attention was focussed upon the German invasion of France and Norway , the USSR militarily occupied the Baltic states of Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania as well as parts of Romania . German - Soviet treaties were brought to an end by the German surprise attack on the USSR on 22 June 1941 . The Soviet Union soon entered in alliance with the United Kingdom . Following the USSR , a number of other communist , pro-Soviet or Soviet - controlled forces fought against the Axis powers during the Second World War . They were as follows : the Albanian National Liberation Front , the Chinese Red Army , the Greek National Liberation Front , the Hukbalahap , the Malayan Communist Party , the People 's Republic of Mongolia , the Polish People 's Army , the Tuvan People 's Republic ( annexed by Soviet Union in 1944 ) , the Viet Minh and the Yugoslav Partisans . United States Further information : Military history of the United States during World War II American Douglas SBD Dauntless dive - bomber aircraft attacking the Japanese cruiser Mikuma during the Battle of Midway in June 1942 . American Marines during the Guadalcanal Campaign in November 1942 . American Consolidated B - 24 Liberator bomber aircraft during the bombing of oil refineries in Ploiești , Romania on 1 August 1943 during Operation Tidal Wave . American soldiers depart landing craft during the Normandy landings on 6 June 1944 known as D - Day , in the Battle of Normandy . War justifications The United States had indirectly supported Britain 's war effort against Germany up to 1941 and declared its opposition to territorial aggrandizement . Materiel support to Britain was provided while the U.S. was officially neutral via the Lend Lease Act starting in 1941 . President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill in August 1941 promulgated the Atlantic Charter that pledged commitment to achieving `` the final destruction of Nazi tyranny '' . Signing the Atlantic Charter , and thereby joining the `` United Nations '' was the way a nation joined the Allies , and also became eligible for membership in the United Nations world body that formed in 1945 . The US strongly supported the Nationalist Government in China in its war with Japan , and provided military equipment , supplies , and volunteers to the Nationalist Government of China to assist in its war effort . In December 1941 Japan opened the war with its attack on Pearl Harbor , the US declared war on Japan , and Japan 's allies Germany and Italy declared war on the US , bringing the US into World War II . History On 8 December 1941 , following the attack on Pearl Harbor , the United States Congress declared war on Japan at the request of President Franklin D. Roosevelt . This was followed by Germany and Italy declaring war on the United States on 11 December , bringing the country into the European theatre . The US led Allied forces in the Pacific theatre against Japanese forces from 1941 to 1945 . From 1943 to 1945 , the US led and coordinated the Western Allies ' war effort in Europe under the leadership of General Dwight Eisenhower . The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor followed by Japan 's swift attacks on Allied locations throughout the Pacific , resulted in major US losses in the first several months in the war , including losing control of the Philippines , Guam , Wake Island and several Aleutian islands including Attu and Kiska to Japanese forces . American naval forces attained some early successes against Japan . One was the bombing of Japanese industrial centres in the Doolittle Raid . Another was repelling a Japanese invasion of Port Moresby in New Guinea during the Battle of the Coral Sea . A major turning point in the Pacific War was the Battle of Midway where American naval forces were outnumbered by Japanese forces that had been sent to Midway to draw out and destroy American aircraft carriers in the Pacific and seize control of Midway that would place Japanese forces in proximity to Hawaii . However American forces managed to sink four of Japan 's six large aircraft carriers that had initiated the attack on Pearl Harbor along with other attacks on Allied forces . Afterwards the US began an offensive against Japanese - captured positions . The Guadalcanal Campaign from 1942 to 1943 was a major contention point where American and Japanese forces struggled to gain control of Guadalcanal . Colonies and dependencies In the Americas and the Pacific The United States held multiple dependencies in the Americas , such as Alaska , the Panama Canal Zone , Puerto Rico , and the U.S. Virgin Islands . In the Pacific it held multiple island dependencies such as American Samoa , Guam , Hawaii , Midway Islands , Wake Island and others . These dependencies were directly involved in the Pacific campaign of the war . In Asia Philippine Scouts at Fort William McKinley firing a 37 mm anti-tank gun in training . The Commonwealth of the Philippines was a sovereign protectorate referred to as an `` associated state '' of the United States . From late 1941 to 1944 , the Philippines was occupied by Japanese forces , who established the Second Philippine Republic as a client state that had nominal control over the country . Minor affiliated state combatants Australia Further information : Military history of Australia during World War II Australia was a sovereign Dominion under the Australian monarchy , as per the Statute of Westminster 1931 . At the start of the war Australia followed Britain 's foreign policies , and accordingly declared war against Germany on 3 September 1939 . Australian foreign policy became more independent after the Australian Labor Party formed government in October 1941 , and Australia separately declared war against Finland , Hungary and Romania on 8 December 1941 and against Japan the next day . Belgium Members of the Belgian resistance with a Canadian soldier in Bruges , September 1944 during the Battle of the Scheldt . Main article : Belgium in World War II Before the war , Belgium had pursued a policy of neutrality and only became an Allied member after being invaded by Germany on 10 May 1940 . During the ensuing fighting , Belgian forces fought alongside French and British forces against the invaders . While the British and French were struggling against the fast German advance elsewhere on the front , the Belgian forces were pushed into a pocket to the north . Finally , on 28 May , the King Leopold III surrendered himself and his military to the Germans , having decided the Allied cause was lost . The legal Belgian government was reformed as a government in exile in London . Belgian troops and pilots continued to fight on the Allied side as the Free Belgian Forces . Belgium itself was occupied , but a sizeable Resistance was formed and was loosely coordinated by the government in exile and other Allied powers . British and Canadian troops arrived in Belgium in September 1944 and the capital , Brussels , was liberated on 6 September . Because of the Ardennes Offensive , the country was only fully liberated in early 1945 . Colonies and dependencies Belgium had the colony of the Belgian Congo and the League of Nations mandate of Ruanda - Urundi . The Belgian Congo was not occupied and remained loyal to the Allies as an important economic asset while its deposits of uranium were useful to the Allied efforts to develop the atomic bomb . Troops from the Belgian Congo participated in the East African Campaign against the Italians . The colonial Force Publique also served in other theatres including Madagascar , the Middle - East , India and Burma within British units . Brazil Main article : Brazilian Expeditionary Force Brazilian soldiers of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force greet civilians in the city of Massarosa , Italy , September 1944 . Initially , Brazil maintained a position of neutrality , trading with both the Allies and the Axis Powers , while Brazilian president Getúlio Vargas 's quasi-Fascist policies indicated a leaning toward the Axis powers . However , as the war progressed , trade with the Axis countries became almost impossible and the United States initiated forceful diplomatic and economic efforts to bring Brazil onto the Allied side . At the beginning of 1942 , Brazil permitted the United States to set up air bases on its territory , especially in Natal , strategically located at the easternmost corner of the South American continent , and on 28 January the country severed diplomatic relations with Germany , Japan , and Italy . After that , 36 Brazilian merchant ships were sunk by the German and Italian navies , which led the Brazilian government to declare war against Germany and Italy on 22 August 1942 . Brazil then sent a 25,700 strong Expeditionary Force to Europe that fought mainly on the Italian front , from September 1944 to May 1945 . Also , the Brazilian Navy and Air Force acted in the Atlantic Ocean from the middle of 1942 until the end of the war . Brazil was the only South American country to send troops to fight in the European theatre in the Second World War . Canada Further information : Declaration of war by Canada § Nazi Germany , and Military history of Canada during World War II Canada was a sovereign Dominion under the Canadian monarchy , as per the Statute of Westminster 1931 . In a symbolic statement of autonomous foreign policy Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King delayed parliament 's vote on a declaration of war for seven days after Britain had declared war . Canada was the last member of the Commonwealth to declare war on Germany on 10 September 1939 . Cuba Main article : Cuba in World War II Because of Cuba 's geographical position at the entrance of the Gulf of Mexico , Havana 's role as the principal trading port in the West Indies , and the country 's natural resources , Cuba was an important participant in the American Theater of World War II , and subsequently one of the greatest beneficiaries of the United States ' Lend - Lease program . Cuba declared war on the Axis powers in December 1941 , making it one of the first Latin American countries to enter the conflict , and by the war 's end in 1945 its military had developed a reputation as being the most efficient and cooperative of all the Caribbean nations . On 15 May 1943 , the Cuban patrol boat CS - 13 sank the German submarine U-176 . Czechoslovakia Ludvík Svoboda with Czechoslovak soldiers of the 1st Czechoslovak Army Corps on the Eastern Front in 1943 . Czechoslovakia along with the United Kingdom and France attempted to resolve German irredentist claims to the Sudetenland region in 1938 with the Munich Agreement , however in March 1939 , Czechoslovakia was invaded by Germany and partitioned between Germany , Hungary , Poland , and a German client state of Slovakia . The Czechoslovak government - in - exile joined the Allies , the occupation and partition of Czechoslovakia amongst the Axis powers was not accepted by the Allied powers . Czechoslovakian military units took part in the war . Greece Further information : Military history of Greece during World War II and Axis occupation of Greece Greek soldiers in March 1941 during the Greco - Italian War . Greece was invaded by Italy on 28 October 1940 and subsequently joined the Allies . The Greek Army managed to stop the Italian offensive from Italy 's protectorate of Albania , and Greek forces pushed Italian forces back into Albania . However , after the German invasion of Greece in April 1941 , German forces managed to occupy mainland Greece and , a month later , the island of Crete . The Greek government went into exile , while the country was placed under a puppet government and divided into occupation zones run by Italy , Germany and Bulgaria . From 1942 , a strong Resistance movement appeared , chiefly in the mountainous interior , where it established a `` Free Greece '' by mid-1943 . Following the Italian capitulation in September 1943 , the Italian zone was taken over by the Germans . Axis forces left mainland Greece in October 1944 , although some Aegean islands , notably Crete , remained under German occupation until the end of the war . Luxembourg Main article : Luxembourg in World War II Free Luxembourgish Forces and the Government in Exile Soldiers from Luxembourg training in Britain , 1943 . See also : Luxembourgish government - in - exile and Luxembourg Resistance Before the war , Luxembourg had pursued a policy of neutrality and only became an Allied member after being invaded by Germany on 10 May 1940 . The Government in Exile fled , winding up in England . It made Luxembourgish language broadcasts to the occupied country on BBC radio . In 1944 , the government in exile signed a treaty with the Belgian and Dutch governments , creating the Benelux Economic Union and also signed into the Bretton Woods system . See also : Battle of the Bulge and Luxembourg American Cemetery and Memorial Mexico Mexico declared war on Germany in 1942 after German submarines attacked the Mexican oil tankers Potrero del Llano and Faja de Oro that were transporting crude oil to the United States . These attacks prompted President Manuel Ávila Camacho to declare war on the Axis powers . Mexico formed Escuadrón 201 fighter squadron as part of the Fuerza Aérea Expedicionaria Mexicana ( FAEM -- `` Mexican Expeditionary Air Force '' ) . The squadron was attached to the 58th Fighter Group of the United States Army Air Forces and carried out tactical air support missions during the liberation of the main Philippine island of Luzon in the summer of 1945 . Some 300,000 Mexican citizens went to the United States to work on farms and factories . Some 15,000 US nationals of Mexican origin and Mexican residents in the US enrolled in the US Armed Forces and fought in various fronts around the world . Netherlands Main article : Netherlands in World War II The Netherlands became an Allied member after being invaded on 10 May 1940 by Germany . During the ensuing campaign , the Netherlands were defeated and occupied by Germany . The Netherlands was liberated by Canadian , British , American and other allied forces during the campaigns of 1944 and 1945 . The Princess Irene Brigade , formed from escapees from the German invasion , took part in several actions in 1944 in Arromanches and in 1945 in the Netherlands . Navy vessels saw action in the British Channel , the North Sea and the Mediterranean , generally as part of Royal Navy units . Dutch airmen flying British aircraft participated in the air war over Germany . Colonies and dependencies The Dutch East Indies ( modern - day Indonesia ) was the principal Dutch colony in Asia , and was attacked by Japan in 1942 . During the Dutch East Indies Campaign , the Netherlands played a significant role in the Allied effort to halt the Japanese advance as part of the American - British - Dutch - Australian ( ABDA ) Command . The ABDA fleet finally encountered the Japanese surface fleet at the Battle of Java Sea , at which Doorman gave the order to engage . During the ensuing battle the ABDA fleet suffered heavy losses , and was mostly destroyed after several naval battles around Java ; the ABDA Command was later dissolved . The Japanese finally occupied the Dutch East Indies in February -- March 1942 . Dutch troops , aircraft and escaped ships continued to fight on the Allied side and also mounted a guerrilla campaign in Timor . New Zealand Further information : Military history of New Zealand during World War II New Zealand was a sovereign Dominion under the New Zealand monarchy , as per the Statue of Westminster 1931 . It quickly entered World War II , officially declaring war on Germany on 3 September 1939 , just hours after Britain . Unlike Australia , which had felt obligated to declare war , as it also had not ratified the Statute of Westminster , New Zealand did so as a sign of allegiance to Britain , and in recognition of Britain 's abandonment of its former appeasement policy , which New Zealand had long opposed . This led to then Prime Minister Michael Joseph Savage declaring two days later : With gratitude for the past and confidence in the future we range ourselves without fear beside Britain . Where she goes , we go ; where she stands , we stand . We are only a small and young nation , but we march with a union of hearts and souls to a common destiny . Norway Norwegian soldiers on the Narvik front , May 1940 . Because of its strategic location for control of the sea lanes in the North Sea and the Atlantic , both the Allies and Germany worried about the other side gaining control of the neutral country . Germany ultimately struck first with operation Weserübung on 9 April 1940 , resulting in the two - month - long Norwegian Campaign , which ended in a German victory and their war - long occupation of Norway . Units of the Norwegian Armed Forces evacuated from Norway or raised abroad continued participating in the war from exile . The Norwegian merchant fleet , then the fourth largest in the world , was organized into Nortraship to support the Allied cause . Nortraship was the world 's largest shipping company , and at its height operated more than 1000 ships . Norway was neutral when Germany invaded , and it is not clear when Norway became an Allied country . Great Britain , France and Polish forces in exile supported Norwegian forces against the invaders but without a specific agreement . Norway 's cabinet signed a military agreement with Britain on 28 May 1941 . This agreement allowed all Norwegian forces in exile to operate under UK command . Norwegian troops in exile should primarily be prepared for the liberation of Norway , but could also be used to defend Britain . Poland Further information : Polish contribution to World War II , Polish resistance movement in World War II , Polish Armed Forces in the West , and Polish Armed Forces in the East Pilots of the No. 303 `` Kościuszko '' Polish Fighter Squadron during the Battle of Britain . The invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 , started the war in Europe , and the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany on 3 September . Poland fielded the third biggest army among the European Allies , after the Soviet Union and United Kingdom , but before France . The country never officially surrendered to the Third Reich , nor to the Soviet Union , primarily because neither of the totalitarian powers requested an official surrender , and continued the war effort under the Polish government in exile . However , the Soviet Union unilaterally considered the flight to Romania of President Ignacy Mościcki and Marshal Edward Rydz - Śmigły on 17 September as an evidence of debellatio causing the extinction of Polish State , and consequently declared itself allowed to invade ( according to Soviet position : `` to protect '' ) Eastern Poland starting from the same day . It must be noted that the Red Army had invaded the Second Polish Republic several hours before Polish president fled to Romania . The Soviets invaded on 17 September at 3 a.m. , l while president Mościcki crossed the Polish - Romanian border at 21 : 45 on the same day . The Polish military continued to fight , and the last major battle of the war , the battle of Kock , ended at 1 a.m. on 6 October 1939 with the Independent Operational Group `` Polesie , '' a field army , surrendering due to lack of ammunition . Polish Home Army resistance fighters from the `` Kiliński '' Battalion during the Warsaw Uprising. ( 1944 ) Polish soldiers fought under their own flag but under the command of the British military . They were major contributors to the allies in the theatre of war west of Germany and in the theatre of war east of Germany , with the Soviet Union . The Polish armed forces in the West created after the fall of Poland played minor roles in the Battle of France , and important ones in the Italian and North African Campaigns . The Polish People 's Army took part in the Battle of Berlin , the closing battle of the European theater of war . They occupied the city alongside the Soviet Red Army . Home Army , the largest underground force in Europe , and other resistance organizations in occupied Poland provided intelligence that enabled successful operations later in the war and led to uncovering of Nazi war crimes ( i.e. , death camps ) to the Western Allies . Notable Polish units fought in every campaign in North Africa and Europe ( outside the Balkans ) . The Soviet Union recognized the London - based government at first . But it broke diplomatic relations after the Katyn massacre of Polish nationals was revealed . In 1943 , the Soviet Union organized the Polish People 's Army under Zygmunt Berling , around which it constructed the post-war successor state People 's Republic of Poland . Provisional government of the Republic of Korea Further information : Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea and Korean Liberation Army The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was established on April 13th , 1919 . During the time when the Provisional Government was created , Korea was under the Japanese rule . The Provisional Government had governmental tasks and created important organizations for their independence movement , such as the Korean Liberation Army ( KLA ) on September 17th , 1940 . The Provisional Government also declared war against the Empire of Japan on December 10th , 1941 . The Provisional Government is also the first democratic government of Korea . The KLA participated in the battles ongoing in China with the Kuomintang forces . In 1943 , KLA underground activists , cooperating with British forces in Burma and India , initiated joint operations with British forces . The KLA failed to initiate Operation Eagle , a plan to liberate the Korean Peninsula by first attacking the capital region ( Seoul and Incheon ) , on August 18th , 1945 . The Office of Strategic Services of the United States also promised to assist the KLA with warplanes , submarines , and airborne troops during the operation . However , the plan failed due to the early surrender of Japan on August 15th , 1945 . The Provisional Government also faced heavy oppositions against the United States Army Military Government in Korea after World War II . In addition , other governments in the Treaty of San Francisco did not recognize the Provisional Government as the member of the allies . The government of the Republic of Korea was established on August 15th , 1948 , under President Syngman Rhee , and the Provisional Government was disbanded officially . South Africa Further information : Military history of South Africa during World War II South Africa was a sovereign Dominion under the South African monarchy , as per the Statue of Westminster 1931 . South Africa held authority over the mandate of South - West Africa . Yugoslavia Main article : World War II in Yugoslavia The Partisans and the Chetniks carried captured Germans through Užice , autumn 1941 . Yugoslavia entered the war on the Allied side after the invasion of Axis powers on 6 April 1941 . Royal Yugoslav Army was thoroughly defeated in less than two weeks and the country was occupied . The Italian - backed Croatian fascist leader Ante Pavelić declared the Independent State of Croatia before the invasion was over . King Peter II and much of the Yugoslavian government had left the country . In the United Kingdom , they joined numerous other governments in exile from Nazi - occupied Europe . Beginning with the uprising in Herzegovina in June 1941 , there was continuous anti-Axis resistance in Yugoslavia until the end of the war . Resistance factions Partisan leader Marshal Josip Broz Tito with Winston Churchill in 1944 . Before the end of 1941 , the anti-Axis resistance movement split between the royalist Chetniks and the communist Yugoslav Partisans of Josip Broz Tito who fought both against each other during the war and against the occupying forces . The Yugoslav Partisans managed to put up considerable resistance to the Axis occupation , forming various liberated territories during the war . In August 1943 , there were over 30 Axis divisions on the territory of Yugoslavia , not including the forces of the Croatian puppet state and other quisling formations . In 1944 , the leading Allied powers persuaded Tito 's Yugoslav Partisans and the royalist Yugoslav government led by Prime Minister Ivan Šubašić to sign the Treaty of Vis that created Democratic Federal Yugoslavia . Partisans The Partisans were a major Yugoslav resistance movement against the Axis occupation and partition of Yugoslavia . Initially the Partisans were in rivalry with the Chetniks over control of the resistance movement . However , the Partisans were recognized by both the Eastern and Western Allies as the primary resistance movement in 1943 . After that , their strength increased rapidly , from 100,000 at the beginning of 1943 to over 648,000 in September 1944 . In 1945 they were transformed into Yugoslav army , organized in 4 field armies with 800,000 fighters . Chetniks Chetniks leader General Mihailovic with the members of the US military mission , Operation Halyard 1944 . The Chetniks , the short name given to the movement titled the Yugoslav Army of the Fatherland , were initially a major Allied Yugoslav resistance movement . However , due to their royalist and anti-communist views , Chetniks were considered to have begun collaborating with the Axis as a tactical move to focus on destroying their Partisan rivals . The Chetniks presented themselves as a Yugoslav movement , but were primarily a Serb movement . They reached their peak in 1943 with 93,000 fighters . Their major contribution was Operation Halyard in 1944 . In collaboration with the OSS , 413 Allied airmen shot down over Yugoslavia were rescued and evacuated . Client States British Egypt The Kingdom of Egypt was nominally an independent state since 1922 but effectively remained in a British sphere of influence with the British Mediterranean fleet being stationed in Alexandria and British army forces being stationed in the Suez Canal zone . Egypt faced an Axis campaign led by Italian and German forces during the war . Frustration by the UK over Egypt 's King Farouk 's rule resulted in the Abdeen Palace Incident of 1942 where British army forces surrounded the Abdeen palace , a residence of King Farouk , demanding a new government be established , that nearly forced the abdication of Farouk until he submitted to British demands . British raj ( India ) Further information : India in World War II At the outbreak of World War II , the Indian army numbered 205,000 men . Later during World War II the Indian Army became the largest all - volunteer force in history , rising to over 2.5 million men in size. ( 10 ) These forces included tank , artillery and airborne forces . Indian soldiers earned 30 Victoria Crosses during the Second World War . During the war it suffered 1,500,000 civilian casualties ( more than the United Kingdom ) , mainly from the Bengal famine of 1943 and 87,000 military casualties ( more than any Crown colony but fewer than the United Kingdom ) . The UK suffered 382,000 military casualties . Iraq Main article : Anglo - Iraqi War This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2014 ) Iran Main article : Anglo - Soviet invasion of Iran This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2014 ) Soviet Bulgaria Main article : Military history of Bulgaria during World War II After a period of neutrality , Bulgaria joined the Axis powers from 1941 to 1944 . The Orthodox church and others convinced King Boris to not allow the Bulgarian Jews to be exported to concentration camps . The king died shortly afterwards , suspected of being poisoned after a visit to Germany . Bulgaria abandoned the Axis and joined the Allies when the Soviet Union invaded , offering no resistance to the incoming forces . In the 1947 peace treaties , Bulgaria gained a small area near the Black Sea from Romania , making it the only former German ally to gain territory from WWII . Mongolia Main article : Mongolia in World War II Mongolia fought against Japan during Battles of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 and the Soviet -- Japanese War in August 1945 to protect its independence and to liberate Southern Mongolia from Japan and China . Mongolia had been a Soviet sphere of influence since the 1920s . Poland ( Gomułka regime ) Main article : Polish Armed Forces in the East By 1944 , Poland entered the Soviet sphere of influence with Władysław Gomułka forming a communist government . Polish forces fought alongside Soviet forces against Germany . Romania Romania had initially been a member of the Axis powers but switched allegiance upon facing invasion by the Soviet Union . In a radio broadcast to the Romanian people and army on the night of 23 August 1944 King Michael issued a cease - fire , proclaimed Romania 's loyalty to the Allies , announced the acceptance of an armistice ( to be signed on 12 September ) offered by Great Britain , the United States , and the USSR , and declared war on Germany . The coup accelerated the Red Army 's advance into Romania , but did not avert a rapid Soviet occupation and capture of about 130,000 Romanian soldiers , who were transported to the Soviet Union where many perished in prison camps . The armistice was signed three weeks later on 12 September 1944 , on terms virtually dictated by the Soviet Union . Under the terms of the armistice , Romania announced its unconditional surrender to the USSR and was placed under occupation of the Allied forces with the Soviet Union as their representative , in control of media , communication , post , and civil administration behind the front . Tannu Tuva Tannu Tuva was a partially recognized state founded from the former Tuvan protectorate of Imperial Russia . It was a client state of the Soviet Union and was annexed into the Soviet Union in 1944 . Co-belligerent state combatants Italy Further information : Italian Civil War , Italian Co-Belligerent Army , and Italian resistance movement The dead bodies of Benito Mussolini , his mistress Clara Petacci , and several Fascist leaders , hanging for public display after they were executed by Italian partisans in 1945 . Italy initially had been a leading member of the Axis powers , however after facing multiple military losses including the loss of all of Italy 's colonies to advancing Allied forces , Duce Benito Mussolini was deposed and arrested in July 1943 by order of King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy in co-operation with members of the Grand Council of Fascism who viewed Mussolini as having led Italy to ruin by allying with Germany in the war . Victor Emmanuel III dismantled the remaining apparatus of the Fascist regime and appointed Field Marshal Pietro Badoglio as Prime Minister of Italy . On 8 September 1943 , Italy signed the Armistice of Cassibile with the Allies , ending Italy 's war with the Allies and ending Italy 's participation with the Axis powers . Expecting immediate German retaliation , Victor Emmanuel III and the Italian government relocated to southern Italy under Allied control . Germany viewed the Italian government 's actions as an act of betrayal , and German forces immediately occupied all Italian territories outside of Allied control , in some cases even massacring Italian troops . Italy became a co-belligerent of the Allies , and the Italian Co-Belligerent Army was created to fight against the German occupation of Northern Italy , where German paratroopers rescued Mussolini from arrest and he was placed in charge of a German puppet state known as the Italian Social Republic ( RSI ) . Italy descended into civil war until the end of hostilities after his deposition and arrest , with Fascists loyal to him allying with German forces and helping them against the Italian armistice government and partisans . Associated power Albania Albania was recognized as an `` Associated Power '' at the 1946 Paris conference and officially signed the treaty ending WWII between the `` Allied and Associated Powers '' and Italy in Paris , on 10 February 1947 . United Nations Declaration by United Nations Wartime poster for the United Nations , created in 1941 by the US Office of War Information The alliance was formalised in the Declaration by United Nations on 1 January 1942 . There were 26 signatories : Australia Belgium Canada China Costa Rica Cuba Czechoslovakia Dominican Republic El Salvador Greece Guatemala Haiti Honduras India Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Norway Panama Poland Soviet Union South Africa United Kingdom United States of America Yugoslavia Alliance growing Wartime poster for the United Nations , created in 1943 by the US Office of War Information The United Nations began growing immediately after their formation . In 1942 , Mexico , the Philippines and Ethiopia adhered to the declaration . The African nation had been restored in its independence by British forces after the Italian defeat on Amba Alagi in 1941 , while the Philippines , still dependent on Washington but granted international diplomatic recognition , was allowed to join on 10 June despite their occupation by Japan . During 1943 , the Declaration was signed by Iraq , Iran , Brazil , Bolivia and Colombia . A Tripartite Treaty of Alliance with Britain and USSR formalised Iran 's assistance to the Allies . In Rio de Janeiro , Brazilian dictator Getúlio Vargas was considered near to fascist ideas , but realistically joined the United Nations after their evident successes . In 1944 , Liberia and France signed . The French situation was very confused . Free French forces were recognized only by Britain , while the United States considered Vichy France to be the legal government of the country until Operation Overlord , while also preparing US occupation francs . Winston Churchill urged Roosevelt to restore France to its status of a major Power after the liberation of Paris in August 1944 ; the Prime Minister feared that after the war , Britain could remain the sole great Power in Europe facing the Communist threat , as it was in 1940 and 1941 against Nazism . During the early part of 1945 , Peru , Chile , Paraguay , Venezuela , Uruguay , Turkey , Egypt , Saudi Arabia , Lebanon , Syria ( these latter two French colonies had been declared independent nations by British occupation troops , despite big protests by Pétain before , and De Gaulle after ) and Ecuador became signatories . Ukraine and Belarus , which were not independent nations but parts of the Soviet Union , were accepted as members of the United Nations as way to provide greater influence to Stalin , who had only Yugoslavia as a communist partner in the alliance . Charter of the United Nations Main article : Charter of the United Nations The first version of the flag of the United Nations , introduced in April 1945 The Charter of the United Nations was agreed to during the war at the United Nations Conference on International Organization , held between April and July 1945 . The Charter was signed by 50 nations on 26 June ( Poland had its place reserved and later became the 51st `` original '' signatory ) , and was formally ratified shortly after the war on 24 October 1945 . In 1944 , the United Nations was formulated and negotiated among the delegations from the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , the United States and China at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference where the formation and the permanent seats ( for the `` Big Five '' , China , France , the UK , USA and USSR ) of the United Nations Security Council were decided . The Security Council met for the first time in the immediate aftermath of war on 17 January 1946 . These are the original 51 signatories ( UNSC permanent members are asterisked ) : Argentine Republic Commonwealth of Australia Kingdom of Belgium Republic of Bolivia Republic of the United States of Brazil Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic Dominion of Canada Republic of Chile Republic of China * Republic of Colombia Republic of Costa Rica Republic of Cuba Czechoslovak Republic Kingdom of Denmark Dominican Republic Republic of Ecuador Kingdom of Egypt Republic of El Salvador Ethiopian Empire French Republic * Kingdom of Greece Republic of Guatemala Republic of Haiti Republic of Honduras Indian Empire Imperial Kingdom of Iran Kingdom of Iraq Lebanese Republic Republic of Liberia Grand Duchy of Luxembourg United Mexican States Kingdom of the Netherlands Dominion of New Zealand Republic of Nicaragua Kingdom of Norway Republic of Panama Republic of Paraguay Republic of Peru Commonwealth of the Philippines Republic of Poland Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Union of South Africa Syrian Republic Republic of Turkey Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic Union of Soviet Socialist Republics * United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland * United States of America * Oriental Republic of Uruguay United States of Venezuela Democratic Federal Yugoslavia Timeline of Nations entering war on the Axis powers Main article : Declarations of war during World War II The following list denotes dates on which nations declared war on Axis powers , or on which an Axis power declared war on them . Nepal was formally independent . Indian Empire had a status less independent than the Dominions . A British poster from 1941 , promoting the greater alliance against Germany . 1939 Poland : 1 September 1939 France : 3 September 1939 -- On 22 June 1940 , Vichy France under Marshal Pétain formally capitulated to Germany , and became neutral . This capitulation was denounced by General de Gaulle , who established the Free France government - in - exile , which continued to fight against Germany . This led to the Provisional Government of the French Republic , which was officially recognized by the other Allies as the legitimate government of France on 23 October 1944 . Pétain 's 1940 surrender was also legally nullified , so France is considered an Ally throughout the war . United Kingdom : 3 September 1939 India : 3 September 1939 Australia : 3 September 1939 New Zealand : 3 September 1939 Union of South Africa : 6 September 1939 Canada : 10 September 1939 Nepal : 4 September 1939 1940 Norway : 8 April 1940 - German invasion without declaration of war . Belgium : 10 May 1940 Luxembourg : 10 May 1940 Netherlands : 10 May 1940 Greece : 28 October 1940 1941 Yugoslavia : 6 April 1941 ( Yugoslavia signed the Tripartite Pact , becoming a nominal member of the Axis on 25 March ; but was attacked by the Axis on 6 April 1941 . ) Soviet Union : 22 June 1941 ; Despite membership of the Soviet Union , Ukraine and Belarus were recognized as separate fighting States by the United Kingdom and the United States at the end of the war . United States of America : 8 December 1941 ( war declared against Japan ) Commonwealth of the Philippines : 8 December 1941 Panama : 7 December 1941 Costa Rica : 8 December 1941 Dominican Republic : 8 December 1941 El Salvador : 8 December 1941 Haiti : 8 December 1941 Honduras : 8 December 1941 Nicaragua : 8 December 1941 China : 9 December 1941 ( At war with the Empire of Japan since 1937 ) Cuba : 9 December 1941 Guatemala : 9 December 1941 United States of America : 11 December 1941 ( war declared on the U.S. by Germany and Italy ) Provisional governments or governments - in exile that declared war against the Axis in 1941 Korea ( government in exile ) : 10 December 1941 Vietnam ( Viet Minh ) : 7 December 1941 Czechoslovakia ( government - in - exile ) : 16 December 1941 1942 Peru : 12 February 1942 Mexico : 22 May 1942 Brazil : 22 August 1942 Ethiopia : 14 December 1942 1943 Iraq : 16 January 1943 Bolivia : 7 April 1943 Colombia : 26 July 1943 Iran : 9 September 1943 1944 Liberia : 27 January 1944 Romania : 25 August 1944 -- former Axis power . Bulgaria : 8 September 1944 -- former Axis power . 1945 Hungary : 20 January 1945 -- former Axis power . Ecuador : 2 February 1945 Paraguay : 7 February 1945 Uruguay : 15 February 1945 Venezuela : 15 February 1945 Turkey : 23 February 1945 Egypt : 24 February 1945 Syria : 26 February 1945 Lebanon : 27 February 1945 Saudi Arabia : 1 March 1945 Finland : 3 March 1945 -- former co-belligerent of Germany in the Continuation War . On 3 March 1945 , Finland retroactively declared war on Germany from 15 September 1944 . Argentina : 27 March 1945 Chile : 11 April 1945 ( only declared war on Japan ) Mongolia : August 1945 declared war on Japan See also World War II portal War portal History portal Allies of World War I Diplomatic history of World War II Free World ( World War II ) Military production during World War II Neutral powers during World War II Participants in World War II Footnotes Jump up ^ Davies 2006 , pp 150 -- 151 . ^ Jump up to : Doenecke , Justus D. ; Stoler , Mark A. ( 2005 ) . Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt 's foreign policies , 1933 -- 1945 . Rowman & Littlefield . Jump up ^ Hoopes , Townsend , and Douglas Brinkley . FDR and the Creation of the U.N. ( Yale University Press , 1997 ) Jump up ^ Ian C.B. Dear and Michael Foot , eds . The Oxford Companion to World War II ( 2005 ) , pp 29 , 1176 Jump up ^ Ward , Geoffrey C. ; Burns , Ken ( 2014 ) . `` Nothing to Conceal '' . The Roosevelts : An Intimate History . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 0385353065 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations '' . Wordorigins.org. 3 February 2007 . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Douglas Brinkley , FDR & the Making of the U.N. Jump up ^ Churchill , Winston S. ( 1981 ) ( 1953 ) . The Second World War , Volume VI : Triumph and Tragedy . Houghton - Mifflin Company . p. 561 . Jump up ^ Wood , JRT ( June 2005 ) . So Far And No Further ! Rhodesia 's Bid For Independence During the Retreat From Empire 1959 -- 1965 . Victoria , British Columbia : Trafford Publishing . pp. 8 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4120 - 4952 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : G. Bruce Strang . On the fiery march : Mussolini prepares for war . Westport , Connecticut , USA : Greenwood Publishing Group , Inc. , 2003 . Pp. 58 -- 59 . Jump up ^ G. Bruce Strang . On the fiery march : Mussolini prepares for war . Westport , Connecticut , USA : Greenwood Publishing Group , Inc. , 2003 . Pp. 59 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Euan Graham . Japan 's sea lane security , 1940 -- 2004 : a matter of life and death ? Oxon , England , UK ; New York , New York , USA : Routledge , 2006 . Pp. 77 . ^ Jump up to : Guo wu yuan . Xin wen ban gong shi . Col. C.L. Chennault and Flying Tigers . English translation . State Council Information Office of the People 's Republic of China . Pp. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Frederic J. Fleron , Erik P. Hoffmann , Robbin Frederick Laird . Soviet Foreign Policy : Classic and Contemporary Issues . Third paperback edition . New Brunswick , New Jersey , USA : Transaction Publishers , 2009 . Pp. 236 . ^ Jump up to : Dieter Heinzig . The Soviet Union and communist China , 1945 -- 1950 : the arduous road to the alliance . M.E. Sharpe , 2004 . Pp. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Crisis '' . Time . 13 November 1944 . Jump up ^ Dieter Heinzig . The Soviet Union and communist China , 1945 -- 1950 : the arduous road to the alliance . M.E. Sharpe , 2004 . Pp. 79 . ^ Jump up to : Speeches that Reshaped the World . Jump up ^ `` When the US wanted to take over France ‐ Le Monde diplomatique ‐ English edition '' . Le Monde diplomatique . May 2003 . Retrieved 10 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Helen Rapport . Joseph Stalin : A Biographical Companion . Santa Barbara , California , USA : ABC - CLIO , 1999 . P. 104 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Bushkovitch . A Concise History of Russia . Cambridge , England , UK ; New York , New York , USA : Cambridge University Press , 2012 . P. 390 -- 391 . Jump up ^ The Soviet Union and Communist China , 1945 -- 1950 : The Road to Alliance . P. 78 . Jump up ^ Kees Boterbloem . A History of Russia and Its Empire : From Mikhail Romanov to Vladimir Putin . P235 . ^ Jump up to : David L. Ransel , Bozena Shallcross . Polish Encounters , Russian Identity . Indiana University Press , 2005 . P184 . Jump up ^ Jan Karski . The Great Powers and Poland : From Versailles to Yalta . Rowman & Littlefield , 2014 . P197 . Jump up ^ David L. Ransel , Bozena Shallcross . Polish Encounters , Russian Identity . Indiana University Press , 2005 . P184 . Jump up ^ Overy 1997 , pp 41 , 43 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Davies 2006 , pp 148 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Davies 2006 , pp 16 , 154 . Jump up ^ Khudoley , Konstantin K. ( 2009 ) . `` The Baltic factor '' . In Hiden , John . The Baltic question during the Cold War . Vahur Made , David J. Smith . Psychology Press . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 37100 - 1 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey , Roberts ( 2004 ) . `` Ideology , calculation , and improvisation . Sphere of influence and Soviet foreign policy 1939 -- 1945 '' . In Martel , Gordon . The World War Two reader . Routledge . p. 88 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 22402 - 4 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Geoffrey ( 1995 ) . `` Soviet policy and the Baltic States , 1939 -- 1940 a reappraisal '' . Diplomacy & Statecraft . Francis & Taylor . 6 ( 3 ) : 672 -- 700 . doi : 10.1080 / 09592299508405982 . Jump up ^ Toomas Alatalu . Tuva . A State Reawakens . Soviet Studies , Vol. 44 , No. 5 ( 1992 ) , pp. 881 -- 895 Jump up ^ Freidel , Frank ( 2009 ) . Franklin D. Roosevelt : A Rendezvous with Destiny . p. 350 . Jump up ^ Jonathan G. Utley ( 2005 ) . Going to War with Japan , 1937 -- 1941 . Fordham Univ Press . Jump up ^ Chris Henry . The Battle of the Coral Sea . London , England , UK : Compendium Publishing ; Annapolis , Maryland , USA : Naval Institute Press , 2003 . P. 84 . Jump up ^ Keegan , John . `` The Second World War . '' New York : Penguin , 2005 . ( 275 ) Jump up ^ McKeown , Deirdre ; Jordan , Roy ( 2010 ) . `` Parliamentary involvement in declaring war and deploying forces overseas '' ( PDF ) . Parliamentary Library . Parliament of Australia . pp. 4 , 8 -- 11 . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Phillip Alfred Buckner ( 2008 ) . Canada and the British Empire . Oxford U.P. pp. 105 -- 6 . Jump up ^ `` Second World War and the Cuban Air Force '' . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Polmar , Norman ; Thomas B. Allen . World War II : The Encyclopedia of the War Years 1941 -- 1945 . Jump up ^ Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 2002 ) . History of United States Naval Operations in World War II : The Atlantic . University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 07061 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Cubans Sunk a German Submarine in WWII '' . Cubanow . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Various ( 2011 ) . Les Gouvernements du Grand - Duché de Luxembourg Depuis 1848 ( PDF ) . Luxembourg : Government of Luxembourg . p. 112 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 87999 - 212 - 9 . Jump up ^ Klemen , L. `` 201st Mexican Fighter Squadron '' . The Netherlands East Indies 1941 -- 1942 . 201st Mexican Fighter Squadron Jump up ^ Plascencia de la Parra , E. La infantería Invisible : Mexicanos en la Segunda Guerra Mundial. México . Ed . UNAM . Retrieved 27 April 2012 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Fighting for Britain -- NZ and the Second World War '' . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . 2 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Ministry for Culture and Heritage , `` PM Declares NZ 's Support for Britain : 5 September 1939 , '' updated 14 October 2014 Jump up ^ Skodvin , Magne ( red . ) ( 1984 ) : Norge i krig . Bind 7 . Oslo : Aschehoug . Jump up ^ `` Military contribution of Poland to World War II -- Wojsko Polskie -- Departament Wychowania i Promocji Obronności '' . Wojsko-polskie.pl . Retrieved 15 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Molotov declaration of 17 September 1939 Jump up ^ `` 73 . rocznica sowieckiej napaści na Polskę '' . rmf24.pl. 17 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Prezydent Ignacy Mościcki cz 3 prof . dr hab . Andrzej Garlicki Uniwersytet Warszawski '' . Archived from the original on 5 January 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 31 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Jump up ^ At the siege of Tobruk Jump up ^ `` Basil Davidson : PARTISAN PICTURE '' . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Perica , Vjekoslav ( 2004 ) . Balkan Idols : Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslav States . Oxford University Press . p. 96 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517429 - 1 . Jump up ^ Borković , Milan ( 1979 ) . Kontrarevolucija u Srbiji -- Kvislinška uprava 1941 -- 1944 ( Volume 1 , in Serbo - Croatian ) . Sloboda . p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Romania -- Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation '' . countrystudies.us . Jump up ^ ( in Romanian ) Delia Radu , `` Serialul ' Ion Antonescu şi asumarea istoriei ' ( 3 ) '' , BBC Romanian edition , 1 August 2008 Jump up ^ ( in Romanian ) `` Dictatura + a + luat + sfarsit + si + cu + ea + inceteaza + toate + asupririle '' `` The Dictatorship Has Ended and along with It All Oppression '' - From The Proclamation to The Nation of King Michael I on The Night of August 23 1944 , Curierul Naţional , 7 August 2004 Jump up ^ `` King Proclaims Nation 's Surrender and Wish to Help Allies '' , The New York Times , 24 August 1944 Jump up ^ Josef Becker ; Franz Knipping ( 1986 ) . Great Britain , France , Italy and Germany in a Postwar World , 1945 -- 1950 . Walter de Gruyter . pp. 506 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Philip ( 2007 ) . The Fall of Mussolini : Italy , the Italians , and the Second World War . Oxford UP . pp. 194 -- 85 . Jump up ^ United States Department of State , Foreign relations of the United States , 1946 . Paris Peace Conference : documents ( 1946 ) , page 802 , Article 26. a ' Memoranda submitted by Albanian Government on the Draft Peace Treaty with Italy ' `` proposed amendment ... For the purposes of this Treaty , Albania shall be considered as an Associated Power . '' , web http://images.library.wisc.edu/FRUS/EFacs/1946v04/reference/frus.frus1946v04.i0011.pdf Jump up ^ Treaties in Force , A List of Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States in Force on January 1 , 2013 , Page 453 , accessible online from http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/218912.pdf Jump up ^ Axelrod , John ( 5 February 2015 ) . Encyclopedia of World War II . Volume 1 . HW Fowler . p. 824 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84511 - 308 - 7 . The first peace treaty concluded between the Allies and a former Axis nation was with Italy . It was signed in Paris on February 10 , by representatives from Albania , Australia ... Jump up ^ Motter , T.H. Vail ( 2000 ) ( 1952 ) . `` Chapter I : Experiment in Co-operation '' . The Persion Corridor and Aid to Russia . United States Army in World War II . United States Army Center of Military History . CMH Pub 8 - 1 . Archived from the original on 5 May 2010 . Retrieved 15 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Bohlen , C.E. ( 1973 ) . Witness to History , 1929 -- 1969 . New York . p. 159 . Jump up ^ Video : Allies Study Post-War Security Etc. ( 1944 ) . Universal Newsreel. 1944 . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . Jump up ^ United Nations Security Council : Official Records : First Year , First Series , First Meeting Jump up ^ Ian Dear , Ian. and M.R.D. Foot , eds. , The Oxford companion to world war II ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Weinberg , Gerhard L. ( 2005 ) A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1939 : Britain and France declare war on Germany '' . BBC . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ordre de la Libération '' . ordredelaliberation.fr . Jump up ^ `` Ordonnance du 9 août 1944 relative au rétablissement de la légalité républicaine sur le territoire continental . - Legifrance '' . legifrance.gouv.fr . ^ Jump up to : Connelly , Mark ( 2012 ) . The IRA on Film and Television : A History . McFarland . p. 68 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 8961 - 9 . Jump up ^ Weinberg , Gerhard L. ( 2005 ) . A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II . Cambridge University Press . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 61826 - 7 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Kenneth ( 2012 ) . Australia : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 89 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 958993 - 7 . Jump up ^ New Zealand declares war on Germany , Ministry for Culture and Heritage , updated 14 - Oct - 2014 ^ Jump up to : Martin , Chris ( 2011 ) . World War II : The Book of Lists . Stroud : The History Press . pp. 8 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 6704 - 7 . Jump up ^ Selley , Ron ; Cocks , Kerrin ( 2014 ) . I Wo n't Be Home Next Summer : Flight Lieutenant R.N. Selley DFC ( 1917Ð1941 ) . Pinetown : 30 Degrees South Publishers . p. 89 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 928211 - 19 - 8 . Jump up ^ Skodvin , Magne ( red . ) ( 1984 ) : Norge i krig . Bind 7 . Oslo : Aschehoug . Jump up ^ Tamelander , M. og N. Zetterling ( 2001 ) : 9 . april . Oslo : Spartacus . Jump up ^ Sotirović , Vladislav B. ( 18 December 2011 ) . `` Кнез Павле Карађорђевић и приступање Југославије Тројном пакту '' . NSPM. ( in Serbian ) '' Jump up ^ Kluckhohn , Frank L. ( 8 December 1941 ) . `` U.S. Declares War , Pacific Battle Widens '' . The New York Times : 1 . Jump up ^ Dear and Foot , Oxford Companion to World War II pp 878 - 9 Jump up ^ A. Wigfall Green ( 2007 ) . The Epic Of Korea . Read Books . p. 6 . ISBN 1 - 4067 - 0320 - 6 . Jump up ^ Dear and Foot , Oxford Companion to World War II pp 279 - 80 Jump up ^ A Political Chronology of Europe , Psychology Press , 2001 , p. 45 Jump up ^ Decree 6945 / 45 Bibliography Davies , Norman ( 2006 ) , Europe at War 1939 -- 1945 : No Simple Victory . London : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 69285 - 3 Dear , Ian C.B. and Michael Foot , eds . The Oxford Companion to World War II ( 2005 ) , comprehensive encyclopedia for all countries Overy , Richard ( 1997 ) , Russia 's War : A History of the Soviet Effort : 1941 -- 1945 . New York : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 027169 - 4 . R. Holland ( 1981 ) , Britain and the Commonwealth alliance , 1918 -- 1939 , London : Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 27295 - 4 Weinberg , Gerhard L. 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who killed katie in the movie mystic river	Jimmy and his friends get Dave drunk at a local bar . When Dave leaves the bar , the men follow him out . Jimmy tells Dave that he shot `` Just Ray '' Harris at that same location for ratting him out and sending him to jail . Jimmy informs Dave that his wife thinks he murdered Katie and tells Dave he will let him live if he confesses . Dave repeatedly tells Jimmy that he did kill someone but it was not Katie : he beat a child molester to death after finding him having sex with a child prostitute in a car . Jimmy does not believe Dave 's claim and threatens him with a knife . When Dave finally admits to killing Katie thinking he can escape with his life , Jimmy kills him and disposes of his body in the adjacent Mystic River .	Dave	Mystic River ( film )	mystic river ( film )	Mystic River is a 2003 American mystery crime drama film directed and scored by Clint Eastwood . It stars Sean Penn , Tim Robbins , Kevin Bacon , Laurence Fishburne , Marcia Gay Harden , and Laura Linney . The screenplay by Brian Helgeland was based on the novel of the same name by Dennis Lehane . The film was produced by Robert Lorenz , Judie G. Hoyt and Eastwood . It is the first film on which Eastwood was credited as composer of the score .	The film opened to widespread critical acclaim . It was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actor , Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Supporting Actress , and Best Supporting Actor . Sean Penn won Best Actor and Tim Robbins won Best Supporting Actor , making Mystic River the first film to win both awards since Ben - Hur in 1959 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Reception 4.2 Box office 5 Accolades 6 Home media 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Three boys , Jimmy Markum , Sean Devine , and Dave Boyle , play hockey in a Boston street in 1975 . Spotting wet concrete , they start writing their names into it when a car pulls up and two men , pretending to be police officers , get out , berate the boys for their actions , and tell Dave to get into the car . The men hold Dave captive and sexually abuse him for four days , until he escapes . Twenty - five years later , the boys are grown and , while they still live in Boston , have drifted apart . Jimmy is an ex-con running a neighborhood store , while Dave is a blue - collar worker , still haunted by his abduction . The two are still neighbors and related by marriage . Jimmy 's 19 - year - old daughter Katie is secretly dating Brendan Harris , a boy Jimmy despises . She and Brendan are planning to run away together to Las Vegas . Katie goes out for the night with her girlfriends and Dave sees her at a local bar . That night , Katie is murdered , and Dave comes home with an injured hand and blood on his clothes , which his wife Celeste helps him clean up . Dave claims he fought off a mugger , `` bashed his head into the concrete '' , and possibly killed him . Sean , now a detective with the Massachusetts State Police , investigates Katie 's murder . His pregnant wife , Lauren , has recently left him . Over the course of the film , Sean and his partner , Sergeant Whitey Powers , track down leads while Jimmy conducts his own investigation using his neighborhood connections . Sean discovers that the gun used to kill Katie was also used in a liquor store robbery during the 1980s by `` Just Ray '' Harris , the father of Katie 's boyfriend . Harris has been missing since 1989 , but Brendan claims he still sends his family $500 every month . Brendan also feigns ignorance about Ray 's gun but Sean believes it was still in the house . Sergeant Powers suspects Dave as a possible perpetrator because he was one of the last people to see Katie alive . He also has a wounded hand and , although he continues to tell his wife he got it while being mugged , he tells the police a different story -- soon Jimmy becomes suspicious of it . Dave continues to behave strangely , which upsets his wife to the point she is afraid he will hurt her . While Jimmy and his associates conduct their investigation , Dave 's wife eventually tells Jimmy about Dave 's behavior , the bloody clothing , and her suspicions . Jimmy and his friends get Dave drunk at a local bar . When Dave leaves the bar , the men follow him out . Jimmy tells Dave that he shot `` Just Ray '' Harris at that same location for ratting him out and sending him to jail . Jimmy informs Dave that his wife thinks he murdered Katie and tells Dave he will let him live if he confesses . Dave repeatedly tells Jimmy that he did kill someone but it was not Katie : he beat a child molester to death after finding him having sex with a child prostitute in a car . Jimmy does not believe Dave 's claim and threatens him with a knife . When Dave finally admits to killing Katie thinking he can escape with his life , Jimmy kills him and disposes of his body in the adjacent Mystic River . While Dave is being killed , Brendan ( having found out about his father 's gun during questioning ) confronts his younger brother Ray Jr. and his brother 's friend John about Katie 's murder . He beats the two boys and threatens to kill them if they do not admit their guilt , but when John takes the gun and is about to shoot him , Sean and Powers arrive just in time to stop it . The next morning , Sean tells Jimmy the police have Katie 's murderers -- who have confessed . She was killed by Brendan 's brother , `` Silent Ray '' Harris , and his friend John O'Shea in a violent prank gone wrong : The kids got hold of Just Ray 's gun and saw a car coming which happened to be Katie 's . John aimed the gun just to scare her but the gun went off by accident . The car veered onto the curb and Katie got out and ran into the park . Silent Ray and John pursued her so she would n't tell anyone . The beating Katie received was from Silent Ray , who had a hockey stick . Once she was beaten , John shot her again , killing her . Sean asks Jimmy if he has seen Dave , because he is wanted for questioning in another case , the murder of a known child molester . A distraught Jimmy thanks Sean for finding his daughter 's killers , but says , `` if only you had been a little faster . '' Sean asks Jimmy if he 's going to `` send Celeste Boyle $500 a month too ? '' Sean reunites with his wife and his daughter Nora , after apologizing for `` pushing her away '' . Jimmy goes to his wife , Annabeth and confesses . She comforts him and tells him he is a king and kings always make the right decision . At a town parade , Sean sees Jimmy , and mimics shooting him , to let Jimmy know he is watching . Cast ( edit ) Sean Penn as James `` Jimmy '' Markum Jason Kelly as young Jimmy Markum Tim Robbins as Dave Boyle Cameron Bowen as young Dave Boyle Kevin Bacon as Detective Sean Devine Connor Paolo as young Sean Devine Laurence Fishburne as Detective Sergeant Whitey Powers Marcia Gay Harden as Celeste Samarco Boyle Laura Linney as Annabeth Markum Tom Guiry as Brendan Harris Spencer Treat Clark as `` Silent Ray '' Harris , Jr . Andrew Mackin as John O'Shea Emmy Rossum as Katie Markum Jenny O'Hara as Esther Harris Kevin Chapman as Val Savage Adam Nelson as Nick Savage Robert Wahlberg as Kevin Savage Cayden Boyd as Michael Boyle John Doman as Driver Tori Davis as Lauren Devine Jonathan Togo as Pete Will Lyman as FBI Special Agent Birden Ari Graynor as Eve Pigeon Ken Cheeseman as Dave 's Friend in Bar Michael McGovern as 1975 reporter Kevin Conway ( uncredited ) as Theo Eli Wallach ( uncredited ) as Mr. Loonie Production ( edit ) Principal photography took place on location in Boston . Eastwood claimed that the three lead actors were his first choices for the roles . Release ( edit ) Reception ( edit ) Mystic River was well received by critics , with the performances and direction receiving widespread acclaim . The film has an 87 % approval rating based on 195 reviews from critics at the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes . At the website Metacritic , which utilizes a normalized rating system , the film earned a rating of 84 / 100 ( `` universal acclaim '' ) based on 42 reviews . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote `` Clint Eastwood pours everything he knows about directing into Mystic River . His film sneaks up , messes with your head , and then floors you . You ca n't shake it . It 's that haunting , that hypnotic . '' The Sun wrote that the film was `` a haunting masterpiece and probably ( Eastwood 's ) best film to date '' . Box office ( edit ) The film earned $156,822,020 worldwide with $90,135,191 in the United States and $66,686,829 in the international box office , which is significantly higher than the film 's $30 million budget . Accolades ( edit ) Awards 76th Academy Awards : Best Actor in a Leading Role ( Sean Penn ) Best Actor in a Supporting Role ( Tim Robbins ) Art Directors Guild : Feature Film -- Contemporary Film ( Henry Bumstead ( production designer ) and Jack G. Taylor Jr. ( art director ) ) Blue Ribbon Awards : Best Foreign Language Film 24th Boston Society of Film Critics Awards : Best Picture , Best Ensemble Cast 9th BFCA Critics ' Choice Awards : Best Actor ( Sean Penn ) , Best Supporting Actor ( Tim Robbins ) Cannes Film Festival : Golden Coach ( Clint Eastwood ) Casting Society of America : Best Casting for Feature Film -- Drama Central Ohio Film Critics : Best Actor ( Sean Penn ) , Best Supporting Actor ( Tim Robbins ) , Best Supporting Actress ( Marcia Gay Harden ) Chicago Film Critics Association : Best Supporting Actor ( Tim Robbins ) César Awards ( France ) : Best Foreign Language Film Dallas - Fort Worth Film Critics Association : Best Actor ( Sean Penn ) Florida Film Critics Circle : Best Actor ( Sean Penn ) , Best Supporting Actor ( Tim Robbins ) Fotogramas de Plata ( Spain ) : Best Foreign Language Film 61st Golden Globe Awards : Best Actor in a Motion Picture -- Drama ( Sean Penn ) Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture ( Tim Robbins ) Kansas City Film Critics Circle : Best Actor ( Sean Penn ) Kinema Junpo Awards ( Japan ) : Best Foreign Language Film Las Vegas Film Critics Society : Best Actor ( Sean Penn ) London Film Critics Circle : Actor of the Year ( Sean Penn ) , Director of the Year ( Clint Eastwood ) Mainichi Film Concours ( Japan ) : Best Foreign Language Film National Board of Review : Best Picture , Best Actor ( Sean Penn ) National Society of Film Critics : Best Director ( Clint Eastwood ) PEN Center USA West Literary Awards : Best Screenplay ( Brian Helgelan ) Sant Jordi Awards ( Spain ) : Best Foreign Language Film Satellite Awards : Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture -- Drama ( Sean Penn ) , Best Screenplay -- Adapted ( Brian Helgeland ) Screen Actors Guild : Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role ( Tim Robbins ) Seattle Film Critics : Best Supporting Actress ( Marcia Gay Harden ) Southeastern Film Critics Association : Best Supporting Actor ( Tim Robbins ) , Best Screenplay -- Adapted ( Brian Helgeland ) USC Scripter Award : Brian Helgeland ( screenwriter ) and Dennis Lehane ( author ) Uruguayan Film Critics Association ( Uruguay ) : Best Film Vancouver Film Critics Circle : Best Actor ( Sean Penn ) Nominations 76th Academy Awards : Best Picture Best Director ( Clint Eastwood ) Best Actress in a Supporting Role ( Marcia Gay Harden ) Best Adapted Screenplay ( Brian Helgeland ) American Cinema Editors : Best Edited Feature Film -- Dramatic ( Joel Cox ) American Screenwriters Association : Discover Screenwriting Award ( Brian Helgeland ) Argentine Film Critics Association : Best Foreign Film ( Clint Eastwood ) Australian Film Institute : Best Foreign Film Japan Academy Prize : Best Foreign Film 57th BAFTA Film Awards : Best Actor in a Leading Role ( Sean Penn ) Best Actor in a Supporting Role ( Tim Robbins ) Best Actress in a Supporting Role ( Laura Linney ) Best Screenplay -- Adapted ( Brian Helgeland ) Broadcast Film Critics Association : Best Acting Ensemble , Best Supporting Actress ( Mary Gay Harden ) , Best Director ( Clint Eastwood ) , Best Writer ( Brian Helgeland ) , Best Composer ( Clint Eastwood ) Cannes Film Festival : Golden Palm ( Clint Eastwood ) Cinema Writers Circle ( Spain ) : Best Foreign Film European Film Awards : Screen International Award ( Clint Eastwood ) 61st Golden Globe Awards : Best Motion Picture -- Drama Best Director -- Motion Picture ( Clint Eastwood ) Best Screenplay -- Motion Picture ( Brian Helgeland ) IFTA Awards : Best International Film , Best International Actor ( Sean Penn ) International Horror Guild Award : Best Movie Motion Picture Sound Editors : Best Sound Editing in Domestic Features -- Dialogue & ADR Online Film Critics Society : Best Picture , Best Actor ( Sean Penn ) , Best Supporting Actor ( Tim Robbins ) , Best Director ( Clint Eastwood ) , Best Screenplay -- Adapted ( Brian Helgeland ) PGA Golden Laurel Awards : Motion Picture Producer of the Year Award Robert Festival ( Denmark ) : Best American Film Satellite Awards : Best Motion Picture -- Drama , Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role -- Drama ( Marcia Gay Harden ) , Best Director ( Clint Eastwood ) , Best Cinematography , Best Film Editing ( Joel Cox ) , Best Sound ( Alan Robert Murray , Bub Asman , Michael Semanick , Christopher Boyes and Gary Summers ) Screen Actors Guild : Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture ( Kevin Bacon , Laurence Fishburne , Marcia Gay Harden , Laura Linney , Sean Penn and Tim Robbins ) , Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role ( Sean Penn ) Writers Guild of America : Best Adapted Screenplay ( Brian Helgeland ) Home media ( edit ) The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The DVD was released on June 8 , 2004 and three editions have been released : Full Screen Edition Widescreen Edition 3 - Disc Deluxe Edition including CD Soundtrack The film has also been released on Blu - ray Disc , both sold separately and as a part of the `` Clint Eastwood Collection '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` MYSTIC RIVER ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . September 10 , 2003 . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mystic River '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes , p. 153 Jump up ^ `` Mystic River : Top Critics '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mystic River ( 2003 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Eliot ( 2009 ) , p. 307 ^ Jump up to : Hughes , p. 155 Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes : Mystic River '' . festival-cannes.com . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 07 . Eliot , Marc ( 2009 ) . American Rebel : The Life of Clint Eastwood . Harmony Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 33688 - 0 . Hughes , Howard ( 2009 ) . Aim for the Heart . London : I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84511 - 902 - 7 . Ostermann , Eberhard . Mystic River oder die Abwesenheit des Vaters . In : E.O. : Die Filmerzählung . Acht exemplarische Analysen . Munich ( Fink ) 2007 . pp. 29 -- 43 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 7705 - 4562 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Mystic River on IMDb Mystic River at Box Office Mojo Mystic River at Rotten Tomatoes Mystic River at Metacritic César Award for Best Foreign Film 1976 -- 1999 Scent of a Woman ( 1976 ) We All Loved Each Other So Much ( 1977 ) A Special Day ( 1978 ) The Tree of Wooden Clogs ( 1979 ) Manhattan ( 1980 ) Kagemusha ( 1981 ) The Elephant Man ( 1982 ) Victor Victoria ( 1983 ) Fanny and Alexander ( 1984 ) Amadeus ( 1985 ) The Purple Rose of Cairo ( 1986 ) The Name of the Rose ( 1987 ) The Last Emperor ( 1988 ) Bagdad Café ( 1989 ) Dangerous Liaisons ( 1990 ) Dead Poets Society ( 1991 ) Toto the Hero ( 1992 ) High Heels ( 1993 ) The Piano ( 1994 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1995 ) Land and Freedom ( 1996 ) Breaking the Waves ( 1997 ) Brassed Off ( 1998 ) Life Is Beautiful ( 1999 ) 2000 -- 2019 All About My Mother ( 2000 ) In the Mood for Love ( 2001 ) Mulholland Drive ( 2002 ) Bowling for Columbine ( 2003 ) Mystic River ( 2004 ) Lost in Translation ( 2005 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2006 ) Little Miss Sunshine ( 2007 ) The Lives of Others ( 2008 ) Waltz with Bashir ( 2009 ) Gran Torino ( 2010 ) The Social Network ( 2011 ) A Separation ( 2012 ) Argo ( 2013 ) The Broken Circle Breakdown ( 2014 ) Mommy ( 2015 ) Birdman ( 2016 ) I , Daniel Blake ( 2017 ) Films directed by Clint Eastwood Play Misty for Me ( 1971 ) High Plains Drifter ( 1973 ) Breezy ( 1973 ) The Eiger Sanction ( 1975 ) The Outlaw Josey Wales ( 1976 ) The Gauntlet ( 1977 ) Bronco Billy ( 1980 ) Firefox ( 1982 ) Honkytonk Man ( 1982 ) Sudden Impact ( 1983 ) Pale Rider ( 1985 ) Heartbreak Ridge ( 1986 ) Bird ( 1988 ) White Hunter Black Heart ( 1990 ) The Rookie ( 1990 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) A Perfect World ( 1993 ) The Bridges of Madison County ( 1995 ) Absolute Power ( 1997 ) Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil ( 1997 ) True Crime ( 1999 ) Space Cowboys ( 2000 ) Blood Work ( 2002 ) Piano Blues ( 2003 ) Mystic River ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) Changeling ( 2008 ) Gran Torino ( 2008 ) Invictus ( 2009 ) Hereafter ( 2010 ) J. Edgar ( 2011 ) Trouble with the Curve ( 2012 ) Jersey Boys ( 2014 ) American Sniper ( 2014 ) Sully ( 2016 ) The 15 : 17 to Paris ( 2018 ) Dennis Lehane Bibliography Kenzie - Gennaro novels A Drink Before the War ( 1994 ) Darkness , Take My Hand ( 1996 ) Sacred ( 1997 ) Gone , Baby , Gone ( 1998 ) Prayers for Rain ( 1999 ) Moonlight Mile ( 2010 ) Coughlin novels The Given Day ( 2008 ) Live by Night ( 2012 ) World Gone By ( 2015 ) Other works Mystic River ( 2001 ) Shutter Island ( 2003 ) Coronado : Stories ( 2006 ) The Drop ( 2014 ) Since We Fell ( 2017 ) Filmography Adaptations Mystic River ( 2003 ) Gone Baby Gone ( 2007 ) Shutter Island ( 2010 ) The Drop ( 2014 ) Live by Night ( 2016 ) Other The Wire `` Dead Soldiers '' `` Refugees '' `` Clarifications '' Boardwalk Empire `` Resignation '' Mr. Mercedes `` Gods Who Fall '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mystic_River_(film)&oldid=800176149 '' Categories : 2003 films English - language films 2000s crime drama films 2000s crime thriller films 2000s mystery films 2000s psychological thriller films American films American crime drama films American crime thriller films American mystery films American thriller drama films Best Foreign Film César Award winners Detective films Films about death Films about families Films about pedophilia Films about revenge Films based on American novels Films based on crime novels Films directed by Clint Eastwood Films produced by Clint Eastwood Films featuring a Best Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Drama Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films set in 1975 Films set in 2000 Films set in Boston Films shot in Massachusetts Irish - American media Malpaso Productions films Village Roadshow Pictures films Warner Bros. films Film scores by Clint Eastwood Films based on works by Dennis Lehane Fictional portrayals of the Boston Police Department Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2015 Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Bosanski Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Limburgs Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 22 : 52 . 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when did arsenal finish paying for the emirates stadium			Emirates stadium	emirates stadium	The Emirates Stadium ( known as Ashburton Grove prior to sponsorship , and as Arsenal Stadium for UEFA competitions ) is a football stadium in Highbury , London , England , and the home of Arsenal Football Club . With a capacity of nearly 60,000 , it is the third - largest football stadium in England after Wembley Stadium and Old Trafford .	In 1997 , Arsenal explored the possibility of relocating to a new stadium , having been denied planning permission by Islington Council to expand its home ground of Highbury . After considering various options ( including purchasing Wembley Stadium ) , the club bought an industrial and waste disposal estate in Ashburton Grove in 2000 . A year later , they received the council 's approval to build a stadium on the site ; manager Arsène Wenger described this as the `` biggest decision in Arsenal 's history '' since the board appointed Herbert Chapman . Relocation began in 2002 , but financial difficulties delayed work until February 2004 . Emirates was later announced as the main sponsor for the stadium . The entire stadium project was completed in 2006 at a cost of £ 390 million . The club 's former stadium was redeveloped as Highbury Square for an additional £ 130 million . The stadium has undergone a process of `` Arsenalisation '' since 2009 with the aim of restoring Arsenal 's heritage and history . The ground has hosted international fixtures and music concerts . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Background 1.2 Site selection and development proposals 1.3 Finance and naming 1.4 Construction and opening 1.5 Loan repayments 1.6 Arsenalisation 2 Structure and facilities 3 Future 4 Other uses 4.1 International football matches 5 Records 6 Transport and access 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Wembley Stadium was one of the sites Arsenal considered relocating to . Spectator safety at football grounds was a major concern for clubs and governing bodies during the 1980s . In May 1985 , a fire engulfed Valley Parade , claiming the lives of 56 football fans . Rioting between Liverpool and Juventus supporters during the 1985 European Cup Final led to 39 fatalities and 600 injured in what became known as the Heysel Stadium disaster . In April 1989 , 96 Liverpool supporters died in Britain 's worst sporting tragedy -- the Hillsbrough disaster -- because of South Yorkshire Police 's failure to control crowds . An inquest was immediately launched into the human crush and crowd safety at sports grounds . Led by Lord Taylor of Gosforth , the Taylor Report was finalised in January 1990 and recommended the removal of terraces ( standing areas ) in favour of seating . Under the amended Football Spectators Act 1989 , it became compulsory for first and second tier English clubs to have their stadia all - seated in time for the 1994 -- 95 season . Arsenal , like many other clubs , experienced difficulty raising income for converted terraced areas . At the end of the 1990 -- 91 season , the club introduced a bond scheme which offered supporters the right to purchase a season ticket at its renovated North Bank stand of Highbury . The board felt this was the only viable option after considering other proposals ; they did not want to compromise on traditions nor curb manager George Graham 's transfer dealings . At a price of between £ 1,000 to £ 1,500 , the 150 - year bond was criticised by supporters , who argued it potentially blocked the participation of those less well - off from supporting Arsenal . A campaign directed by the Independent Arsenal Supporters ' Association brought relative success as only a third of all bonds were sold . The North Bank was the final stand to be refurbished . It opened in August 1993 at a cost of £ 20 million . The rework significantly reduced the stadium 's capacity , from 57,000 at the beginning of the decade to under 40,000 . High ticket prices to serve the club 's existing debts and low attendance figures forced Arsenal to explore the possibility of building a larger stadium in 1997 . The club wanted to attract an evergrowing fanbase and financially compete with the biggest clubs in England . By comparison , Manchester United enjoyed a rise in gate receipts ; the club went from £ 43.9 million in 1994 to £ 87.9 million in 1997 because of Old Trafford 's expansion . Arsenal 's initial proposal to rebuild Highbury was met with disapproval from local residents , as it required the demolition of 25 neighbouring houses . It later became problematic once the East Stand of the stadium was granted Grade II listing in July 1997 . After much consultation , the club abandoned its plan , deciding a capacity of 48,000 was not large enough . Arsenal then investigated the possibility of relocating to Wembley Stadium and in March 1998 made an official bid to purchase the ground . The Football Association ( FA ) and the English National Stadium Trust opposed Arsenal 's offer , claiming it harmed England 's bid for the 2006 FIFA World Cup , which FIFA itself denied . In April 1998 , Arsenal withdrew its bid and Wembley was purchased by the English National Stadium Trust . The club however was given permission to host its UEFA Champions League home ties at Wembley for the 1998 -- 99 and 1999 -- 2000 seasons . Although Arsenal 's time in the competition was brief , twice exiting the group stages , the club set its record home attendance ( 73,707 against Lens ) and earned record gate income in the 1998 -- 99 season , highlighting potential profitability . Site selection and development proposals ( edit ) In November 1999 , Arsenal examined the feasibility of building a new stadium in Ashburton Grove . Anthony Spencer , estate agent and club property adviser , recommended the area to director Danny Fiszman and vice-chairman David Dein having scoured over North London for potential areas . The land , 500 yards ( 460 m ) from Highbury was composed of a rubbish processing plant and industrial estate , 80 % owned by the Islington Council , Railtrack and Sainsbury 's . After passing the first significant milestone at Islington Council 's planning committee , Arsenal submitted a planning application for a new - build 60,000 seater stadium in November 2000 . This included a redevelopment project at Drayton Park , converting the existing ground Highbury to flats and building a new waste station in Lough Road . As part of the scheme , Arsenal intended to create 1,800 new jobs for the community and 2,300 new homes . Improvements to three railway stations , Holloway Road , Drayton Park and Finsbury Park , were included to cope with the increased capacity requirements from matchday crowds . A board displaying the acquisition of the Ashburton Grove site for the stadium development . Islington Stadium Communities Alliance ( ISCA ) -- an alliance of 16 groups representing local residents and businesses , was set up in January 2000 as a body against the redevelopment . Alison Carmichael , a spokeswoman for the group , said of the move , `` It may look like Arsenal are doing great things for the area , but in its detail the plan is awful . We blame the council ; the football club just wants to expand to make more money . '' Tom Lamb , an ISCA member , was concerned about as air pollution and growing traffic , adding `` that is a consequence which most Arsenal fans would never see , because they are in Islington only for about thirty days a year . '' Seven months after the planning application was submitted , a poll showed that 75 % of respondents ( 2,133 residents ) were against the scheme . By October 2001 , the club asserted that a poll of Islington residents found that 70 % were in favour , and received the backing from the then Mayor of London , Ken Livingstone . The club launched a campaign to aid the project in the run up to Christmas and planted the slogan `` Let Arsenal support Islington '' on advertising hoardings and in the backdrop of manager Arsène Wenger 's press conferences . Islington Council approved Arsenal 's planning application on 10 December 2001 , voting in favour of the Ashburton Grove development . The council also consented to the transfer of the existing waste recycling plant in Ashburton Grove to Lough Road . Livingstone approved of the plans a month later , and it was then motioned to then - Transport Secretary Stephen Byers , who initially delayed making a final decision . He had considered whether to refer the scheme to a public inquiry , but eventually decided not to . Planning permission was granted by Islington Council in May 2002 , but local residents and ISCA launched a late challenge to the High Court , citing the plans were against the law . Duncan Ouseley dismissed the case in July 2002 , paving the way for Arsenal to start work . The club succeeded in a further legal challenge bought by small firms in January 2005 as the High Court upheld a decision by then - Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott to grant a compulsory purchase order in support of the scheme . The stadium later became issue in the local elections in May 2006 . The Metropolitan Police restricted supporters ' coaches to being parked in the nearby Sobel Sports Centre rather than in the underground stadium car park , and restricted access to 14 streets on match days . These police restrictions were conditions of the stadiums ' health and safety certificate which the stadium requires to operate and open . The road closures were passed at a council meeting in July 2005 . Finance and naming ( edit ) Securing finance for the stadium project proved a challenge as Arsenal received no public subsidy from the government . Whereas Wenger claimed French clubs `` pay nothing at all for their stadium , nothing at all for their maintenance , '' and `` Bayern Munich paid one euro for their ground , '' Arsenal were required to buy the site outright in one of London 's most expensive areas . The club therefore sought other ways of generating income , such as making a profit on player trading . Arsenal recouped over £ 50 million from transfers involving Nicolas Anelka to Real Madrid , and Marc Overmars and Emmanuel Petit to Barcelona . The transfer of Anelka partly funded the club 's new training ground , in London Colney , which opened in October 1999 . Arsenal organised another bond scheme in order to generate funds for the new stadium and redevelopment of Highbury . The club also agreed new sponsorship deals . In September 2000 , Granada Media Group purchased a 5 % stake in Arsenal for £ 47 million . As part of the acquisition , Granada became the premier media agent for Arsenal , handling advertising , sponsorship , merchandising , publishing and licensing agreements . The club 's managing director Keith Edelman confirmed in a statement that the investment would be used directly to fund for the new stadium . The collapse of ITV Digital ( part - owned by Granada ) in April 2002 coincided with news that the company was tied in to pay £ 30 million once arrangements for the new stadium were finalised . In September 2002 , Arsenal formulated plans to reduce its players ' wage bill after making a pre-tax loss of £ 22.3 million for the 2001 -- 02 financial year . The club appointed NM Rothschild & Sons to examine its financial situation and advise whether it was feasible for construction to press ahead at the end of March 2003 . Although Arsenal secured a £ 260 million loan from a group of banks led by the Royal Bank of Scotland , the club suspended work on Ashburton Grove in April 2003 , saying , `` We have experienced a number of delays in arrangements for our new stadium project in recent months across a range of issues . The impact of these delays is that we will now be unable to deliver a stadium opening for the start of the 2005 -- 06 season . '' The cost of building the stadium , forecasted at £ 400 million , had risen by £ 100 million during that period . Throughout the summer of 2003 , Arsenal gave fans the opportunity to register their interest in a relaunched bond scheme . The club planned to issue 3,000 bonds for between £ 3,500 and £ 5,000 each for a season ticket at Highbury , then at Ashburton Grove . Supporters reacted negatively to the news ; AISA chairman Steven Powell said in a statement : `` We are disappointed that the club has not consulted supporters before announcing a new bond scheme . '' Though Arsenal never stated how many bonds were sold , they did raise several million pounds through the scheme . The club also extended its contract with sportswear provider Nike , in a deal worth £ 55 million over seven years . Nike paid a minimum of £ 1 million each year as a royalty payment , contingent on sales . Funding for the stadium was secured in February 2004 . Later in the year Emirates bought naming rights for the stadium , in a 15 - year deal estimated at £ 100 million that also a 7 - year shirt sponsorship , starting in the 2006 - 07 season . The stadium name is colloquially shortened from `` Emirates Stadium '' to `` The Emirates '' , although some supporters continue to use the former name `` Ashburton Grove '' or even `` The Grove '' , particularly those who object to the concept of corporate sponsorship of stadium names . Due to UEFA regulations on stadium sponsors , the ground is referred to as Arsenal Stadium for European matches , which was the official name of Highbury . Emirates and Arsenal agreed a new deal worth £ 150 million in November 2012 , and shirt - sponsorship was extended for five years while naming rights were extended to 2028 . Construction and opening ( edit ) Actual construction of the stadium began once Arsenal secured funding . The club appointed Sir Robert McAlpine in January 2002 to carry out building work and the stadium was designed by Populous , who were the architects for Stadium Australia and the redevelopment of Ascot Racecourse . Construction consultants Arcadis and engineering firm Buro Happold were also involved in the process . The Emirates Stadium under construction in May 2005 The first phase of demolition was completed in March 2004 , and two months later , stand piling on the West , East and North stands had been concluded . Two bridges over the Northern City railway line connecting the stadium to Drayton Park were also built ; these were completed in August 2004 . The stadium topped out in August 2005 and external glazing , power and water tank installation was completed by December 2005 . The first seat in the new stadium was ceremonially installed on 13 March 2006 by Arsenal midfielder Abou Diaby . DD GrassMaster was selected as the pitch installer and Hewitt Sportsturf was contracted to design and construct the playing field . Floodlights were successfully tested for the first time on 25 June 2006 , and a day later , the goalposts were erected . In order to obtain the licences needed to open , the Emirates Stadium hosted three non-full capacity events . The first `` ramp - up '' event was a shareholder open day on 18 July 2006 , the second an open training session for 20,000 selected club members held two days later . The third event was Dennis Bergkamp 's testimonial match against Ajax on 22 July 2006 . The Emirates Stadium was officially opened by Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh on 26 October 2006 ; his wife Queen Elizabeth II had suffered a back injury and was unable to carry out her duty . Prince Philip quipped to the crowd , `` Well , you may not have my wife , but you 've got the second-most experienced plaque unveiler in the world . '' The royal visit echoed the attendance of the Queen 's uncle , the Prince of Wales ( later King Edward VIII ) at the official opening of Highbury 's West Stand in 1932 . As a result of the change of plan , the Queen extended to the club the honour of inviting the chairman , manager and first team to join her for afternoon tea at Buckingham Palace . Held on 15 February 2007 , the engagement marked the first time a football club had been invited to the palace for such an event . Loan repayments ( edit ) Interest on the £ 260 million debt was set at a commercial fixed rate over a 14 - year period . To refinance the cost , Arsenal planned to convert the money into a 30 - year bond financed by banks . The proposed bond issue went ahead in July 2006 . Arsenal issued £ 210 million worth of 13.5 - year bonds with a spread of 52 basis points over government bonds and £ 50 million of 7.1 - year bonds with a spread of 22 basis points over LIBOR . It was the first publicly marketed , asset - backed bond issue by a European football club . The effective interest rate on these bonds is 5.14 % and 5.97 % , respectively , and are due to be paid back over a 25 - year period ; the move to bonds has reduced the club 's annual debt service cost to approximately £ 20 million a year . In September 2010 , Arsenal announced that the Highbury Square development -- one of the main sources of income to reduce the stadium debt -- was now debt free and making revenue . When Arsenal moved to the Emirates Stadium , the club prioritised repaying the loans over strengthening the playing squad . Arsenal 's self - sustaining model relied heavily on qualifying for the UEFA Champions League ; as Wenger recalled in 2016 : `` We had to be three years in the Champions League out of five and have an average of 54,000 people , and we did n't know we would be capable of that . '' The club sold several experienced players throughout the late 2000s and early 2010s and raised ticket prices , upsetting supporters who have called for change . Wenger took umbrage over criticism and revealed the bank loans were contingent on his commitment to the club : `` The banks wanted the technical consistency to guarantee that we have a chance to pay ( them ) back . I did commit and I stayed and under very difficult circumstances . So for me to come back and on top of that ( critics ) reproach me for not having won the championship during that period it is a bit overboard . '' Wenger later described the stadium move as the toughest period of his life because of the restricted finances in place . Arsenalisation ( edit ) One of the murals installed on the stadium as a result of the Arsenalisation project . In August 2009 , Arsenal began a programme of `` Arsenalisation '' of the Emirates Stadium after listening to feedback from supporters in a forum . The intention was to turn the stadium into a `` visible stronghold of all things Arsenal through a variety of artistic and creative means '' , led by Arsenal chief executive Ivan Gazidis . Among the first changes were white seats installed in the pattern of the club 's trademark cannon , located in the lower level stands opposite the entrance tunnel . `` The Spirit of Highbury '' , a shrine depicting every player to have played for Arsenal during its 93 - year residence , was erected in late 2009 outside the stadium at the south end . Eight large murals on the exterior of the stadium were installed , each depicting four Arsenal legends linking arms , such that the effect of the completed design is 32 legends in a huddle embracing the stadium : Ian Wright George Armstrong David Jack Martin Keown Cliff Bastin Tony Adams Liam Brady Thierry Henry David Seaman Ted Drake David Rocastle Alex James Patrick Vieira Reg Lewis Lee Dixon Joe Mercer Dennis Bergkamp Bob Wilson Eddie Hapgood Charlie George Nigel Winterburn David Danskin Kenny Sansom Jack Kelsey Robert Pirès John Radford David O'Leary George Male Ray Parlour Frank McLintock Steve Bould Pat Rice Around the lower concourse of the stadium are additional murals depicting 12 `` greatest moments '' in Arsenal history , voted for by a poll on the club 's website . Prior to the start of the 2010 -- 11 season , Arsenal renamed the coloured seating quadrants of the ground as the East Stand , West Stand , North Bank , and Clock End . Akin to Highbury , this involved the installation of a clock above the newly renamed Clock End which was unveiled in a league match against Blackpool . In April 2011 , Arsenal renamed two bridges near the stadium in honour of club directors Ken Friar and Danny Fiszman . As part of the club 's 125 anniversary celebrations in December 2011 , Arsenal unveiled three statues of former captain Tony Adams , record goalscorer Thierry Henry and manager Herbert Chapman outside of the stadium . Before Arsenal 's match against Sunderland in February 2014 , the club unveiled a statue of former striker Dennis Bergkamp , outside the west stand of Emirates Stadium . Banners and flags , often designed by supporters group REDaction , are hung around the ground . A large `` 49 '' flag , representing the run of 49 unbeaten league games , is passed around the lower tier before kick off . Structure and facilities ( edit ) An aerial view of the Emirates Stadium and surrounding area . Arsenal 's former stadium Highbury , which has since been redeveloped into Highbury Square is visible . Described as `` beautiful '' and `` intimidating '' by architect Christopher Lee of Populous , the Emirates Stadium is a four - tiered bowl with translucent polycarbonate roofing over the stands , but not over the pitch . The underside is clad with metallic panels and the roof is supported by four triangular trusses , made of welded tubular steel . Two trusses span 200 metres ( 660 ft ) in a north -- south direction while a further two span an east -- west direction . The trusses are supported by the stadium 's vertical concrete cores , eight of which connected to them by steel tripods . They in turn each house four stairways , a passenger lift as well as service access . Façades are either glazed or woven between the cores which allows visitors on the podium to see inside the stadium . The glass and steel construction was devised by Populous to give an impression that the stadium sparkles in sunlight and glows in the night . The upper and lower parts of the stadium feature standard seating . The stadium has two levels below ground that house its support facilities such as commercial kitchens , changing rooms and press and education centres . The main middle tier , known as the `` Club Level '' , is premium priced and also includes the director 's box . There are 7,139 seats at this level , which are sold on licences lasting from one to four years . Immediately above the club tier there is a small circle consisting of 150 boxes of 10 , 12 and 15 seats . The total number of spectators at this level is 2,222 . The high demand for tickets , as well as the relative wealth of their London fans , means revenue from premium seating and corporate boxes is nearly as high as the revenue from the entire stadium at Highbury . Cannons positioned outside the stadium . The upper tier is contoured to leave open space in the corners of the ground , and the roof is significantly canted inwards . Both of these features are meant to provide as much airflow and sunlight to the pitch as possible . The stadium gives an illusion that supporters in the upper tier on one side of the ground are unable to see supporters in the upper tier opposite . As part of a deal with Sony , the stadium was the first in the world to incorporate HDTV streaming . In the north - west and south - east corners of the stadium are two giant screens suspended from the roof . The pitch is 105 by 68 metres ( 115 by 74 yd ) in size and the total grass area at Emirates is 113 by 76 metres ( 124 by 83 yd ) . Like Highbury , it runs north -- south , with the players ' tunnel and the dugouts on the west side of the pitch underneath the main TV camera . The away fans are found in the south - east corner of the lower tier . The away supporter configuration can be expanded from 1,500 seats to 4,500 seats behind the south goal in the lower tier , and a further 4,500 seats can be made available also in the upper tier , bringing the total to 9,000 supporters ( the regulation 15 % required for domestic cup competitions such as the FA Cup and EFL Cup ) . The Emirates Stadium pays tribute to Arsenal 's former home , Highbury . The club 's offices are officially called Highbury House , located north - east of Emirates Stadium , and house the bust of Herbert Chapman that used to reside at Highbury . Three other busts that used to reside at Highbury of Claude Ferrier ( architect of Highbury 's East stand ) , Denis Hill - Wood ( former Arsenal chairman ) and manager Arsène Wenger have also been moved to Emirates Stadium and are in display in the entrance of the Diamond Club . Additionally , the clock that gave its name to the old Clock End has been resited on the new clock end which features a newer , larger replica of the clock . The Arsenal club museum , which was formerly held in the North Bank Stand , opened in October 2006 and is located to the north of the stadium , within the Northern Triangle building . It houses the marble statues that were once held in the marble halls of Highbury . A panorama of players warming up from the east side Future ( edit ) As of 2008 , Arsenal 's season ticket waiting list stood at 40,000 people . The potential for expanding the stadium is a common topic within fan debate . There has also been discussion on the implementation of safe standing . Other uses ( edit ) Concerts at Emirates Summer Artist 2008 Bruce Springsteen 2009 Capital FM 's Summertime Ball 2012 Coldplay 2013 Muse , Green Day Aside from sporting uses , the Emirates Stadium operates as a conference centre . On 27 March 2008 , it played host to a summit between British Prime Minister Gordon Brown and French President Nicolas Sarkozy , in part because the stadium was regarded as `` a shining example of Anglo -- French co-operation '' . The stadium has been used as a location for the audition stage of reality shows The X Factor , Britain 's Got Talent and Big Brother . In 2016 , the Emirates was a venue for Celebrity Masterchef , where contestants prepare meals for club staff members . Aside from sporting uses , the Emirates has been used as a music venue which increases the maximum capacity to 72,000 . Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band became the first band to play a concert at the stadium on 30 May 2008 . They played a second gig the following night . British band Coldplay played three concerts at the Emirates in the June 2012 , having sold out the first two dates within 30 minutes of going on sale . They were the first band to sell out the stadium for music purposes . Green Day set an gig attendance record when performing at the Emirates in June 2013 . International football matches ( edit ) The stadium has also been used for a number of international friendly matches all of which have featured the Brazil national football team . The first match was against Argentina on 3 September 2006 which ended in a 3 -- 0 victory for Brazil . Brazil v Argentina 3 September 2006 Brazil 3 -- 0 Argentina ( show ) London 16 : 00 BST Elano 3 ' , 67 ' Kaká 89 ' Report Stadium : Emirates Stadium Attendance : 59,032 Referee : Steve Bennett ( England ) Brazil v Portugal 5 February 2007 Brazil 0 -- 2 Portugal ( show ) London 20 : 00 GMT Report Simão 82 ' Carvalho 90 ' Stadium : Emirates Stadium Attendance : 59,793 Referee : Martin Atkinson ( England ) Brazil v Sweden 26 March 2008 Brazil 1 -- 0 Sweden ( show ) London 19 : 45 GMT Pato 72 ' Report Stadium : Emirates Stadium Attendance : 60,021 Referee : Mike Riley ( England ) Brazil v Italy 9 February 2009 Brazil 2 -- 0 Italy ( show ) London 19 : 45 GMT Elano 13 ' Robinho 27 ' Report Stadium : Emirates Stadium Attendance : 60,077 Referee : Howard Webb ( England ) Brazil v Republic of Ireland 2 March 2010 Brazil 2 -- 0 Republic of Ireland ( show ) London 20 : 05 GMT Andrews 44 ' ( o.g. ) Robinho 76 ' Report Stadium : Emirates Stadium Attendance : 40,082 Referee : Mike Dean ( England ) Brazil v Scotland 27 March 2011 Brazil 2 -- 0 Scotland ( show ) London 14 : 00 GMT Neymar 42 ' , 77 ' ( pen . ) Report Stadium : Emirates Stadium Attendance : 53,087 Referee : Howard Webb ( England ) Brazil v Chile 29 March 2015 Brazil 1 -- 0 Chile ( show ) London 15 : 00 GMT Firmino 73 ' Stadium : Emirates Stadium Records ( edit ) It is difficult to get accurate attendance figures as Arsenal do not release these , but choose to use tickets sold . The average attendance for competitive first - team fixtures in the stadium 's first season , 2006 -- 07 , was 59,837 , with a Premier League average attendance of 60,045 . By the 2016 - 17 season , the reported average home league attendance was 59,957 . The attendances that Arsenal reported to the Metropolitan Police for the 2015 - 16 season show an average home match attendance of 54,918 , ranging from a high of 60,007 against Aston Villa to a low of 44,878 against West Bromwich Albion . The highest attendance for an Arsenal match at the Emirates Stadium as of June 2017 is 60,161 , for a Premier League match against Manchester United on 3 November 2007 . The lowest attendance record at the ground is 25,909 for a match against FC BATE Borisov in the UEFA Europa League on 7 December 2017 . The first player to score at the Emirates in a competitive fixture was Aston Villa defender Olof Mellberg after 53 minutes . In the same match Gilberto Silva scored Arsenal 's first competitive goal at the ground . Jay Simpson was the first Arsenal player to score a hat trick at the Emirates Stadium against Cardiff City in February 2007 , while Emmanuel Adebayor recorded Arsenal 's 100th goal at the ground in January 2008 against Newcastle United . Arsenal 's biggest margin of victory at the Emirates Stadium was by seven goals , achieved with a 7 -- 0 win over Slavia Prague in the group stages of the UEFA Champions League on 23 October 2007 . Their biggest margin of defeat at the ground was by four goals , when they were beaten 5 -- 1 by Bayern Munich in the Champions League round of 16 , second leg on 7 March 2017 . Robin van Persie has scored the most goals at the Emirates Stadium with 64 . Transport and access ( edit ) A map of the Emirates Stadium and surrounding connections The Emirates Stadium is served by a number of London Underground stations and bus routes . Arsenal station is the closest for the northern portion of the stadium , with Highbury & Islington station servicing the southern end . While Holloway Road station is the closest to the southern portion , it is entry - only before matches and exit - only afterwards to prevent overcrowding . Drayton Park station , adjacent to the Clock End Bridge is shut on matchdays as the rail services to this station do not operate at weekends nor after 10 pm . £ 7.6 million was set aside in the planning permission for upgrading Drayton Park and Holloway Road ; however Transport for London decided not to upgrade either station , in favour of improvement works at the interchanges at Highbury & Islington and Finsbury Park stations , both of which are served by Underground and National Rail services and are approximately a ten - minute walk away . The Emirates Stadium is the only football stadium that stands beside the East Coast Main Line between London and Edinburgh and is just over 2 miles from London King 's Cross . Driving to the Emirates Stadium is strongly discouraged as there are strict matchday parking restrictions in operation around the stadium . An hour before kick - off to one hour after the final whistle there is a complete ban on vehicle movement on a number of the surrounding roads , except for Islington residents and businesses with a road closure access permit . The parking restrictions mean that the stadium is highly dependent on the Underground service , particularly when there is no overground service in operation . Industrial action forced Arsenal to reschedule the match for the following month . The stadium opens to ticket holders two hours before kick - off . The main club shop , named ' The Armoury ' , and ticket offices are located near the West Stand , with other an additional store at the base of the North Bank Bridge , named ' All Arsenal ' and the ' Arsenal Store ' next to Finsbury Park station . Arsenal operates an electronic ticketing system where members of ' The Arsenal ' ( the club 's fan membership scheme ) use their membership cards to enter the stadium , thus removing the need for turnstile operators . Non-members are issued with one - off paper tickets embedded with an RFID tag allowing them to enter the stadium . References ( edit ) General Andrews , David L. ; Cole , Cheryl L. ; Silk , Michael L. ( 2005 ) . Sport and corporate nationalisms . London : Berg . ISBN 1 - 85973 - 799 - 4 . Bernstein , George L ( 2004 ) . The Myth of Decline : The Rise of Britain Since 1945 . London : Pimlico . ISBN 1 - 84413 - 102 - 5 . Brown , Adam ( 1998 ) . Fanatics ! : power , identity , and fandom in football . London : Routledge . 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External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Emirates Stadium . Official website Arsenal Football Club Players Managers Seasons Under - 23s / Academy Records & statistics Supporters Ownership Current season History 1886 to 1966 1966 to present Europe Home stadium Manor Ground ( 1888 -- 1890 & 1893 -- 1913 ) Invicta Ground ( 1890 -- 93 ) Highbury ( 1913 -- 2006 ) Emirates Stadium ( 2006 -- present ) Training ground UCL Ground London Colney Players 100 + appearances 25 -- 99 appearances 1 -- 24 appearances Other teams Arsenal Women Rivalries League record by opponent North London derby Chelsea rivalry Manchester United rivalry Media Arsenal TV The Arsenal Stadium Mystery Fever Pitch Related articles Arsenal Supporters ' Trust The Invincibles Tuesday Club Affiliated academies Barnet F.C. Colorado Rapids Hoang Anh Gia Lai Richmond Strikers Wadi Degla Sporting Club Book : Arsenal F.C. Category : Arsenal F.C. 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when was the old city of jerusalem built			Old City ( Jerusalem )	old city ( jerusalem )	The Old City ( Hebrew : העיר העתיקה ‎ ‎ , Ha'Ir Ha'Atiqah , Arabic : البلدة القديمة ‎ ‎ , al - Balda al - Qadimah ) is a 0.9 square kilometers ( 0.35 sq mi ) walled area within the modern city of Jerusalem .	Until 1860 , when the Jewish neighborhood Mishkenot Sha'ananim was established , this area constituted the entire city of Jerusalem . The Old City is home to several sites of key religious importance : the Temple Mount and Western Wall for Jews , the Church of the Holy Sepulchre for Christians and the Dome of the Rock and al - Aqsa Mosque for Muslims . It was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Site List in 1981 . Traditionally , the Old City has been divided into four uneven quarters , although the current designations were introduced only in the 19th century . Today , the Old City is roughly divided ( going counterclockwise from the northeastern corner ) into the Muslim Quarter , Christian Quarter , Armenian Quarter and Jewish Quarter . The Old City 's monumental defensive walls and city gates were built in the years 1535 -- 1542 by the Turkish sultan Suleiman the Magnificent . The current population of the Old City resides mostly in the Muslim and Christian quarters . As of 2007 the total population was 36,965 ; the breakdown of religious groups in 2006 was 27,500 Muslims ( up from ca . 17,000 in 1967 , with over 30,000 by 2013 , tendency : growing ) ; 5,681 Christians ( ca . 6,000 in 1967 ) , not including the 790 Armenians ( down to ca . 500 by 2011 , tendency : decreasing ) ; and 3,089 Jews ( starting with none in 1967 , as they were evicted after the Old City was captured by Jordan following the 1948 Arab - Israeli War , with almost 3,000 plus some 1,500 yeshiva students by 2013 , tendency : growing ) . Following the 1948 Arab - Israeli War , the Old City was captured by Jordan and all its Jewish residents were evicted . During the Six - Day War in 1967 , which saw hand - to - hand fighting on the Temple Mount , Israeli forces captured the Old City along with the rest of East Jerusalem , subsequently annexing them as Israeli territory and reuniting them with the western part of the city . Today , the Israeli government controls the entire area , which it considers part of its national capital . However , the Jerusalem Law of 1980 , which effectively annexed East Jerusalem to Israel , was declared null and void by United Nations Security Council Resolution 478 . East Jerusalem is now regarded by the international community as part of occupied Palestinian territory . In 2010 , Jerusalem 's oldest fragment of writing was found outside the Old City 's walls . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Quarters 2.1 Muslim Quarter 2.2 Christian Quarter 2.3 Armenian Quarter 2.4 Jewish Quarter 2.5 Moroccan Quarter 3 City walls 4 Gates 4.1 Open gates 4.2 Sealed gates 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History See also : Timeline of Jerusalem According to the Hebrew Bible , before King David 's conquest of Jerusalem in the 11th century BCE the city was home to the Jebusites . The Bible describes the city as heavily fortified with a strong city wall , a fact confirmed by archaeology . The Bible names the city ruled by King David as the City of David , in Hebrew Ir David , which was identified southeast of the Old City walls , outside the Dung Gate . In the Bible , David 's son , King Solomon , extended the city walls to include the Temple and Temple Mount . The city was largely extended westwards after the Neo-Assyrian destruction of the northern Kingdom of Israel and the resulting influx of refugees . Destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar in 586 BCE , it was rebuilt on a smaller scale in about 440 BCE , during the Persian period , when , according to the Bible , Nehemiah led the Jews who returned from the Babylonian Exile . An additional , so - called Second Wall , was built by King Herod the Great . In 41 -- 44 CE , Agrippa , king of Judea , started building the so - called `` Third Wall '' around the northern suburbs . The entire city was totally destroyed by the Romans in 70 CE . The northern part of the city was rebuilt by the Emperor Hadrian around 130 , under the name Aelia Capitolina . In the Byzantine period Jerusalem was extended southwards and again enclosed by city walls . Muslims occupied Byzantine Jerusalem in the 7th century ( 637 CE ) under the second caliph , ` Umar Ibn al - Khattab who annexed it to the Islamic Arab Empire . He granted its inhabitants an assurance treaty . After the siege of Jerusalem , Sophronius welcomed ` Umar , allegedly because , according to biblical prophecies known to the Church in Jerusalem , `` a poor , but just and powerful man '' would rise to be a protector and ally to the Christians of Jerusalem . Sophronius believed that ` Umar , a great warrior who led an austere life , was a fulfillment of this prophecy . In the account by the Patriarch of Alexandria , Eutychius , it is said that ` Umar paid a visit to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and sat in its courtyard . When the time for prayer arrived , however , he left the church and prayed outside the compound , in order to avoid having future generations of Muslims use his prayer there as a pretext for converting the church into a mosque . Eutychius adds that ` Umar also wrote a decree which he handed to the Patriarch , in which he prohibited Muslims gathering in prayer at the site . In 1099 , Jerusalem was captured by the Western Christian army of the First Crusade and it remained in their hands until recaptured by the Arab Muslims , led by Saladin , on October 2 , 1187 . He summoned the Jews and permitted them to resettle in the city . In 1219 , the walls of the city were razed by Mu'azzim Sultan of Damascus ; in 1229 , by treaty with Egypt , Jerusalem came into the hands of Frederick II of Germany . In 1239 he began to rebuild the walls , but they were demolished again by Da'ud , the emir of Kerak . In 1243 , Jerusalem came again under the control of the Christians , and the walls were repaired . The Kharezmian Tatars took the city in 1244 and Sultan Malik al - Muazzam razed the walls , rendering it again defenseless and dealing a heavy blow to the city 's status . Suleiman I 1530 The current walls of the Old City were built in 1535 -- 42 by the Ottoman Turkish sultan Suleiman the Magnificent . The walls stretch for approximately 4.5 km ( 2.8 miles ) , and rise to a height of between 5 and 15 metres ( 16.4 -- 49 ft ) , with a thickness of 3 metres ( 10 feet ) at the base of the wall . Altogether , the Old City walls contain 35 towers , most of which ( 15 ) are in the more exposed northern wall . Suleiman 's wall had six gates , to which a seventh , the New Gate , was added in 1887 ; several other , older gates , have been walled up over the centuries . The Golden Gate was at first rebuilt and left open by Suleiman 's architects , only to be walled up a short while later . The New Gate was opened in the wall surrounding the Christian Quarter during the 19th century . Two secondary gates were reopend in recent times on the southeastern side of the city walls as a result of aarchaeological work . In 1980 , Jordan proposed that the Old City be listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . It was added to the List in 1981 . In 1982 , Jordan requested that it be added to the List of World Heritage in Danger . The United States government opposed the request , noting that the Jordanian government had no standing to make such a nomination and that the consent of the Israeli government would be required since it effectively controlled Jerusalem . In 2011 , UNESCO issued a statement reiterating its view that East Jerusalem is `` part of the occupied Palestinian territory , and that the status of Jerusalem must be resolved in permanent status negotiations . '' Quarters Arab market Old City promenade in snow , 2008 Muslim Quarter The Muslim Quarter ( Arabic : حارَة المُسلِمين ‎ ‎ , Hārat al - Muslimīn ) is the largest and most populous of the four quarters and is situated in the northeastern corner of the Old City , extending from the Lions ' Gate in the east , along the northern wall of the Temple Mount in the south , to the Western Wall -- Damascus Gate route in the west . Its population was 22,000 in 2005 . Like the other three quarters of the Old City , until the riots of 1929 the Muslim quarter had a mixed population of Muslims , Christians , and also Jews . Today , there are `` many Israeli settler homes '' and `` several yeshivas '' , including Yeshivat Ateret Yerushalayim , in the Muslim Quarter . Christian Quarter See also : Jerusalem in Christianity The Christian Quarter ( Arabic : حارة النصارى ‎ ‎ , Ḩārat an - Naşāra ) is situated in the northwestern corner of the Old City , extending from the New Gate in the north , along the western wall of the Old City as far as the Jaffa Gate , along the Jaffa Gate -- Western Wall route in the south , bordering the Jewish and Armenian Quarters , as far as the Damascus Gate in the east , where it borders the Muslim Quarter . The quarter contains the Church of the Holy Sepulchre , viewed by many as Christianity 's holiest place . Armenian Quarter See also : Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem The Armenian Quarter ( Armenian : Հայկական Թաղամաս , Haygagan T'aġamas , Arabic : حارة الأرمن ‎ ‎ , Ḩārat al - Arman ) is the smallest of the four quarters of the Old City . Although the Armenians are Christian , the Armenian Quarter is distinct from the Christian Quarter . Despite the small size and population of this quarter , the Armenians and their Patriarchate remain staunchly independent and form a vigorous presence in the Old City . After the 1948 Arab - Israeli War , the four quarters of the city came under Jordanian control . Jordanian law required Armenians and other Christians to `` give equal time to the Bible and Qur'an '' in private Christian schools , and restricted the expansion of church assets . The 1967 war is remembered by residents of the quarter as a miracle , after two unexploded bombs were found inside the Armenian monastery . Today , more than 3,000 Armenians live in Jerusalem , 500 of them in the Armenian Quarter . Some are temporary residents studying at the seminary or working as church functionaries . The Patriarchate owns the land in this quarter as well as valuable property in West Jerusalem and elsewhere . In 1975 , a theological seminary was established in the Armenian Quarter . After the 1967 war , the Israeli government gave compensation for repairing any churches or holy sites damaged in the fighting , regardless of who caused the damage . Jerusalem יְרוּשָׁלַיִם ‎ القُدس ‎ History Timeline City of David Second Temple Period Middle Ages Kingdom of Jerusalem Mutasarrifate British Mandate Jordanian annexation Sieges 1000 BCE 925 BCE 721 BCE 597 BCE 587 BCE 70 614 637 1099 1187 1244 1917 1948 Places Synagogues Churches Mosques Old City East Jerusalem Zion Temple Temple Mount Western Wall Dome of the Rock Al - Aqsa Mosque Church of the Holy Sepulchre Hebrew University Jerusalem Biblical Zoo People Mayors Chief rabbis Grand Muftis Patriarchs Greek Orthodox Armenian Latin Melkite Anglican Bishop Kings Queens Demographic history Positions Names Religious significance Judaism Christianity Islam Temple Denial Jerusalem Law Jerusalem Day Quds Day Judaization Islamization Other topics Flag Emblem Municipality Jerusalem Development Authority Transport Archaeological excavations Jerusalem syndrome Songs `` And did those feet in ancient time '' Zion Jewish Quarter Western Wall plaza Jewish Quarter . The Jewish Quarter ( Hebrew : הרובע היהודי ‎ ‎ , HaRova HaYehudi , known colloquially to residents as HaRova , Arabic : حارة اليهود ‎ ‎ , Ḩārat al - Yahūd ) lies in the southeastern sector of the walled city , and stretches from the Zion Gate in the south , bordering the Armenian Quarter on the west , along the Cardo to Chain Street in the north and extends east to the Western Wall and the Temple Mount . The quarter has a rich history , with several long periods of Jewish presence covering much of the time since the eighth century BCE . In 1948 , its population of about 2,000 Jews was besieged , and forced to leave en masse . The quarter was completely sacked by Arab forces during the Battle for Jerusalem and ancient synagogues were destroyed . The Jewish quarter remained under Jordanian control until its recapture by Israeli paratroopers in the Six - Day War of 1967 . A few days later , Israeli authorities ordered the demolition of the adjacent Moroccan Quarter , forcibly relocating all of its inhabitants , in order to facilitate public access to the Western Wall . The section of the Jewish quarter destroyed prior to 1967 has since been rebuilt and settled and has a population of 2,348 ( as of 2005 ) . Many large educational institutions have taken up residence . Before being rebuilt , the quarter was carefully excavated under the supervision of Hebrew University archaeologist Nahman Avigad . The archaeological remains are on display in a series of museums and outdoor parks , which tourists can visit by descending two or three stories beneath the level of the current city . The former Chief Rabbi is Rabbi Avigdor Nebenzahl , and the current Chief Rabbi is his son Rabbi Chizkiyahu Nebenzahl , who is on the faculty of Yeshivat Netiv Aryeh , which is situated directly across from the Kotel . The quarter includes the `` Karaites ' street '' ( Hebrew : רחוב הקראים , Rhehov Ha'karaim ) , on which the old Anan ben David Kenesa is located . Moroccan Quarter Main article : Moroccan Quarter Clearing the plaza in front of the Kotel , July 1967 There was previously a small Moroccan quarter in the Old City . Within a week of the Six - Day War 's end , the Moroccan quarter was largely destroyed in order to give visitors better access to the Western Wall by creating the Western Wall plaza . The parts of the Moroccan Quarter that were not destroyed are now part of the Jewish Quarter . Simultaneously with the demolition , a new regulation was set into place by which the only access point for non-Muslims to the Temple Mount is through the Gate of the Moors , which is reached via the so - called Mughrabi Bridge . City walls Main article : Walls of Jerusalem Gates Jaffa Gate During different periods , the city walls followed different outlines and had a varying number of gates . During the era of the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem for instance , Jerusalem had four gates , one on each side . The current walls were built by Suleiman the Magnificent , who provided them with six gates ; several older gates , which had been walled up before the arrival of the Ottomans , were left as they were . As to the previously sealed Golden Gate , Suleiman at first opened and rebuilt it , but then walled it up again as well . The number of operational gates increased to seven after the addition of the New Gate in 1887 ; a smaller eighth one , the Tanners ' Gate , has been opened for visitors after being discovered and unsealed during excavations in the 1990s . The sealed historic gates comprise four that are at least partially preserved ( the double Golden Gate in the eastern wall , and the Single , Triple , and Double Gates in the southern wall ) , with several other gates discovered by archaeologists of which only traces remain ( the Gate of the Essenes on Mount Zion , the gate of Herod 's royal palace south of the citadel , and the vague remains of what 19th - century explorers identified as the Gate of the Funerals ( Bab al - Jana'iz ) or of al - Buraq ( Bab al - Buraq ) south of the Golden Gate ) . Until 1887 , each gate was closed before sunset and opened at sunrise . As indicated by the chart below , these gates have been known by a variety of names used in different historical periods and by different communities . Open gates English Hebrew Arabic Alternative names Construction Year Location New Gate HaSha'ar HeHadash השער החדש Al - Bab al - Jedid الباب الجديد Gate of Hammid 1887 West of northern side Damascus Gate Sha'ar Shkhem שער שכם Bab al - Amoud باب العمود Sha'ar Damesek , Nablus Gate , Gate of the Pillar 1537 Middle of northern side Herod 's Gate Sha'ar HaPerachim שער הפרחים Bab al - Sahira باب الساهرة Sha'ar Hordos , Flower Gate , Sheep Gate 1875 East of northern side Lions ' Gate Sha'ar HaArayot שער האריות Bab al - Asbatt باب الأسباط Gate of Yehoshafat , St. Stephen 's Gate , Gate of the Tribes , Bab Sittna Maryam ( باب ستي مريم , `` St. Mary 's Gate '' ) 1538 -- 39 North of eastern side Excavators ' Gate Excavation Gate . ( Eastern gate of the main Umayyad palace , attributed to Caliph Al - Walid I ( 705 - 715 ) . Destroyed by an earthquake around 749 , walled up to support Ottoman wall ( 1537 -- 41 ) , reopened and rebuilt by archaeologists led by Benjamin Mazar and Meir Ben - Dov in 1968 . ) 705 -- 15 , 1968 Wall south of Al - Aqsa Mosque Dung Gate Sha'ar HaAshpot שער האשפות Bab al - Maghariba باب المغاربة Gate of Silwan , Sha'ar HaMugrabim 1538 -- 40 East of southern side Tanners ' Gate Sha'ar HaBursekaim שער הבורסקאים 12th century East of southern side Zion Gate Sha'ar Tzion שער ציון Bab al - Nabi Da'oud باب النبي داود Gate to the Jewish Quarter 1540 Middle of southern side Jaffa Gate Sha'ar Yaffo שער יפו Bab al - Khalil باب الخليل The Gate of David 's Prayer Shrine , Porta Davidi 1530 -- 40 Middle of western side Sealed gates English Hebrew Arabic Description Period Location Golden Gate Sha'ar HaRahamim שער הרחמים Bab al - Dhahabi / al - Zahabi , `` Golden Gate '' باب الذهبي A double gate , last sealed in 1541 . In Arabic also known as the Gate of Eternal Life . In Arabic each door has its own name : Gate of Mercy , Bab al - Rahma ( باب الرحمة ) -- the southern door Gate of Repentance , Bab al - Taubah ( باب التوبة ) -- the northern door 6th century Northern third of eastern side Single Gate This gate led to the underground area of the Temple Mount known as Solomon 's Stables Herodian period Southern wall of Temple Mount Huldah Gates Sha'arei Chulda שערי חולדה Two gates : The Triple Gate , as it comprises three arches . Also known as Bab an - Nabi ( باب النبي , `` Gate of the Prophet Muhammad '' ) The Double Gate , two arches , partially hidden from view by mediaeval building Herodian period Southern wall of Temple Mount See also Bezetha Demographic history of Jerusalem Gates of the Temple Mount List of cities with defensive walls List of places in Jerusalem Zedekiah 's Cave References Jump up ^ `` Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Kollek , Teddy ( 1977 ) . `` Afterword '' . In John Phillips . A Will to Survive -- Israel : the Faces of the Terror 1948 - the Faces of Hope Today . Dial Press / James Wade . about 225 acres Jump up ^ Ben - Arieh , Yehoshua ( 1984 ) . Jerusalem in the 19th Century , The Old City . Yad Izhak Ben Zvi & St. Martin 's Press . p. 14 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 44187 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Eliyahu Wager ( 1988 ) . Illustrated guide to Jerusalem . Jerusalem : The Jerusalem Publishing House . p. 138 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jerusalem The Old City : Urban Fabric and Geopolitical Implications '' ( PDF ) . International Peace and Cooperation Center . 2009 . Jump up ^ Bracha Slae ( 13 July 2013 ) . `` Demography in Jerusalem 's Old City '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 26 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Beltran , Gray ( 9 May 2011 ) . `` Torn between two worlds and an uncertain future '' . Columbia Journalism School . Jump up ^ East Jerusalem : Key Humanitarian Concerns United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs occupied Palestinian territory . December 2012 Jump up ^ Benveniśtî , Eyāl ( 2004 ) . The international law of occupation . Princeton University Press . pp. 112 -- 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 12130 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Tiny fragment bears oldest script found in Jerusalem '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 2010 - 07 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Holy Sepulchre -- first destructions and reconstructions '' . Christusrex.org. 2001 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Advisory Body Evaluation ( PDF file ) Jump up ^ `` Report of the 1st Extraordinary Session of the World Heritage Committee '' . Whc.unesco.org . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Justification for inscription on the List of World Heritage in Danger , 1982 : Report of the 6th Session of the World Heritage Committee '' . Whc.unesco.org . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO replies to allegations '' . UNESCO . 15 July 2011 . The Old City of Jerusalem is inscribed on the World Heritage List and the List of World Heritage in Danger . UNESCO continues to work to ensure respect for the outstanding universal value of the cultural heritage of the Old City of Jerusalem . This position is reflected on UNESCO 's official website ( www.unesco.org ) . In line with relevant UN resolutions , East Jerusalem remains part of the occupied Palestinian territory , and the status of Jerusalem must be resolved in permanent status negotiations . Jump up ^ `` שבתי זכריה עו '' ד חצרו של ר ' משה רכטמן ברחוב מעלה חלדיה בירושלים העתיקה `` . Jerusalem-stories.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Հայաստան սփյուռք ( Armenia Diaspora ) ( in Armenian ) . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 11 . Cite uses deprecated parameter trans_title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Առաքելական Աթոռ Սրբոց Յակովբեանց Յերուսաղեմ ( Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem ( literally `` Apostolic See of St. James in Jerusalem '' ) ) ( in Armenian ) . Cite uses deprecated parameter trans_title = ( help ) Jump up ^ University of Cape Town , Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Congress , South African Judaica Society 81 ( 1986 ) ( referencing archaeological evidence of `` Israelite settlement of the Western Hill from the 8th Century BCE onwards '' ) . Jump up ^ Simon Goldhill , Jerusalem : City of Longing 4 ( 2008 ) ( conquered by `` early Israelites '' after the `` ninth century B.C. '' ) Jump up ^ William G. Dever & Seymour Gitin ( eds . ) , Symbiosis , Symbolism , and the Power of the Past : Canaan , Ancient Israel , and Their Neighbors from the Late Bronze Age Through Roman Palaestina 534 ( 2003 ) ( `` in the 8th -- 7th centuries B.C.E. ... Jerusalem was the capital of the Judean kingdom ... It encompassed the entire City of David , the Temple Mount , and the Western Hill , now the Jewish Quarter of the Old City . '' ) Jump up ^ John A. Emerton ( ed . ) , Congress Volume , Jerusalem : 1986 2 ( 1986 ) ( describing fortification work undertaken by `` Hezekiah ( ) ... in Jerusalem at the close of the 8th century B.C.E. '' ) Jump up ^ Hillel Geva ( ed . ) , 1 Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem Conducted by Nahman Avigad , 1969 -- 1982 81 ( 2000 ) ( `` The settlement in the Jewish Quarter began during the 8th century BCE ... the Broad Wall was apparently erected by King Hezekiah of Judah at the end of the 8th century BCE . '' ) Jump up ^ Koert van Bekkum , From Conquest to Coexistence : Ideology and Antiquarian Intent in the Historiography of Israel 's Settlement in Canaan 513 ( 2011 ) ( `` During the last decennia , a general consensus was reached concerning Jerusalem at the end of Iron IIB . The extensive excavations conducted ... in the Jewish Quarter ... revealed domestic constructions , industrial installations and large fortifications , all from the second half of the 8th century BCE . '' ) Jump up ^ Mordechai Weingarten Jump up ^ Staff . `` Table III / 14 -- Population of Jerusalem , by Age , Quarter , Sub-Quarter , and Statistical Area , 2003 '' ( PDF ) . Institute for Israel Studies ( in Hebrew and English ) . Institute for Israel Studies , Jerusalem . Retrieved 23 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2010 ) . `` Our communities '' . God 's name to succeed ( in Hebrew ) . World Karaite Judaism . Retrieved 23 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Nadav Shragai ( 8 March 2007 ) . `` The Gate of the Jews '' . Haaretz . Retrieved 26 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Gerald M. ( 2013 ) . `` False Witness ? EU Funded NGOs and Policymaking in the Arab - Israeli Conflict '' ( PDF ) . Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs . Jump up ^ Gülru Necipoğlu ( 2008 ) . `` The Dome of the Rock as a palimpsest : ' Abd al - Malik 's grand narrative and Sultan Süleyman 's glosses '' ( PDF ) . Muqarnas : An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic . Leiden : Brill. 25 : 20 -- 21 . ISBN 9789004173279 . Retrieved 26 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Function and Plan of the ' Palaces ' '' . The Jerusalem Archaeological Park -- Davidson Center . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Meir Ben - Dov ( 1987 ) . The Excavation Gate ( 18 ) . The Ophel archaeological garden . Jerusalem : East Jerusalem Development Ltd. p. 20 . Thus for all intents and purposes , a ninth gate has been opened in the walls of Jerusalem . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Old City ( Jerusalem ) . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Jerusalem / Old City . Virtual tour of the Old City 's historic sites Virtual tour of the Muslim Quarter Virtual tour of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre Virtual tour of the Cardo Virtual tour of the Damascus gate Virtual tour of the Kotel Coordinates : 31 ° 46 ′ 36 '' N 35 ° 14 ′ 03 '' E / 31.77667 ° N 35.23417 ° E / 31.77667 ; 35.23417 World Heritage Sites in Israel and East Jerusalem Israel Old City of Acre Bahá'i Holy Places in Haifa and Western Galilee Negev incense route Avdat Haluza Mamshit Shivta Masada Sites of Human Evolution at Mount Carmel The Nahal Me'arot / Wadi el - Mughara Caves Biblical Tells Tel Be'er Sheva Tel Hazor Tel Megiddo White City of Tel Aviv Caves of Maresha and Beit Guvrin Necropolis of Bet She'arim East Jerusalem Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls Old City of Jerusalem and its walls World Heritage Site by UNESCO Judaism ( Sephardic / Ashkenazi Chief Rabbis ) General Southern Wall Western Wall Western Wall Tunnel Little Western Wall Orthodox Hurva Synagogue Ohel Yitzchak Synagogue Ramban Synagogue Tiferet Yisrael Synagogue Other Ari Synagogue Four Sephardic Synagogues Ohr ha - Chaim Synagogue Tzuf Dvash Synagogue Areas Christian Quarter Muristan Muslim Quarter Armenian Quarter Jewish Quarter Temple Mount Gates 1 . Jaffa 2 . Zion 3 . Dung 4 . Golden 5 . Lions 6 . Herod 7 . Damascus 8 . New ( Double , Single , Tanners ' ) Al - Mawazin Surrounding roads : Hativat Yerushalayim HaTsanhanim Jaffa Road Jericho Ma'ale HaShalom Ofel Sultan Suleiman Christianity `` Status quo '' Church of the Holy Sepulchre ( Deir Es - Sultan ) Via Dolorosa See also : New Church of the Theotokos Catholic ( Custody of the Holy Land ) Latin ( Patriarch ) Chapel of Simon of Cyrene Church of the Condemnation Church of the Flagellation Church of the Holy Family Church of Saint James Intercisus Co-Cathedral of the Most Holy Name of Jesus Church of Saint Mary of the Germans Church of Saint Mary of the Latins Convent of the Sisters of Zion : Church of Ecce Homo Monastery of Saint Saviour Church of Saint Anne Templum Domini Melkite Catholic ( Patriarch ) Cathedral of the Annunciation Armenian Catholic Church of Our Lady of the Spasm Eastern Orthodox Greek Orthodox ( Patriarch ) Church of Saint John the Baptist Oriental Orthodox Armenian Orthodox ( Patriarch ) Cathedral of Saint James Church of the Holy Archangels Church of Saint Toros Syriac Orthodox Monastery of Saint Mark Protestant Anglican Christ Church Lutheran Church of the Redeemer Islam ( Sunni Islamic Grand Mufti ) Noble Sanctuary ( Waqf ) Al - Aqsa Mosque Dome of the Ascension Dome of the Chain Dome of al - Khalili Dome of the Prophet Dome of the Rock Dome of Yusuf Marwani Mosque Other Abdeen Mosque Al - Buraq mosque Al - Yaqoubi Mosque Al - Khanqah al - Salahiyya Mosque Mosque of Omar Remnants or rebuilt buildings in italic ( governing authority in small ) Jerusalem portal Israel portal Palestine portal Judaism portal Christianity portal Islam portal Neighborhoods of Jerusalem Jerusalem neighborhoods east of the 1949 armistice line are depicted in green , those west of the line in blue ( see Green Line ) . Old City Armenian Quarter Christian Quarter Muristan Jewish Quarter Muslim Quarter Bab al - Huta Central Neighborhoods Arzei HaBira Batei Ungarin Beit David Beit Ya'akov Beit Yisrael Bukharim Downtown Triangle Geula Givat HaVradim Givat Ram Katamon Kerem Avraham Kiryat HaLeom Kiryat HaMemshala Kiryat Shmuel Kiryat Shomrei Emunim Kiryat Wolfson Ma'alot Dafna Mahane Israel Mahane Yehuda Mea Shearim Mekor Baruch Mount Zion Musrara Nahalat Shiv'a Nachlaot Nayot Neve Granot Neve Sha'anan Rehavia Romema Rova Mevo Ha'ir Russian Compound Sha'arei Hesed Shmuel HaNavi Talbiya Yemin Moshe Zikhron Moshe Northern Neighborhoods Al - Ram Beit Hanina Ezrat Torah French Hill Givat HaMivtar Har Hotzvim Kafr ' Aqab Kiryat Belz Kiryat Itri Kiryat Mattersdorf Kiryat Sanz Mount Scopus Neve Yaakov Pisgat Ze'ev Ramat Eshkol Ramat Shlomo Ramot Ramot Polin Sanhedria Sanhedria Murhevet Shikun Chabad Shuafat Tel Arza Unsdorf Eastern Neighborhoods American Colony Al Bustan Al - Issawiya At - Tur Bab a-Zahara Ir David Jabel Mukaber Kiryat Menachem Begin Ma'ale ha - Zeitim Nachalat Shimon Nof Zion Ras al - Amud Sheikh Jarrah Shimon HaTzadik Silwan Wadi al - Joz Southern Neighborhoods Abu Tor Arnona Baka Beit Safafa East Talpiot German Colony Gilo Givat HaMatos Givat Oranim Givat Massuah Greek colony Har Homa Katamonim Malha Mekor Chaim Pat Ramat Rachel San Simon Sharafat Sur Baher Talpiot Umm Tuba Western Neighborhoods Bayit VeGan Beit HaKerem Ein Karem Givat Beit HaKerem Givat Shaul Givat Mordechai Har Nof Ir Ganim Kiryat HaYovel Kiryat Menachem Kiryat Moshe Motza Ramat Beit HaKerem Ramat Denya Ramat Sharett Yefeh Nof Historical Neighborhoods Atarot Batei Munkacs Batei Saidoff Even Yisrael Ezrat Yisrael Kirya Ne'emana Knesset Yisrael Lifta Mahane Yehuda Mamilla Mazkeret Moshe Mishkenot Sha'ananim Moroccan Quarter Ohel Shlomo Sha'arei Yerushalayim Sheikh Badr Zikhron Tuvya Zikhron Yosef See also : Courtyard Neighborhoods Ring Neighborhoods Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_City_(Jerusalem)&oldid=804837201 '' Categories : Neighbourhoods of Jerusalem Arabic architecture Buildings and structures in Jerusalem Fortified settlements Historic districts Historic sites in Jerusalem Palestinian architecture Tourist attractions in Jerusalem World Heritage Sites in Asia Hidden categories : CS1 errors : deprecated parameters CS1 uses Armenian - language script ( hy ) CS1 Armenian - language sources ( hy ) CS1 Hebrew - language sources ( he ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia pages under 30 - 500 editing restriction Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing Armenian - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from July 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles prone to spam from October 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage বাংলা Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Ladino ລາວ Македонски მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Олык марий Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 12 : 52 . 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what iron maiden album is the trooper on	`` The Trooper '' is a song by the English heavy metal band Iron Maiden . It was released as the second single on 20 June 1983 from the band 's fourth studio album , Piece of Mind ( 1983 ) . It was one of only a few songs to get much radio airplay in the US , thus peaking at No. 28 on the US Mainstream Rock charts . It also achieved success in the UK , peaking at No. 12 in the UK Singles Charts as well as gaining a much better reception than the band 's previous single , `` Flight of Icarus '' .	Piece of Mind	The Trooper	the trooper	`` The Trooper '' is a song by the English heavy metal band Iron Maiden . It was released as the second single on 20 June 1983 from the band 's fourth studio album , Piece of Mind ( 1983 ) . It was one of only a few songs to get much radio airplay in the US , thus peaking at No. 28 on the US Mainstream Rock charts . It also achieved success in the UK , peaking at No. 12 in the UK Singles Charts as well as gaining a much better reception than the band 's previous single , `` Flight of Icarus '' .	A live version of the song , from Death on the Road , was issued in 2005 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 In popular culture 2.1 Northern Ireland 3 Track listings 3.1 1983 7 '' & 12 '' UK single 3.2 2005 Enhanced CD 3.3 2005 7 '' Blue Vinyl 3.4 2005 12 '' Picture Disc 4 Personnel 5 Charts 5.1 Notes 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) Bruce Dickinson performing the song live wearing a `` red coat '' styled military smock . Written by bassist and founder - member Steve Harris , the song is based on the Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava 1854 , which took place during the Crimean War , and inspired by Lord Tennyson 's poem of the same name . The track has been the subject of much praise since its release , with AllMusic describing it as `` an all - time genre classic that boasts guitarists ( Dave Murray ) and ( Adrian Smith 's ) most memorable harmonized lead riff , plus that trademark galloping rhythm , '' while Mick Wall comments that it is the song `` which most Maiden fans from those days still recall first when you mention the Piece of Mind album . '' Despite the popularity of the song , it was the single 's B - Side , a cover of Jethro Tull 's `` Cross-Eyed Mary '' , which managed to gain a substantial amount of airplay on US radio , becoming one of the band 's few tracks , along with previous single `` Flight of Icarus '' , to do so . The single 's accompanying music video included clips of a cavalry battle from the 1936 film The Charge of the Light Brigade , starring Errol Flynn and Olivia de Havilland , which the BBC refused to play unedited , deeming the footage too violent . The band 's manager , Rod Smallwood , has since criticised the decision , stating , `` Anyone would think we 'd killed the horses ourselves instead of using an old Errol Flynn movie . '' A regular fixture in the band 's concerts , vocalist Bruce Dickinson has always waved a Union Flag during live performances and , more recently , has begun wearing an authentic red coat uniform which would have been worn during the battle on which the song was based . During a performance in Dublin in 2003 , Dickinson 's flag - waving reportedly received a large amount of booing from the Irish audience . While the band were receiving criticism from Sharon Osbourne in 2005 , at the time justifying her attack on the band at the 2005 Ozzfest , she accused Iron Maiden of disrespecting American troops , then fighting alongside the British in Iraq , for waving a Union Flag in the US , although Classic Rock magazine supported the band by pointing out that the song 's subject bore no relation to the military activity then taking place in the Middle East . On 15 August 2005 , a live version of the song was released from the then upcoming live album , Death on the Road . On 24 April 2016 , during Iron Maiden 's performance in Beijing ( their first in China ) , Dickinson did not bring out a flag while performing `` The Trooper '' . The flag was also omitted for a concert in Shanghai two days later . In popular culture ( edit ) The song has appeared in several Iron Maiden tribute albums , including A Call To Irons : A Tribute To Iron Maiden , Numbers from the Beast , A Tribute to the Beast and Maiden Heaven : A Tribute to Iron Maiden , as well as on records by tribute bands such as Maiden uniteD ( on 2010 's Mind the Acoustic Pieces ) and The Iron Maidens ( on their 2006 self - titled debut album ) . In addition , the song has been released by Sentenced on The Trooper EP ( 1994 ) , Hellsongs on Hymns in the Key of 666 ( 2008 ) , Thumper on the Metalliska compilation , Highland Glory as a bonus track on Forever Endeavour ( 2005 ) , Radio Cult on Grooves From The Grave ( 2008 ) , Stryper on The Covering , Iced Earth on the `` tour edition '' of their 2011 album , Dystopia , and 2Cellos on their 2015 album , Celloverse . On top of this , the track has also been included in the Guitar Hero 2 , Carmageddon 2 , Guitar Hero : Smash Hits and Rock Band video games , is mentioned in the novel World War Z by Max Brooks and is used as the opening theme for the documentary series Metal Evolution . Iron Maiden created a beer called `` Trooper '' , named after the song . Northern Ireland ( edit ) During the course of the Troubles in Northern Ireland the image of Eddie , as he appears on the sleeve of `` The Trooper '' , became an unofficial mascot of the Ulster Freedom Fighters loyalist paramilitary group and was the main figure on a number of the group 's murals . The loyalist representation frequently carried a tattered flag with the emblem of the Ulster Defence Association rather than the Union Flag as on the Iron Maiden sleeve . Track listings ( edit ) 1983 7 '' & 12 '' UK single ( edit ) Side one No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Trooper '' Steve Harris 4 : 10 Side two No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Cross-Eyed Mary '' ( Jethro Tull cover ) Ian Anderson 3 : 52 2005 Enhanced CD ( edit ) Compact Disc No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Trooper '' ( live at the Westfalenhalle Arena , Dortmund , Germany 24 November 2003 ) Harris 4 : 13 2 . `` The Trooper '' Harris 4 : 12 3 . `` Prowler '' ( live at Egilshöllin , Reykjavík , Iceland 7 June 2005 ) Harris 4 : 24 4 . `` The Trooper '' ( VIDEO - live at the Westfallenhalle Arena , Dortmund , Germany 24 November 2003 ) Harris 4 : 12 5 . `` The Trooper '' ( VIDEO - original video ) Harris 4 : 10 2005 7 '' Blue Vinyl ( edit ) Side one No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Trooper '' ( live at the Westfallenhalle Arena , Dortmund , Germany 24 November 2003 ) Harris 4 : 13 Side two No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Another Life '' ( live at Egilshollin , Reykjavík , Iceland 7 June 2005 ) Harris 3 : 43 2005 12 '' Picture Disc ( edit ) Side one No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Trooper '' ( live at the Westfallenhalle Arena , Dortmund , Germany 24 November 2003 ) Harris 4 : 13 Side two No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Trooper '' Harris 4 : 12 2 . `` Murders in the Rue Morgue '' ( live at Egilshollin , Reykjavík , Iceland 7 June 2005 ) Harris 3 : 33 Personnel ( edit ) Production credits are adapted from the 7 - inch vinyl cover . Iron Maiden Bruce Dickinson -- lead vocals Dave Murray -- guitar Adrian Smith -- guitar Steve Harris -- bass guitar Nicko McBrain -- drums Production Martin Birch -- producer , engineer Derek Riggs -- cover illustration Charts ( edit ) Single Chart ( 1983 ) Peak position Album `` The Trooper '' Irish Singles Chart 12 Piece of Mind UK Singles Chart 12 Single Chart ( 1990 ) Peak position Album `` Flight of Icarus / The Trooper '' UK Albums Chart 7 -- Single Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position Album `` The Trooper '' ( live ) Canadian Singles Chart 5 Death on the Road Danish Singles Chart 7 Finnish Singles Chart 5 French Singles Chart 100 Irish Singles Chart 16 Italian Singles Chart 8 Spanish Singles Chart Swedish Singles Chart 5 Swiss Singles Chart 61 UK Singles Chart 5 Single Chart ( 2006 ) Position Album `` The Trooper '' ( live ) Spanish Singles Chart 10 Death on the Road Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Re-release of both singles as part of The First Ten Years box set . Exceeded the length limit of the UK Singles chart . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Iron Maiden Billboard Charts '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 29 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bushell , Garry ; Halfin , Ross ( 1985 ) . Running Free , The Official Story of Iron Maiden ( 2nd ed . ) . Zomba Books . p. 114 . ISBN 0 - 946391 - 84 - X . Jump up ^ `` Iron Maiden Like You 've Never Heard Them Before ! '' . Blabbermouth.net . Retrieved 28 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Maiden - Piece of Mind '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 29 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Wall , Mick ( 2004 ) . Iron Maiden : Run to the Hills , the Authorised Biography ( 3rd ed . ) . Sanctuary Publishing . p. 245 . ISBN 1 - 86074 - 542 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Maiden Vinyl Facts - Part 2 '' . ironmaiden.com . Iron Maiden. 29 October 2014 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Childers , Chad ( 24 May 2013 ) . `` Iron Maiden , ' The Trooper ' -- Songs About Soldiers '' . Loudwire . Retrieved 25 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sabotage ! '' . Classic Rock ( 85 ) : 8 . 1 October 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Maiden Will Make ' At Least One More Album , ' Says Bruce Dickinson '' . Blabbermouth.net. 4 August 2011 . Retrieved 9 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Maiden : More ' The Trooper ' Single Details Revealed '' . Blabbermouth.net. 27 July 2005 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Various Artists - A Call to Irons : A Tribute to Iron Maiden , Vol. 1 '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 28 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Producer Bob Kulick Discusses Iron Maiden Tribute Album Numbers From The Beast '' . Blabbermouth.net . Retrieved 29 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Various Artists - A Tribute to the Beast '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 28 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Metallica , Machine Head , Avenged Sevenfold , Dream Theater featured on Maiden Heaven CD '' . Blabbermouth.net. 25 June 2008 . Retrieved 28 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Threshold , Within Temptation Members Record Acoustic Versions Of Iron Maiden Classics '' . Blabbermouth.net. 13 October 2010 . Retrieved 28 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Iron Maidens '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 28 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sentenced - The Trooper '' . Metal Storm . Retrieved 3 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hellsongs - Hymns in the Key of 666 '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 28 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Various Artists - Metalliska '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 28 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Highland Glory - Forever Endeavour '' . Discogs . Retrieved 28 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Cult Catalogue '' . Radio Cult . Retrieved 28 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stryper : The Covering Album Pushed Back To Early 2011 '' . Blabbermouth.net. 24 October 2010 . Retrieved 3 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Iced Earth - Dystopia Tour Edition To Be Available At Merch Stands On North American Tour '' . Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles. 14 June 2011 . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2Cellos Create A New Dimension With Celloverse Album '' . PR Newswire. 9 December 2014 . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Bozon , Mark ( 5 May 2009 ) . `` Guitar Hero Smash Hits : The Full Track List '' . IGN . Retrieved 28 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Maiden Rock Band Downloadable Content Due In June '' . Blabbermouth.net. 29 May 2009 . Retrieved 28 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Neil ( 10 April 2014 ) . Killers The Origins of Iron Maiden , 1975 - 1983 ( 1st ed . ) . Soundcheck Books . p. 139 . ISBN 0957570023 . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.ironmaidenbeer.com/ Jump up ^ Mural directory from Conflict Archive on the Internet Jump up ^ Union Jack Fury of Iron Maiden Fans ; Point Crowd Boo at Flag Waving Jump up ^ `` The Trooper '' 7 Inch Single ( Media notes ) . Iron Maiden . EMI. 20 June 1983 . ^ Jump up to : `` Search the Charts '' . IRMA . Irishcharts.ie . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2009 . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive 9 July 1983 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 3 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 Official UK Albums Archive 24 March 1990 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 3 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Maiden Billboard Singles '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 3 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Maiden - ' The Trooper ' ( song ) '' . Tracklisten . Danishcharts.com . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Maiden - ' The Trooper ' ( song ) '' . The Official Finnish Charts . Finnishcharts.com . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Maiden - ' The Trooper ' ( chanson ) '' . SNEP ( in French ) . Lescharts.com . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Maiden Songs '' . FIMI . Italiancharts.com . Retrieved 3 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Iron Maiden - ' The Trooper ' ( Song ) '' . PROMUSICAE . Spanishcharts.com . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Discography Iron Maiden '' . Sverigetopplistan . Swedishcharts.com . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Maiden - ' The Trooper ' '' . Swiss Hitparade . Retrieved 3 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive 27 August 2005 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 3 October 2011 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Iron Maiden Steve Harris Dave Murray Adrian Smith Bruce Dickinson Nicko McBrain Janick Gers Doug Sampson Paul Di'Anno Dennis Stratton Clive Burr Blaze Bayley Studio albums Iron Maiden Killers The Number of the Beast Piece of Mind Powerslave Somewhere in Time Seventh Son of a Seventh Son No Prayer for the Dying Fear of the Dark The X Factor Virtual XI Brave New World Dance of Death A Matter of Life and Death The Final Frontier The Book of Souls Live albums Live After Death A Real Live One A Real Dead One Live at Donington Maiden England A Real Live Dead One Rock in Rio BBC Archives Beast over Hammersmith Death on the Road Flight 666 En Vivo ! The Book of Souls : Live Chapter Extended plays The Soundhouse Tapes Live ! ! + one Maiden Japan No More Lies Compilations Best of the Beast Ed Hunter Best of the ' B ' Sides Edward the Great The Essential Iron Maiden Somewhere Back in Time From Fear to Eternity Box sets The First Ten Years Eddie 's Head Eddie 's Archive Video albums Live at the Rainbow Video Pieces Behind the Iron Curtain Live After Death 12 Wasted Years Maiden England The First Ten Years ( From There to Eternity ) Donington Live 1992 Raising Hell Classic Albums : Iron Maiden -- The Number of the Beast Rock in Rio Visions of the Beast The History of Iron Maiden -- Part 1 : The Early Days Death on the Road Flight 666 En Vivo ! The Book of Souls : Live Chapter Singles `` Running Free '' `` Sanctuary '' `` Women in Uniform '' `` Twilight Zone '' `` Purgatory '' `` Run to the Hills '' `` The Number of the Beast '' `` Flight of Icarus '' `` The Trooper '' `` 2 Minutes to Midnight '' `` Aces High '' `` Wasted Years '' `` Stranger in a Strange Land '' `` Can I Play with Madness '' `` The Evil That Men Do '' `` The Clairvoyant ( live ) '' `` Infinite Dreams ( live ) '' `` Holy Smoke '' `` Bring Your Daughter ... to the Slaughter '' `` Be Quick or Be Dead '' `` From Here to Eternity '' `` Wasting Love '' `` Fear of the Dark ( live ) '' `` Hallowed Be Thy Name ( live ) '' `` Man on the Edge '' `` Lord of the Flies '' `` Virus '' `` The Angel and the Gambler '' `` Futureal '' `` The Wicker Man '' `` Out of the Silent Planet '' `` Wildest Dreams '' `` Rainmaker '' `` The Reincarnation of Benjamin Breeg '' `` Different World '' `` El Dorado '' `` Speed of Light '' `` Empire of the Clouds '' Other songs `` Satellite 15 ... The Final Frontier '' Tours `` Iron Maiden Tour '' `` Killer World Tour '' `` The Beast on the Road '' `` World Piece Tour '' `` World Slavery Tour '' `` Somewhere on Tour '' `` Seventh Tour of a Seventh Tour '' `` No Prayer on the Road '' `` Fear of the Dark Tour '' `` Real Live Tour '' `` The X Factour '' `` Virtual XI World Tour '' `` The Ed Hunter Tour '' `` Brave New World Tour '' `` Give Me Ed ... ' Til I 'm Dead Tour '' `` Dance of Death World Tour '' `` Eddie Rips Up the World Tour '' `` A Matter of Life and Death Tour '' `` Somewhere Back in Time World Tour '' `` The Final Frontier World Tour '' `` Maiden England World Tour '' `` The Book of Souls World Tour '' `` Legacy of the Beast World Tour '' Related Members Discography Songs Awards and nominations Eddie Tribute albums Urchin Psycho Motel Samson The Entire Population of Hackney The Iron Maidens Derek Riggs Rod Smallwood Andy Taylor Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Trooper&oldid=831140407 '' Categories : Iron Maiden songs 1983 singles 2005 singles Crimean War Songs about the military Songs written by Steve Harris ( musician ) Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français Íslenska Italiano Magyar Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 23 : 44 . 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who wrote the song knocking on heaven's door	`` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' is a song written and sung by Bob Dylan , for the soundtrack of the 1973 film Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid . Released as a single , it reached No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart . Described by Dylan biographer Clinton Heylin as `` an exercise in splendid simplicity , '' the song , measured simply in terms of the number of other artists who have covered it , is one of Dylan 's most popular post-1960s compositions .	Bob Dylan	Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door	knockin'on heaven's door	`` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' is a song written and sung by Bob Dylan , for the soundtrack of the 1973 film Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid . Released as a single , it reached No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart . Described by Dylan biographer Clinton Heylin as `` an exercise in splendid simplicity , '' the song , measured simply in terms of the number of other artists who have covered it , is one of Dylan 's most popular post-1960s compositions .	Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cover versions 1.1 Eric Clapton version 1.2 Guns N ' Roses versions 1.2. 1 Charts 1.2. 2 Certifications 1.3 Dunblane tribute 1.4 Other cover versions 2 Sampled version 3 Soundtrack inclusions 4 In popular culture 5 References Cover versions ( edit ) Eric Clapton version ( edit ) In January 1975 Eric Clapton played on Jamaican singer Arthur Louis ' recording of `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' arranged in a reggae style . Subsequently , Clapton recorded his own reggae - style version of the song which was released in August 1975 , two weeks after Louis 's version was released as a single in July 1975 . Clapton 's single peaked at No. 38 in the UK Singles Chart . The single was less successful in the US , only reaching No. 109 in Cash Box . Clapton 's 1996 boxed set Crossroads 2 : Live in the Seventies features a performance recorded in London in April 1977 . The song was also performed during the Journeyman and One More Car , One More Rider world tours in 1990 and 2003 . Additionally , the song has been included on several Clapton compilation albums , such as Time Pieces : The Best of Eric Clapton , Backtrackin ' , The Cream of Clapton and Complete Clapton . Guns N ' Roses versions ( edit ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' 1992 UK picture sleeve Song by Guns N ' Roses from the album Days of Thunder ( soundtrack ) and Use Your Illusion II Released June 26 , 1990 Genre Hard rock , blues rock Length 5 : 36 Label Geffen Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Producer ( s ) Mike Clink Guns N ' Roses In 1987 , Guns N ' Roses started including the song in their live sets . A live version of the song was released on the maxi - single of `` Welcome to the Jungle '' the same year . They recorded a studio version in 1990 for the soundtrack of the film Days of Thunder which reached No. 18 on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart in 1990 . This version was later slightly modified for the 1991 album Use Your Illusion II ( basically discarding the responses in the second verse ) . Released as the fourth single from the album , it reached No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart as well as No. 12 in Australia and No. 1 in Ireland . Their performance of the song at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert in 1992 was used as the B - side for the single release and was also included on their Live Era : ' 87 -- ' 93 album , released in 1999 . The music video for this version of the song was directed by Andy Morahan . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 12 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Finland ( The Official Finnish Charts ) 7 France ( SNEP ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 18 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Australia ( ARIA ) Gold Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum Dunblane tribute ( edit ) In 1996 and with the consent of Bob Dylan , Scottish musician Ted Christopher wrote a new verse for `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' in memory of the schoolchildren and teacher killed in the Dunblane school massacre . This has been , according to some sources , one of the few times Dylan has officially authorized anybody to add or change the lyrics to one of his songs . This version of the song , including children from the village singing the chorus with guitarist and producer of Dylan 's album Infidels ( 1983 ) , Mark Knopfler , was released on December 9 in the UK and reached No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart . The proceeds went to charities for children . The song was featured on the compilation album Hits 97 , where all royalties from the song were given to three separate charities . Other cover versions ( edit ) Two different live versions by Fairport Convention recorded in February 1974 at the Troubadour in Los Angeles were released . One on the Sandy Denny box set Who Knows Where the Time Goes in 1985 , and the other on her anthology A Boxful of Treasures in 2004 . A live version by Cold Chisel appears on their 1981 live album Swingshift . Danny & Dusty released a version of the song on their 1985 album The Lost Weekend . Heaven released a version of the song on the group 's 1985 album , Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door . Randy Crawford released a version of this song on her album Rich and Poor in 1989 , featuring Eric Clapton and David Sanborn . Vlado Kreslin released his live version on his album Pikapolonica in 1996 . It was performed by Beltinška banda . The Brazilian singer Zé Ramalho released a Portuguese version of Dylan 's song called `` Batendo na Porta do Céu '' in his 1997 album Antologia Acústica ( Acoustic Anthology ) . Warren Zevon released a version of the song on his 2003 album The Wind , shortly before his death from cancer in September of that year . Avril Lavigne released a cover version on the bonus CD of her My World video release in 2003 , as one of the B - Sides from her single `` Nobody 's Home '' and afterwards as a Japanese bonus track for her 2011 album Goodbye Lullaby . Larry Norman released his cover on his 2004 album Sessions . With the exception of the chorus line , the song has completely original lyrics . Roger Waters released a cover version on his album Flickering Flame : The Solo Years Volume 1 . Wyclef Jean recorded a version of the song , which was used in the 2004 documentary Ghosts of Cité Soleil . Babyface released a version on his 2007 album Playlist . A version by Antony and the Johnsons was included on the Bob Dylan cover album I 'm Not There , which served as the soundtrack for the film of the same name . Mungo Jerry founder Ray Dorset released a Caribbean version of the song . Dolly Parton performed a version with Ladysmith Black Mombazo . Jerry Garcia Band often covered the song in their live sets , one recorded example being the live album Do n't Let Go Meir Ariel , an Israeli singer , covered the song with a Hebrew version in a 1998 concert later released as an album , Doors Are Opened By Themselves . The chorus is sung in both Hebrew and English . Bryan Ferry recorded a version of the song on his album Dylanesque . The City of Miami Police Department published a video of Miami Police Sergeant Ginzo performing the song as a tribute to the 144 law enforcement officers who died in the line of duty in 2016 . Sampled version ( edit ) Gabrielle 's single `` Rise '' ( 2000 ) sampled from this song . Soundtrack inclusions ( edit ) Film / TV show Year Performer Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid 1973 Bob Dylan Renaldo & Clara 1978 Bob Dylan & Roger McGuinn Lethal Weapon 2 1989 Randy Crawford , Eric Clapton & David Sanborn Days of Thunder 1990 Guns N ' Roses Shake Rattle & Roll 2 ( segment `` Aswang '' ) 1990 Guns N ' Roses Rush 1991 Bob Dylan Total Balalaika Show Leningrad Cowboys and Alexandrov Ensemble Lawn Dogs 1997 Bob Dylan The Dybbuk of the Holy Apple Field 1997 Roger Waters Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door 1997 Selig Treasure Planet 2002 Bob Dylan Windstruck Youme Be Cool 2005 Bob Dylan Las Vegas ( episode 45 , `` Letters , Lawyers and Loose Women '' ) 2005 Bob Dylan Six Feet Under ( episode 61 , `` All Alone '' ) 2005 Bob Dylan ER ( episode 260 , `` Darfur '' ) 2006 Scoob Serious Salvador ( Puig Antich ) 2006 Bob Dylan I 'm Not There 2007 Antony & the Johnsons Supernatural ( episode 35 , `` Houses of the Holy '' ) 2007 Bob Dylan Cold Case ( episode 84 , `` Blood on the Tracks '' ) 2007 Bob Dylan Big Love ( episode 2 - 08 , `` Kingdom Come '' ) 2007 Bob Dylan My Name is Earl 2008 Bob Dylan Come Dio Comanda 2008 Antony & the Johnsons Heaven 's Door 2009 Angela Aki Supernatural ( episode 98 , `` Dark Side of the Moon '' ) Bob Dylan Lifted 2011 Uriah Shelton Blue Bloods ( Season 4 , Episode 7 , `` Drawing Dead '' ) 2013 Rick Devin The 100 2015 RAIGN Sense8 ( episode 9 , `` Death Does n't Let You Say Goodbye '' ) 2015 Antony & the Johnsons Containment , episode 5 , `` Like a Sheep Among Wolves '' 2016 RAIGN In popular culture ( edit ) Nick Talevski used the title for his book , Knocking On Heaven 's Door : Rock Obituaries . A version of this song was performed by Raign for the TV show `` The 100 '' The title is used as a name of a Stand , `` Heaven 's Door '' , in the fourth part of the manga `` Jojo 's Bizarre Adventure '' , Diamond is Unbreakable . The title was used for the 11th episode of Angel Beats ! and Bob Dylan along with the song was mentioned in the episode by T.K. and Hinata Covered by The Jenerators , the song was used during a tribute to the death of cast member Miguel Ferrer of NCIS : Los Angeles at the end of the Season 8 Episode 16 `` New Tricks '' , broadcast on March 5 , 2017 . Ferrer was a member of The Jenerators . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Heylin , Clinton ( 2009 ) . Revolution in the Air : The Songs of Bob Dylan , 1957 - 1973 . Chicago Review Press . p. 434 . Jump up ^ Western Writers of America ( 2010 ) . `` The Top 100 Western Songs '' . American Cowboy . Archived from the original on 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Schumacher , Michael . Crossroads : The Life and Music of Eric Clapton . Hyperion Press . p. 373 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Clapton discography '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Gun N ' Roses discography '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Alex S. `` mvdbase.com - Guns ' n ' Roses - `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's door ( live ) '' `` . Music Video DataBase . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo . Sisältää hitin : levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 . Otava Publishing Company Ltd , 2003 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 21053 - X Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Guns N ' Roses '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . VG - lista . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses -- Chart history '' Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs for Guns N ' Roses . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dunblane Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' . bannockburnband.co.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Dunblane against Guns '' . 1997 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 601 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door CD '' . BBC . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Fairport Convention : Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' . Mainly Norfolk : English Folk and Other Good Music . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Adrian Zupp . `` Swingshift - Cold Chisel '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Heaven '' . Australian Music History . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` DONATIONS - The Solid Rock Shop '' . Solid Rock . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Bloods Music - S4E7 : `` Drawing Dead '' `` . TuneFind . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Televski , Nick , Knocking On Heaven 's Door : Rock Obituaries , Omnibus Press , London 2006 Jump up ^ http://www.tvguide.com/news/ncis-la-recap-granger-miguel-ferrer/ Bob Dylan singles discography 1960s 1962 `` Mixed - Up Confusion '' / `` Corrina , Corrina '' 1963 `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' / `` Do n't Think Twice , It 's All Right '' 1965 `` The Times They Are a-Changin ' '' / `` Honey , Just Allow Me One More Chance '' `` Maggie 's Farm '' / `` On the Road Again '' `` Subterranean Homesick Blues '' / `` She Belongs to Me '' `` Like a Rolling Stone '' / `` Gates of Eden `` Positively 4th Street '' / `` From a Buick 6 '' `` Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window ? '' / `` Highway 61 Revisited '' 1966 `` One of Us Must Know ( Sooner or Later ) '' / `` Queen Jane Approximately '' `` Rainy Day Women ♯ 12 & 35 '' / `` Pledging My Time '' `` I Want You '' / `` Just Like Tom Thumb 's Blues '' ( live with The Hawks ) `` Just Like a Woman '' / `` Obviously 5 Believers '' 1967 `` Leopard - Skin Pill - Box Hat '' / `` Most Likely You Go Your Way And I 'll Go Mine '' `` If You Gotta Go , Go Now '' / `` To Ramona '' ( only in Europe ) 1968 `` Drifter 's Escape '' / `` John Wesley Harding '' `` All Along the Watchtower '' / `` I 'll Be Your Baby Tonight '' 1969 `` I Threw It All Away '' / `` Drifter 's Escape '' `` Lay Lady Lay '' / `` Peggy Day '' `` Tonight I 'll Be Staying Here with You '' / `` Country Pie '' 1970s 1970 `` If Not for You '' / `` New Morning '' `` Wigwam '' / `` Copper Kettle '' 1971 `` Watching the River Flow '' / `` Spanish is the Loving Tongue '' `` George Jackson '' ( band version ) / `` George Jackson '' ( acoustic version ) 1973 `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' / `` Turkey Chase '' ( instrumental from Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid ) `` A Fool Such as I '' / `` Lily of the West '' `` On a Night Like This '' / `` You Angel You '' `` Something There Is About You '' / `` Tough Mama '' `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( live with The Band ) `` All Along the Watchtower '' / `` It Ai n't Me Babe '' `` Tangled Up in Blue '' / `` If You See Her , Say Hello '' `` Million Dollar Bash '' / `` Tears of Rage '' `` Hurricane '' ( Part 1 ) / `` Hurricane '' ( Part 2 ) 1976 `` Mozambique '' / `` Oh Sister '' `` Stuck Inside of Mobile With the Memphis Blues Again '' ( live ) / `` Rita May '' 1978 `` Baby , Stop Crying '' / `` We Better Talk This Over '' `` Changing of the Guards '' / `` Señor ( Tales of Yankee Power ) '' `` Is Your Love In Vain ? '' / `` We Better Talk This Over '' 1979 `` Maggie 's Farm ( live ) / `` All Along the Watchtower '' `` Forever Young '' ( live ) / `` All Along the Watchtower '' / `` I Want You '' `` Man Gave Names to All the Animals '' / `` When You Gonna Wake Up ? '' `` Gotta Serve Somebody '' / `` Trouble in Mind '' `` Precious Angel '' / `` Trouble in Mind '' 1980s 1980 `` Slow Train '' / `` Do Right to Me Baby '' `` Solid Rock '' / `` Covenant Woman '' `` Saved '' / `` Are You Ready ? '' 1981 `` Heart of Mine '' / `` Let It Be Me '' `` Dead Man , Dead Man '' / `` Lenny Bruce '' `` Union Sundown '' / `` Angel Flying too Close to the Ground '' `` I and I '' / `` Angel Flying too Close to the Ground '' `` Sweetheart Like You '' / `` Union Sundown '' 1984 `` Jokerman '' / `` Isis '' 1985 `` Tight Connection to My Heart ( Has Anybody Seen My Love ) '' / `` We Better Talk this Over '' `` When the Night Comes Falling from the Sky '' / `` Emotionally Yours '' 1986 `` Band of the Hand '' / `` Joe 's Death '' ( Michael Rubini ) `` Got My Mind Made Up '' / `` The Usual '' `` Silvio '' / `` Driftin ' too Far from the Shore '' 1989 `` Everything Is Broken '' / `` Death is Not the End '' `` Slow Train '' ( live with The Grateful Dead ) 1990s 1990 `` Political World '' / `` Ring Them Bells '' ( only in the UK and Australia ) `` Most of the Time '' / `` Most of the Time ( edit piece ) `` Unbelievable '' / `` 10,000 Men '' 1991 `` Series of Dreams '' / `` Seven Curses '' `` Blind Willie McTell '' / `` It Takes a Lot to Laugh , It Takes a Train to Cry '' ( from The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 - 3 ) `` Step it Up and Go '' -- ( no b - side ) `` My Back Pages '' ( with Roger McGuinn , Tom Petty , Neil Young , Eric Clapton , George Harrison ) -- ( no b - side ) 1995 `` Dignity '' ( live on MTV Unplugged ) / `` A Hard Rain 's a-Gonna Fall '' ( live version ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' / `` John Brown '' ( both live on MTV Unplugged ) 1998 `` Not Dark Yet '' / `` Tombstone Blues '' ( live ) / `` Ballad of a Thin Man '' ( live ) / `` Boots of Spanish Leather '' ( live ) `` Love Sick '' / `` Tombstone Blues '' ( live ) 2000s 2000 `` Things Have Changed '' / `` Make You Feel My Love '' ( live ) / `` Hurricane '' / `` Song to Woody '' ( live ) 2006 `` Someday Baby '' / `` Someday Baby '' ( edit piece ) `` Rollin ' and Tumblin ' '' / `` Not Dark Yet '' / `` High Water ( for Charley Patton ) '' 2007 `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( Mark Ronson remix version ) / `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( album version ) 2008 `` Dreamin ' of You '' ( edit piece ) / `` Dreamin ' of You '' ( album version ) 2009 `` Beyond Here Lies Nothin ' '' / `` Down Along the Cove '' ( live ) `` I Feel a Change Comin ' On '' / `` I Feel a Change Comin ' On '' ( edit piece ) `` Must Be Santa '' / `` ' Twas the Night Before Christmas '' 2010s `` The Times They Are a-Changin ' '' ( demo version ) / `` Like a Rolling Stone '' 2012 `` Duquesne Whistle '' 2013 `` Wigwam '' ( demo version ) / `` Thirsty Boots '' Book : Bob Dylan Category : Bob Dylan Portal : Bob Dylan WikiProject : Bob Dylan Guns N ' Roses Axl Rose Slash Duff McKagan Dizzy Reed Richard Fortus Frank Ferrer Melissa Reese Izzy Stradlin Tracii Guns Ole Beich Rob Gardner Steven Adler Matt Sorum Gilby Clarke Paul Tobias Robin Finck Josh Freese Tommy Stinson Chris Pitman Buckethead Bryan `` Brain '' Mantia Ron `` Bumblefoot '' Thal DJ Ashba Studio albums Appetite for Destruction G N ' R Lies Use Your Illusion I Use Your Illusion II `` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' Chinese Democracy Live albums Live Era ' 87 -- ' 93 Extended plays Live ? ! * @ Like a Suicide Guns N ' Roses The `` Civil War '' EP Compilation albums Use Your Illusion Greatest Hits Singles `` It 's So Easy '' `` Welcome to the Jungle '' `` Sweet Child o ' Mine '' `` Paradise City '' `` Patience '' `` Nightrain '' `` You Could Be Mine '' `` Do n't Cry '' `` Live and Let Die '' `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' `` November Rain '' `` Yesterdays '' `` Civil War '' `` Ai n't It Fun '' `` Estranged '' `` Since I Do n't Have You '' `` Sympathy for the Devil '' `` Chinese Democracy '' Promo singles `` Mr. Brownstone '' `` My Michelle '' `` 14 Years '' `` Pretty Tied Up '' `` Dead Horse '' `` Hair of the Dog '' `` Oh My God '' `` Better '' `` Street of Dreams '' Other songs `` Think About You '' `` Rocket Queen '' `` Used to Love Her '' `` One in a Million '' `` Coma '' `` Get in the Ring '' `` The Garden '' `` Madagascar '' `` Prostitute '' Videos and DVDs Use Your Illusion I Use Your Illusion II Garden of Eden : Strictly Limited Edition Welcome to the Videos Appetite for Democracy 3D Tours The Early Days of Guns N ' Roses Appetite for Destruction Tour Use Your Illusion Tour Guns N ' Roses / Metallica Stadium Tour Chinese Democracy Tour Up Close and Personal Tour Appetite for Democracy Not in This Lifetime ... Tour Related Articles Discography Members Songs Awards and nominations Del James West Arkeen Guns N ' Roses Pinball Riverport Riot Watch You Bleed : The Saga of Guns N ' Roses The Roots of Guns N ' Roses Uzi Suicide Bands BulletBoys The Dead Daisies Hollywood Rose Johnny Crash Kings of Chaos L.A. Guns Love Spit Love Metallica Neurotic Outsiders Nine Inch Nails Praxis The Psychedelic Furs Road Crew Slash 's Snakepit Velvet Revolver Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knockin%27_on_Heaven%27s_Door&oldid=801272507 '' Categories : 1973 singles 1973 songs 1990s ballads 1992 singles The Alarm songs Bob Dylan songs Columbia Records singles Geffen Records singles Eric Clapton songs European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Grateful Dead songs Guns N ' Roses songs Music videos directed by Andy Morahan Rock ballads Roger Waters songs Songs about death Songs written for films Songs written by Bob Dylan UK Singles Chart number - one singles Warren Zevon songs Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Slovenčina Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 18 : 29 . 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what is who who among american high school students	Who 's Who Among American High School Students was a web site and publication ( owned and managed by Educational Communications Inc . ) that listed what it deemed to be high school students `` who have excelled in academics , extracurricular activities and community service . '' It is now shut down due to bankruptcy .		Who 's Who Among American High school students	who's who among american high school students	Who 's Who Among American High School Students was a web site and publication ( owned and managed by Educational Communications Inc . ) that listed what it deemed to be high school students `` who have excelled in academics , extracurricular activities and community service . '' It is now shut down due to bankruptcy .	Contents ( hide ) 1 About 2 Criticism 3 See also 4 References 5 External links About ( edit ) Who 's Who Among American High School Students compiled and published an annual edition in which students ' names and achievements are listed . According to the website , people who accept nomination for inclusion in the book are sometimes qualified for various scholarship opportunities . While there were no required fees to be considered , there was the optional purchase of the listing publication . Who 's Who Among American High School Students was one of three publications produced by Educational Communications , Inc . ( ECI ) . ECI was part of American Achievement Corporation ( AAC ) , located in Austin , Texas . AAC is one of 7 companies owned by Fenway Partners , based in New York City . ECI ceased operations on November 1 , 2007 . Criticism ( edit ) There was much debate over the value of the book . Although it does not cost any money to be listed , it is often categorized as a scam since it is an attempt by a private company to make money through proud parents and students who purchase the book and various memorabilia ( such as a `` commemorative keychain '' ) associated with the publication in attempt at recognition . There have been concerns about how students are nominated as well as whether the listing 's entries are fact - checked and accurate . The focus of another criticism was the fact of some students being excluded , apparently based on highly random or subjective factors , while others were included . In contrast to such things as academic , athletic , artistic or citizenship awards , which are based at least partly on demonstrable merit , these vanity publications seemed highly influenced by biased recommendations from teachers or even imaginary achievements stated by students ( for example , claiming to star in school plays that never existed ) . Another issue raised , particularly as regards private schools , is that publications of this kind serve to challenge the standards of ( for example ) a Roman Catholic institution which sets its own norms for students ' success in areas beyond academics and activities . It has also been stated that scholarships were awarded , but in most cases these were for only 200 dollars and assigned ( won ) by random chance , similar to a lottery drawing . Students consented to being listed in Who 's Who in the hope that the listing would be seen by college admissions offices as a significant recognition of a student 's academic and extracurricular involvement . However , most admissions officers believe that the recognition has no such value and in fact some consider the `` honor '' to be a joke . According to the admissions vice president of Hamline University , `` It 's honestly something that an admissions officer typically would n't consider or would n't play into an admissions decision , '' adding that Who 's Who ... is just trying to sell books . See also ( edit ) Who 's Who scam References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` '' Who 's Who '' publisher shuts down `` . November 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` American Achievement '' . Retrieved 27 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Who 's Who '' publisher shuts down `` . Austin Business Journal . November 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Yvonne Zanos : What 's what with Who 's Who , December 5 , 2005 , retrieved 2 / 12 / 07 ^ Jump up to : Student Questions ' Who 's Who ' Directory Archived 2010 - 01 - 12 at the Wayback Machine. , WCCO TV , January 3 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` College Confidential forum thread '' . Collegeconfidential.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 05 . External links ( edit ) 10 - K Filed Form for American Achievement Corporation ( AAC ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who%27s_Who_Among_American_High_School_Students&oldid=847337753 '' Categories : High school honor societies United States biographical dictionaries 2007 disestablishments in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles lacking in - text citations from July 2014 All articles lacking in - text citations All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 June 2018 , at 16 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%2527s%20Who%20Among%20American%20High%20School%20Students	855
where does the bacteria that causes strep throat come from	Strep throat is caused by group A beta - hemolytic streptococcus ( GAS or S. pyogenes ) . Other bacteria such as non -- group A beta - hemolytic streptococci and fusobacterium may also cause pharyngitis . It is spread by direct , close contact with an infected person ; thus crowding , as may be found in the military and schools , increases the rate of transmission . Dried bacteria in dust are not infectious , although moist bacteria on toothbrushes or similar items can persist for up to fifteen days . Contaminated food can result in outbreaks , but this is rare . Of children with no signs or symptoms , 12 % carry GAS in their pharynx , and , after treatment , approximately 15 % of those remain positive , and are true `` carriers '' .		Streptococcal pharyngitis	streptococcal pharyngitis	Streptococcal pharyngitis , also known as strep throat , is an infection of the back of the throat including the tonsils caused by group A streptococcus ( GAS ) . Common symptoms include fever , sore throat , red tonsils , and enlarged lymph nodes in the neck . A headache , and nausea or vomiting may also occur . Some develop a sandpaper - like rash which is known as scarlet fever . Symptoms typically begin one to three days after exposure and last seven to ten days .	Strep throat is spread by respiratory droplets from an infected person . It may be spread directly or by touching something that has droplets on it and then touching the mouth , nose , or eyes . Some people may carry the bacteria without symptoms . It may also be spread by skin infected with group A strep . The diagnosis is made based on the results of a rapid antigen detection test or throat culture in those who have symptoms . Prevention is by washing hands and not sharing eating utensils . There is no vaccine for the disease . Treatment with antibiotics is only recommended in those with a confirmed diagnosis . Those infected should stay away from other people for at least 24 hours after starting treatment . Pain can be treated with paracetamol ( acetaminophen ) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDS ) such as ibuprofen . Strep throat is a common bacterial infection in children . It is the cause of 15 -- 40 % of sore throats among children and 5 -- 15 % among adults . Cases are more common in late winter and early spring . Potential complications include rheumatic fever and peritonsillar abscess . Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Cause 3 Diagnosis 3.1 Laboratory testing 3.2 Differential diagnosis 4 Prevention 5 Treatment 5.1 Pain medication 5.2 Antibiotics 6 Prognosis 7 Epidemiology 8 References 9 External links Signs and symptoms The typical signs and symptoms of streptococcal pharyngitis are a sore throat , fever of greater than 38 ° C ( 100 ° F ) , tonsillar exudates ( pus on the tonsils ) , and large cervical lymph nodes . Other symptoms include : headache , nausea and vomiting , abdominal pain , muscle pain , or a scarlatiniform rash or palatal petechiae , the latter being an uncommon but highly specific finding . Symptoms typically begin one to three days after exposure and last seven to ten days . Strep throat is unlikely when any of the symptoms of red eyes , hoarseness , runny nose , or mouth ulcers are present . It is also unlikely when there is no fever . Mouth wide open showing the throat A throat infection which on culture tested positive for group A streptococcus . Note the large tonsils with white exudate . Mouth wide open showing the throat Note the petechiae , or small red spots , on the soft palate . This is an uncommon but highly specific finding in streptococcal pharyngitis . A set of large tonsils in the back of the throat , covered in white exudate . A culture positive case of streptococcal pharyngitis with typical tonsillar exudate in an 8 - year - old . Cause Strep throat is caused by group A beta - hemolytic streptococcus ( GAS or S. pyogenes ) . Other bacteria such as non -- group A beta - hemolytic streptococci and fusobacterium may also cause pharyngitis . It is spread by direct , close contact with an infected person ; thus crowding , as may be found in the military and schools , increases the rate of transmission . Dried bacteria in dust are not infectious , although moist bacteria on toothbrushes or similar items can persist for up to fifteen days . Contaminated food can result in outbreaks , but this is rare . Of children with no signs or symptoms , 12 % carry GAS in their pharynx , and , after treatment , approximately 15 % of those remain positive , and are true `` carriers '' . Diagnosis Modified Centor score Points Probability of Strep Management 1 or fewer < 10 % No antibiotic or culture needed 11 -- 17 % Antibiotic based on culture or RADT 28 -- 35 % 4 or 5 52 % Empiric antibiotics A number of scoring systems exist to help with diagnosis ; however , their use is controversial due to insufficient accuracy . The modified Centor criteria are a set of five criteria ; the total score indicates the probability of a streptococcal infection . One point is given for each of the criteria : Absence of a cough Swollen and tender cervical lymph nodes Temperature > 38.0 ° C ( 100.4 ° F ) Tonsillar exudate or swelling Age less than 15 ( a point is subtracted if age > 44 ) A score of one may indicated no treatment or culture is needed , or it may indicate the need to perform further testing if other high risk factors exist , such as a family member having the disease . The Infectious Disease Society of America recommends against empirical treatment and considers antibiotics only appropriate when given after a positive test . Testing is not needed in children under three as both group A strep and rheumatic fever are rare , unless a child has a sibling with the disease . Laboratory testing A throat culture is the gold standard for the diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis , with a sensitivity of 90 -- 95 % . A rapid strep test ( also called rapid antigen detection testing or RADT ) may also be used . While the rapid strep test is quicker , it has a lower sensitivity ( 70 % ) and statistically equal specificity ( 98 % ) as a throat culture . In areas of the world where rheumatic fever is uncommon , a negative rapid strep test is sufficient to rule out the disease . A positive throat culture or RADT in association with symptoms establishes a positive diagnosis in those in which the diagnosis is in doubt . In adults , a negative RADT is sufficient to rule out the diagnosis . However , in children a throat culture is recommended to confirm the result . Asymptomatic individuals should not be routinely tested with a throat culture or RADT because a certain percentage of the population persistently `` carries '' the streptococcal bacteria in their throat without any harmful results . Differential diagnosis See also : Acute pharyngitis As the symptoms of streptococcal pharyngitis overlap with other conditions , it can be difficult to make the diagnosis clinically . Coughing , nasal discharge , diarrhea , and red , irritated eyes in addition to fever and sore throat are more indicative of a viral sore throat than of strep throat . The presence of marked lymph node enlargement along with sore throat , fever , and tonsillar enlargement may also occur in infectious mononucleosis . Prevention Tonsillectomy may be a reasonable preventive measure in those with frequent throat infections ( more than three a year ) . However , the benefits are small and episodes typically lessen in time regardless of measures taken . Recurrent episodes of pharyngitis which test positive for GAS may also represent a person who is a chronic carrier of GAS who is getting recurrent viral infections . Treating people who have been exposed but who are without symptoms is not recommended . Treating people who are carriers of GAS is not recommended as the risk of spread and complications is low . Treatment Untreated streptococcal pharyngitis usually resolves within a few days . Treatment with antibiotics shortens the duration of the acute illness by about 16 hours . The primary reason for treatment with antibiotics is to reduce the risk of complications such as rheumatic fever and retropharyngeal abscesses ; antibiotics are effective if given within 9 days of the onset of symptoms . Pain medication Pain medication such as NSAIDs and paracetamol ( acetaminophen ) helps in the management of pain associated with strep throat . Viscous lidocaine may also be useful . While steroids may help with the pain , they are not routinely recommended . Aspirin may be used in adults but is not recommended in children due to the risk of Reye syndrome . Antibiotics The antibiotic of choice in the United States for streptococcal pharyngitis is penicillin V , due to safety , cost , and effectiveness . Amoxicillin is preferred in Europe . In India , where the risk of rheumatic fever is higher , intramuscular benzathine penicillin G is the first choice for treatment . Appropriate antibiotics decrease the average 3 -- 5 day duration of symptoms by about one day , and also reduce contagiousness . They are primarily prescribed to reduce rare complications such as rheumatic fever and peritonsillar abscess . The arguments in favor of antibiotic treatment should be balanced by the consideration of possible side effects , and it is reasonable to suggest that no antimicrobial treatment be given to healthy adults who have adverse reactions to medication or those at low risk of complications . Antibiotics are prescribed for strep throat at a higher rate than would be expected from how common it is . Erythromycin and other macrolides or clindamycin are recommended for people with severe penicillin allergies . First - generation cephalosporins may be used in those with less severe allergies and some evidence supports cephalosporins as superior to penicillin . Streptococcal infections may also lead to acute glomerulonephritis ; however , the incidence of this side effect is not reduced by the use of antibiotics . Prognosis The symptoms of strep throat usually improve within three to five days , irrespective of treatment . Treatment with antibiotics reduces the risk of complications and transmission ; children may return to school 24 hours after antibiotics are administered . The risk of complications in adults is low . In children , acute rheumatic fever is rare in most of the developed world . It is , however , the leading cause of acquired heart disease in India , sub-Saharan Africa and some parts of Australia . Complications arising from streptococcal throat infections include : Acute rheumatic fever Scarlet fever Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome Glomerulonephritis PANDAS syndrome Peritonsillar abscess Cervical lymphadenitis Mastoiditis The economic cost of the disease in the United States in children is approximately $350 million annually . Epidemiology Pharyngitis , the broader category into which Streptococcal pharyngitis falls , is diagnosed in 11 million people annually in the United States . It is the cause of 15 -- 40 % of sore throats among children and 5 -- 15 % in adults . Cases usually occur in late winter and early spring . References ^ Jump up to : `` Is It Strep Throat ? '' . CDC . October 19 , 2015 . Archived from the original on 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Török , edited by David A. Warrell , Timothy M. Cox , John D. Firth ; with guest ed . Estée ( 2012 ) . Oxford textbook of medicine infection . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 280 -- 281 . ISBN 9780191631733 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 10 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Jr , ( edited by ) Allan H. Goroll , Albert G. Mulley ( 2009 ) . Primary care medicine : office evaluation and management of the adult patient ( 6th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Wolters Kluwer Health / Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 1408 . ISBN 9780781775137 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 09 - 15 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Weber , R ( March 2014 ) . `` Pharyngitis '' . Primary care . 41 ( 1 ) : 91 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pop. 2013.10. 010 . PMID 24439883 . ^ Jump up to : Shaikh N , Leonard E , Martin JM ( September 2010 ) . `` Prevalence of streptococcal pharyngitis and streptococcal carriage in children : a meta - analysis '' . Pediatrics. 126 ( 3 ) : e557 -- 64 . doi : 10.1542 / peds. 2009 - 2648 . PMID 20696723 . ^ Jump up to : Shulman , ST ; Bisno , AL ; Clegg , HW ; Gerber , MA ; Kaplan , EL ; Lee , G ; Martin , JM ; Van Beneden , C ( Sep 9 , 2012 ) . `` Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis : 2012 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America '' . Clinical Infectious Diseases . 55 ( 10 ) : e86 -- 102 . doi : 10.1093 / cid / cis629 . PMID 22965026 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , AM ; Hicks , LA ; Qaseem , A ( 19 January 2016 ) . `` Appropriate Antibiotic Use for Acute Respiratory Tract Infection in Adults : Advice for High - Value Care From the American College of Physicians and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention '' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 164 : 425 . doi : 10.7326 / M15 - 1840 . PMID 26785402 . ^ Jump up to : Choby BA ( March 2009 ) . `` Diagnosis and treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis '' . Am Fam Physician. 79 ( 5 ) : 383 -- 90 . PMID 19275067 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Brook I , Dohar JE ( December 2006 ) . `` Management of group A beta - hemolytic streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis in children '' . J Fam Pract. 55 ( 12 ) : S1 -- 11 ; quiz S12 . PMID 17137534 . ^ Jump up to : Hayes CS , Williamson H ( April 2001 ) . `` Management of Group A beta - hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis '' . Am Fam Physician. 63 ( 8 ) : 1557 -- 64 . PMID 11327431 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Baltimore RS ( February 2010 ) . `` Re-evaluation of antibiotic treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis '' . Curr . Opin . Pediatr. 22 ( 1 ) : 77 -- 82 . doi : 10.1097 / MOP. 0b013e32833502e7 . PMID 19996970 . Jump up ^ Lindbaek M , Høiby EA , Lermark G , Steinsholt IM , Hjortdahl P ( 2004 ) . `` Predictors for spread of clinical group A streptococcal tonsillitis within the household '' . Scand J Prim Health Care . 22 ( 4 ) : 239 -- 43 . doi : 10.1080 / 02813430410006729 . PMID 15765640 . Jump up ^ Rakel , edited by Robert E. Rakel , David P. ( 2011 ) . Textbook of family medicine ( 8th ed . ) . Philadelphia , PA. : Elsevier Saunders . p. 331 . ISBN 9781437711608 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 08 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Cohen , JF ; Cohen , R ; Levy , C ; Thollot , F ; Benani , M ; Bidet , P ; Chalumeau , M ( 6 January 2015 ) . `` Selective testing strategies for diagnosing group A streptococcal infection in children with pharyngitis : a systematic review and prospective multicentre external validation study '' . Canadian Medical Association Journal . 187 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 32 . doi : 10.1503 / cmaj. 140772 . PMC 4284164 . PMID 25487666 . Jump up ^ Smith , Ellen Reid ; Kahan , Scott ; Miller , Redonda G. ( 2008 ) . In A Page Signs & Symptoms . In a Page Series . Hagerstown , Maryland : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 312 . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 7043 - 2 . Jump up ^ Lean , WL ; Arnup , S ; Danchin , M ; Steer , AC ( October 2014 ) . `` Rapid diagnostic tests for group A streptococcal pharyngitis : a meta - analysis '' . Pediatrics. 134 ( 4 ) : 771 -- 81 . doi : 10.1542 / peds. 2014 - 1094 . PMID 25201792 . ^ Jump up to : Bisno AL , Gerber MA , Gwaltney JM , Kaplan EL , Schwartz RH ( July 2002 ) . `` Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis . Infectious Diseases Society of America '' . Clin. Infect . Dis. 35 ( 2 ) : 113 -- 25 . doi : 10.1086 / 340949 . PMID 12087516 . Jump up ^ Ebell MH ( 2004 ) . `` Epstein - Barr virus infectious mononucleosis '' . Am Fam Physician. 70 ( 7 ) : 1279 -- 87 . PMID 15508538 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Johnson BC , Alvi A ( March 2003 ) . `` Cost - effective workup for tonsillitis . Testing , treatment , and potential complications '' . Postgrad Med. 113 ( 3 ) : 115 -- 8 , 121 . doi : 10.3810 / pgm. 2003.03. 1391 . PMID 12647478 . Jump up ^ van Staaij BK , van den Akker EH , van der Heijden GJ , Schilder AG , Hoes AW ( January 2005 ) . `` Adenotonsillectomy for upper respiratory infections : evidence based ? '' . Archives of Disease in Childhood. 90 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 25 . doi : 10.1136 / adc. 2003.047530 . PMC 1720065 . PMID 15613505 . Jump up ^ Burton , MJ ; Glasziou , PP ; Chong , LY ; Venekamp , RP ( 19 November 2014 ) . `` Tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy versus non-surgical treatment for chronic / recurrent acute tonsillitis '' . The Cochrane database of systematic reviews ( 11 ) : CD001802 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD001802. pub3 . PMID 25407135 . Jump up ^ Morad , Anna ; Sathe , Nila A. ; Francis , David O. ; McPheeters , Melissa L. ; Chinnadurai , Sivakumar ( 17 January 2017 ) . `` Tonsillectomy Versus Watchful Waiting for Recurrent Throat Infection : A Systematic Review '' . Pediatrics. 139 ( 2 ) : e20163490 . doi : 10.1542 / peds. 2016 - 3490 . ISSN 0031 - 4005 . PMC 5260157 . PMID 28096515 . Archived from the original on 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas M , Del Mar C , Glasziou P ( October 2000 ) . `` How effective are treatments other than antibiotics for acute sore throat ? '' . Br J Gen Pract. 50 ( 459 ) : 817 -- 20 . PMC 1313826 . PMID 11127175 . Jump up ^ `` Generic Name : Lidocaine Viscous ( Xylocaine Viscous ) side effects , medical uses , and drug interactions '' . MedicineNet.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Wing , A ; Villa - Roel , C ; Yeh , B ; Eskin , B ; Buckingham , J ; Rowe , BH ( May 2010 ) . `` Effectiveness of corticosteroid treatment in acute pharyngitis : a systematic review of the literature '' . Academic Emergency Medicine . 17 ( 5 ) : 476 -- 83 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1553 - 2712.2010. 00723. x . PMID 20536799 . Jump up ^ Bonsignori F , Chiappini E , De Martino M ( 2010 ) . `` The infections of the upper respiratory tract in children '' . Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 23 ( 1 Suppl ) : 16 -- 9 . PMID 20152073 . ^ Jump up to : Snow V , Mottur - Pilson C , Cooper RJ , Hoffman JR ( March 2001 ) . `` Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for acute pharyngitis in adults '' ( PDF ) . Ann Intern Med. 134 ( 6 ) : 506 -- 8 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 134 - 6 - 200103200 - 00018 . PMID 11255529 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2004 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Hildreth , AF ; Takhar , S ; Clark , MA ; Hatten , B ( September 2015 ) . `` Evidence - Based Evaluation And Management Of Patients With Pharyngitis In The Emergency Department '' . Emergency medicine practice . 17 ( 9 ) : 1 -- 16 ; quiz 16 -- 7 . PMID 26276908 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Linder JA , Bates DW , Lee GM , Finkelstein JA ( November 2005 ) . `` Antibiotic treatment of children with sore throat '' . J Am Med Assoc. 294 ( 18 ) : 2315 -- 22 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 294.18. 2315 . PMID 16278359 . Jump up ^ Pichichero , M ; Casey , J ( June 2006 ) . `` Comparison of European and U.S. results for cephalosporin versus penicillin treatment of group A streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis '' . European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases . 25 ( 6 ) : 354 -- 64 . doi : 10.1007 / s10096 - 006 - 0154 - 7 . PMID 16767482 . Jump up ^ van Driel , ML ; De Sutter , AI ; Habraken , H ; Thorning , S ; Christiaens , T ( 11 September 2016 ) . `` Different antibiotic treatments for group A streptococcal pharyngitis '' . The Cochrane database of systematic reviews . 9 : CD004406 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD004406. pub4 . PMID 27614728 . ^ Jump up to : `` UpToDate Inc '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Stevens DL , Tanner MH , Winship J , et al. ( July 1989 ) . `` Severe group A streptococcal infections associated with a toxic shock - like syndrome and scarlet fever toxin A '' . N. Engl. J. Med. 321 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 7 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM198907063210101 . PMID 2659990 . ^ Jump up to : Hahn RG , Knox LM , Forman TA ( May 2005 ) . `` Evaluation of poststreptococcal illness '' . Am Fam Physician. 71 ( 10 ) : 1949 -- 54 . PMID 15926411 . External links Classification V T D ICD - 10 : J02. 0 ICD - 9 - CM : 034.0 DiseasesDB : 12507 External resources MedlinePlus : 000639 eMedicine : med / 1811 Wikipedia 's health care articles can be viewed offline with the Medical Wikipedia app . Diseases of the respiratory system ( J , 460 -- 519 ) Upper RT ( including URTIs , common cold ) Head sinuses Sinusitis nose Rhinitis Vasomotor rhinitis Atrophic rhinitis Hay fever Nasal polyp Rhinorrhea nasal septum Nasal septum deviation Nasal septum perforation Nasal septal hematoma tonsil Tonsillitis Adenoid hypertrophy Peritonsillar abscess Neck pharynx Pharyngitis Strep throat Laryngopharyngeal reflux ( LPR ) Retropharyngeal abscess larynx Croup Laryngomalacia Laryngeal cyst Laryngitis Laryngopharyngeal reflux ( LPR ) Laryngospasm vocal folds Laryngopharyngeal reflux ( LPR ) Vocal fold nodule Vocal fold paresis Vocal cord dysfunction epiglottis Epiglottitis trachea Tracheitis Laryngotracheal stenosis Lower RT / lung disease ( including LRTIs ) Bronchial / obstructive acute Acute bronchitis chronic COPD Chronic bronchitis Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis Acute exacerbation of COPD Emphysema ) Asthma ( Status asthmaticus Aspirin - induced Exercise - induced Bronchiectasis unspecified Bronchitis Bronchiolitis Bronchiolitis obliterans Diffuse panbronchiolitis Interstitial / restrictive ( fibrosis ) External agents / occupational lung disease Pneumoconiosis Asbestosis Baritosis Bauxite fibrosis Berylliosis Caplan 's syndrome Chalicosis Coalworker 's pneumoconiosis Siderosis Silicosis Talcosis Byssinosis Hypersensitivity pneumonitis Bagassosis Bird fancier 's lung Farmer 's lung Lycoperdonosis Other ARDS Pulmonary edema Löffler 's syndrome / Eosinophilic pneumonia Respiratory hypersensitivity Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis Hamman - Rich syndrome Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Sarcoidosis Obstructive or restrictive Pneumonia / pneumonitis By pathogen Viral Bacterial Pneumococcal Klebsiella ) Atypical bacterial Mycoplasma Legionnaires ' disease Chlamydiae Fungal Pneumocystis Parasitic noninfectious Chemical / Mendelson 's syndrome Aspiration / Lipid By vector / route Community - acquired Healthcare - associated Hospital - acquired By distribution Broncho - Lobar IIP UIP DIP BOOP - COP NSIP RB Other Atelectasis circulatory Pulmonary hypertension Pulmonary embolism Lung abscess Pleural cavity / mediastinum Pleural disease Pleuritis / pleurisy Pneumothorax / Hemopneumothorax Pleural effusion Hemothorax Hydrothorax Chylothorax Empyema / pyothorax Malignant Fibrothorax Mediastinal disease Mediastinitis Mediastinal emphysema Other / general Respiratory failure Influenza SARS Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Streptococcal_pharyngitis&oldid=802867774 '' Categories : Streptococcal infections Human throat Acute upper respiratory infections Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Good articles Articles with medical app sidebar RTT ( full ) RTTEM Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Avañe'ẽ বাংলা Български Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Kiswahili Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Simple English Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 23 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcal%20pharyngitis	856
yeh rishta kya kehlata hai- tv serial on star plus			Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai	yeh rishta kya kehlata hai	Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ( English : What Is This Relationship Called ? ) is a Hindi language television drama that premiered on January 12 , 2009 in India and airs every Monday through Friday at 9 : 30 pm on Star Plus . The show , which focuses on the daily happenings within the household of an Udaipur based Rajasthani family , is produced by Rajan Shahi 's Director 's Kut Productions . It is the longest running Hindi series on Indian television by episode count , surpassing Balika Vadhu . The show stars Naira , played by Shivangi Joshi ; Kartik , played by Mohsin Khan ; and Naksh , played by Rishi Dev , as the lead characters . The series initially starred Naira 's parents Hina Khan and Karan Mehra and Rohan Mehra as the lead characters .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Parallel story arcs 3 Cast 3.1 Main cast 3.2 Recurring cast 3.3 Special appearances 4 Crossover 5 Reception and impact 6 Popularity in Pakistan 7 Awards 8 References 9 External links Plot This section may require copy editing for grammar , style , cohesion , tone , or spelling . You can assist by editing it . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai is the story of a young couple , Akshara and Naitik Singhania . who live in a Marwari joint family in Udaipur . The story showcases their journey as a married couple going through adjustment issues , as parents of young children , and how they learn to love each other and their respective extended families while becoming mature members of their household . 4 years leap Naitik meet with an accident where he is in a coma . Naksh ( Akshara - Naitik 's son ) is now 5 and does n't know about his father . One day , Naitik comes back and a first Naksh does n't accept him but then he does . When events take place now . Soon the family travel and Gayatri ( Naitik 's mother ) dies . Now Rajsekhar ( Naitik 's dad ) is asked to marry someone , and he marries Devyani , who comes with her two children from a divorced marriage . Later , Bhabimaa 's husband died , and Bhabimaa ( Naitik 's aunt ) blames it on Akshara and kicks her out of the house , after Akshara 's daughter Naira is born . Akshara , Naitik , Naksh and Naira leave the house . 10 years leap Naksh as a now matured adult and Naira is a diva teenager . Akshara and Naitik , along with Naksh and Naira , live in Cape Town . Naksh returns to Udaipur . He tries to clear up the misunderstanding with Bhabimaa . After many days , Akshara is forgiven and is allowed to return . The story then focuses on Naksh . He falls in love with Tara , and preparations for their wedding are made . Just minutes before the ceremony , she breaks up with him . 7 years leap The show focuses on teenage Naira , who flees from her house and now lives in Rishikesh , nursing hatred for her mother . After finding Naira , the story takes a new twist : a love triangle that forms between Kartik ( Naitik 's employee ) , Naira and Gayu ( Naitik 's niece ) . Naira and Kartik have feelings for each other but do n't know that it 's love . Meanwhile , Gayu loves Kartik , unaware that Kartik does n't love her back . When Kartik proposes Naira , she initially rejects him , but by the time she realizes that Gayu also loves him , she thinks of sacrificing her happiness in favor of Gayu . When Mishti ( Naira 's cousin ) reveals that Kartik loves only Naira , Kartik and Naira confess their love for each other ; Gayatri understands . Kartik does n't want to talk about his family as he hates them . Meanwhile , on Akshara 's birthday , everyone goes for a veneration , but Akshara dies in a car accident . Singhanias blame Kartik for Akshara 's death as Kartik was found drunk and injured at the accident site . Kartik 's family shows up and supports Kartik . Later , Naira finds that Kartik is not the culprit . She proves Kartik 's innocence by finding the real culprit . Kartik does n't like his father and stepmother as he thinks they were responsible for his mother 's death . Seeing Kartik 's feelings towards a Singhanias , his family approves of their relationship in spite of not being much in favor of it . Several months later The two families ( Goenka and Singhania ) start making preparations for their wedding . Just before the wedding , Kartik discovers the real culprit who ran Akshara over and yearns to tell Naira , but his uncle convinces him that he will tell her . He reneges and tells Naira only that Kartik is missing his mother . Finally , the wedding takes place . Few days later , Naira meets the man whose brother is in jail for killing her mother and learns that Akshara 's accident was caused by Mansi ( Kartik 's cousin ) . The news reaches the Singhanias and they are heartbroken . The Goenkas come to apologize . Naira is initially very hurt and angry with Kartik , but she understands that it 's not his fault . She takes Akshara 's accident case back and forgives Mansi . On Karthik 's birthday , he comes to know that Aditya ( Kartik 's brother in law ) tortures Keerti ( Kartik 's sister ) and , along with Naira , decides to expose him . Eventually , Aditya 's truth comes out and Keerti and Aditya gets divorced . Suhasini Goenka ( Kartik 's grandmother ) wants to find a suitable match for Keerti and later forces Naira to get Naksh and Keerti married . Naksh accepts the proposal for the sake of Naira . Another parallel story about Manish And Saumya Goenka ( Kartik 's mother ) gets revealed . Saumya was a mental patient and committed suicide long back . Manish ( Kartik 's father ) kept the fact hidden keeping his promise to Saumya . Later , Kartik learns the truth and his misunderstandings regarding Manish gets cleared up . Naksh and Keerti get married . Parallel story arcs Parallel with Akshara and Naitik 's stories , the stories of their respective siblings also form significant story arcs in the series . Past plots have been built around the lives of Naitik 's sisters Nandini and Rashmi . The series has also focused on Naitik 's step - siblings . The series also paralleled the story of Akshara - Naitik with that of Varsha - Shaurya . Varsha is Akshara 's best friend , and Shaurya is Akshara 's older brother . The shows also focus on Naksh , Kartik , Naira , Gayatri `` Gayu '' Deora and Tara . Naksh is Naitik and Akshara 's son ; Gayu is Nikhil - Rashmi 's daughter ( Sameer 's stepdaughter ) . Naira , the youngest child and only daughter of Akshara and Naitik , is now the main female lead character of the show . Kartik , Naitik 's employee and Naira 's love interest , is the new male lead character of the show . Tara was Naksh 's fiancée until she leaves him . Cast This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Per WP : TVCAST , cast lists need to be reorganised chronologically , with newer members of the cast being added to the bottom of each list . Ex : Someone introduced in 2009 belongs above someone introduced in 2017 . Note also that `` Former cast '' is not a valid subsection of cast , as cast members do not cease being important just by leaving a TV series . Please help improve this section if you can . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main cast Hina Khan as Akshara Naitik Singhania / Akshara Maheshwari , Vishambhar - Rajshri 's daughter , Naitik 's wife , Naksh - Naira 's mother ( former main female lead , dead ) ( 2009 -- 16 ) Shivansh Kotia as Young Naksh Naitik Singhania , Naitik - Akshara 's son ( 2012 -- 15 ) ( replaced ) Ashnoor Kaur as Young Naira Naitik Singhania , Naitik - Akshara 's daughter ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( replaced ) Rohan Mehra as Naksh Naitik Singhania , Akshara - Naitik 's son , Naira 's brother , Naintara 's ex fiancé ( 2nd Main Male Lead ) ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( replaced by Rishi ) Shivangi Joshi as Naira Kartik Goenka / Naira Naitik Singhania Kartik 's wife , Naitik - Akshara 's daughter ( 2016 -- ) Mohsin Khan ( actor ) as Kartik Manish Goenka , Naira 's Husband ( 2016 -- ) Rishi Dev as Naksh Naitik Singhania , Kirti 's husband , Akshara and Naitik 's son , Naira 's brother ( 2017 - ) Umang Jain as Tara Singh Shekhawat , Naksh 's ex fiancé ( 2015 -- 16 ) Mohena Singh as Kirti Naksh Singhania , Naksh 's wife and Karthik 's sister ( 2016 - ) Kanchi Singh as Gayatri Nikhil Deora , Naira 's cousin , Rashmi - Nikhil 's daughter , Sameer 's step - daughter ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Recurring cast Karan Mehra as Naitik Raj Shekhar Singhania , Gaytri - Raj 's son , Akshara 's husband , Naksh - Naira 's father ( Former Main Male Lead ) ( 2009 -- 16 ) ( replaced by Vishal ) Vishal Singh as Naitik Raj Shekhar Singhania , Akshara 's husband , Naksh - Naira 's father ( 2016 - ) Parul Chauhan as Suvarna Manish Goenka , Kirti 's & Kartik step - mother ( 2016 -- ) Sachin Tyagi as Manish Goenka , Kartik 's and Kirti father ( 2016 -- ) Romit Sharma as Aditya Bansal , Karthik 's brother - in - law , Kirti 's husband ( 2017 - ) Gaurav Wadhwa as Aryan , Suvarna 's son from her previous marriage ( 2017 - ) Swati Chitnis as Suhasini Goenka , Kartik 's paternal grandmother ( dadi ) ( 2017 -- ) Ali Hassan as Akhilesh Goenka , Kartik 's paternal uncle ( chachu ) ( 2016 -- ) Shilpa Raizada as Surekha Goenka , Akhilesh 's wife , Kartik 's aunt ( chachi ) ( 2016 -- ) Sandeep Mehta as Raj Shekhar Singhania , Naitik 's father , Akshara 's father in law , Naira 's paternal grandfather ( dadaji ) ( 2009 -- ) Kshitee Jog as Devyani Raj Shekhar Singhania , Raj Shekhar 's 2nd wife , Naira 's paternal grandmother ( choti dadi ) ( 2013 -- ) Medha Sambutkar as Kaveri Mahendra Pratap Singhania , Naitik 's bhabhi maa , Nandini 's mother , Naira 's paternal grandaunt ( badi dadi ) ( 2009 -- ) Kirti Sually as Baisa , Naitik 's dadi Naira 's paternal grandaunt ( bua dadi ) ( 2010 - ) Priyanka Udhwani as Karishma Naman Singhania , Naman 's wife , Naira 's aunt ( chachi ) ( 2014 -- ) Aarna Sharma as Mishti Naman Singhania , Naira 's cousin , Naman - Karishma 's daughter ( 2015 -- ) Sanjeev Seth as Vishambharnath Maheshwari , Akshara 's father , Naira 's maternal grandfather ( nanu ) ( 2009 -- ) Lata Sabharwal as Rajshri Vishambharnath Maheshwari , Akshara 's mother , Naira 's maternal grandmother ( nani ) ( 2009 -- ) Shravan Mehta as Kiran , Naira 's dance partner and friend ( 2017 ) Harbandana Kaur as Young Kuhu ( 2016 ) Sonali Verma as Gayatri Raj Shekhar Singhania , Raj 's 1st wife , Naitik - Rashmi 's mother , Akshara 's mother in law , Naksh - Naira 's grandmother ( 2009 -- 13 ) ( dead ) Sanjai Gandhi / Abhijeet Lahri as Mahendra Pratap Singhania ( Dadaji ) , Kaveri 's husband , Nandini 's father , Naitik 's uncle ( 2009 -- 15 ) ( dead ) Manu Malik as Omkarnath Maheshwari , Akshara 's uncle , Sunaina 's husband , Anshuman 's father ( 2009 -- 16 ) Neelima Taddepalli as Sunaina Omkarnath Maheshwari , Naira 's maternal grand aunt ( choti nani ) Akshara 's aunt , Omkar 's wife , Anshuman 's mother ( 2009 -- 16 ) Aman Sharma / Dheeraj Gumbar as Anshuman Omkarnath Maheshwari , Akshara 's cousin brother , Jasmeet 's husband ( 2009 -- 16 ) Shirin Sewani as Jasmeet Anshuman Maheshwari , Anshuman 's wife ( 2014 -- 16 ) Anshul Pandey as Naman Raj Singhania , Suresh - Devyani 's son , Raj 's step son , Muskaan 's brother , Karishma 's husband , Mishti 's father ( 2014 -- 16 ) Vineeta Malik as Bhairavi Maheshwari , Vishambharnath - Omkarnath 's mother , Akshara 's grandmother , Naira 's maternal great grand mother ( badi nani ) ( 2009 -- 16 ) Pooja Joshi as Varsha Shaurya Maheshwari , Akshara 's friend , Shaurya 's wife , Ananya - Kuhu 's mother , Naira 's maternal aunt ( mami ) ( 2009 -- 17 ) Ather Habib / Yash Gera as Shaurya Vishambharnath Maheshwari , Akshara 's brother , Varsha 's husband , Ananya - Kuhu 's father , Naira 's maternal uncle ( mamaji ) ( 2009 -- 17 ) Yamini Makwana as Kuhu Shaurya Maheshwari , Naira 's cousin , Shaurya - Sneha 's daughter ( 2016 -- 17 ) Akshaya Naik as Ananya Ranveer Sharma , Naira 's cousin , Varsha - Shaurya 's daughter , Ranveer 's wife ( 2015 -- 16 ) Arjun Kohli as Ranveer Sharma , Ananya 's husband ( 2016 ) Nidhi Uttam as Nandini Mohit Agarwal , Kaveri - Mahendra Pratap 's daughter , Mohit 's wife , Yash - Anmol 's mother , Naira 's paternal aunt ( bua ) ( 2009 -- 16 ) Ayush Agarwal / Shamik Abbas as Mohit Agarwal , Naitik 's best friend , Nandini 's husband , Naira 's uncle ( phupaji ) ( 2009 -- 16 ) Sanchit Sharma as Yash Mohit Agarwal , Naira 's cousin , Nandini - Mohit 's adopted son , Rose 's husband ( 2015 -- 16 ) Sippora Zoutewelle as Rose Yash Agarwal , Yash 's wife ( 2016 ) Karan Pahwa as Anmol Mohit Agarwal , Naira 's cousin , Nandini - Mohit 's son ( 2016 ) Urmila Sharma / Sunita Rao as Rukmini Agarwal , Mohit 's mother ( 2009 -- 16 ) Alok Nath as Chandrabhan Singh Shekhawat , Tara 's grandfather ( 2015 -- 16 ) Amal Sehrawat as Sangram Singh Shekhawat , Tara 's brother ( 2015 -- 16 ) Shivam Agarwal as Aditya Singh Shekhawat , Tara 's brother ( 2015 -- 16 ) Vaishali Takkar as Sanjana , Naksh 's friend ( 2015 -- 16 ) Khushmeet Gill as Nannu Anshuman Maheshwari , Anshuman - Jasmeet 's son ( 2015 -- 16 ) Neha Saroopa as Rashmi Sameer Desai / Rashmi Nikhil Deora ( née Singhania ) , Gaytri - Raj 's daughter , Naitik 's sister , Nikhil - Sameer 's wife , Gayu 's mother ( 2009 -- 16 ) ( dead ) Mazher Sayed as Sameer Desai , Rashmi 's second husband ( 2015 ) Mishka Jain as Baby Naira Naitik Singhania , Naitik - Akshara 's daughter ( 2015 ) ( replaced ) Bani as Baby Naksh Naitik Singhania , Naitik - Akshara 's son ( 2011 -- 12 ) ( replaced ) Navika Kotia as Prerna Singhania , Grown up Chikki ( 2013 ) Reem Sheikh as young Prerna Singhania ( chikki ) , Singhania 's adopted child ( 2012 ) Zarina Roshan Khan as Muskaan Alok Awasthi , Naman 's sister ( 2014 -- 15 ) Amit Dolawat as Alok Awasthi , Muskaan 's husband ( 2009 ; 2014 -- 15 ) Ashish Kapoor as Nikhil Rajendra Deora , Rashmi 's ex-husband ( 2011 -- 12 ) Unknown as Rama Rajendra Deora , Rashmi 's mother in law , Nikhil 's mother ( 2011 -- 16 ) Rakesh Deewana as Maharaj , Singhania 's ex chef ( 2009 -- 14 ) Roshan Khan as Gopi Dadi , Bhairvi 's friend ( 2009 -- 14 ) Ali Merchant as Rituraj , Naitik 's cousin brother ( 2009 ; 2011 -- 12 ) Preeti Sharma as Bindiya , Rituraj 's wife ( 2009 ) Amardeep Jha as Shankari , Akshara 's match - maker ( 2009 -- 16 ) Charu Asopa as Sneha : Naitik 's worker , Kuhu 's mother ( 2010 ) Anurag Nigam as Ankit ( 2013 ) Alpesh Gehlot as Samar , Akshara 's admirer ( 2012 ) Anand Mani as Bhajinder Singh , Maheshwari 's servant ( 2009 -- 12 ) Sunita Rajwar as Dhaniya Bhajinder Singh , Bajinder 's wife ( 2009 -- 12 ) Akanksha Kapil as Antara , Loves Naitik ( 2012 ) Bhuvan Chopra as Ratan Neha Sehgal as Payal Divya Bhatnagar as Gulaboo , Singhania 's maid ( 2009 -- 15 ) Sonal Shrivastava as Juhi Sheetal Tiwari as Sukanya , Naira 's friend ( 2016 ) ( dead ) Veena Jagtap as Nisha Singh Sekhawat ( 2016 ) Suzanne Bernert as Martha , Rose 's mother ( 2016 ) Fahad Ali as Vivaan , Gayu 's school friend ( 2016 ) Nupur Joshi as Soumya Manish Goenka , Kartik and Kirti 's mother , Manish 's 1st wife ( 2016 ) ( dead ) Tia Gandwani as Priyanka , Kartik 's maternal aunt ( masi ) ( 2017 ) Special appearances Shweta Tiwari ( 2009 ) Sara Khan ( 2009 ) Kinshuk Mahajan ( 2009 ) Anupriya Kapoor ( 2010 ) Neha Sargam ( 2010 ) Pooja Gor ( 2010 ) Sanaya Irani ( 2011 ) Soumya Seth ( 2011 ) Anas Rashid ( 2012 ) Neelu Vaghela ( 2012 ) Aamir Khan ( 2012 ) Preeti & Pinky ( 2014 ) Hiba Nawab ( 2015 ) Kamalika Guha Thakurta ( 2016 ) Deepika Singh ( 2012 , 2016 ) Badshah ( 2017 ) Shah Rukh Khan & Anushka Sharma ( 2017 ) Akshay Kumar & Bhumi Pednekar ( 2017 ) Alka Yagnik ( 2017 ) Crossover Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai had several crossover episodes with various shows . In 2009 , the show had a connection with Sapna Babul Ka ... Bidaai . In 2012 , the show had a crossover episode with Diya Aur Baati Hum . In 2016 , Diya Aur Baati Hum 's lead actress Deepika Singh made an entry . Reception and impact The show is one of the most often awarded shows of Indian Television and is India 's longest running television series by episode count. Hina Khan participated in the ' Power of 49 ' campaign in which soap opera actors used their influence to urge women to vote . Shoma Munshi said the show has `` simplicity and highly emotional content '' and was noted for placing female characters in the historical tradition of a large joint family . Popularity in Pakistan The show is also broadcast by Urdu 1 and Star Plus sister channel STAR Utsav . The show always maintained the top spot among Indian TV serials that aired in Pakistan . The show was beaten three to four times by Kumkum Bhagya that aired on Geo Kahani but recovered its leading position . The show also recorded one of the highest TRP in Pakistan . Awards Ye Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai awards and nominations ( hide ) Awards and nominations Award Wins Nominations Star Parivaar Awards 30 43 Zee Gold Awards 15 16 Indian Telly Awards 6 Indian Television Academy Awards Big Star Entertainment Awards Lions Gold Awards 7 Garv Indian TV Awards 35 FICCI Excellence Awards and Frames Honours BIG Star Young Entertainers Awards Totals Awards won 101 Nominations 113 Star Parivaar Awards Year Category Recipient Result 2009 Favourite Maa Sonali Verma Won Favourite Devrani Favourite Naya Sadasya ( Male ) Karan Mehra Favourite Naya Sadasya ( Female ) Hina Khan Favourite Yogya Jodi Hina Khan -- Karan Mehra Favourite Buzurg Vineeta Malik Favourite Saas Favourite Bhabhi Pooja Joshi Favourite Jethani Medha Sambutkar SPL Honour Rajan Shahi Favourite Beti Hina Khan Won Favourite Patni Favourite Maa Lata Sabharwal Favourite Pita Sanjeev Seth Favourite Jethani Medha Sambutkar Favourite Family Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai SPL Honour Rajan Shahi 2011 Favourite Bhabhi Hina Khan Won Most Stylish Sadasya ( Female ) Favourite Pati Karan Mehra Favourite Sasur Sanjeev Seth Favourite Jodi Hina Khan -- Karan Mehra Favourite Serial Rajan Shahi 2012 Favourite Beti Hina Khan Won Most Stylish Actress ( Female ) Favourite Beta Karan Mehra Favourite Sasur Sanjeev Seth Favourite Bhabhi Pooja Joshi 2013 Favourite Bhabhi Hina Khan Won Favourite Patni Favourite Pita Karan Mehra Favourite Chhota Sadasya Shivansh Kotia Favourite Bhabhi Pooja Joshi SPL Mention for completing 1000 episodes Rajan Shahi 2014 Favourite Maa Hina Khan Won Favourite Family Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Favourite Pita Karan Mehra Favourite Chhota Sadasya Shivansh Kotia 2015 Favourite Maa Hina Khan Won Favourite Bhabhi Pooja Joshi Favourite Pati Karan Mehra Favourite Naya Sadasya ( Male ) Rohan Mehra Favourite Sasur Sandeep Mehta SPL Mention for Longest Running Show Rajan Shahi 2016 Favourite Chhota Sadasya Ashnoor Kaur Won 2017 Favourite Jodi of the Year Mohsin Khan - Shivangi Joshi Won Favourite Pati Mohsin Khan Favourite Patni Shivangi Joshi Favourite Sasur Vishal Singh New Talent Awards Year Category Recipient Result 2009 Best Actress Hina Khan Won Most Promising Actor Karan Mehra Most Promising New Show Rajan Shahi Indian Television Academy Awards Year Category Recipient Result 2009 Best Actress - Drama ( Popular ) Hina Khan Won Best Actor - Drama ( Popular ) Karan Mehra Best Serial - Drama ( Popular ) Rajan Shahi Best Costumes Ritu Deora Best Actress - Drama ( Popular ) Hina Khan Won Best Direction Neeraj Baliyan Best Serial - Drama ( Jury ) Rajan Shahi ITA Scroll Honour ' Yeh Rishta & Bidaai ' 2011 Best Direction ' Neeraj Baliyan Won GR8 ! Ensemblance Cast Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Team 2012 Best Actress - Drama ( Popular ) Hina Khan Won Best Direction Neeraj Baliyan Best Serial - Drama ( Popular ) Rajan Shahi 2013 Best Actress - Drama ( Popular ) Hina Khan Won Best Actress in Supporting Role ( Drama ) Sonali Verma Best Serial - Drama ( Popular ) Rajan Shahi Best Child Artist Shivansh Kotia Best Music Composer Naveen 2015 Popular Choice Actress Hina Khan Won Popular Choice Actor Karan Mehra Indian Telly Awards Year Category Recipient Result 2009 Best Fresh Face ( Popular ) Hina Khan Won Most Popular Ensemblance Cast Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Most Popular Drama Series Rajan Shahi Best Costumes Ritu Deora Most Popular Actress in a Lead Role Hina Khan Won Best Actor in a Supporting Role -- Drama ( Jury ) Sanjeev Seth Most Popular Daily Series Rajan Shahi Most Popular Ensemblance Cast Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Best Direction Jai Kalra & Ram Panday 2012 Most Popular Continuing TV Series Rajan Shahi Won Best Direction Jai Kalra 2013 Best Onscreen Couple ( Critics ) Hina Khan & Karan Mehra Won Best Actor in a Supporting Role -- Drama ( Critics ) Abhijeet Lahiri Best Television Show of the Year Rajan Shahi Most Popular Show with Social Message Most Popular Continuing TV Show Most Popular Child Artist Shivansh Kotia 2014 Most Popular Child Artist Shivansh Kotia Won Most Popular Drama Series Rajan Shahi Most Popular Continuing TV Programme 2015 Best Ensemblance Cast Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Won Most Popular Actor in Supporting Role Rohan Mehra Kalakar Awards Year Category Recipient Result Best Debutant ( Female ) Hina Khan Won Best Debutant ( Male ) Karan Mehra Best TV Serial Rajan Shahi 2013 Best TV Actor ( Female ) Hina Khan Won Best TV Serial Rajan Shahi 2014 Best Make - up Artist Pandhari Juker Won 2015 Best Actress Hina Khan Won Favourite Television Show Rajan Shahi 2016 Best Rising Star of Television Hina Khan Won Best TV Actor ( Male ) Karan Mehra Best TV Serial Rajan Shahi Lions Gold Awards Year Category Recipient Result Best TV Serial Rajan Shahi Won 2013 Best TV Serial Rajan Shahi Won 2015 Best TV Serial Rajan Shahi Won Best TV Child Artist Shivansh Kotia 2016 Best TV Actress in Supporting Role Lata Sabharwal Won Best Television Actor ( Popular ) Karan Mehra Best Television Serial ( Fiction ) Rajan Shahi Star Guild Awards Year Category Recipient Result 2009 Best TV Storyline ( Fiction ) Saba Mumtaz Won Best TV Programme of the Year Rajan Shahi Won 2013 Best Direction Jai Kalra & Ram Panday Won 2015 Best TV Storyline ( Fiction ) Saba Mumtaz Won Best Ongoing TV Programme of the Year Rajan Shahi Best TV Actress Hina Khan 2016 Best Ongoing TV Programme of the Year Rajan Shahi Won Garv Indian TV Awards Year Category Recipient Result 2014 Best Music Lalit Sen Won Best Dialogues Rekkha Modi Child Artist ( Male ) -- Jury Shivansh Kotia Supporting Star ( Male ) -- Jury Abhijeet Lahiri SPL Mention by GITA ' Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ' Popular Choice Actress Hina Khan Favourite Ensemblance Cast ' Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ' Favourite Show with Social Message Rajan Shahi Favourite Longest Running Serial Favourite Serial Favourite Supporting Star Sonali Verma Favourite Jodi Hina Khan & Karan Mehra Favourite Actress Hina Khan Entertaining Star Shivansh Kotia 2015 Garv Scroll Honour for Successfully TRP gainning Best Series for consecutive 6 years Rajan Shahi Won Best Audiography Niranjan Chaturvedi Best Teleplay Anil V Kumar Best Chereographer Vaibhavi Merchant Best Fictional Director Ram Panday & Jai Kalra Best Actor in Supporting Role ( Jury ) Sanjeev Seth Most Popular Actress Hina Khan Most Popular Jodi Hina Khan & Karan Mehra Most Popular Serial Rajan Shahi Most Popular Ensemblance Cast ' Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ' Votice Choice Longest Running Serial Rajan Shahi Votice Choice Child Artist Shivansh Kotia 2016 Best Lyrics Vivek Nain Won Best Child Artist ( Female ) -- Jury Ashnoor Kaur Best Actor in Negative Role -- Jury Alok Nath Best Onscreen Ongoing Jodi of the Year Hina Khan & Karan Mehra Most Popular New Comer Rohan Mehra Most Popular Supporting Star Rohan Mehra Most Popular Serial Rajan Shahi Most Popular Ongoing Serial Most Entertaining Ensemblance ' Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ' BIG Star Young Entertainers Awards Year Category Recipient Result 2012 Super Hit Television Actress Hina Khan Won BIG Star Entertainment Awards Year Category Recipient Result BIG Star Most Entertaining Fiction Show Rajan Shahi Won 2013 BIG Star Most Entertaining TV Actor ( Male ) Shivansh Kotia Won 2014 BIG Star Most Entertaining Fiction Show Rajan Shahi Won FICCI Excellence Awards and Frames Honours Year Category Recipient Result Best Fiction Show Rajan Shahi Won 2014 Best TV Actress Hina Khan Won Best Fiction Show Rajan Shahi References Jump up ^ `` Hina Khan aka Akshara will be missed . A look at her Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai journey , see pics '' . Retrieved 21 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Entertainment Desk ( New Delhi ) ( 26 September 2016 ) . `` Rohan Mehra aka Naksh to Quit ' Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ' for Salman Khan 's Bigg Boss 10 ? '' . IndiaTVnews.com . Independent News Service . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shivangi Joshi will play the grown - up Naira '' . Times of India . May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ' leap : ' Dream Girl ' actor Mohsin Khan to romance grown - up Naira ? '' . International Business Times , India Edition . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` There wo n't be a surprise comeback , says Karan Mehra as he finally quits ' Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ' '' . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai : Parul Chauhan & Sandeep Rajora to enter Star Plus show ! '' . India.com. 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tyagi in ' Yeh Rishta ... ' '' . The Times of India . 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai : Naira to get kidnapped by Aditya in the show - Bollywoodlife '' . 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` YEH RISHTA KYA KEHLATA HAI : Meet ' NEW MAN ' in Naira 's life '' . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BALH fame Anshul Pandey bags YRKKH '' . Jump up ^ `` Anshul Pandey talks about YRKKH '' . Jump up ^ `` Yash Gera replaces Ather in Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai - Times of India '' . Jump up ^ `` Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai is a big leap for me , says Suzanne Bernert '' . Jump up ^ `` Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai 's Akshara aka Hina Khan is very professional : Suzanne Bernett '' . Jump up ^ `` Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Kaartik and Naaira Marriage Sangeet Badshah Performance - Jansatta '' . 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai '' . Weebly.com . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 12 Longest Running Shows Of Indian Television ! '' . Bollywood Papa . Be Code Websoft India Pvt Ltd. 15 September 2016 . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ SUBHA J. RAO . `` The power of a vote '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Prime Time Soap Operas on Indian Television . google.com . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Week 46 ( 2015 ) - TRP of Indian Serials in Pakistan '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Week 35 ( 2015 ) - TRP of Indian Serials in Pakistan '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Week 1 ( 2015 ) - TRP of Indian Serials in Pakistan '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Star Parivaar Awards '' . awardsandwinners.com . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Star Parivaar Awards '' . awardsandwinners.com . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Star Parivaar Awards '' . awardsandwinners.com . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Star Parivaar Awards '' . awardsandwinners.com . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Star Parivaar Awards '' . awardsandwinners.com . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Star Parivaar Awards '' . awardsandwinners.com . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Parivaar Awards 2015 on 14th June 2015 -- Winners List and Event 's Snapshot '' . tellyreviews.com . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Parivaar Awards 2017 : Complete list of Winners '' . tv-fanclub.com . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Talent Awards - Indian Award Shows Information '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indian Television Academy Awards - Indian Award Shows Information '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indian Telly Awards - Indian Award Shows Information '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Telly Awards 2012 : Winners '' . media247.co.uk . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Telly Awards 2014 -- And the winners are ... '' . pinkvilla.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 13th Indian Telly Awards 2014 -- Winners List '' . indiantellytalkies.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Telly Awards 2015 -- Winners List '' . indicine.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kalakar Awards - Indian Award Shows Information '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kalakar Awards : Radhika Madan , ' Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ' actors bag prestigious awards ( PHOTO ) '' . IBTimes . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lions Gold Awards - Indian Award Shows Information '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apsara / Star Guild Awards - Indian Award Shows Information '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Garv Indian TV Awards '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BIG STar Young Entertainer Awards - Indian Award Shows Information '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` BIG Star Entertainment Awards - Indian Award Shows Information '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . External links Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai on IMDb ( hide ) Current broadcasts on Star Plus Currently broadcast Primetime soap opera Dil Sambhal Jaa Zara Ishqbaaaz Rishton Ka Chakravyuh Meri Durga Naamkarann Tu Sooraj , Main Saanjh Piyaji Yeh Hai Mohabbatein Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Historical fiction Chandra Nandini Weekend Dance Champions The Great Indian Laughter Challenge Lip Sing Battle Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yeh_Rishta_Kya_Kehlata_Hai&oldid=808193689 '' Categories : Star Plus television series Indian television series 2009 Indian television series debuts Television shows set in Rajasthan Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from January 2014 Use Indian English from January 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from October 2017 All articles needing copy edit Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from June 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles needing cleanup from September 2017 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from September 2017 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from September 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia සිංහල Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 12 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeh%20Rishta%20Kya%20Kehlata%20Hai	857
who plays billy on young and the restless	In December 2015 , it was announced Thompson would join The Young and the Restless as Billy Abbott ; he began appearing on January 10 , 2016 .		Jason Thompson ( actor )	jason thompson ( actor )	Jason Craig Thompson ( born November 20 , 1976 ) is a Canadian actor . He joined the cast of the American daytime drama General Hospital in December 2005 as neurosurgeon Dr. Patrick Drake . In 2007 , Thompson became an original cast member of the General Hospital prime - time spin - off General Hospital : Night Shift while maintaining his day job on GH . On April 1 , 2015 , Thompson also portrayed original GH character Steve Hardy in a flashback for the show 's 52nd anniversary .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Early career 2 Daytime career 3 Personal life 4 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Early career ( edit ) He was discovered at 16 working at a restaurant in Edmonton , Alberta by model scout Kelly Streit of mode models . At 18 years old , Thompson left home to build a career in runway , print and commercial modeling . One of his most well - known ad campaigns are the three TV commercials for Gap he did with director Pedro Romhanyi in 1999 : `` Everybody in Cords '' , `` Everybody in Leather '' and `` Everybody in Vests '' . Though modeling paid the bills and allowed Jason the opportunity to travel extensively , he admits that becoming an actor was never far from his thoughts . Within a few years of committing to an acting career , Thompson has amassed various television , film and theatre credits . He has had lead roles in such plays such as The Academy , More Than You and Jakob . In film , Thompson had starring roles in Wishmaster : The Prophecy Fulfilled and Divide . In television , Thompson has landed guest roles on television shows like Felicity , Flipper , and Castle . Daytime career ( edit ) Thompson 's most popular role to date is as Dr. Patrick Drake on the ABC soap opera General Hospital . Since playboy Patrick Drake 's first appearance on the show , he has flirted with various women ( many who work at the hospital call him Dr. Hottie in reference to his good looks and as a tribute to fellow ABC hot doc Grey 's Anatomy 's Dr. McDreamy ) , saved many lives , and mended a contentious relationship with his father , Dr. Noah Drake ( played by returning castmember Rick Springfield ) . In one storyline , Patrick donated a part of his liver to save his father 's life . At the same time , Patrick began falling for his co-worker and friend , the HIV - positive Dr. Robin Scorpio , which brought up the question of whether Patrick could give up his womanizing ways . In July 2006 , through an operating room mishap , Patrick was exposed to HIV , though his HIV test returned a negative result . After much resistance on Robin 's part , Robin and Patrick were finally married and welcomed their baby girl , Emma Grace Scorpio - Drake As part of ABC 's Fan February promotions in 2007 , Thompson switched places for a day with a first - grade teacher and taught her class in Irving , Texas . In October 2015 , Thompson confirmed his exit from General Hospital . He last appeared on January 7 , 2016 . In December 2015 , it was announced Thompson would join The Young and the Restless as Billy Abbott ; he began appearing on January 10 , 2016 . Personal life ( edit ) On April 5 , 2015 , Thompson married his longtime girlfriend , Paloma Jonas , in San Pancho , Mexico . Their first child , a son , was born in May 2016 . The couple welcomed their second child , a daughter , in September 2017 . Awards and nominations ( edit ) List of acting awards and nominations Year Award Title Result Ref . 2011 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series General Hospital Nominated 2012 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series General Hospital Nominated 2013 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series General Hospital Nominated 2014 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series General Hospital Nominated 2015 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series General Hospital Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Trading Places '' . Soap Opera Weekly . 2007 - 02 - 13 . p. 18 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Michael ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` Jason Thompson Leaving ' General Hospital ' '' . Serial Scoop . United States : Blogger ( Google ) . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mulcahy Jr. , Kevin ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Jason Thompson Leaving General Hospital as Patrick , Kimberly McCullough Returning as Robin '' . We Love Soaps . United States : Blogger ( Google ) . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ White - Nobles , Omar ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` JASON THOMPSON BIDS FAREWELL TO GENERAL HOSPITAL '' . TVSource Magazine . United States . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` General Hospital favorite joins The Young and the Restless '' . Entertainment Weekly . United States . Time Inc . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Comings and Goings : Jason Thompson ( Billy Abbott ) '' . Soap Opera Digest . ( Vol. 40 , No. 51 ) . December 21 , 2015 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Comings and Goings : Jason Thompson ( Billy Abbott ) '' . Soap Opera Digest . ( Vol. 41 , No. 3 ) . January 18 , 2016 . p. 11 . Jump up ^ http://www.soapoperadigest.com/content/gh-star-weds Jump up ^ `` JASON THOMPSON WELCOMES SON '' . Soap Opera Digest . May 26 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mizoguchi , Karen ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Jason Thompson and Wife Paloma Welcome Daughter Rome Coco '' . People.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 38th Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award Nominations '' . emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . May 11 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 39th Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award Nominations '' . emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . May 9 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 40th Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award Nominations '' . emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . May 1 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 41st Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award Nominations '' . New York : emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . May 1 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2014 . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 42nd Annual Daytime Emmy Award Nominations '' ( PDF ) . New York : emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . March 31 , 2015 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 31 , 2015 . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Jason Thompson on IMDb Jason Thompson 's Actor Biography on ABC.com VIAF : 160419180 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jason_Thompson_(actor)&oldid=808833872 '' Categories : Canadian male soap opera actors Canadian male television actors People from St. Albert , Alberta 1976 births Living people Male actors from Alberta 21st - century Canadian male actors Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from March 2013 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 13 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason%20Thompson%20%28actor%29	858
where was the author when he wrote the star spangled banner	`` The Star - Spangled Banner '' is the national anthem of the United States of America . The lyrics come from `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' , a poem written on September 14 , 1814 , by the 35 - year - old lawyer and amateur poet Francis Scott Key after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by British ships of the Royal Navy in Baltimore Harbor during the Battle of Baltimore in the War of 1812 . Key was inspired by the large American flag , the Star - Spangled Banner , flying triumphantly above the fort during the American victory .	Fort McHenry	The Star - Spangled Banner	the star - spangled banner	`` The Star - Spangled Banner '' is the national anthem of the United States of America . The lyrics come from `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' , a poem written on September 14 , 1814 , by the 35 - year - old lawyer and amateur poet Francis Scott Key after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by British ships of the Royal Navy in Baltimore Harbor during the Battle of Baltimore in the War of 1812 . Key was inspired by the large American flag , the Star - Spangled Banner , flying triumphantly above the fort during the American victory .	The poem was set to the tune of a popular British song written by John Stafford Smith for the Anacreontic Society , a men 's social club in London . `` To Anacreon in Heaven '' ( or `` The Anacreontic Song '' ) , with various lyrics , was already popular in the United States . Set to Key 's poem and renamed `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , it soon became a well - known American patriotic song . With a range of one octave and one fifth ( a semitone more than an octave and a half ) , it is known for being difficult to sing . Although the poem has four stanzas , only the first is commonly sung today . `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' was recognized for official use by the United States Navy in 1889 , and by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in 1916 , and was made the national anthem by a congressional resolution on March 3 , 1931 ( 46 Stat. 1508 , codified at 36 U.S.C. § 301 ) , which was signed by President Herbert Hoover . Before 1931 , other songs served as the hymns of American officialdom . `` Hail , Columbia '' served this purpose at official functions for most of the 19th century . `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' , whose melody is identical to `` God Save the Queen '' , the British national anthem , also served as a de facto anthem . Following the War of 1812 and subsequent American wars , other songs emerged to compete for popularity at public events , among them `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , as well as `` America the Beautiful '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 1.1 Francis Scott Key 's lyrics 1.2 John Stafford Smith 's music 1.3 National anthem 2 Lyrics 2.1 Additional Civil War period lyrics 2.2 Alternative lyrics 3 Modern history 3.1 Performances 3.2 200th anniversary celebrations 3.3 Adaptations 4 References in film , television , literature 5 Customs and federal law 6 Protests 6.1 1968 Olympics Black Power Salute 6.2 2016 protests 6.3 NAACP call remove the national anthem 7 Translations 8 Media 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links 12.1 Historical audio Early history Francis Scott Key 's lyrics Francis Scott Key 's original manuscript copy of his `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' poem . It is now on display at the Maryland Historical Society . On September 3 , 1814 , following the Burning of Washington and the Raid on Alexandria , Francis Scott Key and John Stuart Skinner set sail from Baltimore aboard the ship HMS Minden , flying a flag of truce on a mission approved by President James Madison . Their objective was to secure an exchange of prisoners , one of whom was Dr. William Beanes , the elderly and popular town physician of Upper Marlboro and a friend of Key 's who had been captured in his home . Beanes was accused of aiding the arrest of British soldiers . Key and Skinner boarded the British flagship HMS Tonnant on September 7 and spoke with Major General Robert Ross and Vice Admiral Alexander Cochrane over dinner while the two officers discussed war plans . At first , Ross and Cochrane refused to release Beanes , but relented after Key and Skinner showed them letters written by wounded British prisoners praising Beanes and other Americans for their kind treatment . Because Key and Skinner had heard details of the plans for the attack on Baltimore , they were held captive until after the battle , first aboard HMS Surprise and later back on HMS Minden . After the bombardment , certain British gunboats attempted to slip past the fort and effect a landing in a cove to the west of it , but they were turned away by fire from nearby Fort Covington , the city 's last line of defense . An artist 's rendering of the battle at Fort McHenry During the rainy night , Key had witnessed the bombardment and observed that the fort 's smaller `` storm flag '' continued to fly , but once the shell and Congreve rocket barrage had stopped , he would not know how the battle had turned out until dawn . On the morning of September 14 , the storm flag had been lowered and the larger flag had been raised . During the bombardment , HMS Terror and HMS Meteor provided some of the `` bombs bursting in air '' . The 15 - star , 15 - stripe `` Star - Spangled Banner '' that inspired the poem Key was inspired by the American victory and the sight of the large American flag flying triumphantly above the fort . This flag , with fifteen stars and fifteen stripes , had been made by Mary Young Pickersgill together with other workers in her home on Baltimore 's Pratt Street . The flag later came to be known as the Star - Spangled Banner and is today on display in the National Museum of American History , a treasure of the Smithsonian Institution . It was restored in 1914 by Amelia Fowler , and again in 1998 as part of an ongoing conservation program . Aboard the ship the next day , Key wrote a poem on the back of a letter he had kept in his pocket . At twilight on September 16 , he and Skinner were released in Baltimore . He completed the poem at the Indian Queen Hotel , where he was staying , and titled it `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' . Much of the idea of the poem , including the flag imagery and some of the wording , is derived from an earlier song by Key , also set to the tune of `` The Anacreontic Song '' . The song , known as `` When the Warrior Returns '' , was written in honor of Stephen Decatur and Charles Stewart on their return from the First Barbary War . Absent elaboration by Francis Scott Key prior to his death in 1843 , some have speculated in modern times about the meaning of phrases or verses . According to British historian Robin Blackburn , the words `` the hireling and slave '' allude to the thousands of ex-slaves in the British ranks organised as the Corps of Colonial Marines , who had been liberated by the British and demanded to be placed in the battle line `` where they might expect to meet their former masters . '' Nevertheless , Professor Mark Clague , a professor of musicology at the University of Michigan , argues that the `` middle two verses of Key 's lyric vilify the British enemy in the War of 1812 '' and `` in no way glorifies or celebrates slavery . '' Clague writes that `` For Key ... the British mercenaries were scoundrels and the Colonial Marines were traitors who threatened to spark a national insurrection . '' This harshly anti-British nature of Verse 3 led to its omission in sheet music in World War I , when Britain and the U.S. were allies . Responding to the assertion of writer Jon Schwarz of The Intercept that the song is a `` celebration of slavery , '' Clague said that : `` The reference to slaves is about the use , and in some sense the manipulation , of black Americans to fight for the British , with the promise of freedom . The American forces included African - Americans as well as whites . The term ' freemen , ' whose heroism is celebrated in the fourth stanza , would have encompassed both . '' Others suggest that `` Key may have intended the phrase as a reference to the British Navy 's practice of impressment ( kidnapping sailors and forcing them to fight in defense of the crown ) , or as a semi-metaphorical slap at the British invading force as a whole ( which included a large number of mercenaries ) . '' John Stafford Smith 's music Sheet music version Play ( help info ) The memorial to John Stafford Smith in Gloucester Cathedral , Gloucester , England Key gave the poem to his brother - in - law Judge Joseph H. Nicholson who saw that the words fit the popular melody `` The Anacreontic Song '' , by English composer John Stafford Smith . This was the official song of the Anacreontic Society , an 18th - century gentlemen 's club of amateur musicians in London . Nicholson took the poem to a printer in Baltimore , who anonymously made the first known broadside printing on September 17 ; of these , two known copies survive . On September 20 , both the Baltimore Patriot and The American printed the song , with the note `` Tune : Anacreon in Heaven '' . The song quickly became popular , with seventeen newspapers from Georgia to New Hampshire printing it . Soon after , Thomas Carr of the Carr Music Store in Baltimore published the words and music together under the title `` The Star Spangled Banner '' , although it was originally called `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' . Thomas Carr 's arrangement introduced the raised fourth which became the standard deviation from `` The Anacreontic Song '' . The song 's popularity increased , and its first public performance took place in October , when Baltimore actor Ferdinand Durang sang it at Captain McCauley 's tavern . Washington Irving , then editor of the Analectic Magazine in Philadelphia , reprinted the song in November 1814 . By the early 20th century , there were various versions of the song in popular use . Seeking a singular , standard version , President Woodrow Wilson tasked the U.S. Bureau of Education with providing that official version . In response , the Bureau enlisted the help of five musicians to agree upon an arrangement . Those musicians were Walter Damrosch , Will Earhart , Arnold J. Gantvoort , Oscar Sonneck and John Philip Sousa . The standardized version that was voted upon by these five musicians premiered at Carnegie Hall on December 5 , 1917 , in a program that included Edward Elgar 's Carillon and Gabriel Pierné 's The Children 's Crusade . The concert was put on by the Oratorio Society of New York and conducted by Walter Damrosch . An official handwritten version of the final votes of these five men has been found and shows all five men 's votes tallied , measure by measure . The Italian opera composer Giacomo Puccini used an extract of the melody in writing the aria `` Dovunque al mondo ... '' in 1904 for his work Madama Butterfly . National anthem Commemorative plaque in Washington , D.C. marking the site at 601 Pennsylvania Avenue where `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' was first publicly sung One of two surviving copies of the 1814 broadside printing of the `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' , a poem that later became the lyrics of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , the national anthem of the United States . The song gained popularity throughout the 19th century and bands played it during public events , such as July 4th celebrations . A plaque displayed at Fort Meade , South Dakota , claims that the idea of making `` The Star Spangled Banner '' the national anthem began on their parade ground in 1892 . Colonel Caleb Carlton , Post Commander , established the tradition that the song be played `` at retreat and at the close of parades and concerts . '' Carlton explained the custom to Governor Sheldon of South Dakota who `` promised me that he would try to have the custom established among the state militia . '' Carlton wrote that after a similar discussion , Secretary of War , Daniel E. Lamont issued an order that it `` be played at every Army post every evening at retreat . '' In 1899 , the US Navy officially adopted `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . In 1916 , President Woodrow Wilson ordered that `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' be played at military and other appropriate occasions . The playing of the song two years later during the seventh - inning stretch of Game One of the 1918 World Series , and thereafter during each game of the series is often cited as the first instance that the anthem was played at a baseball game , though evidence shows that the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' was performed as early as 1897 at opening day ceremonies in Philadelphia and then more regularly at the Polo Grounds in New York City beginning in 1898 . In any case , the tradition of performing the national anthem before every baseball game began in World War II . On April 10 , 1918 , John Charles Linthicum , U.S. Congressman from Maryland , introduced a bill to officially recognize `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' as the national anthem . The bill did not pass . On April 15 , 1929 , Linthicum introduced the bill again , his sixth time doing so . On November 3 , 1929 , Robert Ripley drew a panel in his syndicated cartoon , Ripley 's Believe it or Not ! , saying `` Believe It or Not , America has no national anthem '' . In 1930 , Veterans of Foreign Wars started a petition for the United States to officially recognize `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' as the national anthem . Five million people signed the petition . The petition was presented to the United States House Committee on the Judiciary on January 31 , 1930 . On the same day , Elsie Jorss - Reilley and Grace Evelyn Boudlin sang the song to the Committee to refute the perception that it was too high pitched for a typical person to sing . The Committee voted in favor of sending the bill to the House floor for a vote . The House of Representatives passed the bill later that year . The Senate passed the bill on March 3 , 1931 . President Herbert Hoover signed the bill on March 4 , 1931 , officially adopting `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' as the national anthem of the United States of America . As currently codified , the United States Code states that `` ( t ) he composition consisting of the words and music known as the Star - Spangled Banner is the national anthem . '' Lyrics O say can you see , by the dawn 's early light , What so proudly we hailed at the twilight 's last gleaming , Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight , O'er the ramparts we watched , were so gallantly streaming ? And the rockets ' red glare , the bombs bursting in air , Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there ; O say does that star - spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave ? On the shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep , Where the foe 's haughty host in dread silence reposes , What is that which the breeze , o'er the towering steep , As it fitfully blows , half conceals , half discloses ? Now it catches the gleam of the morning 's first beam , In full glory reflected now shines in the stream : ' Tis the star - spangled banner , O long may it wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave . And where is that band who so vauntingly swore That the havoc of war and the battle 's confusion , A home and a country , should leave us no more ? Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps ' pollution . No refuge could save the hireling and slave From the terror of flight , or the gloom of the grave : And the star - spangled banner in triumph doth wave , O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave . O thus be it ever , when freemen shall stand Between their loved homes and the war 's desolation . Blest with vict'ry and peace , may the Heav'n rescued land Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation ! Then conquer we must , when our cause it is just , And this be our motto : ' In God is our trust . ' And the star - spangled banner in triumph shall wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave ! Cover of sheet music for `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , transcribed for piano by Ch . Voss , Philadelphia : G. Andre & Co. , 1862 Additional Civil War period lyrics In indignation over the start of the American Civil War , Oliver Wendell Holmes , Sr. added a fifth stanza to the song in 1861 , which appeared in songbooks of the era . When our land is illumined with Liberty 's smile , If a foe from within strike a blow at her glory , Down , down with the traitor that dares to defile The flag of her stars and the page of her story ! By the millions unchained who our birthright have gained , We will keep her bright blazon forever unstained ! And the Star - Spangled Banner in triumph shall wave While the land of the free is the home of the brave . Alternative lyrics In a version hand - written by Francis Scott Key in 1840 , the third line reads `` Whose bright stars and broad stripes , through the clouds of the fight '' . Modern history Main article : Performances and adaptations of The Star - Spangled Banner Performances This section may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( November 2012 ) Crowd performing the U.S. national anthem before a baseball game at Coors Field The song is notoriously difficult for nonprofessionals to sing because of its wide range -- a 12th . Humorist Richard Armour referred to the song 's difficulty in his book It All Started With Columbus . In an attempt to take Baltimore , the British attacked Fort McHenry , which protected the harbor . Bombs were soon bursting in air , rockets were glaring , and all in all it was a moment of great historical interest . During the bombardment , a young lawyer named Francis Off Key ( sic ) wrote `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , and when , by the dawn 's early light , the British heard it sung , they fled in terror . -- Richard Armour Professional and amateur singers have been known to forget the words , which is one reason the song is sometimes pre-recorded and lip - synced . Other times the issue is avoided by having the performer ( s ) play the anthem instrumentally instead of singing it . The pre-recording of the anthem has become standard practice at some ballparks , such as Boston 's Fenway Park , according to the SABR publication The Fenway Project . `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' is traditionally played at the beginning of public sports events and orchestral concerts in the United States , as well as other public gatherings . The National Hockey League and Major League Soccer both require venues in both the U.S. and Canada to perform both the Canadian and American national anthems at games that involve teams from both countries ( with the `` away '' anthem being performed first ) . It is also usual for both American and Canadian anthems ( done in the same way as the NHL and MLS ) to be played at Major League Baseball and National Basketball Association games involving the Toronto Blue Jays and the Toronto Raptors ( respectively ) , the only Canadian teams in those two major U.S. sports leagues , and in All Star Games on the MLB , NBA , and NHL . The Buffalo Sabres of the NHL , which play in a city on the Canada -- US border and have a substantial Canadian fan base , play both anthems before all home games regardless of where the visiting team is based . Two especially unusual performances of the song took place in the immediate aftermath of the United States September 11 attacks . On September 12 , 2001 , the Queen broke with tradition and allowed the Band of the Coldstream Guards to perform the anthem at Buckingham Palace , London , at the ceremonial Changing of the Guard , as a gesture of support for Britain 's ally . The following day at a St. Paul 's Cathedral memorial service , the Queen joined in the singing of the anthem , an unprecedented occurrence . 200th anniversary celebrations The 200th anniversary of the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' occurred in 2014 with various special events occurring throughout the United States . A particularly significant celebration occurred during the week of September 10 -- 16 in and around Baltimore , Maryland . Highlights included playing of a new arrangement of the anthem arranged by John Williams and participation of President Obama on Defender 's Day , September 12 , 2014 , at Fort McHenry . In addition , the anthem bicentennial included a youth music celebration including the presentation of the National Anthem Bicentennial Youth Challenge winning composition written by Noah Altshuler . Adaptations See also : The Star Spangled Banner ( Whitney Houston recording ) O'er the ramparts we watch in a 1945 United States Army Air Forces poster The first popular music performance of the anthem heard by the mainstream U.S. was by Puerto Rican singer and guitarist José Feliciano . He created a nationwide uproar when he strummed a slow , blues - style rendition of the song at Tiger Stadium in Detroit before game five of the 1968 World Series , between Detroit and St. Louis . This rendition started contemporary `` Star - Spangled Banner '' controversies . The response from many in the Vietnam War - era U.S. was generally negative . Despite the controversy , Feliciano 's performance opened the door for the countless interpretations of the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' heard in the years since . One week after Feliciano 's performance , the anthem was in the news again when American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos lifted controversial raised fists at the 1968 Olympics while the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' played at a medal ceremony . Marvin Gaye gave a soul - influenced performance at the 1983 NBA All - Star Game and Whitney Houston gave a soulful rendition before Super Bowl XXV in 1991 , which was released as a single that charted at number 20 in 1991 and number 6 in 2001 ( along with José Feliciano , the only times the anthem has been on the Billboard Hot 100 ) . In 1993 , Kiss did an instrumental rock version as the closing track on their album , Alive III . Another famous instrumental interpretation is Jimi Hendrix 's version , which was a set - list staple from autumn 1968 until his death in September 1970 , including a famous rendition at the Woodstock music festival in 1969 . Incorporating sonic effects to emphasize the `` rockets ' red glare '' , and `` bombs bursting in air '' , it became a late - 1960s emblem . Roseanne Barr gave a controversial performance of the anthem at a San Diego Padres baseball game at Jack Murphy Stadium on July 25 , 1990 . The comedian belted out a screechy rendition of the song , and afterward she attempted a gesture of ball players by spitting and grabbing her crotch as if adjusting a protective cup . The performance offended some , including the sitting U.S. President , George H.W. Bush . Sufjan Stevens has frequently performed the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' in live sets , replacing the optimism in the end of the first verse with a new coda that alludes to the divisive state of the nation today . David Lee Roth both referenced parts of the anthem and played part of a hard rock rendition of the anthem on his song , `` Yankee Rose '' on his 1986 solo album , Eat ' Em and Smile . Steven Tyler also caused some controversy in 2001 ( at the Indianapolis 500 , to which he later issued a public apology ) and again in 2012 ( at the AFC Championship Game ) with a cappella renditions of the song with changed lyrics . A version of Aerosmith 's Joe Perry and Brad Whitford playing part of the song can be heard at the end of their version of `` Train Kept A-Rollin ' '' on the Rockin ' the Joint album . The band Boston gave an instrumental rock rendition of the anthem on their Greatest Hits album . The band Crush 40 made a version of the song as opening track from the album Thrill of the Feel ( 2000 ) . In March 2005 , a government - sponsored program , the National Anthem Project , was launched after a Harris Interactive poll showed many adults knew neither the lyrics nor the history of the anthem . References in film , television , literature Several films have their titles taken from the song 's lyrics . These include two films titled Dawn 's Early Light ( 2000 and 2005 ) ; two made - for - TV features titled By Dawn 's Early Light ( 1990 and 2000 ) ; two films titled So Proudly We Hail ( 1943 and 1990 ) ; a feature ( 1977 ) and a short ( 2005 ) titled Twilight 's Last Gleaming ; and four films titled Home of the Brave ( 1949 , 1986 , 2004 , and 2006 ) . A 1936 short titled `` The Song of a Nation '' from Warner Brothers shows a version of the origin of the song . Customs and federal law Plaque detailing how the custom of standing during the Anthem came about in Tacoma , Washington , on October 18 , 1893 , in the Bostwick building When the National Anthem was first recognized by law in 1932 , there was no prescription as to behavior during its playing . On June 22 , 1942 , the law was revised indicating that those in uniform should salute during its playing , while others should simply stand at attention , men removing their hats . ( The same code also required that women should place their hands over their hearts when the flag is displayed during the playing of the Anthem , but not if the flag was not present . ) On December 23 , 1942 the law was again revised instructing men and women to stand at attention and face in the direction of the music when it was played . That revision also directed men and women to place their hands over their hearts only if the flag was displayed . Those in uniform were required to salute . On July 7 , 1976 , the law was simplified . Men and women were instructed to stand with their hands over their hearts , men removing their hats , irrespective of whether or not the flag was displayed and those in uniform saluting . On August 12 , 1998 , the law was rewritten keeping the same instructions , but differentiating between `` those in uniform '' and `` members of the Armed Forces and veterans '' who were both instructed to salute during the playing whether or not the flag was displayed . Because of the changes in law over the years and confusion between instructions for the Pledge of Allegence versus the National Anthem , throughout most of the 20th century many people simply stood at attention or with their hands folded in front of them during the playing of the Anthem , and when reciting the Pledge they would hold their hand ( or hat ) over their heart . After 9 / 11 , the custom of placing the hand over the heart during the playing of the Anthem became nearly universal . Since 1998 , federal law ( viz. , the United States Code 36 U.S.C. § 301 ) states that during a rendition of the national anthem , when the flag is displayed , all present including those in uniform should stand at attention ; Non-military service individuals should face the flag with the right hand over the heart ; Members of the Armed Forces and veterans who are present and not in uniform may render the military salute ; Military service persons not in uniform should remove their headdress with their right hand and hold the headdress at the left shoulder , the hand being over the heart ; and Members of the Armed Forces and veterans who are in uniform should give the military salute at the first note of the anthem and maintain that position until the last note . The law further provides that when the flag is not displayed , all present should face toward the music and act in the same manner they would if the flag were displayed . Military law requires all vehicles on the installation to stop when the song is played and all individuals outside to stand at attention and face the direction of the music and either salute , in uniform , or place the right hand over the heart , if out of uniform . The law was amended in 2008 , and since allows military veterans to salute out of uniform , as well . The text of 36 U.S.C. § 301 is suggestive and not regulatory in nature . Failure to follow the suggestions is not a violation of law . This behavioral requirement for the national anthem is subject to the same First Amendment controversies that surround the Pledge of Allegiance . For example , Jehovah 's Witnesses do not sing the national anthem , though they are taught that standing is an `` ethical decision '' that individual believers must make based on their `` conscience . '' Protests Main article : U.S. national anthem protests 1968 Olympics Black Power salute Main article : 1968 Olympics Black Power Salute The 1968 Olympics Black Power salute was a political demonstration conducted by African - American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos during their medal ceremony at the 1968 Summer Olympics in the Olympic Stadium in Mexico City . After having won gold and bronze medals respectively in the 200 meter running event , they turned on the podium to face their flags , and to hear the American national anthem , `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . Each athlete raised a black - gloved fist , and kept them raised until the anthem had finished . In addition , Smith , Carlos , and Australian silver medalist Peter Norman all wore human rights badges on their jackets . In his autobiography , Silent Gesture , Smith stated that the gesture was not a `` Black Power '' salute , but a `` human rights salute '' . The event is regarded as one of the most overtly political statements in the history of the modern Olympic Games . 2016 protests Main article : U.S. national anthem protests ( 2016 -- present ) Politically motivated protests of the national anthem began in the National Football League ( NFL ) after San Francisco 49ers quarterback ( QB ) Colin Kaepernick sat during the anthem , as opposed to the tradition of standing , before his team 's third preseason game of 2016 . Kaepernick also sat during the first two preseason games , but he went unnoticed . NAACP call remove the National anthem In November 2017 , the California NAACP called on Congress to remove The Star - Spangled Banner as the national anthem . Alice Huffman , California NCAAP president said `` it 's racist ; it does n't represent our community , it 's anti-black . '' The third stansa of the anthem , which is rarely sung , contain the words , `` No refuge could save the hireling and slave , From the terror of flight , or the gloom of the grave : '' , which some interpret as racist . The organization was still seeking a representative to sponsor the legislation in Congress at the time of their announcement . Translations As a result of immigration to the United States and the incorporation of non-English speaking people into the country , the lyrics of the song have been translated into other languages . In 1861 , it was translated into German . The Library of Congress also has record of a Spanish - language version from 1919 . It has since been translated into Hebrew and Yiddish by Jewish immigrants , Latin American Spanish ( with one version popularized during immigration reform protests in 2006 ) , French by Acadians of Louisiana , Samoan , and Irish . The third verse of the anthem has also been translated into Latin . With regard to the indigenous languages of North America , there are versions in Navajo and Cherokee . Media The Star - Spangled Banner ( 1915 ) A 1915 recording of the Star - Spangled Banner as sung by Margaret Woodrow Wilson , daughter of Woodrow Wilson The Star - Spangled Banner ( 1942 ) Fred Waring and His Pennsylvanians sing The Star - Spangled Banner in 1942 The Star - Spangled Banner ( 1953 ) A 1953 instrumental recording by the United States Marine Corps band The Star Spangled Banner ( circa 2000 ) An instrumental recording by the United States Navy Band . Problems playing these files ? See media help . Play media ( 1944 ) Play media ( 1940 ) See also In God We Trust Sign - on and sign - off Music portal United States portal References ^ Jump up to : `` '' Star - Spangled Banner '' Is Now Official Anthem `` . The Washington Post . March 5 , 1931 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Defence of Fort M'Henry Library of Congress '' . Loc.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` My country ' tis of thee ( Song Collection ) '' . The Library of Congress . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Lois Leo ( 1990 ) . Encyclopedia of Nationalism . Paragon House . p. 13 . ISBN 1 - 55778 - 167 - 2 . Jump up ^ British Rockets at the US National Park Service , Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine . Retrieved February 2008 . Archived April 3 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` When the Warrior Returns - Key '' . Potw.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Blackburn , Robin ( 1988 ) . The Overthrdow of Colonial Slavery , 1776 -- 1848 . pp. 288 -- 290 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Clague ( 2016 - 08 - 31 ) . `` ' Star - Spangled Banner ' critics miss the point '' . CNN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Colin Kaepernick Is Righter Than You Know : The National Anthem Is a Celebration of Slavery '' . Theintercept.com. 2016 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Is the National Anthem Racist ? Beyond the Debate Over Colin Kaepernick '' . The New York Times . 3 September 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Star - Spangled Banner ' and Slavery '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Clague , Mark , and Jamie Vander Broek . `` Banner moments : the national anthem in American life '' . University of Michigan , 2014 . 4 . Jump up ^ `` Oratorio Society of New York - Star Spangled Banner '' . Oratoriosocietyofny.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Standardization Manuscript for `` The Star Spangled Banner '' Antiques Roadshow `` . PBS . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Plaque , Fort Meade , erected 1976 by the Fort Meade V.A. Hospital and the South Dakota State Historical Society ^ Jump up to : Cavanaugh , Ray ( July 4 , 2016 ) . `` The Star - Spangled Banner : an American anthem with a very British beginning '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs vs Red Sox 1918 World Series : A Tradition is Born '' . Baseballisms.com. 2011 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Anthem Hearing Is Set For January 31 '' . The Baltimore Sun . January 23 , 1930 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Company News - Ripley Entertainment Inc '' . Ripleysnewsroom.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` 5,000,000 Sign for Anthem : Fifty - Mile Petition Supports `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' Bill `` . The New York Times . January 19 , 1930 . p. 31 . Jump up ^ `` 5,000,000 Plea For U.S. Anthem : Giant Petition to Be Given Judiciary Committee of Senate Today '' . The Washington Post . January 31 , 1930 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Committee Hears Star - Spangled Banner Sung : Studies Bill to Make It the National Anthem '' . The New York Times . February 1 , 1930 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star - Spangled Banner ' Favored As Anthem in Report to House '' . The New York Times . February 5 , 1930 . p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Star Spangled Banner ' Is Voted National Anthem by Congress '' . The New York Times . March 4 , 1931 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ 36 U.S.C. § 301 . Jump up ^ Francis Scott Key , The Star Spangled Banner ( lyrics ) , 1814 , MENC : The National Association for Music Education National Anthem Project ( archived from the original Archived January 26 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . on 2013 - 01 - 26 ) . Jump up ^ Butterworth , Hezekiah ; Brown , Theron ( 1906 ) . `` The Story of the Hymns and Tunes '' . George H. Doran Co. : 335 . Jump up ^ The soldier 's companion : dedicated ... -- Google Books . Books.google.com. 1865 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Library of Congress image '' . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Fenway Project -- Part One '' . Red Sox Connection . May 2004 . Jump up ^ Allen , Kevin ( 2003 - 03 - 23 ) . `` NHL Seeks to Stop Booing For a Song '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Fanzone , A-Z Guide : National Anthems '' . Buffalo Sabres . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . If you are interested in singing the National Anthems at a sporting event at First Niagara Center , you must submit a DVD or CD of your performance of both the Canadian & American National Anthems ... Jump up ^ Graves , David ( September 14 , 2001 ) `` Palace breaks with tradition in musical tribute '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 Jump up ^ Steyn , Mark ( September 17 , 2001 ) . `` The Queen 's Tears / And global resolve against terrorism '' . National Review . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Michael E. Ruane ( September 11 , 2014 ) . `` Francis Scott Key 's anthem keeps asking : Have we survived as a nation ? '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 2014 - 11 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 52 -- The Soul Reformation : Phase three , soul music at the summit . ( Part 8 ) '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Track 5 . Jump up ^ Paul White , USA TODAY Sports ( October 14 , 2012 ) . `` Jose Feliciano 's once - controversial anthem kicks off NLCS '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jose Feliciano Personal account about the anthem performance Archived 2015 - 10 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Letofsky , Irv ( July 28 , 1990 ) . `` Roseanne Is Sorry -- but Not That Sorry '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AOL Radio -- Listen to Free Online Radio -- Free Internet Radio Stations and Music Playlists '' . Spinner.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harris Interactive poll on `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` . Tnap.org . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Dawn 's Early Light ( 2000 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dawn 's Early Light ( 2005 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dawn 's Early Light TV ( 1990 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dawn 's Early Light TV ( 2000 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ So Proudly We Hail ( 1943 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ So Proudly We Hail ( 1990 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Twilight 's Last Gleaming ( 1977 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Twilight 's Last Gleaming ( 2005 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Home of the Brave ( 1949 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Home of the Brave ( 1986 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Home of the Brave ( 2004 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Home of the Brave ( 2006 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) , Jump up ^ `` Public Laws , June 22 , 1942 '' . June 22 , 1942 . Jump up ^ `` 77th Congress , 2nd session '' . uscode.house.gov . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Public law , July 7 , 1976 '' . uscode.house.gov . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Duane Streufert . `` A website dedicated to the Flag of the United States of America -- United States Code '' . USFlag.org . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Code '' . Uscode.house.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ The Circle School v. Phillips , 270 F. Supp . 2d 616 , 622 ( E.D. Pa. 2003 ) . Jump up ^ `` Highlights of the Beliefs of Jehovah 's Witnesses '' . Towerwatch.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Botting , Gary Norman Arthur ( 1993 ) . Fundamental freedoms and Jehovah 's Witnesses . University of Calgary Press . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 895176 - 06 - 3 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Chryssides , George D. ( 2008 ) . Historical Dictionary of Jehovah 's Witnesses . Scarecrow Press . p. 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6074 - 2 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Richard ( 8 October 2006 ) . `` Caught in Time : Black Power salute , Mexico , 1968 '' . The Sunday Times . London . Retrieved 9 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Sandritter , Mark . `` A timeline of Colin Kaepernick 's national anthem protest and the NFL players who joined him '' . SB Nation . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` National anthem lyrics prompt California NAACP to call for replacing song '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Das Star - Spangled Banner , US Library of Congress . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ La Bandera de las Estrellas , US Library of Congress . Retrieved May 31 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Hebrew Version Jump up ^ Abraham Asen , The Star Spangled Banner in pool , 1745 , Joe Fishstein Collection of Yiddish Poetry , McGill University Digital Collections Programme . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Day to Day . `` A Spanish Version of ' The Star - Spangled Banner ' '' . NPR . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ David Émile Marcantel , La Bannière Étoilée Archived 2013 - 05 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . on Musique Acadienne . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Zimmer , Benjamin ( 2006 - 04 - 29 ) . `` The ' ' Samoa News ' ' reporting of a Samoan version '' . Itre.cis.upenn.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' An Bhratach Gheal - Réaltach ' ' -- Irish version '' . Daltai.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Christopher M. Brunelle , Third Verse in Latin , 1999 Jump up ^ `` Gallup Independent , 25 March 2005 '' . Gallupindependent.com. 2005 - 03 - 25 . Archived from the original on 3 February 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Schedule for the Presidential Inauguration 2007 , Navajo Nation Government '' . Navajo.org. 2007 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Cherokee Phoenix , Accessed 2009 - 08 - 15 '' . Cherokeephoenix.org . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Further reading Ferris , Marc . Star - Spangled Banner : the Unlikely Story of America 's National Anthem . Johns Hopkins University Press , 2014 . ISBN 9781421415185 OCLC 879370575 Leepson , Marc . What So Proudly We Hailed : Francis Scott Key , a Life . Palgrave Macmillan , 2014 . ISBN 9781137278289 OCLC 860395373 External links `` New book reveals dark history behind the Star Spangled Banner , '' CBS This Morning , September 13 , 2014 . `` Star - Spangled History : 5 Facts About the Making of the National Anthem , '' Biography.com . `` ' Star - Spangled Banner ' writer had complex record on race , '' Mary Carole McCauley , ' ' Baltimore Sun , July 26 , 2014 . `` The Man Behind The National Anthem Paid Little Attention To It . '' NPR 's `` Hear and Now , '' July 4 , 2017 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Star - Spangled Banner . Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Star - Spangled Banner Look up haughty or rampart in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Star - Spangled Banner ( Memory ) : American Treasures of the Library of Congress `` How the National Anthem Has Unfurled ; ' The Star - Spangled Banner ' Has Changed a Lot in 200 Years . '' By WILLIAM ROBIN JUNE 27 , 2014 The New York Times C - SPAN American History TV tour of the Smithsonian National Museum of American History Star - Spangled Banner exhibit Historical audio The Star Spangled Banner , The Diamond Four , 1898 The Star Spangled Banner , Margaret Woodrow Wilson , 1915 National anthems of North America Independent countries Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies American West Indies Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands British West Indies Anguilla Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Montserrat Turks and Caicos Islands Dutch Caribbean Aruba Bonaire Curaçao Saba Sint Eustatius ( Statia ) Sint Maarten French West Indies Guadeloupe Martinique Saint - Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Kingdom of Denmark Greenland Complete list Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania and the Pacific Islands South America National anthems of Oceania and the Pacific Islands National anthems Australia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Regional anthems American Samoa ( USA ) Cook Islands ( NZ ) Easter Island ( Chile ) French Polynesia ( France ) Guam ( USA ) Hawaii ( USA ) New Caledonia ( France ) Niue ( NZ ) Northern Mariana Islands ( USA ) Pitcairn Islands ( UK ) Tokelau ( NZ ) United States Minor Outlying Islands ( USA ) Wallis and Futuna ( France ) Former anthems Marshall Islands ( 1977 -- 91 ) Federated States of Micronesia ( 1979 -- 91 ) Complete list Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania and the Pacific Islands South America War of 1812 Battles Campaigns Origins Chronology Results People Isaac Brock Andrew Jackson Francis Scott Key James Madison Laura Secord Tecumseh Places Fort Detroit / Shelby Illinois Indiana Kentucky Battles Baltimore Beaver Dams Chateauguay Crysler 's Farm Frenchtown Lundy 's Lane New Orleans Queenston Heights Spur 's Defeat Thames Washington Songs `` The Bold Canadian '' `` The Hunters of Kentucky '' `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' Other Books Opposition in United States War of 1812 Bicentennial Related Tecumseh 's War Creek War Portal National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` The Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park VIAF : 186293289 LCCN : n50081577 GND : 4756592 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Star-Spangled_Banner&oldid=809377032 '' Categories : 1814 compositions 1814 in the United States American patriotic songs History of Baltimore Maryland in the War of 1812 National anthems National symbols of the United States Songs based on actual events Jimi Hendrix songs José Feliciano songs Marvin Gaye songs North American anthems Oceanian anthems 1814 poems The Star - Spangled Banner Songs based on American history Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with too many examples All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - 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what percentage of fuel is burned in an engine			Engine efficiency	engine efficiency	Engine efficiency of thermal engines is the relationship between the total energy contained in the fuel , and the amount of energy used to perform useful work . There are two classifications of thermal engines -	Internal combustion ( gasoline , diesel and gas turbine , i.e. , Brayton cycle engines ) and External combustion engines ( steam piston , steam turbine , and the Stirling cycle engine ) . Each of these engines has thermal efficiency characteristics that are unique to it . Engine efficiency , transmission design , and tire design all contribute to a vehicle 's fuel efficiency . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mathematical definition 2 Compression ratio 3 Friction 4 Oxygen 5 Internal combustion engines 5.1 Gasoline ( petrol ) engines 5.2 Diesel engines 5.3 Gas turbine 6 External combustion engines 6.1 Steam engine 6.1. 1 Piston engine 6.1. 2 Steam turbine 6.2 Stirling engines 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Mathematical definition ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The efficiency of engine is defined as ratio of the useful work done to the heat provided . η = w o r k d o n e h e a t a b s o r b e d = Q 1 − Q 2 Q 1 ( \ displaystyle \ eta = ( \ frac ( work \ done ) ( heat \ absorbed ) ) = ( \ frac ( Q_ ( 1 ) - Q_ ( 2 ) ) ( Q_ ( 1 ) ) ) ) where , Q 1 ( \ displaystyle Q_ ( 1 ) ) is the heat absorbed and Q 1 − Q 2 ( \ displaystyle Q_ ( 1 ) - Q_ ( 2 ) ) is the work done . Please note that the term work done relates to the power delivered at the clutch or at the driveshaft . This means the friction and other losses are subtracted from the work done by thermodynamic expansion . Thus an engine not delivering any work to the outside environment has zero efficiency . Compression ratio ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The efficiency of internal combustion engines depends on several factors , the most important of which is the expansion ratio . For any heat engine the work which can be extracted from it is proportional to the difference between the starting pressure and the ending pressure during the expansion phase . Hence , increasing the starting pressure is an effective way to increase the work extracted ( decreasing the ending pressure , as is done with steam turbines by exhausting into a vacuum , is likewise effective ) . Most gasoline ( petrol ) and diesel engines have an expansion ratio equal to the compression ratio ( the compression ratio calculated purely from the geometry of the mechanical parts ) of 10 : 1 ( premium fuel ) or 9 : 1 ( regular fuel ) , with some engines reaching a ratio of 12 : 1 or more . The greater the expansion ratio the more efficient is the engine , in principle , and higher compression / expansion - ratio conventional engines in principle need gasoline with higher octane value , though this simplistic analysis is complicated by the difference between actual and geometric compression ratios . High octane value inhibits the fuel 's tendency to burn nearly instantaneously ( known as detonation or knock ) at high compression / high heat conditions . However , in engines that utilize compression rather than spark ignition , by means of very high compression ratios ( 14 - 25 : 1 ) , such as the diesel engine or Bourke engine , high octane fuel is not necessary . In fact , lower - octane fuels , typically rated by cetane number , are preferable in these applications because they are more easily ignited under compression . Under part throttle conditions ( i.e. when the throttle is less than fully open ) , the effective compression ratio is less than when the engine is operating at full throttle , due to the simple fact that the incoming fuel - air mixture is being restricted and can not fill the chamber to full atmospheric pressure . The engine efficiency is less than when the engine is operating at full throttle . One solution to this fact is to shift the load in a multi-cylinder engine from some of the cylinders ( by deactivating them ) to the remaining cylinders so that they may operate under higher individual loads and with correspondingly higher effective compression ratios . This technique is known as variable displacement . Some engines such as the Atkinson cycle or the Miller cycle achieve increased efficiency by having an expansion ratio larger than the compression ratio . Diesel engines have a compression / expansion ratio between 14 : 1 to 25 : 1 . In this case the general rule does not apply because Diesels with compression ratios over 20 : 1 are indirect injection diesels . These use a prechamber to make possible high RPM operation as is required in automobiles and light trucks . The thermal and gas dynamic losses from the prechamber result in direct injection Diesels ( despite their lower compression / expansion ratio ) being more efficient . Friction ( edit ) An engine has many moving parts that produce friction . Some of these friction forces remain constant ( as long as applied load is constant ) ; some of these friction losses increase as engine speed increases , such as piston side forces and connecting bearing forces ( due to increased inertia forces from the oscillating piston ) . A few friction forces decrease at higher speed , such as the friction force on the cam 's lobes used to operate the inlet and outlet valves ( the valves ' inertia at high speed tends to pull the cam follower away from the cam lobe ) . Along with friction forces , an operating engine has pumping losses , which is the work required to move air into and out of the cylinders . This pumping loss is minimal at low speed , but increases approximately as the square of the speed , until at rated power an engine is using about 20 % of total power production to overcome friction and pumping losses . Oxygen ( edit ) Air is approximately 21 % oxygen . If there is not enough oxygen for proper combustion , the fuel will not burn completely and will produce less energy . An excessively rich fuel to air ratio will increase unburnt hydrocarbon pollutants from the engine . If all of the oxygen is consumed because there is too much fuel , engine 's power is reduced . As combustion temperature tends to increase with leaner fuel air mixtures , unburnt hydrocarbon pollutants must be balanced against higher levels of pollutants such as nitrogen oxides ( NOx ) , which are created at higher combustion temperatures . This is sometimes mitigated by introducing fuel upstream of the combustion chamber to cool down the incoming air through evaporative cooling . This can increase the total charge entering the cylinder ( as cooler air will be more dense ) , resulting in more power but also higher levels of hydrocarbon pollutants and lower levels of nitrogen oxide pollutants . With direct injection this effect is not as dramatic but it can cool down the combustion chamber enough to reduce certain pollutants such as nitrogen oxides ( NOx ) , while raising others such as partially decomposed hydrocarbons . The air - fuel mix is drawn into an engine because downward motion of the pistons induces a partial vacuum . A compressor can additionally be used to force a larger charge ( forced induction ) into the cylinder to produce more power . The compressor is either mechanically driven supercharging or exhaust driven turbocharging . Either way , forced induction increases the air pressure exterior to the cylinder inlet port . There are other methods to increase the amount of oxygen available inside the engine ; one of them , is to inject nitrous oxide , ( N O ) to the mixture , and some engines use nitromethane , a fuel that provides the oxygen itself it needs to burn . Because of that , the mixture could be 1 part of fuel and 3 parts of air ; thus , it is possible to burn more fuel inside the engine , and get higher power outputs . Internal combustion engines ( edit ) Gasoline ( petrol ) engines ( edit ) Modern gasoline engines have a maximum thermal efficiency of about 25 % to 50 % when used to power a car . In other words , even when the engine is operating at its point of maximum thermal efficiency , of the total heat energy released by the gasoline consumed , about 50 - 75 % is rejected as heat without being turned into useful work , i.e. turning the crankshaft . Approximately half of this rejected heat is carried away by the exhaust gases , and half passes through the cylinder walls or cylinder head into the engine cooling system , and is passed to the atmosphere via the cooling system radiator . Some of the work generated is also lost as friction , noise , air turbulence , and work used to turn engine equipment and appliances such as water and oil pumps and the electrical generator , leaving only about 25 - 50 % of the energy released by the fuel consumed available to move the vehicle . At idle , the thermal efficiency is zero , since no usable work is being drawn from the engine . At low speeds , gasoline engines suffer efficiency losses at small throttle openings from the high turbulence and frictional ( head ) loss when the incoming air must fight its way around the nearly closed throttle ; diesel engines do not suffer this loss because the incoming air is not throttled . At high speeds , efficiency in both types of engine is reduced by pumping and mechanical frictional losses , and the shorter period within which combustion has to take place . Engine efficiency peaks in most applications at around 75 % of rated engine power , which is also the range of greatest engine torque ( e.g. in most modern passenger automobile engines with a redline of about 6,000 RPM , maximum torque is obtained at about 4,500 RPM , and maximum engine power is obtained at about 6,000 RPM ) . At all other combinations of engine speed and torque , the thermal efficiency is less than this maximum . A gasoline engine burns a mix of gasoline and air , consisting of a range of about twelve to eighteen parts ( by weight ) of air to one part of fuel ( by weight ) . A mixture with a 14.7 : 1 air / fuel ratio is said to be stoichiometric , that is when burned , 100 % of the fuel and the oxygen are consumed . Mixtures with slightly less fuel , called lean burn are more efficient . The combustion is a reaction which uses the air 's oxygen content to combine with the fuel , which is a mixture of several hydrocarbons , resulting in water vapor , carbon dioxide , and sometimes carbon monoxide and partially burned hydrocarbons . In addition , at high temperatures the oxygen tends to combine with nitrogen , forming oxides of nitrogen ( usually referred to as NOx , since the number of oxygen atoms in the compound can vary , thus the `` X '' subscript ) . This mixture , along with the unused nitrogen and other trace atmospheric elements , is what are found in the exhaust . In the past 3 -- 4 years , GDI ( Gasoline Direct Injection ) increased the efficiency of the engines equipped with this fueling system up to 35 % . Currently , the technology is available in a wide variety of vehicles produced by Mazda , Ford and Chevrolet , BMW , Mercedes - Benz , and Volkswagen Auto Group . Diesel engines ( edit ) Engines using the Diesel cycle are usually more efficient , although the Diesel cycle itself is less efficient at equal compression ratios . Since diesel engines use much higher compression ratios ( the heat of compression is used to ignite the slow - burning diesel fuel ) , that higher ratio more to air pumping losses within the engine . Modern turbo - diesel engines use electronically controlled common - rail fuel injection to increase efficiency . With the help of geometrically variable turbo - charging system this also increases the engines ' torque at low engine speeds ( 1200 - 1800 RPM ) . Low speed diesel engine like the MAN S80ME - C7 have achieved an overall energy conversion efficiency of 54.4 % , which is the highest conversion of fuel into power by any single - cycle internal or external combustion engine . Engines in large diesel trucks , buses , and newer diesel cars can achieve peak efficiencies around 45 % . Gas turbine ( edit ) The gas turbine is most efficient at maximum power output in the same way reciprocating engines are most efficient at maximum load . The difference is that at lower rotational speed the pressure of the compressed air drops and thus thermal and fuel efficiency drop dramatically . Efficiency declines steadily with reduced power output and is very poor in the low power range . General Motors at one time manufactured a bus powered by a gas turbine , but due to crude oil prices rising exponentially in the 1970s this concept was abandoned . Rover , Chrysler , and Toyota also built prototypes of turbine powered cars , Chrysler building a short prototype series of them for real - world evaluation . Driving comfort was good , but overall economy lacked due to reasons mentioned above . This is also why gas turbines can be used for permanent and peak power electric plants . In this application they are only run at or close to full power where they are efficient or shut down when not needed . Gas turbines do have advantage in power density - gas turbines are used as the engines in heavy armored vehicles and armored tanks and in power generators in jet fighters . One other factor negatively affecting the gas turbine efficiency is the ambient air temperature . With increasing temperature , intake air becomes less dense and therefore the gas turbine experiences power loss proportional to the increase in ambient air temperature . Latest generation gas turbine engines has achieved an efficiency of 46 % in simple cycle and 61 % when used in combined cycle . External combustion engines ( edit ) Steam engine ( edit ) Main article : Steam engine See also : Steam engine # Efficiency See also : Timeline of steam power Piston engine ( edit ) Steam engines and turbines operate on the Rankine cycle which has a maximum Carnot efficiency of 63 % for practical engines , with steam turbine power plants able to achieve efficiency in the mid 40 % range . The efficiency of steam engines is primarily related to the steam temperature and pressure and the number of stages or expansions . Steam engine efficiency improved as the operating principles were discovered , which led to the development of the science of thermodynamics . See graph : Steam Engine Efficiency In earliest steam engines the boiler was considered part of the engine . Today they are considered separate , so it is necessary to know whether stated efficiency is overall , which includes the boiler , or just of the engine . Comparisons of efficiency and power of the early steam engines is difficult for several reasons : 1 ) there was no standard weight for a bushel of coal , which could be anywhere from 82 to 96 pounds . 2 ) There was no standard heating value for coal , and probably no way to measure heating value . The coals had much higher heating value than today 's steam coals , with 13,500 BTU / pound sometimes mentioned . 3 ) Efficiency was reported as `` duty '' , meaning how many foot pounds of work lifting water were produced , but the mechanical pumping efficiency is not known . The first piston steam engine , developed by Thomas Newcomen around 1710 , was slightly over one half percent ( 0.5 % ) efficient . It operated with steam at near atmospheric pressure drawn into the cylinder by the load , then condensed by a spray of cold water into the steam filled cylinder , causing a partial vacuum in the cylinder and the pressure of the atmosphere to drive the piston down . Using the cylinder as the vessel in which to condense the steam also cooled the cylinder , so that some of the heat in the incoming steam on the next cycle was lost in warming the cylinder , reducing the thermal efficiency . Improvements made by John Smeaton to the Newcomen engine increased the efficiency to over 1 % . James Watt made several improvements to the Newcomen engine , the most significant of which was the external condenser , which prevented the cooling water from cooling the cylinder . Watt 's engine operated with steam at slightly above atmospheric pressure . Watt 's improvements increased efficiency by a factor of over 2.5 . The lack of general mechanical ability , including skilled mechanics , machine tools , and manufacturing methods , limited the efficiency of actual engines and their design until about 1840 . Higher pressures engines were developed by Oliver Evans and independently by Richard Trevithick . These engines were not very efficient but had high power - to - weight ratio , allowing them to be used for powering locomotives and boats . The centrifugal governor , which had first been used by Watt to maintain constant speed , worked by throttling the inlet steam , which lowered the pressure , resulting in a loss of efficiency on the high ( above atmospheric ) pressure engines . Later control methods reduced or eliminated this pressure loss . The improved valving mechanism of the Corliss steam engine ( Patented. 1849 ) was better able to adjust speed with varying load and increased efficiency by about 30 % . The Corliss engine had separate valves and headers for the inlet and exhaust steam so the hot feed steam never contacted the cooler exhaust ports and valving . The valves were quick acting , which reduced the amount of throttling of the steam and resulted in faster response . Instead of operating a throttling valve , the governor was used to adjust the valve timing to give a variable steam cut off . The variable cut off was responsible for a major portion of the efficiency increase of the Corliss engine . Others before Corliss had at least part of this idea , including Zachariah Allen , who patented variable cut off , but lack of demand , increased cost and complexity and poorly developed machining technology delayed introduction until Corliss . The Porter - Allen high speed engine ( ca . 1862 ) operated at from three to five times the speed of other similar sized engines . The higher speed minimized the amount of condensation in the cylinder , resulting in increased efficiency . Compound engines gave further improvements in efficiency . By the 1870s triple expansion engines were being used on ships . Compound engines allowed ships to carry less coal than freight . Compound engines were used on some locomotives but were not widely adopted because of their mechanical complexity . A very well designed and built steam locomotive used to get around 7 - 8 % efficiency in its heyday . The most efficient reciprocating steam engine design ( per stage ) was the uniflow engine , but by the time it appeared steam was being displaced by diesel engines , which were even more efficient and had the advantage of requiring less labor for coal handling and oil , being a more dense fuel , displaced less cargo . Using statistics collected during the early 1940 's , the Santa Fe Railroad measured the efficiency of their fleet of steam locomotives in comparison with the FT units that they were just putting into service in significant numbers . They determined that the cost of a ton of oil fuel used in steam engines was $5.04 and yeilded 20.37 train miles system wide on average . Diesel fuel cost $11.61 but produced 133.13 train miles per ton . In effect , diesels ran six times as far as steamers utilizing fuel that cost only twice as much . This was due to the much better thermal efficiency of diesel engines compared to steam . Persumably the trains used as a milage standard were 4,000 ton freight consists which was the normal tannage l at that time . -- Jim Valle , `` How efficient is a steam engine ? '' Steam turbine ( edit ) The steam turbine is the most efficient steam engine and for this reason is universally used for electrical generation . Steam expansion in a turbine is nearly continuous , which makes a turbine comparable to a very large number of expansion stages . Steam power stations operating at the critical point have efficiencies in the low 40 % range . Turbines produce direct rotary motion and are far more compact and weigh far less than reciprocating engines and can be controlled to within a very constant speed . As is the case with the gas turbine , the steam turbine works most efficiently at full power , and poorly at slower speeds . For this reason , despite their high power to weight ratio , steam turbines have been primarily used in applications where they can be run at a constant speed . In AC electrical generation maintaining an extremely constant turbine speed is necessary to maintain the correct frequency . Stirling engines ( edit ) The Stirling cycle engine has the highest theoretical efficiency of any thermal engine but it has a low output power to weight ratio , therefore Stirling engines of practical size tend to be large . The size effect of the Stirling engine is due to its reliance on the expansion of a gas with an increase in temperature and practical limits on the working temperature of engine components . For an ideal gas , increasing its absolute temperature for a given volume , only increases its pressure proportionally , therefore , where the low pressure of the Stirling engine is atmospheric , its practical pressure difference is constrained by temperature limits and is typically not more than a couple of atmospheres , making the piston pressures of the Stirling engine very low , hence relatively large piston areas are required to obtain useful output power . See also ( edit ) Chrysler Turbine Car ( 1963 ) Fuel efficiency Specific fuel consumption ( shaft engine ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Baglione , Melody L. ( 2007 ) . Development of System Analysis Methodologies and Tools for Modeling and Optimizing Vehicle System Efficiency ( Ph. D . ) . University of Michigan . pp. 52 -- 54 . Jump up ^ http://www.arrowheadradiator.com/14_rules_for_improving_engine_cooling_system_capability_in_high-performance_automobiles.htm Jump up ^ `` Low Speed Engines Tech Paper '' ( PDF ) . Man Diesel and Turbo . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review Vol. 45 No. 1 ( 2008 ) '' ( PDF ) . March 2008 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 4 , 2010 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` MHI Achieves 1,600 ° C Turbine Inlet Temperature in Test Operation of World 's Highest Thermal Efficiency `` J - Series '' Gas Turbine `` . Mitsubishi Heavy Industries . May 26 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Medium and Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicle Modeling Using a Fuel Consumption Methodology '' ( PDF ) . US EPA . 2004 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ http://www.cospp.com/articles/print/volume-8/issue-6/features/gas-turbine-plant-efficiency-balancing-power-heat-and-operational-flexibility.html Jump up ^ `` Gas Turbines breaking the 60 % efficiency barrier '' . deCentralized Energy . 2015 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Thurston , Robert H. ( 1875 ) . A History of the Growth of the Steam - Engine . D. Appleton & Co. pp. 464 -- 70 . Jump up ^ John Enys , `` Remarks on the Duty of the Steam Engines employed in the Mines of Cornwall at different periods '' , Transactions of the Institution of Civil Engineers , Volume 3 ( 14 January 1840 ) , pg. 457 Jump up ^ Roe , Joseph Wickham ( 1916 ) . English and American Tool Builders . New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 917914 - 73 - 7 . LCCN 16011753 ... Reprinted by McGraw - Hill , New York and London , 1926 ( LCCN 27 - 24075 ) ; and by Lindsay Publications , Inc. , Bradley , Illinois , ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 917914 - 73 - 7 ) . Jump up ^ Benett , Stuart ( 1986 ) . A History of Control Engineering 1800 - 1930 . Institution of Engineering and Technology . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86341 - 047 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Hunter , Louis C. ( 1985 ) . A History of Industrial Power in the United States , 1730 - 1930 , Vol. 2 : Steam Power . Charolttesville : University Press of Virginia . Jump up ^ Wells , David A. ( 1891 ) . Recent Economic Changes and Their Effect on Production and Distribution of Wealth and Well - Being of Society . New York : D. Appleton and Co . ISBN 0 - 543 - 72474 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : jfallon ( 2011 - 01 - 10 ) . `` How efficient is a steam engine ? '' . Trains.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 25 . External links ( edit ) Fuel Economy , Engine Efficiency & Power Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engine_efficiency&oldid=820140476 '' Categories : Engine technology Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2008 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles that are too technical from January 2018 All articles that are too technical Articles needing expert attention from January 2018 All articles needing expert attention Articles needing additional references from July 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 13 January 2018 , at 07 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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the reason japanese pagoda roofs decline in size is	The edge of a pagoda 's eaves forms a straight line , with each following edge being shorter than the other . The more difference in length ( a parameter called teigen ( 逓減 , gradual diminution ) in Japanese ) between stories , the more solid and secure the pagoda seems to be . Both teigen and the finial are greater in older pagodas , giving them a sense of solidity . Vice versa , recent pagodas tend to be steeper and have shorter finials , creating svelter silhouettes .	the more solid and secure the pagoda seems to be	Japanese pagoda	japanese pagoda	Pagodas in Japan are called tō ( 塔 , lit . pagoda ) , sometimes buttō ( 仏塔 , lit . Buddhist pagoda ) or tōba ( 塔婆 , lit . pagoda ) and historically derive from the Chinese pagoda , itself an interpretation of the Indian stupa . Like the stupa , pagodas were originally used as reliquaries but in many cases they ended up losing this function . Pagodas are quintessentially Buddhist and an important component of Japanese Buddhist temple compounds but , because until the Kami and Buddhas Separation Act of 1868 , a Shinto shrine was normally also a Buddhist temple and vice versa , they are not rare at shrines either . The famous Itsukushima Shrine , for example , has one .	After the Meiji Restoration the word tō , once used exclusively in a religious context , came to mean also `` tower '' in the western sense , as for example in Eiffel tower ( エッフェル塔 , Efferu - tō ) . Of the Japanese pagoda 's many forms , some are built in wood and are collectively known as mokutō ( 木塔 , lit . wood pagoda ) , but most are carved out of stone ( sekitō ( 石塔 , lit . stone pagoda ) . Wood pagodas are large buildings with either two stories ( like the tahōtō ( 多宝塔 , lit . Tahō pagoda ) , see photo below ) or an odd number of stories . Extant wood pagodas with more than two storeys have almost always either three storeys ( and are therefore called sanjū - no - tō ( 三重塔 , lit . three - storeyed pagoda ) ) or five ( and are called gojū - no - tō ( 五重塔 , lit . five - storeyed pagoda ) . Stone pagodas are nearly always small , usually well below 3 metres , and as a rule offer no usable space . If they have more than one story , pagodas are called tasōtō ( 多層塔 , lit . multi-storied pagoda ) or tajūtō ( 多重塔 , lit . multi-storied pagoda ) . A pagoda 's size is measured in ken , where a ken is the interval between two pillars of a traditional - style building . A tahōtō for example can be either 5x5 ken or 3x3 ken . The word is usually translated in English as `` bay '' and is better understood as an indication of proportions than as a unit of measurement . Contents 1 History 1.1 Design and structure evolution 1.2 Loss of importance of the pagoda within the garan 2 Stone pagodas 2.1 Tasōtō or tajūtō 2.2 Hōtō 2.3 Gorintō 2.4 Hōkyōintō 2.5 Muhōtō or rantō 2.6 Kasatōba 2.7 Sōrintō 3 Wooden pagodas 3.1 Tasōtō 3.2 Hōtō 3.3 Tahōtō 3.3. 1 Daitō 3.4 Sotōba 4 Gallery of pagodas in Japan 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Bibliography History ( edit ) Japan 's oldest three - storeyed pagoda at Hokki - ji , Ikaruga , Nara Pref . It was built in 706 . The stupa was originally a simple mound containing the Buddha 's ashes which in time became more elaborate , while its finial grew proportionally larger . After reaching China , the stupa met the Chinese watchtower and evolved into the pagoda , a tower with an odd number of storeys . Its use then spread to Korea and , from there , to Japan . Following its arrival in Japan together with Buddhism in the 6th century , the pagoda became one of the focal points of the early Japanese garan . In Japan it evolved in shape , size and function , finally losing its original role as a reliquary . It also became extremely common , while on the Asian continent it is rare . With the birth of new sects in later centuries , the pagoda lost importance and was consequently relegated to the margins of the garan . Temples of the Jōdo sects rarely have a pagoda . During the Kamakura period the Zen sect arrived in Japan and their temples do not normally include a pagoda . Pagodas originally were reliquaries and did not contain sacred images , but in Japan many , for example Hōryū - ji 's five - storied pagoda , enshrine statues of various deities . To allow the opening of a room at the ground floor and therefore create some usable space , the pagoda 's central shaft , which originally reached the ground , was shortened to the upper stories , where it rested on supporting beams . In that room are enshrined statues of the temple 's main objects of worship . Inside Shingon pagodas there can be paintings of deities called Shingon Hasso ( 真言八祖 ) ; on the ceiling and on the central shaft there can be decorations and paintings . Design and structure evolution ( edit ) The edge of a pagoda 's eaves forms a straight line , with each following edge being shorter than the other . The more difference in length ( a parameter called teigen ( 逓減 , gradual diminution ) in Japanese ) between stories , the more solid and secure the pagoda seems to be . Both teigen and the finial are greater in older pagodas , giving them a sense of solidity . Vice versa , recent pagodas tend to be steeper and have shorter finials , creating svelter silhouettes . From the structural point of view , old pagodas had a stone base ( 心礎 , shinso ) over which stood the main pillar ( 心柱 , shinbashira ) . Around it would be erected the first story 's supporting pillars , then the beams supporting the eaves and so on . The other stories would be built over the completed one , and on top of the main pillar would at last be inserted the finial . In later eras , all of the supporting structures would be erected at once , and later to them were fixed parts of more cosmetic function . Early pagodas had a central pillar that penetrated deep into the ground . With the evolution of architectural techniques , it was first put to rest on a base stone at ground level , then it was shortened and put to rest on beams at the second story to allow the opening of a room . Their role within the temple declined gradually while they were being functionally replaced by main halls ( kondō ) . Originally the centerpiece of the Shingon and Tendai garan , they were moved later to its edges and finally abandoned , in particular by the Zen sects , the last to appear in Japan . Loss of importance of the pagoda within the garan ( edit ) A reconstruction of Asuka - dera 's original layout with a pagoda at its center Because of the relics they contained , wooden pagodas used to be the centerpiece of the garan , the seven edifices considered indispensable for a temple . They gradually lost importance and were replaced by the kondō ( golden hall ) , because of the magic powers believed to lie within the images the building housed . This loss of status was so complete that Zen schools , which arrived late in Japan from China , normally do not have any pagoda in their garan . The layout of four early temples clearly illustrates this trend : they are in chronological order Asuka - dera , Shitennō - ji , Hōryū - ji , and Yakushi - ji . In the first , the pagoda was at the very center of the garan surrounded by three small kondō ( see the reconstruction of the temple 's original layout ) . In the second , a single kondō is at the center of the temple and the pagoda lies in front of it . At Hōryū - ji , they are one next to the other . Yakushi - ji has a single , large kondō at the center with two pagodas on the sides . The same evolution can be observed in Buddhist temples in China . Stone pagodas ( edit ) A rare 16 - story stone pagoda at Chōshō - ji in Kamakura Stone pagodas ( sekitō ) are usually made of materials like apatite or granite , are much smaller than wooden ones and are finely carved . Often they bear sanskrit inscriptions , Buddhist figurines and Japanese lunar calendar dates nengō . Like wooden ones , they are mostly classifiable on the basis of the number of stories as tasōtō or hōtō , but there are however some styles hardly ever seen in wood , namely the gorintō , the muhōtō , the hōkyōintō and the kasatōba . Tasōtō or tajūtō ( edit ) With a few very rare exceptions , tasōtō ( also called tajūtō ) have an odd number of stories , normally comprised between three and thirteen . They are usually less than three meters tall , but they can occasionally be much taller . The tallest still extant is a 13 - story pagoda at Hannya - ji in Nara , which is 14.12 m . They are often dedicated to Buddha and offer no usable room , but some have a small space inside which holds a sacred image . In the oldest extant specimen , while the edge of each story are parallel to the ground , each successive story is smaller than the next , resulting in a strongly slanted curve . More modern tasōtō tend to have a less pronounced curve . Media related to tasōtō at Wikimedia Commons Hōtō ( edit ) A hōtō at Ankokuron - ji A hōtō ( 宝塔 , lit . jewel stupa ) is a pagoda consisting of four parts : a low foundation stone , a cylindrical body with a rounded top , a four - sided roof and a finial . Unlike the similar tahōtō ( see section below ) it has no enclosed pent roof ( mokoshi ) around its circular core . Like the tahōtō it takes its name from Buddhist deity Tahō Nyorai . The hōtō was born during the early Heian period , when the Tendai and Shingon sects first arrived in Japan . Indeed , because it does not exist on the Asian continent , it is believed to have been invented in Japan . There used to exist full - size hōtō , but almost only miniature ones survive , normally made of stone and / or metal . Media related to hōtō at Wikimedia Commons Gorintō ( edit ) Main article : Gorintō A gorintō The gorintō ( 五輪塔 , lit . five ring tower ) is a pagoda found almost only in Japan and believed to have been first adopted by the Shingon and Tendai sects during the mid Heian period . It is used as a tomb marker or as a cenotaph , and is therefore a common sight in Buddhist temples and cemeteries . It is also called gorinsotōba ( 五輪卒塔婆 ) ( `` five - ringed stupa '' ) or goringedatsu ( 五輪解脱 ) , where the term sotoba is a transliteration of the Sanskrit word stupa . In all its variations , the gorintō is made of five blocks ( although that number can sometimes be difficult to detect ) , each having one of the five shapes which symbolize of the Five Elements believed to be the basic building blocks of reality : earth ( cube ) , water ( sphere ) , fire ( pyramid ) , air ( crescent ) , and ether , energy , or void ( lotus ) . The last two rings ( air and ether ) are visually and conceptually united into a single subgroup . Media related to gorintō at Wikimedia Commons Hōkyōintō ( edit ) Main article : Hōkyōintō A hōkyōintō The hōkyōintō ( 宝篋印塔 ) is a large stone pagoda so called because it originally contained the Hōkyōin ( 宝篋印 ) dharani ( 陀羅尼 ) sūtra . It was originally used as a cenotaph for the King of Wuyue - Qian Liu in China . The hōkyōintō tradition in Japan is believed to have begun during the Asuka period ( 550 -- 710 CE ) . They used to be made of wood and started to be made in stone only during the Kamakura period . It is also during this period that they started to be used as tombstones and cenotaphs . The hōkyōintō started to be made in its present form during the Kamakura period . Like a gorintō , it is divided in five main sections representing the five elements of Japanese cosmology . The sūtra it sometimes hides contain all the pious deeds of a Tathagata Buddha , and the faithful believe that , by praying in front of the hōkyōintō , their sins will be canceled , during their lives they will be protected from disasters and after death they will go to heaven . Media related to hōkyōintō at Wikimedia Commons Muhōtō or rantō ( edit ) A muhōtō The muhōtō ( 無縫塔 , lit . no stitch tower ) or rantō ( 卵塔 , lit . egg tower ) is a pagoda which usually marks the gravesite of a Buddhist priest . It was originally used by just the Zen schools , but it was later adopted by the others too . Its characteristic egg - shaped upper portion is supposed to be a phallic symbol . Media related to muhōtō at Wikimedia Commons Kasatōba ( edit ) A kasatōba ( 笠塔婆 , umbrella stupa ) ( see photo in the gallery below ) is simply a square stone post placed over a square base and covered by a pyramidal roof . Over the roof stand a bowl - shaped stone and a lotus - shaped stone . The shaft can be carved with Sanskrit words or low - relief images of Buddhist gods . Within the shaft there can be stone wheels which allow the faithful to turn the stupa around while praying as with a prayer wheel . Media related to kasatōba at Wikimedia Commons Sōrintō ( edit ) The sōrintō ( 相輪橖 ) is a type of small pagoda consisting just of a pole and a sōrin . Wooden pagodas ( edit ) Tasōtō ( edit ) Yakushi - ji 's Eastern Pagoda Wooden tasōtō are pagodas with an odd number of stories . Some may appear to have an even number because of the presence between stories of purely decorative enclosed pent roofs called mokoshi A famous example is Yakushi - ji 's eastern pagoda ( see photo to the left ) , which seems to have six stories but has in fact only three . Another is the tahōtō ( see below ) , which has a single story , plus a mokoshi under its roof , and seems therefore to have two stories . There existed specimen with seven or nine stories , but all extant ones have either three ( and are therefore called sanjū - no - tō ( 三重塔 , lit . three - storied pagoda ) ) or five ( and are called gojū - no - tō ( 五重塔 , lit . five - storied pagoda ). ( Tanzan Jinja in Sakurai , Nara , has a pagoda having thirteen , which however for structural reasons is classified separately , and is not considered a tasōtō . ) The oldest three - storied pagoda stands at Nara 's Hokki - ji and was built between 685 and 706 . The oldest extant five - storied pagoda belongs to Hōryū - ji and was built some time during the Asuka period ( 538 - 710 ) . The tallest wooden tasōtō belongs to Tō - ji , Kyoto . It has five stories and is 54 m tall . Media related to tasōtō at Wikimedia Commons Hōtō ( edit ) A hōtō at Yakuō - ji , Tokushima prefecture A wooden hōtō is a rare type of pagoda consisting of four parts : a low foundation stone , a cylindrical body with a rounded top , a pyramidal roof and a finial . Unlike the similar tahōtō ( see section below ) it has no square enclosed pent roof ( mokoshi ) around its cylindrical core . Like the tahōtō it takes its name from Buddhist deity Tahō Nyorai . The hōtō was born during the early Heian period , when the Tendai and Shingon Buddhist sects first arrived in Japan . There used to be many full - size hōtō , but almost only miniature ones survive , normally made of stone and / or metal . A good example of full - size hōtō can be seen at Ikegami Honmon - ji in Nishi - magome , Tokyo . The pagoda is 17.4 meter tall and 5.7 meter wide . Media related to hōtō at Wikimedia Commons Tahōtō ( edit ) Main article : Tahōtō Negoro - ji 's daitō The tahōtō is a type of wooden pagoda unique for having an even number of stories ( two ) , the first square with a rounded core , the second circular . This style of tō was created surrounding the cylindrical base of a hōtō ( see above ) with a square , roofed corridor called mokoshi . The core of the pagoda has just one story with its ceiling below the circular second story , which is inaccessible . Like the tasōtō and the rōmon , in spite of its appearance it therefore offers usable space only at the ground floor . Because its kind does not exist either in Korea or in China , it is believed to have been invented in Japan during the Heian period ( 794 - 1185 ) . The tahōtō was important enough to be considered one of the seven indispensable buildings ( the so - called shichidō garan ) of a Shingon temple . Kūkai himself is responsible for the construction of the tahōto at Mount Kōya 's Kongōbu - ji . Daitō ( edit ) The floorplan of Negoro - ji 's daitō Usually the base of a tahōtō is 3 - ken across with four main , supporting pillars called shitenbashira ( 四天柱 ) at the corners ( see drawing ) . The room the shitenbashira form houses a sanctuary where the main objects of worship ( the gohonzon ) are enshrined . Larger , 5x5 ken tahōtō however exist and are called daitō ( 大塔 , lit . large pagoda ) because of their dimensions . This is the only type of tahōtō to retain the original structure with a wall separating the corridor ( mokoshi ) from the core of the structure . This type of pagoda used to be common but , of all daitō ever built , only three are still extant . One is at Wakayama prefecture 's Negoro - ji , another at Kongōbu - ji , again in Wakayama , and the last at Kirihata - dera , Tokushima prefecture . The daitō at Kongōbu - ji was founded by Shingon sect 's Kūkai . The specimen found at Negoro - ji ( see photo above ) is 30.85 meters tall and a National Treasure . Media related to daitō at Wikimedia Commons Media related to tahōtō at Wikimedia Commons Sotōba ( edit ) Often offertory strips of wood with five subdivisions and covered with elaborate inscriptions called sotōba ( 卒塔婆 ) can be found at tombs in Japanese cemeteries ( see photo in the gallery below ) . The inscriptions contain sūtra and the posthumous name of the dead person . Their name derives from the Sanskrit stūpa , and they can be also considered pagodas . Media related to Sotōba at Wikimedia Commons Gallery of pagodas in Japan ( edit ) A gorintō A hōkyōintō A hōtō A stone tasōtō Two kasatōba at Hannya - ji , Nara Ichijō - ji 's sanjū - no - tō ( three storied pagoda ) . It was built in 1171 . Murō - ji 's gojū - no - tō ( five storied pagoda ) . It was built in 800 . A pagoda at a Shinto shrine , Itsukushima Shrine A sotōba . Clearly visible is the division in five sections A sorintō See also ( edit ) Shinbashira , the suspended wooden column inside . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Odd numbers are strongly favoured by Chinese numerology and Buddhism . They are supposed to represent yang , that is , the male and positive principle , and are therefore considered lucky . Jump up ^ Temple compound , ideally composed of seven buildings . Jump up ^ Besides being decorative in themselves , they are also used also to hide structural components which would otherwise mar the pagoda 's feel . Jump up ^ On the subject , see also the articles Hisashi , Mokoshi and Moya . Jump up ^ For reasons of space , however , the wall separating the mokoshi from the core of the pagoda is present only in large tahōtō called daitō ( see the next section ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Iwanami Kōjien Japanese dictionary ^ Jump up to : Jaanus , Tou Jump up ^ Hamashima , Masashi ( 1999 ) . Jisha Kenchiku no Kanshō Kiso Chishiki ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo : Shibundō . p. 88 . Jump up ^ Fujita Masaya , Koga Shūsaku , ed. ( April 10 , 1990 ) . Nihon Kenchiku - shi ( in Japanese ) ( September 30 , 2008 ed . ) . Shōwa - dō . p. 79 . ISBN 4 - 8122 - 9805 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Fujita & Koga 2008 , pp. 79 -- 81 Jump up ^ Scheid , Japanische Pagoden ^ Jump up to : * Tamura , Yoshiro ( 2000 ) . Japanese Buddhism - A Cultural History ( First ed . ) . Tokyo : Kosei Publishing Company . pp. 40 -- 41 pages . ISBN 4 - 333 - 01684 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : JAANUS , Sekitou Jump up ^ JAANUS , Tasoutou ^ Jump up to : JAANUS , Houtou ^ Jump up to : JAANUS - Gorintou ^ Jump up to : Yatsushiro Municipal Museum Jump up ^ JAANUS - Muhoutou Jump up ^ JAANUS - Kasatouba ^ Jump up to : JAANUS , Daitou Bibliography ( edit ) Iwanami Kōjien ( 広辞苑 ) Japanese dictionary , 6th Edition ( 2008 ) , DVD version `` JAANUS '' . Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System . Retrieved 19 August 2010 . Fujita Masaya , Koga Shūsaku , ed. ( April 10 , 1990 ) . Nihon Kenchiku - shi ( in Japanese ) ( September 30 , 2008 ed . ) . Shōwa - dō . ISBN 4 - 8122 - 9805 - 9 . Scheid , Bernhard . `` Japanische Pagoden '' ( in German ) . University of Vienna . Retrieved 19 August 2010 . Shinkō no Katachi - Hōkyōintō , Yatsushiro Municipal Museum , accessed on September 18 , 2008 ( in Japanese ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pagodas in Japan . Elements of Japanese architecture Styles Buddhist Buke Daibutsuyō Gassho Giyōfū Hachiman Hirairi Hiyoshi ( Hie ) Imperial Crown style ( Teikanyōshiki ) Irimoya Ishi - no - ma Kasuga Kibitsu Nagare Ōbaku Zen Setchūyō Shinden Shinmei Shinto Shoin Sukiya Sumiyoshi Taisha Wayō Zenshūyō Model of Himeji Castle Types of building Butsuden Castle Chashitsu Dō Haiden Heiden Hokora Hōkyōintō Kura Kyōzō Machiya Main Hall Minka Setsumatsusha Shōrō Tahōtō Japanese pagoda Yagura Roof styles Hidden Irimoya Karahafu Structural Burdock piling Chigi Disordered piling Engawa Fusuma Hisashi Irimoya - zukuri Irori Jinmaku Katōmado Katsuogi Kuruwa Mokoshi Moya Nakazonae Namako wall Nightingale floor Onigawara Ranma Shōji ( washi ) Sōrin Tamagaki Tatami Tokonoma Tokyō Tsumairi Shibi Gates Approaches Genkan Kairō Karamon Mon Nijūmon Niōmon Rōmon Sandō Sanmon Sōmon Torii ( Mihashira ) Rooms Chashitsu Daidokoro Mizuya Shoin Toilets Washitsu Furnishings Butsudan Byōbu Chabudai Emakimono Furo Futon Getabako Kaidan dansu Kamado Kamidana Kichō Kotatsu Misu Noren Sudare Tamaya Tansu Zabuton Zafu Outdoor objects Chōzuya ( Temizuya ) Ishigantō Komainu Tōrō Measurements Ken Koku Ri Shaku Sun Organizations Architectural Institute of Japan Japan Institute of Architects Metabolist Movement Related topics Groups of Traditional Buildings Iki Japanese garden ( rock ( Zen ) ) Ryokan Sentō Wabi - sabi Yabo National Treasures Castles Residences Shrines Temples Other structures Buddhist temples in Japan Japanese Buddhist architecture Architectonic elements hidden roof hisashi irimoya kaerumata : see nakazonae kairō karahafu karesansui kentozuka : see nakazonae komainu katōmado mokoshi moya nakazonae Niō or Kongōrikishi sandō shichidō garan shōrō sōrin tokyō tōrō onigawara Mon ( gates ) karamon nijūmon niōmon rōmon sanmon sōmon torii Buildings Chinjusha chōzuya / temizuya - dō main hall ( kon - dō , hon - dō , butsuden ) kuri kyōzō or kyō - dō shoin Japanese pagodas gorintō hōkyōintō hōtō kasatōba sotōba muhōtō tahōtō Styles Daibutsuyō Wayō Setchūyō Shoin - zukuri Shin - Wayō Zenshūyō Ōbaku Zen architecture Others A-un ken Schools and objects of worship Major schools Jōdo Nichiren Shingon Tendai Zen schools Sōtō Ōbaku Rinzai Nanto rokushū Jōjitsu Hossō Kusha Kegon Ritsu Sanron Objects of worship Amida Nyōrai Benzaiten Dainichi Nyorai Jizō Kannon Marishi - ten Shaka Nyorai Shitennō ( Four Kings ) Twelve Heavenly Generals ( Jūni Shinshō ) Yakushi Nyorai Other elements Implements kei ( ritual gong ) mokugyō Others bussokuseki butsudan Glossary of Japanese Buddhism Japanese Buddhist pantheon jingū - ji miyadera saisenbako Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese_pagoda&oldid=848254482 '' Categories : Japanese pagodas Shinto shrines Japanese architectural history Buddhist buildings Buddhism in Japan Buddhist architecture Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles containing Japanese - language text Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Edit links This page was last edited on 30 June 2018 , at 19 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20pagoda	861
when does the arctic circle get 24 hours of daylight	The midnight sun is a natural phenomenon that occurs in the summer months in places north of the Arctic Circle or south of the Antarctic Circle , when the sun remains visible at the local midnight .	in the summer months	Midnight sun	midnight sun	The midnight sun is a natural phenomenon that occurs in the summer months in places north of the Arctic Circle or south of the Antarctic Circle , when the sun remains visible at the local midnight .	Contents 1 Details 2 Time zones and daylight saving time 3 White nights 4 Duration 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Details ( edit ) Around the summer solstice ( approximately 21 June in the Northern Hemisphere and 22 December in the Southern Hemisphere ) , the sun is visible for the full 24 hours , given fair weather . The number of days per year with potential midnight sun increases the closer towards either pole one goes . Although approximately defined by the polar circles , in practice the midnight sun can be seen as much as 55 miles ( 90 km ) outside the polar circle , as described below , and the exact latitudes of the farthest reaches of midnight sun depend on topography and vary slightly year - to - year . Midnight Sun seen from airplane while passing Greenland Because there are no permanent human settlements south of the Antarctic Circle , apart from research stations , the countries and territories whose populations experience the midnight sun are limited to those crossed by the Arctic Circle : the Canadian Yukon , Nunavut , and Northwest Territories ; the nations of Iceland , Finland , Norway , Sweden , Denmark ( Greenland ) , Russia ; and the State of Alaska in the United States . A quarter of Finland 's territory lies north of the Arctic Circle , and at the country 's northernmost point the sun does not set at all for 60 days during summer . In Svalbard , Norway , the northernmost inhabited region of Europe , there is no sunset from approximately 19 April to 23 August . The extreme sites are the poles , where the sun can be continuously visible for half the year . The North Pole has midnight sun for 6 months from late March to late September . The opposite phenomenon , polar night , occurs in winter , when the sun stays below the horizon throughout the day . Since the axial tilt of the Earth is considerable ( approximately 23 degrees 27 minutes ) , the sun does not set at high latitudes in local summer . The sun remains continuously visible for one day during the summer solstice at the polar circle , for several weeks only 100 km ( 62 mi ) closer to the pole , and for six months at the pole . At extreme latitudes , the midnight sun is usually referred to as polar day . At the poles themselves , the sun rises and sets only once each year on the equinox . During the six months that the sun is above the horizon , it spends the days continuously moving in circles around the observer , gradually spiralling higher and reaching its highest circuit of the sky at the summer solstice . Because of atmospheric refraction , and also because the sun is a disc rather than a point , the midnight sun may be experienced at latitudes slightly below the polar circle , though not exceeding one degree ( depending on local conditions ) . For example , Iceland is known for its midnight sun , even though most of it ( Grímsey is the exception ) is slightly south of the Arctic Circle . For the same reasons , the period of sunlight at the poles is slightly longer than six months . Even the northern extremities of Scotland ( and places at similar latitudes , such as St. Petersburg ) experience twilight throughout the night in the northern sky at around the summer solstice . Observers at heights appreciably above sea level can experience extended periods of midnight sun as a result of the `` dip '' of the horizon viewed from altitude . Time zones and daylight saving time ( edit ) The term `` midnight sun '' refers to the consecutive 24 - hour periods of sunlight experienced north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle . Other phenomena are sometimes referred to as `` midnight sun '' , but they are caused by time zones and the observance of daylight saving time . For instance , in Fairbanks , Alaska , which is south of the Arctic Circle , the sun sets at 12 : 47 am at the summer solstice . This is because Fairbanks is 51 minutes ahead of its idealized time zone ( as most of the state is in one time zone ) and Alaska observes daylight saving time . ( Fairbanks is at about 147.72 degrees west , corresponding to UTC − 9 hours 51 minutes , and is on UTC − 9 in winter . ) This means that solar culmination occurs at about 12 : 51 pm instead of at 12 noon . If a precise moment for the genuine `` midnight sun '' is required , the observer 's longitude , the local civil time and the equation of time must be taken into account . The moment of the sun 's closest approach to the horizon coincides with its passing due north at the observer 's position , which occurs only approximately at midnight in general . Each degree of longitude east of the Greenwich meridian makes the vital moment exactly 4 minutes earlier than midnight as shown on the clock , while each hour that the local civil time is ahead of coordinated universal time ( UTC , also known as GMT ) makes the moment an hour later . These two effects must be added . Furthermore , the equation of time ( which depends on the date ) must be added : a positive value on a given date means that the sun is running slightly ahead of its average position , so the value must be subtracted . As an example , at the North Cape of Norway at midnight on June 21 / 22 , the longitude of 25.9 degrees east makes the moment 103.2 minutes earlier by clock time ; but the local time , 2 hours ahead of GMT in the summer , makes it 120 minutes later by clock time . The equation of time at that date is - 2.0 minutes . Therefore , the sun 's lowest elevation occurs 120 - 103.2 + 2.0 minutes after midnight : at 00.19 Central European Summer time . On other nearby dates the only thing different is the equation of time , so this remains a reasonable estimate for a considerable period . The sun 's altitude remains within half a degree of the minimum of about 5 degrees for about 45 minutes either side of this time . White Nights ( edit ) Main article : White Night festivals Locations where the sun remains less than 6 ( or 7 ) degrees below the horizon -- above 60 ° 34 ' ( or 59 ° 34 ' ) latitude south of the Arctic Circle or north of the Antarctic Circle -- experience midnight twilight instead of midnight sun , so that daytime activities , such as reading , are still possible without artificial light on a clear night . White Nights have become a common symbol of Saint Petersburg , Russia , where they occur from about 11 June to 2 July , and the last 10 days of June are celebrated with cultural events known as the White Nights Festival . Duration ( edit ) Map showing the dates of midnight sun at various latitudes ( left ) and the total number of nights . Even though at the Arctic Circle the center of the sun is , per definition , only visible during one summer night , some part of the midnight sun is visible at the Arctic Circle from approximately 12 June until 1 July . This period extends as one travels north : At Cape Nordkinn , Norway , the northernmost point of Continental Europe , the midnight sun lasts approximately from 14 May to 29 July . On the Svalbard archipelago farther north , it lasts from 20 April to 22 August . See also ( edit ) Environment portal Pytheas , ancient Greek geographer from Massalia and first person to describe the midnight sun Eagle Summit , which , because of its altitude , experiences the midnight sun despite being south of the Arctic Circle Polar night , the opposite phenomenon experienced in winter : a day without sunrise . Midnight Sun Solar Race Team : With the midnight sun phenomenon , a solar - powered vehicle can continue driving 24 hours a day . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What is the Midnight Sun Phenomenon ? Earth Phenomena Planetary Science '' . Scribd . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ H. Spencer Jones , General Astronomy ( Edward Arnold , London , 1922 ) , Chapters I - III ^ Jump up to : Great Soviet Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Trygve B. Haugan , ed . Det Nordlige Norge Fra Trondheim Til Midnattssolens Land ( Trondheim : Reisetrafikkforeningen for Trondheim og Trøndelag. 1940 ) Further reading ( edit ) Lutgens F.K. , Tarbuck E.J. ( 2007 ) The Atmosphere , Tenth Edition , page 39 , PEARSON , Prentice Hall , NJ . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Midnight sun . Midnight sun seen from Fjellheisen Tromsø - 360 panorama Parts of a day Dawn -- Twilight -- Sunrise Morning Daytime Evening Sunset -- Twilight -- Dusk Night Related articles : Belt of Venus Blue hour Golden hour Terminator Daylight Forenoon Noon Afternoon Midnight Midnight sun Polar night Zodiacal light Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Midnight_sun&oldid=854635938 '' Categories : Earth phenomena Arctic geography terminology Sun Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Português Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语粵語中文 43 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 19 : 44 ( UTC ) . 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what characteristics of a disease might cause that disease to be less transmissible			Disease	disease	A disease is any condition which results in the disorder of a structure or function in a living organism that is not due to any external injury . The study of disease is called pathology , which includes the study of cause . Disease is often construed as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs . It may be caused by external factors such as pathogens or by internal dysfunctions , particularly of the immune system , such as an immunodeficiency , or by a hypersensitivity , including allergies and autoimmunity .	When caused by pathogens ( e.g. malaria by Plasmodium ssp . ) , the term disease is often misleadingly used even in the scientific literature in place of its causal agent , the pathogen . This language habit can cause confusion in the communication of the cause - effect principle in epidemiology , and as such it should be strongly discouraged . In humans , disease is often used more broadly to refer to any condition that causes pain , dysfunction , distress , social problems , or death to the person afflicted , or similar problems for those in contact with the person . In this broader sense , it sometimes includes injuries , disabilities , disorders , syndromes , infections , isolated symptoms , deviant behaviors , and atypical variations of structure and function , while in other contexts and for other purposes these may be considered distinguishable categories . Diseases can affect people not only physically , but also emotionally , as contracting and living with a disease can alter the affected person 's perspective on life . Death due to disease is called death by natural causes . There are four main types of disease : infectious diseases , deficiency diseases , genetic diseases ( both hereditary and non-hereditary ) , and physiological diseases . Diseases can also be classified as communicable and non-communicable . The deadliest diseases in humans are coronary artery disease ( blood flow obstruction ) , followed by cerebrovascular disease and lower respiratory infections . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 1.1 Concepts 1.2 Types by body system 1.3 Stages 1.4 Extent 2 Classifications 3 Causes 3.1 Types of causes 4 Prevention 5 Treatments 6 Epidemiology 6.1 Burdens of disease 7 Society and culture 7.1 Language of disease 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Terminology ( edit ) Concepts ( edit ) In many cases , terms such as disease , disorder , morbidity , sickness and illness are used interchangeably . There are situations , however , when specific terms are considered preferable . Disease The term disease broadly refers to any condition that impairs the normal functioning of the body . For this reason , diseases are associated with dysfunctioning of the body 's normal homeostatic processes . The term disease has both a count sense ( a disease , two diseases , many diseases ) and a noncount sense ( not much disease , less disease , a lot of disease ) . Commonly , the term is used to refer specifically to infectious diseases , which are clinically evident diseases that result from the presence of pathogenic microbial agents , including viruses , bacteria , fungi , protozoa , multicellular organisms , and aberrant proteins known as prions . An infection that does not and will not produce clinically evident impairment of normal functioning , such as the presence of the normal bacteria and yeasts in the gut , or of a passenger virus , is not considered a disease . By contrast , an infection that is asymptomatic during its incubation period , but expected to produce symptoms later , is usually considered a disease . Non-infectious diseases are all other diseases , including most forms of cancer , heart disease , and genetic disease . Acquired disease disease that began at some point during one 's lifetime , as opposed to disease that was already present at birth , which is congenital disease . `` Acquired '' sounds like it could mean `` caught via contagion '' , but it simply means acquired sometime after birth . It also sounds like it could imply secondary disease , but acquired disease can be primary disease . Acute disease disease of a short - term nature ( acute ) ; the term sometimes also connotes a fulminant nature Chronic disease disease that is a long - term issue ( chronic ) Congenital disease disease that is present at birth . It is often , genetic and can be inherited . It can also be the result of a vertically transmitted infection from the mother such as HIV / AIDS . Genetic disease disease that is caused by genetic mutation . It is often inherited , but some mutations are random and de novo . Hereditary or inherited disease a type of genetic disease caused by mutation that is hereditary ( and can run in families ) Iatrogenic disease A disease condition caused by medical intervention . Idiopathic disease disease whose cause is unknown . As medical science has advanced , many diseases whose causes were formerly complete mysteries have been somewhat explained ( for example , when it was realized that autoimmunity is the cause of some forms of diabetes mellitus type 1 , even if we do not yet understand every molecular detail involved ) or even extensively explained ( for example , when it was realized that gastric ulcers are often associated with Helicobacter pylori infection ) . Incurable disease disease that can not be cured Primary disease disease that came about as a root cause of illness , as opposed to secondary disease , which is a sequela of another disease Secondary disease disease that is a sequela or complication of some other disease or underlying cause ( root cause ) . Bacterial infections can be either primary ( healthy but then bacteria arrived ) or secondary to a viral infection or burn , which predisposed by creating an open wound or weakened immunity ( bacteria would not have gotten established otherwise ) . Terminal disease disease with death as an inevitable result Illness Illness is generally used as a synonym for disease . However , this term is occasionally used to refer specifically to the patient 's personal experience of his or her disease . In this model , it is possible for a person to have a disease without being ill ( to have an objectively definable , but asymptomatic , medical condition , such as a subclinical infection ) , and to be ill without being diseased ( such as when a person perceives a normal experience as a medical condition , or medicalizes a non-disease situation in his or her life -- for example , a person who feels unwell as a result of embarrassment , and who interprets those feelings as sickness rather than normal emotions ) . Symptoms of illness are often not directly the result of infection , but a collection of evolved responses -- sickness behavior by the body -- that helps clear infection . Such aspects of illness can include lethargy , depression , loss of appetite , sleepiness , hyperalgesia , and inability to concentrate . Disorder In medicine , a disorder is a functional abnormality or disturbance . Medical disorders can be categorized into mental disorders , physical disorders , genetic disorders , emotional and behavioral disorders , and functional disorders . The term disorder is often considered more value - neutral and less stigmatizing than the terms disease or illness , and therefore is a preferred terminology in some circumstances . In mental health , the term mental disorder is used as a way of acknowledging the complex interaction of biological , social , and psychological factors in psychiatric conditions . However , the term disorder is also used in many other areas of medicine , primarily to identify physical disorders that are not caused by infectious organisms , such as metabolic disorders . Medical condition A medical condition is a broad term that includes all diseases , lesions , disorders , or nonpathologic condition that normally receives medical treatment , such as pregnancy or childbirth . While the term medical condition generally includes mental illnesses , in some contexts the term is used specifically to denote any illness , injury , or disease except for mental illnesses . The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM ) , the widely used psychiatric manual that defines all mental disorders , uses the term general medical condition to refer to all diseases , illnesses , and injuries except for mental disorders . This usage is also commonly seen in the psychiatric literature . Some health insurance policies also define a medical condition as any illness , injury , or disease except for psychiatric illnesses . As it is more value - neutral than terms like disease , the term medical condition is sometimes preferred by people with health issues that they do not consider deleterious . On the other hand , by emphasizing the medical nature of the condition , this term is sometimes rejected , such as by proponents of the autism rights movement . The term medical condition is also a synonym for medical state , in which case it describes an individual patient 's current state from a medical standpoint . This usage appears in statements that describe a patient as being in critical condition , for example . Morbidity Morbidity ( from Latin morbidus , meaning ' sick , unhealthy ' ) is a diseased state , disability , or poor health due to any cause . The term may be used to refer to the existence of any form of disease , or to the degree that the health condition affects the patient . Among severely ill patients , the level of morbidity is often measured by ICU scoring systems . Comorbidity is the simultaneous presence of two or more medical conditions , such as schizophrenia and substance abuse . In epidemiology and actuarial science , the term `` morbidity rate '' can refer to either the incidence rate , or the prevalence of a disease or medical condition . This measure of sickness is contrasted with the mortality rate of a condition , which is the proportion of people dying during a given time interval . Morbidity rates are used in actuarial professions , such as health insurance , life insurance and long - term care insurance , to determine the correct premiums to charge to customers . Morbidity rates help insurers predict the likelihood that an insured will contract or develop any number of specified diseases . Pathosis or pathology Pathosis ( plural pathoses ) is synonymous with disease . The word pathology also has this sense , in which it is commonly used by physicians in the medical literature , although some editors prefer to reserve pathology to its other senses . Sometimes a slight connotative shade causes preference for pathology or pathosis implying `` some ( as yet poorly analyzed ) pathophysiologic process '' rather than disease implying `` a specific disease entity as defined by diagnostic criteria being already met '' . This is hard to quantify denotatively , but it explains why cognitive synonymy is not invariable . Syndrome A syndrome is the association of several medical signs , symptoms , or other characteristics that often occur together . Some syndromes , such as Down syndrome , have only one cause ; for these , the names `` syndrome '' and `` disease '' can be synonymous . For example , Charcot -- Marie -- Tooth syndrome is also called Charcot -- Marie -- Tooth disease . Others , such as Parkinsonian syndrome , have multiple possible causes . For example , acute coronary syndrome is not a disease but rather the manifestation of any of several diseases , such as myocardial infarction secondary to coronary artery disease . In yet other syndromes , the cause is unknown . A familiar syndrome name often remains in use even after an underlying cause has been found , or when there are a number of different possible primary causes . Predisease Predisease is a subclinical or prodromal vanguard of a disease state . Prediabetes and prehypertension are common examples . The nosology or epistemology of predisease is contentious , though , because there is seldom a bright line differentiating a legitimate concern for subclinical / prodromal / premonitory status ( on one hand ) and conflict of interest -- driven disease mongering or medicalization ( on the other hand ) . Identifying legitimate predisease can result in useful preventive measures , such as motivating the person to get a healthy amount of physical exercise , but labeling a healthy person with an unfounded notion of predisease can result in overtreatment , such as taking drugs that only help people with severe disease or paying for drug prescription instances whose benefit -- cost ratio is minuscule ( placing it in the waste category of CMS ' `` waste , fraud , and abuse '' classification ) . Types by body system ( edit ) Mental Mental illness is a broad , generic label for a category of illnesses that may include affective or emotional instability , behavioral dysregulation , cognitive dysfunction or impairment . Specific illnesses known as mental illnesses include major depression , generalized anxiety disorders , schizophrenia , and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder , to name a few . Mental illness can be of biological ( e.g. , anatomical , chemical , or genetic ) or psychological ( e.g. , trauma or conflict ) origin . It can impair the affected person 's ability to work or study and can harm interpersonal relationships . The term insanity is used technically as a legal term . Organic An organic disease is one caused by a physical or physiological change to some tissue or organ of the body . The term sometimes excludes infections . It is commonly used in contrast with mental disorders . It includes emotional and behavioral disorders if they are due to changes to the physical structures or functioning of the body , such as after a stroke or a traumatic brain injury , but not if they are due to psychosocial issues . Stages ( edit ) `` Flareup '' redirects here . For the Transformers character , see Flareup ( Transformers ) . In an infectious disease , the incubation period is the time between infection and the appearance of symptoms . The latency period is the time between infection and the ability of the disease to spread to another person , which may precede , follow , or be simultaneous with the appearance of symptoms . Some viruses also exhibit a dormant phase , called viral latency , in which the virus hides in the body in an inactive state . For example , varicella zoster virus causes chickenpox in the acute phase ; after recovery from chickenpox , the virus may remain dormant in nerve cells for many years , and later cause herpes zoster ( shingles ) . Acute disease An acute disease is a short - lived disease , like the common cold . Chronic disease A chronic disease is one that lasts for a long time , usually at least six months . During that time , it may be constantly present , or it may go into remission and periodically relapse . A chronic disease may be stable ( does not get any worse ) or it may be progressive ( gets worse over time ) . Some chronic diseases can be permanently cured . Most chronic diseases can be beneficially treated , even if they can not be permanently cured . Clinical disease One that has clinical consequences ; in other words , the stage of the disease that produces the characteristic signs and symptoms of that disease . AIDS is the clinical disease stage of HIV infection . Cure A cure is the end of a medical condition or a treatment that is very likely to end it , while remission refers to the disappearance , possibly temporarily , of symptoms . Complete remission is the best possible outcome for incurable diseases . Flare - up A flare - up can refer to either the recurrence of symptoms or an onset of more severe symptoms . Progressive disease Progressive disease is a disease whose typical natural course is the worsening of the disease until death , serious debility , or organ failure occurs . Slowly progressive diseases are also chronic diseases ; many are also degenerative diseases . The opposite of progressive disease is stable disease or static disease : a medical condition that exists , but does not get better or worse . Refractory disease A refractory disease is a disease that resists treatment , especially an individual case that resists treatment more than is normal for the specific disease in question . Subclinical disease Also called silent disease , silent stage , or asymptomatic disease . This is a stage in some diseases before the symptoms are first noted . Terminal phase If a person will die soon from a disease , regardless of whether that disease typically causes death , then the stage between the earlier disease process and active dying is the terminal phase . Extent ( edit ) Localized disease A localized disease is one that affects only one part of the body , such as athlete 's foot or an eye infection . Disseminated disease A disseminated disease has spread to other parts ; with cancer , this is usually called metastatic disease . Systemic disease A systemic disease is a disease that affects the entire body , such as influenza or high blood pressure . Classifications ( edit ) Main article : nosology Diseases may be classified by cause , pathogenesis ( mechanism by which the disease is caused ) , or by symptom ( s ) . Alternatively , diseases may be classified according to the organ system involved , though this is often complicated since many diseases affect more than one organ . A chief difficulty in nosology is that diseases often can not be defined and classified clearly , especially when cause or pathogenesis are unknown . Thus diagnostic terms often only reflect a symptom or set of symptoms ( syndrome ) . Classical classification of human disease derives from observational correlation between pathological analysis and clinical syndromes . Today it is preferred to classify them by their cause if it is known . The most known and used classification of diseases is the World Health Organization 's ICD . This is periodically updated . Currently the last publication is the ICD - 10 . Causes ( edit ) See also : Cause ( medicine ) and Transmission ( medicine ) Only some diseases such as influenza are contagious and commonly believed infectious . The micro-organisms that cause these diseases are known as pathogens and include varieties of bacteria , viruses , protozoa and fungi . Infectious diseases can be transmitted , e.g. by hand - to - mouth contact with infectious material on surfaces , by bites of insects or other carriers of the disease , and from contaminated water or food ( often via fecal contamination ) , etc . Also , there are sexually transmitted diseases . In some cases , microorganisms that are not readily spread from person to person play a role , while other diseases can be prevented or ameliorated with appropriate nutrition or other lifestyle changes . Some diseases , such as most ( but not all ) forms of cancer , heart disease , and mental disorders , are non-infectious diseases . Many non-infectious diseases have a partly or completely genetic basis ( see genetic disorder ) and may thus be transmitted from one generation to another . Social determinants of health are the social conditions in which people live that determine their health . Illnesses are generally related to social , economic , political , and environmental circumstances . Social determinants of health have been recognized by several health organizations such as the Public Health Agency of Canada and the World Health Organization to greatly influence collective and personal well - being . The World Health Organization 's Social Determinants Council also recognizes Social determinants of health in poverty . When the cause of a disease is poorly understood , societies tend to mythologize the disease or use it as a metaphor or symbol of whatever that culture considers evil . For example , until the bacterial cause of tuberculosis was discovered in 1882 , experts variously ascribed the disease to heredity , a sedentary lifestyle , depressed mood , and overindulgence in sex , rich food , or alcohol -- all the social ills of the time . Types of causes ( edit ) Airborne An airborne disease is any disease that is caused by pathogens and transmitted through the air . Foodborne Foodborne illness or food poisoning is any illness resulting from the consumption of food contaminated with pathogenic bacteria , toxins , viruses , prions or parasites . Infectious Infectious diseases , also known as transmissible diseases or communicable diseases , comprise clinically evident illness ( i.e. , characteristic medical signs or symptoms of disease ) resulting from the infection , presence and growth of pathogenic biological agents in an individual host organism . Included in this category are contagious diseases -- an infection , such as influenza or the common cold , that commonly spreads from one person to another -- and communicable diseases -- an disease that can spread from one person to another , but does not necessarily spread through everyday contact . Lifestyle A lifestyle disease is any disease that appears to increase in frequency as countries become more industrialized and people live longer , especially if the risk factors include behavioral choices like a sedentary lifestyle or a diet high in unhealthful foods such as refined carbohydrates , trans fats , or alcoholic beverages . Non-communicable A non-communicable disease is a medical condition or disease that is non-transmissible . Non-communicable diseases can not be spread directly from one person to another . Heart disease and cancer are examples of non-communicable diseases in humans . Prevention ( edit ) Main article : Preventive medicine Many diseases and disorders can be prevented through a variety of means . These include sanitation , proper nutrition , adequate exercise , vaccinations and other self - care and public health measures . Treatments ( edit ) Main article : Therapy Medical therapies or treatments are efforts to cure or improve a disease or other health problem . In the medical field , therapy is synonymous with the word treatment . Among psychologists , the term may refer specifically to psychotherapy or `` talk therapy '' . Common treatments include medications , surgery , medical devices , and self - care . Treatments may be provided by an organized health care system , or informally , by the patient or family members . Preventive healthcare is a way to avoid an injury , sickness , or disease in the first place . A treatment or cure is applied after a medical problem has already started . A treatment attempts to improve or remove a problem , but treatments may not produce permanent cures , especially in chronic diseases . Cures are a subset of treatments that reverse diseases completely or end medical problems permanently . Many diseases that can not be completely cured are still treatable . Pain management ( also called pain medicine ) is that branch of medicine employing an interdisciplinary approach to the relief of pain and improvement in the quality of life of those living with pain . Treatment for medical emergencies must be provided promptly , often through an emergency department or , in less critical situations , through an urgent care facility . Epidemiology ( edit ) Main article : Epidemiology Epidemiology is the study of the factors that cause or encourage diseases . Some diseases are more common in certain geographic areas , among people with certain genetic or socioeconomic characteristics , or at different times of the year . Epidemiology is considered a cornerstone methodology of public health research , and is highly regarded in evidence - based medicine for identifying risk factors for disease . In the study of communicable and non-communicable diseases , the work of epidemiologists ranges from outbreak investigation to study design , data collection and analysis including the development of statistical models to test hypotheses and the documentation of results for submission to peer - reviewed journals . Epidemiologists also study the interaction of diseases in a population , a condition known as a syndemic . Epidemiologists rely on a number of other scientific disciplines such as biology ( to better understand disease processes ) , biostatistics ( the current raw information available ) , Geographic Information Science ( to store data and map disease patterns ) and social science disciplines ( to better understand proximate and distal risk factors ) . Epidemiology can help identify causes as well as guide prevention efforts . In studying diseases , epidemiology faces the challenge of defining them . Especially for poorly understood diseases , different groups might use significantly different definitions . Without an agreed - on definition , different researchers may report different numbers of cases and characteristics of the disease . Some morbidity databases are compiled with data supplied by states and territories health authorities , at national levels or larger scale ( such as European Hospital Morbidity Database ( HMDB ) ) which may contain hospital discharge data by detailed diagnosis , age and sex . The European HMDB datea was submitted by European countries to the World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe . Burdens of disease ( edit ) Disease burden is the impact of a health problem in an area measured by financial cost , mortality , morbidity , or other indicators . There are several measures used to quantify the burden imposed by diseases on people . The years of potential life lost ( YPLL ) is a simple estimate of the number of years that a person 's life was shortened due to a disease . For example , if a person dies at the age of 65 from a disease , and would probably have lived until age 80 without that disease , then that disease has caused a loss of 15 years of potential life . YPLL measurements do not account for how disabled a person is before dying , so the measurement treats a person who dies suddenly and a person who died at the same age after decades of illness as equivalent . In 2004 , the World Health Organization calculated that 932 million years of potential life were lost to premature death . The quality - adjusted life year ( QALY ) and disability - adjusted life year ( DALY ) metrics are similar , but take into account whether the person was healthy after diagnosis . In addition to the number of years lost due to premature death , these measurements add part of the years lost to being sick . Unlike YPLL , these measurements show the burden imposed on people who are very sick , but who live a normal lifespan . A disease that has high morbidity , but low mortality , has a high DALY and a low YPLL . In 2004 , the World Health Organization calculated that 1.5 billion disability - adjusted life years were lost to disease and injury . In the developed world , heart disease and stroke cause the most loss of life , but neuropsychiatric conditions like major depressive disorder cause the most years lost to being sick . Disease category Percent of all YPLLs lost , worldwide Percent of all DALYs lost , worldwide Percent of all YPLLs lost , Europe Percent of all DALYs lost , Europe Percent of all YPLLs lost , US and Canada Percent of all DALYs lost , US and Canada Infectious and parasitic diseases , especially lower respiratory tract infections , diarrhea , AIDS , tuberculosis , and malaria 37 % 26 % 9 % 6 % 5 % 3 % Neuropsychiatric conditions , e.g. depression 2 % 13 % 3 % 19 % 5 % 28 % Injuries , especially motor vehicle accidents 14 % 12 % 18 % 13 % 18 % 10 % Cardiovascular diseases , principally heart attacks and stroke 14 % 10 % 35 % 23 % 26 % 14 % Premature birth and other perinatal deaths 11 % 8 % 4 % 2 % 3 % 2 % Cancer 8 % 5 % 19 % 11 % 25 % 13 % Society and culture ( edit ) Obesity was a status symbol in Renaissance culture : `` The Tuscan General Alessandro del Borro '' , attributed to Andrea Sacchi , 1645 . It is now generally regarded as a disease . How a society responds to diseases is the subject of medical sociology . A condition may be considered a disease in some cultures or eras but not in others . For example , obesity can represent wealth and abundance , and is a status symbol in famine - prone areas and some places hard - hit by HIV / AIDS . Epilepsy is considered a sign of spiritual gifts among the Hmong people . Sickness confers the social legitimization of certain benefits , such as illness benefits , work avoidance , and being looked after by others . The person who is sick takes on a social role called the sick role . A person who responds to a dreaded disease , such as cancer , in a culturally acceptable fashion may be publicly and privately honored with higher social status . In return for these benefits , the sick person is obligated to seek treatment and work to become well once more . As a comparison , consider pregnancy , which is not interpreted as a disease or sickness , even if the mother and baby may both benefit from medical care . Most religions grant exceptions from religious duties to people who are sick . For example , one whose life would be endangered by fasting on Yom Kippur or during Ramadan is exempted from the requirement , or even forbidden from participating . People who are sick are also exempted from social duties . For example , ill health is the only socially acceptable reason for an American to refuse an invitation to the White House . The identification of a condition as a disease , rather than as simply a variation of human structure or function , can have significant social or economic implications . The controversial recognitions as diseases of repetitive stress injury ( RSI ) and post-traumatic stress disorder ( also known as `` Soldier 's heart '' , `` shell shock '' , and `` combat fatigue '' ) has had a number of positive and negative effects on the financial and other responsibilities of governments , corporations and institutions towards individuals , as well as on the individuals themselves . The social implication of viewing aging as a disease could be profound , though this classification is not yet widespread . Lepers were people who were historically shunned because they had an infectious disease , and the term `` leper '' still evokes social stigma . Fear of disease can still be a widespread social phenomenon , though not all diseases evoke extreme social stigma . Social standing and economic status affect health . Diseases of poverty are diseases that are associated with poverty and low social status ; diseases of affluence are diseases that are associated with high social and economic status . Which diseases are associated with which states varies according to time , place , and technology . Some diseases , such as diabetes mellitus , may be associated with both poverty ( poor food choices ) and affluence ( long lifespans and sedentary lifestyles ) , through different mechanisms . The term lifestyle diseases describes diseases associated with longevity and that are more common among older people . For example , cancer is far more common in societies in which most members live until they reach the age of 80 than in societies in which most members die before they reach the age of 50 . Language of disease ( edit ) An illness narrative is a way of organizing a medical experience into a coherent story that illustrates the sick individual 's personal experience . People use metaphors to make sense of their experiences with disease . The metaphors move disease from an objective thing that exists to an affective experience . The most popular metaphors draw on military concepts : Disease is an enemy that must be feared , fought , battled , and routed . The patient or the healthcare provider is a warrior , rather than a passive victim or bystander . The agents of communicable diseases are invaders ; non-communicable diseases constitute internal insurrection or civil war . Because the threat is urgent , perhaps a matter of life and death , unthinkably radical , even oppressive , measures are society 's and the patient 's moral duty as they courageously mobilize to struggle against destruction . The War on Cancer is an example of this metaphorical use of language . This language is empowering to some patients , but leaves others feeling like they are failures . Another class of metaphors describes the experience of illness as a journey : The person travels to or from a place of disease , and changes himself , discovers new information , or increases his experience along the way . He may travel `` on the road to recovery '' or make changes to `` get on the right track '' or choose `` pathways '' . Some are explicitly immigration - themed : the patient has been exiled from the home territory of health to the land of the ill , changing identity and relationships in the process . This language is more common among British healthcare professionals than the language of physical aggression . Some metaphors are disease - specific . Slavery is a common metaphor for addictions : The alcoholic is enslaved by drink , and the smoker is captive to nicotine . Some cancer patients treat the loss of their hair from chemotherapy as a metonymy or metaphor for all the losses caused by the disease . Some diseases are used as metaphors for social ills : `` Cancer '' is a common description for anything that is endemic and destructive in society , such as poverty , injustice , or racism . AIDS was seen as a divine judgment for moral decadence , and only by purging itself from the `` pollution '' of the `` invader '' could society become healthy again . More recently , when AIDS seemed less threatening , this type of emotive language was applied to avian flu and type 2 diabetes mellitus . Authors in the 19th century commonly used tuberculosis as a symbol and a metaphor for transcendence . Victims of the disease were portrayed in literature as having risen above daily life to become ephemeral objects of spiritual or artistic achievement . In the 20th century , after its cause was better understood , the same disease became the emblem of poverty , squalor , and other social problems . See also ( edit ) Biology portal Medicine portal Science portal Cryptogenic disease , a disease whose cause is currently unknown Developmental disability , severe , lifelong disabilities attributable to mental or physical impairments Environmental disease Host - pathogen interaction List of incurable diseases Mitochondrial disease Plant pathology Rare disease , a disease that affects very few people Sociology of health and illness Syndrome References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Wounds and Injuries '' . MedlinePlus.gov . US National Library of Medicine , National Institutes of Health , US Dept. of Health and Human Services . Archived from the original on 1 October 2017 . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Tim ( 19 December 2014 ) . `` What is the Difference Between an ' Injury ' and ' Disease ' for Commonwealth Injury Claims ? '' . Tindall Gask Bentley . Archived from the original on 27 October 2017 . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Lenzer , Jeanne ( 14 August 2012 ) . `` Blood pressure drugs for mild hypertension : Not proven to prevent heart attacks , strokes , or early death '' . Slate . Archived from the original on 15 August 2012 . Retrieved 16 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` clinical disease '' . Mosby 's Medical Dictionary ( 9th ed . ) . Elsevier . 2009 . Retrieved 6 November 2017 -- via medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com . a stage in the history of a pathological condition that begins with anatomical or physiological changes that are sufficient to produce recognizable signs and symptoms of a disease Jump up ^ `` subclinical '' . Retrieved 6 November 2017 -- via medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com . Jump up ^ Loscalzo J1 , Kohane I , Barabasi AL . Human disease classification in the postgenomic era : a complex systems approach to human pathobiology . Mol Syst Biol. 2007 ; 3 : 124 . Epub 2007 Jul 10 . Jump up ^ Alexander van Geen , et al. `` Impact of population and latrines on fecal contamination of ponds in rural Bangladesh . '' Science Of The Total Environment 409 , no . 17 ( August 2011 ) : 3174 - 3182 . Jump up ^ Olson , James Stuart ( 2002 ) . Bathsheba 's breast : women , cancer & history . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 168 -- 170 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6936 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hardy , Paul A. ; Hardy , Paul A.J. ( 1997 ) . Chronic Pain Management : The Essentials . Cambridge University Press . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 900151 - 85 - 6 . OCLC 36881282 . Archived from the original on 3 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Tuller , David ( 4 March 2011 ) . `` Defining an illness is fodder for debate '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Hospital Morbidity Database '' . aihw.gov.au . Australian Institute of Health and Welfare . Archived from the original on 13 August 2013 . Retrieved 11 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hospital Morbidity Database ( HMDB ) '' . statcan.gc.ca . Statistics Canada . Archived from the original on 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 21 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` European Hospital Morbidity Database '' . who.int . World Health Organization . Archived from the original on 2 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disease and injury regional estimates for 2004 '' . who.int . World Health Organization . Archived from the original on 24 December 2010 . Standard DALYs ( 3 % discounting , age weights ) . Also DALY spreadsheet and YLL spreadsheet . Jump up ^ Gerten - Jackson , Carol . `` The Tuscan General Alessandro del Borro '' . Archived from the original on 2 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Haslam DW , James WP ( 2005 ) . `` Obesity '' . Lancet . 366 ( 9492 ) : 1197 -- 209 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 05 ) 67483 - 1 . PMID 16198769 . Jump up ^ Fadiman , Anne ( 1997 ) . The spirit catches you and you fall down : a Hmong child , her American doctors , and the collision of two cultures . New York : Farrar , Straus , and Giroux . ISBN 0 - 374 - 52564 - 1 . Jump up ^ Sulik , Gayle ( 2010 ) . Pink Ribbon Blues : How Breast Cancer Culture Undermines Women 's Health . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 974045 - 3 . Jump up ^ Martin , Judith ( 2005 ) . Miss Manners ' Guide to Excruciatingly Correct Behavior . New York : W.W. Norton & Co. p. 703 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 05874 - 1 . OCLC 57549405 . ^ Jump up to : Gwyn , Richard ( 1999 ) . `` 10 '' . In Cameron , Lynne ; Low , Graham . Researching and applying metaphor . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 64964 - 3 . OCLC 40881885 . ^ Jump up to : Span , Paula ( 22 April 2014 ) . `` Fighting Words Are Rarer Among British Doctors '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 2 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Diedrich , Lisa ( 2007 ) . Treatments : language , politics , and the culture of illness . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press . pp. 8 , 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 4697 - 5 . OCLC 601862594 . Jump up ^ Hanne M , Hawken SJ ( December 2007 ) . `` Metaphors for illness in contemporary media '' . Med Humanit. 33 ( 2 ) : 93 -- 9 . doi : 10.1136 / jmh. 2006.000253 . PMID 23674429 . External links ( edit ) hide Find more aboutDiseaseat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Health Topics , MedlinePlus descriptions of most diseases , with access to current research articles . OMIM Comprehensive information on genes that cause disease at Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man CTD The Comparative Toxicogenomics Database is a scientific resource connecting chemicals , genes , and human diseases . NLM Comprehensive database from the US National Library of Medicine Health Topics A-Z , fact sheets about many common diseases at Centers for Disease Control The Merck Manual containing detailed description of most diseases Report : The global burden of disease from World Health Organization ( WHO ) , 2004 Free online health - risk assessment by Your Disease Risk at Washington University in St Louis `` Man and Disease '' , BBC Radio 4 discussion with Anne Hardy , David Bradley & Chris Dye ( In Our Time , Dec. 15 , 2002 ) Basic medical terms used to describe disease conditions Medical sign Symptom Syndrome Medical diagnosis Differential diagnosis Prognosis Acute Chronic Cure / Remission Disease Eponymous disease Acronym or abbreviation Pathology Principles of pathology Disease Infection Neoplasia Cause Pathogenesis Hemodynamics Ischemia Inflammation Cell damage Wound healing Cellular adaptation Atrophy Hypertrophy Hyperplasia Dysplasia Metaplasia Squamous Glandular Cell death Necrosis Coagulative necrosis Liquefactive necrosis Gangrenous necrosis Caseous necrosis Fat necrosis Fibrinoid necrosis Programmed cell death Apoptosis Pyknosis Karyorrhexis Karyolysis Accumulations pigment Hemosiderin Lipochrome / Lipofuscin Melanin Steatosis Anatomical pathology Surgical pathology Cytopathology Autopsy Molecular pathology Forensic pathology Oral and maxillofacial pathology Gross examination Histopathology Immunohistochemistry Electron microscopy Immunofluorescence Fluorescence in situ hybridization Clinical pathology Clinical chemistry Hematopathology Transfusion medicine Medical microbiology Diagnostic immunology Immunopathology Enzyme assay Mass spectrometry Chromatography Flow cytometry Blood bank Microbiological culture Serology GND : 4032844 - 2 HDS : 16312 NARA : 10640250 NDL : 00571210 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Disease&oldid=842923453 '' Categories : Diseases and disorders Actuarial science Epidemiology Medical terminology Medicine in society Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from December 2017 Use American English from December 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca Bamanankan বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛語客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Luganda Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Patois Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Võro Walon Winaray 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 124 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 16 : 15 . 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7 sacraments of the catholic church and meaning			Sacraments of the Catholic Church	sacraments of the catholic church	There are seven sacraments of the Catholic Church , which according to Catholic theology were instituted by Jesus and entrusted to the Church . Sacraments are visible rites seen as signs and efficacious channels of the grace of God to all those who receive them with the proper disposition . The sevenfold list of sacraments is often organized into three groups : the sacraments of initiation ( into the Church , the body of Christ ) , consisting of Baptism , Confirmation , and the Eucharist ; the sacraments of healing , consisting of Penance and Anointing of the Sick ; and the sacraments of service : Holy Orders and Matrimony .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Enumeration 2 Faith and grace 3 Sacraments of initiation 3.1 Baptism 3.2 Confirmation 3.3 Eucharist 4 Sacraments of healing 4.1 Penance and Reconciliation ( Confession ) 4.2 Anointing of the Sick 5 Sacraments of Service 5.1 Holy Orders 5.2 Matrimony 6 Validity and liceity 6.1 Impediments 6.2 Conditional conferral 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Enumeration ( edit ) The seven sacraments of the Catholic Church The Catechism of the Catholic Church lists the sacraments as follows : `` The whole liturgical life of the Church revolves around the Eucharistic sacrifice and the sacraments . There are seven sacraments in the Church : Baptism , Confirmation or Chrismation , Eucharist , Penance , Anointing of the Sick , Holy Orders , and Matrimony . '' These seven sacraments were codified in the documents of the Council of Trent ( 1545 -- 1563 ) , which stated : CANON I. - If any one saith , that the sacraments of the New Law were not all instituted by Jesus Christ , our Lord ; or that they are more , or less , than seven , to wit , Baptism , Confirmation , the Eucharist , Penance , Extreme Unction , Order , and Matrimony ; or even that any one of these seven is not truly and properly a sacrament ; let him be anathema . CANON IV. - If any one saith , that the sacraments of the New Law are not necessary unto salvation , but superfluous ; and that , without them , or without the desire thereof , men obtain of God , through faith alone , the grace of justification ; - though all ( the sacraments ) are not necessary for every individual ; let him be anathema . Faith and grace ( edit ) Distribution of divine graces by means of the Catholic Church and the sacraments ( Johannes Hopffe , Wrisberg epitaph , Hildesheim , before 1615 ) The Catholic Church teaches that the sacraments are `` efficacious signs of grace , instituted by Christ and entrusted to the Church , by which divine life is dispensed to us . The visible rites by which the sacraments are celebrated signify and make present the graces proper to each sacrament . They bear fruit in those who receive them with the required dispositions . '' While the Church itself is the universal sacrament of salvation , the sacraments of the Catholic Church in the strict sense are seven sacraments that `` touch all the stages and all the important moments of Christian life : they give birth and increase , healing and mission to the Christian 's life of faith '' . `` The Church affirms that for believers the sacraments of the New Covenant are necessary for salvation '' , although not all are necessary for every individual , and has placed under anathema those who deny it : `` If any one saith , that the sacraments of the New Law are not necessary unto salvation , but superfluous ; and that , without them , or without the desire thereof , men obtain of God , through faith alone , the grace of justification ; - though all ( the sacraments ) are not ineed necessary for every individual ; let him be anathema . '' The Church further teaches that the effect of a sacrament comes ex opere operato , by the very fact of being administered , regardless of the personal holiness of the minister administering it . However , a recipient 's own lack of proper disposition to receive the grace conveyed can block the effectiveness of the sacrament in that person . The sacraments presuppose faith and through their words and ritual elements , nourish , strengthen and give expression to faith . Sacraments of initiation ( edit ) Main article : Sacraments of Initiation The Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church states : `` Christian initiation is accomplished by means of the sacraments which establish the foundations of Christian life . The faithful born anew by Baptism are strengthened by Confirmation and are then nourished by the Eucharist . '' Baptism ( edit ) Main article : Baptism § Roman Catholicism Scene of baptism . Stained glass , Paris , last quarter of the 12th century . From the Sainte - Chapelle of Paris . The Catholic Church sees baptism as the first and basic sacrament of Christian initiation . In the Western or Latin Church , baptism is usually conferred today by pouring water three times on the recipient 's head , while reciting the baptismal formula : `` I baptize you in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit '' ( cf . Matthew 28 : 19 ) . In the Eastern Catholic Churches of Byzantine Rite immersion or submersion is used , and the formula is : `` The servant of God , N. , is baptized in the name of the Father , and of the Son , and of the Holy Spirit . '' Though sprinkling is not normally used , its validity is accepted , provided that the water flows over the skin , since otherwise it is not a washing . Confirmation ( edit ) Main article : Confirmation ( Catholic Church ) Confirmation or Chrismation is the second sacrament of Christian initiation . `` It is called Chrismation ( in the Eastern Churches : anointing with holy myron or chrism ) because the essential rite of the sacrament is anointing with chrism . It is called Confirmation because it confirms and strengthens baptismal grace . '' It is conferred by `` the anointing with Sacred Chrism ( oil mixed with balsam and consecrated by the bishop ) , which is done by the laying on of the hand of the minister who pronounces the sacramental words proper to the rite . '' These words , in both their Western and Eastern variants , refer to a gift of the Holy Spirit that marks the recipient as with a seal . Through the sacrament the grace given in baptism is `` strengthened and deepened . '' Like baptism , confirmation may be received only once , and the recipient must be in a state of grace ( meaning free from any known unconfessed mortal sin ) in order to receive its effects . The `` originating '' minister of the sacrament is a validly consecrated bishop ; if a priest ( a `` presbyter '' ) confers the sacrament -- as is done ordinarily in the Eastern Churches and in special cases ( such as the baptism of an adult or in danger of the death of a young child ) in the Latin Church ( CCC 1312 -- 1313 ) -- the link with the higher order is indicated by the use of oil ( known as `` chrism '' or `` myron '' ) blessed by the bishop on Holy Thursday itself or on a day close to it . In the East , which retains the ancient practice , the sacrament is administered by the parish priest immediately after baptism . In the West , where the sacrament is normally reserved for those who can understand its significance , it came to be postponed until the recipient 's early adulthood ; in the 20th century , after Pope Pius X introduced first Communion for children on reaching the age of discretion , the practice of receiving Confirmation later than the Eucharist became widespread ; but the traditional order , with Confirmation administered before First Communion , is being increasingly restored . Eucharist ( edit ) Main article : Eucharist ( Catholic Church ) Communion of Saint Teresa , by Juan Martín Cabezalero , Museum of Lázaro Galdiano , Madrid The Eucharist , also called the Blessed Sacrament , is the sacrament ( the third of Christian initiation , the one that the Catechism of the Catholic Church says `` completes Christian initiation '' ) by which Catholics partake of the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ and participate in his one sacrifice . The first of these two aspects of the sacrament is also called Holy Communion . The bread ( which must be wheaten , and which is unleavened in the Latin , Armenian and Ethiopic Rites , but is leavened in most Eastern Rites ) and wine ( which must be from grapes ) used in the Eucharistic rite are , in Catholic faith , transformed in its inner reality , though not in appearance , into the Body and Blood of Christ , a change that is called transubstantiation . `` The minister who is able to confect the sacrament of the Eucharist in the person of Christ is a validly ordained priest alone . '' The word `` priest '' here ( in Latin sacerdos ) includes both bishops and those priests who are also called presbyters . Deacons as well as priests ( sacerdotes ) are ordinary ministers of Holy Communion , and lay people may be authorized in limited circumstances to act as extraordinary ministers of Holy Communion . The Eucharist is seen as `` the source and summit '' of Christian living , the high point of God 's sanctifying action on the faithful and of their worship of God , the point of contact between them and the liturgy of heaven . So important is it that participation in the Eucharistic celebration ( see Mass ) is seen as obligatory on every Sunday and holy day of obligation and is recommended on other days . Also recommended for those who participate in the Mass is reception , with the proper dispositions , of Holy Communion . This is seen as obligatory at least once a year , during Eastertide . Sacraments of healing ( edit ) Penance and Reconciliation ( confession ) ( edit ) Main article : Sacrament of Penance The Sacrament of Penance is the first of two sacraments of healing . The Catechism of the Catholic Church mentions in the following order and capitalization different names of the sacrament , calling it the sacrament of conversion , Penance , confession , forgiveness and Reconciliation . It is the sacrament of spiritual healing of a baptized person from the distancing from God resulting from sins committed . When people sin after baptism , they can not have baptism as a remedy ; Baptism , which is a spiritual regeneration , can not be given a second time . The sacrament involves four elements : Contrition ( the penitent 's sincere remorse for wrongdoing or sin , repentance , without which the rite has no effect ) ; Confession to a priest who has the faculty to hear confessions ( Canon 966.1 ) -- while it may be spiritually helpful to confess to another , only a priest has the power to administer the sacrament ; Absolution by the priest ; and , Satisfaction or penance . `` Many sins wrong our neighbour . One must do what is possible in order to repair the harm ( e.g. , return stolen goods , restore the reputation of someone slandered , pay compensation for injuries ) . Simple justice requires as much . But sin also injures and weakens the sinner himself , as well as his relationships with God and neighbour . Absolution takes away sin , but it does not remedy all the disorders sin has caused . Raised up from sin , the sinner must still recover his full spiritual health by doing something more to make amends for the sin : he must ' make satisfaction for ' or ' expiate ' his sins . This satisfaction is also called ' penance ' '' ( CCC 1459 ) . In early Christian centuries , this element of satisfaction was quite onerous and generally preceded absolution , but now it usually involves a simple task for the penitent to perform later , in order to make some reparation and as a medicinal means of strengthening against further temptation . The priest is bound by the `` seal of confession '' , which is inviolable . `` Accordingly , it is absolutely wrong for a confessor in any way to betray the penitent , for any reason whatsoever , whether by word or in any other fashion . '' A confessor who directly violates the sacramental seal incurs an automatic excommunication whose lifting is reserved to the Holy See . In some dioceses , certain sins are `` reserved '' which means only certain confessors can absolve them . Some sins , such as violation of the sacramental seal , consecration of bishops without authorization by the Holy See , direct physical attacks on the Pope , and intentional desecration of the Eucharist are reserved to the Holy See . A special case - by - case faculty from the Sacred Penitentiary is normally required to absolve these sins . Anointing of the Sick ( edit ) Main article : Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church Extreme Unction , from Rogier van der Weyden 's altarpiece Anointing of the Sick is the second sacrament of healing . In this sacrament a priest anoints the sick with oil blessed specifically for that purpose . `` The anointing of the sick can be administered to any member of the faithful who , having reached the use of reason , begins to be in danger by reason of illness or old age '' ( canon 1004 ; cf . CCC 1514 ) . A new illness or a worsening of health enables a person to receive the sacrament a further time . When , in the Western Church , the sacrament was conferred only on those in immediate danger of death , it came to be known as `` Extreme Unction '' , i.e. `` Final Anointing '' , administered as one of the Last Rites . The other Last Rites are Confession ( if the dying person is physically unable to confess , at least absolution , conditional on the existence of contrition , is given ) , and the Eucharist , which when administered to the dying is known as `` Viaticum '' , a word whose original meaning in Latin was `` provision for a journey '' . Sacraments of service ( edit ) Holy Orders ( edit ) Main articles : Bishop ( Catholic Church ) , Priesthood ( Catholic Church ) , and Catholic Deacon Holy Orders is the Sacrament by which a man is made a bishop , a priest , or a deacon , and thus dedicated to be an image of Christ . The three degrees are referred to as the episcopate , the presbyterate and the diaconate . A bishop is the minister of this sacrament . Ordination as a bishop confers the fullness of the sacrament , making the bishop a member of the body of successors of the Apostles , and giving him the mission to teach , sanctify , and govern , along with the care of all the Churches . Ordination as a priest configures the priest to Christ the Head of the Church and the one essential High Priest , and conferring on him the power , as the bishops ' assistant , to celebrate the sacraments and other liturgical acts , especially the Eucharist . Ordination as a deacon configures him at the service of the bishop , especially in the Church 's exercising of Christian charity towards the poor and preaching of the word of God . Aspirants to the priesthood are required by canon law ( canon 1032 of the Code of Canon Law ) to go through a seminary program that includes , as well as graduate level philosophical and theological studies , a formation program that includes spiritual direction , retreats , apostolate experience , Latin training , etc . The course of studies in preparation for ordination as a permanent deacon is decided by the episcopal conference concerned . Matrimony ( edit ) Main article : Marriage in the Catholic Church Matrimony , from Rogier Van der Weyden 's altarpiece Matrimony , or Marriage , is another sacrament that consecrates for a particular mission in building up the Church , and that provides grace for accomplishing that mission . This sacrament , seen as a sign of the love uniting Christ and the Church , establishes between the spouses a permanent and exclusive bond , sealed by God . Accordingly , a marriage between baptized people , validly entered into and consummated , can not be dissolved . The sacrament confers on them the grace they need for attaining holiness in their married life and for responsible acceptance and upbringing of their children . As a condition for validity , the sacrament is celebrated in the presence of the local Ordinary or Parish Priest or of a cleric delegated by them ( or in certain limited circumstances a lay person delegated by the diocesan Bishop with the approval of the Episcopal Conference and the permission of the Holy See ) and at least two other witnesses , though in the theological tradition of the Latin Church the ministers of the sacrament are the couple themselves . For a valid marriage , a man and a woman must express their conscious and free consent to a definitive self - giving to the other , excluding none of the essential properties and aims of marriage . If one of the two is a non-Catholic Christian , their marriage is licit only if the permission of the competent authority of the Catholic Church is obtained . If one of the two is not a Christian ( i.e. has not been baptized ) , the competent authority 's dispensation is necessary for validity . Validity and liceity ( edit ) Part of a series on the Jurisprudence of Catholic canon law Current law ( show ) 1983 Code of Canon Law Omnium in mentem Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Ad tuendam fidem Ex corde Ecclesiae Indulgentiarum Doctrina Pastor bonus Pontificalis Domus Universi Dominici gregis Custom Legal history ( show ) 1917 Code of Canon Law Corpus Juris Canonici Decretist Regulæ Juris Decretals of Gregory IX Decretalist Decretum Gratiani Extravagantes Liber Septimus Ancient Church Orders Didache The Apostolic Constitutions Canons of the Apostles Collections of ancient canons Collectiones canonum Dionysianae Collectio canonum quadripartita Collectio canonum Quesnelliana Collectio canonum Wigorniensis Other Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals Benedictus Deus ( Pius IV ) Contractum trinius Defect of Birth Oriental law ( show ) Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Eastern Canonical Reforms of Pius XII Nomocanon Archeparchy Eparchy Liturgical law ( show ) Ecclesia Dei Mysterii Paschalis Sacrosanctum concilium Musicam sacram Summorum Pontificum Tra le sollecitudini Sacramental law ( show ) Canon 844 Ex opere operato Omnium in mentem Valid but illicit Holy Orders Impediment ( canon law ) Abstemius Clerical celibacy ( Catholic Church ) Nullity of Sacred Ordination Dimissorial letters Approbation Confession Apostolic Penitentiary Complicit absolution Canon penitentiary Internal forum Paenitentiale Theodori Penitential canons Seal of the Confessional Eucharist Eucharistic discipline Canon 915 Matrimonial law ( show ) Affinity Banns of Marriage Declaration of Nullity Matrimonial Nullity Trial Reforms of Pope Francis Defender of the Bond Impediments to Marriage Impediment of crime Disparity of Cult Ligamen Matrimonial Dispensation Ratum sed non consummatum Natural marriage Pauline privilege Petrine privilege Trials and tribunals ( show ) Tribunals Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura Tribunal of the Roman Rota Apostolic Penitentiary Tribunal Officers Judicial Vicar / Officialis Auditor Advocatus Diaboli Defender of the Bond Tribunal Procedure Appeal as from an abuse Presumption Canonical structures ( show ) Particular churches Particular churches sui juris Latin Church Eastern Catholic Churches Local particular churches Abbacy nullius Abbot nullius Apostolic vicariate Apostolic vicar Apostolic administration Apostolic administrator Archdiocese Diocese Aeque principaliter Cathedraticum In persona episcopi Chancery Archeparchy Eparchy Deanery Vicar forane Military ordinariate Mission sui juris Personal ordinariate Anglicanorum Coetibus Personal Prelature Juridic persons Parish Roman Curia Dicastery Congregation Pontifical council Jurisprudence ( show ) Canonical coronation Canonically crowned images Computation of time Custom Delegata potestas non potest delegari Derogation Dispensation Taxa Innocentiana Indult Impediment Interpretation Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts Jurisdiction Peritus Obreption & subreption Obrogation Promulgation Resignation of the Roman Pontiff Sede vacante Vacatio legis Valid but illicit Philosophy , theology , and fundamental theory ( show ) Theology Ecclesiology Treatise on Law Determinatio Law of persons ( show ) Person ( canon law ) Canonical age Canonical faculties Clerics and public office Clerical celebacy Consecrated life Defect of Birth Emancipation Juridic & physical persons Jus patronatus Laicization ( dispensation ) Canonical documents ( show ) Notary ( canon law ) Protonotary apostolic Apostolic constitution Canon Concordat Decree Decretal Encyclical Motu proprio Ordinance Papal brief Papal bull Penitential Positive law Rescript Penal law ( show ) Canon 1324 Canon 1398 Excommunication Interdict Internal forum Laicization ( penal ) Latae sententiae Catholicism portal As stated above , the effect of the sacraments comes ex opere operato ( by the very fact of being administered ) . Since it is Christ who works through them , their effectiveness does not depend on the worthiness of the minister . The belief that the validity of the sacrament is dependent upon the holiness of the administrator was rejected in the Donatist crisis . However , an apparent administration of a sacrament is invalid , if the person acting as minister does not have the necessary power ( as if a deacon were to celebrate Mass ) . They are also invalid if the required `` matter '' or `` form '' is lacking . The matter is the perceptible material object , such as water in baptism or wheaten bread and grape wine for the Eucharist , or the visible action . The form is the verbal statement that specifies the signification of the matter , such as , ( in the Western Church ) , `` N. , I baptize you in the name of the Father , and of the Son , and of the Holy Spirit '' . Furthermore , if the minister positively excludes some essential aspect of the sacrament , the sacrament is invalid . This last condition lies behind the 1896 judgement of the Holy See denying the validity of Anglican Orders . A sacrament may be administered validly , but illicitly , if a condition imposed by canon law is not observed . Obvious cases are administration of a sacrament by a priest under a penalty of excommunication or suspension , and an episcopal ordination without a mandate from the Pope . Impediments ( edit ) Main article : Impediment ( canon law ) See also : Declaration of nullity Canon law specifies impediments to reception of the sacraments of orders and marriage . Those concerning the first of these two sacraments only concern liceity , but `` a diriment impediment renders a person incapable of validly contracting a marriage '' ( canon 1073 ) . In the Latin Church , only the Holy See can authentically declare when divine law prohibits or invalidates a marriage , and only the Holy See has the right to establish for those who are baptised other impediments to marriage ( canon 1075 ) . But individual Eastern Catholic Churches , after having fulfilled certain requirements that include consulting ( but not necessarily obtaining approval from ) the Holy See , may establish impediments . If an impediment is imposed by merely ecclesiastical law , rather than being a matter of divine law , the Church may grant a dispensation from the impediment . Conditions for validity of marriage such as sufficient use of reason ( canon 1095 ) and freedom from coercion ( canon 1103 ) , and the requirement that , normally , a marriage be contracted in the presence of the local Ordinary or parish priest or of the priest or deacon delegated by either of them , and in the presence of two witnesses ( canon 1108 ) , are not classified in the Code of Canon Law as impediments , but have much the same effect . Conditional conferral ( edit ) See also : Conditional baptism Three of the sacraments may not be repeated : Baptism , Confirmation and Holy Orders : their effect is permanent . This teaching has been expressed by the images of , in the West , an indelible character or mark and of , in the East , a seal ( CCC 698 ) . However , if there is doubt about the validity of the administration of one or more of these sacraments , a conditional form of conferral may be used , such as : `` If you are not already baptized , I baptize you ... '' In the recent past , it was common practice in the Catholic Church to baptize conditionally almost every convert from Protestantism because of a perceived difficulty in judging about the validity in any concrete instance . In the case of the major Protestant denominations , agreements involving assurances about the manner in which they administer baptism has ended this practice , which sometimes continues for other groups of Protestant tradition . The Catholic Church has always recognized the validity of baptism in the Eastern Orthodox Church , but it has explicitly denied the validity of the baptism conferred in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints . It does not recognize a baptismal ceremony in which the names of the three divine persons ( or hypostases ) of the Trinity -- Father , Son and Holy Spirit -- are replaced by descriptors such as Creator , Redeemer and Sanctifier , or Creator , Liberator , and Sustainer , and requires that the conditional form should not be used when baptizing those who have received this kind of baptism . See also ( edit ) Catholicism portal Thomistic sacramental theology References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1211 Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1113 Jump up ^ The Seventh Session of the Council of Trent . London : Dolman : Hanover Historical Texts Project . 1848 . pp. 53 -- 67 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1131 Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 774 -- 776 Jump up ^ `` Lumen Gentium : chapter 7 , section 48 , paragraph 2 '' . Retrieved 26 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1117 Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1210 Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1129 Jump up ^ Council of Trent , Seventh Session , canon IV Jump up ^ New Catholic Dictionary Jump up ^ Sacrosanctum Concilium , 59 , quoted in Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1123 Jump up ^ sacraments of Christian initiation Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church , 251 Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1212 Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1239 -- 1240 Jump up ^ Charles Coppens , S.J. , The Catholic Religion Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopedia : Baptism Jump up ^ Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church , 251 Jump up ^ Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church , 266 Jump up ^ Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church , 267 Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1303 ^ Jump up to : Liam G. Walsh , Sacraments of Initiation ( Liturgy Training Publications 2011 ISBN 978 - 1 - 59525035 - 3 ) , pp. 153 - 154 Jump up ^ John Flader , `` The age for Confirmation '' in Question Time ( Taylor Trade 2010 ISBN 978 - 1 - 58979594 - 5 ) , pp. 86 - 87 Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1212 Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1322 Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law , canon 900 § 1 Jump up ^ While in the English language , the word `` priest '' usually means someone received into the second of the three holy orders ( also called the presbyterate ) but not into the highest , that of bishop , the Latin text underlying this statement uses the Latin term sacerdos , which comprises both bishops and , in the common English sense , priests . To refer exclusively to priests in the more common English sense , Latin uses the word presbyter . See Dennis Chester Smolarski , The General Instruction of the Roman Missal , 1969 -- 2002 : A Commentary ( Liturgical Press 2003 ISBN 9780814629369 ) , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1423 -- 1424 Jump up ^ canon 983 of the Code of Canon Law Jump up ^ canon 1388 Jump up ^ US Conference of Catholic Bishops . Compendium : Catechism of the Catholic Church . USCCB Publishing . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57455 - 720 - 6 . Jump up ^ canons 1108 and 1112 of the Code of Canon Law Jump up ^ Canon 792 , Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law , canon 869 ; cf . New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law By John P. Beal , James A. Coriden , Thomas J. , pp. 1057 -- 1059 . Jump up ^ `` Response of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith '' . Vatican.va. 5 June 2001 . Retrieved 26 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Response of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith '' . Vatican.va. 1 February 2008 . Retrieved 26 March 2010 . Bibliography ( edit ) Raniero Cantalamessa OFMCap , Introduction , in : Easter in the Early Church . An Anthology of Jewish and Early Christian Texts , ( 1993 ) , J.M. Quigley SJ , J.T. Lienhard SJ ( translators & editors ) , Collegville , Minnesota : The Liturgical Press , pp. 254 , ISBN 0 - 8146 - 2164 - 3 Kenan B. Osborne , OFM , ( 1987 ) , The Christian Sacraments of Initiation . Baptism , Confirmation , Eucharist , New York - Mahwah : Paulist Press , ISBN 0 - 8091 - 2886 - 1 Poschmann Bernhard SJ ( 1963 ) . Penance and the Anointing of the Sick . The Herder History of Dogma . Fr . Courtney SJ ( transl. from German ) . Freiburg -- London : Herder - Burns & Oates . p. 257 . Liam G. Walsh OP ( 1988 ) , The Sacraments of Christian Initiation . Baptism , Confirmation , Eucharist . London : Geoffrey Chapman , ISBN 0 225 66499 2 , pp. 317 . Vogel C. ( 1982 ) . Le pécheur et la pénitence dans l'Église ancienne . Paris : Cerf . p. 213 . ISBN 2 - 204 - 01949 - 6 . Vogel C. ( 1982 ) . Le pécheur et la pénitence au moyen - age . Paris : Cerf . p. 245 . ISBN 2 - 204 - 01950 - X . Edward Yarnold SJ , ( 1971 ) The awe inspiring rites of initiation . Baptismal homilies of the fourth century , Slough : St. Paul Publications , pp. 292 ISBN 0 85439 082 0 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Thomas Aquinas , Summa Theologiae , `` On the Sacraments in general ( III qq. 60 -- 64 ) '' Catechism of the Catholic Church on the Seven Sacraments The Council of Trent on the Sacraments Seven Catholic Sacraments ' Signs and Instruments of God 's Grace The Sacraments Through the Ages produced by EWTN hosted by Fr . Charles Connor -- RealAudio ( hide ) Sacraments , rites , and liturgies of the Catholic Church Sacraments Baptism Confirmation Eucharist Penance Anointing of the Sick Holy Orders Matrimony Mass Low Mass Missa Cantata Solemn Mass Pontifical High Mass Papal Mass Canonical liturgical hours Matins ( nighttime ) Lauds ( early morning ) Prime ( first hour of daylight ) Terce ( third hour ) Sext ( noon ) Nones ( ninth hour ) Vespers ( sunset evening ) Compline ( end of the day ) Other liturgical services Asperges Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament Exorcism Funeral Requiem Liturgy of the Hours Liturgical literature Antiphonary Book of hours Breviary Gospel Book Gradual Lectionary Martyrology Psalter Roman Missal Roman Ritual Sacramentary Liturgical rites Latin Ambrosian Rite Rite of Braga Mozarabic Rite Roman Rite Mass of Paul VI Extraordinary form Anglican Use Zaire Use Eastern Alexandrian Rite Armenian Rite Antiochene Rite Byzantine Rite East Syrian Rite West Syrian Rite : Malankara Rite Orders Benedictine Rite Carmelite Rite Carthusian Rite Cistercian Rite Dominican Rite Norbertine Rite Defunct rites and liturgies African Rite Aquileian Rite Celtic Rite Durham Rite Gallican Rite Use of Hereford Missa Nautica Missa Sicca Missa Venatoria Pre-Tridentine Mass Use of York Sarum Rite Catholicism portal NDL : 00563265 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church&oldid=809684151 '' Categories : Sacraments of the Catholic Church Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia मराठी 日本語 Português தமிழ் ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 November 2017 , at 19 : 03 . 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song one republic til the love runs out			Love Runs Out	love runs out	`` Love Runs Out '' is a song recorded by American pop rock band OneRepublic for the 2014 reissue of their third studio album Native ( 2013 ) . It was produced by Ryan Tedder , who co-wrote the song with Brent Kutzle , Drew Brown , Zach Filkins , and Eddie Fisher . The song was digitally released in Australia on April 14 , 2014 , and was serviced to contemporary hit radio in the United States on May 6 as the fifth overall single from the album .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and composition 2 Critical reception 3 Commercial performance 4 Music video 5 Track listing 6 Credits and personnel 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 8 Certifications 9 Release history 10 References Background and composition ( edit ) `` Love Runs Out '' was originally intended to be the first single from Native , but was eventually passed over in favour of `` If I Lose Myself '' . Tedder told Capital FM , `` We have a new single that 's not even on the album that 's about to drop . I ca n't quote the date , '' and `` I wanted ( '' Love Runs Out `` ) to be the first single , a few of us in the band did , but I could not finish the chorus . And you ca n't have a song without a chorus . '' According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony / ATV Music Publishing , `` Love Runs Out '' is written in the key of G minor with a moderate tempo of 120 beats per minute . Tedder 's vocals span from D to D in the song . Critical reception ( edit ) 4Music called `` Love Runs Out '' a `` spine - tingling track '' with `` slick production '' and a `` stomper '' . Commercial performance ( edit ) `` Love Runs Out '' debuted at number 81 on the Billboard Hot 100 and at number 22 on the New Zealand Singles Chart . The song eventually reached a peak of number 15 on the Hot 100 . It reached its million sales mark in the US in August 2014 and by the end of 2014 had sold 1.4 million copies . The song charted even higher in other countries . It reached the top 5 in Austria , Luxembourg , Canada , Germany and the UK , as well as the top 10 in Spain and South Africa . Music video ( edit ) A music video was produced for the song . It cost the group $180,000 . The video has references to Sade 's video `` Soldier of Love '' . It has 100 million views as of June 16 , 2017 , and is OneRepublic 's fifth most viewed music video ( excluding `` Apologize '' , whose music video is on the VEVO channel for Timbaland instead of OneRepublic ) . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download `` Love Runs Out '' -- 3 : 44 CD single `` Love Runs Out '' -- 3 : 44 `` Counting Stars '' ( Mico C remix edit ) -- 3 : 18 `` Love Runs Out '' -- remixes `` Love Runs Out '' ( Passion Pit Remix ) -- 5 : 00 `` Love Runs Out '' ( Grabbitz Remix ) -- 3 : 19 `` Love Runs Out '' ( Disciples Remix ) -- 4 : 59 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the liner notes of Native . Locations Recorded at Studio Faust Records , Prague , Czech Republic ; Studio Le Roy Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Motorbass Studio , Paris , France ; Metropolis Studio London , United Kingdom ; Tritonus Studio Berlin , Germany Mixed at MixStar Studios , Virginia Beach , Virginia Personnel Songwriting -- Ryan Tedder , Brent Kutzle , Drew Brown , Zach Filkins , Eddie Fisher Production -- Ryan Tedder Backing vocals -- Bobbie Gordon , Brent Kutzle , Zach Filkins Bass -- Brent Kutzle Drums -- Eddie Fisher Engineer -- Gerd Krueger , Luke Oldham , Mikel Le Roy , Ryan Tedder , Benjamin McCulloch , Derek Saxenmeyer , Steve Walsh Engineering assistant -- Aaron Ahmad , Sam Harper Guitar -- Drew Brown , Ryan Tedder Mixing -- Serban Ghenea Piano -- Ryan Tedder Percussion -- Zach Filkins Additional programming -- Ryan Tedder Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 -- 15 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 22 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 33 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 19 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 33 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 19 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 13 France ( SNEP ) 76 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 5 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 14 Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) 17 Luxembourg ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 29 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 20 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 5 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 31 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 19 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 10 South Africa ( EMA ) 8 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 31 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 15 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 9 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 15 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 9 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 28 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 10 Italy ( FIMI ) 69 Poland ( ZPAV ) 27 United Kingdom ( Official Charts Company ) 77 US Billboard Hot 100 67 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 31 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 150,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 30,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 7,500 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States 1,400,000 Streaming Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 1,300,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Australia April 15 , 2014 Digital download Mosley Music Group Interscope Records Austria Netherlands Switzerland United States May 5 , 2014 Adult album alternative radio May 6 , 2014 Contemporary hit radio Germany June 6 , 2014 Digital download Ireland July 25 , 2014 United Kingdom August 3 , 2014 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rigby , Sam ( April 13 , 2014 ) . `` OneRepublic 's new single ' Love Runs Out ' leaks online '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tedder , Ryan . `` OneRepublic `` Love Runs Out '' Sheet Music - Download & Print `` . musicnotes.com . Jump up ^ `` This Week 's Fresh Music '' . 19 July 2014 . 4Music . Missing or empty series = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` This Week 's Fresh Music '' . 25 July 2014 . 4Music . Missing or empty series = ( help ) Jump up ^ Paul Grein ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` Chart Watch : MAGIC ! Again Blocks Sam '' . Yahoo ! Music . ^ Jump up to : `` The Big 9 in 2014 : Interscope '' . HITS Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . December 10 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2014 . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` This Week 's Fresh Music Top 20 '' . 26 August 2014 . 4Music . Missing or empty series = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Music - Love Runs Out - Single by OneRepublic '' . iTunes Store ( AU ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Native ( inlay cover ) . OneRepublic . Mosley Music Group , Interscope Records . 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- OneRepublic -- Love Runs Out '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- OneRepublic -- Love Runs Out '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- OneRepublic -- Love Runs Out '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- OneRepublic -- Love Runs Out '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` OneRepublic -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for OneRepublic . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201426 into search . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201430 into search . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- OneRepublic -- Love Runs Out '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- OneRepublic -- Love Runs Out '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- OneRepublic Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 33 , 2014 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` OneRepublic -- Love Runs Out Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Digital Download -- Classifica settimanale WK 31 ( dal 28 - 07 - 2014 al 03 - 08 - 2014 ) '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Luxembourg Digital Songs '' . Billboard . July 19 , 2014 . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 21 , 2014 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- OneRepublic -- Love Runs Out '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201426 into search . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201427 into search . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- ( ( ( artist ) ) ) -- ( ( ( song ) ) ) '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Top 10 Airplay : Week Ending 2014 - 06 - 17 '' . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- OneRepublic -- Love Runs Out '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- OneRepublic -- Love Runs Out '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` OneRepublic -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for OneRepublic . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` OneRepublic -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Alternative Songs for OneRepublic . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` OneRepublic -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for OneRepublic . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` OneRepublic -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Pop Songs for OneRepublic . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` OneRepublic -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for OneRepublic . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 : Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIMI - Classifiche Annuali 2014 `` TOP OF THE MUSIC '' FIMI - GfK : un anno di musica italiana '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Archived from the original on 13 January 2015 . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Utwory , których słuchaliśmy w radiu -- Airplay 2014 '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 31 December 2014 ) . `` The Official Top 100 Biggest Songs of 2014 revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs : Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Alternative Songs : Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2014 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- OneRepublic -- Love Runs Out '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( OneRepublic ; ' Love Runs Out ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- OneRepublic -- Love Runs Out '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- OneRepublic -- Love Runs Out '' . Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ `` OneRepublic - Love Runs Out '' ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( OneRepublic ; ' Love Runs Out ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- OneRepublic -- Love Runs Out '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Love Runs Out in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer - OneRepublic - Love Runs Out '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Musik -- `` Love Runs Out - Single `` von OneRepublic '' . iTunes . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Muziek - ' Love Runs Out - Single ' van OneRepublic '' . iTunes . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Musik -- `` Love Runs Out - Single `` von OneRepublic '' . iTunes . Jump up ^ `` Triple A E-Weekly '' . All Access Music Group . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2014 . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Music - Love Runs Out - Single by OneRepublic '' . iTunes Store ( IE ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Music - Love Runs Out - Single by OneRepublic '' . iTunes Store ( GB ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . ( hide ) OneRepublic Ryan Tedder Zach Filkins Drew Brown Eddie Fisher Brent Kutzle Tim Myers Studio albums and singles Dreaming Out Loud ( 2007 ) `` Apologize '' `` Stop and Stare '' `` Say ( All I Need ) '' `` Mercy '' `` Come Home '' Waking Up ( 2009 ) `` All the Right Moves '' `` Secrets '' `` Marchin On '' `` Good Life '' Native ( 2013 ) `` Feel Again '' `` If I Lose Myself '' `` Counting Stars '' `` Something I Need '' `` Love Runs Out '' `` I Lived '' Oh My My ( 2016 ) `` Wherever I Go '' `` Kids '' `` Let 's Hurt Tonight '' `` Lift Me Up '' Other singles `` No Vacancy '' `` Rich Love '' Concert tours Native Tour 16th Annual Honda Civic Tour Related Discography Mosley Music Group Native Tour List of awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Runs_Out&oldid=808118435 '' Categories : 2014 songs 2014 singles OneRepublic songs Songs written by Ryan Tedder Mosley Music Group singles Interscope Records singles Song recordings produced by Ryan Tedder Music videos directed by Sophie Muller Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) Articles needing additional references from April 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for South Africa Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Հայերեն Italiano Polski Português Русский Scots Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 00 : 08 . 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what's the song they whistle in breakfast club	The tune has been used in more than forty films , including The Love Race ( 1931 ) , The Lady Vanishes ( 1938 ) , The Mouse That Roared ( 1959 ) , The Parent Trap ( 1961 ) , and The Breakfast Club ( 1985 ) .		Colonel Bogey March	colonel bogey march	The `` Colonel Bogey March '' is a popular march that was composed in 1914 by Lieutenant F.J. Ricketts ( 1881 -- 1945 ) ( a.k.a. Kenneth J. Alford ) , a British Army bandmaster who later became the director of music for the Royal Marines at Plymouth .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Reception 3 The Bridge on the River Kwai 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Since at that time service personnel were not encouraged to have professional lives outside the armed forces , British Army bandmaster F.J. Ricketts published `` Colonel Bogey '' and his other compositions under the pseudonym Kenneth Alford . Supposedly , the tune was inspired by a military man and golfer who whistled a characteristic two - note phrase ( a descending minor third interval Play ( help info ) ) instead of shouting `` Fore ! '' It is this descending interval that begins each line of the melody . The name `` Colonel Bogey '' began in the later 19th century as the imaginary `` standard opponent '' of the Colonel Bogey scoring system , and by Edwardian times the Colonel had been adopted by the golfing world as the presiding spirit of the course . Edwardian golfers on both sides of the Atlantic often played matches against `` Colonel Bogey . '' Bogey is now a golfing term meaning `` one over par . '' Reception ( edit ) The sheet music was a million - seller , and the march was recorded many times . At the start of World War II , `` Colonel Bogey '' became part of the British way of life when the tune was set to a popular song : `` Hitler Has Only Got One Ball '' ( originally `` Goering Has Only Got One Ball '' after the Luftwaffe leader suffered a grievous groin injury , but later reworded to suit the popular taste ) , with the tune becoming an unofficial national anthem to rudeness . `` Colonel Bogey '' was used as a march - past by the 10th and 50th Battalions of the Canadian Expeditionary Force , the latter perpetuated today by The King 's Own Calgary Regiment ( RCAC ) of the Canadian Forces , who claim `` Colonel Bogey '' as their authorised march - past in quick time . The Colonel Bogey March melody was used for a song of The Women 's Army Corps , a branch of the U.S. Army from 1943 until its absorption into the regular Army in 1978 . The lyrics written by Major Dorothy E. Nielsen ( USAR ) were this : `` Duty is calling you and me , we have a date with destiny , ready , the WACs are ready , their pulse is steady a world to set free . Service , we 're in it heart and soul , victory is our only goal , we love our country 's honor and we 'll defend it against any foe . '' In 1951 , during the first computer conference held in Australia , this song was the first music played by a computer , by CSIRAC , a computer developed by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation . The march has been used in German commercials for Underberg digestif bitter since the 1970s , and has become a classic jingle there . The tune has been used in more than forty films , including The Love Race ( 1931 ) , The Lady Vanishes ( 1938 ) , The Mouse That Roared ( 1959 ) , The Parent Trap ( 1961 ) , and The Breakfast Club ( 1985 ) . Another parody of the Colonel Bogey March is Comet , a humorous song about the ill effects of consuming the cleaning product of the same name . In The Simpsons episode `` Stark Raving Dad '' , Bart sings a tune reminiscent of the Comet tune with similar lyrics , `` Lisa , her teeth are big and green . Lisa , she smells like gasoline . Lisa , da da da Disa . She is my sister , her birthday , I missed - a . '' In the opening scene and throughout The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air episode `` I Know Why The Caged Bird Screams '' , Carlton and company sings the tune with alternative lyrics referring to the school mascot , `` Peacocks ! We 're marching down the field . Peacocks ! And we refuse to yield ! No one 's tougher , ' Cause we are rougher ! We are the Peacocks of ULA ! '' The song and `` march '' is called the `` Peacock Strut '' throughout the episode . The melody was used in a scene in the film Spaceballs as small `` Dinks '' walk the desert singing the tune with only the word , `` Dink '' by themselves and again with the protagonists . The Bridge on the River Kwai ( edit ) English composer Malcolm Arnold added a counter-march , which he titled `` The River Kwai March , '' for the 1957 dramatic film The Bridge on the River Kwai , set during World War II . The two marches were recorded together by Mitch Miller as `` March from the River Kwai -- Colonel Bogey . '' Consequently , the `` Colonel Bogey March '' is often miscredited as `` River Kwai March . '' While Arnold did use `` Colonel Bogey '' in his score for the film , it was only the first theme and a bit of the second theme of `` Colonel Bogey , '' whistled unaccompanied by the British prisoners several times as they marched into the prison camp . Since the film depicted prisoners of war held under inhumane conditions by the Japanese , Canadian officials were embarrassed in May 1980 , when a military band played `` Colonel Bogey '' during a visit to Ottawa by Japanese prime minister Masayoshi Ōhira . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gene Phillips ( 2006 ) . `` Beyond the Epic : The Life and Films of David Lean '' . p. 306 . University Press of Kentucky . Jump up ^ The Royal Cornwall Gazette of 10 March 1892 reports the results of the Royal Cornwall Golf Club Ladies vs `` Colonel '' Bogey Jump up ^ Many references to the Colonel in the press include a letter from a `` golf widow '' to The Times of 3 June 1914 . Jump up ^ Toronto ; Globe 25 October 1904 p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Minor British Institutions : Colonel Bogey '' . The Independent . Retrieved 4 December 2012 Jump up ^ Pegler , Martin , Soldiers ' Songs and Slang of the Great War , Osprey Publishing , 2014 , ISBN 9781427804150 , page 242 . Jump up ^ `` Duty -- Army WAC Song '' , Women 's Army Corps Veterans ' Association website . Retrieved 1 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CSIRAC -- Australia 's first computer - CSIROpedia '' . CSIROpedia. 2014 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Christoph Schulte ( 2 March 2011 ) . `` Underberg : Eine Portion Wohlbefinden '' . Falstaff Magazin -- Weine , Restaurants . Jump up ^ `` Rheinberg : Underberg - Marsch nun als Weihnachts - Jingle '' . RP Online . Jump up ^ `` Kenneth Alford '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Ann - Marie ( 2003 ) . The Way the Crow Flies . HarperCollins . p. 97 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 058637 - 0 . Jump up ^ The Canadian Press ( 6 May 1980 ) . `` Our band hit sour note for Japan 's prime minister '' . Montreal Gazette . p. 1 . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Library resources about Colonel Bogey March Resources in your library Resources in other libraries External links ( edit ) Melody The real Colonel Bogey from Music & Vision Daily Wikimedia Commons has media related to Colonel Bogey March . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonel_Bogey_March&oldid=794788081 '' Categories : 1914 compositions British military marches Number - one singles in Germany Songs about the military Songs of World War I Songs with music by Kenneth J. Alford Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2017 , at 01 : 51 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel%20Bogey%20March	865
why is there a skull in the ambassadors			The Ambassadors ( Holbein )	the ambassadors ( holbein )	The Ambassadors ( 1533 ) is a painting by Hans Holbein the Younger . It was created in the Tudor period , in the same year Elizabeth I was born . As well as being a double portrait , the painting contains a still life of several meticulously rendered objects , the meaning of which is the cause of much debate . It also incorporates a much - cited example of anamorphosis in painting . It is part of the collection at the National Gallery in London .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 1.1 Anamorphic skull 2 Interpretation 3 References in popular culture 4 See also 5 References 5.1 Citations 5.2 Sources 6 External links Description ( edit ) Although a German - born artist who spent most of his time in England , Holbein displayed the influence of Early Netherlandish painters in this work . This influence can be noted most outwardly in the use of oil paint , the use of which for panel paintings had been developed a century before in Early Netherlandish painting . What is most `` Flemish '' of Holbein 's use of oils is his use of the medium to render meticulous details that are mainly symbolic : as Jan van Eyck and the Master of Flémalle used extensive imagery to link their subjects to divinity , Holbein used symbols to link his figures to show the same things on the table . Holbein carpet with large medallions , of a type similar to that of the painting , 16th century , Central Anatolia Among the clues to the figures ' explorative associations are a selection of scientific instruments including two globes ( one terrestrial and one celestial ) , a quadrant , a torquetum , and a polyhedral sundial , as well as various textiles including the floor mosaic , based on a design from Westminster Abbey ( the Cosmati pavement , before the High Altar ) , and the carpet on the upper shelf , which is most notably oriental , an example of Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting . The choice for the inclusion of the two figures can furthermore be seen as symbolic . The figure on the left is in secular attire while the figure on the right is dressed in clerical clothes . Their flanking of the table , which displays open books , symbols of religious knowledge and even a symbolic link to the Virgin , is therefore believed by some critics to be symbolic of a unification of capitalism and the Church . The Ambassador 's globe ( detail ) In contrast , other scholars have suggested the painting contains overtones of religious strife . The conflicts between secular and religious authorities are here represented by Jean de Dinteville , a landowner , and Georges de Selve , the Bishop of Lavaur . The commonly accepted symbol of discord , a lute with a broken string , is included next to a hymnbook in Martin Luther 's translation , suggesting strife between scholars and the clergy . The terrestrial globe on the lower shelf repeats a portion of a cartographically imaginative map created in possibly 1530 and of unknown origin . The map is referred to as the Ambassadors ' Globe due to its popularly known appearance in the painting . The work has been described as `` one of the most staggeringly impressive portraits in Renaissance art . '' Anamorphic skull ( edit ) The anamorphic skull as restored in 1998 The most notable and famous of Holbein 's symbols in the work , however , is the distorted skull which is placed in the bottom center of the composition . The skull , rendered in anamorphic perspective , another invention of the Early Renaissance , is meant to be a visual puzzle as the viewer must approach the painting nearly from high on the right side , or low on the left side , to see the form as an accurate rendering of a human skull . While the skull is evidently intended as a vanitas or memento mori , it is unclear why Holbein gave it such prominence in this painting . One possibility is that this painting represents three levels : the heavens ( as portrayed by the astrolabe and other objects on the upper shelf ) , the living world ( as evidenced by books and a musical instrument on the lower shelf ) , and death ( signified by the skull ) . It has also been hypothesized that the painting is meant to hang in a stairwell , so that persons walking up the stairs and passing the painting on their left would be startled by the appearance of the skull . A further possibility is that Holbein simply wished to show off his ability with the technique in order to secure future commissions . Artists often incorporated skulls as a reminder of mortality , or at the very least , death . Holbein may have intended the skulls ( one as a gray slash and the other as a medallion on Jean de Dinteville 's hat ) and the crucifix in the upper left corner to encourage contemplation of one 's impending death and the resurrection . Interpretation ( edit ) Before the publication of Mary F.S. Hervey 's Holbein 's Ambassadors : The Picture and the Men in 1900 , the identity of the two figures in the picture had long been a subject of intense debate . In 1890 , Sidney Colvin was the first to propose the figure on the left as Jean de Dinteville , Seigneur of Polisy ( 1504 -- 1555 ) , French ambassador to the court of Henry VIII for most of 1533 . Shortly afterwards , the cleaning of the picture revealed that his seat of Polisy is one of only four French places marked on the globe . Hervey identified the man on the right as Georges de Selve ( 1508 / 09 -- 1541 ) , Bishop of Lavaur , after tracing the painting 's history back to a seventeenth - century manuscript . According to art historian John Rowlands , de Selve is not wearing episcopal robes because he was not consecrated until 1534 . De Selve is known from two of de Dinteville 's letters to his brother François de Dinteville , Bishop of Auxerre , to have visited London in the spring of 1533 . On 23 May , Jean de Dinteville wrote : `` Monsieur de Lavaur did me the honour of coming to see me , which was no small pleasure to me . There is no need for the grand maître to hear anything of it '' . The grand maître in question was Anne de Montmorency , the Marshal of France , a reference that has led some analysts to conclude that de Selve 's mission was a secret one ; but there is no other evidence to corroborate the theory . On June 4 , the ambassador wrote to his brother again , saying : `` Monsieur de Lavaur came to see me , but has gone away again '' . Lutheran Psalmbook in The Ambassadors Hervey 's identification of the sitters has remained the standard one , affirmed in extended studies of the painting by Foister , Roy , and Wyld ( 1997 ) , Zwingenberger ( 1999 ) , and North ( 2004 ) , who concludes that `` the general coherence of the evidence assembled by Hervey is very satisfying '' ; however , North also notes that , despite Hervey 's research , `` ( R ) ival speculation did not stop at once and is still not entirely dead '' . Giles Hudson , for example , has argued that the man on the right is not de Selve , but Jean 's brother François , Bishop of Auxerre , a noted patron of the arts with a known interest in mathematical instruments . The identification finds support in the earliest manuscript in which the painting is mentioned , a 1589 inventory of the Chateau of Polisy , discovered by Riccardo Famiglietti . However , scholars have argued that this identification of 1589 was incorrect . John North , for example , remarks that `` ( T ) his was a natural enough supposition to be made by a person with limited local knowledge , since the two brothers lived on the family estates together at the end of their lives , but it is almost certainly mistaken '' . He points to a letter François de Dinteville wrote to Jean on 28 March 1533 , in which he talks of an imminent meeting with the Pope and makes no mention of visiting London . Unlike the man on the right of the picture , François was older than Jean de Dinteville . The inscription on the man on the right 's book is `` AETAT / IS SV Æ 25 '' ( his age is 25 ) ; that on de Dinteville 's dagger is `` AET . SV Æ / 29 '' ( he is 29 ) . North 's book analyzes the painting and shows it to be representing Good Friday through various clues on the instruments . Scientific and mathematical elements Shepard dial Universal equinoctial dial ( disassembled ) Quadrant Polyhedral sundial Torquetum Peter Apian 's arithmetic book References in popular culture ( edit ) In the fifth episode of Hunted , the painting is said to have been commissioned by British merchants who felt restricted by government . Their companies evolved into five multinationals concentrating their power and wealth as they undermine the public sector . In the 2014 film Calvary , Dylan Moran 's character urinates on the painting . See also ( edit ) External video Holbein 's The Ambassadors , Smarthistory HOLBEIN -- The Ambassadors , Canaleducatif Holbein 's skull Part I , Part II National Gallery ( UK ) Symbolism in Holbein 's ' Ambassadors ' , National Gallery ( UK ) Mathematical Technique in Holbein 's ' Ambassadors ' , Idols of the Cave Video demonstration of anamorphic skull illusion with actual painting , WorldScott Artists of the Tudor court List of paintings by Hans Holbein the Younger References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dekker & Lippincott 1999 ^ Jump up to : Mamiya , 675 Jump up ^ Pigafetta , Antonio ( 1994 ) . Magellan 's Voyage : a narrative of the first circumnavigation . Dover Publications Inc. p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 28099 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Derek ( 2003 ) . Historical Atlas of the Arctic . Douglas & McIntyre Ltd . pp. 8 -- 9 . ISBN 1 - 55365 - 004 - 2 . Jump up ^ Welton , J. in Farthing , S. ed , ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ `` Anamorphosis '' . World Wide Words. 2011 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Rowlands , 139 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Rowlands , 140 . Jump up ^ Foister , Roy , & Wyld , 16 . Jump up ^ Foister , 14 . Jump up ^ North , 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ See Hudson , 201 -- 205 . Jump up ^ North , 7 ; see also , Foister , Roy , & Wyld , 102 , n1 . Jump up ^ Rowlands , 139 . Jump up ^ `` Holbein 's The Ambassadors '' . Smarthistory at Khan Academy . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` HOLBEIN -- The Ambassadors '' . ArtSleuth . Canaleducatif . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Holbein 's skull Part I '' . National Gallery ( UK ) . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Part II Jump up ^ `` Symbolism in Holbein 's ' Ambassadors ' '' . National Gallery ( UK ) . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mathematical Technique in Holbein 's ' Ambassadors ' '' . Idols of the Cave . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Amazing illusion painting in 4K , The Ambassadors ( 1533 ) , by Hans Holbein the Younger '' . WorldScott . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Sources ( edit ) Dekker , Elly ; Lippincott , Kristen ( 1999 ) . `` The Scientific Instruments in Holbein 's Ambassadors : A Re-Examination '' . Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes . The Warburg Institute . 62 : 93 -- 125 . doi : 10.2307 / 751384 . ISSN 0075 - 4390 . JSTOR 751384 . Farthing , Stephen , ed. ( 2011 ) . 1001 Paintings You Must See Before You Die . London : Cassell . p. 167 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84403 - 704 - 9 . Foister , Susan ; Roy , Ashok ; Wyld , Martin ( 1997 ) . Making and Meaning : Holbein 's Ambassadors . London : National Gallery Publications . ISBN 1 - 85709 - 173 - 6 . Hervey , Mary ( 1900 ) . Holbein 's Ambassadors : The Picture and the Men . London : George Bell and Sons . Hudson , Giles ( April 2003 ) . `` The Vanity of the Sciences '' . Annals of Science . 60 ( 2 ) : 201 -- 205 . doi : 10.1080 / 0003379021000047112 . Mamiya , Christin J. ( 2005 ) . Gardner 's Art Through the Ages 12th ed . California : Wadsworth / Thomson Learning , Inc . ISBN 0 - 15 - 505090 - 7 . Zanchi , Mauro ( 2013 ) . Holbein , Art e Dossier ( in Italian ) . Firenze : Giunti . ISBN 978 - 8 - 80978 - 250 - 1 . North , John ( 2004 ) . The Ambassadors ' Secret : Holbein and the World of the Renaissance . London : Phoenix . ISBN 1 - 84212 - 661 - X . Rowlands , John ( 1985 ) . Holbein : The Paintings of Hans Holbein the Younger . Boston : David R. Godine . ISBN 0 - 87923 - 578 - 0 . Zwingenberger , Jeanette ( 1999 ) . The Shadow of Death in the Work of Hans Holbein the Younger . London : Parkstone Press . ISBN 1 - 85995 - 492 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Ambassadors ( Holbein ) . Google Art Project HQ scan of the painting The Ambassadors , Zoomable and Annotated , with many details Video proposing an explanation as to how the anamorphic projection was made The National Gallery article on the painting Essay on the meaning of the painting ArtSleuth : The Ambassadors , Rendezvous with Death Quaerentia ( 2009 - 07 - 21 ) . `` Holbein 's The Ambassadors : unlocking hidden mysteries '' . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 17 . Paintings by Hans Holbein the Younger List of paintings List of portrait drawings The Body of the Dead Christ in the Tomb Portrait of Erasmus of Rotterdam Venus and Amor Darmstadt Madonna Lais of Corinth Portrait of Sir Thomas More A Lady with a Squirrel and a Starling The Ambassadors Portrait of Thomas Cromwell Portrait Miniature of Margaret Roper Portrait of Sir Richard Southwell Portrait of Henry VIII Portrait of Christina of Denmark Self - portrait Death and mortality in art Themes Carpe diem Consolatio Danse Macabre Death and the Maiden Lamentation of Christ Macabre Memento mori Mono no aware Sic transit gloria mundi Ubi sunt Personifications of death Vanitas Forms Death mask Elegy Funerary art Funerary text Lament Memorial Post-mortem photography Requiem Tomb Tragedy Wreath Artwork Architecture Capuchin Crypt Sedlec Ossuary Film ( category ) The Seventh Seal Literature Ars moriendi Bardo Thodol Book of Job Book of the Dead Hamlet 's soliloquy The Masque of the Red Death Music ( category ) Danse macabre Der Erlkönig Der Tod und das Mädchen Totentanz Painting ( category ) Et in Arcadia ego Gather Ye Rosebuds While Ye May La Calavera Catrina Pyramid of Skulls Skull of a Skeleton with Burning Cigarette The Ambassadors Poetry ( category ) And death shall have no dominion Der Erlkönig Do not go gentle into that good night VIAF : 184003340 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ambassadors_(Holbein)&oldid=816306940 '' Categories : Collections of the National Gallery , London Paintings by Hans Holbein the Younger 1533 paintings 16th - century portraits Paintings about death Musical instruments in art Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2007 CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Чӑвашла Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Հայերեն IsiZulu Italiano עברית Latviešu Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 14 : 57 . 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what does the acrosome do in a sperm cell	In mammals the acrosome reaction releases hyaluronidase and acrosin ; their role in fertilization is not yet clear . The acrosomal reaction does not begin until the sperm comes into contact with the oocyte 's zona pellucida . Upon coming into contact with the zona pellucida , the acrosomal enzymes begin to dissolve and the actin filament comes into contact with the zona pellucida . Once the two meet , a calcium influx occurs , causing a signaling cascade . The cortical granules inside the oocyte then fuse to the outer membrane and a transient fast block reaction occurs .	releases hyaluronidase and acrosin	Acrosome reaction	acrosome reaction	During fertilization , a sperm must first fuse with the plasma membrane and then penetrate the female egg in order to fertilize it . Fusing to the egg usually causes little problem , whereas penetrating through the egg 's hard shell or extracellular matrix can present more of a problem to the sperm . Therefore , sperm cells go through a process known as the acrosome reaction which is the reaction that occurs in the acrosome of the sperm as it approaches the egg . The acrosome is a cap - like structure over the anterior half of the sperm 's head .	As the sperm approaches the zona pellucida of the egg , which is necessary for initiating the acrosome reaction , the membrane surrounding the acrosome fuses with the plasma membrane of the sperm 's head , exposing the contents of the acrosome . The contents include surface antigens necessary for binding to the egg 's cell membrane , and numerous enzymes which are responsible for breaking through the egg 's tough coating and allowing fertilization to occur . Contents ( hide ) 1 Variations among species 1.1 Echinoderms 1.2 Mammals 2 The process 3 In in vitro fertilization 3.1 Assessment 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Variations among species ( edit ) There are considerable species variations in the morphology and consequences of the acrosome reaction . In several species the trigger for the acrosome reaction has been identified in a layer that surrounds the egg . Echinoderms ( edit ) In some lower animal species a protuberance ( the acrosomal process ) forms at the apex of the sperm head , supported by a core of actin microfilaments . The membrane at the tip of the acrosomal process fuses with the egg 's plasma membrane . In some echinoderms , including starfish and sea urchins , a major portion of the exposed acrosomal content contains a protein that temporarily holds the sperm on the egg 's surface . Mammals ( edit ) In mammals the acrosome reaction releases hyaluronidase and acrosin ; their role in fertilization is not yet clear . The acrosomal reaction does not begin until the sperm comes into contact with the oocyte 's zona pellucida . Upon coming into contact with the zona pellucida , the acrosomal enzymes begin to dissolve and the actin filament comes into contact with the zona pellucida . Once the two meet , a calcium influx occurs , causing a signaling cascade . The cortical granules inside the oocyte then fuse to the outer membrane and a transient fast block reaction occurs . It also alters a patch of pre-existing sperm plasma membrane so that it can fuse with the egg plasma membrane . A sperm penetration assay includes an acrosome reaction test that assesses how well a sperm is able to perform during the fertilization process . Sperm that are unable to properly go through the acrosome reaction will not be able to fertilize an egg . However , this problem only occurs in about 5 % of men that have the test done . This test is rather expensive and provides limited information on a man 's fertility . In other cases , such as in the wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus , premature acrosome reactions have been found to cause increased motility in aggregates of spermatozoa promoting fertilization The process ( edit ) The acrosomal reaction normally takes place in the ampulla of the fallopian tube ( site of fertilization ) when the sperm penetrates the secondary oocyte . A few events precede the actual acrosome reaction . The sperm cell acquires a `` hyperactive motility pattern '' by which its flagellum produces vigorous whip - like movements that propel the sperm through the cervical canal and uterine cavity , until it reaches the isthmus of the fallopian tube . The sperm approaches the ovum in the ampulla of the fallopian tube with the help of various mechanisms , including chemotaxis . Glycoproteins on the outer surface of the sperm then bind with glycoproteins on the zona pellucida of the ovum . The first stage is the penetration of corona radiata , by releasing hyaluronidase from the acrosome to digest cumulus cells surrounding the oocyte and exposing acrosin attached to the inner membrane of the sperm . The cumulus cells are embedded in a gel - like substance made primarily of hyaluronic acid , and developed in the ovary with the egg and support it as it grows . After reaching the zona pellucida the actual acrosome reaction begins . Acrosin digests the zona pellucida and membrane of the oocyte . Part of the sperm 's cell membrane then fuses with the egg cell 's membrane , and the contents of the head sink into the egg . In the mouse it has been demonstrated that ZP3 , one of the proteins that make up the zona pellucida , binds to a partner molecule ( to the β1 , 4 - galactosyl transferase receptors ) on the sperm . This lock - and - key type mechanism is species - specific and prevents the sperm and egg of different species from fusing . The zona pellucida also releases Ca granules to prevent additional sperm from binding . There is some evidence that this binding is what triggers the acrosome to release the enzymes that allow the sperm to fuse with the egg . It is likely that a similar mechanism occurs in other mammals , but the diversity of zona proteins across species means that the relevant protein and receptor may differ . Upon penetration , if all is occurring normally , the process of egg - activation occurs and the oocyte is said to have become activated . This is thought to be induced by a specific protein phospholipase c zeta . It undergoes its secondary meiotic division , and the two haploid nuclei ( paternal and maternal ) fuse to form a zygote . In order to prevent polyspermy and minimise the possibility of producing a triploid zygote , several changes to the egg 's cell membranes renders them impenetrable shortly after the first sperm enters the egg . The aforementioned process describes the physiologically relevant events . One should however bear in mind that a certain percentage of sperm cells will undergo a spontaneous acrosome reaction without the presence of the ovum . Those cells are not able to fertilise the egg , even if they do reach it later . Other cells will spontaneously shed their acrosome during the process of apoptosis / necrosis . In in vitro fertilization ( edit ) When using intracytoplasmic sperm injection ( ICSI ) for IVF , the implantation rate is higher in oocytes injected with spermatozoa that have undergone acrosome reaction ( ~ 40 % ) vs. those injected with nonreacted spermatozoa ( ~ 10 % ) . The implantation rate is ~ 25 % in when injected with both reacted and nonreacted spermatozoa . The delivery rate per cycle follows the same trend . The acrosome reaction can be stimulated in vitro by substances a sperm cell may encounter naturally such as progesterone or follicular fluid , as well as the more commonly used calcium ionophore A23187 . Assessment ( edit ) Birefringence microscopy , flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy can be used for assessing the shedding of the acrosome or `` acrosome reaction '' of a sperm sample . Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy are usually done after staining with a fluoresceinated lectin such as FITC - PNA , FITC - PSA , FITC - ConA , or fluoresceinated antibody such as FITC - CD46 . The antibodies / lectins have a high specificity for different parts of the acrosomal region , and will only bind to a specific site ( acrosomal content / inner / outer membrane ) . If bound to a fluorescent molecule , regions where these probes have bound can be visualised . Sperm cells with artificially induced acrosome reactions may serve as positive controls . For fluorescence microscopy a smear of washed sperm cells are made , airdried , permealized and then stained . Such a slide is then viewed under light of a wavelength that will cause the probe to fluoresce if it is bound to the acrosomal region . At least 200 cells are viewed in an arbitrary fashion and classified as either acrosome intact ( fluorescing bright green ) or acrosome reacted ( no probe present , or only on the equatorial region ) . It is then expressed as a percentage of the counted cells . For assessment with flow cytometry the washed cells are incubated with the chosen probe , ( possibly washed again ) and then sampled in a flow cytometer . After gating the cell population according to forward - and side - scatter the resulting data can be analysed ( E.g. mean fluorescences compared ) . With this technique a probe for viability , like propidium iodide ( PI ) could also be included in order to exclude dead cells from the acrosome assessment , since many sperm cells will spontaneously lose their acrosome when they die . See also ( edit ) Cortical reaction Hamster zona - free ovum test ZP3 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Swiss Virtual Campus . `` Chapter 4 , Fertilization '' . Human Embryology . universities of Fribourg , Lausanne and Bern . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Your path to fertility : Acrosome Reaction . 2007 . doi : http://www.sharedjourney.com/define/mcp.html Jump up ^ Moore , Harry et al. , Exceptional sperm cooperation in Wood Mouse . Nature 418 , 174 - 177 ( 2002 ) . ^ Jump up to : Gianaroli L , Magli MC , Ferraretti AP , et al. ( December 2008 ) . `` Birefringence characteristics in sperm heads allow for the selection of reacted spermatozoa for intracytoplasmic sperm injection '' . Fertil . Steril. 93 ( 3 ) : 807 -- 813 . PMID 19064263 . doi : 10.1016 / j. fertnstert. 2008.10. 024 . Jump up ^ Miyazaki et al. Archives of Andrology 25 : 243 - 251 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Carver - Ward et al. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics , Vol. 14 , no . 2 , 1997 External links ( edit ) Acrosome reaction at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Physiology : 5 / 5ch8 / s5ch8_21 - Essentials of Human Physiology Animation at stanford.edu Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acrosome_reaction&oldid=766222829 '' Categories : Andrology Animal reproductive system Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Қазақша 日本語 Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2017 , at 23 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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what was joker's plan in the dark knight	The film 's interpretation of the Joker embodies themes of chaos , anarchy and obsession : Throughout the film , the character expresses a desire to upset social order through crime , and defines himself by his conflict with Batman . The character also explores techniques found in Ledger 's previous performances , including his clown act in Terry Gilliam 's fantasy film The Brothers Grimm . Further , it references paintings by artist Francis Bacon , Anthony Burgess ' novel A Clockwork Orange and various punk rock musicians .	to upset social order through crime	The Joker ( the Dark Knight )	the joker ( the dark knight )	The Joker is a fictional supervillain from American comic book publisher DC Comics and the main antagonist in Christopher Nolan 's 2008 superhero film The Dark Knight . He was portrayed by late Australian actor Heath Ledger . Ledger 's interpretation of the character is specifically influenced by the graphic novels Batman : The Killing Joke and Arkham Asylum : A Serious House on Serious Earth . In the film , he wears the character 's traditional color palette , while his facial appearance includes clown makeup that covers facial scars of a Glasgow smile .	The film 's interpretation of the Joker embodies themes of chaos , anarchy and obsession : Throughout the film , the character expresses a desire to upset social order through crime , and defines himself by his conflict with Batman . The character also explores techniques found in Ledger 's previous performances , including his clown act in Terry Gilliam 's fantasy film The Brothers Grimm . Further , it references paintings by artist Francis Bacon , Anthony Burgess ' novel A Clockwork Orange and various punk rock musicians . The Joker is considered Ledger 's finest performance ; he himself regarded it as his most enjoyable . When the film was released in July 2008 , six months after the actor had died from an accidental prescription drug overdose , the performance caused a sensation and received universal acclaim and numerous posthumous accolades , including the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Fictional character biography 1.1 The Dark Knight 2 Background 3 Performance 3.1 Description 3.2 Development 3.3 Execution 3.3. 1 Effects of Heath Ledger 's death 4 Reception and legacy 4.1 Announcement and early response 4.2 Critical reception 5 See also 6 References Fictional character biography ( edit ) The Dark Knight ( edit ) Main article : The Dark Knight ( film ) The Joker appears in The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) . In the film 's first scene , he and five accomplices , all wearing clown masks , rob a mob - owned bank . He tricks four of them into killing each other , then kills the last one himself and escapes with the money . Interrupting a videoconference between mob leaders Sal Maroni ( Eric Roberts ) , the Chechen ( Ritchie Coster ) and Gambol ( Michael Jai White ) with their accountant Lau ( Chin Han ) , he offers to kill Batman for half of the mob 's money . Gambol refuses the offer and puts a bounty on the `` clown '' . Later , the Joker kills Gambol and takes over his gang . After learning that Batman ( Christian Bale ) has retrieved Lau , Maroni and the Chechen accept the Joker 's offer . The Joker announces that people will die each day until Batman reveals his true identity , and makes good on his threat by murdering Gotham Police Commissioner Gillian B. Loeb ( Colin McFarlane ) and mob trial Judge Janet Surillo ( Nydia Rodriguez Terracina ) . When Gotham 's district attorney , Harvey Dent ( Aaron Eckhart ) , attempts to draw him out by identifying himself as Batman , the Joker tries to kidnap him , only to be arrested . Batman interrogates him after Dent goes missing . The Joker also reveals that Dent 's girlfriend ( and Bruce Wayne 's childhood sweetheart ) Rachel Dawes ( Maggie Gyllenhaal ) has also gone missing and reveals their separate locations , both rigged up to time bombs . Switching their whereabouts , the Joker tricks Batman into saving Dent , who is disfigured in the explosion , while Rachel is killed . The Joker then escapes the police station with Lau , who had previously fled to Hong Kong only to be captured by Batman . The Joker kills Lau and the Chechen , burns his half of the mob 's money , and takes over the Chechen 's gang . Then , to prevent Wayne Enterprises M&A law accountant Coleman Reese ( Joshua Harto ) from revealing Batman 's alter ego on TV , he announces that he will blow up a hospital if Reese is not dead within 60 minutes . During the panic , the Joker sneaks into Gotham General Hospital disguised as a nurse to meet with Dent , and persuades him to take revenge on the people he holds responsible for Rachel 's death . He then blows up the hospital and takes a busload of hostages . He rigs explosives on two of the ferries separately containing citizens and criminals and tells the passengers that he will destroy both boats unless one blows up the other . Ultimately , however , the hostages choose not to blow each other up . Batman subsequently apprehends the Joker , who states that neither will kill each other and believes that they are meant to fight each other forever . The Joker gloats that he has won `` the battle for Gotham 's soul '' , as the city 's inhabitants will lose hope once Dent 's rampage as the murderous vigilante `` Two - Face '' become known . The Joker is then taken into custody as he laughs hysterically . Batman ultimately foils the Joker 's plan by taking the blame for Dent 's crimes . Background ( edit ) `` ... I feel like this is an opportunity for me to not take myself too seriously , and for some reason I just gravitated towards ( The Joker ) and I knew I had something to give to him . And I just instantly had an idea of how to do it . '' -- Heath Ledger on why he preferred playing the super-villain . As a starting actor , Heath Ledger did not attach himself seriously to the roles he was playing . This changed , however , when at age 22 he started to watch some of his films . Realizing that they were movies he himself might not actually have wanted to see , it made him more cautious and respectful towards his professional choices . The 2005 fantasy film The Brothers Grimm marked a turning point for the actor as director Terry Gilliam gave Ledger ( and his co-star , Matt Damon ) opportunities to create characters they had not been given before . Gilliam helped Ledger put on a clown act for that film , an experience the actor later acknowledged as an influence for his performance as the Joker . Director Christopher Nolan had met with Ledger over the years for different roles . While meeting for the part of Batman in Batman Begins , Ledger explained that he was not interested in working on such a film . The actor reflected on his problems with portraying superheroes , saying ; `` I would just feel stupid and silly . I could n't pull it off and there are other people who can perfectly , but I just could n't take myself seriously . '' However , later impressed with Batman Begins , Ledger sought the part of the Joker from Nolan . Impressed with Ledger 's determination , Nolan cast him in the part . `` Heath was just ready to do it , he was ready to do something that big . '' Casting director John Papsidera reflected on the casting choice , saying the filmmakers knew they needed somebody courageous to play the part . Heath Ledger was cast before there was a script . Performance ( edit ) Heath Ledger described the Joker as a `` psychopathic , mass murdering , schizophrenic clown with zero empathy . '' Highlighting the opportunity for freshness , the actor aimed for a new and different interpretation of the character , separate from previous film incarnations . Ledger and Christopher Nolan both explained seeing eye - to - eye on the Joker 's appearance in the film , sharing common reference points for who the character was going to be . Based on philosophical ideas of anarchy and chaos , they looked at art by Francis Bacon for visual reference and they talked about Malcolm McDowell 's performance as Alex in Stanley Kubrick 's film A Clockwork Orange , and who Alex is in Anthony Burgess 's novel of the same name . Ledger was given Alan Moore 's graphic novel Batman : The Killing Joke for preparation for the role , as well as Grant Morrison 's graphic novel Arkham Asylum : A Serious House on Serious Earth , which the actor `` really tried to read and put it down '' . In an interview with MTV , Ledger said he regarded the experience playing the Joker as the most fun he ever had , `` and probably will ever have '' . Description ( edit ) `` Everything about what he does from every gesture , every little facial tick , everything he 's doing with his voice -- it all speaks to the heart of this character . It all speaks to this idea of a character who 's devoted to a concept of pure anarchy and chaos . It 's hard to get a handle on how those elements combine . The physicality reminds me of the great silent comedians . It has a bit of ( Buster ) Keaton and ( Charlie ) Chaplin about it . '' -- Christopher Nolan on Ledger 's performance . Wearing the character 's traditional color palette , the Joker is dressed with a thin tie and a green waistcoat , topped by a purple overcoat . relating to a feel to New Romanticism . His shoes have an upward swoop at the toe , reminiscent to clown shoes . He carries no identification of any kind and offers no clear details about his true name or background ; when he is arrested by the Gotham City police , they find only knives and lint in his pockets . The Joker 's hair is stringy , unkempt , and dyed green . His face is covered in a cracked and runny layer of white clown makeup , with his eyes thickly rimmed in black . A sloppy red grin is painted on the Glasgow smile beneath the makeup , extending from the mouth to the cheeks . Film critic Peter Travers wrote about the Joker as having `` grungy hair and yellow teeth of a hound fresh out of hell '' . The character 's mannerisms carry a quality of unpredictability . His voice frequently shifts in pitch , so that he speaks his dialogue hitting higher notes , followed by an immediate lower voice capable of landing two octaves below . Nolan acknowledges this unpredictability to be part of the character 's slinky physical movements as well , saying that Ledger 's performance `` ( is ) always a surprise '' . About the Joker 's physical appearance , Geoff Boucher wrote for the Los Angeles Times that the character probes the facial scars with his tongue and `` walks with shoulders bowed and his chin out and down , like a hyena '' . Development ( edit ) Steve Alexander , Heath Ledger 's agent , said the actor had a `` pay - or - play '' deal on The Dark Knight , `` so he felt free to do whatever he wanted to do as the Joker , no matter how crazy . '' According to The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus cinematographer Nicola Pecorini , Ledger had talked with him about Johnny Depp 's off - kilter portrayal in Pirates of the Caribbean in relation to The Dark Knight , aiming to make a performance that would be `` so far out he 'd be fired . '' As Ledger was cast early in pre-production , Nolan explained that the actor had `` months and months '' to prepare for the role . `` Inside . He 's laughing red and black and red and black till there 's nothing left to laugh . Until , almost tenderly , he turns inside out through his mouth . '' -- Scrawlings from Heath Ledger 's Joker diary During a span of six weeks , Ledger `` locked '' himself away in a hotel room , forming a character diary and experimenting with voices . `` It 's a combination of reading all the comic books I could that were relevant to the script and then just closing my eyes and meditating on it , '' he said about his process . The diary contains scrawling and cuttings inside . Christopher Hooton , writing for The Independent , said that the ' Joker journal ' had several stills from Stanley Kubrick 's film A Clockwork Orange , joker cards , photos of hyenas , unhinged clown makeup and the word `` chaos '' highlighted in green . Furthermore , it contains a list of things the Joker would find funny , such as AIDS , landmines , and geniuses suffering brain damage . It was revealed that Ledger had read Grant Morrison 's writing of The Clown at Midnight ( Batman # 663 ) and based the list upon the Batman writer 's prose . Ledger highlighted the importance of finding an iconic voice and laugh for the character , relating the voice as `` the key to the demented killer . '' Nolan explained Ledger 's early and `` peculiar '' ambition for the voice of the character , saying that the actor had studied the way ventriloquist dummies talk . The filmmaker also acknowledged that the voice performance was based on the Alexander technique . Ledger developed the Joker 's voice and mannerism slowly over time and during camera tests . `` Do n't act , just read it '' , Nolan had told Ledger for test screening . In hair and makeup tests , Ledger would start exploring the movements of the character . While test recording without sound , he shared his take on the Joker 's voice and moves , and `` in that way he sort of sneaked up on it . '' The actor developed the physical appearance of the character , being `` very involved '' with the painting of his face , says prosthetic supervisor Conor O'Sullivan . O'Sullivan acknowledged how Ledger , Nolan and makeup artist John Caglione all gravitated towards a Francis Bacon painting Nolan was referring to . Ledger also got to choose the Joker 's weapon among different rubber knives , and he worked closely with costume designer Lindy Hemming on deciding the look for the character . Nolan noted , `` We gave a Francis Bacon spin to ( his face ) . This corruption , this decay in the texture of the look itself . It 's grubby . You can almost imagine what he smells like . '' With costume designer Lindy Hemming picking inspiration for the `` chaotic '' look from such countercultural pop culture artists as Iggy Pop , Johnny Rotten , and Sid Vicious . She gave the image for the Joker of someone who is `` very sweaty '' and who `` probably does n't have a proper home . '' She tried to present a backstory for the character `` that he really does n't look after himself . '' Execution ( edit ) Application of Heath Ledger 's makeup was done with the actor scrunching special facial expressions . Caglione called the application work `` a dance '' . This technique created facial textures for the white paint . As Ledger closed his eyes tight , Caglione put on the black makeup . Then , water was sprayed over the eyes and the actor would squeeze his eyes and shake his head and `` all that black drippy , smudgy stuff would happen '' . To get in character for filming , Ledger used his Joker diary which he carried with him on set . Between takes , Heath Ledger stayed out of character even as he wore the character costume , just being himself . The actor would goof around , skateboarding while in his Joker costume on set , and smoking cigarettes . John Caglione described Ledger as helping others around to relax , never letting `` the intense nature of the roles overwhelm him . '' The first sequence shot was the films IMAX opening , the `` prologue '' . As the Joker wears a mask through the scene with minimal dialogue , Nolan set the prologue first in schedule because he wanted to put off performance worries , allowing Ledger to enjoy that relief . The interrogation scene between Batman and the Joker was the first scene shot with Ledger really showing the full performance all together . The director and his leading actors all liked the idea of shooting the key scene early on . During rehearsals , the actors kept things loose and improvisational , saving for the actual shoot . Bale confirmed that Ledger did not perform the Joker 's voice during rehearsals , waiting to get in character when the cameras rolled . Nolan later acknowledged the scene to be his favorite in the film , saying `` I had never seen anybody sell a punch the way Heath was able to do with Christian . '' Ledger was allowed to shoot and direct the threat videos the Joker sends out as warnings . Each take Ledger made was different from the last . Nolan was impressed enough with the first video shoot that he chose to not be present when Ledger shot the video with a kidnapped reporter ( Anthony Michael Hall ) . Heath Ledger always showed up early on set . The first thing he would do , according to Caglione , was to give bear hugs to cast and crew members around the set . `` And no matter how banged - up or bruised Heath was after a long day , after we 'd take off the last drop of makeup , he 'd just hug everybody in the trailer before he left '' . At the end of shooting , on his Joker diary 's final page , Ledger wrote `` BYE BYE '' . Effects of Heath Ledger 's death ( edit ) On January 22 , 2008 , after he had completed filming The Dark Knight , Ledger died , aged only 28 , of an accidental prescription drug overdose , leading to intense press attention and memorial tributes . `` It was tremendously emotional , right when he passed , having to go back in and look at him every day ( during editing ) , '' Nolan recalled . `` But the truth is , I feel very lucky to have something productive to do , to have a performance that he was very , very proud of , and that he had entrusted to me to finish . '' All of Ledger 's scenes appear as he completed them in the filming ; in editing the film , Nolan added no `` digital effects '' to alter Ledger 's actual performance posthumously . Nolan has dedicated the film in part to Ledger 's memory . Ledger 's death affected the marketing campaign for The Dark Knight and also both the production and marketing of Terry Gilliam 's film The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus ; both Nolan and Gilliam celebrated and paid tribute to Ledger 's work in these films . Reception and legacy ( edit ) Announcement and early response ( edit ) On July 31 , 2006 , The Dark Knight was officially announced by Warner Bros with the casting of Heath Ledger as the Joker . The casting decision surprised others , and was seen as a controversial move at the time , receiving notable negative reactions on the internet . Nolan remembered the cynicism he endured surrounding Ledger 's casting , saying that `` the whole world turned around and said ' What are you doing ? ' You know , Heath Ledger , Joker , did n't make any sense to people at all . '' However , with the first trailer released in 2007 , the film and its portrayal of the Joker received very positive response from audiences and entertainment industry professionals alike . Mexican filmmaker Guillermo del Toro gushed of his impression for Ledger 's performance , finding it `` really , really edgy and scary . '' American Batman writers Paul Dini and Jeph Loeb both chimed with the positive reactions . Loeb , otherwise critical of Nicholson 's portrayal of the character , expressed his excitement for Ledger 's interpretation , saying the casting felt `` just about right . I eagerly anticipate more ! '' Critical reception ( edit ) `` Heath Ledger is magnificent . The Joker , incarnated with chilling authority by the actor , is simply one of the most twisted and mesmerizing creeps in movie history . '' -- Richard Corliss , Time Heath Ledger 's portrayal of the Joker received critical acclaim , winning numerous posthumous awards for his performance , including the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor , a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture , the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role , the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor , a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role , and a Best Actor International Award at the 2008 Australian Film Institute Awards . `` I can only speak superlatives of Ledger , who is mad - crazy - brilliant as the Joker '' , wrote Peter Travers of Rolling Stone , stating that the film is deeper than its predecessor , with a `` deft '' script that refuses to scrutinize the Joker with popular psychology . Travers praised the cast , saying each brings his or her `` ' A ' game '' to the film . '' Travers said Ledger moves the Joker away from Jack Nicholson 's interpretation into darker territory , and expresses his support for any potential campaign to have Ledger nominated for an Academy Award , Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times stated that Heath Ledger 's portrayal is a `` key performance '' and pondered whether he would become the first posthumous Academy Award - winning actor since Peter Finch in 1976 . Mark Dinning from Empire magazine called Ledger 's performance `` monumental '' and wrote `` The Dark Knight is Ledger 's movie . It is a towering performance ... A force of f * cking nature '' . Kevin Smith commented on Ledger , calling his `` incredible '' performance `` the most frightening , smart and well - played villains ever . Ever . '' Mark Lee , writing for The Daily Telegraph , commented that Ledger accomplished `` a genuinely unsettling , brilliant nuanced portrait of evil '' . Tim Teeman commented for The Times that `` Ledger is so terrifying and unpredictable that his very presence on screen makes you nervous . '' Total Film reviewed that Ledger is `` burning brightly as he embodies an icon ... This is the definitive Joker '' , calling the performance `` a masterpiece '' . For The Hollywood Reporter , Kirk Honeycutt called Ledger 's performance `` a beauty . '' \ Entertainment Weekly put the film on its end - of - the - decade , `` best - of '' list , saying , `` Every great hero needs a great villain . And in 2008 , Christian Bale 's Batman found his in Heath Ledger 's demented dervish , the Joker . '' Emanuel Levy wrote Ledger `` throws himself completely '' into the role . David Denby of The New Yorker , otherwise critical of the film , praised Ledger 's `` sinister and frightening '' performance , which he says is the film 's one element of success . Denby called Ledger `` mesmerising '' and said , `` His performance is a heroic , unsettling final act : this young actor looked into the abyss . '' `` It 's just one of the most iconic movie performances of modern times , '' declared chief film critic of Variety Scott Foundas . Film critics , co-stars Maggie Gyllenhaal and Michael Caine , and many of Ledger 's colleagues in the film community joined Bale in calling for and predicting a nomination for the 2008 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in recognition of Ledger 's performance in The Dark Knight . See also ( edit ) 2000s portal Joker in other media Barack Obama `` Joker '' poster References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Collura , Scott . The Dark Knight : Heath Ledger Talks Joker 7 November 2006 . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Neumaier , Joe A look at how Heath ledger viewed his career Daily News ( New York ) , 16 November 2006 . Updated on 27 August 2011 . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Otto , Jeff . Interview : Matt Damon and Heath Ledger IGN , 22 August 2005 . Retrieved on 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ The Fire Rises : The Creation and Impact of the Dark Knight Trilogy , 2013 . Warner Bros. , Blu - Ray DVD . Time : 00 : 51 : 20 . Director Christopher Nolan talks about meeting and working with Heath Ledger . English , USA . ^ Jump up to : Christopher Nolan Reflects On His Batman Trilogy , Heath Ledger & More , 3 Dec 2012 . Retrieved on 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Jolin , Dan . The Making of The Joker Dec 2009 . Retrieved 29 September 2015 Jump up ^ The Fire Rises : The Creation and Impact of the Dark Knight Trilogy , 2013 . Warner Bros. , Blu - Ray DVD . Time : 00 : 51 : 20 . Director Christopher Nolan talks about Heath Ledger and his role of the Joker . English , USA . Jump up ^ The Fire Rises : The Creation and Impact of the Dark Knight Trilogy , 2013 . Warner Bros. , Blu - Ray DVD . Time : 00 : 50 : 50 . Casting director Papsidera talks about casting the Joker . English , USA . Jump up ^ Mattina , Eric ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Christopher Nolan Spends the ' Knight ' at Lincoln Center : 5 Things Learned About Batman and Beyond '' . Indiewire . Retrieved 5 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lyall , Sarah ( November 4 , 2007 ) . `` Movies : In Stetson or Wig , He 's Hard to Pin Down '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Fire Rises : The Creation and Impact of the Dark Knight Trilogy , 2013 . Warner Bros. , Blu - Ray DVD . Time : 00 : 51 : 20 . Director Christopher Nolan talks about his conversations with Heath Ledger about the Joker . English , USA . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( November 10 , 2007 ) . `` IESB Exclusive : Heath Ledger Talks the Joker ! '' . The Movie Reporter . IESB.net . Retrieved November 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Josh . Heath Ledger Discusses Delving Into Dylan For I 'm Not There and Channeling Sid Vicious For The Dark Knight , 12 November 2007 . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : PuppetMaster . `` Redesigning the Bat Suit for The Dark Knight '' Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ The Dark Knight Set Visit : Lindy Hemming , 2008 . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter . The Dark Knight , 18 July 2008 . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ name = `` verbicidemagazine.com '' Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff . `` Christopher Nolan 's Knight Vision '' , Los Angeles Times , 6 July 2008 . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Biskind , Peter . The Last of Heath , Hollywood , August 2009 . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : ( 3 ) ^ Jump up to : Hooton , Christopher . A look inside Heath Ledger 's sinister Joker journal , BST , 10 August 2015 . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Richards , Olly . World Exclusive : The Joker Speaks EMPIRE. 28 November 2007 . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer . Arkham Asylum Scribe Grant Morrison Opens Up On Heath Ledger 's Joker Diary , 4 August 2008 . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Murray , Rebecca . Writer / Director Christopher Nolan Talks About ' The Dark Knight ' And Heath Ledger 's Incredible Performance about entertainment . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ James , David ( January 14 , 2008 ) . `` Indy , Batman , Narnia All Return in 2008 '' . MSNBC . Retrieved January 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dressing the Joker '' . IGN . February 25 , 2008 . Retrieved February 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Van Luling , Todd . 5 Stories You 've Never Heard Before About Heath Ledger As The Joker , Posted 4 April 2015 . Updated 4 July 2015 . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Bowles , Scott . Giving voice to the villain presents quite the acting challenge , Posted on 15 July 2008 . Updated on 17 July 2008 . Retrieved on 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff . Christopher Nolan revisits his favorite scene in Dark Knight , 28 Oct 2008 . Retrieved on 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Merrick '' ( pseudonym ) ( December 5 , 2008 ) . `` Nolan Talks DARK KNIGHT Blu - Ray , a 100,000 Person Screening of the Film ( Featuring Live Q & A w / Nolan ) , TDK Sequel , and More ! ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Retrieved December 6 , 2008 ... WebCitation archive . Jump up ^ Oscar Nominated Make - Up Artist , time , at 53 : 00 . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Heath Ledger 's Creepy Joker Diary Revealed , 31 May 2013 . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Carroll , Larry ( March 18 , 2008 ) . `` ' Dark Knight ' Stars , Director Want Film To ' Celebrate ' Heath Ledger 's Work '' . MTV . Retrieved April 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brown , Scott ( June 24 , 2008 ) . `` Dark Knight Director Shuns Digital Effects for the Real Thing '' . Wired . Retrieved June 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dark Knight Dedicated to Ledger '' . BBC News . June 27 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jolin , Dan ( July 2008 ) . `` The Dark Knight '' . Empire . 228 : 92 -- 100 . ^ Jump up to : Halbfinger , David M. ( March 9 , 2008 ) . `` Batman 's Burden : A Director Confronts Darkness and Death '' . The New York Times . pp. 1 , 16 . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kilpatrick , Christine ( January 24 , 2008 ) . `` Production Suspended on Heath Ledger 's Latest Movie '' . People . Retrieved January 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ledger 's Death Puts Last Films in a Bind '' . CNN . January 24 , 2008 . Retrieved January 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Batman sequel title announced 31 July 2006 . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Jolin , Dan . The Making Of The Joker , December 2009 . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Finamore , Brian . Robin Williams ' Batman Near Misses ! The Riddler ? The Joker ? Hugo Stange ? , 15 August 2014 . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Rowles , Dustin . Christopher Nolan Foolishly Casts Heath Ledger Over Paul Bettany as The Joker in Batman Begins Sequel , Posted 3 August 2006 . Reloaded 1 April 2013 . Retrieved on 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Beall , Mark . Nolan Defends Heath Ledger Casting , 11 October 2006 . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Acuna , Kirsten . Everyone Was Also Furious With The Initial Casting Of Heath Ledger As The Joker , 23 Aug 2013 . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ The Fire Rises : The Creation and Impact of the Dark Knight Trilogy , 2013 . Warner Bros. , Blu - Ray DVD . Time : 00 : 52 : 35 . Director Christopher Nolan talks about Heath Ledger and his casting as the Joker . English , USA . Jump up ^ Billington , Alex . Del Toro 's , Dini 's and Loeb 's Reaction to Heath Ledger 's Joker 21 Dec 2007 . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard . `` Batman Is Back '' , Time , 9 July 2008 . Retrieved 28 September 2015 Jump up ^ Neumaier , Joe . `` Slumdog Millionaire wins Oscar for Best Picture ; the late Heath Ledger is Best Supporting Actor '' , Daily News , 23 Feb 2009 . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Elseworth , Catherine . `` Golden Globes 2009 : Heath Ledger wins best supporting actor for The Dark Knight '' , Telegraph , 12 Jan 2009 . Retrieved 28 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Winslet wins best actress Bafta '' , BBC News , 8 Feb 2009 . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg `` Dark Knight tops Saturn Awards '' , Reuters , 24 June 2009 . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , Lane . `` PGA and SAG Bow to Peer Pressure , Name Slumdog Millionaire Best Picture '' , Vulture Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Heath Ledger honoured by Australian film industry '' , Telegraph , 8 Dec 2008 . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Travers , Peter ( July 18 , 2008 ) . `` Dark Knight '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2008 . Retrieved July 9 , 2008 . ( Postdated ) Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( July 16 , 2008 ) . `` The Dark Knight '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved July 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dinning , Mark . The Dark Knight , Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kevin . Kevin 's Review : The Dark Knight , 6 July 2008 . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Davies , Rebecca . `` The critics ' verdict on Heath Ledger in The Dark Knight '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ Geier , Thom ; Jensen , Jeff ; Jordan , Tina ; Lyons , Margaret ; Markovitz , Adam ; Nashawaty , Chris ; Pastorek , Whitney ; Rice , Lynette ; Rottenberg , Josh ; Schwartz , Missy ; Slezak , Michael ; Snierson , Dan ; Stack , Tim ; Stroup , Kate ; Tucker , Ken ; Vary , Adam B. ; Vozick - Levinson , Simon ; Ward , Kate ( December 11 , 2009 ) , `` THE 100 Greatest MOVIES , TV SHOWS , ALBUMS , BOOKS , CHARACTERS , SCENES , EPISODES , SONGS , DRESSES , MUSIC VIDEOS , AND TRENDS THAT ENTERTAINED US OVER THE PAST 10 YEARS . '' Entertainment Weekly . ( 1079 / 1080 ) : 74 - 84 Jump up ^ Levy , Emanuel ( n.d. ) . `` Movie Review : Dark Knight , The : A '' . emanuellevy.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Denby , David ( July 21 , 2008 ) . `` Past Shock '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved July 16 , 2008 . ( Postdated ) Jump up ^ The Fire Rises : The Creation and Impact of the Dark Knight Trilogy , 2013 . Warner Bros. , Blu - Ray DVD . Time : 00 : 54 : 45 . Scott Foundas on Heath Ledger 's acting . English , USA . Jump up ^ Smith , Nina Hämmerling ( July 28 , 2008 ) . `` Movie News : Ledger 's Knight Costars Call for Posthumous Oscar '' . TV Guide . Retrieved December 11 , 2008 . ( hide ) Batman in film 1989 -- 1997 series Batman Score Soundtrack Batman Returns Soundtrack Batman Forever Score Soundtrack Batman & Robin Soundtrack The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins Soundtrack Video game Rachel Dawes The Dark Knight Soundtrack Cancelled video game The Joker The Dark Knight Rises Soundtrack Video games Batman home computer game Batman : The Video Game for the NES and Game Boy Batman : The Video Game for the Sega Genesis Batman arcade game Batman Returns Batman Forever video game Batman Forever pinball Batman Forever : The Arcade Game Batman and Robin Unofficial and fan films Features English Batman Dracula The Wild World of Batwoman Filipino Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight ! Alyas Batman en Robin Shorts Live action Batman : Dead End Grayson World 's Finest Robin 's Big Date City of Scars Seeds of Arkham Batman : Death Wish See also Batman franchise media Batman : Gotham Knight Batman OnStar commercials Catwoman Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Joker_(The_Dark_Knight)&oldid=795857323 '' Categories : Batman characters Batman in other media Fictional characters introduced in 2008 Fictional characters with disfigurements Fictional clowns Fictional crime bosses Fictional gangsters Fictional mass murderers Fictional mobsters Fictional serial killers Psychopathy in fiction Terrorism in fiction The Dark Knight Trilogy Superhero film characters The Joker Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2015 Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2017 , at 22 : 31 . 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what is the name of arasamaram in english	Ficus religiosa or sacred fig is a species of fig native to the Indian subcontinent , and Indochina . It belongs to the Moraceae , the fig or mulberry family . It is also known as the bodhi tree , pippala tree , peepul tree , peepal tree or ashwattha tree ( in India and Nepal ) .	sacred fig	Ficus religiosa	ficus religiosa	Ficus religiosa or sacred fig is a species of fig native to the Indian subcontinent , and Indochina . It belongs to the Moraceae , the fig or mulberry family . It is also known as the bodhi tree , pippala tree , peepul tree , peepal tree or ashwattha tree ( in India and Nepal ) .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 In religion 2.1 Buddhism 2.2 Hinduism 3 Vernacular names 4 Cultivation 5 Uses 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Description ( edit ) Ficus religiosa is a large dry season - deciduous or semi-evergreen tree up to 30 metres ( 98 ft ) tall and with a trunk diameter of up to 3 metres ( 9.8 ft ) . The leaves are cordate in shape with a distinctive extended drip tip ; they are 10 -- 17 centimetres ( 3.9 -- 6.7 in ) long and 8 -- 12 centimetres ( 3.1 -- 4.7 in ) broad , with a 6 -- 10 centimetres ( 2.4 -- 3.9 in ) petiole . The fruits are small figs 1 -- 1.5 centimetres ( 0.39 -- 0.59 in ) in diameter , green ripening to purple . The leaves of this tree move continuously even when the air around is still and no perceptible wind is blowing . This phenomenon can be explained due to the long leaf stalk and the broad leaf structure . However , religious minded people in Hindu / Buddhist religion attribute this movement of the leaves to the fact that `` devas '' or `` gods '' reside on these leaves and make it move continuously . In religion ( edit ) The Ficus religiosa tree is considered sacred by the followers of Hinduism , Jainism and Buddhism . In the Bhagavad Gita , Krishna says , `` I am the Peepal tree among the trees , Narada among the sages , Chitraaratha among the Gandharvas , And sage Kapila among the Siddhas . '' Buddhism ( edit ) Main article : Bodhi tree The Bodhi Tree at the Mahabodhi Temple . Propagated from the Sri Maha Bodhi , which in turn is propagated from the original Bodhi Tree at this location . Gautama Buddha attained enlightenment ( bodhi ) while meditating underneath a Ficus religiosa . The site is in present - day Bodh Gaya in Bihar , India . The original tree was destroyed , and has been replaced several times . A branch of the original tree was rooted in Anuradhapura , Sri Lanka in 288 BCE and is known as Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi ; it is the oldest flowering plant ( angiosperm ) in the world . In Theravada Buddhist Southeast Asia , the tree 's massive trunk is often the site of Buddhist or animist shrines . Not all Ficus religiosa can be called a Bodhi Tree . A Bodhi Tree must be able to trace its parent to another Bodhi Tree and the line goes on until the first Bodhi Tree under which Gautama is said to have gained enlightenment . Hinduism ( edit ) Typical example of aerial roots Sadhus ( Hindu ascetics ) still meditate beneath sacred fig trees , and Hindus do pradakshina ( circumambulation , or meditative pacing ) around the sacred fig tree as a mark of worship . Usually seven pradakshinas are done around the tree in the morning time chanting `` vriksha rajaya namah '' , meaning `` salutation to the king of trees . '' It claimed that the 27 stars ( constellations ) constituting 12 houses ( rasis ) and 9 planets are specifically represented precisely by 27 trees -- one for each star . The Bodhi Tree is said to represent Pushya ( Western star name γ , δ and θ Cancri in the Cancer constellation ) . Plaksa is a possible Sanskrit term for Ficus religiosa . However , according to Macdonell and Keith ( 1912 ) , it denotes the wavy - leaved fig tree ( Ficus infectoria ) instead . In Hindu texts , the Plaksa tree is associated with the source of the Sarasvati River . The Skanda Purana states that the Sarasvati originates from the water pot of Brahma flows from Plaksa on the Himalayas . According to Vamana Purana 32.1 - 4 , the Sarasvati was rising from the Plaksa tree ( Pipal tree ) . Plaksa Pra - sravana denotes the place where the Sarasvati appears . In the Rigveda Sutras , Plaksa Pra - sravana refers to the source of the Sarasvati . Vernacular names ( edit ) Example of fruits Typical shape of the leaf of the Ficus religiosa The Ficus religiosa tree is known by a wide range of vernacular names , including : in Austroasiatic languages : Vietnamese -- bồ - đề in Dravidian languages : Kannada -- araLi mara ಅರಳಿ ಮರ Malayalam -- അരയാല് arayaal Tamil -- அரசு , அரச மரம் arasa maram ( Literally `` king '' or `` king 's tree '' ; arasu or arasan is Tamil for `` king '' ) Telugu -- రావి చెట్టు raavi chettu in Indic languages : Bengali language -- অশ্বথ , i.e. ashwath , পিপুল , i.e. pipul Bhojpuri -- pippar Gujarati -- પિપળો ( pipdo ) Hindi - Peepal - पीपल Konkani -- pimpalla rook / jhadd Mahal -- އަޝްވަތި ގަސް ( aśvati gas ) Maithili ( मैथिली ) -- पीपर ( peepar ) Marathi -- पिंपळ pimpaL ( where L is as in for example Nagold ) Nepali ( नेपाली ) -- पीपल ( peepal or pipal ) Odia -- ଅଶ୍ୱତ୍ଥ ( ashwatth ) Pali -- assattha ; rukkha Punjabi -- Pippal - ਪਿੱਪਲ / پپل Sanskrit -- अश्वत्थः aśvatthaḥ vṛksha , pippala vṛksha ( vṛksha means `` tree '' ) Sinhala -- ඇසතු esathu Urdu -- peepal پیپل in Japonic languages : Japanese -- 印度菩提樹 ( Indo bodaiju ) in Koreanic languages : Korean -- 보리수 ( bolisu ) ; 菩提樹 in Italic languages : Cuban Spanish - alamo in Malayo - Polynesian languages : Tagalog - ballete in Sino - Tibetan languages : Burmese -- ဗောဓိညောင်ပင် ( Bodhi nyaung pin ) , ဗောဓိပင် ( Bodhi pin ) Chinese -- 菩提樹 ( pútíshù , bodhi tree ) in Tai -- Kadai languages Thai -- โพธิ์ ( pho ) Cultivation ( edit ) Ficus religiosa is grown by specialty tree plant nurseries for use as an ornamental tree , in gardens and parks in tropical and subtropical climates . Peepal trees are native to India and thrive in hot , humid weather . They prefer full sunlight and can grow in most soil types , though loam is the best . When planting , use soil with a pH of 7 or below . While it is possible for the plant to grow indoors in a pot , it grows best outside . Young peepal needs proper nourishment . It requires full sunlight and proper watering . Uses ( edit ) Ficus religiosa is used in traditional medicine for about 50 types of disorders including asthma , diabetes , diarrhea , epilepsy , gastric problems , inflammatory disorders , infectious and sexual disorders . See also ( edit ) Bodhi Tree Shitala Devi Sri Maha Bodhi Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Plant List , Ficus religiosa L . ^ Jump up to : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Peepul '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 45 . Jump up ^ `` Ficus religiosa '' . Germplasm Resources Information Network ( GRIN ) . Agricultural Research Service ( ARS ) , United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary , Oxford University Press , 1971 , p. 1014 Jump up ^ `` Ficus religiosa -- Peepal '' . Flowers of India . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2012 . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Bhagavad Gita - Chapter 10 - The Yoga of Manifestation '' . santosha.com . Jump up ^ `` Rocky Mountain Tree - Ring Research , OLDLIST '' . Retrieved July 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Bo - Tree '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 4 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 305 . Jump up ^ D.S. Chauhan in Radhakrishna , B.P. and Merh , S.S. ( editors ) : Vedic Sarasvati , 1999 , p. 35 -- 44 Jump up ^ Pancavimsa Brahmana , Jaiminiya Upanisad Brahmana , Katyayana Srauta Sutra , Latyayana Srauta ; Macdonell and Keith 1912 Jump up ^ Asvalayana Srauta Sutra , Sankhayana Srauta Sutra ; Macdonell and Keith 1912 , II : 55 Jump up ^ Singh D , Singh B , Goel RK `` Traditional uses , phytochemistry and pharmacology of Ficus religiosa : a review . '' J Ethnopharmacol . February 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Damanpreet Singh ; Bikram Singh ; Rajesh Kumar Goela ( April 12 , 2011 ) . `` Journal of Ethnopharmacology : Traditional uses , phytochemistry and pharmacology of Ficus religiosa : A review '' . Journal of Ethnopharmacology . ScienceDirect. 134 ( 3 ) : 565 -- 583 . PMID 21296646 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jep. 2011.01. 046 . References ( edit ) Keith and Macdonell. 1912 . Vedic Index of Names and Subjects . Plaksa description External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Ficus religiosa ( category ) Wikispecies has information related to : Ficus religiosa Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Bo - Tree . Entry on Bodhi Tree in the Buddhist Dictionary of Pali Proper Names `` Peepul '' . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920 . Worship in Hinduism Main topics Aarti Bhajan Darśana Deities Festivals Homa ( Yajna ) Kirtan Mantra Murti Tilaka Utsava Vrata Yatra Rituals Puja Abhisheka Bhog Naivedhya Panchamakara Panchamrita Parikrama Pranāma Prasad Pushpanjali Homa Yajna Agnicayana Agnihotra Agnikaryam Aupasana Dhuni Kaamya karma Pravargya Purushamedha Putrakameshti Viraja Homa Other Achamana Archana Ashirvad Ashvamedha Darśana Karmkand Kumbhabhishekham Nitya karma Ngejot Panchayatana puja Prana pratishta Sandhyavandanam Shuddhi Shrauta Upakarma Prayer Meditation Ajapa japa Bhajan Brahmamuhurtha Jagran Jai Sri Ram Japa Kirtan Om Sandhyavandanam Shaktipat Stotra Third eye Yoga Mantras Om Hare Krishna Om Namah Shivaya Gayatri Mantra Objects Puja thali Altar Banalinga Banana leaf Biruda Coconut Dhunachi Dhuni Dhupa Diya Cāmara Garland Ghanta Joss stick Kalasha Kamandalu Khirapat Kindi Paduka Palki Panchamrita Pandal Pinda Prayer beads Rangoli Shankha Tilaka Upanayana Uthsavar Yagnopaveetham Materials Agarwood Alta Camphor Charu Ghee Incense Kumkuma Marigold Milk Panchagavya Rudraksha Sandalwood Sindoor Soma Tulsi Turmeric Vibhuti Instruments Dholak Harmonium Karatalas Khol Manjira Mridangam Tabla Iconography Lingam Murti Om Pindi Shaligram Swastika Yoni more ... Places Ashram Dwajasthambam Ghat Kalyani Matha Temple Pilgrimage sites Roles Guru Pandit Pujari Rishi Sadhu Sannyasa Swami Yogi more ... Sacred animals Nāga Nag Panchami Nagaradhane Sacred plants Trees Akshayavat Ashoka Banyan Kadamba Kalpavriksha Parijaat Peepal Sacred groves Fruits and other plants Bael Kusha grass Lotus Tulsi ( Tulasi chaura Tulsi Vivah ) See also Firewalking Sanskara Temple dance Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ficus_religiosa&oldid=803082962 '' Categories : Ficus Sacred trees Sacred trees in Hinduism Trees of the Indian Subcontinent Trees of Indo - China Plants described in 1753 National symbols of Nepal Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine Epiphytes Garden plants of Asia Ornamental trees Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles containing Korean - language text Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies Alemannisch অসমীয়া Asturianu বাংলা भोजपुरी Català Cebuano Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Español فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Lietuvių മലയാളം मराठी မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Русский Shqip සිංහල سنڌي Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย ತುಳು Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 10 : 05 . 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who plays the gay guy in sweet home alabama			Sweet Home Alabama ( film )	sweet home alabama ( film )	Sweet Home Alabama is a 2002 American romantic comedy film directed by Andy Tennant , starring Reese Witherspoon , Josh Lucas , Patrick Dempsey and Candice Bergen . The film was released by Touchstone Pictures on September 27 , 2002 .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Box office performance 4.3 Accolades 5 Soundtrack 6 References 7 External links 8 See also Plot ( edit ) The film opens on a stormy Alabama beach with two children , Melanie Smooter and Jake Perry . Jake has brought Melanie out to show her the glass sculptures that result when sand is struck by lightning . They discuss their future together , with Jake asserting they will be married one day . In the present day , Melanie has changed her last name to Carmichael , a rich local family , to hide her poor Southern roots . She is a successful up - and - coming fashion designer in New York City . After becoming engaged to Andrew , Melanie goes home alone to Alabama to tell her parents . In reality she is going to procure a divorce from her estranged husband Jake . Andrew 's mother , the Mayor of New York , expresses doubt that Melanie is good enough for her son , whom she is grooming to eventually run for President of the United States . In Alabama , Melanie asks Jake why he has returned the divorce papers unsigned for the last seven years , but he orders her out of his house , eventually calling the sheriff ( another childhood friend ) to intervene . When Melanie 's father brings her home from the station she announces her engagement . Hoping to spur Jake to sign the papers , Melanie empties out his checking account , after learning that her name is still on it . Jake says he will sign the papers in the morning , lamenting `` nobody finds their soulmate when they 're ten years old '' . Following Jake to a local bar , Melanie gets drunk and embarrasses herself in front of her childhood friends , expressing disgust at their lifestyle , confessing that Jake got her pregnant , hence why she married him , and outing a mutual friend , Bobby Ray Carmichael . When Melanie wakes up the next morning , the divorce papers are lying on her bed , finally signed by Jake . Melanie visits the Carmichael plantation to apologize to Bobby Ray , where she is cornered by a private detective sent to dig up dirt for the mayor . Realizing her predicament , Bobby Ray pretends to be her cousin , backing up her pretense that this is her childhood home . Melanie soon reconciles with her other friends , and learns that Jake followed her to New York City to win her back -- intimidated by the size of Manhattan , he returned home determined to make something of himself first . Jake finds Melanie in a graveyard upset over their old dog , and they have a heart to heart about their wedding , the loss of their baby due to miscarriage , and Melanie leaving for a new life . Melanie now realizes why Jake never signed the divorce papers . Andrew arrives at the Carmichael Plantation to surprise Melanie . Jake takes him to a Civil War reenactment , where Melanie is with her father . On the way , knowing who Andrew is , Jake regales him with the story of `` Felony '' Melanie Smooter , a young girl who once tied dynamite to a cat 's tail and then was arrested after it ran into the bank . When Andrew sees Melanie at the battlefield , she tells him Jake is her former husband . When her father introduces himself as Earl Smooter , Andrew realizes that Melanie has lied to him about who she really is and leaves . Andrew soon appears at Melanie 's parents ' house , having gotten over the shock and admitting he still wants to marry her , here in Alabama . Once Melanie 's friends from New York arrive , they browse at a glazier whose wares they all have admired in New York , only to realize it is Jake . Melanie 's lawyer interrupts the wedding ceremony , bringing the divorce papers that Melanie herself has missed signing . Melanie hesitates , realizing her love for Jake . She wishes Andrew luck in finding a good woman . Andrew , distressed but showing no ill - feelings , wishes her well in return . His mother explodes , berating Andrew for risking his promising political career and verbally attacking Melanie . She then insults the town and Melanie 's mother , for which Melanie punches her in the jaw , to the cheers of the crowd . Melanie , in her wedding gown in the rain , finds Jake planting metal rods in the beach to draw lighting to create more sand sculptures . She tells him they are still married , and asks why he did n't tell her he came to New York . They repeat the conversation from when they were children about why they want to be married . As Jake and Melanie kiss , sheriff Wade `` arrests '' them and takes them to the bar owned by Jake 's mother , where their friends and family are waiting . The pair finally get their long - awaited first dance as husband and wife , to the tune of Lynyrd Skynyrd 's `` Sweet Home Alabama '' . A mid-credits sequence shows that they have a daughter . Melanie continues to thrive as a designer and Jake opens a `` Deep South Glass '' franchise in New York . A newspaper clipping announces the wedding of Andrew and a girl name Erin Vanderbilt . Cast ( edit ) Reese Witherspoon as Melanie Smooter / Melanie Carmichael . She grew up in Pigeon Creek , Alabama and moved to New York City to follow her dreams . Now a noted fashion designer , she was engaged to the wealthy Andrew Hennings . Dakota Fanning as Young Melanie Josh Lucas as Jake Perry . Perry is married to Melanie who has been his best friend since childhood . He lives in Pigeon Creek , Alabama . Thomas Curtis as Young Jake Patrick Dempsey as Andrew Hennings . The son of New York City Mayor Kate Hennings , he is engaged to Melanie . Ethan Embry as Bobby Ray Bailey , one of Melanie 's childhood friends . He is outed by Melanie and is a good friend to Jake . Mary Kay Place as Pearl Smooter , mother of Melanie . She is happily married to Earl Smooter . Fred Ward as Earl Smooter , Melanie 's father . He enjoys participating in re-enactments of the Civil War . Candice Bergen as Mayor Kate Hennings . The mother of Andrew , she is wary of his relationship with Melanie . Jean Smart as Stella Kay Perry , the mother of Jake , Melanie 's husband . She owns `` Stella 's '' , a local tavern . Melanie Lynskey as Lurlynn , who lives in Pigeon Creek and is a childhood acquaintance of Melanie . Courtney Gains as Sheriff Wade , a childhood friend of Melanie . Mary Lynn Rajskub as Dorothea , Wade 's wife . Rhona Mitra as Tabatha Wadmore - Smith , one of Melanie 's best friends from New York . Susannah Halling as the official leader of the Redneck Dancing Association . Nathan Lee Graham as Frederick Montana , Melanie 's friend and mentor from New York . He is a fashion designer and friendly competitor . Kevin Sussman as Barry Lowenstein , assistant to Mayor Kate Hennings . Sean Bridgers as Eldon Production ( edit ) Filming ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Although centered in a fictional version of the town of Pigeon Creek , near a fictional version of Greenville , Alabama , the film was mostly shot in Georgia . The Carmichael Plantation , which Melanie tells the reporter is her childhood home , is the Oak Hill Berry Museum , a historic landmark in Georgia which is on the campus of Berry College in Rome , Georgia . The streets and storefronts of Crawfordville , Georgia were used as the backdrop for the Catfish Festival and other downtown scenes . The coonhound cemetery was on Moore Street in Crawfordville , and the bar was located at Heavy 's Barbecue near the town . Glass that forms when lightning hits sand , as in the film , is called fulgurite . Jake 's glassblowing shop was filmed at an old mill , named Starr 's Mill , in Fayette County , Georgia . Wynn 's Pond in Sharpsburg , Georgia is the location where Jake lands his plane . The historic homes shown at Melanie 's return to Pigeon Creek were shot in Eufaula , Alabama . The movie title and theme song lyrics are from the `` Sweet Home Alabama '' song by Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd , that first appeared in 1974 on their second album , Second Helping . Release ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) This film received mostly mixed reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , 38 % of critics gave the film positive reviews , based on 157 reviews . Roger Ebert , critic for the Chicago Sun Times , awarded it three - out - of - four stars , commenting , `` It is a fantasy , a sweet , light - hearted fairy tale with Reese Witherspoon at its center . She is as lovable as Doris Day would have been in this role ... So I enjoyed Witherspoon and the local color , but I am so very tired of the underlying premise . '' Andrew Sarris , critic for the New York Observer , said that the movie `` Would be an unendurable viewing experience for this ultra-provincial New Yorker if 26 - year - old Reese Witherspoon were not on hand to inject her pure fantasy character , Melanie Carmichael , with a massive infusion of old - fashioned Hollywood magic . '' Box office Performance ( edit ) The film grossed over US $35 million in its first weekend . By the end of its run in the United States , Sweet Home Alabama grossed over US $130 million , and another US $53,399,006 internationally . With a reported budget of US $30 million , it was a box office hit , despite the mixed reviews . Accolades ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The film won the following awards : 2003 BMI Film Music Award -- George Fenton 2003 Teen Choice Award for Choice Comedy Movie 2003 Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Liplock -- Reese Witherspoon ; Josh Lucas 2003 Teen Choice Award for Choice Comedy Movie Actress -- Reese Witherspoon ( Nominated ) 2003 Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Villain -- Candice Bergen ( Nominated ) 2003 GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Film -- Wide Release ( Nominated ) 2003 Golden Trailer Award for Best Romance ( Nominated ) 2003 Hollywood Makeup Artist and Hair Stylist Guild Award for Best Contemporary Hair Styling -- Feature -- Anne Morgan ( Nominated ) 2003 MTV Movie Award for Best Female Performance -- Reese Witherspoon ( Nominated ) Soundtrack ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sweet Home Alabama ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) , the film soundtrack , includes thirteen songs by different artists . No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Sweet Home Alabama '' Gary Rossington , Ronnie Van Zant , Edward King 3 : 43 2 . `` Mine All Mine '' Kristyn Osborn , Hollie Poole 3 : 55 3 . `` Falling Down '' Avril Lavigne , David Alspach , Lauren Christy , Graham Edwards 3 : 54 4 . `` Gonna Make You Love Me '' Ryan Adams 2 : 36 5 . `` To Think I Used to Love You ( DJ Homicide Remix ) '' Uncle Kracker 3 : 26 6 . `` Keep Your Hands to Yourself '' Daniel J. Baird 3 : 06 7 . `` Bring On the Day '' Amy Powers , Jeffrey C.J. Vanston 4 : 33 8 . `` Long Gone Lonesome Blues '' Hank Williams 2 : 55 9 . `` You Got Me '' Jason Chain 3 : 44 10 . `` Now That I Know '' Eric Bazilian , Shannon McNally 4 : 44 11 . `` Marry Me '' Dolly Parton 3 : 15 12 . `` Weekend Song '' Matt Cantor , Pete Chill , Aston Harvey , Tenor Fly 3 : 58 13 . `` Felony Melanie - Sweet Home Alabama Suite ( Score ) '' 5 : 02 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Sweet Home Alabama ( 2002 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sweet Home Alabama by Lynyrd Skynyrd Songfacts '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Sweet Home Alabama '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixter . Retrieved September 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` Sweet Home Alabama '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 13 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Critic Reviews for Sweet Home Alabama '' . Rottten Tomatoes . Flixster , Inc . Retrieved 13 December 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Sweet Home Alabama Sweet Home Alabama on IMDb See also ( edit ) Alabama portal Film portal The Judge - a 2014 film with a similar plot of a protagonist with a successful big city career drawn back to an old hometown . Middle America Films directed by Andy Tennant Keep the Change ( 1992 ) Desperate Choices : To Save My Child ( 1992 ) The Amy Fisher Story ( 1993 ) It Takes Two ( 1995 ) Fools Rush In ( 1997 ) Ever After ( 1998 ) Anna and the King ( 1999 ) Sweet Home Alabama ( 2002 ) Hitch ( 2005 ) Fool 's Gold ( 2008 ) The Bounty Hunter ( 2010 ) Wild Oats ( 2016 ) Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie -- Comedy There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) Austin Powers : The Spy Who Shagged Me ( 2000 ) Miss Congeniality ( 2001 ) American Pie 2 ( 2002 ) Sweet Home Alabama ( 2003 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2005 ) She 's the Man ( 2006 ) Knocked Up ( 2007 ) Juno ( 2008 ) Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) Date Night ( 2010 ) Bad Teacher ( 2011 ) 21 Jump Street ( 2012 ) Pitch Perfect ( 2013 ) The Other Woman ( 2014 ) Pitch Perfect 2 ( 2015 ) Ride Along 2 ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweet_Home_Alabama_(film)&oldid=799753562 '' Categories : 2002 films English - language films 2000s romantic comedy films American comedy - drama films American romantic comedy films American films Film scores by George Fenton Films about weddings Films directed by Andy Tennant Films set in Alabama Films set in 2002 American LGBT - related films Films shot in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Touchstone Pictures films Original Film films Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 17 : 05 . 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the best years of our lives movie cast			The Best Years of Our Lives	the best years of our lives	The Best Years of Our Lives ( aka Glory for Me and Home Again ) is a 1946 American drama film directed by William Wyler and starring Myrna Loy , Fredric March , Dana Andrews , Teresa Wright , Virginia Mayo , and Harold Russell . The film is about three United States servicemen readjusting to civilian life after coming home from World War II . Samuel Goldwyn was inspired to produce a film about veterans after reading an August 7 , 1944 , article in Time about the difficulties experienced by men returning to civilian life . Goldwyn hired former war correspondent MacKinlay Kantor to write a screenplay . His work was first published as a novella , Glory for Me , which Kantor wrote in blank verse . Robert E. Sherwood then adapted the novella as a screenplay .	The Best Years of Our Lives won seven Academy Awards in 1946 , including Best Picture , Best Director ( William Wyler ) , Best Actor ( Fredric March ) , Best Supporting Actor ( Harold Russell ) , Best Film Editing ( Daniel Mandell ) , Best Adapted Screenplay ( Robert E. Sherwood ) , and Best Original Score ( Hugo Friedhofer ) . In addition to its critical success , the film quickly became a great commercial success upon release . It became the highest - grossing film and most attended film in both the United States and UK since the release of Gone with the Wind , selling approximately 55 million tickets in the United States which equaled a gross of $23,650,000 . It remains the sixth most - attended film of all time in the UK , with over 20 million tickets sold and ticket sales exceeding US $20.4 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Popular response 4.3 Awards and honors 5 References 5.1 Notes 5.2 Citations 5.3 Bibliography 6 External links Plot ( edit ) After World War II , Fred Derry ( Dana Andrews ) , Homer Parrish ( Harold Russell ) , and Al Stephenson ( Fredric March ) meet while flying home to Boone City . Fred is returning from Europe as a decorated captain and bombardier from the Eighth Air Force . Homer was a petty officer in the Seventh Fleet when he lost both hands from burns suffered when his fleet aircraft carrier was sunk , and now uses mechanical hook prostheses . Al served with the 25th Infantry as a platoon sergeant in the Pacific . All three have trouble adjusting to civilian life . Al has a comfortable home and a loving family : wife Milly ( Myrna Loy ) , adult daughter Peggy ( Teresa Wright ) , and high school student son Rob ( Michael Hall ) . He is promoted to Vice President in charge of small loans . The bank president views his military experience as valuable in dealing with other returning servicemen . When Al approves a loan ( without collateral ) to a young Navy veteran , however , the president advises him against making a habit of it . Later , at a banquet held in his honor , a slightly inebriated Al expounds his belief that the bank ( and America ) must stand with the vets who risked everything to defend the country and give them every chance to rebuild their lives . Before the war , Fred had been an unskilled drugstore soda jerk . He wants something better , but the tight postwar job market forces him to return to his old job . Fred had met Marie ( Virginia Mayo ) while in flight training and married her shortly afterward , before shipping out less than a month later . She became a nightclub waitress while Fred was overseas . Marie makes it clear she does not enjoy being married to a lowly soda jerk . Homer was a football quarterback and became engaged to his next door neighbor , Wilma ( Cathy O'Donnell ) , before joining the Navy . Both Homer and his parents now have trouble dealing with his disability . He does not want to burden Wilma with his handicap so he eventually pushes her away , although she still wants to marry him . Peggy meets Fred while bringing her father home from a bar where the three men meet once again . They are attracted to each other . Peggy dislikes Marie , and informs her parents she intends to end Fred and Marie 's marriage , but they tell her that their own marriage overcame similar problems . Concerned , Al demands that Fred stop seeing his daughter . Fred agrees , but the friendship between the two men is strained . At the drugstore , an obnoxious customer , who claims that the war was fought against the wrong enemies , gets into a fight with Homer . Fred intervenes and knocks the man into a glass counter , costing him his job . Later , Fred encourages Homer to put his misgivings behind him and marry Wilma , offering to be his best man . One evening , Wilma visits Homer and tells him that her parents want her to leave Boone City for an extended period to try to forget him . Homer bluntly demonstrates to her how hard life with him would be . When Wilma is undaunted , Homer reconsiders . On arriving home , Fred discovers his wife with another veteran ( Steve Cochran ) . After complaining to Fred that she has `` given up the best years of my life , '' Marie tells him that she is getting a divorce . Fred decides to leave town , and gives his father his medals and citations . His father is unable to persuade Fred to stay . After Fred leaves , his father reads the citation for his Distinguished Flying Cross as composed by General Doolittle . At the airport , Fred books space on the first outbound aircraft , without regard for the destination . While waiting , he wanders into a vast aircraft boneyard . Inside the nose of a B - 17 , he relives the intense memories of combat . The boss of a work crew rouses him from his flashback . When the man says the aluminum from the aircraft is being salvaged to build housing , Fred persuades the boss to hire him . At the bride 's home , people have gathered for the wedding of Homer and Wilma . Fred , now divorced , is Homer 's best man . While the vows are exchanged Fred and Peggy glance across at one another . At the conclusion everyone gathers around the newlyweds . Still gazing over at Peggy , Fred walks across the room , takes her in his arms and kisses her . He asks if she understands how things will be for them , that it will be a hard struggle at first , and that it could take years before they can get a life established . All the while Peggy smiles fondly at Fred , and then kisses him again . Cast ( edit ) Myrna Loy as Milly Stephenson Fredric March as Platoon Sergeant Al Stephenson Dana Andrews as Captain Fred Derry Teresa Wright as Peggy Stephenson Virginia Mayo as Marie Derry Cathy O'Donnell as Wilma Cameron Hoagy Carmichael as Uncle Butch Engle Harold Russell as Petty Officer 2nd Class Homer Parrish Gladys George as Hortense Derry Roman Bohnen as Pat Derry Ray Collins as Mr. Milton Victor Cutler as Woody Merrill Minna Gombell as Mrs. Parrish Walter Baldwin as Mr. Parrish Steve Cochran as Cliff Dorothy Adams as Mrs. Cameron Don Beddoe as Mr. Cameron Marlene Aames as Luella Parrish Charles Halton as Prew Ray Teal as Mr. Mollett Howland Chamberlain as Thorpe Dean White as Novak Erskine Sanford as Bullard Michael Hall as Rob Stephenson Robert Karnes as Technical Sergeant Casting brought together established stars as well as character actors and relative unknowns . Famed drummer Gene Krupa was seen in archival footage , while Tennessee Ernie Ford , later a famous television star , appeared as an uncredited `` hillbilly singer '' ( in the first of his only three film appearances ) . Blake Edwards , later notable as a film producer and director , appeared fleetingly as an uncredited `` Corporal '' . Wyler 's daughters , Catherine and Judy , were cast as uncredited customers seen in the department store where Fred Derry works . Sean Penn 's father , Leo , played the uncredited part of the soldier working as the scheduling clerk at the beginning of the film . Teresa Wright was only thirteen years younger than her on - screen mother , played by Myrna Loy . Michael Hall , with his role as Fredric Marsh 's on - screen son , is absent after the first one - third of the film . Production ( edit ) Director Wyler had flown combat missions over Europe in filming Memphis Belle ( 1944 ) and worked hard to get accurate depictions of the combat veterans he had encountered . Wyler changed the original casting that had featured a veteran suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder and sought out Harold Russell , a non-actor to take on the exacting role of Homer Parrish . For The Best Years of Our Lives , he asked the principal actors to purchase their own clothes , in order to connect with daily life and produce an authentic feeling . Other Wyler touches included constructing life - size sets , which went against the standard larger sets that were more suited to camera positions . The impact for the audience was immediate , as each scene played out in a realistic , natural way . The Best Years of Our Lives began filming on April 15 , 1946 at a variety of locations , including the Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden , Ontario International Airport in Ontario , California , Raleigh Studios in Hollywood , and the Samuel Goldwyn / Warner Hollywood Studios . The Best Years of Our Lives is notable for cinematographer Gregg Toland 's use of deep focus photography , in which objects both close to and distant from the camera are in sharp focus . For the passage of Fred Derry 's reliving a combat mission while sitting in the remains of a former bomber , Wyler used `` zoom '' effects to simulate Derry 's subjective state . The fictional Boone City was patterned after Cincinnati , Ohio . The `` Jackson High '' football stadium seen early in aerial footage of the bomber flying over the Boone City , is Corcoran Stadium located at Xavier University in Cincinnati . A few seconds later Walnut Hills High School with its distinctive dome and football field can be seen along with the downtown Cincinnati skyline ( Carew Tower and PNC Tower ) in the background . After the war , the combat aircraft featured in the film were being destroyed and disassembled for reuse as scrap material . The scene of Derry 's walking among aircraft ruins was filmed at the Ontario Army Air Field in Ontario , California . The former training facility had been converted into a scrap yard , housing nearly 2,000 former combat aircraft in various states of disassembly and reclamation . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Upon its release , The Best Years of Our Lives received extremely positive reviews from critics . Shortly after its premiere at the Astor Theater , New York , Bosley Crowther , film critic for The New York Times , hailed the film as a masterpiece . He wrote , It is seldom that there comes a motion picture which can be wholly and enthusiastically endorsed not only as superlative entertainment but as food for quiet and humanizing thought ... In working out their solutions Mr. Sherwood and Mr. Wyler have achieved some of the most beautiful and inspiring demonstrations of human fortitude that we have had in films . '' He also said the ensemble casting gave the `` ' best ' performance in this best film this year from Hollywood . '' Several decades later , film critic David Thomson offered tempered praise : `` I would concede that Best Years is decent and humane ... acutely observed , despite being so meticulous a package . It would have taken uncommon genius and daring at that time to sneak a view of an untidy or unresolved America past Goldwyn or the public . '' The Best Years of Our Lives has a 98 % `` Fresh '' rating at Rotten Tomatoes , based on 37 reviews . Chicago Sun Times film critic Roger Ebert put the film on his `` Great Movies '' list in 2007 , calling it `` ... modern , lean , and honest . '' Popular response ( edit ) The Best Years of Our Lives was a massive commercial success , earning an estimated $11.5 million at the North American box office during its initial theatrical run . When box office prices are adjusted for inflation , it remains one of the top 100 grossing films in U.S. history . Among films released before 1950 , only Gone With the Wind , The Bells of St. Mary 's , The Big Parade and four Disney titles have done more total business , in part due to later re-releases . ( Reliable box office figures for certain early films such as The Birth of a Nation and Charlie Chaplin 's comedies are unavailable . ) However , because of the distribution arrangement RKO had with Goldwyn , RKO recorded a loss of $660,000 on the film . Awards and honors ( edit ) 1947 Academy Awards The Best Years of Our Lives received nine Academy Awards . Fredric March won his second Best Actor award ( also having won in 1932 for Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ) . Despite his Oscar - nominated performance , Harold Russell was not a professional actor . As the Academy Board of Governors considered him a long shot to win , they gave him an honorary award `` for bringing hope and courage to his fellow veterans through his appearance . '' When Russell in fact won Best Supporting Actor , there was an enthusiastic response . He is the only actor to have received two Academy Awards for the same performance . In 1992 , Russell sold his Best Supporting Actor award at auction for $60,500 ( $105,500 today ) , to pay his wife 's medical bills . Award Result Winner Best Motion Picture Won Samuel Goldwyn Productions ( Samuel Goldwyn , Producer ) Best Director Won William Wyler Best Actor Won Fredric March Best Writing ( Screenplay ) Won Robert E. Sherwood Best Supporting Actor Won Harold Russell Best Film Editing Won Daniel Mandell Best Music ( Score of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture ) Won Hugo Friedhofer Best Sound Recording Nominated Gordon E. Sawyer Winner was John P. Livadary -- The Jolson Story Honorary Award Won To Harold Russell Memorial Award Won Samuel Goldwyn Some posters say the film won nine Academy Awards due to the honorary award won by Harold Russell , and the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award won by Samuel Goldwyn , in addition to its seven awards for Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actor , Best Screenplay , Best Supporting Actor , Best Editing , and Best Music Score . 1947 Golden Globe Awards Won : Best Dramatic Motion Picture Won : Special Award for Best Non-Professional Acting -- Harold Russell 1947 Brussels World Film Festival Won : Best Actress Of The Year -- Myrna Loy 1948 BAFTA Awards Won : BAFTA Award for Best Film from any Source Other wins National Board of Review : NBR Award Best Director , William Wyler ; 1946 . New York Film Critics Circle Awards : NYFCC Award Best Director , William Wyler ; Best Film ; 1946 . Bodil Awards : Bodil ; Best American Film , William Wyler ; 1948 . Cinema Writers Circle Awards , Spain : CEC Award ; Best Foreign Film , USA ; 1948 . In 1989 , the National Film Registry selected it for preservation in the United States Library of Congress as `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' American Film Institute included the film as # 37 in its 1998 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies , as # 11 in its 2006 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers , and as # 37 in its 2007 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) . References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ At the time the film was shot , Ford was unknown as a singer . He worked in San Bernardino as a radio announcer - disc jockey . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thomson 1993 , pp 490 -- 491 . Jump up ^ vhttps://archive.org/stream/variety165-1947-01#page/n85/mode/1up Jump up ^ `` ' Best Years of Our Lives ' ( 1946 ) . '' Box Office Mojo . Retrieved : February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kantor , MacKinlay ( 1945 ) . Glory for Me . Coward - McCann . OCLC 773996 . Jump up ^ Easton , Carol ( 2014 ) . `` The Best Years '' . The Search for Sam Goldwyn . Carl Rollyson ( contributor ) . Univ . Press of Mississippi . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62674 - 132 - 4 . Andrews looked at the onionskin pages and asked , ' Mac , why did you write this in blank verse ? ' ' Dana ' , said Kantor with a wry smile , ' I ca n't afford to write in blank verse , because nobody buys anything written in blank verse . But when Sam asked me to write this story , he did n't tell me not to write it in blank verse ! ' ^ Jump up to : Orriss 1984 , p. 119 . ^ Jump up to : Levy , Emanuel ( April 4 , 2015 ) . `` Oscar History : Best Picture -- Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) '' ( review ) . Emanuel Levy : Cinema 24 / 7 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The 19th Academy Awards ( 1947 ) Nominees and Winners . '' oscars.org . Retrieved : November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Domestic Total : Estimated tickets : ' The Best Years of Our Lives ' . '' Box Office Mojo . Retrieved : February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Box office : ' The Best Years of Our Lives ' . '' Box Office Mojo . Retrieved : February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BFI 'S Ultimate Film Chart . '' BFi.org.uk . Retrieved : July 27 , 2010 . Archived March 26 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 films . '' Channel 4 . Retrieved : October 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Orriss 1984 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Kehr , Dave . `` ' The Best Years of Our Lives ' . '' The Chicago Reader . Retrieved : April 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Orriss 1984 , pp. 121 -- 122 . Jump up ^ `` Trivia : ' The Best Years of Our Lives ' . '' Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved : February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley . The Best Years of our Lives . The New York Times , November 22 , 1946 . Retrieved : April 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomson , 2002 , p. 949 . 4th Edition ; the first edition was published in 1975 . See Thomson , David ( 1975 ) . A Biographical Dictionary of the Cinema . London : Secker & Warburg . OCLC 1959828 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Best Years of Our Lives ' . '' Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved : July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) . '' Chicago Sun Times , December 29 , 2007 . Retrieved : November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Domestic Champs '' . Variety , January 6 , 1960 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ `` Top Grossers of 1947 '' , Variety , 7 January 1948 p 63 Jump up ^ `` All - time Films ( adjusted ) . '' Box Office Mojo . Retrieved : September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Richard B. Jewell , Slow Fade to Black : The Decline of RKO Radio Pictures , Uni of California , 2016 Jump up ^ Bergan , Ronald . `` Obituary : Harold Russell ; Brave actor whose artificial hands helped him win two Oscars . '' The Guardian , February 6 , 2002 . Retrieved : June 12 , 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Dolan , Edward F. Jr . Hollywood Goes to War . London : Bison Books , 1985 . ISBN 0 - 86124 - 229 - 7 . Flood , Richard . `` Reel crank -- critic Manny Farber . '' Artforum , Volume 37 , Issue 1 , September 1998 . ISSN 0004 - 3532 . Hardwick , Jack and Ed Schnepf . `` A Viewer 's Guide to Aviation Movies '' , in The Making of the Great Aviation Films . General Aviation Series , Volume 2 , 1989 . Kinn , Gail and Jim Piazza . The Academy Awards : The Complete Unofficial History . New York : Black Dog & Leventhal , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57912 - 772 - 5 . Orriss , Bruce . When Hollywood Ruled the Skies : The Aviation Film Classics of World War II . Hawthorn , California : Aero Associates Inc. , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 9613088 - 0 - X ; OCLC 11709474 Thomson , David . Showman : The Life of David O. Selznick . London : Abacus , 1993 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 2339 - 8791 - 0 . Thomson , David . `` Wyler , William '' . The New Biographical Dictionary of Film . 4th Edition . London : Little , Brown , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 85905 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Best Years of Our Lives Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Best Years of Our Lives . The Best Years of Our Lives on IMDb The Best Years of Our Lives at the TCM Movie Database The Best Years of Our Lives at the American Film Institute Catalog The Best Years of Our Lives at AllMovie The Best Years of Our Lives at Rotten Tomatoes The Best Years of Our Lives detailed synopsis / analysis at Film Site by Tim Dirks The Best Years of Our Lives film article at Reel Classics . Includes MP3s The Best years of Our Lives Film in Focus Series The Best Years of Our Lives at the Golden Years web site Streaming audio The Best Years of Our Lives on Screen Guild Theater : November 24 , 1947 The Best Years of Our Lives on Screen Directors Playhouse : April 17 , 1949 Films directed by William Wyler Films Straight Shootin ' ( 1927 ) Anybody Here Seen Kelly ? ( 1928 ) The Shakedown ( 1929 ) The Love Trap ( 1929 ) Hell 's Heroes ( 1930 ) The Storm ( 1930 ) A House Divided ( 1931 ) Tom Brown of Culver ( 1932 ) Her First Mate ( 1933 ) Counsellor at Law ( 1933 ) Glamour ( 1934 ) The Good Fairy ( 1935 ) The Gay Deception ( 1935 ) These Three ( 1936 ) Dodsworth ( 1936 ) Come and Get It ( 1936 ) Dead End ( 1937 ) Jezebel ( 1938 ) Wuthering Heights ( 1939 ) The Westerner ( 1940 ) The Letter ( 1940 ) The Little Foxes ( 1941 ) Mrs. Miniver ( 1942 ) Memphis Belle : A Story of a Flying Fortress ( 1944 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Thunderbolt ( 1947 ) The Heiress ( 1949 ) Detective Story ( 1951 ) Carrie ( 1952 ) Roman Holiday ( 1953 ) The Desperate Hours ( 1955 ) Friendly Persuasion ( 1956 ) The Big Country ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Children 's Hour ( 1961 ) The Collector ( 1965 ) How to Steal a Million ( 1966 ) Funny Girl ( 1968 ) The Liberation of L.B. Jones ( 1970 ) Related Five Came Back The films of Samuel Goldwyn 1910s The Pest ( 1919 ) 1920s Slave of Desire ( 1923 ) Potash and Perlmutter ( 1923 ) The Eternal City ( 1923 ) Cytherea ( 1924 ) In Hollywood with Potash and Perlmutter ( 1924 ) A Thief in Paradise ( 1925 ) His Supreme Moment ( 1925 ) The Dark Angel ( 1925 ) Stella Dallas ( 1925 ) The Winning of Barbara Worth ( 1926 ) Partners Again ( 1926 ) The Night of Love ( 1927 ) The Magic Flame ( 1927 ) The Devil Dancer ( 1927 ) Two Lovers ( 1928 ) The Awakening ( 1928 ) Condemned ( 1929 ) The Rescue ( 1929 ) This Is Heaven ( 1929 ) Bulldog Drummond ( 1929 ) 1930s Raffles ( 1930 ) Whoopee ! ( 1930 ) The Devil to Pay ! ( 1930 ) One Heavenly Night ( 1931 ) Street Scene ( 1931 ) Palmy Days ( 1931 ) The Unholy Garden ( 1931 ) Arrowsmith ( 1931 ) Tonight or Never ( 1931 ) The Greeks Had a Word for Them ( 1932 ) The Kid From Spain ( 1932 ) Cynara ( 1932 ) The Masquerader ( 1933 ) Roman Scandals ( 1933 ) We Live Again ( 1934 ) Nana ( 1934 ) Kid Millions ( 1934 ) The Dark Angel ( 1935 ) The Wedding Night ( 1935 ) Barbary Coast ( 1935 ) Splendor ( 1935 ) These Three ( 1936 ) Dodsworth ( 1936 ) Come and Get It ( 1936 ) Strike Me Pink ( 1936 ) Beloved Enemy ( 1936 ) Woman Chases Man ( 1937 ) Stella Dallas ( 1937 ) Dead End ( 1937 ) The Hurricane ( 1937 ) The Adventures of Marco Polo ( 1938 ) The Cowboy and the Lady ( 1938 ) The Goldwyn Follies ( 1938 ) They Shall Have Music ( 1939 ) Wuthering Heights ( 1939 ) The Real Glory ( 1939 ) 1940s The Westerner ( 1940 ) The Little Foxes ( 1941 ) Ball of Fire ( 1941 ) The Pride of the Yankees ( 1942 ) They Got Me Covered ( 1943 ) The North Star ( 1943 ) Up in Arms ( 1944 ) The Princess and the Pirate ( 1944 ) Wonder Man ( 1945 ) The Kid From Brooklyn ( 1946 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) The Bishop 's Wife ( 1947 ) The Secret Life of Walter Mitty ( 1947 ) A Song Is Born ( 1948 ) Enchantment ( 1948 ) Roseanna McCoy ( 1949 ) My Foolish Heart ( 1949 ) 1950s Our Very Own ( 1950 ) Edge of Doom ( 1950 ) I Want You ( 1951 ) Hans Christian Andersen ( 1952 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) Porgy and Bess ( 1959 ) Awards for The Best Years of Our Lives Academy Award for Best Picture 1927 / 28 -- 1950 Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 29 ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 30 ) Cimarron ( 1930 / 31 ) Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) Cavalcade ( 1932 / 33 ) It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Mrs. Miniver ( 1942 ) Casablanca ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) Patton ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Sting ( 1973 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Rocky ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Braveheart ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or : ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) BAFTA Award for Best Film 1940s The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) Bicycle Thieves ( 1949 ) 1950s All About Eve ( 1950 ) La Ronde ( 1951 ) The Sound Barrier ( 1952 ) Forbidden Games ( 1953 ) The Wages of Fear ( 1954 ) Richard III ( 1955 ) Gervaise ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Room at the Top ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) 1960s The Apartment ( 1960 ) Ballad of a Soldier ( 1961 ) The Hustler ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1964 ) My Fair Lady ( 1965 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1967 ) The Graduate ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) 1970s Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid ( 1970 ) Sunday Bloody Sunday ( 1971 ) Cabaret ( 1972 ) Day for Night ( 1973 ) Lacombe , Lucien ( 1974 ) Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore ( 1975 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) Julia ( 1978 ) Manhattan ( 1979 ) 1980s The Elephant Man ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Educating Rita ( 1983 ) The Killing Fields ( 1984 ) The Purple Rose of Cairo ( 1985 ) A Room with a View ( 1986 ) Jean de Florette ( 1987 ) The Last Emperor ( 1988 ) Dead Poets Society ( 1989 ) 1990s Goodfellas ( 1990 ) The Commitments ( 1991 ) Howards End ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) The Full Monty ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) 2000s Gladiator ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Pianist ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) The Queen ( 2006 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) 2010s The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Drama The Song of Bernadette ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Johnny Belinda / The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) Sunset Boulevard ( 1950 ) A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) East of Eden ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) The Defiant Ones ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) Spartacus ( 1960 ) The Guns of Navarone ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) The Cardinal ( 1963 ) Becket ( 1964 ) Doctor Zhivago ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) The Lion in Winter ( 1968 ) Anne of the Thousand Days ( 1969 ) Love Story ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Exorcist ( 1973 ) Chinatown ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) Rocky ( 1976 ) The Turning Point ( 1977 ) Midnight Express ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) Bugsy ( 1991 ) Scent of a Woman ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) The Hours ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Babel ( 2006 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Descendants ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) GND : 7843149 - 9 VIAF : 316751789 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Best_Years_of_Our_Lives&oldid=843560773 '' Categories : 1946 films English - language films American films 1940s drama films 1940s war films American black - and - white films American drama films American war films American aviation films Best Drama Picture Golden Globe winners Best Film BAFTA Award winners Best Picture Academy Award winners Films about amputees Films based on American novels Films based on military novels Films directed by William Wyler Films featuring a Best Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films whose director won the Best Directing Academy Award Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award United States National Film Registry films World War II films RKO Pictures films Samuel Goldwyn Productions films Films based on works by MacKinlay Kantor Films scored by Hugo Friedhofer Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from February 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 23 : 17 ( UTC ) . 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largest wilderness area east of the mississippi river	Name of wilderness State ( s ) Acreage Area : km2 Agency / agencies Located entirely or partly in Wrangell - Saint Elias Wilderness Alaska 9,078,675 36,740.1 NPS Wrangell - St. Elias National Park Mollie Beattie Wilderness Alaska 8,000,000 32,374.9 FWS Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Gates of the Arctic Wilderness Alaska 7,167,192 29,004.6 NPS Gates of the Arctic National Park Noatak Wilderness Alaska 5,765,427 23,331.9 NPS Noatak National Preserve Katmai Wilderness Alaska 3,384,358 13,696.0 NPS Katmai National Park Death Valley Wilderness California / Nevada 3,099,770 12,544.3 NPS Death Valley National Park Glacier Bay Wilderness Alaska 2,664,876 10,784.4 NPS Glacier Bay National Park Lake Clark Wilderness Alaska 2,619,550 10,600.9 NPS Lake Clark National Park Frank Church - River of No Return Wilderness Idaho 2,366,757 9,577.9 FS / BLM Payette National Forest / Challis National Forest / Salmon National Forest / Boise National Forest / Bitterroot National Forest / Nez Perce National Forest Togiak Wilderness Alaska 2,274,066 9,202.8 FWS Togiak National Wildlife Refuge Misty Fjords National Monument Wilderness Alaska 2,142,442 8,670.2 FS Misty Fjords National Monument ( Tongass National Forest ) Denali Wilderness Alaska 2,124,783 8,598.7 NPS Denali National Park Kenai Wilderness Alaska 1,354,247 5,480.4 FWS Kenai National Wildlife Refuge Selway - Bitterroot Wilderness Idaho / Montana 1,340,502 5,424.8 FS Nez Perce National Forest / Bitterroot National Forest / Clearwater National Forest / Lolo National Forest Aleutian Islands Wilderness Alaska 1,300,000 5,260.9 FWS Aleutian Islands National Wildlife Refuge Andreafsky Wilderness Alaska 1,300,000 5,260.9 FWS Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge Marjory Stoneman Douglas Wilderness Florida 1,296,500 5,246.7 NPS Everglades National Park Innoko Wilderness Alaska 1,240,000 5,018.1 FWS Innoko National Wildlife Refuge Bob Marshall Wilderness Montana 1,009,356 4,084.7 FS Flathead National Forest / Lewis and Clark National Forest Kootznoowoo Wilderness Alaska 956,255 3,869.8 FS Admiralty Island National Monument ( Tongass National Forest ) Absaroka - Beartooth Wilderness Montana / Wyoming 943,626 3,818.7 FS Gallatin National Forest / Custer National Forest / Shoshone National Forest Unimak Wilderness Alaska 910,000 3,682.6 FWS Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge Olympic Wilderness Washington 876,669 3,547.8 NPS Olympic National Park Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness Minnesota 1,090,000 4,411.1 FS Superior National Forest Cabeza Prieta Wilderness Arizona 803,418 3,251.3 FWS Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge Sequoia - Kings Canyon Wilderness California 768,222 3,108.9 NPS Kings Canyon National Park / Sequoia National Park Yosemite Wilderness California 704,624 2,851.5 NPS Yosemite National Park Washakie Wilderness Wyoming 704,274 2,850.1 FS Shoshone National Forest Mojave Wilderness California 695,200 2,813.4 NPS Mojave National Preserve Tracy Arm - Fords Terror Wilderness Alaska 653,179 2,643.3 FS Tongass National Forest John Muir Wilderness California 650,734 2,633.4 FS Sierra National Forest / Inyo National Forest Stephen Mather Wilderness Washington 634,614 2,568.2 NPS North Cascades National Park / Ross Lake National Recreation Area / Lake Chelan National Recreation Area Nunivak Wilderness Alaska 600,000 2,428.1 FWS Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge Joshua Tree Wilderness California 594,502 2,405.9 NPS Joshua Tree National Park Teton Wilderness Wyoming 585,238 2,368.4 FS Teton National Forest Glacier Peak Wilderness Washington 570,573 2,309.0 FS Wenatchee National Forest / Mount Baker National Forest Gila Wilderness New Mexico 558,014 2,258.2 FS Gila National Forest Pasayten Wilderness Washington 529,477 2,142.7 FS Okanogan National Forest / Mount Baker National Forest Trinity Alps Wilderness California 525,627 2,127.1 FS / BLM Trinity National Forest / Shasta National Forest / Klamath National Forest / Six Rivers National Forest Kofa Wilderness Arizona 516,200 2,089.0 FWS Kofa National Wildlife Refuge Weminuche Wilderness Colorado 488,210 1,975.7 FS San Juan National Forest / Rio Grande National Forest High Uintas Wilderness Utah 456,705 1,848.2 FS Ashley National Forest / Wasatch National Forest Stikine - LeConte Wilderness Alaska 448,926 1,816.7 FS Tongass National Forest Bridger Wilderness Wyoming 428,087 1,732.4 FS Bridger National Forest Becharof Wilderness Alaska 400,000 1,618.7 FWS Becharof National Wildlife Refuge Koyukuk Wilderness Alaska 400,000 1,618.7 FWS Koyukuk National Wildlife Refuge Alpine Lakes Wilderness Washington 362,789 1,468.2 FS Wenatchee National Forest / Snoqualmie National Forest Okefenokee Wilderness Georgia 353,981 1,432.5 FWS Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge North Absaroka Wilderness Wyoming 350,488 1,418.4 FS Shoshone National Forest Eagle Cap Wilderness Oregon 350,461 1,418.3 FS Wallowa National Forest / Whitman National Forest Russell Fjord Wilderness Alaska 348,701 1,411.1 FS Tongass National Forest South Baranof Wilderness Alaska 319,568 1,293.2 FS Tongass National Forest Gros Ventre Wilderness Wyoming 317,874 1,286.4 FS Teton National Forest Black Rock Desert Wilderness Nevada 314,829 1,274.1 BLM Black Rock Desert -- High Rock Canyon Emigrant Trails National Conservation Area Organ Pipe Cactus Wilderness Arizona 312,600 1,265.0 NPS Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument Izembek Wilderness Alaska 307,982 1,246.4 FWS Izembek National Wildlife Refuge Golden Trout Wilderness California 303,511 1,228.3 FS Inyo National Forest / Sequoia National Forest Three Sisters Wilderness Oregon 286,708 1,160.3 FS Willamette National Forest / Deschutes National Forest Great Bear Wilderness Montana 286,700 1,160.2 FS Flathead National Forest Owyhee River Wilderness Idaho 267,328 1,081.8 BLM West Chichagof - Yakobi Wilderness Alaska 265,286 1,073.6 FS Tongass National Forest Lee Metcalf Wilderness Montana 254,288 1,029.1 FS / BLM Gallatin National Forest / Beaverhead National Forest White Mountains Wilderness California 252,597 1,022.2 FS / BLM Inyo National Forest Mazatzal Wilderness Arizona 252,390 1,021.4 FS Tonto National Forest / Coconino National Forest Semidi Wilderness Alaska 250,000 1,011.7 FWS Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge Rocky Mountain National Park Wilderness Colorado 249,339 1,009.0 NPS Rocky Mountain National Park Inyo Mountains Wilderness California 245,320 992.8 BLM / FS Inyo National Forest Marble Mountain Wilderness California 241,744 978.3 FS Klamath National Forest Ventana Wilderness California 240,024 971.3 FS / BLM Los Padres National Forest Selawik Wilderness Alaska 240,000 971.2 FWS Selawik National Wildlife Refuge Scapegoat Wilderness Montana 239,936 971.0 FS Lewis and Clark National Forest / Helena National Forest / Lolo National Forest Palen / McCoy Wilderness California 235,627 953.5 BLM Flat Tops Wilderness Colorado 235,214 951.9 FS White River National Forest / Routt National Forest Ansel Adams Wilderness California 231,533 937.0 FS / NPS Sierra National Forest / Inyo National Forest / Devils Postpile National Monument Mount Rainier Wilderness Washington 228,480 924.6 NPS Mount Rainier National Park Sangre de Cristo Wilderness Colorado 228,044 922.9 FS / NPS San Isabel National Forest / Rio Grande National Forest / Great Sand Dunes National Park Pecos Wilderness New Mexico 223,333 903.8 FS Santa Fe National Forest / Carson National Forest Sespe Wilderness California 219,700 889.1 FS Los Padres National Forest Sawtooth Wilderness Idaho 217,088 878.5 FS Sawtooth National Recreation Area ( Boise National Forest / Sawtooth National Forest / Challis National Forest ) Hells Canyon Wilderness Oregon / Idaho 214,944 869.8 FS / BLM Hells Canyon National Recreation Area ( Wallowa National Forest / Nez Perce National Forest / Payette National Forest / Whitman National Forest ) Gospel Hump Wilderness Idaho 205,796 832.8 FS Nez Perce National Forest Aldo Leopold Wilderness New Mexico 202,016 817.5 FS Gila National Forest Kingston Range Wilderness California 199,444 807.1 BLM Fitzpatrick Wilderness Wyoming 198,525 803.4 FS Shoshone National Forest San Rafael Wilderness California 197,380 798.8 FS Los Padres National Forest High Peaks Wilderness New York 192,685 779.8 NYS DEC Adirondack Park Cloud Peak Wilderness Wyoming 189,039 765.0 FS Bighorn National Forest Sheephole Valley Wilderness California 186,673 755.4 BLM Siskiyou Wilderness California 182,802 739.8 FS Six Rivers National Forest / Klamath National Forest / Siskiyou National Forest Maroon Bells - Snowmass Wilderness Colorado 181,512 734.6 FS White River National Forest / Gunnison National Forest Yolla Bolly - Middle Eel Wilderness California 180,877 732.0 FS / BLM Mendocino National Forest / Trinity National Forest / Six Rivers National Forest Kalmiopsis Wilderness Oregon 179,755 727.4 FS Siskiyou National Forest Wenaha - Tucannon Wilderness Washington / Oregon 177,423 718.0 FS Umatilla National Forest Turtle Mountains Wilderness California 177,136 716.8 BLM West Elk Wilderness Colorado 176,412 713.9 FS Gunnison National Forest Kobuk Valley Wilderness Alaska 174,545 706.4 NPS Kobuk Valley National Park Steens Mountain Wilderness Oregon 170,025 688.1 BLM William O. Douglas Wilderness Washington 168,232 680.8 FS Snoqualmie National Forest / Gifford Pinchot National Forest Collegiate Peaks Wilderness Colorado 167,414 677.5 FS San Isabel National Forest / Gunnison National Forest / White River National Forest Old Woman Mountains Wilderness California 162,985 659.6 BLM Carson - Iceberg Wilderness California 161,181 652.3 FS Toiyabe National Forest / Stanislaus National Forest Mount Zirkel Wilderness Colorado 159,935 647.2 FS Routt National Forest Superstition Wilderness Arizona 159,757 646.5 FS Tonto National Forest South San Juan Wilderness Colorado 158,790 642.6 FS Rio Grande National Forest / San Juan National Forest Anaconda - Pintler Wilderness Montana 158,615 641.9 FS Beaverhead National Forest / Deerlodge National Forest / Bitterroot National Forest Mormon Mountains Wilderness Nevada 157,938 639.2 BLM Lake Chelan - Sawtooth Wilderness Washington 151,435 612.8 FS Okanogan National Forest / Wenatchee National Forest Kelso Dunes Wilderness California 144,262 583.8 BLM Eagles Nest Wilderness Colorado 133,471 540.1 FS White River National Forest Isle Royale Wilderness Michigan 132,018 534.3 NPS Isle Royale National Park Hawaii Volcanoes Wilderness Hawaii 130,790 529.3 NPS Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Domeland Wilderness California 130,081 526.4 FS / BLM Sequoia National Forest Arrastra Mountain Wilderness Arizona 129,800 525.3 BLM La Garita Wilderness Colorado 129,626 524.6 FS Gunnison National Forest / Rio Grande National Forest Hoover Wilderness California 128,421 519.7 FS Toiyabe National Forest / Inyo National Forest Zion Wilderness Utah 124,406 503.5 NPS Zion National Park Meadow Valley Range Wilderness Nevada 123,488 499.7 BLM Jedediah Smith Wilderness Wyoming 123,451 499.6 FS Targhee National Forest Holy Cross Wilderness Colorado 122,884 497.3 FS White River National Forest / San Isabel National Forest High Schells Wilderness Nevada 121,497 491.7 FS Humboldt National Forest North Fork John Day Wilderness Oregon 121,352 491.1 FS Umatilla National Forest / Whitman National Forest Lost Creek Wilderness Colorado 119,790 484.8 FS Pike National Forest Mount Baker Wilderness Washington 117,528 475.6 FS Mount Baker National Forest Jim McClure -- Jerry Peak Wilderness Idaho 116,898 473.1 FS / BLM Salmon - Challis National Forest Sky Lakes Wilderness Oregon 116,300 470.6 FS Rogue River National Forest / Winema National Forest Arc Dome Wilderness Nevada 115,000 465.4 FS Toiyabe National Forest Warm Springs Wilderness Arizona 112,400 454.9 BLM Emigrant Wilderness California 112,277 454.4 FS Stanislaus National Forest Delamar Mountains Wilderness Nevada 111,328 450.5 BLM Jarbidge Wilderness Nevada 111,087 449.6 FS Humboldt National Forest Paria Canyon - Vermilion Cliffs Wilderness Arizona / Utah 109,400 442.7 BLM Vermilion Cliffs National Monument / Grand Staircase - Escalante National Monument Goat Rocks Wilderness Washington 107,018 433.1 FS Gifford Pinchot National Forest / Snoqualmie National Forest Mount Jefferson Wilderness Oregon 107,008 433.0 FS Willamette National Forest / Deschutes National Forest / Mount Hood National Forest Wild Sky Wilderness Washington 106,577 431.3 FS Snoqualmie National Forest Nopah Range Wilderness California 106,571 431.3 BLM Uncompahgre Wilderness Colorado 102,721 415.7 FS / BLM Uncompahgre National Forest Popo Agie Wilderness Wyoming 101,870 412.3 FS Shoshone National Forest Henry M. Jackson Wilderness Washington 100,356 406.1 FS Snoqualmie National Forest / Mount Baker National Forest / Wenatchee National Forest Cedar Mountain Wilderness Utah 100,000 404.7 BLM Mokelumne Wilderness California 99,161 401.3 FS Eldorado National Forest / Stanislaus National Forest / Toiyabe National Forest Endicott River Wilderness Alaska 98,729 399.5 FS Tongass National Forest Eagletail Mountains Wilderness Arizona 97,880 396.1 BLM Chuckwalla Mountains Wilderness California 97,429 394.3 BLM San Gorgonio Wilderness California 94,664 383.1 FS / BLM San Bernardino National Forest Cabinet Mountains Wilderness Montana 94,272 381.5 FS Kootenai National Forest / Kaniksu National Forest Ruby Mountains Wilderness Nevada 93,090 376.7 FS Humboldt National Forest Table Mountain Wilderness Nevada 92,600 374.7 FS Toiyabe National Forest South Prince of Wales Wilderness Alaska 90,968 368.1 FS Tongass National Forest Cecil D. Andrus -- White Clouds Wilderness Idaho 90,769 367.3 FS / BLM Sawtooth National Forest Bruneau - Jarbidge Rivers Wilderness Idaho 89,996 364.2 BLM Mt . Moriah Wilderness Nevada 89,790 363.4 FS / BLM Humboldt National Forest Paiute Wilderness Arizona 87,900 355.7 BLM Grand Canyon - Parashant National Monument Chiricahua Wilderness Arizona 87,700 354.9 FS Coronado National Forest Chemehuevi Mountains Wilderness California 85,810 347.3 BLM Clover Mountains Wilderness Nevada 85,748 347.0 BLM Stepladder Mountains Wilderness California 83,536 338.1 BLM South Etolin Wilderness Alaska 82,619 334.3 FS Tongass National Forest Hunter - Fryingpan Wilderness Colorado 82,026 331.9 FS White River National Forest Bering Sea Wilderness Alaska 81,340 329.2 FWS Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge Kiavah Wilderness California 81,247 328.8 BLM / FS Sequoia National Forest Shenandoah Wilderness Virginia 79,579 322.0 NPS Shenandoah National Park Lassen Volcanic Wilderness California 78,982 319.6 NPS Lassen Volcanic National Park Mount Grafton Wilderness Nevada 78,754 318.7 BLM Indian Peaks Wilderness Colorado 77,711 314.5 FS / NPS Arapaho National Forest / Roosevelt National Forest / Rocky Mountain National Park Galiuro Wilderness Arizona 76,317 308.8 FS Coronado National Forest Resting Spring Range Wilderness California 76,280 308.7 BLM Whipple Mountains Wilderness California 76,032 307.7 BLM Black Ridge Canyons Wilderness Colorado / Utah 75,439 305.3 BLM McInnis Canyons National Conservation Area Argus Range Wilderness California 74,890 303.1 BLM Mount Evans Wilderness Colorado 74,401 301.1 FS Arapaho National Forest / Pike National Forest Chuck River Wilderness Alaska 74,298 300.7 FS Tongass National Forest Owens Peak Wilderness California 74,060 299.7 BLM Mission Mountains Wilderness Montana 73,877 299.0 FS Flathead National Forest Rawah Wilderness Colorado 73,068 295.7 FS Roosevelt National Forest / Routt National Forest Piper Mountain Wilderness California 72,575 293.7 BLM Pahrump Valley Wilderness California 72,528 293.5 BLM Santa Rosa Wilderness California 72,259 292.4 BLM / FS San Bernardino National Forest Saguaro Wilderness Arizona 70,905 286.9 NPS Saguaro National Park South Warner Wilderness California 70,614 285.8 FS Modoc National Forest Kanab Creek Wilderness Arizona 70,460 285.1 FS / BLM Kaibab National Forest Bristol Mountains Wilderness California 70,028 283.4 BLM Strawberry Mountain Wilderness Oregon 69,350 280.6 FS Malheur National Forest Highland Ridge Wilderness Nevada 68,627 277.7 BLM Hemingway -- Boulders Wilderness Idaho 67,998 275.2 FS Sawtooth National Forest Dick Smith Wilderness California 67,800 274.4 FS Los Padres National Forest Mount Hood Wilderness Oregon 67,320 272.4 FS Mt . Hood National Forest South Egan Range Wilderness Nevada 67,214 272.0 BLM Tebenkof Bay Wilderness Alaska 66,812 270.4 FS Tongass National Forest Comanche Peak Wilderness Colorado 66,791 270.3 FS Roosevelt National Forest Dominguez Canyon Wilderness Colorado 66,280 268.2 BLM Dominguez - Escalante National Conservation Area Raggeds Wilderness Colorado 65,393 264.6 FS Gunnison National Forest / White River National Forest Calico Mountains Wilderness Nevada 64,984 263.0 BLM Black Rock Desert -- High Rock Canyon Emigrant Trails National Conservation Area Mark O. Hatfield Wilderness Oregon 64,960 262.9 FS Mt . Hood National Forest Badlands Wilderness South Dakota 64,144 259.6 NPS Badlands National Park Woolsey Peak Wilderness Arizona 64,000 259.0 BLM Desolation Wilderness California 63,475 256.9 FS Eldorado National Forest North Maricopa Mountains Wilderness Arizona 63,200 255.8 BLM Sonoran Desert National Monument Powderhorn Wilderness Colorado 62,050 251.1 BLM / FS Gunnison National Forest Cebolla Wilderness New Mexico 61,500 248.9 BLM Salmon - Huckleberry Wilderness Oregon 61,340 248.2 FS Mt . Hood National Forest Four Peaks Wilderness Arizona 61,074 247.2 FS Tonto National Forest Kuiu Wilderness Alaska 60,581 245.2 FS Tongass National Forest South Maricopa Mountains Wilderness Arizona 60,100 243.2 BLM Sonoran Desert National Monument South Sierra Wilderness California 60,084 243.2 FS Inyo National Forest / Sequoia National Forest Snow Mountain Wilderness California 60,076 243.1 FS Mendocino National Forest High Rock Lake Wilderness Nevada 59,094 239.1 BLM Black Rock Desert -- High Rock Canyon Emigrant Trails National Conservation Area Mount Charleston Wilderness Nevada 57,442 232.5 FS / BLM Spring Mountains National Recreation Area ( Toiyabe National Forest ) Pusch Ridge Wilderness Arizona 56,933 230.4 FS Coronado National Forest Pahute Peak Wilderness Nevada 56,890 230.2 BLM Black Rock Desert -- High Rock Canyon Emigrant Trails National Conservation Area Sycamore Canyon Wilderness Arizona 55,937 226.4 FS Prescott National Forest / Coconino National Forest / Kaibab National Forest South Jackson Mountains Wilderness Nevada 54,535 220.7 BLM Black Rock Desert -- High Rock Canyon Emigrant Trails National Conservation Area Mount Thielsen Wilderness Oregon 54,267 219.6 FS Winema National Forest / Umpqua National Forest / Deschutes National Forest Diamond Peak Wilderness Oregon 54,185 219.3 FS Deschutes National Forest / Willamette National Forest Yuki Wilderness California 53,887 218.1 FS / BLM Mendocino National Forest Big Jacks Creek Wilderness Idaho 52,826 213.8 BLM Mount Washington Wilderness Oregon 52,738 213.4 FS Willamette National Forest / Deschutes National Forest East Fork High Rock Canyon Wilderness Nevada 52,617 212.9 BLM Black Rock Desert -- High Rock Canyon Emigrant Trails National Conservation Area Grant Range Wilderness Nevada 52,600 212.9 FS Humboldt National Forest Norse Peak Wilderness Washington 52,180 211.2 FS Snoqualmie National Forest Sacatar Trail Wilderness California 51,900 210.0 BLM Weepah Spring Wilderness Nevada 51,480 208.3 BLM Little Jacks Creek Wilderness Idaho 50,929 206.1 BLM Orocopia Mountains Wilderness California 50,562 204.6 BLM Coso Range Wilderness California 50,520 204.4 BLM Chama River Canyon Wilderness New Mexico 50,300 203.6 FS Santa Fe National Forest / Carson National Forest Petrified Forest National Wilderness Area Arizona 50,260 203.4 NPS Petrified Forest National Park Pine Valley Mountain Wilderness Utah 50,232 203.3 FS Dixie National Forest		List of largest wilderness areas in the United States	list of largest wilderness areas in the united states	This is a list of the largest wilderness areas in the National Wilderness Preservation System of the United States . It includes all that are larger than 50,000 acres ( 200 km2 ) . Statistics are as retrieved in September 2009 from Wilderness.net . Where instances of multiple states or agencies occur , they are listed in descending order of included acreage . The last column lists the entities that the wilderness is entirely ( in most cases ) part of , or partially included in ( minority of cases , usually involving parts of the wilderness that are in otherwise unnamed BLM lands ) . They are also listed in descending order of included acreage . Agency abbreviations : BLM = Bureau of Land Management ; FS = Forest Service ; FWS = Fish and Wildlife Service ; NPS = National Park Service .	Name of wilderness State ( s ) Acreage Area : km2 Agency / agencies Located entirely or partly in Wrangell - Saint Elias Wilderness Alaska 9,078,675 36,740.1 NPS Wrangell - St. Elias National Park Mollie Beattie Wilderness Alaska 8,000,000 32,374.9 FWS Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Gates of the Arctic Wilderness Alaska 7,167,192 29,004.6 NPS Gates of the Arctic National Park Noatak Wilderness Alaska 5,765,427 23,331.9 NPS Noatak National Preserve Katmai Wilderness Alaska 3,384,358 13,696.0 NPS Katmai National Park Death Valley Wilderness California / Nevada 3,099,770 12,544.3 NPS Death Valley National Park Glacier Bay Wilderness Alaska 2,664,876 10,784.4 NPS Glacier Bay National Park Lake Clark Wilderness Alaska 2,619,550 10,600.9 NPS Lake Clark National Park Frank Church - River of No Return Wilderness Idaho 2,366,757 9,577.9 FS / BLM Payette National Forest / Challis National Forest / Salmon National Forest / Boise National Forest / Bitterroot National Forest / Nez Perce National Forest Togiak Wilderness Alaska 2,274,066 9,202.8 FWS Togiak National Wildlife Refuge Misty Fjords National Monument Wilderness Alaska 2,142,442 8,670.2 FS Misty Fjords National Monument ( Tongass National Forest ) Denali Wilderness Alaska 2,124,783 8,598.7 NPS Denali National Park Kenai Wilderness Alaska 1,354,247 5,480.4 FWS Kenai National Wildlife Refuge Selway - Bitterroot Wilderness Idaho / Montana 1,340,502 5,424.8 FS Nez Perce National Forest / Bitterroot National Forest / Clearwater National Forest / Lolo National Forest Aleutian Islands Wilderness Alaska 1,300,000 5,260.9 FWS Aleutian Islands National Wildlife Refuge Andreafsky Wilderness Alaska 1,300,000 5,260.9 FWS Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge Marjory Stoneman Douglas Wilderness Florida 1,296,500 5,246.7 NPS Everglades National Park Innoko Wilderness Alaska 1,240,000 5,018.1 FWS Innoko National Wildlife Refuge Bob Marshall Wilderness Montana 1,009,356 4,084.7 FS Flathead National Forest / Lewis and Clark National Forest Kootznoowoo Wilderness Alaska 956,255 3,869.8 FS Admiralty Island National Monument ( Tongass National Forest ) Absaroka - Beartooth Wilderness Montana / Wyoming 943,626 3,818.7 FS Gallatin National Forest / Custer National Forest / Shoshone National Forest Unimak Wilderness Alaska 910,000 3,682.6 FWS Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge Olympic Wilderness Washington 876,669 3,547.8 NPS Olympic National Park Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness Minnesota 1,090,000 4,411.1 FS Superior National Forest Cabeza Prieta Wilderness Arizona 803,418 3,251.3 FWS Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge Sequoia - Kings Canyon Wilderness California 768,222 3,108.9 NPS Kings Canyon National Park / Sequoia National Park Yosemite Wilderness California 704,624 2,851.5 NPS Yosemite National Park Washakie Wilderness Wyoming 704,274 2,850.1 FS Shoshone National Forest Mojave Wilderness California 695,200 2,813.4 NPS Mojave National Preserve Tracy Arm - Fords Terror Wilderness Alaska 653,179 2,643.3 FS Tongass National Forest John Muir Wilderness California 650,734 2,633.4 FS Sierra National Forest / Inyo National Forest Stephen Mather Wilderness Washington 634,614 2,568.2 NPS North Cascades National Park / Ross Lake National Recreation Area / Lake Chelan National Recreation Area Nunivak Wilderness Alaska 600,000 2,428.1 FWS Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge Joshua Tree Wilderness California 594,502 2,405.9 NPS Joshua Tree National Park Teton Wilderness Wyoming 585,238 2,368.4 FS Teton National Forest Glacier Peak Wilderness Washington 570,573 2,309.0 FS Wenatchee National Forest / Mount Baker National Forest Gila Wilderness New Mexico 558,014 2,258.2 FS Gila National Forest Pasayten Wilderness Washington 529,477 2,142.7 FS Okanogan National Forest / Mount Baker National Forest Trinity Alps Wilderness California 525,627 2,127.1 FS / BLM Trinity National Forest / Shasta National Forest / Klamath National Forest / Six Rivers National Forest Kofa Wilderness Arizona 516,200 2,089.0 FWS Kofa National Wildlife Refuge Weminuche Wilderness Colorado 488,210 1,975.7 FS San Juan National Forest / Rio Grande National Forest High Uintas Wilderness Utah 456,705 1,848.2 FS Ashley National Forest / Wasatch National Forest Stikine - LeConte Wilderness Alaska 448,926 1,816.7 FS Tongass National Forest Bridger Wilderness Wyoming 428,087 1,732.4 FS Bridger National Forest Becharof Wilderness Alaska 400,000 1,618.7 FWS Becharof National Wildlife Refuge Koyukuk Wilderness Alaska 400,000 1,618.7 FWS Koyukuk National Wildlife Refuge Alpine Lakes Wilderness Washington 362,789 1,468.2 FS Wenatchee National Forest / Snoqualmie National Forest Okefenokee Wilderness Georgia 353,981 1,432.5 FWS Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge North Absaroka Wilderness Wyoming 350,488 1,418.4 FS Shoshone National Forest Eagle Cap Wilderness Oregon 350,461 1,418.3 FS Wallowa National Forest / Whitman National Forest Russell Fjord Wilderness Alaska 348,701 1,411.1 FS Tongass National Forest South Baranof Wilderness Alaska 319,568 1,293.2 FS Tongass National Forest Gros Ventre Wilderness Wyoming 317,874 1,286.4 FS Teton National Forest Black Rock Desert Wilderness Nevada 314,829 1,274.1 BLM Black Rock Desert -- High Rock Canyon Emigrant Trails National Conservation Area Organ Pipe Cactus Wilderness Arizona 312,600 1,265.0 NPS Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument Izembek Wilderness Alaska 307,982 1,246.4 FWS Izembek National Wildlife Refuge Golden Trout Wilderness California 303,511 1,228.3 FS Inyo National Forest / Sequoia National Forest Three Sisters Wilderness Oregon 286,708 1,160.3 FS Willamette National Forest / Deschutes National Forest Great Bear Wilderness Montana 286,700 1,160.2 FS Flathead National Forest Owyhee River Wilderness Idaho 267,328 1,081.8 BLM West Chichagof - Yakobi Wilderness Alaska 265,286 1,073.6 FS Tongass National Forest Lee Metcalf Wilderness Montana 254,288 1,029.1 FS / BLM Gallatin National Forest / Beaverhead National Forest White Mountains Wilderness California 252,597 1,022.2 FS / BLM Inyo National Forest Mazatzal Wilderness Arizona 252,390 1,021.4 FS Tonto National Forest / Coconino National Forest Semidi Wilderness Alaska 250,000 1,011.7 FWS Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge Rocky Mountain National Park Wilderness Colorado 249,339 1,009.0 NPS Rocky Mountain National Park Inyo Mountains Wilderness California 245,320 992.8 BLM / FS Inyo National Forest Marble Mountain Wilderness California 241,744 978.3 FS Klamath National Forest Ventana Wilderness California 240,024 971.3 FS / BLM Los Padres National Forest Selawik Wilderness Alaska 240,000 971.2 FWS Selawik National Wildlife Refuge Scapegoat Wilderness Montana 239,936 971.0 FS Lewis and Clark National Forest / Helena National Forest / Lolo National Forest Palen / McCoy Wilderness California 235,627 953.5 BLM Flat Tops Wilderness Colorado 235,214 951.9 FS White River National Forest / Routt National Forest Ansel Adams Wilderness California 231,533 937.0 FS / NPS Sierra National Forest / Inyo National Forest / Devils Postpile National Monument Mount Rainier Wilderness Washington 228,480 924.6 NPS Mount Rainier National Park Sangre de Cristo Wilderness Colorado 228,044 922.9 FS / NPS San Isabel National Forest / Rio Grande National Forest / Great Sand Dunes National Park Pecos Wilderness New Mexico 223,333 903.8 FS Santa Fe National Forest / Carson National Forest Sespe Wilderness California 219,700 889.1 FS Los Padres National Forest Sawtooth Wilderness Idaho 217,088 878.5 FS Sawtooth National Recreation Area ( Boise National Forest / Sawtooth National Forest / Challis National Forest ) Hells Canyon Wilderness Oregon / Idaho 214,944 869.8 FS / BLM Hells Canyon National Recreation Area ( Wallowa National Forest / Nez Perce National Forest / Payette National Forest / Whitman National Forest ) Gospel Hump Wilderness Idaho 205,796 832.8 FS Nez Perce National Forest Aldo Leopold Wilderness New Mexico 202,016 817.5 FS Gila National Forest Kingston Range Wilderness California 199,444 807.1 BLM Fitzpatrick Wilderness Wyoming 198,525 803.4 FS Shoshone National Forest San Rafael Wilderness California 197,380 798.8 FS Los Padres National Forest High Peaks Wilderness New York 192,685 779.8 NYS DEC Adirondack Park Cloud Peak Wilderness Wyoming 189,039 765.0 FS Bighorn National Forest Sheephole Valley Wilderness California 186,673 755.4 BLM Siskiyou Wilderness California 182,802 739.8 FS Six Rivers National Forest / Klamath National Forest / Siskiyou National Forest Maroon Bells - Snowmass Wilderness Colorado 181,512 734.6 FS White River National Forest / Gunnison National Forest Yolla Bolly - Middle Eel Wilderness California 180,877 732.0 FS / BLM Mendocino National Forest / Trinity National Forest / Six Rivers National Forest Kalmiopsis Wilderness Oregon 179,755 727.4 FS Siskiyou National Forest Wenaha - Tucannon Wilderness Washington / Oregon 177,423 718.0 FS Umatilla National Forest Turtle Mountains Wilderness California 177,136 716.8 BLM West Elk Wilderness Colorado 176,412 713.9 FS Gunnison National Forest Kobuk Valley Wilderness Alaska 174,545 706.4 NPS Kobuk Valley National Park Steens Mountain Wilderness Oregon 170,025 688.1 BLM William O. Douglas Wilderness Washington 168,232 680.8 FS Snoqualmie National Forest / Gifford Pinchot National Forest Collegiate Peaks Wilderness Colorado 167,414 677.5 FS San Isabel National Forest / Gunnison National Forest / White River National Forest Old Woman Mountains Wilderness California 162,985 659.6 BLM Carson - Iceberg Wilderness California 161,181 652.3 FS Toiyabe National Forest / Stanislaus National Forest Mount Zirkel Wilderness Colorado 159,935 647.2 FS Routt National Forest Superstition Wilderness Arizona 159,757 646.5 FS Tonto National Forest South San Juan Wilderness Colorado 158,790 642.6 FS Rio Grande National Forest / San Juan National Forest Anaconda - Pintler Wilderness Montana 158,615 641.9 FS Beaverhead National Forest / Deerlodge National Forest / Bitterroot National Forest Mormon Mountains Wilderness Nevada 157,938 639.2 BLM Lake Chelan - Sawtooth Wilderness Washington 151,435 612.8 FS Okanogan National Forest / Wenatchee National Forest Kelso Dunes Wilderness California 144,262 583.8 BLM Eagles Nest Wilderness Colorado 133,471 540.1 FS White River National Forest Isle Royale Wilderness Michigan 132,018 534.3 NPS Isle Royale National Park Hawaii Volcanoes Wilderness Hawaii 130,790 529.3 NPS Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Domeland Wilderness California 130,081 526.4 FS / BLM Sequoia National Forest Arrastra Mountain Wilderness Arizona 129,800 525.3 BLM La Garita Wilderness Colorado 129,626 524.6 FS Gunnison National Forest / Rio Grande National Forest Hoover Wilderness California 128,421 519.7 FS Toiyabe National Forest / Inyo National Forest Zion Wilderness Utah 124,406 503.5 NPS Zion National Park Meadow Valley Range Wilderness Nevada 123,488 499.7 BLM Jedediah Smith Wilderness Wyoming 123,451 499.6 FS Targhee National Forest Holy Cross Wilderness Colorado 122,884 497.3 FS White River National Forest / San Isabel National Forest High Schells Wilderness Nevada 121,497 491.7 FS Humboldt National Forest North Fork John Day Wilderness Oregon 121,352 491.1 FS Umatilla National Forest / Whitman National Forest Lost Creek Wilderness Colorado 119,790 484.8 FS Pike National Forest Mount Baker Wilderness Washington 117,528 475.6 FS Mount Baker National Forest Jim McClure -- Jerry Peak Wilderness Idaho 116,898 473.1 FS / BLM Salmon - Challis National Forest Sky Lakes Wilderness Oregon 116,300 470.6 FS Rogue River National Forest / Winema National Forest Arc Dome Wilderness Nevada 115,000 465.4 FS Toiyabe National Forest Warm Springs Wilderness Arizona 112,400 454.9 BLM Emigrant Wilderness California 112,277 454.4 FS Stanislaus National Forest Delamar Mountains Wilderness Nevada 111,328 450.5 BLM Jarbidge Wilderness Nevada 111,087 449.6 FS Humboldt National Forest Paria Canyon - Vermilion Cliffs Wilderness Arizona / Utah 109,400 442.7 BLM Vermilion Cliffs National Monument / Grand Staircase - Escalante National Monument Goat Rocks Wilderness Washington 107,018 433.1 FS Gifford Pinchot National Forest / Snoqualmie National Forest Mount Jefferson Wilderness Oregon 107,008 433.0 FS Willamette National Forest / Deschutes National Forest / Mount Hood National Forest Wild Sky Wilderness Washington 106,577 431.3 FS Snoqualmie National Forest Nopah Range Wilderness California 106,571 431.3 BLM Uncompahgre Wilderness Colorado 102,721 415.7 FS / BLM Uncompahgre National Forest Popo Agie Wilderness Wyoming 101,870 412.3 FS Shoshone National Forest Henry M. Jackson Wilderness Washington 100,356 406.1 FS Snoqualmie National Forest / Mount Baker National Forest / Wenatchee National Forest Cedar Mountain Wilderness Utah 100,000 404.7 BLM Mokelumne Wilderness California 99,161 401.3 FS Eldorado National Forest / Stanislaus National Forest / Toiyabe National Forest Endicott River Wilderness Alaska 98,729 399.5 FS Tongass National Forest Eagletail Mountains Wilderness Arizona 97,880 396.1 BLM Chuckwalla Mountains Wilderness California 97,429 394.3 BLM San Gorgonio Wilderness California 94,664 383.1 FS / BLM San Bernardino National Forest Cabinet Mountains Wilderness Montana 94,272 381.5 FS Kootenai National Forest / Kaniksu National Forest Ruby Mountains Wilderness Nevada 93,090 376.7 FS Humboldt National Forest Table Mountain Wilderness Nevada 92,600 374.7 FS Toiyabe National Forest South Prince of Wales Wilderness Alaska 90,968 368.1 FS Tongass National Forest Cecil D. Andrus -- White Clouds Wilderness Idaho 90,769 367.3 FS / BLM Sawtooth National Forest Bruneau - Jarbidge Rivers Wilderness Idaho 89,996 364.2 BLM Mt . Moriah Wilderness Nevada 89,790 363.4 FS / BLM Humboldt National Forest Paiute Wilderness Arizona 87,900 355.7 BLM Grand Canyon - Parashant National Monument Chiricahua Wilderness Arizona 87,700 354.9 FS Coronado National Forest Chemehuevi Mountains Wilderness California 85,810 347.3 BLM Clover Mountains Wilderness Nevada 85,748 347.0 BLM Stepladder Mountains Wilderness California 83,536 338.1 BLM South Etolin Wilderness Alaska 82,619 334.3 FS Tongass National Forest Hunter - Fryingpan Wilderness Colorado 82,026 331.9 FS White River National Forest Bering Sea Wilderness Alaska 81,340 329.2 FWS Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge Kiavah Wilderness California 81,247 328.8 BLM / FS Sequoia National Forest Shenandoah Wilderness Virginia 79,579 322.0 NPS Shenandoah National Park Lassen Volcanic Wilderness California 78,982 319.6 NPS Lassen Volcanic National Park Mount Grafton Wilderness Nevada 78,754 318.7 BLM Indian Peaks Wilderness Colorado 77,711 314.5 FS / NPS Arapaho National Forest / Roosevelt National Forest / Rocky Mountain National Park Galiuro Wilderness Arizona 76,317 308.8 FS Coronado National Forest Resting Spring Range Wilderness California 76,280 308.7 BLM Whipple Mountains Wilderness California 76,032 307.7 BLM Black Ridge Canyons Wilderness Colorado / Utah 75,439 305.3 BLM McInnis Canyons National Conservation Area Argus Range Wilderness California 74,890 303.1 BLM Mount Evans Wilderness Colorado 74,401 301.1 FS Arapaho National Forest / Pike National Forest Chuck River Wilderness Alaska 74,298 300.7 FS Tongass National Forest Owens Peak Wilderness California 74,060 299.7 BLM Mission Mountains Wilderness Montana 73,877 299.0 FS Flathead National Forest Rawah Wilderness Colorado 73,068 295.7 FS Roosevelt National Forest / Routt National Forest Piper Mountain Wilderness California 72,575 293.7 BLM Pahrump Valley Wilderness California 72,528 293.5 BLM Santa Rosa Wilderness California 72,259 292.4 BLM / FS San Bernardino National Forest Saguaro Wilderness Arizona 70,905 286.9 NPS Saguaro National Park South Warner Wilderness California 70,614 285.8 FS Modoc National Forest Kanab Creek Wilderness Arizona 70,460 285.1 FS / BLM Kaibab National Forest Bristol Mountains Wilderness California 70,028 283.4 BLM Strawberry Mountain Wilderness Oregon 69,350 280.6 FS Malheur National Forest Highland Ridge Wilderness Nevada 68,627 277.7 BLM Hemingway -- Boulders Wilderness Idaho 67,998 275.2 FS Sawtooth National Forest Dick Smith Wilderness California 67,800 274.4 FS Los Padres National Forest Mount Hood Wilderness Oregon 67,320 272.4 FS Mt . Hood National Forest South Egan Range Wilderness Nevada 67,214 272.0 BLM Tebenkof Bay Wilderness Alaska 66,812 270.4 FS Tongass National Forest Comanche Peak Wilderness Colorado 66,791 270.3 FS Roosevelt National Forest Dominguez Canyon Wilderness Colorado 66,280 268.2 BLM Dominguez - Escalante National Conservation Area Raggeds Wilderness Colorado 65,393 264.6 FS Gunnison National Forest / White River National Forest Calico Mountains Wilderness Nevada 64,984 263.0 BLM Black Rock Desert -- High Rock Canyon Emigrant Trails National Conservation Area Mark O. Hatfield Wilderness Oregon 64,960 262.9 FS Mt . Hood National Forest Badlands Wilderness South Dakota 64,144 259.6 NPS Badlands National Park Woolsey Peak Wilderness Arizona 64,000 259.0 BLM Desolation Wilderness California 63,475 256.9 FS Eldorado National Forest North Maricopa Mountains Wilderness Arizona 63,200 255.8 BLM Sonoran Desert National Monument Powderhorn Wilderness Colorado 62,050 251.1 BLM / FS Gunnison National Forest Cebolla Wilderness New Mexico 61,500 248.9 BLM Salmon - Huckleberry Wilderness Oregon 61,340 248.2 FS Mt . Hood National Forest Four Peaks Wilderness Arizona 61,074 247.2 FS Tonto National Forest Kuiu Wilderness Alaska 60,581 245.2 FS Tongass National Forest South Maricopa Mountains Wilderness Arizona 60,100 243.2 BLM Sonoran Desert National Monument South Sierra Wilderness California 60,084 243.2 FS Inyo National Forest / Sequoia National Forest Snow Mountain Wilderness California 60,076 243.1 FS Mendocino National Forest High Rock Lake Wilderness Nevada 59,094 239.1 BLM Black Rock Desert -- High Rock Canyon Emigrant Trails National Conservation Area Mount Charleston Wilderness Nevada 57,442 232.5 FS / BLM Spring Mountains National Recreation Area ( Toiyabe National Forest ) Pusch Ridge Wilderness Arizona 56,933 230.4 FS Coronado National Forest Pahute Peak Wilderness Nevada 56,890 230.2 BLM Black Rock Desert -- High Rock Canyon Emigrant Trails National Conservation Area Sycamore Canyon Wilderness Arizona 55,937 226.4 FS Prescott National Forest / Coconino National Forest / Kaibab National Forest South Jackson Mountains Wilderness Nevada 54,535 220.7 BLM Black Rock Desert -- High Rock Canyon Emigrant Trails National Conservation Area Mount Thielsen Wilderness Oregon 54,267 219.6 FS Winema National Forest / Umpqua National Forest / Deschutes National Forest Diamond Peak Wilderness Oregon 54,185 219.3 FS Deschutes National Forest / Willamette National Forest Yuki Wilderness California 53,887 218.1 FS / BLM Mendocino National Forest Big Jacks Creek Wilderness Idaho 52,826 213.8 BLM Mount Washington Wilderness Oregon 52,738 213.4 FS Willamette National Forest / Deschutes National Forest East Fork High Rock Canyon Wilderness Nevada 52,617 212.9 BLM Black Rock Desert -- High Rock Canyon Emigrant Trails National Conservation Area Grant Range Wilderness Nevada 52,600 212.9 FS Humboldt National Forest Norse Peak Wilderness Washington 52,180 211.2 FS Snoqualmie National Forest Sacatar Trail Wilderness California 51,900 210.0 BLM Weepah Spring Wilderness Nevada 51,480 208.3 BLM Little Jacks Creek Wilderness Idaho 50,929 206.1 BLM Orocopia Mountains Wilderness California 50,562 204.6 BLM Coso Range Wilderness California 50,520 204.4 BLM Chama River Canyon Wilderness New Mexico 50,300 203.6 FS Santa Fe National Forest / Carson National Forest Petrified Forest National Wilderness Area Arizona 50,260 203.4 NPS Petrified Forest National Park Pine Valley Mountain Wilderness Utah 50,232 203.3 FS Dixie National Forest See also ( edit ) List of U.S. Wilderness Areas List of U.S. National Forests List of largest National Wildlife Refuges References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wilderness.net search page National Wilderness Areas by State U.S. Forest Service report of 14 November 2008 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_largest_wilderness_areas_in_the_United_States&oldid=852705184 '' Categories : Wilderness Areas of the United States Lists of protected areas of the United States United States - related lists of superlatives IUCN Category Ib Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 July 2018 , at 20 : 27 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20largest%20wilderness%20areas%20in%20the%20United%20States	872
who won the sports person of the year award 2017	Year Sportsman Sportswoman Team Breakthrough Comeback Disability Action Moment Ref 2000 Woods , Tiger Tiger Woods Jones , Marion Marion Jones * Manchester United F.C. García , Sergio Sergio García Armstrong , Lance Lance Armstrong * Sauvage , Louise Louise Sauvage Palmer , Shaun Shaun Palmer N / A 2001 Woods , Tiger Tiger Woods Freeman , Cathy Cathy Freeman France national football team Safin , Marat Marat Safin Capriati , Jennifer Jennifer Capriati Lauwers , Vinny Vinny Lauwers Horn , Mike Mike Horn N / A 2002 Schumacher , Michael Michael Schumacher Capriati , Jennifer Jennifer Capriati Australia national cricket team Montoya , Juan Pablo Juan Pablo Montoya Ivanišević , Goran Goran Ivanišević Vergeer , Esther Esther Vergeer Burnquist , Bob Bob Burnquist N / A 2003 Armstrong , Lance Lance Armstrong * Williams , Serena Serena Williams Brazil national football team Ming , Yao Yao Ming Ronaldo Milton , Michael Michael Milton Potter , Dean Dean Potter N / A Schumacher , Michael Michael Schumacher Sörenstam , Annika Annika Sörenstam England national rugby union team Wie , Michelle Michelle Wie Maier , Hermann Hermann Maier Connor , Earle Earle Connor * Beachley , Layne Layne Beachley N / A 2005 Federer , Roger Roger Federer Holmes , Kelly Kelly Holmes Greece national football team Xiang , Liu Liu Xiang Zanardi , Alex Alex Zanardi Petitclerc , Chantal Chantal Petitclerc McArthur , Ellen Ellen McArthur N / A 2006 Federer , Roger Roger Federer Kostelić , Janica Janica Kostelić Renault F1 team Nadal , Rafael Rafael Nadal Hingis , Martina Martina Hingis van Dyk , Ernst Ernst van Dyk d'Arrigo , Angelo Angelo d'Arrigo N / A 2007 Federer , Roger Roger Federer Isinbayeva , Yelena Yelena Isinbayeva Italy national football team Williams , Serena Serena Williams Braxenthaler , Martin Martin Braxenthaler Mauresmo , Amélie Amélie Mauresmo Slater , Kelly Kelly Slater N / A 2008 Federer , Roger Roger Federer Henin , Justine Justine Henin South Africa national rugby union team Radcliffe , Paula Paula Radcliffe Vergeer , Esther Esther Vergeer Hamilton , Lewis Lewis Hamilton White , Shaun Shaun White N / A 2009 Bolt , Usain Usain Bolt Isinbayeva , Yelena Yelena Isinbayeva China Olympic team Klitschko , Vitali Vitali Klitschko Dias , Daniel Daniel Dias Adlington , Rebecca Rebecca Adlington Slater , Kelly Kelly Slater N / A Bolt , Usain Usain Bolt Williams , Serena Serena Williams Brawn F1 team Clijsters , Kim Kim Clijsters du Toit , Natalie Natalie du Toit Button , Jenson Jenson Button Gilmore , Stephanie Stephanie Gilmore N / A 2011 Nadal , Rafael Rafael Nadal Vonn , Lindsey Lindsey Vonn Spain national football team Rossi , Valentino Valentino Rossi Bentele , Verena Verena Bentele Kaymer , Martin Martin Kaymer Slater , Kelly Kelly Slater N / A 2012 Djokovic , Novak Novak Djokovic Cheruiyot , Vivian Vivian Cheruiyot Barcelona FC Barcelona Clarke , Darren Darren Clarke Pistorius , Oscar Oscar Pistorius McIlroy , Rory Rory McIlroy Slater , Kelly Kelly Slater N / A 2013 Bolt , Usain Usain Bolt Ennis , Jessica Jessica Ennis Ryder European Ryder Cup team Sánchez , Félix Félix Sánchez Dias , Daniel Daniel Dias Murray , Andy Andy Murray Baumgartner , Felix Felix Baumgartner N / A 2014 Vettel , Sebastian Sebastian Vettel Franklin , Missy Missy Franklin Bayern FC Bayern Munich Nadal , Rafael Rafael Nadal Bochet , Marie Marie Bochet Márquez , Marc Marc Márquez Bestwick , Jamie Jamie Bestwick N / A 2015 Djokovic , Novak Novak Djokovic Dibaba , Genzebe Genzebe Dibaba Germany national football team Burger , Schalk Schalk Burger McFadden , Tatyana Tatyana McFadden Ricciardo , Daniel Daniel Ricciardo Eustace , Alan Alan Eustace N / A 2016 Djokovic , Novak Novak Djokovic Williams , Serena Serena Williams New Zealand national rugby union team Carter , Dan Dan Carter Dias , Daniel Daniel Dias Spieth , Jordan Jordan Spieth Frodeno , Jan Jan Frodeno N / A 2017 Bolt , Usain Usain Bolt Biles , Simone Simone Biles Chicago Cubs Phelps , Michael Michael Phelps Vio , Beatrice Beatrice Vio Rosberg , Nico Nico Rosberg Atherton , Rachel Rachel Atherton Barca FC Barcelona under - 12s	Usain Bolt\|Simone Biles	Laureus World Sports Awards	laureus world sports awards	The Laureus World Sports Awards is an annual award ceremony honouring individuals from the world of sports along with sporting achievements throughout the year . It was established in 1999 by Laureus Sport for Good Foundation founding patrons Daimler and Richemont and supported by its global partners Mercedes - Benz and IWC Schaffhausen . The awards support the work of Laureus Sport for Good , which supports over 100 community projects in around 40 countries . These projects aim to use the power of sport to end violence , discrimination and disadvantage , and prove that sport has the power to change the world . The name `` Laureus '' is derived from the Greek word for laurel , considered a traditional symbol of victory in athletics .	The first ceremony was held on 25 May 2000 in Monte Carlo at which Nelson Mandela gave the keynote speech . As of 2017 , awards are made annually in eight categories , with a number of discretionary categories irregularly recognised . The recipient of each award is presented with a Laureus statuette , created by Cartier , at an annual ceremony held in various locations around the world . As of 2017 , the ceremonies have been held in ten cities around the world , and are broadcast in at least 160 countries . Swiss tennis player Roger Federer , Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt , and American surfer Kelly Slater jointly hold the record for the most awards with four each . A number of awards have been rescinded , namely those presented to American cyclist Lance Armstrong , American sprinter Marion Jones and Canadian amputee sprinter Earle Connor , all of whom were subsequently found to have doped . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Categories 3 Ceremony 4 Winners by category 4.1 Regular awards 4.1. 1 Sportsman and Sportswoman of the Year 4.1. 2 Team of the Year 4.1. 3 Breakthrough of the Year 4.1. 4 Comeback of the Year 4.1. 5 Sportsperson with a Disability of the Year 4.1. 6 Action Sportsperson of the Year 4.1. 7 Best Sporting Moment 4.2 Discretionary awards 5 Winners by year 5.1 Regular awards 5.2 Discretionary awards 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Sport has the power to change the world . It has the power to inspire . It has the power to unite people in a way that little else does . It speaks to youth in a language they understand . Sport can create hope , where once there was only despair . Nelson Mandela , 2000 South African businessman Johann Rupert , chairman of Richemont , proposd that an organisation be created `` based on the principle that sport can bridge the gaps in society and change the way people look at the world . '' The organisation , established in 1998 by a partnership of Richemont and Daimler became known as `` Laureus '' , name being derived from the Greek word for laurel , considered a traditional symbol of victory in athletics . The first Laureus World Sports Awards ceremony was held two years later , at which the patron , Nelson Mandela , delivered a speech which Edwin Moses has described as `` iconic '' . Awards were made in seven regular categories and two discretionary categories at the inaugural ceremony , hosted by Jeff Bridges and Dylan McDermott . Two of those awards would later be rescinded : both Lance Armstrong and Marion Jones were found to have used performance - enhancing drugs and had their accolades removed . Earle Connor 's Laureus World Sportsperson of the Year with a Disability Award which he won in 2004 was also later rescinded . The awards are considered highly prestigious and are frequently referred to as the sporting equivalent of an `` Oscar '' . Despite this , the awards have come in for some criticism , particularly in the manner in which athletes are selected for inclusion . Categories ( edit ) In order to determine the winners of the Awards , the Laureus Nominations Panel , composed of professional sports editors , writers and broadcasters from more than 100 countries , vote to create a shortlist of six nominations in five categories : Laureus World Sportsman of the Year Laureus World Sportswoman of the Year Laureus World Team of the Year Laureus World Comeback of the Year Laureus World Breakthrough of the Year The nominees of two categories are chosen by specialist panels : Laureus Action Sportsperson of the Year Laureus World Sportsperson of the Year with a Disability The Laureus World Sports Academy is an association of 65 retired sportspeople who volunteer their time to support the work of the Laureus Sport for Good Foundation . They also vote each year to decide the winners of the Laureus World Sports Awards . As of 2017 , the chairman of the Academy is New Zealand former rugby player Sean Fitzpatrick . The members of the Academy select the winners by voting in a secret ballot . One category is voted for by the public : The Laureus Best Sporting Moment of the Year The Academy also makes discretionary awards , including : Lifetime Achievement Award Sport for Good Award Spirit of Sport Award Exceptional Achievement Award Sporting Inspiration Award Ceremony ( edit ) The Lareus World Sports Awards ceremony is held annually at various venues in various locations around the world . The inaugural ceremony took place at the Sporting Club in Monaco on 25 May 2000 . As of 2017 , the ceremonies have been held in ten cities around the world , and are broadcast in at least 160 countries . Each Laureus World Sports Award winner receives a gold Cartier Laureus statuette which features a `` representation of the striving human form '' . The award weighs approximately 2.5 kilograms ( 5.5 lb ) ( with 670 grams ( 24 oz ) of solid silver and a 650 - gram ( 23 oz ) gold - finish base ) and is 30 centimetres ( 12 in ) tall . The ceremony has been held at the Grimaldi Forum in Monaco on three occasions . The 2015 ceremony took place at the Shanghai Grand Theatre , China . Locations of Laureus World Sports Awards ceremonies Year Location Venue Notes Ref ( s ) 2000 Monaco Sporting Club Patron was Nelson Mandela 2001 Grimaldi Forum Patron was Prince Albert 2002 2003 Lisbon , Portugal Cultural Centre of Belém Patron was José Manuel Barroso 2005 Estoril , Portugal Casino Estoril 2006 Barcelona , Spain Parque del Fórum 2007 Palau Sant Jordi Patron was Juan Carlos I of Spain 2008 Saint Petersburg , Russia Mariinsky Theatre Attended by President Vladimir Putin 2009 Ceremony cancelled due to world economic crisis ; awards presented to winners individually at other events from May to June . Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates Emirates Palace 2011 2012 London , United Kingdom Central Hall Westminster 2013 Rio de Janeiro , Brazil Theatro Municipal 2014 Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia Istana Budaya 2015 Shanghai , China Shanghai Grand Theatre 2016 Berlin , Germany Palais am Funkturm 2017 Monaco Sporting Club 2018 Winners by category ( edit ) Serena Williams ( three ) and Roger Federer ( four ) have the most Sportswoman and Sportsmen of the Year awards . Daniel Dias has won the Sportsperson with a Disability of the Year Award three times . Regular Awards ( edit ) Sportsman and Sportswoman of the Year ( edit ) Main articles : Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year and Laureus World Sports Award for Sportswoman of the Year Team of the Year ( edit ) Main article : Laureus World Sports Award for Team of the Year Breakthrough of the year ( edit ) Main article : Laureus World Sports Award for Breakthrough of the Year Prior to 2007 , this award was called Newcomer of the Year . Comeback of the Year ( edit ) Main article : Laureus World Sports Award for Comeback of the Year Sportsperson with a Disability of the Year ( edit ) Main article : Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsperson of the Year with a Disability Action Sportsperson of the year ( edit ) Main article : Laureus World Sports Award for Action Sportsperson of the Year Prior to 2007 , this award was called Alternative Sportsperson of the Year . Best Sporting Moment ( edit ) The Best Sporting Moment Award , inaugurated in 2017 , and voted for by the public , was won by the FC Barcelona under - 12 ( Infantil - B ) side for their sportsmanship in consoling a defeated opposition team . Discretionary Awards ( edit ) Main articles : Laureus Lifetime Achievement Award , Laureus Sport for Good Award , and Laureus Spirit of Sport Award Since 2000 , the Laureus World Sports Awards have included a number of accolades given by the Academy at their discretion . At the first ceremony in 2000 , Brazilian footballer Pelé became the first recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award , while American Eunice Kennedy Shriver , founder of the Special Olympics was presented with the inaugural Laureus Sport for Good Award . The first Spirit of Sport award was presented in 2005 to the Boston Red Sox who had won the World Series for the first time in 86 years . In 2013 , American swimmer Michael Phelps became the first recipient of the Exceptional Achievement Award . As of 2017 , Chinese tennis player Li Na ( 2015 ) is the only other person to be honoured with that award . In 2017 , the Refugee Olympic Team , comprising ten athletes from Syria , Congo , Ethiopia and South Sudan , awarded the first and only Sporting Inspiration Award . Winners by year ( edit ) Regular awards ( edit ) Key * Indicates individual whose award or nomination was later rescinded N / A Not awarded Year Sportsman Sportswoman Team Breakthrough Comeback Disability Action Moment Ref 2000 Woods , Tiger Tiger Woods Jones , Marion Marion Jones * Manchester United F.C. García , Sergio Sergio García Armstrong , Lance Lance Armstrong * Sauvage , Louise Louise Sauvage Palmer , Shaun Shaun Palmer N / A 2001 Woods , Tiger Tiger Woods Freeman , Cathy Cathy Freeman France national football team Safin , Marat Marat Safin Capriati , Jennifer Jennifer Capriati Lauwers , Vinny Vinny Lauwers Horn , Mike Mike Horn N / A 2002 Schumacher , Michael Michael Schumacher Capriati , Jennifer Jennifer Capriati Australia national cricket team Montoya , Juan Pablo Juan Pablo Montoya Ivanišević , Goran Goran Ivanišević Vergeer , Esther Esther Vergeer Burnquist , Bob Bob Burnquist N / A 2003 Armstrong , Lance Lance Armstrong * Williams , Serena Serena Williams Brazil national football team Ming , Yao Yao Ming Ronaldo Milton , Michael Michael Milton Potter , Dean Dean Potter N / A Schumacher , Michael Michael Schumacher Sörenstam , Annika Annika Sörenstam England national rugby union team Wie , Michelle Michelle Wie Maier , Hermann Hermann Maier Connor , Earle Earle Connor * Beachley , Layne Layne Beachley N / A 2005 Federer , Roger Roger Federer Holmes , Kelly Kelly Holmes Greece national football team Xiang , Liu Liu Xiang Zanardi , Alex Alex Zanardi Petitclerc , Chantal Chantal Petitclerc McArthur , Ellen Ellen McArthur N / A 2006 Federer , Roger Roger Federer Kostelić , Janica Janica Kostelić Renault F1 team Nadal , Rafael Rafael Nadal Hingis , Martina Martina Hingis van Dyk , Ernst Ernst van Dyk d'Arrigo , Angelo Angelo d'Arrigo N / A 2007 Federer , Roger Roger Federer Isinbayeva , Yelena Yelena Isinbayeva Italy national football team Williams , Serena Serena Williams Braxenthaler , Martin Martin Braxenthaler Mauresmo , Amélie Amélie Mauresmo Slater , Kelly Kelly Slater N / A 2008 Federer , Roger Roger Federer Henin , Justine Justine Henin South Africa national rugby union team Radcliffe , Paula Paula Radcliffe Vergeer , Esther Esther Vergeer Hamilton , Lewis Lewis Hamilton White , Shaun Shaun White N / A 2009 Bolt , Usain Usain Bolt Isinbayeva , Yelena Yelena Isinbayeva China Olympic team Klitschko , Vitali Vitali Klitschko Dias , Daniel Daniel Dias Adlington , Rebecca Rebecca Adlington Slater , Kelly Kelly Slater N / A Bolt , Usain Usain Bolt Williams , Serena Serena Williams Brawn F1 team Clijsters , Kim Kim Clijsters du Toit , Natalie Natalie du Toit Button , Jenson Jenson Button Gilmore , Stephanie Stephanie Gilmore N / A 2011 Nadal , Rafael Rafael Nadal Vonn , Lindsey Lindsey Vonn Spain national football team Rossi , Valentino Valentino Rossi Bentele , Verena Verena Bentele Kaymer , Martin Martin Kaymer Slater , Kelly Kelly Slater N / A 2012 Djokovic , Novak Novak Djokovic Cheruiyot , Vivian Vivian Cheruiyot Barcelona FC Barcelona Clarke , Darren Darren Clarke Pistorius , Oscar Oscar Pistorius McIlroy , Rory Rory McIlroy Slater , Kelly Kelly Slater N / A 2013 Bolt , Usain Usain Bolt Ennis , Jessica Jessica Ennis Ryder European Ryder Cup team Sánchez , Félix Félix Sánchez Dias , Daniel Daniel Dias Murray , Andy Andy Murray Baumgartner , Felix Felix Baumgartner N / A 2014 Vettel , Sebastian Sebastian Vettel Franklin , Missy Missy Franklin Bayern FC Bayern Munich Nadal , Rafael Rafael Nadal Bochet , Marie Marie Bochet Márquez , Marc Marc Márquez Bestwick , Jamie Jamie Bestwick N / A 2015 Djokovic , Novak Novak Djokovic Dibaba , Genzebe Genzebe Dibaba Germany national football team Burger , Schalk Schalk Burger McFadden , Tatyana Tatyana McFadden Ricciardo , Daniel Daniel Ricciardo Eustace , Alan Alan Eustace N / A 2016 Djokovic , Novak Novak Djokovic Williams , Serena Serena Williams New Zealand national rugby union team Carter , Dan Dan Carter Dias , Daniel Daniel Dias Spieth , Jordan Jordan Spieth Frodeno , Jan Jan Frodeno N / A 2017 Bolt , Usain Usain Bolt Biles , Simone Simone Biles Chicago Cubs Phelps , Michael Michael Phelps Vio , Beatrice Beatrice Vio Rosberg , Nico Nico Rosberg Atherton , Rachel Rachel Atherton Barca FC Barcelona under - 12s Discretionary awards ( edit ) Key Indicates posthumous award N / A Not awarded Year Lifetime Sport for Good Spirit of Sport Exceptional Achivement Sporting Inspiration Ref 2000 Pelé Shriver , Eunice Kennedy Eunice Kennedy Shriver N / A N / A N / A 2001 Redgrave , Steve Steve Redgrave Keino , Kip Kip Keino N / A N / A N / A 2002 Blake , Peter Peter Blake Blake , Peter Peter Blake N / A N / A N / A 20003 Player , Gary Gary Player Schwarzenegger , Arnold Arnold Schwarzenegger N / A N / A N / A Næss Jr. , Arne Arne Næss Jr . Mathare Youth Sports Association N / A N / A N / A India national cricket team Pakistan national cricket team 2005 N / A Storey , Gerry Gerry Storey Boston Red Sox N / A N / A 2006 Cruyff , Johan Johan Cruyff Griesbeck , Jürgen Jürgen Griesbeck Rossi , Valentino Valentino Rossi N / A N / A 2007 Beckenbauer , Franz Franz Beckenbauer Dowdney , Luke Luke Dowdney Bar FC Barcelona N / A N / A 2008 Bubka , Sergey Sergey Bubka Tuo Brendan and Sean Tuohy Pound , Dick Dick Pound N / A N / A 2009 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A El Moutawakel , Nawal Nawal El Moutawakel Mutombo , Dikembe Dikembe Mutombo N / A N / A N / A 2011 Zidane , Zinedine Zinedine Zidane El - Khalil , May May El - Khalil Ryder European Ryder Cup team N / A N / A 2012 Charlton , Bobby Bobby Charlton N / A Raí N / A N / A 2013 Coe , Sebastian Sebastian Coe N / A N / A Phelps , Michael Michael Phelps N / A 2014 N / A Afghanistan national cricket team Magic Bus N / A N / A 2015 N / A Skateistan Ming , Yao Yao Ming Na , Li Li Na N / A 2016 Lauda , Niki Niki Lauda Moving the Goalposts Cruyff , Johan Johan Cruyff N / A N / A 2017 N / A Waves for Change Leicester City F.C. N / A Refugee Olympic Team See also ( edit ) Taste of Tennis , another Laureus Sport for Good Foundation activity References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hugh Grant to host Laureus Awards '' . The Times of India . 27 January 2017 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Mission '' . Laureus . Archived from the original on 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Our History '' . Laureus . Archived from the original on 21 July 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Swart , Sharon ( 15 May 2001 ) . `` Good sports '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Laureus World Sports Academy '' . International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education . 24 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 30 July 2016 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Laureus World Sports Awards ( 2000 ) '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The winners for the year 2000 were : '' . Laureus . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The winners for the year 2004 were : '' . Laureus . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Aimee ( 15 February 2017 ) . `` Usain Bolt and Simone Biles dominate at ' Sport 's Oscars ' '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 8 March 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nico Rosberg mit dem Sport - Oscar geehrt '' . Die Welt ( in German ) . 15 February 2017 . Archived from the original on 18 October 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Schumacher wins sporting ' Oscar ' '' . BBC Sport. 14 May 2002 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Jack ( 28 May 2004 ) . `` World Sports Awards a great but flawed concept '' . The Japan Times . Archived from the original on 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Who will be # LaureusWorthy '' . Laureus . 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Archived from the original on 13 March 2010 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Xiaochen , Sun ( 7 February 2011 ) . `` Sports stars set to sparkle in Laureus awards ceremony '' . China Daily . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` London to host 2012 Laureus World Sports Awards '' . BBC Sport. 29 November 2011 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Faratin , Pejman ( 12 March 2013 ) . `` Gallery : Laureus World Sports Awards 2013 '' . Metro . Archived from the original on 5 November 2015 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In this difficult time , draw strength from perseverence and endurance shown by sportsmen , says Najib '' . The Star . Petaling Jaya. 28 March 2014 . Archived from the original on 1 April 2014 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Great sporting legends to attend Laureus World Sports Awards '' . Laureus. 26 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IAAF President Coe attends Laureus Sport for Good Jam in Berlin '' . International Associaion of Athletics Federations. 17 April 2016 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Bose , Soumitra ( 15 February 2017 ) . `` Usain Bolt , Simone Biles , Michael Phelps lead Olympian sweep of Laureus Awards '' . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on 28 July 2017 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Venue '' . Laureus . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bolt delighted to be alongside ' great ' Federer '' . beIN Sports . 15 February 2017 . Archived from the original on 20 October 2017 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Swales , Andy ( 19 April 2016 ) . `` Novak Djokovic and Serena Williams win Laureus awards '' . Sky Sports . Archived from the original on 18 October 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Dias '' . International Paralympic Committee . Archived from the original on 21 March 2017 . 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Retrieved 9 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The winners for the year 2001 were : '' . Laureus . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The winners for the year 2002 were : '' . Laureus . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The winners for the year 2003 were : '' . Laureus . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The winners for the year 2005 were : '' . Laureus . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The winners for the year 2008 were : '' . Laureus . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The winners for the year 2009 were : '' . Laureus . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The winners for the year 2010 were : '' . Laureus . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The winners for the year 2011 were : '' . Laureus . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The winners for the year 2012 were : '' . Laureus . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The winners for the year 2013 were : '' . Laureus . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The winners for the year 2014 were : '' . Laureus . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The winners for the year 2015 were : '' . Laureus . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The winners for the year 2016 were : '' . Laureus . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The winners for the year 2017 were : '' . Laureus . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Laureus World Sports Awards . Official website ( hide ) Laureus World Sports Awards Sportsman Sportswoman Team Breakthrough Comeback Sportsperson with a Disability Action Sportsperson Lifetime Achievement Sport for Good Spirit of Sport Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laureus_World_Sports_Awards&oldid=809499199 '' Categories : Laureus World Sports Awards Sports trophies and awards International awards Awards established in 2000 Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hCards Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 14 : 34 . 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song we are we are the youth of the nation			Youth of the Nation	youth of the nation		`` Youth of the Nation '' Single by P.O.D. from the album Satellite Released December 25 , 2001 Format CD cassette Recorded March 2001 Genre Rap rock alternative rock Length 4 : 17 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Noah Bernardo Marcos Curiel Traa Daniels Sonny Sandoval Producer ( s ) Howard Benson P.O.D. singles chronology `` Alive '' ( 2001 ) `` Youth of the Nation '' ( 2001 ) `` Boom '' ( 2002 ) `` Youth of the Nation '' is a song by American Christian metal band P.O.D. It was released in December 2001 as the second single to come from their second major label album , Satellite . It was inspired in part by the school shootings at Santana High School and Columbine High School . While Satellite contained numerous hit songs , `` Youth of the Nation '' was the band 's only No. 1 hit on the Modern Rock chart and reached No. 28 on the Billboard Hot 100 , their only single to reach the top 40 , and No. 6 on the Mainstream Rock chart . The song was included in `` Weird Al '' Yankovic 's polka medley `` Angry White Boy Polka '' from his 2003 album Poodle Hat , despite lead singer Sonny Sandoval 's mixed race background . It was also featured as downloadable content in the music video games Guitar Hero 5 and Rock Band 3 . Contents 1 Background 2 Lyrics and song structure 3 Music video 4 Track listing 5 Chart and sales 5.1 Certifications 6 Awards 6.1 2003 Grammy Awards 6.2 2002 MTV Video Music Awards 7 References Background ( edit ) The song 's inspiration stems from a trip when the band was on their way to record for Satellite on March 5 , 2001 . They were held up in traffic and discovered that the reason was a shooting at Santana High School where a fifteen - year - old student named Charles Andrew Williams killed two and wounded thirteen . The album was consequently delayed , and the band was inspired to write `` Youth of the Nation . '' In a 2008 interview , guitarist Marcos Curiel described the event : `` We were rehearsing and writing Satellite a couple of blocks away from the school . One day on the way to the studio , there were all these helicopters and cars speeding by . We really did n't know what was going on . When we got to the studio , this guy had the news on , and he was like , ' This kid just went and started blasting fools . ' So we started jamming , and that rhythm just naturally came out then Wuv ( Bernardo , drummer ) put that drumbeat on it , and the song was born . '' Curiel added , `` When you can hear something that 's going to uplift you like ' Alive ' or something that 's going to bring out knowledge like ' Youth of the Nation , ' we 've done our jobs as an artist . '' Lyrics and song structure ( edit ) `` Youth of the Nation '' contains three stories of adolescent tragedy in American culture . It begins by describing a teenager unknowingly skating to school only to be shot by a fellow student . Lyrics go on to speculate whether or not the boy who committed the act felt unloved . Following the chorus , a 12 - year - old girl called `` little Suzie '' is depicted as having been abandoned by her father and subsequently `` finding love in all the wrong places . '' Finally , another teen known as `` Johnny boy '' fails to fit in with his peers and ultimately commits suicide by firearm , `` ( telling ) the world how he felt with the sound of a gat . '' Music video ( edit ) The music video for `` Youth of the Nation '' has the band performing the song in a room filled with photos of adolescents as seen on the single cover . It revolves around a group of teenagers taking a cross country trip in a car from New York City to Venice Beach in Los Angeles via Western Pennsylvania ( New Kensington , Arnold , Cheswick , Harmarville ) and other locales . The book On the Road by Jack Kerouac can be seen on the dashboard of the car . Directed by Paul Fedor , the video found significant airplay on MTV2 . The video features a prefamous Joel David Moore as the teenager driving the car . Marcos Curiel noted that censorship of the video came into play due to Viacom : `` We had a girl sitting on the hood of the car going down the highway trying to be free - spirited , you know ? ( ... ) But , Viacom and MTV had us edit that out because kids are so easily influenced . '' Track listing ( edit ) `` Youth of the Nation '' ( album version ) -- 4 : 18 `` Alive '' ( Semi-acoustic version ) -- 3 : 27 `` Sabbath '' -- 4 : 33 Chart and sales ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 17 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 11 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 47 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 10 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 15 France ( SNEP ) 72 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) 20 Italy ( FIMI ) 13 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 27 Norway ( VG - lista ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 7 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 16 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 36 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 28 U.S. Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks 6 U.S. Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks U.S. Billboard Top 40 Mainstream 18 Certifications ( edit ) Country Certification Date Sales certified Australia Platinum 2002 70,000 + Awards ( edit ) 2003 Grammy Awards ( edit ) Best Hard Rock Performance ( nomination ) 2002 MTV Video Music Awards ( edit ) Best Rock Video ( nomination ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pattison , Louis ( September 12 , 2005 ) . `` P.O.D : Youth of the Nation '' . NME . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fenell , Zachary Alternative Rock Songs About Suicide Yahoo ! ( October 11 , 2010 ) Archived July 29 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Blatt , Mitchell P.O.D. Interview : Back Together , New Album in April Archived April 13 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Juiced Sports ( March 13 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on 12 - 23 - 11 . Jump up ^ http://vimeo.com/62051373 Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- P.O.D. -- Youth of the Nation '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- P.O.D. -- Youth of the Nation '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- P.O.D. -- Youth of the Nation '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- P.O.D. -- Youth of the Nation '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` P.O.D. : Youth of the Nation '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- P.O.D. -- Youth of the Nation '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- P.O.D. Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Singles Chart -- Search for song '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- P.O.D. -- Youth of the Nation '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- P.O.D. '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- P.O.D. -- Youth of the Nation '' . VG - lista . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- P.O.D. -- Youth of the Nation '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- P.O.D. -- Youth of the Nation '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Stats -- P.O.D. ( UK ) '' . chartstats.com . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2012 . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` P.O.D. > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` P.O.D. Album & Song Chart History : Alternative Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2002 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . P.O.D. Sonny Sandoval Wuv Bernardo Traa Daniels Marcos Curiel Jason Truby Gabe Portillo Studio albums Snuff the Punk ( 1994 ) Brown ( 1996 ) The Fundamental Elements of Southtown ( 1999 ) Satellite ( 2001 ) Payable on Death ( 2003 ) Testify ( 2006 ) When Angels & Serpents Dance ( 2008 ) Murdered Love ( 2012 ) The Awakening ( 2015 ) Live albums Payable on Death Live ( 1997 ) Compilation albums Greatest Hits : The Atlantic Years ( 2006 ) Extended plays The Warriors EP ( 1998 ) The Warriors EP , Volume 2 ( 2005 ) Singles `` Southtown '' `` Rock the Party ( Off the Hook ) '' `` Alive '' `` Youth of the Nation '' `` Boom '' `` Satellite '' `` Sleeping Awake '' `` Will You '' `` Change the World '' `` Goodbye for Now '' Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Youth_of_the_Nation&oldid=856718406 '' Categories : 2001 singles 2001 songs American alternative rock songs Atlantic Records singles Billboard Alternative Songs number - one singles P.O.D. songs Rap rock songs Songs about bullying Songs about school Songs about suicide Songs based on actual events Songs in memory of deceased persons Songs inspired by deaths Teenage tragedy songs Song recordings produced by Howard Benson Songs written by Noah Bernardo Songs written by Marcos Curiel Songs written by Traa Daniels Songs written by Sonny Sandoval Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from December 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2015 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Polski Português Simple English Slovenčina Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 03 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth%20of%20the%20Nation	874
what is the full form of als disease	Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS ) , also known as motor neurone disease ( MND ) , and Lou Gehrig 's disease , is a specific disease which causes the death of neurons controlling voluntary muscles . Some also use the term motor neuron disease for a group of conditions of which ALS is the most common . ALS is characterized by stiff muscles , muscle twitching , and gradually worsening weakness due to muscles decreasing in size . This results in difficulty speaking , swallowing , and eventually breathing .	Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS ) , also known as motor neurone disease ( MND ) , and Lou Gehrig 's disease , is a specific disease which causes the death of neurons controlling voluntary muscles . Some also use the term motor neuron disease for a group of conditions of which ALS is the most common . ALS is characterized by stiff muscles , muscle twitching , and gradually worsening weakness due to muscles decreasing in size . This results in difficulty speaking , swallowing , and eventually breathing .	The cause is not known in 90 % to 95 % of cases . The remaining 5 -- 10 % of cases are inherited from a person 's parents . About half of these genetic cases are due to one of two specific genes . The underlying mechanism involves damage to both upper and lower motor neurons . The diagnosis is based on a person 's signs and symptoms , with testing done to rule out other potential causes . No cure for ALS is known . A medication called riluzole may extend life by about two to three months . Non-invasive ventilation may result in both improved quality and length of life . The disease can affect people of any age , but usually starts around the age of 60 and in inherited cases around the age of 50 . The average survival from onset to death is two to four years . About 10 % survive longer than 10 years . Most die from respiratory failure . In much of the world , rates of ALS are unknown . In Europe and the United States the disease affects about two to three people per 100,000 per year . Descriptions of the disease date back to at least 1824 by Charles Bell . In 1869 , the connection between the symptoms and the underlying neurological problems was first described by Jean - Martin Charcot , who in 1874 began using the term amyotrophic lateral sclerosis . It became well known in the United States in the 20th century when in 1939 it affected the baseball player Lou Gehrig and later worldwide following the 1963 diagnosis of cosmologist Stephen Hawking . In 2014 , videos of the Ice Bucket Challenge went viral on the Internet and increased public awareness of the condition . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification 2 Signs and symptoms 2.1 Initial symptoms 2.2 Progression 2.3 Late stages 3 Cause 3.1 Genetics 3.2 Head injury 3.3 Other factors 4 Pathophysiology 5 Diagnosis 5.1 Differential diagnosis 6 Management 6.1 Medications 6.2 Breathing support 6.3 Therapy 6.4 Nutrition 6.5 End - of - life care 7 Epidemiology 8 History 8.1 Name 9 Society and culture 10 Research 10.1 Treatments 10.2 Cause 11 References 12 External links Classification ( edit ) ALS is a motor neuron disease , also spelled `` motor neurone disease '' , which is a group of neurological disorders that selectively affect motor neurons , the cells that control voluntary muscles of the body , including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS ) , primary lateral sclerosis , progressive muscular atrophy , progressive bulbar palsy , pseudobulbar palsy , and spinal muscular atrophy . ALS itself can be classified a few different ways : by how fast the disease progresses ( slow vs fast progressors ) , by whether it is inherited or sporadic , and by where it starts . Most commonly ( ~ 70 % of the time ) the limbs are affected first . In this case , neurons in the brain ( upper motor neurons ) and in the spinal cord ( lower motor neurons ) are dying and this form is called `` limb onset '' . In about 25 % of cases , muscles in the face , mouth , and throat are affected first , because motor neurons in the part of the brain stem called the medulla oblongata ( formerly called the `` bulb '' ) start to die first along with lower motor neurons . This form is called `` bulbar onset '' . In about 5 % of cases muscles in the trunk of the body are affected first . In all cases the disease spreads and affects other regions . The symptoms may also be limited to one spinal region . Those with leg amyotrophic diplegia and brachial amyotrophic diplegia have a longer survival compared to classic onset ALS . Signs and symptoms ( edit ) The disorder causes muscle weakness , atrophy , and muscle spasms throughout the body due to the degeneration of the upper motor and lower motor neurons . Individuals affected by the disorder may ultimately lose the ability to initiate and control all voluntary movement , although bladder and bowel function and the muscles responsible for eye movement are usually spared until the final stages of the disorder . Cognitive or behavioral dysfunction is present in 30 -- 50 % of individuals with ALS . Around half of people with ALS will experience mild changes in cognition and behavior , and 10 -- 15 % will show signs of frontotemporal dementia . Repeating phrases or gestures , apathy , and loss of inhibition are frequently reported behavioral features of ALS . Language dysfunction , executive dysfunction , and troubles with social cognition and verbal memory are the most commonly reported cognitive symptoms in ALS ; a meta - analysis found no relationship between dysfunction and disease severity . However , cognitive and behavioral dysfunctions have been found to correlate with reduced survival in people with ALS and increased caregiver burden ; this may be due in part to deficits in social cognition . About half the people who have ALS experience emotional lability , in which they cry or laugh for no reason . Sensory nerves and the autonomic nervous system are generally unaffected , meaning the majority of people with ALS maintain hearing , sight , touch , smell , and taste . Initial symptoms ( edit ) The start of ALS may be so subtle that the symptoms are overlooked . The earliest symptoms of ALS are muscle weakness or muscle atrophy . Other presenting symptoms include trouble swallowing or breathing , cramping , or stiffness of affected muscles ; muscle weakness affecting an arm or a leg ; or slurred and nasal speech . The parts of the body affected by early symptoms of ALS depend on which motor neurons in the body are damaged first . In limb - onset ALS , people first experience awkwardness when walking or running or even tripping over or stumbling may be experienced and often this is marked by walking with a `` dropped foot '' which drags gently on the ground . Or if arm - onset , difficulty with tasks requiring manual dexterity such as buttoning a shirt , writing , or turning a key in a lock may be experienced . In bulbar - onset ALS , initial symptoms will mainly be of difficulty speaking clearly or swallowing . Speech may become slurred , nasal in character , or quieter . There may be difficulty in swallowing and loss of tongue mobility . A smaller proportion of people experience `` respiratory - onset '' ALS , where the intercostal muscles that support breathing are affected first . Over time , people experience increasing difficulty moving , swallowing ( dysphagia ) , and speaking or forming words ( dysarthria ) . Symptoms of upper motor neuron involvement include tight and stiff muscles ( spasticity ) and exaggerated reflexes ( hyperreflexia ) including an overactive gag reflex . An abnormal reflex commonly called Babinski 's sign also indicates upper motor neuron damage . Symptoms of lower motor neuron degeneration include muscle weakness and atrophy , muscle cramps , and fleeting twitches of muscles that can be seen under the skin ( fasciculations ) although twitching is not a diagnostic symptom and more of a side effect so twitching would either occur after or accompany weakness and atrophy . Progression ( edit ) Although the order and rate of symptoms vary from person to person , the disease eventually spreads to unaffected regions and the affected regions become more affected . Most people eventually are not able to walk or use their hands and arms , lose the ability to speak and swallow food and their own saliva , and begin to lose the ability to cough and to breathe on their own . The rate of progression can be measured using an outcome measure called the `` ALS Functional Rating Scale Revised ( ALSFRS - R ) '' , a 12 - item instrument administered as a clinical interview or self - reported questionnaire that produces a score between 48 ( normal function ) and 0 ( severe disability ) ; it is the most commonly used outcome measure in clinical trials and is used by doctors to track disease progression . Though the degree of variability is high and a small percentage of people have a much slower disorder , on average , people with ALS lose about 0.9 FRS points per month . A survey - based study among clinicians showed that they rated a 20 % change in the slope of the ALSFRS - R as being clinically meaningful . Disorder progression tends to be slower in people who are younger than 40 at onset , are mildly obese , have disorder restricted primarily to one limb , and those with primarily upper motor neuron symptoms . Conversely , progression is faster and prognosis poorer in people with bulbar - onset disorder , respiratory - onset disorder , and frontotemporal dementia . The CX3CR1 allelic variants have also been shown to have an effect on the disorder 's progression and life expectancy . Late stages ( edit ) Difficulty in chewing and swallowing makes eating very difficult and increases the risk of choking or of aspirating food into the lungs . In later stages of the disorder , aspiration pneumonia can develop , and maintaining a healthy weight can become a significant problem that may require the insertion of a feeding tube . As the diaphragm and intercostal muscles of the rib cage that support breathing weaken , measures of lung function such as vital capacity and inspiratory pressure diminish . In respiratory - onset ALS , this may occur before significant limb weakness is apparent . Most people with ALS die of respiratory failure or pneumonia . Although respiratory support can ease problems with breathing and prolong survival , it does not affect the progression of ALS . Most people with ALS die between two and four years after the diagnosis . Around half of people with ALS die within 30 months of their symptoms beginning , and about 20 % of people with ALS live between five and 10 years after symptoms begin . Guitarist Jason Becker has lived since 1989 with the disorder , while cosmologist Stephen Hawking lived for 55 more years following his diagnosis , but they are considered unusual cases . Most people with ALS die in their own home , with their breath stopping while they sleep . Cause ( edit ) Genetics ( edit ) Main article : Genetics of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis About 5 -- 10 % of cases are directly inherited from a person 's parents . Overall , first - degree relatives of an individual with ALS have a 1 % risk of developing ALS . A defect on chromosome 21 , which codes for superoxide dismutase , is associated with about 20 % of familial cases of ALS , or about 2 % of ALS cases overall . This mutation is believed to be transmitted in an autosomal dominant manner , and has over a hundred different forms of mutation . The most common ALS - causing mutation is a mutant SOD1 gene , seen in North America ; this is characterized by an exceptionally rapid progression from onset to death . The most common mutation found in Scandinavian countries , D90A - SOD1 , is more slowly progressive than typical ALS , and people with this form of the disorder survive for an average of 11 years . Mutations in C9orf72 are reported to cause 25 - 40 % of familial cases of ALS , as well as a small percentage of sporadic cases . Mutations in TDP - 43 , FUS , C9orf72 and other genes can cause ALS as well as related forms of frontotemporal dementia ( FTD / ALS ) . Proteins made by these genes appear have prion - like activity and form inclusion bodies in some instances of ALS . Head injury ( edit ) While moderate to severe traumatic brain injury is a risk for ALS , if mild traumatic brain injury increases rates is unclear . In 1994 the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health reported an insignificant increase in nervous system disorders due to four cases of ALS among National Football League ( NFL ) players . Whether this was due to chance or not is unknown . Another study from 2012 also found a possible increase in ALS in NFL football players . An older study did not find an increased risk among high school football players . A 2007 review found an increased risk among soccer players . ALS may also occur more often among the US military veterans , but the reason is unknown . This may be due to head injury . After the 2012 report was released , some NFL players involved in the legal settlement with the NFL complained that the NFL , which initially agreed to pay $765 million , was not doing enough to help players . The judge in the case concurred , and the NFL then agreed to pay an unlimited amount of damages for players found to have ALS , Parkinson 's disease , Alzheimer 's disease , and dementia . Other factors ( edit ) Where no family history of the disease is present -- around 90 % of cases -- no cause is known . Possible associations for which evidence is inconclusive include military service and smoking . Although studies on military history and ALS frequency are inconsistent , there is weak evidence for a positive correlation . Various proposed factors include exposure to environmental toxins ( inferred from geographical deployment studies ) , as well as alcohol and tobacco use during military service . In a 2017 study by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention analyzing U.S. deaths from 1985 to 2011 , occupations correlated with ALS deaths were white collar , such as in management , financial , architectural , computing , legal , and education jobs . Other potential risk factors remain unconfirmed , including chemical exposure , electromagnetic field exposure , occupation , physical trauma , and electric shock . There is a tentative association with exposure to various pesticides , including the organochlorine insecticides aldrin , dieldrin , DDT , and toxaphene . Pathophysiology ( edit ) The defining feature of ALS is the death of both upper and lower motor neurons in the motor cortex of the brain , the brain stem , and the spinal cord . Prior to their destruction , motor neurons develop protein - rich inclusions in their cell bodies and axons . This may be partly due to defects in protein degradation . These inclusions often contain ubiquitin , and generally incorporate one of the ALS - associated proteins : SOD1 , TAR DNA binding protein ( TDP - 43 , or TARDBP ) , or FUS . The mutant SOD1 may also contribute to motor neuron cell death through generating free radicals . Excitotoxicity , or cell death caused by high levels of intracellular calcium caused by excessive activity of excitatory neurotransmitters , may be a mechanism of ALS . This concept has been supported by increased glutamate and dysfunctional glutamate transporter -- RNA in cerebrospinal fluid of those with ALS . This is further supported by the only effective treatment being an anti-glutaminergic drug ( Riluzole ) , as well as the poor ability to buffer calcium in motor neurons relative to other neurons . Neurofilament accumulation in axons has been observed in sporadic cases of ALS , as well as in SOD1 patients , possibly interfering with axonal transport , leading to cell death from SOD1 toxicity . Diagnosis ( edit ) MRI ( axial FLAIR ) demonstrates increased T signal within the posterior part of the internal capsule , consistent with the diagnosis of ALS . No test can provide a definite diagnosis of ALS , although the presence of upper and lower motor neuron signs in a single limb is strongly suggestive . Instead , the diagnosis of ALS is primarily based on the symptoms and signs the physician observes in the person and a series of tests to rule out other diseases . Physicians obtain the person 's full medical history and usually conduct a neurologic examination at regular intervals to assess whether symptoms such as muscle weakness , atrophy of muscles , hyperreflexia , and spasticity are worsening . A number of biomarkers are being studied for the condition , but so far are not in general medical use . Differential diagnosis ( edit ) Because symptoms of ALS can be similar to those of a wide variety of other , more treatable diseases or disorders , appropriate tests must be conducted to exclude the possibility of other conditions . One of these tests is electromyography ( EMG ) , a special recording technique that detects electrical activity in muscles . Certain EMG findings can support the diagnosis of ALS . Another common test measures nerve conduction velocity ( NCV ) . Specific abnormalities in the NCV results may suggest , for example , that the person has a form of peripheral neuropathy ( damage to peripheral nerves ) or myopathy ( muscle disease ) rather than ALS . While a magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) is often normal in people with early stage ALS , it can reveal evidence of other problems that may be causing the symptoms , such as a spinal cord tumor , multiple sclerosis , a herniated disk in the neck , syringomyelia , or cervical spondylosis . Based on the person 's symptoms and findings from the examination and from these tests , the physician may order tests on blood and urine samples to eliminate the possibility of other diseases , as well as routine laboratory tests . In some cases , for example , if a physician suspects the person may have a myopathy rather than ALS , a muscle biopsy may be performed . Viral infectious diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) , human T - lymphotropic virus ( HTLV ) , Lyme disease , syphilis and tick - borne encephalitis can in some cases cause ALS - like symptoms . Neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis , post-polio syndrome , multifocal motor neuropathy , CIDP , spinal muscular atrophy , and spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy can also mimic certain aspects of the disease and should be considered . ALS must be differentiated from the `` ALS mimic syndromes '' which are unrelated disorders that may have a similar presentation and clinical features to ALS or its variants . Because of the prognosis carried by this diagnosis and the variety of diseases or disorders that can resemble ALS in the early stages of the disease , people with ALS symptoms should always obtain a specialist neurological opinion in order to rule out alternative diagnoses . Myasthenic syndrome , also known as Lambert -- Eaton syndrome , can mimic ALS , and its initial presentation can be similar to that of myasthenia gravis ( MG ) , a treatable autoimmune disease sometimes mistaken for ALS . Benign fasciculation syndrome is another condition that mimics some of the early symptoms of ALS , but is accompanied by normal EMG readings and no major disablement . Most cases of ALS , however , are correctly diagnosed , with the error rate of diagnosis in large ALS clinics is less than 10 % . One study examined 190 people who met the MND / ALS diagnostic criteria , complemented with laboratory research in compliance with both research protocols and regular monitoring . Thirty of these people ( 16 % ) had their diagnosis completely changed during the clinical observation development period . In the same study , three people had a false negative diagnosis of MG , which can mimic ALS and other neurological disorders , leading to a delay in diagnosis and treatment . MG is eminently treatable ; ALS is not . Management ( edit ) Management of ALS attempts to relieve symptoms and extend life expectancy . This supportive care is best provided by multidisciplinary teams of healthcare professionals working with the person and their caregivers to keep them as mobile and comfortable as possible . Medications ( edit ) Riluzole has been found to modestly prolong survival by about 2 - 3 months . It may have a greater survival benefit for those with a bulbar onset . It is approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration and recommended by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence in England and Wales ) . Riluzole does not reverse damage already done to motor neurons , but affects neurons by reducing their activity through blocking Na+ entrance into the neurons , thus blocking the release of the chemicals that cause the activity of the motor neurons . The reduction in activity prevents the ruining of the neuronal muscle and so the drug can act as a protective chemical . The function of this drug is dependent on the amount taken at a given time . The higher the concentration , the better the drug will protect the neurons from ruin . The recommended dosage of riluzole is 50 mg , twice a day for people with known ALS for more than five years . A number of side effects are caused by the drug including the feeling of weakness in muscles , but this is normal due to the function of the drug . Studies have shown that people on the drug are not likely to stop responding to it or develop symptoms that might cause the activity of neurons to rise again , making it an effective drug for prolonging survival . In 2015 , edaravone was approved in Japan for treatment of ALS after studying how and whether it works on 137 people with ALS and has obtained orphan drug status in the European Union and United States . On May 5 , 2017 , the FDA approved edaravone to extend the survival period of people with ALS . It costs about US $145,000 per year in the United States and US $35,000 per year in Japan . Other medications may be used to help reduce fatigue , ease muscle cramps , control spasticity , and reduce excess saliva and phlegm . Drugs also are available to help people with pain , such as nonsteroidal and anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids , depression , sleep disturbances , dysphagia , and constipation . Baclofen and diazepam are often prescribed to control the spasticity caused by ALS , and trihexyphenidyl , amitriptyline or most commonly glycopyrrolate may be prescribed when people with ALS begin having trouble swallowing their saliva . There is no evidence that medications are effective at reducing muscle cramps experienced by people with ALS . Breathing support ( edit ) Respiratory failure is the most common cause of death in people with ALS and is the most prominent symptom , second to the destruction of motor neurons and weakening of muscle . When the muscles that assist in breathing weaken , several symptoms start to arise including shortness of breath when undergoing physical activity or talking , fatigue , morning headaches , poor concentration and depression . The use of ventilatory assistance ( intermittent positive pressure ventilation , bilevel positive airway pressure ( BiPAP ) , or biphasic cuirass ventilation ( BCV ) may be used to aid breathing . Such devices artificially inflate the person 's lungs from various external sources that are applied directly to the face or body . When muscles are no longer able to maintain oxygen and carbon dioxide levels , these devices may be used full - time . BCV has the added advantage of being able to assist in clearing secretions by using high - frequency oscillations followed by several positive expiratory breaths . People may eventually consider forms of mechanical ventilation ( respirators ) in which a machine inflates and deflates the lungs . To be effective , this may require a tube that passes from the nose or mouth to the windpipe ( trachea ) and for long - term use , an operation such as a tracheotomy , in which a plastic breathing tube is inserted directly in the person 's windpipe through an opening in the neck . Persons and their families should consider several factors when deciding whether and when to use one of these options . Ventilation devices differ in their effect on the person 's quality of life and in cost . Although ventilation support can ease problems with breathing and prolong survival , it does not affect the progression of ALS . People need to be fully informed about these considerations and the long - term effects of life without movement before they make decisions about ventilation support and have deep discussions on quality of life . Some persons under long - term tracheostomy intermittent positive pressure ventilation with deflated cuffs or cuffless tracheostomy tubes ( leak ventilation ) are able to speak , provided their bulbar muscles are strong enough , though in all cases speech will be lost as the disease progresses . This technique preserves speech in some persons with long - term mechanical ventilation . Other persons may be able to use a speaking valve such as a Passey - Muir speaking valve with the assistance and guidance of a speech - language pathologist . External ventilation machines that use the ventilation mode of BiPAP are frequently used to treat respiratory insufficiency at night , and later during the daytime . The use of BPAP ( more often referred to as noninvasive ventilation , NIV ) has shown to prolong survival and slow down the progression of forced vital capacity , but long before BPAP stops being effective , persons should decide whether to have a tracheotomy and long - term mechanical ventilation . At this point , some persons choose palliative hospice care . Therapy ( edit ) A man with ALS communicates by pointing to letters and words using a head mounted laser pointer . Physical therapy plays a large role in rehabilitation for individuals with ALS . Specifically , physical , occupational , and speech therapists can set goals and promote benefits for individuals with ALS by delaying loss of strength , maintaining endurance , limiting pain , improving speech and swallowing , preventing complications , and promoting functional independence . Occupational therapy and special equipment such as assistive technology can also enhance people 's independence and safety throughout the course of ALS . Gentle , low - impact aerobic exercise such as performing activities of daily living , walking , swimming , and stationary bicycling can strengthen unaffected muscles , improve cardiovascular health , and help people fight fatigue and depression . Range of motion and stretching exercises can help prevent painful spasticity and shortening ( contracture ) of muscles . Physical and occupational therapists can recommend exercises that provide these benefits without overworking muscles , because muscle exhaustion can lead to worsening of symptoms associated with ALS , rather than providing help to people with ALS . They can suggest devices such as ramps , braces , walkers , bathroom equipment ( shower chairs , toilet risers , etc . ) , and wheelchairs that help people remain mobile . Occupational therapists can provide or recommend equipment and adaptations to enable ALS people to retain as much safety and independence in activities of daily living as possible . People with ALS who have difficulty speaking may benefit from working with a speech - language pathologist . These health professionals can teach people adaptive strategies such as techniques to help them speak louder and more clearly . As ALS progresses , speech - language pathologists can recommend the use of augmentative and alternative communication such as voice amplifiers , speech - generating devices ( or voice output communication devices ) or low - tech communication techniques such as head mounted laser pointers , alphabet boards or yes / no signals . Nutrition ( edit ) People with ALS and caregivers can learn from dieticians how to plan and prepare numerous small meals throughout the day that provide enough calories , fiber and fluid , and how to avoid foods that are difficult to swallow . Providing meals with vitamin E and taking vitamin E supplements have shown to slow down the progression of ALS . People may begin using suction devices to remove excess fluids or saliva and prevent choking . Occupational therapists can assist with recommendations for adaptive equipment to ease the physical task of self - feeding . Speech - language pathologists make food choice recommendations that are more conducive to their unique deficits and abilities . When people with ALS can no longer get enough nourishment from eating , doctors may advise inserting a feeding tube into the stomach . End - of - life care ( edit ) Social workers and home care and hospice nurses help people with ALS , their families , and caregivers with the medical , emotional , and financial challenges of coping , particularly during the final stages of the disease . Social workers provide support such as assistance in obtaining financial aid , arranging durable power of attorney , preparing a living will , and finding support groups for patients and caregivers . Home nurses are available not only to provide medical care , but also to teach caregivers about tasks such as maintaining respirators , giving feedings , and moving people to avoid painful skin problems and contractures . Home hospice nurses work in consultation with physicians to ensure proper medication , pain control , and other care affecting the quality of life of people with ALS who wish to remain at home . The home hospice team can also counsel people with ALS and caregivers about end - of - life issues . Epidemiology. ( edit ) In much of the world , rates of ALS are unknown . In Europe , the disease affects about 2.6 people per 100,000 per year . In the United States , more than 5,600 are diagnosed every year ( over 1.5 per 100,000 per year ) , and up to 30,000 Americans are currently affected . ALS is responsible for two deaths per 100,000 Americans per year . ALS is classified as a rare disease designated by the FDA as an `` orphan '' disease ( affecting fewer than 200,000 people in the United States ) , but is the most common motor neuron disease . One or two of 100,000 people develop ALS each year . ALS cases are estimated at 1.2 -- 4.0 per 100,000 individuals in Caucasian populations with a lower rate in other ethnic populations . People of all races and ethnic backgrounds may be affected . Filipinos are second to Caucasians in terms of ALS prevalence , with 1.1 - 2.8 per 100,000 individuals . The disease can affect people at any age , but usually starts around the ages of 58 to 63 years for sporadic disease and 47 to 52 years for familial disease . History ( edit ) Descriptions of the disease date back to at least 1824 by Charles Bell . English scientist Augustus Waller described the appearance of shriveled nerve fibers in 1850 . In 1869 , the connection between the symptoms and the underlying neurological problems were first described by Jean - Martin Charcot , who initially introduced the term amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in his 1874 paper . In 1881 , the article was translated into English and published in a three - volume edition of Lectures on the Diseases of the Nervous System . ALS became a cause célèbre in the United States in 1939 when baseball legend Lou Gehrig 's career , and two years later , his life , were ended by the disease . In the 1950s , an epidemic occurred among the Chamorro people on Guam , which bore similarities to many conditions , including ALS . By 1991 , researchers had linked chromosome 21 to familial ALS ( FALS ) . In 1993 , the SOD1 gene on chromosome 21 was found to play a role in some cases of FALS . In 1996 , riluzole became the first FDA - approved drug for ALS . In 1998 , the El Escorial criteria were developed as the standard for classifying people with ALS in clinical research . The next year , the revised ALS Functional Rating Scale was published and soon becomes a gold standard for clinical research . Noncoding repeat expansions in C9ORF72 were found to be a major cause of ALS and frontotemporal dementia in 2011 . Name ( edit ) Amyotrophic comes from the Greek word amyotrophia : a - means `` no '' , myo refers to `` muscle '' , and trophia means `` nourishment '' ; amyotrophia therefore means `` no muscle nourishment , '' which describes the characteristic atrophy of the sufferer 's disused muscle tissue . Lateral identifies the areas in a person 's spinal cord where affected portions of the nerve cells are located . Degeneration in this area leads to scarring or hardening ( `` sclerosis '' ) . In Commonwealth countries , the term `` motor neurone disease '' ( MND ) is commonly used . Society and culture ( edit ) See also : List of people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Play media A student demonstrating the ice bucket challenge In August 2014 , a challenge went viral online , commonly known as the `` ALS Ice Bucket Challenge '' . Contestants fill a bucket full of ice and water , then state who nominated them to do the challenge , and nominate three other individuals of their choice to take part in it . The contestants then dump the buckets of ice and water onto themselves . However , it can be done in a different order . The contestants then donate at least US $ 10 ( or a similar amount in their local currency ) to ALS research at the ALS Association , the ALS Therapy Development Institute , ALS Society of Canada or Motor Neurone Disease Association in the UK . Any contestants who refuse to have the ice and water dumped on them are expected to donate at least US $100 to ALS research . As of July 2015 , the Ice Bucket Challenge had raised $115 million for the ALS Association . Many celebrities have taken part in the challenge . The Ice Bucket Challenge was credited with helping to raise funds that contributed to the discovery that the gene NEK1 may potentially contribute to the development for ALS . Research ( edit ) Main article : Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis research Treatments ( edit ) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation had been studied in ALS in small and poorly designed clinical trials ; as of 2013 , evidence was insufficient to know whether rTMS is safe or effective for ALS . One 2016 review of stem - cell therapy trials found tentative evidence that intraspinal stem cell implantation was relatively safe and possibly effective . A 2016 Cochrane review of cell based therapies found that there was insufficient evidence to speculate about efficacy . Stem cell therapy can provide additional proteins and enzymes that have shown to help prolong survival and control the symptoms associated with ALS . Those proteins include neurotrophic factors and insulin - like growth factor 1 . Both those proteins are still under clinical trials and need to be further studied to evaluate their efficiency and associated side effects . Masitinib has been approved as an orphan drug in Europe and the United States , with studies ongoing as of 2016 . Medications tested , but without evidence for efficacy include lamotrigine , dextromethorphan , gabapentin , BCAAs , Vitamin E , acetylcysteine , selegiline , amantadine , cyclophosphamide , various neurotrophic factors , which has shown promise in both in vitro and in vivo models of ALS , but is yet to be effective in human models of ALS and creatine . 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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Diseases of the nervous system , primarily CNS ( G04 -- G47 , 323 -- 349 ) Inflammation Brain Encephalitis Viral encephalitis Herpesviral encephalitis Limbic encephalitis Encephalitis lethargica Cavernous sinus thrombosis Brain abscess Amoebic Spinal cord Myelitis : Poliomyelitis Demyelinating disease Transverse myelitis Tropical spastic paraparesis Epidural abscess Both / either Encephalomyelitis Acute disseminated Myalgic Meningoencephalitis Brain / encephalopathy Degenerative Extrapyramidal and movement disorders Basal ganglia disease Parkinsonism PD Postencephalitic NMS PKAN Tauopathy PSP Striatonigral degeneration Hemiballismus HD OA Dyskinesia Dystonia Status dystonicus Spasmodic torticollis Meige 's Blepharospasm Athetosis Chorea Choreoathetosis Myoclonus Myoclonic epilepsy Akathisia Tremor Essential tremor Intention tremor Restless legs Stiff person Dementia Tauopathy Alzheimer 's Early - onset Primary progressive aphasia Frontotemporal dementia / Frontotemporal lobar degeneration Pick 's Dementia with Lewy bodies Posterior cortical atrophy Vascular dementia Mitochondrial disease Leigh disease Demyelinating autoimmune Multiple sclerosis Neuromyelitis optica Schilder 's disease hereditary Adrenoleukodystrophy Alexander Canavan Krabbe ML PMD VWM MFC CAMFAK syndrome Central pontine myelinolysis Marchiafava -- Bignami disease Alpers ' disease Episodic / paroxysmal Seizure / epilepsy Focal Generalised Status epilepticus Myoclonic epilepsy Headache Migraine Familial hemiplegic Cluster Tension Cerebrovascular TIA Amaurosis fugax Transient global amnesia Acute aphasia Stroke MCA ACA PCA Foville 's Millard -- Gubler Lateral medullary Medial medullary Weber 's Lacunar stroke Sleep disorders Insomnia Hypersomnia Sleep apnea Obstructive Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome Narcolepsy Cataplexy Kleine -- Levin Circadian rhythm sleep disorder Advanced sleep phase disorder Delayed sleep phase disorder Non-24 - hour sleep -- wake disorder Jet lag CSF Intracranial hypertension Hydrocephalus / NPH Choroid plexus papilloma Idiopathic intracranial hypertension Cerebral edema Intracranial hypotension Other Brain herniation Reye 's Hepatic encephalopathy Toxic encephalopathy Hashimoto 's encephalopathy Spinal cord / myelopathy Syringomyelia Syringobulbia Morvan 's syndrome Vascular myelopathy Foix -- Alajouanine syndrome Spinal cord compression Both / either Degenerative SA Friedreich 's ataxia Ataxia - telangiectasia MND UMN only : Primary lateral sclerosis Pseudobulbar palsy Hereditary spastic paraplegia LMN only : Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies Spinal muscular atrophies SMA SMAX1 SMAX2 DSMA1 Congenital DSMA SMA - PCH SMA - LED SMA - PME Progressive muscular atrophy Progressive bulbar palsy Fazio -- Londe Infantile progressive bulbar palsy both : Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis hide Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Organizations in the United States ALS Association ALS Therapy Development Institute Les Turner ALS Foundation Muscular Dystrophy Association Project ALS Prize4Life International organizations ALS Society of Canada Motor Neurone Disease Association Events ALS Awareness Month Ice Bucket Challenge Annual ALS Awareness Game People O.J. Brigance Paul Cellucci Dwight Clark Jay Fishman Pete Frates Lou Gehrig Richard Glatzer Steve Gleason Stephen Hawking Stephen Heywood Stephen Hillenburg Jacob Javits Jason Becker Augie Nieto Jon Stone Kevin Turner Henry Wallace Related List of people with ALS Lou Gehrig Memorial Award NDL : 01127913 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis&oldid=846324656 '' Categories : Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Motor neuron diseases Rare diseases Unsolved problems in neuroscience Systemic atrophies primarily affecting the central nervous system Cytoskeletal defects Neuromuscular disorders Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from October 2012 Infobox medical condition ( new ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers RTT RTTNEURO Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська ייִדיש 粵語中文 49 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 00 : 35 ( UTC ) . 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how many books are in the narnia series	The Chronicles of Narnia is a series of seven fantasy novels by C.S. Lewis . It is considered a classic of children 's literature and is the author 's best - known work , having sold over 100 million copies in 47 languages . Written by Lewis , illustrated by Pauline Baynes , and originally published in London between 1950 and 1956 , The Chronicles of Narnia has been adapted several times , complete or in part , for radio , television , the stage , and film .	seven	The Chronicles of Narnia	the chronicles of narnia	The Chronicles of Narnia is a series of seven fantasy novels by C.S. Lewis . It is considered a classic of children 's literature and is the author 's best - known work , having sold over 100 million copies in 47 languages . Written by Lewis , illustrated by Pauline Baynes , and originally published in London between 1950 and 1956 , The Chronicles of Narnia has been adapted several times , complete or in part , for radio , television , the stage , and film .	Set in the fictional realm of Narnia , a fantasy world of magic , mythical beasts , and talking animals , the series narrates the adventures of various children who play central roles in the unfolding history of that world . Except in The Horse and His Boy , the protagonists are all children from the real world , magically transported to Narnia , where they are called upon by the lion Aslan to protect Narnia from evil and restore the throne to its rightful line . The books span the entire history of Narnia , from its creation in The Magician 's Nephew to its eventual destruction in The Last Battle . Inspiration for the series was taken from multiple sources ; in addition to adapting numerous traditional Christian themes , Lewis freely borrowed characters and ideas from Greek and Roman mythology as well as from traditional British and Irish fairy tales . The books have profoundly influenced adult and children 's fantasy literature since World War II . Lewis 's exploration of themes not usually present in children 's literature , such as religion , as well as the books ' perceived treatment of issues including race and gender , has caused some controversy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and conception 1.1 Name 2 Publication history 3 Books 3.1 The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 1950 ) 3.2 Prince Caspian : The Return to Narnia ( 1951 ) 3.3 The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 1952 ) 3.4 The Silver Chair ( 1953 ) 3.5 The Horse and His Boy ( 1954 ) 3.6 The Magician 's Nephew ( 1955 ) 3.7 The Last Battle ( 1956 ) 4 Reading order 5 Main characters 5.1 Aslan 5.2 Pevensie family 5.2. 1 Lucy Pevensie 5.2. 2 Edmund Pevensie 5.2. 3 Susan Pevensie 5.2. 4 Peter Pevensie 5.3 Eustace Scrubb 5.4 Jill Pole 5.5 Digory Kirke 5.6 Polly Plummer 5.7 ( Mr ) Tumnus 5.8 Prince Caspian / Caspian X 5.9 Trumpkin 5.10 Reepicheep 5.11 Puddleglum 5.12 Shasta / Cor 5.13 Aravis 5.14 Bree 5.15 King Tirian 5.16 Antagonists 5.16. 1 White Witch / Jadis 5.16. 2 King Miraz 5.16. 3 Lady of the Green Kirtle 5.16. 4 Prince Rabadash of Calormen 5.16. 5 Shift the Ape 5.17 Title characters 5.18 Appearances of main characters 6 Narnian universe 6.1 Inhabitants 6.2 Geography 6.3 Cosmology 6.4 History 7 Influences 7.1 Lewis 's life 7.2 Influences from mythology and cosmology 7.3 Influences from literature 8 Influences on other works 8.1 Influences on literature 8.2 Influences on popular culture 8.3 Influences on music 9 Christian themes 10 Criticism 10.1 Accusations of gender stereotyping 10.2 Accusations of racism 11 Adaptations of The Chronicles of Narnia 11.1 Television 11.2 Radio 11.3 Stage 11.4 Film 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Background and conception ( edit ) Although Lewis originally conceived what would become The Chronicles of Narnia in 1939 ( the picture of a Faun with parcels in a snowy wood has a history dating to 1914 ) , he did not finish writing the first book The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe until 1949 . The Magician 's Nephew , the penultimate book to be published , but the last to be written , was completed in 1954 . Lewis did not write the books in the order in which they were originally published , nor were they published in their current chronological order of presentation . The original illustrator , Pauline Baynes , created pen and ink drawings for the Narnia books that are still used in the editions published today . Lewis was awarded the 1956 Carnegie Medal for The Last Battle , the final book in the saga . Fellow children 's author Roger Lancelyn Green first referred to the series as The Chronicles of Narnia , in March 1951 , after he had read and discussed with Lewis his recently completed fourth book The Silver Chair , originally entitled Night under Narnia . Lewis described the origin of The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe in an essay entitled `` It All Began with a Picture '' : The Lion all began with a picture of a Faun carrying an umbrella and parcels in a snowy wood . This picture had been in my mind since I was about sixteen . Then one day , when I was about forty , I said to myself : ' Let 's try to make a story about it . ' Shortly before the start of World War II , many children were evacuated to the English countryside in anticipation of attacks on London and other major urban areas by Nazi Germany . As a result , on 2 September 1939 , three school girls , Margaret , Mary and Katherine , came to live at The Kilns in Risinghurst , Lewis 's home three miles east of Oxford city centre . Lewis later suggested that the experience gave him a new appreciation of children and in late September he began a children 's story on an odd sheet of paper which has survived as part of another manuscript : This book is about four children whose names were Ann , Martin , Rose and Peter . But it is most about Peter who was the youngest . They all had to go away from London suddenly because of Air Raids , and because Father , who was in the Army , had gone off to the War and Mother was doing some kind of war work . They were sent to stay with a kind of relation of Mother 's who was a very old professor who lived all by himself in the country . In `` It All Began With a Picture '' C.S. Lewis continues : At first I had very little idea how the story would go . But then suddenly Aslan came bounding into it . I think I had been having a good many dreams of lions about that time . Apart from that , I do n't know where the Lion came from or why he came . But once he was there , he pulled the whole story together , and soon he pulled the six other Narnian stories in after him . The manuscript for The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe was complete by the end of March 1949 . Name ( edit ) The name Narnia is based on Narni , Italy , written in Latin as Narnia . Green wrote : When Walter Hooper asked ( C.S. Lewis ) where he found the word ' Narnia ' , Lewis showed him Murray 's Small Classical Atlas , ed . G.B. Grundy ( 1904 ) , which he acquired when he was reading the classics with Mr Kirkpatrick at Great Bookham ( 1914 -- 1917 ) . On plate 8 of the Atlas is a map of ancient Italy . Lewis had underscored the name of a little town called Narnia , simply because he liked the sound of it . Narnia -- or ' Narni ' in Italian -- is in Umbria , halfway between Rome and Assisi . Publication history ( edit ) The Chronicles of Narnia 's seven books have been in continuous publication since 1956 , selling over 100 million copies in 47 languages and with editions in Braille . The first five books were originally published in the United Kingdom by Geoffrey Bles . The first edition of The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe was released in London on 16 October 1950 . Although three more books , Prince Caspian , The Voyage of the Dawn Treader and The Horse and His Boy , were already complete , they were not released immediately at that time , but appeared ( along with The Silver Chair ) one at a time in each of the subsequent years ( 1951 -- 1954 ) . The last two books ( The Magician 's Nephew and The Last Battle ) were published in the United Kingdom originally by The Bodley Head in 1955 and 1956 . In the United States , the publication rights were first owned by Macmillan Publishers , and later by HarperCollins . The two issued both hardcover and paperback editions of the series during their tenure as publishers , while at the same time Scholastic , Inc. produced paperback versions for sale primarily through direct mail order , book clubs , and book fairs. Harper Collins also published several one - volume collected editions containing the full text of the series . As noted below ( see reading order ) , the first American publisher , Macmillan , numbered the books in publication sequence , but when Harper Collins won the rights in 1994 , at the suggestion of Lewis 's stepson they used the series ' internal chronological order . Scholastic switched the numbering of its paperback editions in 1994 to mirror that of Harper Collins . Books ( edit ) The seven books that make up The Chronicles of Narnia are presented here in order of original publication date : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 1950 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , completed by the end of March 1949 and published by Geoffrey Bles in the United Kingdom on 16 October 1950 , tells the story of four ordinary children : Peter , Susan , Edmund , and Lucy Pevensie , who have been evacuated to the English countryside from London in 1940 following the outbreak of World War II . They discover a wardrobe in Professor Digory Kirke 's house that leads to the magical land of Narnia . The Pevensie children help Aslan , a talking lion , save Narnia from the evil White Witch , who has reigned over the land of Narnia for a century of perpetual winter with no Christmas . The children become kings and queens of this new - found land and establish the Golden Age of Narnia , leaving a legacy to be rediscovered in later books . Prince Caspian : the return to Narnia ( 1951 ) ( edit ) Main article : Prince Caspian Completed after Christmas 1949 and published on 15 October 1951 , Prince Caspian : The Return to Narnia tells the story of the Pevensie children 's second trip to Narnia . They are drawn back by the power of Susan 's horn , blown by Prince Caspian to summon help in his hour of need . Narnia , as they knew it , is no more , as 1,300 years have passed and their castle is in ruins , while all Narnians have retreated so far within themselves that only Aslan 's magic can wake them . Caspian has fled into the woods to escape his uncle , Miraz , who has usurped the throne . The children set out once again to save Narnia . The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 1952 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Written between January and February 1950 and published on 15 September 1952 , The Voyage of the Dawn Treader sees Edmund and Lucy Pevensie , along with their priggish cousin , Eustace Scrubb , return to Narnia . Once there , they join Caspian 's voyage on the ship Dawn Treader to find the seven lords who were banished when Miraz took over the throne . This perilous journey brings them face to face with many wonders and dangers as they sail toward Aslan 's country at the edge of the world . The Silver Chair ( 1953 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Silver Chair Completed at the beginning of March 1951 and published 7 September 1953 , The Silver Chair is the first Narnia book not involving the Pevensie children , focusing instead on Eustace . Several months after The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Aslan calls Eustace back to Narnia along with his classmate Jill Pole . They are given four signs to aid them in the search for Prince Caspian 's son Rilian , who disappeared ten years earlier on a quest to avenge his mother 's death . Fifty years have passed in Narnia ; Eustace is still a child , but Caspian , barely an adult in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , is now an old man . Eustace and Jill , with the help of Puddleglum the Marsh - wiggle , face danger and betrayal on their quest to find Rilian . The Horse and his Boy ( 1954 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Horse and His Boy Begun in March and completed at the end of July 1950 , The Horse and His Boy was published on 6 September 1954 . The story takes place during the reign of the Pevensies in Narnia , an era which begins and ends in the last chapter of The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe . A young boy named Shasta and a talking horse named Bree , both of whom are in bondage in the country of Calormen , are the protagonists . By `` chance '' , they meet and plan their return to Narnia and freedom . Along the way they meet Aravis and her talking horse Hwin who are also fleeing to Narnia . The Magician 's Nephew ( 1955 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Magician 's Nephew Completed in February 1954 and published by Bodley Head in London on 2 May 1955 , the prequel The Magician 's Nephew brings the reader back to the origins of Narnia where we learn how Aslan created the world and how evil first entered it . Digory Kirke and his friend Polly Plummer stumble into different worlds by experimenting with magic rings made by Digory 's uncle . In the dying world of Charn they awaken Queen Jadis , and they witness the creation of Narnian world ( where Jadis later becomes the White Witch ) . Many long - standing questions about the world are answered as a result . The story is set in 1900 , when Digory was a 12 - year - old boy . He is a middle - aged professor by the time he hosts the Pevensie children in The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe 40 years later . The Last Battle ( 1956 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Last Battle Completed in March 1953 and published 4 September 1956 , The Last Battle chronicles the end of the world of Narnia . Jill and Eustace return to save Narnia from Shift , an ape , who tricks Puzzle , a donkey , into impersonating the lion Aslan , precipitating a showdown between the Calormenes and King Tirian . This leads to the end of Narnia , revealing the true Narnia to which Aslan brings them . Reading order ( edit ) Fans of the series often have strong opinions over the order in which the books should be read . The issue revolves around the placement of The Magician 's Nephew and The Horse and His Boy in the series . Both are set significantly earlier in the story of Narnia than their publication order and fall somewhat outside the main story arc connecting the others . The reading order of the other five books is not disputed . A 1970 Collier - Macmillan edition paperback boxed set ( cover art by Roger Hane ) , where the books are presented in order of original publication Original publication order Harper Collins order ( internally chronological ) The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe The Magician 's Nephew Prince Caspian The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe The Voyage of the Dawn Treader The Horse and His Boy The Silver Chair Prince Caspian The Horse and His Boy The Voyage of the Dawn Treader The Magician 's Nephew The Silver Chair The Last Battle The Last Battle When first published , the books were not numbered . The first American publisher , Macmillan , enumerated them according to their original publication order , while some early British editions specified the internal chronological order . When Harper Collins took over the series rights in 1994 , they adopted the internal chronological order . To make the case for the internal chronological order , Lewis 's stepson , Douglas Gresham , quoted Lewis 's 1957 reply to a letter from an American fan who was having an argument with his mother about the order : I think I agree with your ( chronological ) order for reading the books more than with your mother 's . The series was not planned beforehand as she thinks . When I wrote The Lion I did not know I was going to write any more . Then I wrote P. Caspian as a sequel and still did n't think there would be any more , and when I had done The Voyage I felt quite sure it would be the last , but I found I was wrong . So perhaps it does not matter very much in which order anyone read them . I 'm not even sure that all the others were written in the same order in which they were published . In the 2005 Harper Collins adult editions of the books , the publisher cites this letter to assert Lewis 's preference for the numbering they adopted by including this notice on the copyright page : Although The Magician 's Nephew was written several years after C.S. Lewis first began The Chronicles of Narnia , he wanted it to be read as the first book in the series . Harper Collins is happy to present these books in the order in which Professor Lewis preferred . Paul Ford cites several scholars who have weighed in against this view , and continues , `` most scholars disagree with this decision and find it the least faithful to Lewis 's deepest intentions '' . Scholars and readers who appreciate the original order believe that Lewis was simply being gracious to his youthful correspondent and that he could have changed the books ' order in his lifetime had he so desired . They maintain that much of the magic of Narnia comes from the way the world is gradually presented in The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe -- that the mysterious wardrobe , as a narrative device , is a much better introduction to Narnia than The Magician 's Nephew , where the word `` Narnia '' appears in the first paragraph as something already familiar to the reader . Moreover , they say , it is clear from the texts themselves that The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe was intended to be read first . When Aslan is first mentioned in The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , for example , the narrator says that `` None of the children knew who Aslan was , any more than you do '' -- which is nonsensical if one has already read The Magician 's Nephew . Other similar textual examples are also cited . Doris Meyer , author of C.S. Lewis in Context and Bareface : A guide to C.S. Lewis , writes that rearranging the stories chronologically `` lessens the impact of the individual stories '' and `` obscures the literary structures as a whole '' . Peter Schakel devotes an entire chapter to this topic in his book Imagination and the Arts in C.S. Lewis : Journeying to Narnia and Other Worlds , and in Reading with the Heart : The Way into Narnia he writes : The only reason to read The Magician 's Nephew first ( ... ) is for the chronological order of events , and that , as every story teller knows , is quite unimportant as a reason . Often the early events in a sequence have a greater impact or effect as a flashback , told after later events which provide background and establish perspective . So it is ( ... ) with the Chronicles . The artistry , the archetypes , and the pattern of Christian thought all make it preferable to read the books in the order of their publication . Main characters ( edit ) Further information : List of The Chronicles of Narnia characters Aslan ( edit ) Main article : Aslan Aslan , the Great Lion , is the eponymous lion of The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , and his role in Narnia is developed throughout the remaining books . He is also the only character to appear in all seven books . Aslan is a talking lion , the King of Beasts , son of the Emperor - Over-the - Sea . He is a wise , compassionate , magical authority ( both temporal and spiritual ) who serves as mysterious and benevolent guide to the human children who visit , as well as being the guardian and saviour of Narnia . C.S. Lewis described Aslan as an alternative version of Jesus as the form in which Christ might have appeared in an alternative reality . Pevensie family ( edit ) The four Pevensie siblings are the main human protagonists of The Chronicles of Narnia . Varying combinations of some or all of them appear in five of the seven novels . They are introduced in The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( although we do not learn their surname until The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ) , and eventually become Kings and Queens of Narnia reigning as a tetrarchy . Although introduced in the series as children , the siblings grow up into adults while reigning in Narnia . They go back to being children once they get back to their own world , but feature as adults in The Horse and His Boy during their Narnian reign . All four appear in The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe and Prince Caspian ; in the latter , however , Aslan tells Peter and Susan that they will not return , as they are getting too old . Susan , Lucy , and Edmund appear in The Horse and His Boy -- Peter is said to be away fighting giants on the other side of Narnia . Lucy and Edmund appear in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , where Aslan tells them , too , that they are getting too old . Peter , Edmund , and Lucy appear as Kings and Queens in Aslan 's Country in The Last Battle ; Susan does not . Asked by a child in 1958 if he would please write another book entitled `` Susan of Narnia '' so that the entire Pevensie family would be reunited , C.S. Lewis replied : `` I am so glad you like the Narnian books and it was nice of you to write and tell me . There 's no use just asking me to write more . When stories come into my mind I have to write them , and when they do n't I ca n't ! ... '' Lucy Pevensie ( edit ) Main article : Lucy Pevensie Lucy is the youngest of the four Pevensie siblings . Of all the Pevensie children , Lucy is the closest to Aslan , and of all the human characters who visit Narnia , Lucy is perhaps the one who believes in Narnia the most . In The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe she initiates the story by entering Narnia through the wardrobe , and ( with Susan ) witnesses Aslan 's execution and resurrection . She is named Queen Lucy the Valiant . In Prince Caspian she is the first to see Aslan when he comes to guide them . In The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , it is Lucy who breaks the spell of invisibility on the Dufflepuds . As an adult in The Horse and His Boy she helps fight the Calormenes at Anvard . Although a minor character in The Last Battle , much of the closing chapter is seen from her point of view . Edmund Pevensie ( edit ) Main article : Edmund Pevensie Edmund is the second child to enter Narnia in The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe , where he falls under the White Witch 's spell . Instantiating that book 's Christian theme of betrayal , repentance , and subsequent redemption via blood sacrifice , he betrays his siblings to her , but quickly realizes her true nature and her evil intentions , and is redeemed by the sacrifice of Aslan 's life . He is named King Edmund the Just . In Prince Caspian and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader he supports Lucy ; in The Horse and His Boy he leads the Narnian delegation to Calormen and , later , the Narnian army breaking the siege at Anvard . Susan Pevensie ( edit ) Main article : Susan Pevensie In The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe Susan accompanies Lucy to see Aslan die and rise again . She is named Queen Susan the Gentle . In Prince Caspian , however , she is the last of the four to believe and follow Lucy when the latter is called by Aslan to guide them . As an adult queen in The Horse and His Boy she is courted by Prince Rabadash of Calormen but refuses his marriage proposal , and his angry response leads the story to its climax . In The Last Battle , we are told that she has stopped believing in Narnia and remembers it only as a childhood game . Peter Pevensie ( edit ) Main article : Peter Pevensie Peter is the eldest of the Pevensies . In The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe he kills a Talking Wolf to save Susan , and leads the Narnian army against the White Witch . Aslan names him High King , and he is known as Peter the Magnificent . In Prince Caspian he duels the usurper King Miraz to restore Caspian 's throne . In The Last Battle it is Peter whom Aslan entrusts with the duty of closing the door on Narnia for the final time . Eustace Scrubb ( edit ) Main article : Eustace Scrubb Eustace Clarence Scrubb is a cousin of the Pevensies , and a classmate of Jill Pole at their school Experiment House . He is portrayed at first as a brat and a bully , but comes to improve his nasty behaviour when his greed turns him into a dragon for a while . His distress at having to live as a dragon causes him to reflect upon how horrible he has been , and he soon becomes a better person so Aslan changes him back into a boy . In the later books , Eustace comes across as a much nicer person , although he is still rather grumpy and argumentative . Nonetheless , he becomes a hero along with Jill Pole when the pair succeed in freeing the lost Prince Rilian from the clutches of an evil witch . He appears in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , The Silver Chair , and The Last Battle . Jill Pole ( edit ) Main article : Jill Pole Jill Pole is not related to any of the other children who enter Narnia . She is a classmate and neighbour of Eustace Scrubb . She appears in The Silver Chair , where she is the viewpoint character for most of the action , and returns in The Last Battle . In The Silver Chair Eustace introduces her to the Narnian world , where Aslan gives her the task of memorising a series of signs that will help her and Eustace on their quest to find Caspian 's lost son . In The Last Battle she and Eustace accompany King Tirian in his ill - fated defence of Narnia against the Calormenes . Digory Kirke ( edit ) Main article : Digory Kirke Digory Kirke is the character referred to in the title of The Magician 's Nephew . He first appears as a minor character in The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , known only as `` The Professor '' , who hosts the Pevensie children when they are evacuated from London and defends Lucy 's story of having found a country in the back of the wardrobe . In The Magician 's Nephew the young Digory , thanks to his uncle 's magical experimentation , inadvertently brings Jadis from her dying homeworld of Charn to the newly - created world of Narnia ; to fix his mistake Aslan sends him to fetch a magical apple which will protect Narnia and heal his dying mother . He returns in The Last Battle . Polly Plummer ( edit ) Main article : Polly Plummer Polly Plummer appears in The Magician 's Nephew and The Last Battle . She is the next - door neighbour of the young Digory Kirke . She is tricked by a wicked magician ( who is Digory 's uncle ) into touching a magic ring which transports her to the Wood between the Worlds and leaves her there stranded . The wicked uncle persuades Digory to follow her with a second magic ring that has the power to bring her back . This sets up the pair 's adventures into other worlds , and they witness the creation of Narnia as described in The Magician 's Nephew . ( Mr ) Tumnus ( edit ) Main article : Mr. Tumnus Tumnus , called `` Mr Tumnus '' by Lucy , is a faun who is featured prominently in The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe and also appears in The Horse and His Boy and The Last Battle . He is the first creature Lucy meets in Narnia , as well as the first Narnian to be introduced in the series ; he invites her to his home with the intention of betraying her to Jadis , but quickly repents and befriends her . In The Horse and His Boy he devises the Narnian delegation 's plan of escape from Calormen . He returns for a brief dialogue at the end of The Last Battle . Tumnus is the faun in the snowy wood the mental image of which , according to Lewis , was the initial inspiration for the entire Narnia series . Prince Caspian / Caspian X ( edit ) Main article : Caspian X Prince Caspian , later to become King Caspian X of Narnia , Lord of Cair Paravel and Emperor of The Lone Islands -- also called `` Caspian the Seafarer '' and `` Caspian the Navigator '' -- is the title character of the second book in the series , first introduced as the young nephew and heir of King Miraz of Narnia . Prince Caspian : The Return to Narnia is set 1300 years after the rule of High King Peter and his siblings , when Old Narnians have been driven into hiding by Caspian 's ancestors the Telmarines . Caspian is also a central character in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , and appears briefly at the beginning and end of The Silver Chair . Trumpkin ( edit ) Main article : Trumpkin Trumpkin the Dwarf is the narrator of several chapters of Prince Caspian ; he is one of Caspian 's rescuers and a leading figure in the `` Old Narnian '' rebellion , and accompanies the Pevensie children from the ruins of Cair Paravel to the Old Narnian camp . In The Voyage of the Dawn Treader we learn that Caspian has made him his Regent in Narnia while he is away at sea , and he appears briefly in this role ( now elderly and very deaf ) in The Silver Chair . Reepicheep ( edit ) Main article : Reepicheep Reepicheep the Mouse is the leader of the Talking Mice of Narnia in Prince Caspian . Utterly fearless , infallibly courteous , obsessed with honour , he is badly wounded in the final battle but healed by Lucy and Aslan . In The Voyage of the Dawn Treader his role is greatly expanded ; he becomes a visionary as well as a warrior , and ultimately his willing self - exile to Aslan 's Country breaks the enchantment on the last three of the Lost Lords , thus achieving the final goal of the quest . Lewis identified Reepicheep as `` specially '' exemplifying the latter book 's theme of `` the spiritual life '' . Puddleglum ( edit ) Main article : Puddleglum Puddleglum the Marsh - wiggle guides Eustace and Jill on their quest in The Silver Chair . Though always comically pessimistic , he provides the voice of reason and as such intervenes critically in the climactic enchantment scene . Shasta / Cor ( edit ) Main article : Shasta ( Narnia ) Shasta , later known as Cor of Archenland , is the principal character in The Horse and His Boy . Born the eldest son and heir of King Lune of Archenland , and elder twin of Prince Corin , Cor was kidnapped as an infant and raised as a fisherman 's son in the country of Calormen . Learning that he is about to be sold into slavery at the beginning of The Horse and His Boy , Shasta escapes to freedom , saves Archenland and Narnia from invasion , learns of his true identity , and is restored to his heritage . Shasta grows up to become King of Archenland , marries the Calormene Tarkheena Aravis , and fathers the next ( and most famous ) king of Archenland , Ram the Great . Aravis ( edit ) Main article : Aravis Aravis , daughter of Kidrash Tarkaan , is a character in The Horse and His Boy . Escaping a forced betrothal to the loathsome Ahoshta , she joins Shasta on his journey and inadvertently overhears a plot by Rabadash , crown prince of Calormen , to invade Archenland . She later marries Shasta , now known as Prince Cor , and becomes queen of Archenland at his side . Bree ( edit ) Main article : Bree ( Narnia ) Bree ( Breehy - hinny - brinny - hoohy - hah ) is Shasta 's mount and mentor in The Horse and His Boy . A Talking Horse of Narnia , he wandered into Calormen as a foal and was captured . He first appears as a Calormene nobleman 's war - horse ; when the nobleman buys Shasta as a slave , Bree organises and carries out their joint escape . Though friendly , he is also vain and a braggart until his encounter with Aslan late in the story . King Tirian ( edit ) Main article : Tirian The last King of Narnia is the viewpoint character for much of The Last Battle . Having rashly killed a Calormene for mistreating a Narnian Talking Horse , he is imprisoned by the villainous ape Shift but released by Eustace and Jill . Together they fight faithfully to the last and are welcomed into Aslan 's Kingdom . Antagonists ( edit ) White Witch / Jadis ( edit ) Main article : White Witch Jadis , commonly known during her rule of Narnia as the White Witch , is the main villain of The Lion , The Witch and the Wardrobe and The Magician 's Nephew -- the only antagonist to appear in more than one Narnia book . In The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe , she is the witch responsible for the freezing of Narnia resulting in the Hundred Year Winter ; she turns her enemies into statues and kills Aslan on the Stone Table , but is killed by him in battle after his resurrection . In The Magician 's Nephew she is wakened from a magical sleep by Digory in the dead world of Charn and inadvertently brought to Victorian London before being transported to Narnia , where she steals an apple to grant her the gift of immortality . King Miraz ( edit ) Main article : Miraz King Miraz is the lead villain of Prince Caspian . Prior to the book 's opening he has killed King Caspian IX , father of the titular Prince Caspian , and usurped his throne as king of the Telmarine colonizers in Narnia . He raises Caspian as his heir , but seeks to kill him after his own son is born . As the story progresses he leads the Telmarine war against the Old Narnian rebellion ; he is defeated in single combat by Peter and then murdered by one of his own lords . Lady of the Green Kirtle ( edit ) Main article : Lady of the Green Kirtle The Lady of the Green Kirtle is the lead villain of The Silver Chair , and is also referred to in that book as `` the Queen of Underland '' or simply as `` the Witch '' . She rules an underground kingdom through magical mind - control . Prior to the events of The Silver Chair she has murdered Caspian 's Queen and then seduced and abducted his son Prince Rilian . She encounters the protagonists on their quest and sends them astray . Confronted by them later , she attempts to enslave them magically ; when that fails , she attacks them in the form of a serpent and is killed . Prince Rabadash of Calormen ( edit ) Main article : Rabadash Prince Rabadash , heir to the throne of Calormen , is the primary antagonist of The Horse and His Boy . Hot - headed , arrogant , and entitled , he brings Susan Pevensie , with a small retinue including Edmund Pevensie , to Calormen in the hope of marrying her . When the Narnians escape his clutches , he attacks Archenland with the intention of establishing a base from which to raid Narnia and take Susan back , but his plan is foiled by Shasta and Aravis warning the Archenlanders . He is captured by Edmund and transformed into a donkey by Aslan as a punishment . Shift the ape ( edit ) Main article : Shift ( Narnia ) Shift is the most prominent villain of The Last Battle . He is an elderly Talking Ape -- Lewis does not specify what kind of ape , but Pauline Baynes ' illustrations depict him as a chimpanzee . He persuades the naïve donkey Puzzle to pretend to be Aslan ( wearing a lion - skin ) in order to seize control of Narnia , and proceeds to cut down the forests , enslave the other Talking Beasts , and invite the Calormenes to invade . He loses control of the situation due to over-indulging in alcohol , and is eventually swallowed up by the evil Calormene god Tash . Title characters ( edit ) The Magician 's Nephew -- Digory Kirke The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe -- Aslan , Jadis The Horse and His Boy -- Bree , Shasta Prince Caspian -- Prince Caspian Appearances of main characters ( edit ) Character Book The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 1950 ) Prince Caspian : The Return to Narnia ( 1951 ) The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 1952 ) The Silver Chair ( 1953 ) The Horse and His Boy ( 1954 ) The Magician 's Nephew ( 1955 ) The Last Battle ( 1956 ) Total Appearances Aslan Major 7 Peter Pevensie Major Minor Susan Pevensie Major Minor Edmund Pevensie Major Minor Minor 5 Lucy Pevensie Major Minor Minor 5 Eustace Scrubb Major Major Jill Pole Major Major Digory Kirke Minor Major Minor Polly Plummer Major Minor ( Mr ) Tumnus Major Minor Minor Prince / King Caspian Major Minor Cameo Trumpkin the Dwarf Major Minor Cameo Reepicheep the Mouse Minor Major Minor Puddleglum Major Cameo Shasta ( Prince / King Cor ) Major Cameo Aravis Tarkheena Major Cameo Bree Major Cameo King Tirian Major Jadis ( The White Witch ) Major Major King Miraz Major The Lady of the Green Kirtle Major Prince Rabadash Major Shift the Ape Major Narnian universe ( edit ) Main article : Narnia ( world ) A map by David Bedell of the fictional universe of the Narnian world . The main setting of The Chronicles of Narnia is the world of Narnia constructed by Lewis and , in The Magician 's Nephew , the world containing the city of Charn . The Narnian and Charnian worlds are themselves posited as just two in a multiverse of countless worlds that includes our own universe , the main protagonists ' world of origin . Passage between these worlds is possible , though rare , and may be accomplished by various means . Narnia itself is described as populated by a wide variety of creatures , most of which would be recognisable to those familiar with European mythologies and British and Irish fairy tales . Inhabitants ( edit ) See also : Narnia creatures and List of The Chronicles of Narnia characters Lewis 's stories are populated with two distinct types of character : Humans originating from the reader 's world of Earth , and Narnian creatures and their descendants created by Aslan . This is typical of works that involve parallel universes . The majority of characters from the reader 's world serve as the protagonists of the various books , although some are only mentioned in passing depending on chronology . Lewis does not limit himself to a single source of inspiration ; instead , he borrows from many sources , including ancient Greek and German mythology , as well as Celtic literature . Geography ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Narnian places The Chronicles of Narnia describes the world in which Narnia exists as one major landmass encircled by an ocean . Narnia 's capital sits on the eastern edge of the landmass on the shores of the Great Eastern Ocean . This ocean contains the islands explored in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader . On the main landmass Lewis places the countries of Narnia , Archenland , Calormen , and Telmar , along with a variety of other areas that are not described as countries . The author also provides glimpses of more fantastic locations that exist in and around the main world of Narnia , including an edge and an underworld . There are several maps of the Narnian universe available , including what many consider the `` official '' one , a full - colour version published in 1972 by the books ' illustrator , Pauline Baynes . This is currently out of print , although smaller copies can be found in the most recent HarperCollins 2006 hardcover edition of The Chronicles of Narnia . Two other maps were produced as a result of the popularity of the 2005 film The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe . One , the `` Rose Map of Narnia '' , is based loosely on Baynes ' map and has Narnian trivia printed on the reverse . The other , made in a monochromatic , archaic style reminiscent of maps of Tolkien 's Middle - earth , is available in print and in an interactive version on the DVD of the movie . The latter map depicts only the country Narnia and not the rest of Lewis 's world . Cosmology ( edit ) A recurring plot device in The Chronicles is the interaction between the various worlds that make up the Narnian multiverse . A variety of methods are used to initiate these cross-overs which generally serve to introduce characters to the land of Narnia . The Cosmology of Narnia is not as internally consistent as that of Lewis 's contemporary Tolkien 's Middle - earth , but suffices given the more fairy tale atmosphere of the work . During the course of the series we learn in passing , that the world of Narnia is flat and geocentric and has different stars from those of Earth , and that the passage of time does not correspond directly to the passage of time in our world . History ( edit ) See also : Narnian timeline and History of Narnia The Chronicles cover the entire history of the world of Narnia , describing the process by which it was created , offering snapshots of life in Narnia as its history unfolds , and how it is ultimately destroyed . As is often the case in a children 's series , children themselves , usually from our world , play a prominent role in all of these events . The history of Narnia is generally divided into the following periods : creation and the period shortly afterwards , the rule of the White Witch , the Golden Age , the invasion and rule of the Telmarines , their subsequent defeat by Caspian X , the rule of King Caspian and his descendants , and the destruction of Narnia . Like many stories , the narrative is not necessarily always presented in chronological order . Influences ( edit ) Lewis 's life ( edit ) Lewis 's early life has parallels with The Chronicles of Narnia . At the age of seven , he moved with his family to a large house on the edge of Belfast . Its long hallways and empty rooms inspired Lewis and his brother to invent make - believe worlds whilst exploring their home , an activity reflected in Lucy 's discovery of Narnia in The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe . Like Caspian and Rilian , Lewis lost his mother at an early age , spending much of his youth in English boarding schools similar to those attended by the Pevensie children , Eustace Scrubb , and Jill Pole . During World War II many children were evacuated from London and other urban areas because of German air raids . Some of these children , including one named Lucy ( Lewis 's goddaughter ) stayed with him at his home The Kilns near Oxford , just as the Pevensies stayed with The Professor in The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe . Influences from mythology and cosmology ( edit ) Drew Trotter , president of the Center for Christian Study , noted that the producers of the film The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe felt that the books ' plots adhere to the archetypal `` monomyth '' pattern as detailed in Joseph Campbell 's The Hero with a Thousand Faces . Lewis was widely read in medieval Celtic literature , an influence reflected throughout the books , and most strongly in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader . The entire book imitates one of the immrama , a type of traditional Old Irish tale that combines elements of Christianity and Irish mythology to tell the story of a hero 's sea journey to the Otherworld . Medieval Ireland also had a tradition of High Kings ruling over lesser kings and queens or princes , as in Narnia . Lewis 's term `` Cair , '' as in Cair Paravel , also mirrors `` Caer '' , or `` fortress '' in the Welsh language . Reepicheep 's small boat is a coracle , a type of vessel traditionally used in the Celtic regions of the British Isles . Some creatures in the book such as the one - footed Dufflepuds reflect elements of Greek , Roman and Medieval mythology while other Narnian creatures are borrowed from Greek and Germanic mythology : for example , centaurs from the former and dwarfs from the latter . Michael Ward 's 2008 book Planet Narnia proposes that each of the seven books related to one of the seven moving heavenly bodies or `` planets '' known in the Middle Ages according to the Ptolemaic geocentric model of cosmology ( a theme to which Lewis returned habitually throughout his work ) . At that time , each of these heavenly bodies was believed to have certain attributes , and Ward contends that these attributes were deliberately but subtly used by Lewis to furnish elements of the stories of each book : In The Lion ( the child protagonists ) become monarchs under sovereign Jove ; in Prince Caspian they harden under strong Mars ; in The `` Dawn Treader '' they drink light under searching Sol ; in The Silver Chair they learn obedience under subordinate Luna ; in The Horse and His Boy they come to love poetry under eloquent Mercury ; in The Magician 's Nephew they gain life - giving fruit under fertile Venus ; and in The Last Battle they suffer and die under chilling Saturn . Lewis 's interest in the literary symbolism of medieval and Renaissance astrology is more overtly referenced in other works such as his study of medieval cosmology The Discarded Image , and in his early poetry as well as in Space Trilogy . Narnia scholar Paul F. Ford finds Ward 's assertion that Lewis intended The Chronicles to be an embodiment of medieval astrology implausible , though Ford addresses an earlier ( 2003 ) version of Ward 's thesis ( also called Planet Narnia , published in the Times Literary Supplement ) . Ford argues that Lewis did not start with a coherent plan for the books , but Ward 's book answers this by arguing that the astrological associations grew in the writing : Jupiter was ... ( Lewis 's ) favourite planet , part of the `` habitual furniture '' of his mind ... The Lion was thus the first example of that `` idea that he wanted to try out '' . Prince Caspian and The `` Dawn Treader '' naturally followed because Mars and Sol were both already connected in his mind with the merits of the Alexander technique ... at some point after commencing The Horse and His Boy he resolved to treat all seven planets , for seven such treatments of his idea would mean that he had `` worked it out to the full '' . A quantitative analysis on the imagery in the different books of The Chronicles gives mixed support to Ward 's thesis : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , The Silver Chair , The Horse and His Boy , and The Magician 's Nephew do indeed employ concepts associated with , respectively , Sol , Luna , Mercury , and Venus , far more often than chance would predict , but The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe , Prince Caspian , and The Last Battle fall short of statistical correlation with their proposed planets . Influences from literature ( edit ) George MacDonald 's `` Phantastes '' ( 1858 ) influenced the structure and setting of `` The Chronicles '' . It was a work that was `` a great balm to the soul '' . The White Witch in The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe shares many features , both of appearance and character , with the villainous Duessa of Edmund Spenser 's Faerie Queene , a work Lewis studied in detail . Like Duessa , she falsely styles herself Queen ; she leads astray the erring Edmund with false temptations ; she turns people into stone as Duessa turns them into trees . Both villains wear opulent robes and deck their conveyances out with bells . In The Magician 's Nephew Jadis takes on echoes of Satan from John Milton 's Paradise Lost : she climbs over the wall of the paradisal garden in contempt of the command to enter only by the gate , and proceeds to tempt Digory as Satan tempted Eve , with lies and half - truths . Similarly , the Lady of the Green Kirtle in The Silver Chair recalls both the snake - woman Errour in The Faerie Queene and Satan 's transformation into a snake in Paradise Lost . Lewis read Edith Nesbit 's children 's books as a child and was greatly fond of them . He described The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe around the time of its completion as `` a children 's book in the tradition of E. Nesbit '' . The Magician 's Nephew in particular bears strong resemblances to Nesbit 's The Story of the Amulet ( 1906 ) . This novel focuses on four children living in London who discover a magic amulet . Their father is away and their mother is ill , as is the case with Digory . They manage to transport the queen of ancient Babylon to London and she is the cause of a riot ; likewise , Polly and Digory transport Queen Jadis to London , sparking a very similar incident . Influences on other works ( edit ) Influences on literature ( edit ) The Chronicles of Narnia has been a significant influence on both adult and children 's fantasy literature in the post-World War II era . In 1976 , the scholar Susan Cornell Poskanzer praised Lewis for his `` strangely powerful fantasies '' . Poskanzer argued that children could relate to Narnia books because the heroes and heroines were realistic characters , each with their own distinctive voice and personality . Furthermore , the protagonists become powerful kings and queens who decide the fate of kingdoms , while the adults in the Narnia books tended to be buffoons , which by inverting the normal order of things was pleasing to many youngsters . However , Poskanzer criticized Lewis for what she regarded as scenes of gratuitous violence , which she felt were upsetting to children . Poskanzer also noted Lewis presented his Christian message subtly enough as to avoid boring children with overt sermonizing . Examples include : Philip Pullman 's fantasy series , His Dark Materials , is seen as a response to The Chronicles . Pullman is a self - described atheist who wholly rejects the spiritual themes that permeate The Chronicles , yet his series nonetheless addresses many of the same issues and introduces some similar character types , including talking animals . In another parallel , the first books in each series -- Pullman 's Northern Lights and The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe -- both open with a young girl hiding in a wardrobe . Neil Gaiman 's young - adult horror novella Coraline has been compared to The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe , as both books involve young girls travelling to magical worlds through doors in their new houses and fighting evil with the help of talking animals . His Sandman comic book series also features a Narnia - like `` dream island '' in its story arc entitled A Game of You . When the island is unmade by its creator Morpheus , the inhabitants march into the shadow of his cloak in a scene visually similar to Aslan 's judgement of the inhabitants of Narnia in The Last Battle . Bill Willingham 's comic book series Fables makes reference at least twice to a king called `` The Great Lion '' , a thinly veiled reference to Aslan . The series avoids explicitly referring to any characters or works that are not in the public domain . The novel Bridge to Terabithia by Katherine Paterson has Leslie , one of the main characters , reveal to Jesse her love of Lewis 's books , subsequently lending him The Chronicles of Narnia so that he can learn how to behave like a king . Her book also features the island name `` Terabithia '' , which sounds similar to Terebinthia , a Narnian island that appears in Prince Caspian and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader . Katherine Paterson herself acknowledges that Terabithia is likely to be derived from Terebinthia : I thought I had made it up . Then , rereading The Voyage of the Dawn Treader by C.S. Lewis , I realized that I had probably gotten it from the island of Terebinthia in that book . However , Lewis probably got that name from the Terebinth tree in the Bible , so both of us pinched from somewhere else , probably unconsciously . '' Science - fiction author Greg Egan 's short story `` Oracle '' depicts a parallel universe in which an author nicknamed Jack ( Lewis 's nickname ) has written novels about the fictional `` Kingdom of Nesica '' , and whose wife is dying of cancer , paralleling the death of Lewis 's wife Joy Davidman . Several Narnian allegories are also used to explore issues of religion and faith versus science and knowledge . Lev Grossman 's New York Times best - seller The Magicians is a contemporary dark fantasy about an unusually gifted young man obsessed with Fillory , the magical land of his favourite childhood books . Fillory is a thinly veiled substitute for Narnia , and clearly the author expects it to be experienced as such . Not only is the land home to many similar talking animals and mythical creatures , it is also accessed through a grandfather clock in the home of an uncle to whom five English children are sent during World War II . Moreover , the land is ruled by two Aslan - like rams named Ember and Umber , and terrorised by The Watcherwoman . She , like the White Witch , freezes the land in time . The book 's plot revolves heavily around a place very like the `` wood between the worlds '' from The Magician 's Nephew , an interworld waystation in which pools of water lead to other lands . This reference to The Magician 's Nephew is echoed in the title of the book . J.K. Rowling , author of the Harry Potter series , has said that she was a fan of the works of Lewis as a child , and cites the influence of The Chronicles on her work : `` I found myself thinking about the wardrobe route to Narnia when Harry is told he has to hurl himself at a barrier in King 's Cross Station -- it dissolves and he 's on platform Nine and Three - Quarters , and there 's the train for Hogwarts . '' Nevertheless , she is at pains to stress the differences between Narnia and her world : `` Narnia is literally a different world '' , she says , `` whereas in the Harry books you go into a world within a world that you can see if you happen to belong . A lot of the humour comes from collisions between the magic and the everyday worlds . Generally there is n't much humour in the Narnia books , although I adored them when I was a child . I got so caught up I did n't think CS Lewis was especially preachy . Reading them now I find that his subliminal message is n't very subliminal . '' New York Times writer Charles McGrath notes the similarity between Dudley Dursley , the obnoxious son of Harry 's neglectful guardians , and Eustace Scrubb , the spoiled brat who torments the main characters until he is redeemed by Aslan . Influences on popular culture ( edit ) As with any popular long - lived work , contemporary culture abounds with references to the lion Aslan , travelling via wardrobe and direct mentions of The Chronicles . Examples include : Charlotte Staples Lewis , a character first seen early in the fourth season of the TV series Lost , is named in reference to C.S. Lewis . Lost producer Damon Lindelof said that this was a clue to the direction the show would take during the season . The book Ultimate Lost and Philosophy , edited by William Irwin and Sharon Kaye , contains a comprehensive essay on Lost plot motifs based on The Chronicles . The second SNL Digital Short by Andy Samberg and Chris Parnell features a humorous nerdcore hip hop song titled Chronicles of Narnia ( Lazy Sunday ) , which focuses on the performers ' plan to see The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe at a cinema . It was described by Slate magazine as one of the most culturally significant Saturday Night Live skits in many years , and an important commentary on the state of rap . Swedish Christian power metal band Narnia , whose songs are mainly about the Chronicles of Narnia or the Bible , feature Aslan on all their album covers . In anticipation of the 9 December 2005 premiere of the film The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , various Christian artists released a collection of songs based on The Chronicles of Narnia . During interviews , the primary creator of the Japanese anime and gaming series Digimon has said that he was inspired and influenced by The Chronicles of Narnia . Influences on music ( edit ) The Roar of Love is a 1980 concept album by Christian band 2nd Chapter of Acts based on The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe . The song `` Further Up , Further In '' from the album Room to Roam by The Waterboys is heavily influenced by The Chronicles of Narnia , with the title coming from a passage in The Last Battle . C.S. Lewis is acknowledged in the liner notes as an influence . Christian themes ( edit ) Main article : Religion in The Chronicles of Narnia A convert to Christianity in later life , Lewis had authored a number of works on Christian apologetics and other literature with Christian - based themes before writing the Narnia books . The character Aslan is widely accepted by literary academia as being based on Jesus Christ . Lewis did not initially plan to incorporate Christian theological concepts into his Narnia stories . Lewis maintained that the Narnia books were not allegorical , preferring to term their Christian aspects a `` supposition '' . The Chronicles have , consequently , a large Christian following , and are widely used to promote Christian ideas . However , some Christians object that The Chronicles promote `` soft - sell paganism and occultism '' due to recurring pagan imagery and themes . Criticism ( edit ) Accusations of gender stereotyping ( edit ) In later years , both Lewis and the Chronicles have been criticised ( often by other authors of fantasy fiction ) for gender role stereotyping , though other authors have defended Lewis in this area . For example , Lucy gets a healing potion and a dagger , while Peter gets a sword . Most allegations of sexism centre on the description of Susan Pevensie in The Last Battle when Lewis writes that Susan is `` no longer a friend of Narnia '' and interested `` in nothing nowadays except nylons and lipstick and invitations '' . Philip Pullman , inimical to Lewis on many fronts , calls the Narnia stories `` monumentally disparaging of women '' . His interpretation of the Susan passages reflects this view : Susan , like Cinderella , is undergoing a transition from one phase of her life to another . Lewis did n't approve of that . He did n't like women in general , or sexuality at all , at least at the stage in his life when he wrote the Narnia books . He was frightened and appalled at the notion of wanting to grow up . In fantasy author Neil Gaiman 's short story `` The Problem of Susan '' ( 2004 ) , an elderly woman , Professor Hastings , deals with the grief and trauma of her entire family 's death in a train crash . Although the woman 's maiden name is not revealed , details throughout the story strongly imply that this character is the elderly Susan Pevensie . The story is written for an adult audience and deals with issues of sexuality and violence and through it Gaiman presents a critique of Lewis 's treatment of Susan . Other writers , including fan - magazine editor Andrew Rilstone , oppose this view , arguing that the `` lipsticks , nylons and invitations '' quote is taken out of context . They maintain that in The Last Battle , Susan is excluded from Narnia explicitly because she no longer believes in it . At the end of The Last Battle Susan is still alive with her ultimate fate unspecified . Moreover , in The Horse and His Boy , Susan 's adulthood and sexual maturity are portrayed in a positive light , and therefore argued to be unlikely reasons for her exclusion from Narnia . Lewis supporters also cite the positive roles of women in the series , including Jill Pole in The Silver Chair , Aravis Tarkheena in The Horse and His Boy , Polly Plummer in The Magician 's Nephew , and particularly Lucy Pevensie in The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe . Alan Jacobs , an English professor at Wheaton College , asserts that Lucy is the most admirable of the human characters and that generally the girls come off better than the boys throughout the series ( Jacobs , 2008 : 259 ) . In her contribution to The Chronicles of Narnia and Philosophy , Karin Fry , an Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the University of Wisconsin , Stevens Point , notes that `` the most sympathetic female characters in The Chronicles are consistently the ones who question the traditional roles of women and prove their worth to Aslan through actively engaging in the adventures just like the boys . '' Fry goes on to say : The characters have positive and negative things to say about both male and female characters , suggesting an equality between sexes . However , the problem is that many of the positive qualities of the female characters seem to be those by which they can rise above their femininity ... The superficial nature of stereotypical female interests is condemned . Accusations of racism ( edit ) In addition to sexism , Pullman and others have also accused the Narnia series of fostering racism . Over the alleged racism in The Horse and His Boy , newspaper editor Kyrie O'Connor wrote : It 's just too dreadful . While the book 's storytelling virtues are enormous , you do n't have to be a bluestocking of political correctness to find some of this fantasy anti-Arab , or anti-Eastern , or anti-Ottoman . With all its stereotypes , mostly played for belly laughs , there are moments you 'd like to stuff this story back into its closet . Gregg Easterbrook , writing in The Atlantic , calls the Calormenes `` standins for Muslims '' , while novelist Philip Hensher raises specific concerns that a reader might gain the impression Islam is a `` Satanic cult '' . In rebuttal to this charge , at an address to a C.S. Lewis conference , Dr. Devin Brown argued that there are too many dissimilarities between the Calormene religion and Islam , particularly in the areas of polytheism and human sacrifice , for Lewis 's writing to be regarded as critical of Islam . Nicholas Wanberg has argued , echoing claims by Mervyn Nicholson , that accusations of racism in the books are `` an oversimplification '' , but he asserts that the stories employ beliefs about human aesthetics , including equating dark skin with ugliness , that have been traditionally associated with racist thought . Critics also argue whether Lewis 's work presents a positive or negative view of colonialism . Nicole DuPlessis favors the anticolonial view , claiming `` the negative effects of colonial exploitations and the themes of animals ' rights and responsibility to the environment are emphasized in Lewis ' construction of a community of living things . Through the negative examples of illegitimate rulers , Lewis constructs the ' correct ' relationship between humans and nature , providing examples of rulers like Caspian who fulfill their responsibilities to the environment . '' Clare Etcherling counters with her claim that `` those ' illegitimate ' rulers are often very dark - skinned '' and that the only `` legitimate rulers are those sons and daughters of Adam and Eve who adhere to Christian conceptions of morality and stewardship -- either white English children ( such as Peter ) or Narnians who possess characteristics valued and cultivated by the British ( such as Caspian ) . '' Adaptations of the Chronicles of Narnia ( edit ) Main article : Adaptations of The Chronicles of Narnia Television ( edit ) Various books from The Chronicles of Narnia have been adapted for television over the years , including : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe was first adapted in 1967 . Comprising ten episodes of thirty minutes each , the screenplay was written by Trevor Preston , and directed by Helen Standage . Unlike subsequent adaptations , it is currently unavailable to purchase for home viewing . The book was adapted again in 1979 , this time as an animated cartoon co-produced by Bill Meléndez and the Children 's Television Workshop , with a screenplay by David D. Connell . Winner of the 1979 Emmy award for Outstanding Animated Program , it was one of the first major made - for - television feature - length animated films . Many of the characters ' voices in the British TV release were re-recorded by British actors and actresses with the exception of the characters Aslan , Peter , Susan , and Lucy . Between 1988 and 1990 , the first four books ( as published ) were adapted by the BBC as four television serials . They were also aired in America on the PBS / Disney show WonderWorks . They were nominated for a total of 14 Emmy awards , including `` Outstanding Children 's Program '' , and a number of BAFTA awards including Best Children 's Programme ( Entertainment / Drama ) in 1988 , 1989 and 1990 . The serials were later edited into three feature - length films ( the second of which combined Prince Caspian and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader into one ) and released on VHS and DVD . Radio ( edit ) A critically acclaimed BBC Radio 4 dramatisation was produced in the 1980s , starring Maurice Denham as Professor Kirke . Collectively titled Tales of Narnia , the programs covered the entire series with a running time of approximately 15 hours . In Great Britain , BBC Audiobooks release both audio cassette and compact disc versions of the series . Between 1998 and 2002 Focus on the Family produced radio dramatisations of the entire series through its Radio Theatre program . Over one hundred performers took part including Paul Scofield as the storyteller and David Suchet as Aslan . Accompanied by an original orchestral score and cinema - quality digital sound design , the series was hosted by Lewis 's stepson Douglas Gresham and ran for just over 22 hours . Recordings of the entire adaptation were released on compact disc between 1999 -- 2003 . Stage ( edit ) Many stage adaptations of The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe have been produced over the years . In 1984 , Vanessa Ford Productions presented The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe at London 's Westminster Theatre . Adapted by Glyn Robbins , the play was directed by Richard Williams and designed by Marty Flood . The production was later revived at Westminster and The Royalty Theatre and went on tour until 1997 . Productions of other tales from The Chronicles were also staged , including The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 1986 ) , The Magician 's Nephew ( 1988 ) and The Horse and His Boy ( 1990 ) . In 1997 , Trumpets Inc. , a Filipino Christian theatre and musical production company , produced a musical rendition of `` The Lion , The Witch and The Wardrobe '' that Douglas Gresham , Lewis 's stepson ( and co-producer of the Walden Media film adaptations ) , has openly declared that he feels is the closest to Lewis 's intent . The book and lyrics were written by Jaime del Mundo and Luna Inocian , while the music was composed by Lito Villareal . The Royal Shakespeare Company premiered The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe in Stratford - upon - Avon in 1998 . The novel was adapted as a musical production by Adrian Mitchell , with music by Shaun Davey . The show was originally directed by Adrian Noble and designed by Anthony Ward , with the revival directed by Lucy Pitman - Wallace . Well received by audiences , the production was periodically re-staged by the RSC for several years afterwards . Limited engagements were subsequently undertaken at the Barbican Theatre in London and at Sadler 's Wells . This adaptation also toured the United States in the early 2000s . Film ( edit ) Main article : The Chronicles of Narnia ( film series ) The premiere of The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian in 2008 Sceptical that any cinematic adaptation could render the more fantastical elements and characters of the story realistically , Lewis never sold the film rights to the Narnia series . In answering a letter with a question posed by a child in 1957 , asking if the Narnia series could please be on television , C.S. Lewis wrote back : `` They 'd be no good on TV . Humanized beasts ca n't be presented to the eye without at once becoming either hideous or ridiculous . I wish the idiots who run the film world ( would ) realize that there are stories ( which ) are for the ear alone . '' Only after seeing a demo reel of CGI animals did Douglas Gresham , Lewis 's stepson and literary executor , and the films ' co-producer , give approval for a film adaptation . The first novel adapted was The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe as The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe released in December 2005 . Produced by Walden Media and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures , the film was directed by Andrew Adamson , with a screenplay by Ann Peacock , Stephen McFeely and Christopher Markus . The movie was a critical and box - office success , grossing over $745 million worldwide . Disney and Walden Media then co-produced a sequel The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian , released in May 2008 , which grossed over $419 million worldwide . In December 2008 Disney pulled out of financing the remainder of the Chronicles of Narnia film series . Already in pre-production at the time , 20th Century Fox and Walden Media eventually co-produced The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , which was released in December 2010 going on to gross over $415 million worldwide . In May 2012 , producer Douglas Gresham confirmed that Walden Media 's contract with the C.S. Lewis Estate had expired , and that there was a moratorium on producing any Narnia films outside of Walden Media . On 1 October 2013 , it was announced that the C.S. Lewis Company had entered into an agreement with the Mark Gordon Company to jointly develop and produce The Chronicles of Narnia : The Silver Chair . On 26 April 2017 , Joe Johnston was hired to direct the film . In October Johnston said filming is expected to begin in late 2018 . See also ( edit ) Narnia portal Children 's literature portal Outline of Narnia Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CS Lewis , Chronicles of Narnia author , honoured in Poets ' corner '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 24 February 2013 Jump up ^ `` CS Lewis to be honoured in Poets ' Corner '' . BBC News . Retrieved 23 November 2012 Jump up ^ Roger Lancelyn Green & Walter Hooper , C.S. Lewis : A Biography : fully revised & expanded edition . ( 2002 ) , pp. 302 -- 307 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 715714 - 2 ^ Jump up to : C.S. Lewis . On Stories : And Other Essays on Literature. 1982 , p. 53 . ISBN 0 - 15 - 668788 - 7 ^ Jump up to : Ford , Paul ( 2005 ) . Companion to Narnia : A Complete Guide to the Magical World of C.S. Lewis 's The Chronicles of Narnia ( Revised ed . ) . San Francisco : Harper . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 079127 - 8 . Jump up ^ Green & Hooper , 2002 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Ford , 2005 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Owen Dudley Edwards . British Children 's Fiction in the Second World War . 2007 , p. 129 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7486 - 1650 - 3 Jump up ^ Green & Hooper , 2002 , p. 303 . Jump up ^ C.S. Lewis . On Stories : And Other Essays on Literature. 1982 , p. xix & 53 . ISBN 0 - 15 - 668788 - 7 . `` It All Began with a Picture '' is reprinted there from the Radio Times , 15 July 1960 . Jump up ^ Green & Hooper , 2002 , p. 306 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Clint ( 2006 ) . `` Dear Mr. Lewis '' . Response. 29 ( 1 ) . Retrieved 22 September 2008 . The seven books of Narnia have sold more than 100 million copies in 30 languages , nearly 20 million in the last 10 years alone Jump up ^ Edward , Guthmann ( 11 December 2005 ) . `` ' Narnia ' tries to cash in on dual audience '' . SFGate . Archived from the original on 15 May 2012 . Retrieved 22 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Glen H. GoodKnight. ( 2010 ) . Narnia Editions & Translations . Last updated 3 August 2010 . Retrieved 6 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Peter J. Schakel , The Way Into Narnia , William B. Eerdmans , 2005 , p 13 . Jump up ^ Ford , 2005 , p 464 . Jump up ^ Green & Hooper , 2002 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Green & Hooper , 2002 , p. 309 . ^ Jump up to : Green & Hooper , 2002 , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Green & Hooper , 2002 , p. 313 . Jump up ^ Green & Hooper , 2002 , p. 314 . Jump up ^ Dorsett , Lyle ( 1995 ) . Marjorie Lamp Mead , ed . C.S. Lewis : Letters to Children . Touchstone . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 82372 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ford , 2005 , p xxiii -- xxiv . Jump up ^ Brady , Erik ( 1 December 2005 ) . `` A closer look at the world of Narnia '' . USA Today . Retrieved 21 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Schakel , Peter ( 1979 ) . Reading with the Heart : The Way into Narnia . Grand Rapids : Erdmans . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 1814 - 0 . Jump up ^ Rilstone , Andrew . `` What Order Should I Read the Narnia Books in ( And Does It Matter ? ) '' . The Life and Opinions of Andrew Rilstone , Gentleman . Archived from the original on 30 November 2005 . Jump up ^ See Walter Hooper 's C.S. Lewis : A Companion and Guide Jump up ^ Private collection , Patricia Baird Jump up ^ Letter to Anne Jenkins , 5 March 1961 , in Hooper , Walter ( 2007 ) . The Collected Letters of C.S. Lewis , Volume III . HarperSanFrancisco . p. 1245 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 081922 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ford , 2005 , p. 490 Jump up ^ Ford , 2005 , p. 491 Jump up ^ Lewis , C.S. ( 1990 ) . Surprised by Joy . Fount Paperbacks . p. 14 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 623815 - 7 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Tracy V. ( 7 December 2005 ) . `` How Narnia Works '' . HowStuffWorks . Retrieved 28 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Trotter , Drew ( 11 November 2005 ) . `` What Did C.S. Lewis Mean , and Does It Matter ? '' . Leadership U. Retrieved 28 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Huttar , Charles A. ( 22 September 2007 ) . `` '' Deep lies the sea - longing `` : inklings of home ( 1 ) '' . Mythlore / The Free Library . Retrieved 28 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Duriez , Colin ( 2004 ) . A Field Guide to Narnia . InterVarsity Press . p. 80 , 95 . Jump up ^ Ward , Michael ( 2008 ) . Planet Narnia : The Seven Heavens in the Imagination of C.S. Lewis . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 531387 - 1 . Jump up ^ Ward , 2008 , p237 Jump up ^ Ward , 2008 , p222 Jump up ^ Barrett , Justin L. ( 2010 ) . `` Some Planets In Narnia : a quantitative investigation of the Planet Narnia thesis '' ( PDF ) . Seven : an Anglo - American literary review ( Wheaton College ) . Retrieved 28 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Into The Wardrobe : C.S. Lewis and the Narnia Chronicles , Downing , David C. 2005 pp12 -- 13 ISBN 978 - 0 - 7879 - 7890 - 7 Jump up ^ Hardy , Elizabeth Baird ( 2007 ) . Milton , Spenser and The Chronicles of Narnia : literary sources for the C.S. Lewis novels . McFarland & Company , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2876 - 2 . pp20 -- 25 Jump up ^ Hardy , 2007 , pp30 -- 34 Jump up ^ Hardy , 2007 , pp38 -- 41 Jump up ^ Lindskoog , Kathryn Ann ( 1997 ) . Journey into Narnia : C.S. Lewis 's Tales Explored . Hope Publishing House . p. 87 . ISBN 0 - 932727 - 89 - 1 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Chad ( 1974 ) . C.S. Lewis : Apostle to the Skeptics . Norwood Editions . p. 10 . ISBN 0 - 88305 - 779 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lindskoog , 1997 ^ Jump up to : Poskanzer , Susan Cornell `` Thoughts on C.S. Lewis and the Chronicles of Narnia '' pages 523 - 526 from Language Arts , Volume 53 , Issue # 5 , May 1976 . Jump up ^ Miller , `` Far From Narnia The New Yorker , 26 December 2005 Jump up ^ Cathy Young , `` A Secular Fantasy -- The flawed but fascinating fiction of Philip Pullman '' , Reason Magazine ( March 2008 ) Jump up ^ Peter Hitchens , `` This is the most dangerous author in Britain '' , The Mail on Sunday ( 27 January 2002 ) , p. 63 Jump up ^ Chattaway , Peter T . `` The Chronicles of Atheism , Christianity Today Jump up ^ Bridge to Terabithia , 2005 Harper Trophy edition , section `` Questions for Katherine Paterson . '' Jump up ^ Egan , Greg . `` Oracle '' , 12 November 2000 . Jump up ^ Publishers Weekly blog Decatur Book Festival : Fantasy and its practice `` PWxyz ^ Jump up to : Renton , Jennie . `` The story behind the Potter legend '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 10 October 2006 . Jump up ^ McGrath , Charles ( 13 November 2005 ) . `` The Narnia Skirmishes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff , ( 20 February 2008 ) `` ' Lost ' : Mind - Blowing Scoop From Its Producers '' , Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 29 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Irwin , William ( 2010 ) . Ultimate Lost and Philosophy Volume 35 of The Blackwell Philosophy and Pop Culture Series . John Wiley and Sons . p. 368 . ISBN 9780470632291 . Jump up ^ Josh Levin ( 23 December 2005 ) . `` The Chronicles of Narnia Rap '' . Slate . Retrieved 19 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Herbie ( 2010 ) . Through the Wardrobe : Your Favorite Authors on C.S. Lewis 's Chronicles of Narnia . BenBella Books . p. 6 . ISBN 9781935251682 . Jump up ^ `` Narnia '' . Encyclopedia Metallum . Retrieved 15 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Digimon RPG '' . Gamers Hell . Retrieved 26 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , The Inklings , p. 42 - 45 . See also Lewis 's own autobiography Surprised by Joy Jump up ^ Jerry Root ; Wayne Martindale ( 12 March 2012 ) . The Quotable Lewis . Tyndale House Publishers , Inc . pp. 59 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4143 - 5674 - 7 . Jump up ^ Paul Friskney ( 2005 ) . Sharing the Narnia Experience : A Family Guide to C.S. Lewis 's the Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe . Standard Publishing . pp. 12 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7847 - 1773 - 8 . Jump up ^ Chattaway , Peter T `` Narnia ' baptizes ' -- and defends -- pagan mythology '' Canadian Christianity Jump up ^ Kjos Narnia : Blending Truth and Myth Crossroad , December 2005 Jump up ^ Hurst , Josh ( 5 December 2005 ) . `` Nine Minutes of Narnia Nine Minutes of Narnia '' . Christianity Today Movies . Archived from the original on 12 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Lewis , the Sneaky Pagan ChristianityToday , 1 June 2004 Jump up ^ `` The paganism of Narnia '' . Canadian Christianity . Jump up ^ See essay `` Is Theism Important ? '' in C.S. Lewis ( 15 September 2014 ) . God in the Dock . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . pp. 186 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 7183 - 1 . , edited by Walter Hooper ^ Jump up to : Ezard , John ( 3 June 2002 ) . `` Narnia books attacked as racist and sexist '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 8 February 2015 . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Pullman `` The Darkside of Narnia '' The Cumberland River Lamppost , 2 September 2001 ^ Jump up to : Hank Wagner ; Christopher Golden ; Stephen R. Bissette ( 28 October 2008 ) . Prince of Stories : The Many Worlds of Neil Gaiman . St. Martin 's Press . pp. 395 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4299 - 6178 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` The Problem of Susan '' can be found in : Neil Gaiman ( 9 February 2010 ) . Fragile Things : Short Fictions and Wonders . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 051523 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The Problem of Susan '' RJ Anderson , 30 August 2005 Jump up ^ Lipstick on My Scholar '' Andrew Rilstone , 30 November 2005 ^ Jump up to : Chapter 13 : No Longer a Friend of Narnia : Gender in Narnia The Chronicles of Narnia and Philosophy : The Lion , the Witch and the Worldview Edited by Gregory Bassham and Jerry L. Walls ; Open Court , Chicago and La Salle , Illinois , 2005 Jump up ^ `` Pullman attacks Narnia film plans '' BBC News , 16 October 2005 Jump up ^ Kyrie O'Connor , `` 5th Narnia book may not see big screen '' IndyStar.com , 1 December 2005 Jump up ^ October 2001 of The Atlantic Jump up ^ Philip Hensher , `` Do n't let your children go to Narnia : C.S. Lewis 's books are racist and misogynist '' Discovery Institute , 1 March 1999 Jump up ^ Keynote Address at The 12th Annual Conference of The C.S. Lewis and Inklings Society Calvin College , 28 March 2009 Are The Chronicles of Narnia Sexist and Racist ? NarniaWeb Jump up ^ Wanberg , Nicholas ( 2013 ) . `` Noble and Beautiful : Race and Human Aesthetics in C.S. Lewis 's The Chronicles of Narnia '' . Fafnir : Nordic Journal of Science Fiction and Fantasy Research . 1 ( 3 ) . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ DuPlessis , Nicole . `` EcoLewis : Conversationism and Anticolonialism in the Chronicles of Narnia . '' Wild Things : Children 's Culture and Ecocriticism . Ed . Sidney I. Dobrin and Kenneth B. Kidd . Detroit : Wayne State University Press , 2004 . pp. 125 Jump up ^ Echterling , Clare . `` Postcolonial Ecocriticism , Classic Children 's Literature , and the Imperial - Environmental Imagination in The Chronicles of Narnia . '' The Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association , vol. 49 , no . 1 , 2016 , pp. 102 Jump up ^ `` Wonderworks Family Movie Series '' . movieretriever.com . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Nominations 1988 '' . BAFTA . Retrieved 31 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Nominations 1989 '' . BAFTA . Retrieved 31 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Nominations 1990 '' . BAFTA . Retrieved 31 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Wright , Greg . `` Reviews by Greg Wright -- Narnia Radio Broadcast '' . Retrieved 31 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Garceau , Scott ; Garceau , Therese ( 14 October 2012 ) . `` The Stepson of Narnia '' . Philstar . The Philippine Star . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Paul ( 2013 ) . A Brief Guide to C.S. Lewis : From Mere Christianity to Narnia. Little , Brown Book Group . ISBN 978 - 0762450763 . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Cavendish , Dominic ( 21 November 1998 ) . `` Theatre : The Lion , The Witch And The Wardrobe '' . The Independent . Retrieved 31 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Melia , Liz ( 9 December 2002 ) . `` Engaging fairytale is sure to enchant all '' . BBC . Retrieved 31 March 2011 . Jump up ^ A general dislike of cinema can be seen in Collected Letters , Vol. 2 , a letter to his brother Warren on 3 March 1940 , p. 361 ; see also All My Road Before Me , 1 June 1926 , p. 405 Jump up ^ Patricia Baird , private collection Jump up ^ Sanford , James ( 24 December 2008 ) . `` Disney No Longer Under Spell of Narnia '' . Jump up ^ `` Disney opts out of 3rd ' Narnia ' film '' . Orlando Business Journal . 29 December 2008 . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gresham Shares Plans for Next Narnia Film '' . NarniaWeb . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 1 October 2013 ) . `` Mark Gordon Producing Fourth ' Narnia ' Movie '' . Variety . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 26 April 2017 ) . `` ' Captain America ' Director Joe Johnston Boards ' Narnia ' Revival ' The Silver Chair ' ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Silver Chair to Begin Filming 2018 , Johnston Says '' . NarniaWeb . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . References ( edit ) Anderson , R.J. `` The Problem of Susan '' , Parabolic Reflections 30 August 2005 Chattaway , Peter T. `` Narnia ' baptises ' -- and defends -- pagan mythology '' , Canadian Christianity , 2005 Ezard , John . `` Narnia books attacked as racist and sexist '' , The Guardian , 3 June 2002 Gaiman , Neil , `` The Problem of Susan '' , Flights : Extreme Visions of Fantasy Volume II ( ed. by Al Sarrantonio ) , New American Library , New York , 2004 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 451 - 46099 - 8 GoodKnight , Glen H. ( 2010 ) . Narnia Editions & Translations . Last updated 3 August 2010 . Retrieved 9 -- 6 -- 10 Gopnik , Adam ( 2005 ) . `` Prisoner of Narnia '' . The New Yorker . Green , Jonathon `` The recycled image '' , Times and Reasons , 2007 Green , Roger Lancelyn & Hooper , Walter . C.S. Lewis : A Biography . Fully revised & expanded edition . HarperCollins , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 715714 - 2 Grossman , Lev J.K. Rowling Hogwarts And All , Time Vol. 166 -- Issue = 4 ( 25 July 2005 ) Goldthwaite , John , The Natural History of Make - believe : A Guide to the Principal Works of Britain , Europe and America : OUP 1996 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 503806 - 4 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 503806 - 4 Hensher , Philip `` Do n't let your children go to Narnia : C.S. Lewis 's books are racist and misogynist '' , The Independent , 4 December 1998 Holbrook , David , The Skeleton in the Wardrobe : C.S. Lewis 's Fantasies -- A Phenomenological Study : Bucknell University Press , 1991 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8387 - 5183 - 1 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8387 - 5183 - 1 Drama : ' Narnia ' A Children 's Musical , Stephen Holden , New York Times , 5 October 1986 Hurst , Josh `` Nine Minutes of Narnia '' , Christianity Today , 2005 Jacobs , Tom ( 2004 ) . Remembering a Master Mythologist and His Connection to Santa Barbara . Santa Barbara : Santa Barbara News - Press . ISBN . Archived from the original on 2004 - 06 - 17 . Kjos , Berit Narnia : Blending Truth and Myth , Kjos Ministries , 2005 Moynihan , Martin ( ed . ) The Latin Letters of C.S. Lewis : C.S. Lewis and Don Giovanni Calabria , St. Augustine 's Press , 1009 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 890318 - 34 - 5 Martindale , Wayne ; Root , Jerry The Quotable Lewis , Tyndale House , 1990 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8423 - 5115 - 7 Miller , Laura `` Far From Narnia , The New Yorker O'Connor , Kyrie `` 5th Narnia book may not see big screen '' Houston Chronicle , 1 December 2005 Meghan O'Rourke The Lion King : C.S. Lewis 's Narnia is n't simply a Christian allegory , Meghan O'Rourke , Slate magazine , 9 December 2005 Paterson , Katherine Katherine Paterson : On Her Own Words , Walden Media , 2006 Pearce , Joseph Literary Giants , Literary Catholics , Ignatius Press , 2004 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58617 - 077 - 6 Pullman , Philip `` The Darkside of Narnia '' , The Guardian , 1 October 1998 Ward , Michael Planet Narnia : The Seven Heavens in the Imagination of C.S. Lewis , Oxford University Press , 2008 Further reading ( edit ) Bruner , Kurt & Ware , Jim Finding God in the Land of Narnia , Tyndale House Publishers , 2005 Bustard , Ned The Chronicles of Narnia Comprehension Guide , Veritas Press , 2004 Duriez , Colin A Field Guide to Narnia . InterVarsity Press , 2004 Downing , David Into the Wardrobe : C.S. Lewis and the Narnia Chronicles , Jossey - Bass , 2005 Gormley , Beatrice ( 2005 ) . C.S. Lewis : The Man behind Narnia . Grand Rapids , MI : Eerdmans Books for young readers . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 5301 - 3 . Hein , Rolland Christian Mythmakers : C.S. Lewis , Madeleine L'Engle , J.R.R. Tolkien , George MacDonald , G.K. Chesterton , & Others Second Edition , Cornerstone Press Chicago , 2002 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 940895 - 48 - 5 Jacobs , Alan The Narnian : The Life and Imagination of C.S. Lewis , HarperSanFrancisco , 2005 McIntosh , Kenneth Following Aslan : A Book of Devotions for Children , Anamchara Books , 2006 Ward , Michael Planet Narnia : The Seven Heavens in the Imagination of C.S. Lewis , Oxford University Press , 2008 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Chronicles of Narnia Bibliowiki has original media or text related to this article : The Chronicles of Narnia ( in the public domain in Canada ) C.S. Lewis entry at BBC Religions The secret of the wardrobe BBC News , 18 November 2005 The Chronicles of Narnia by C.S. Lewis The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe Film Soundtrack Game Prince Caspian Film Soundtrack Game The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Film Soundtrack Game The Silver Chair Film The Horse and His Boy The Magician 's Nephew The Last Battle Characters and creatures Aravis Aslan Mr. and Mrs. Beaver Bree Caspian Centaurs Coriakin Digory Drinian Edmund Emeth Eustace The Cabby and Nellie Hwin Jill Lady of the Green Kirtle Lucy Maugrim Miraz Peter Polly Puddleglum Rabadash Ramandu Ramandu 's daughter Reepicheep Rilian Seven Great Lords of Narnia Shasta / Cor Shift Susan Tash Telmarines Tirian Trumpkin Mr. Tumnus White Witch Universe Narnia ( world ) Anvard Archenland Aslan 's Country Aslan 's How Cair Paravel Calormen Charn Lantern Waste Miraz 's Castle Narnia ( country ) Underland Wood between the Worlds Adaptations ITV TV serial Animated TV film BBC TV serial ( Season 1 3 ) Film series Cast list Music Accolades List of actors General Battles First Battle of Beruna Second Battle of Beruna Dawn Treader Deplorable Word Hundred - Year Winter Religion Tisroc Category Outline Portal Works by C.S. Lewis Poetry Spirits in Bondage ( 1919 ) Dymer ( 1926 ) Fiction The Pilgrim 's Regress ( 1933 ) The Screwtape Letters ( 1942 ) The Great Divorce ( 1945 ) Till We Have Faces ( 1956 ) Screwtape Proposes a Toast ( 1959 ) Letters to Malcolm : Chiefly on Prayer ( 1964 ) Boxen ( 1985 ) The Space Trilogy Out of the Silent Planet ( 1938 ) Perelandra ( 1943 ) That Hideous Strength ( 1945 ) The Dark Tower ( manuscript ) ( 1977 ) The Chronicles of Narnia The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 1950 ) Prince Caspian ( 1951 ) The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 1952 ) The Silver Chair ( 1953 ) The Horse and His Boy ( 1954 ) The Magician 's Nephew ( 1955 ) The Last Battle ( 1956 ) Non-fiction The Allegory of Love ( 1936 ) The Personal Heresy ( 1939 ) The Problem of Pain ( 1940 ) A Preface to Paradise Lost ( 1942 ) The Abolition of Man ( 1943 ) Miracles ( 1947 ) Mere Christianity ( 1952 ) Surprised by Joy ( 1955 ) The Four Loves ( 1960 ) Studies in Words ( 1960 ) The World 's Last Night and Other Essays ( 1960 ) An Experiment in Criticism ( 1961 ) A Grief Observed ( 1961 ) They Asked for a Paper : Papers and Addresses ( 1962 ) Selections from Layamon 's Brut ( 1963 ) The Discarded Image ( 1964 ) The Weight of Glory and Other Addresses ( 1965 ) Of Other Worlds ( 1966 ) God in the Dock ( 1970 - 1971 ) Fantasy fiction History Literature Outline Sources Subgenres Bangsian Comic Contemporary Dark Dying Earth Fairytale Fantastique Fantasy of manners Folklore Mythology ( based ) Gaslamp Gothic Hard Heroic High list Historical Juvenile Lost World Low Magical girl Medieval Mythic Romantic Shenmo Sword and sorcery Urban Weird fiction Media Film and television Anime Films Television programs Literature Authors Ballantine Adult Fantasy series Comics list The Encyclopedia of Fantasy Fantasy Masterworks Internet Speculative Fiction Database List of novels ( A -- H ) ( I -- R ) ( S -- Z ) Newcastle Forgotten Fantasy Library Publishers Magazines Fantastic Locus The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction Science Fantasy Unknown Weird Tales Fandom Art Filk music Harry Potter fandom Inklings Mythopoeic Society Religion Tolkien fandom Works inspired by J.R.R. Tolkien World Fantasy Convention World Fantasy Award Tropes Creatures Angels Demons Dragons Elementals Familiars Faeries Jinns Lycanthropes Old Ones Sirens Spirits Undead Unicorns Yōkai Characters Barbarian Caveman Damsel in distress Dark Lord Heroes Fairy godmother Magicians Occult detective list Witches Magic ( dark / light ) Animism Demonology Evocation Incantation Necromancy Shapeshifting Technomancy Witchcraft Fantasy races Dwarves Elves Treants Giants Gnomes Goblins Gremlins Halflings Hobgoblins Kobolds Ogres Oni Orcs Trolls Places and events Quests Worlds list Lost city Hollow Earth Astral plane Enchanted forest Related Allegory Dungeons & Dragons Epic poetry Fable Fairy tale Fantastic Horror fiction Ghost stories Human -- animal hybrid LGBT themes in speculative fiction Magic realism Mecha Mythology Science fantasy Science fiction Superhero fiction Supernatural fiction Category Portal BNF : cb119466970 ( data ) GND : 4131302 - 1 SUDOC : 090864794 VIAF : 306402015 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Chronicles_of_Narnia&oldid=844160794 '' Categories : The Chronicles of Narnia books Literature featuring anthropomorphic characters Fantasy books by series Parallel universes in fiction High fantasy novels Hidden categories : EngvarB from July 2015 Use dmy dates from November 2017 Articles needing additional references from March 2011 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with Bibliowiki links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiquote Alemannisch Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Кыргызча Latina Latviešu മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 51 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 June 2018 , at 01 : 28 ( UTC ) . 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who plays sons of anarchy president in mayans	Marcus Álvarez is a fictional character on the FX television series Sons of Anarchy and its spinoff Mayans MC , played by Emilio Rivera . He initially serves as an antagonist on the show but gradually comes to a less hostile relation with the Sons of Anarchy . He is the leader of the Mayans , a Mexican - American outlaw motorcycle club .	Marcus Álvarez	Marcus Alvarez	marcus alvarez	Marcus Álvarez is a fictional character on the FX television series Sons of Anarchy and its spinoff Mayans MC , played by Emilio Rivera . He initially serves as an antagonist on the show but gradually comes to a less hostile relation with the Sons of Anarchy . He is the leader of the Mayans , a Mexican - American outlaw motorcycle club .	Contents 1 Biography 2 Sons of Anarchy 2.1 Season 1 2.2 Season 2 2.3 Season 3 2.4 Season 4 2.5 Season 5 2.6 Season 6 2.7 Season 7 3 Mayans M.C. 3.1 Season 1 4 External links 5 References Biography ( edit ) Álvarez , who is of Mexican descent , is the President of the Mayans Motorcycle Club 's Oakland , California chapter and seems to be their national president . His son , Esai , was also a member of the club but had a hit placed on him by Marcus in 2008 as punishment for failing his mission . Most of his , and his gang 's , income is made through dealing heroin and methamphetamine , and prostitution . For some time , he was a prisoner in Chino , but was released some time before the beginning of Season One . On his colours , he wears patches reading `` Los Asesinos de Dios '' ( Spanish for `` God 's Assassins '' ) and `` Mayans Oakland '' . However , his `` President '' patch is later changed to `` El Padrino '' . He also has the Mayan Calendar tattooed on his chest . Sons of Anarchy ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) See also : Sons of Anarchy ( season 1 ) At the beginning of the first series , Marcus Álvarez and his gang broke into the Sons of Anarchy 's warehouse where they store their weapons . They stole the guns then burned the building down . The Sons of Anarchy eventually got revenge , however , by stealing the guns back and destroying a Mayans heroin factory . Ernest Darby , the leader of the Nordics , called a meeting with him to discuss taking out the Sons of Anarchy . He proposed that they team because ; the Nords want to sell meth in Charming but are unable to because of the SOA , and the SOA sell weapons to the Mayans ' rivals . Álvarez refused the offer but did give his backing by offering Mayan security . After Josh Kohn , a rogue ATF agent , sent Darby information on IRA and SOA weapon deals , he called another meeting with Álvarez . Darby told him to kill Clay Morrow and afterward , the Nords could take Charming and the Mayans could take over the gun business . Marcus then told his son , Esai , to kill both Morrow and Darby . Later , when Clay was making a deal with the IRA at a bar , the Mayans attacked but were killed before they could get to him . They simultaneously assaulted Darby 's home , but also failed to kill him . They broke in and shot a Nord footsoldier and two women , but Darby hid and escaped death . When Clay Morrow was arrested for questioning about the shootings , he asked his associate and corrupt cop Wayne Unser to bring Álvarez in so that they could hold a meeting a halt any further violence . Clay told him that he would begin selling weapons to the Mayans if all SOA - Mayan disputes ended in the SOA 's favour , to which he agreed . Later , one of Clay 's men was ordered to kill Esai at a Mayan gathering for retaliation for his failed assassination attempt . When the Mayans eventually set up a deal with the Sons in Oakland , it was attacked by the One - Niners . A shoot - out ensued , and gang members from the One - Niners and Mayans were killed , but the Sons of Anarchy escaped . Álvarez was also shot in the leg and wounded . The deal was , in fact , a set - up organized by the Niners and SOA . The Niners were supposed to attack the Mayans after the Sons had left and would keep the weapons as payment . However , they tried to take out the SOA as well . Season 2 ( edit ) See also : Sons of Anarchy ( season 2 ) At the beginning of Season 2 , Clay had Opie murder a member of the Mayans , who Clay had framed as the guy who murdered Donna . After Opie murdered the Mayan , he carved the Anarchy symbol in his chest as a message to the Mayans . Jax Teller dropped off the body in Mayan Territory in Oakland after shooting the gang member multiple times in the body to destroy the symbol . He then arranged the Mayan 's hands to hold up 9 fingers to implicate the One - Niners as the culprits . Alvarez later found the body and gave Clay a call asking to buy weapons . Clay turned Alvarez down on the weapons transaction , telling him that the club was still under suspicion of the ATF ; Clay then told Tig to call Laroy of the One - Niners to arrange a meeting to supply Niners with weapons so that they could defend themselves when the Mayans attacked . During the weapons transaction between SAMCRO and the Niners , the Mayans ambushed the deal and stole all the Niner 's AKs , and Bobby Elvis was shot in the shoulder during the ambush . After the ambush , Alvarez was seen making a phone call to Ethan Zobelle of LOAN telling him his intel was correct and that he owed him . Zobelle responded , `` Yes , you do , '' and then told AJ Weston that it was his friend from church on the phone . Clay blamed the whole ambush and Bobby getting shot in the shoulder on Jax , as Jax changed the plan and set the Niners up for the hit instead of leaving Anarchy symbol on the dead Mayan 's chest . In the episode `` Service '' , Zobelle met with Marcus Alvarez offering the Mayans the exclusive business of having their heroin distributed to all the local prisons . Alvarez is hesitant about the deal because Zobelle wants to keep 50 % of the profits , but has no choice when Zobelle tells him that he wo n't supply the Mayans with any more weapons if they do n't go along with the new arrangement . In the second - season finale , Marcus and the Mayans provided protection to Ethan Zobelle and Zobelle 's daughter who were attempting to flee Charming . Marcus was eventually able to convince Zobelle to leave his cigar shop , but the Mayan convoy they attempted to escape in was ambushed by SAMCRO . Marcus survived the attack uninjured and Clay spared his life . Season 3 ( edit ) See also : Sons of Anarchy ( season 3 ) During the season Alvarez hired a low ranked MC , the Calaveras , to help guard his shipment of heroin , with the promise to patch them over , but after SAMCRO stole them he decided not to patch them over and then returned Juice 's kutte . At the advice of Clay , Alvarez decided to drop the war between them and in return the Grim Bastards MC , a friendly club to SAMCRO , would protect Alvarez 's drug shipments . As a favor to the Mayans , Tig and Kozik killed the Calaveras member who was caught during the drive - by at Half - Sack 's wake . When a member of the Grim Bastards MC is found murdered and evidence points to the Calaveras , SAMCRO and the Bastards ' President T.O. Cross go to Marcus Alvarez for help . The Mayans and SAMCRO confront the Calaveras members in a park restroom and give the president of the Calaveras , Hector Salazar , the option of telling them which of his lieutenants killed the Bastards member or to die himself . He gives up his Sgt - At - Arms , who is then promptly shot in the head by the enraged T.O. A disgusted Alvarez strips Salazar of his position and kutte and then kicks him out of the Calaveras . He then appoints Salazar 's V.P as president and advises him to keep a tighter hold on his men then Salazar did . When Tara Knowles and Margaret Murphy are taken hostage by Hector Salazar , Salazar demands that SAMCRO kill Alvarez and retrieve $250,000 worth of Mayans MC money . Tig , Kozik , and Piney are able to convince Alvarez to play dead for 24 hours so that they can come up with a plan to get the women back . Marcus tells the Sons that the $250,000 does not exist . Season 4 ( edit ) See also : Sons of Anarchy ( season 4 ) He is seen at Opie 's wedding talking with Clay and thanking him for protection during their sentence . He says he was just `` looking out for my investments . '' Unlike previous seasons Álvarez now has a President 's patch on his cut . He is also seen throughout the season forming an alliance between SOA and the Mayans in light of the Galindo Cartel who has connections to the Mayans . Alvarez helped set up a deal between the SOA and Galindo to mule their cocaine while the Mayans distribute and sell . He is also shown giving Mayans to help guard the cocaine in the Son 's warehouse . When one of the bricks is stolen , he assures Jax and Clay his man was not responsible . He is later injured in a shootout with rival cartel Lobos Sonoras . He is brought to the clubhouse and treated by Tara . Season 5 ( edit ) See also : Sons of Anarchy ( season 5 ) Alvarez was last seen in a street meeting with Jax , Henry Lin , and the Oakland One - Niner 's leader Tyler to discuss allowing the Galindo Cartel 's cocaine to move through their territory . Alvarez agrees as long as they `` keep black ( the Niners ) in line '' . It is later stated the Mayans will take over the muling as well , as SAMCRO wants out of the de al ardilla preciosa Season 6 ( edit ) See also : Sons of Anarchy ( season 6 ) Alvarez and the Mayans only appear at the end of the sixth season ( `` You Are My Sunshine '' and `` A Mother 's Work '' ) , expressing their unhappiness with SAMCRO 's decision to hand over the IRA gun business to August Marks . He also informs Jax of the Mayans ' intention of setting up a charter in Stockton . Alvarez is also shown to be a friend of Nero Padilla ; having served time in Chino together . Alvarez tells Nero that soon it might end up being `` brown and yellow against black and white '' . When he arrives at the gun deal with the Sons , Nero , and the Niners . Alvarez is disappointed that August Marks was n't present during the transaction . When SAMCRO and Tyler departs , Alvarez and his men gun down the Niners and steal the guns . Season 7 ( edit ) See also : Sons of Anarchy ( season 7 ) At the beginning of the seventh season , the Mayans have set up their Stockton charter with Oscar El Oso Ramos as president . Alvarez and the Mayans seem to be on the same side as Henry Lin and the Lin Triad against SAMCRO and the Niners . However , Alvarez joins SAMCRO 's side when they believe the Triads are to blame for Tara 's death and they help both SAMCRO and the One - Niners deal with both the Triads and August Marks . Alvarez is shown to be fully on SAMCRO 's side when Juice approaches him offering information on SAMCRO in exchange for passage to Mexico . Alvarez hands Juice over to SAMCRO , saying he would never make a deal with a rat . When it is revealed that it was Gemma who killed Tara and not the Triads , Alvarez sympathizes with Jax and helps him clean up the mess with the Chinese . Later , the Mayans , One - Niners , SAMCRO and the Byz Lats discuss territories and business . One of Jax 's final acts as president of SAMCRO is to set the Mayans up with Connor Malone as their new gun source , finally giving Alvarez the gun business he wanted . Mayans MC ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Alvarez now wearing an `` El Padrino '' patch which in English translates to `` Godfather '' . Goes down to Santo Padre Charter with members of the Mayans Motorcycle Club 's Oakland , California chapter to help the Santo Padre charter deal with the Galindo Cartel . It is revealed that he and José Galindo ; the founder of the Galindo Cartel , had a mutual respect for one another . Alvarez later suspects that a mule in the Santo Padre charter is working with Los Olividados ( `` The Forgotten Ones '' ) . External links ( edit ) Emilio Rivera Official at Facebook.com Emilio Rivera at Twitter.com References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sons of Anarchy at IMDb Jump up ^ Hunnam , Glenn and Sagal in FX 's Anarchy Jump up ^ Pilot - Recap Jump up ^ Seeds - Recap Jump up ^ Hell Followed - Recap Jump up ^ The Sleep of Babies - Recap Sons of Anarchy Created by : Kurt Sutter Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Seeds '' `` Fun Town '' `` Patch Over '' Giving Back AK - 51 Old Bones The Pull Hell Followed Better Half Capybara The Sleep of Babies The Revelator Season 2 Albification Small Tears Fix Eureka Smite Falx Cerebri Gilead Potlatch Fa Guan Balm Service The Culling Na Trioblóidí Season 3 SO Oiled Caregiver Turning and Turning Home The Push Widening Gyre Lochán Mór Turas Fírinne Bainne June Wedding NS Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Characters Clay Morrow Jax Teller Gemma Teller Morrow Tara Knowles Bobby Munson Tig Trager Chibs Telford Piney Winston Juice Ortiz Half - Sack Epps Happy Wayne Unser David Hale June Stahl Josh Kohn Ernest Darby Marcus Álvarez Ethan Zobelle Universe Sons of Anarchy MC Charming , CA List of gangs Mayans M.C. Music `` This Life '' Songs of Anarchy Songs of Anarchy Volume 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Marcus_Álvarez&oldid = 863336118 '' Categories : Sons of Anarchy characters Fictional bikers Fictional businesspeople Fictional crime bosses Fictional drug dealers Fictional gang members Fictional gangsters Fictional American people of Mexican descent Fictional murderers Fictional pimps Fictional characters introduced in 2008 Hidden categories : Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 October 2018 , at 04 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus%20%25C3%2581lvarez	876

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